Higher order modulation with line coding
Higher order square wave modulation with subset partitioning and phase transition rules addresses clock recovery issues in wireless communication systems, enhancing performance and efficiency, especially for ambient IoT devices.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/079292
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-02-29
- Publication Date
- 2025-09-04
AI Technical Summary
Wireless communication systems face challenges in complex and dynamic environments, including signal attenuation, inefficient use of communication resources, and difficulties in clock recovery during higher order modulation with line coding, which degrade system performance, especially in low-complexity devices like ambient IoT devices.
Implementing higher order square wave modulation with subset partitioning and phase transition rules for line coding, enabling clock synchronization and symbol timing recovery by partitioning square waves into subsets and using remaining bits for line coding, thereby facilitating clock recovery and improving system performance.
Enhances clock recovery and symbol timing in wireless communication systems, particularly for ambient IoT devices, by using higher order modulation with line coding, leading to improved system performance and efficiency.
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Figure CN2024079292_04092025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
HIGHER ORDER MODULATION WITH LINE CODING
[0001] FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0002] Aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication and to techniques and apparatuses for higher order modulation with line coding.BACKGROUND
[0003] Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, broadcasts, or other similar types of services. These wireless communications systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communications with multiple users by sharing available wireless communications system resources with those users.
[0004] Although wireless communications systems have made great technological advancements over many years, challenges still exist. For example, complex and dynamic environments can still attenuate or block signals between wireless transmitters and wireless receivers. Accordingly, there is a continuous desire to improve the technical performance of wireless communications systems, including, for example: improving speed and data carrying capacity of communications, improving efficiency of the use of shared communications mediums, reducing power used by transmitters and receivers while performing communications, improving reliability of wireless communications, avoiding redundant transmissions and / or receptions and related processing, improving the coverage area of wireless communications, increasing the number and types of devices that can access wireless communications systems, increasing the ability for different types of devices to intercommunicate, increasing the number and types of wireless communications mediums available for use, and the like. Consequently, there exists a need for further improvements in wireless communications systems to overcome the aforementioned technical challenges and others.SUMMARY
[0005] One aspect provides a method for wireless communication by a wireless device. The method includes receiving a control message scheduling a backscatter transmission based at least in part on a higher order square wave modulation. The method includes partitioning a plurality of square waves into a number of subsets. The method includes identifying a plurality of information bits to be transmitted in a symbol period. The method includes selecting, based at least in part on a first portion of the plurality of information bits, a subset from the number of subsets. The method includes using a remaining portion of the plurality of information bits for line coding. The method includes transmitting a modulated square wave signal, associated with the backscatter transmission, based at least in part on the subset and the line coding.
[0006] Another aspect provides a method for wireless communication by a wireless device. The method includes modulating a plurality of information bits to a symbol associated with a first square wave and a second square wave. The method includes transmitting the first square wave and the second square wave based at least in part on a phase transition rule.
[0007] Other aspects provide: an apparatus operable, configured, or otherwise adapted to perform any one or more of the aforementioned methods and / or those described herein with reference to and as illustrated by the drawings and specification; a non-transitory, computer-readable medium comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a processor of an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the aforementioned methods and / or those described herein with reference to and as illustrated by the drawings and specification; a computer program product embodied on a computer-readable storage medium comprising code for performing the aforementioned methods and / or those described herein with reference to and as illustrated by the drawings and specification; and / or an apparatus comprising means for performing the aforementioned methods and / or those described herein with reference to and as illustrated by the drawings and specification. By way of example, an apparatus may comprise a processing system, a device with a processing system, or processing systems cooperating over one or more networks.
[0008] The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of examples according to the disclosure in order that the detailed description that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages will be described hereinafter. The conception and specific examples disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present disclosure. Such equivalent constructions do not depart from the scope of the appended claims. Characteristics of the concepts disclosed herein, both their organization and method of operation, together with associated advantages, will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures. Each of the figures is provided for the purposes of illustration and description, and not as a definition of the limits of the claims.
[0009] While aspects are described in the present disclosure by illustration to some examples, those skilled in the art will understand that such aspects may be implemented in many different arrangements and scenarios. Techniques described herein may be implemented using different platform types, devices, systems, shapes, sizes, and / or packaging arrangements. For example, some aspects may be implemented via integrated chip embodiments or other non-module-component based devices (e.g., end-user devices, vehicles, communication devices, computing devices, industrial equipment, retail / purchasing devices, medical devices, and / or artificial intelligence devices) . Aspects may be implemented in chip-level components, modular components, non-modular components, non-chip-level components, device-level components, and / or system-level components. Devices incorporating described aspects and features may include additional components and features for implementation and practice of claimed and described aspects. For example, transmission and reception of wireless signals may include one or more components for analog and digital purposes (e.g., hardware components including antennas, radio frequency (RF) chains, power amplifiers, modulators, buffers, processors, interleavers, adders, and / or summers) . It is intended that aspects described herein may be practiced in a wide variety of devices, components, systems, distributed arrangements, and / or end-user devices of varying size, shape, and constitution.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] So that the above-recited features of the present disclosure can be understood in detail, a more particular description, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to aspects, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only certain typical aspects of this disclosure and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the description may admit to other equally effective aspects. The same reference numbers in different drawings may identify the same or similar elements.
[0011] Fig. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless network, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0012] Fig. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a network node in communication with a user equipment (UE) in a wireless network, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0013] Fig. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example disaggregated base station architecture, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0014] Figs. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D depict aspects of data structures for a wireless communications network, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0015] Fig. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of line codes, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0016] Figs. 6A-6B are diagrams illustrating examples of square wave modulated backscatter, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0017] Figs. 7-8 are diagrams illustrating examples of square wave modulated backscatter, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0018] Figs. 9-11 are diagrams illustrating examples associated with higher order modulation with line coding, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0019] Figs. 12A-12B are diagrams illustrating examples associated with higher order modulation with line coding, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0020] Figs. 13A-13B are diagrams illustrating examples associated with higher order modulation with line coding, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0021] Figs. 14-15 are diagrams illustrating examples associated with a phase transition rule for higher order modulation, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0022] Figs. 16-17 are diagrams illustrating example processes associated with higher order modulation, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0023] Figs. 18-19 are diagrams illustrating examples of implementation of code and circuitry for a communications device, in accordance with the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0024] Aspects of the present disclosure provide apparatuses, methods, processing systems, and computer-readable mediums for higher order modulation with line coding.
[0025] Ambient Internet of Things (IoT) is a communication system using harvested energy with limited complexity and energy budget for its operation. Use cases for ambient IoT may include inventory, positioning / tracking, and / sensors, which may target an IoT segment below existing 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) IoT technologies.
[0026] Line codes may be useful for clock recovery and for identifying a symbol boundary during data reception. Line codes associated with ambient IoT may include a Manchester code, an FM0, and / or a Miller code. A Manchester code may have a transition at a middle of each bit period, and a direction of a mid-bit transition may indicate the data. For example, for bit-0, the signal level will be low-high with a low level in a first half of the bit period, and a high level in a second half of the bit period; and for bit-1 the signal level will be high-low with a high level in a first half of the bit period, and a low level in a second half of the bit period. With FM0, information may be represented by a presence or absence of a transition in a middle of each bit duration. For example, bit-0 has a mid-bit transition (phase inversion) , while bit-1 does not have a mid-bit transition and is followed by a mandatory transition at every bit boundary. A Miller code may invert its phase between two consecutive data-0s in sequence, where a phase inversion is in a middle of a data-1 symbol.
[0027] For ambient IoT, a waveform for a backscatter link may be realized by a square wave modulation. A data bit may be modulated by a modulation scheme, such as amplitude-shift keying (ASK) , phase-shift keying (PSK) , or frequency-shift keying (FSK) . For ambient IoT, the data bit may be modulated by the modulation scheme (e.g., ASK, PSK or FSK) using a square wave, where an initial phase offset, a frequency, and / or an amplitude of the square wave may be selected based at least in part on the data bit to be transmitted.
[0028] Square wave modulation may be extended to achieve higher order modulation for backscatter using multiple (e.g., more than two) candidates of initial phase, frequency, and / or amplitudes for a square wave. For example, using square wave modulation with four different initial phases (0, 90, 180, or 270 degrees) may achieve a quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) backscatter. Higher order modulation may involve a modulation order of 4 and above, such as QPSK. The modulation order may be determined by a number of different initial phases, frequencies or amplitudes associated with the square wave.
[0029] When backscatter data is encoded with line codes before modulation, an encoder output may not be directly used for constellation mapping for higher order modulation. For example, a Manchester coding output may have only two codewords ( “01” or “10” ) and may be mapped only to two initial phases of a square wave (e.g., achieving binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) and not QPSK backscatter) . Further, a direct constellation mapping may break a transition rule of the line codes. For example, when mapping a two-bit FM0 encoder output to four phases of a square wave ( “00” →0°, “01” →90°, “10” →180°, and “11” →270°) , a mandatory transition or phase inversion across a symbol boundary may not be visible. Thus, a reader receiver may be unable to recover a clock when a higher order modulation backscatter is used. An inability to achieve clock recovery may degrade an overall system performance.
[0030] In various aspects of techniques and apparatuses described herein, a wireless device may receive a control message scheduling a backscatter transmission based at least in part on a higher order square wave modulation. The backscatter transmission may be based at least in part on reflecting a carrier wave signal received by the wireless device (e.g., a backscattering (reflecting) based uplink transmission) . The control message may indicate that the higher order square wave modulation is associated with a higher order PSK modulation with line coding. The control message may indicate that the higher order square wave modulation is associated with a higher order FSK modulation with line coding. The wireless device may partition a plurality of square waves into a number of subsets. A subset partitioning may be based at least in part on initial phase offsets of a square wave, or the subset partitioning may be based at least in part on frequencies of the square wave. The wireless device may identify a plurality of information bits to be transmitted in a symbol period. The wireless device may select, based at least in part on a first portion of the plurality of information bits, a subset from the number of subsets. The wireless device may use a remaining portion of the plurality of information bits for line coding. The wireless device may transmit a modulated square wave signal, associated with the backscatter transmission, based at least in part on the subset and the line coding. A phase transition within each symbol may be reused for clock synchronization and symbol timing recovery.
[0031] In some implementations, a wireless device may modulate a plurality of information bits to a symbol associated with a first square wave and a second square wave. The wireless device may transmit the first square wave and the second square wave based at least in part on a phase transition rule. The first square wave may be in a first half of the symbol and have a phase inversion from a previous square wave in a second half of a previous symbol, in accordance with the phase transition rule. The second square wave may be in a second half of the symbol and have a phase change from the first square wave in a first half of the symbol based at least in part on a value associated with the plurality of information bits, in accordance with the phase transition rule. Phase transitions across symbols may be used for clock synchronization and symbol timing recovery.
[0032] In some aspects, by partitioning the plurality of square waves into the number of subsets, selecting a subset from the number of subsets based at least in part on the first portion of the plurality of information bits, and using the remaining portion of the plurality of information bits for line coding, higher order modulation may be used in conjunction with line coding, which may enable clock recovery. Clock recovery may be especially useful for ambient IoT devices, which are generally low complexity devices. Further, by employing the phase transition rule when the higher order modulation is used, multiple square waves may be transmitted with appropriate phase transitions. The phase transitions may be across symbols and may enable clock synchronization and symbol timing recovery, which may improve an overall system performance.
[0033] Various aspects of the disclosure are described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. This disclosure may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to any specific structure or function presented throughout this disclosure. Rather, these aspects are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. One skilled in the art should appreciate that the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein, whether implemented independently of or combined with any other aspect of the disclosure. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover such an apparatus or method which is practiced using other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to or other than the various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein. It should be understood that any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.
[0034] Several aspects of telecommunication systems will now be presented with reference to various apparatuses and techniques. These apparatuses and techniques will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, modules, components, circuits, steps, processes, algorithms, or the like (collectively referred to as “elements” ) . These elements may be implemented using hardware, software, or combinations thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
[0035] While aspects may be described herein using terminology commonly associated with a 5G or New Radio (NR) radio access technology (RAT) , aspects of the present disclosure can be applied to other RATs, such as a 3G RAT, a 4G RAT, and / or a RAT subsequent to 5G (e.g., 6G) .
[0036] Fig. 1 depicts an example of a wireless communications network 100, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0037] Generally, wireless communications network 100 includes various network entities (alternatively, network elements or network nodes) . A network entity is generally a communications device and / or a communications function performed by a communications device (e.g., a user equipment (UE) , a base station (BS) , a component of a BS, a server, etc. ) . For example, various functions of a network as well as various devices associated with and interacting with a network may be considered network entities. Further, wireless communications network 100 includes terrestrial aspects, such as ground-based network entities (e.g., BSs 110) , and non-terrestrial aspects, such as satellite 140 and aircraft 145, which may include network entities on-board (e.g., one or more BSs) capable of communicating with other network elements (e.g., terrestrial BSs) and UEs.
[0038] In the depicted example, wireless communications network 100 includes BSs 110, UEs 120, and one or more core networks, such as an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 160 and 5G Core (5GC) 190, which interoperate to provide communications services over various communications links, including wired and wireless links.
[0039] Fig. 1 depicts various example UEs 120, which may include a cellular phone, a smart phone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a satellite radio, a global positioning system (GPS) , a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player, a camera, a game console, a tablet, a smart device, a wearable device, a vehicle, an electric meter, a gas pump, a kitchen appliance, a healthcare device, an implant, a sensor / actuator, a display, an IoT device, an always on (AON) device, an edge processing device, or another similar device. A UE 120 may also be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communication device, a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a remote device, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, or a handset, among other examples.
[0040] BSs 110 may wirelessly communicate with (e.g., transmit signals to or receive signals from) UEs 120 via communications links 170. The communications links 170 between BSs 110 and UEs 120 may carry uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 120 to a BS 110 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a BS 110 to a UE 120. The communications links 170 may use multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity in various aspects.
[0041] A BS 110 may include, for example, a NodeB, an enhanced NodeB (eNB) , a next generation enhanced NodeB (ng-eNB) , a next generation NodeB (gNB or gNodeB) , an access point, a base transceiver station, a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a transmission reception point, and / or others. A BS 110 may provide communications coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 112, which may sometimes be referred to as a cell, and which may overlap in some cases (e.g., a small cell provided by a BS 110a may have a coverage area 112′that overlaps the coverage area 112 of a macro cell) . A BS 110 may, for example, provide communications coverage for a macro cell (covering a relatively large geographic area) , a pico cell (covering a relatively smaller geographic area, such as a sports stadium) , a femto cell (covering a relatively smaller geographic area (e.g., a home) ) , and / or other types of cells.
[0042] While BSs 110 are depicted in various aspects as unitary communications devices, BSs 110 may be implemented in various configurations. For example, one or more components of a base station may be disaggregated, including a central unit (CU) , one or more distributed units (DUs) , one or more radio units (RUs) , a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) radio access network (RAN) Intelligent Controller (RIC) , or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC, to name a few examples. In another example, various aspects of a base station may be virtualized. More generally, a BS (e.g., BS 110) may include components that are located at a single physical location or components located at various physical locations. In examples in which a BS includes components that are located at various physical locations, the various components may each perform functions such that, collectively, the various components achieve functionality that is similar to a BS that is located at a single physical location. In some aspects, a BS including components that are located at various physical locations may be referred to as having a disaggregated RAN architecture, such as an Open RAN (O-RAN) architecture or a Virtualized RAN (vRAN) architecture. Fig. 3 depicts and describes an example disaggregated BS architecture.
[0043] Different BSs 110 within wireless communications network 100 may also be configured to support different radio access technologies, such as 3G, 4G, and / or 5G, among other examples. For example, BSs 110 configured for 4G LTE (collectively referred to as Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) ) may interface with the EPC 160 through first backhaul links 132 (e.g., an S1 interface) . BSs 110 configured for 5G (e.g., 5G NR or Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) ) may interface with 5GC 190 through second backhaul links 184. BSs 110 may communicate directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC 160 or 5GC 190) with each other over third backhaul links 134 (e.g., X2 interfaces) , which may be wired or wireless.
[0044] Wireless communications network 100 may subdivide the electromagnetic spectrum into various classes, bands, channels, or other features. In some aspects, the subdivision is based on wavelength and frequency, where frequency may also be referred to as a carrier, a subcarrier, a frequency channel, a tone, or a subband. For example, 3GPP currently defines Frequency Range 1 (FR1) as including 410 MHz –7125 MHz, which is often referred to (interchangeably) as “Sub-6 GHz” . Similarly, the 3GPP currently defines Frequency Range 2 (FR2) as including 24, 250 MHz –52, 600 MHz, which is sometimes referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” (“mmW” or “mmWave” ) . A base station configured to communicate using mmWave or near mmWave radio frequency bands (e.g., a mmWave base station such as BS 110b) may utilize beamforming (e.g., as shown by 182) with a UE (e.g., 120) to improve path loss and range.
[0045] The communications links 170 between BSs 110 and, for example, UEs 120, may be through one or more carriers, which may have different bandwidths (e.g., 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, 20 MHz, 100 MHz, 400 MHz, and / or other bandwidths) , and which may be aggregated in various aspects. Carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. In some examples, allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated for DL than for UL) .
[0046] Communications using higher frequency bands may have higher path loss and a shorter range compared to lower frequency communications. Accordingly, certain base stations (e.g., base station 110b in Fig. 1) may utilize beamforming with a UE 120 to improve path loss and range, as shown at 182. For example, BS 110b and the UE 120 may each include a plurality of antennas, such as antenna elements, antenna panels, and / or antenna arrays to facilitate the beamforming. In some cases, BS 110b may transmit a beamformed signal to UE 120 in one or more transmit directions 182′. UE 120 may receive the beamformed signal from the BS 110b in one or more receive directions 182″. UE 120 may also transmit a beamformed signal to the BS 110b in one or more transmit directions 182″. BS 110b may also receive the beamformed signal from UE 120 in one or more receive directions 182′. BS 110b and UE 120 may then perform beam training to determine the best receive and transmit directions for each of BS 110b and UE 120. Notably, the transmit and receive directions for BS 110b may or may not be the same. Similarly, the transmit and receive directions for UE 120 may or may not be the same.
[0047] Wireless communications network 100 further includes a Wi-Fi access point 150 in communication with Wi-Fi stations (STAs) 152 via communications links 154 in, for example, a 2.4 GHz and / or 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum.
[0048] Certain UEs 120 may communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communications link 158. D2D communications link 158 may use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) , a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH) , a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) , and / or a physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH) .
[0049] EPC 160 may include various functional components, including: a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 161, other MMEs 162, a Serving Gateway 163, a Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) Gateway 164, a Broadcast Multicast Service Center (BM-SC) 165, and / or a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway 166, such as in the depicted example. MME 161 may be in communication with a Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 167. MME 161 is a control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 120 and the EPC 160. Generally, MME 161 provides bearer and connection management.
[0050] Generally, user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through Serving Gateway 163, which is connected to PDN Gateway 166. PDN Gateway 166 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. PDN Gateway 166 and the BM-SC 165 are connected to IP Services 168, which may include, for example, the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , a Packet Switched (PS) streaming service, and / or other IP services.
[0051] BM-SC 165 may provide functions for MBMS user service provisioning and delivery. BM-SC 165 may serve as an entry point for content provider MBMS transmission, may be used to authorize and initiate MBMS Bearer Services within a public land mobile network (PLMN) , and / or may be used to schedule MBMS transmissions. MBMS Gateway 164 may distribute MBMS traffic to the BSs 110 belonging to a Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) area broadcasting a particular service, and / or may be responsible for session management (start / stop) and for collecting eMBMS related charging information.
[0052] 5GC 190 may include various functional components, including: an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 191, other AMFs 192, a Session Management Function (SMF) 193, and a User Plane Function (UPF) 194. AMF 191 may be in communication with Unified Data Management (UDM) 195.
[0053] AMF 191 is a control node that processes signaling between UEs 120 and 5GC 190. AMF 191 provides, for example, quality of service (QoS) flow and session management.
[0054] IP packets are transferred through UPF 194, which is connected to the IP Services 196, and which provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions for 5GC 190. IP Services 196 may include, for example, the Internet, an intranet, an IMS, a PS streaming service, and / or other IP services.
[0055] In various aspects, a network entity or network node can be implemented as an aggregated base station, a disaggregated base station, a component of a base station, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a relay node, a sidelink node, a transmission reception point (TRP) , or a combination thereof, to name a few examples.
[0056] As indicated above, Fig. 1 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to Fig. 1.
[0057] Fig. 2 depicts aspects of an example BS 110 and UE 120, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0058] Generally, BS 110 includes various processors (e.g., 220, 230, 238, and 240) , antennas 234a-t (collectively 234) , transceivers 232a-t (collectively 232) , which include modulators and demodulators, and other aspects, which enable wireless transmission of data (e.g., data source 212) and wireless reception of data (e.g., data sink 239) . For example, BS 110 may send and receive data between BS 110 and UE 120. BS 110 includes controller / processor 240, which may be configured to implement various functions described herein related to wireless communications.
[0059] Generally, UE 120 includes various processors (e.g., 258, 264, 266, and 280) , antennas 252a-r (collectively 252) , transceivers 254a-r (collectively 254) , which include modulators and demodulators, and other aspects, which enable wireless transmission of data (e.g., retrieved from data source 262) and wireless reception of data (e.g., provided to data sink 260) . UE 120 includes controller / processor 280, which may be configured to implement various functions described herein related to wireless communications.
[0060] For an example downlink transmission, BS 110 includes a transmit processor 220 that may receive data from a data source 212 and control information from a controller / processor 240. The control information may be for the physical broadcast channel (PBCH) , the physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH) , the physical hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) indicator channel (PHICH) , the physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) , the group common PDCCH (GC PDCCH) , and / or other channels. The data may be for the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) , in some examples.
[0061] Transmit processor 220 may process (e.g., encode and symbol map) the data and control information to obtain data symbols and control symbols, respectively. Transmit processor 220 may also generate reference symbols, such as for the primary synchronization signal (PSS) , the secondary synchronization signal (SSS) , the PBCH demodulation reference signal (DMRS) , or the channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) .
[0062] Transmit (TX) MIMO processor 230 may perform spatial processing (e.g., precoding) on the data symbols, the control symbols, and / or the reference symbols, if applicable, and may provide output symbol streams to the modulators (MODs) in transceivers 232a-232t. Each modulator in transceivers 232a-232t may process a respective output symbol stream to obtain an output sample stream. Each modulator may further process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and upconvert) the output sample stream to obtain a downlink signal. Downlink signals from the modulators in transceivers 232a-232t may be transmitted via the antennas 234a-234t, respectively.
[0063] UE 120 includes antennas 252a-252r that may receive the downlink signals from the BS 110 and may provide received signals to the demodulators (DEMODs) in transceivers 254a-254r, respectively. Each demodulator in transceivers 254a-254r may condition (e.g., filter, amplify, downconvert, and digitize) a respective received signal to obtain input samples. Each demodulator may further process the input samples to obtain received symbols.
[0064] Receive (RX) MIMO detector 256 may obtain received symbols from all the demodulators in transceivers 254a-254r, perform MIMO detection on the received symbols if applicable, and provide detected symbols. Receive processor 258 may process (e.g., demodulate, deinterleave, and decode) the detected symbols, provide decoded data for the UE 120 to a data sink 260, and provide decoded control information to a controller / processor 280.
[0065] For an example uplink transmission, UE 120 further includes a transmit processor 264 that may receive and process data (e.g., for the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) ) from a data source 262 and control information (e.g., for the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) ) from the controller / processor 280. Transmit processor 264 may also generate reference symbols for a reference signal (e.g., for the sounding reference signal (SRS) ) . The symbols from the transmit processor 264 may be precoded by a TX MIMO processor 266 if applicable, further processed by the modulators in transceivers 254a-254r (e.g., for SC-FDM) , and transmitted to BS 110.
[0066] At BS 110, the uplink signals from UE 120 may be received by antennas 234a-234t, processed by the demodulators in transceivers 232a-232t, detected by a MIMO detector 236 if applicable, and further processed by a receive processor 238 to obtain decoded data and control information sent by UE 120. Receive processor 238 may provide the decoded data to a data sink 239 and the decoded control information to the controller / processor 240. Memories 242 and 282 may store data and program codes (e.g., processor-executable instructions, computer-executable instructions) for BS 110 and UE 120, respectively. Scheduler 244 may schedule UEs for data transmission on the downlink and / or uplink.
[0067] In various aspects, BS 110 may be described as transmitting and receiving various types of data associated with the methods described herein. In these contexts, “transmitting” may refer to various mechanisms of outputting data, such as outputting data from data source 212, scheduler 244, memory 242, transmit processor 220, controller / processor 240, TX MIMO processor 230, transceivers 232a-t, antenna 234a-t, and / or other aspects described herein. Similarly, “receiving” may refer to various mechanisms of obtaining data, such as obtaining data from antennas 234a-t, transceivers 232a-t, RX MIMO detector 236, controller / processor 240, receive processor 238, scheduler 244, memory 242, a network interface, and / or other aspects described herein.
[0068] In various aspects, UE 120 may likewise be described as transmitting and receiving various types of data associated with the methods described herein. In these contexts, “transmitting” may refer to various mechanisms of outputting data, such as outputting data from data source 262, memory 282, transmit processor 264, controller / processor 280, TX MIMO processor 266, transceivers 254a-t, antenna 252a-t, and / or other aspects described herein. Similarly, “receiving” may refer to various mechanisms of obtaining data, such as obtaining data from antennas 252a-t, transceivers 254a-t, RX MIMO detector 256, controller / processor 280, receive processor 258, memory 282, and / or other aspects described herein.
[0069] In some aspects, a processor may be configured to perform various operations, such as those associated with the methods described herein, and transmit (output) data to or receive (obtain) data from another interface that is configured to transmit or receive, respectively, the data. In some aspects, an individual processor may perform all of the functions described as being performed by the one or more processors. In some aspects, one or more processors may collectively perform a set of functions. For example, a first set of (one or more) processors of the one or more processors may perform a first function described as being performed by the one or more processors, and a second set of (one or more) processors of the one or more processors may perform a second function described as being performed by the one or more processors. The first set of processors and the second set of processors may be the same set of processors or may be different sets of processors. Reference to “one or more processors” should be understood to refer to any one or more of the processors described in connection with Fig. 2. Reference to “one or more memories” should be understood to refer to any one or more memories of a corresponding device, such as the memory described in connection with Fig. 2. For example, functions described as being performed by one or more memories can be performed by the same subset of the one or more memories or different subsets of the one or more memories.
[0070] While blocks in Fig. 2 are illustrated as distinct components, the functions described above with respect to the blocks may be implemented in a single hardware, software, or combination component or in various combinations of components. For example, the functions described with respect to the transmit processor 264, the receive processor 258, and / or the TX MIMO processor 266 may be performed by or under the control of the controller / processor 280.
[0071] As indicated above, Fig. 2 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to Fig. 2.
[0072] Deployment of communication systems, such as 5G NR systems, may be arranged in multiple manners with various components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR system, or network, a network node, a network entity, a mobility element of a network, a RAN node, a core network node, a network element, a base station, or a network equipment may be implemented in an aggregated or disaggregated architecture. For example, a base station (such as a Node B (NB) , an evolved NB (eNB) , an NR BS, a 5G NB, an access point (AP) , a TRP, or a cell, among other examples) , or one or more units (or one or more components) performing base station functionality, may be implemented as an aggregated base station (also known as a standalone base station or a monolithic base station) or a disaggregated base station. “Network entity” or “network node” may refer to a disaggregated base station, or to one or more units of a disaggregated base station (such as one or more CUs, one or more DUs, one or more RUs, or a combination thereof) .
[0073] An aggregated base station (e.g., an aggregated network node) may be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node (e.g., within a single device or unit) . A disaggregated base station (e.g., a disaggregated network node) may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more units (such as one or more CUs, one or more DUs, or one or more RUs) . In some examples, a CU may be implemented within a network node, and one or more DUs may be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, may be geographically or virtually distributed throughout one or multiple other network nodes. The DUs may be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU and RU also can be implemented as virtual units, such as a virtual central unit (VCU) , a virtual distributed unit (VDU) , or a virtual radio unit (VRU) , among other examples.
[0074] Base station-type operation or network design may consider aggregation characteristics of base station functionality. For example, disaggregated base stations may be utilized in an IAB network, an O-RAN (such as the network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance) , or a vRAN (also known as a cloud RAN (C-RAN) ) to facilitate scaling of communication systems by separating base station functionality into one or more units that can be individually deployed. A disaggregated base station may include functionality implemented across two or more units at various physical locations, as well as functionality implemented for at least one unit virtually, which can enable flexibility in network design. The various units of the disaggregated base station can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit of the disaggregated base station.
[0075] Fig. 3 depicts an example disaggregated base station 300 architecture, in accordance with the present disclosure. The disaggregated base station 300 architecture may include one or more CUs 310 that can communicate directly with a core network 320 via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 320 through one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a Near-RT RIC 325 via an E2 link, or a Non-RT RIC 315 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 305, or both) . A CU 310 may communicate with one or more DUs 330 via respective midhaul links, such as an F1 interface. The DUs 330 may communicate with one or more RUs 340 via respective fronthaul links. The RUs 340 may communicate with respective UEs 120 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, the UE 120 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 340.
[0076] Each of the units (e.g., the CUs 310, the DUs 330, the RUs 340, as well as the Near-RT RICs 325, the Non-RT RICs 315 and the SMO Framework 305) may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communications interfaces of the units, can be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units can include a wired interface configured to receive or transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units. Additionally or alternatively, the units can include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter or transceiver (such as an RF transceiver) , configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other units.
[0077] In some aspects, the CU 310 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include radio resource control (RRC) , packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) , service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) , or the like. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 310. The CU 310 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (e.g., Central Unit –User Plane (CU-UP) ) , control plane functionality (e.g., Central Unit –Control Plane (CU-CP) ) , or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 310 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 310 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 330, as necessary, for network control and signaling.
[0078] The DU 330 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 340. In some aspects, the DU 330 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as those defined by 3GPP. In some aspects, the DU 330 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 330, or with the control functions hosted by the CU 310.
[0079] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 340. In some deployments, an RU 340, controlled by a DU 330, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT) , inverse FFT (iFFT) , digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like) , or both, based at least in part on the functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RU (s) 340 can be implemented to handle over-the-air (OTA) communications with one or more UEs 120. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communications with the RU (s) 340 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 330. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU (s) 330 and the CU 310 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.
[0080] The SMO Framework 305 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 305 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface) . For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 305 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 390) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface) . Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 310, DUs 330, RUs 340, and Near-RT RICs 325. In some implementations, the SMO Framework 305 can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 311, via an O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO Framework 305 can communicate directly with one or more RUs 340 via an O1 interface. The SMO Framework 305 also may include a Non-RT RIC 315 configured to support functionality of the SMO Framework 305.
[0081] The Non-RT RIC 315 may be configured to include a logical function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the Near-RT RIC 325. The Non-RT RIC 315 may be coupled to or communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the Near-RT RIC 325. The Near-RT RIC 325 may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 310, one or more DUs 330, or both, as well as an O-eNB, with the Near-RT RIC 325.
[0082] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 325, the Non-RT RIC 315 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 325 and may be received at the SMO Framework 305 or the Non-RT RIC 315 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 315 or the Near-RT RIC 325 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 315 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO Framework 305 (such as reconfiguration via O1) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 policies) .
[0083] As indicated above, Fig. 3 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to Fig. 3.
[0084] Figs. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D depict aspects of data structures for a wireless communications network, such as wireless communications network 100 of Fig. 1, in accordance with the present disclosure. Fig. 4A is a diagram 400 illustrating an example of a first subframe within a 5G (e.g., 5G NR) frame structure, Fig. 4B is a diagram 430 illustrating an example of DL channels within a 5G subframe, Fig. 4C is a diagram 450 illustrating an example of a second subframe within a 5G frame structure, and Fig. 4D is a diagram 480 illustrating an example of UL channels within a 5G subframe.
[0085] Wireless communications systems may utilize orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with a cyclic prefix (CP) on the uplink and downlink. Such systems may also support half-duplex operation using time division duplexing. OFDM and single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) partition the system bandwidth (e.g., as depicted in Figs. 4B and 4D) into multiple orthogonal subcarriers. Each subcarrier may be modulated with data. Modulation symbols may be sent in the frequency domain with OFDM and / or in the time domain with SC-FDM.
[0086] A wireless communications frame structure may be frequency division duplex (FDD) , in which, for a particular set of subcarriers, subframes within the set of subcarriers are dedicated for either DL or UL. Wireless communications frame structures may also be time division duplex (TDD) , in which, for a particular set of subcarriers, subframes within the set of subcarriers are dedicated for both DL and UL.
[0087] In Figs. 4A and 4C, the wireless communications frame structure is TDD where D is DL, U is UL, and F is flexible for use between DL / UL. UEs may be configured with a slot format through a received slot format indicator (SFI) (dynamically through DL control information (DCI) , or semi-statically / statically through RRC signaling) . In the depicted examples, a 10 ms frame is divided into 10 equally sized 1 ms subframes. Each subframe may include one or more time slots. In some examples, each slot may include 7 or 14 symbols, depending on the slot format. Subframes may also include mini-slots, which generally have fewer symbols than an entire slot. Other wireless communications technologies may have a different frame structure and / or different channels.
[0088] In certain aspects, the number of slots within a subframe is based on a slot configuration and a numerology. For example, for slot configuration 0, different numerologies (μ) 0 to 5 allow for 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 slots, respectively, per subframe. For slot configuration 1, different numerologies 0 to 2 allow for 2, 4, and 8 slots, respectively, per subframe. Accordingly, for slot configuration 0 and numerology μ, there are 14 symbols / slot and 2μ slots / subframe. The subcarrier spacing and symbol length / duration are a function of the numerology. The subcarrier spacing may be equal to 2μ×15 kHz, where μ is the numerology index, which may be selected from values 0 to 5. Accordingly, the numerology μ=0 has a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz and the numerology μ=5 has a subcarrier spacing of 480 kHz. Other numerologies and subcarrier spacings may be used. The symbol length / duration is inversely related to the subcarrier spacing. Figs. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D provide an example of slot configuration 0 with 14 symbols per slot and numerology μ=2 with 4 slots per subframe. The slot duration is 0.25 ms, the subcarrier spacing is 60 kHz, and the symbol duration is approximately 16.67 μs.
[0089] As depicted in Figs. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D, a resource grid may be used to represent the frame structure. Each time slot includes a resource block (RB) (also referred to as physical RBs (PRBs) ) that extends, for example, 12 consecutive subcarriers. The resource grid is divided into multiple resource elements (REs) . The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.
[0090] As illustrated in Fig. 4A, some of the REs carry reference (pilot) signals (RSs) for a UE (e.g., UE 120) . The RSs may include DMRSs and / or CSI-RSs for channel estimation at the UE. The RSs may also include beam measurement RSs (BRSs) , beam refinement RSs (BRRSs) , and / or phase tracking RSs (PT-RSs) .
[0091] Fig. 4B illustrates an example of various DL channels within a subframe of a frame. The PDCCH carries DCI within one or more control channel elements (CCEs) , each CCE including, for example, nine RE groups (REGs) , each REG including, for example, four consecutive REs in an OFDM symbol.
[0092] A PSS may be within symbol 2 of particular subframes of a frame. The PSS is used by a UE (e.g., UE 120) to determine subframe / symbol timing and a physical layer identity.
[0093] An SSS may be within symbol 4 of particular subframes of a frame. The SSS is used by a UE to determine a physical layer cell identity group number and radio frame timing.
[0094] Based on the physical layer identity and the physical layer cell identity group number, the UE can determine a physical cell identifier (PCI) . Based on the PCI, the UE can determine the locations of the aforementioned DMRSs. The PBCH, which carries a master information block (MIB) , may be logically grouped with the PSS and SSS to form a synchronization signal (SS) / PBCH block (also referred to as an SS block (SSB) ) . The MIB provides a number of RBs in the system bandwidth and a system frame number (SFN) . The PDSCH carries user data, broadcast system information not transmitted through the PBCH such as system information blocks (SIBs) , and / or paging messages.
[0095] As illustrated in Fig. 4C, some of the REs carry DMRSs (indicated as R for one particular configuration, but other DMRS configurations are possible) for channel estimation at the base station. The UE may transmit DMRSs for the PUCCH and DMRSs for the PUSCH. The PUSCH DMRSs may be transmitted, for example, in the first one or two symbols of the PUSCH. The PUCCH DMRSs may be transmitted in different configurations depending on whether short or long PUCCHs are transmitted and depending on the particular PUCCH format used. UE 120 may transmit SRSs. The SRSs may be transmitted, for example, in the last symbol of a subframe. The SRSs may have a comb structure, and a UE may transmit SRSs on one of the combs. The SRSs may be used by a base station for channel quality estimation to enable frequency-dependent scheduling on the UL.
[0096] Fig. 4D illustrates an example of various UL channels within a subframe of a frame. The PUCCH may be located as indicated in one configuration. The PUCCH carries uplink control information (UCI) , such as scheduling requests, a channel quality indicator (CQI) , a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) , a rank indicator (RI) , and HARQ ACK / NACK feedback. The PUSCH carries data, and may additionally be used to carry a buffer status report (BSR) , a power headroom report (PHR) , and / or UCI.
[0097] Ambient IoT is a communication system using harvested energy with limited complexity and energy budget for its operation. Use cases for ambient IoT may include inventory, positioning / tracking, and / sensors, which may target an IoT segment below existing 3GPP IoT technologies, e.g., NB-IoT, eMTC, RedCap, etc.
[0098] A first device for ambient IoT may be a backscatter device based at least in part on energy storage and energy harvesting. Harvested energy may be stored in the first device and used later to power up an integrated circuit or an active RF component. The first device may use an RF envelope-based detection for downlink reception and backscatter for uplink transmission. A peak power consumption may be approximately 1 μW. A second device for ambient IoT may be a backscatter based at least in part on energy storage and energy harvesting. Harvested energy may be stored in the second device and used later to power up an integrated circuit or an active RF component. The second device may use an RF envelope-based detection for downlink reception and backscatter for uplink transmission. A receive / transmit amplification may be considered to improve sensitivity. A peak power consumption may be approximately 100 μW (or several hundred μW) . A third device for ambient IoT may actively generate a carrier signal with energy storage. Harvested energy may be stored in the third device and used later to power up an integrated circuit or an active RF component. An RF envelope detection (RFED) -based receive chain or mixer-based approach (e.g., intermediate frequency (IF) or direct current (DC) ) with in-phase / quadrature (I / Q) branches may be considered, which may provide better sensitivity but require higher power consumption. A peak power consumption may be approximately 100 μW (or several hundred μW) .
[0099] Fig. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example 500 of line codes, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0100] Line codes may be useful for clock recovery and for identifying a symbol boundary during data reception. As shown by reference number 502, line codes associated with ambient IoT may include a Manchester code and an FM0. A Manchester code may have a transition at a middle of each bit period, and a direction of a mid-bit transition may indicate the data. For example, for bit-0, the signal level will be low-high with a low level in a first half of the bit period, and a high level in a second half of the bit period; and for bit-1 the signal level will be high-low with a high level in a first half of the bit period, and a low level in a second half of the bit period. With FM0, information may be represented by a presence or absence of a transition in a middle of each bit duration. For example, bit-0 has a mid-bit transition (phase inversion) , while bit-1 does not have a mid-bit transition and is followed by a mandatory transition at every bit boundary. As shown by reference number 504, line codes associated with ambient IoT may include a Miller code. A Miller code may invert its phase between two consecutive data-0 in sequence, where a phase inversion is in a middle of a data-1 symbol. A transmitted waveform may be a baseband waveform multiplied by a square wave at M times the symbol rate for M = 2, 4, or 8.
[0101] As indicated above, Fig. 5 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to Fig. 5.
[0102] Fig. 6A and 6B are diagrams illustrating examples 600 of square wave modulated backscatter, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0103] As shown in Fig. 6A, for ambient IoT, a waveform for a backscatter link may be realized by a square wave modulation. A data bit may be modulated by a modulation scheme, such as ASK (as shown by reference number 602) , PSK (as shown by reference number 604) , or FSK (as shown by reference number 606) . For ambient IoT, the data bit may be modulated by the modulation scheme (e.g., ASK, PSK or FSK) using a square wave, where an initial phase offset, a frequency, and / or an amplitude of the square wave may be selected based at least in part on the data bit to be transmitted. A square wave with frequency fw may create a frequency shift to an incident carrier wave signal, and a baseband frequency may be shifted by fw, which may help to separate a backscatter signal from an incident RF signal in a frequency domain and minimize mutual interference. For example, ASK / PSK / FSK sequences with symbol frequency fs equals f and square wave frequency fw equals 2f.
[0104] As shown in Fig. 6B, a square wave modulation and a backscatter modulation may be applied to baseband coded bits prior to transmission. The square wave modulation may be a PSK square wave modulation. The backscatter modulation may be an ASK backscatter modulation or a PSK backscatter modulation.
[0105] As indicated above, Figs. 6A and 6B are provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to Figs. 6A and 6B.
[0106] Fig. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example 700 of square wave modulated backscatter, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0107] As shown in Fig. 7, square wave modulation may be extended to achieve higher order modulation for backscatter using multiple (e.g., more than two) candidates of initial phase, frequency, and / or amplitudes for a square wave. For example, using square wave with four different initial phases (0, 90, 180, or 270 degrees) may achieve a QPSK backscatter.
[0108] As indicated above, Fig. 7 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to Fig. 7.
[0109] Fig. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example 800 of a direct mapping of a line coding output to square wave modulation, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0110] When backscatter data is encoded with line codes before modulation, a encoder output may not be directly used for constellation mapping for higher order modulation. For example, as shown by reference number 802, a Manchester coding output may have only two codewords ( “01” or “10” ) and may be mapped only to two initial phases of a square wave (e.g., achieving BPSK not QPSK backscatter) . Further, a direct constellation mapping may break a transition rule of the line codes. For example, as shown by reference number 804, when mapping a two-bit FM0 encoder output to four phases of a square wave ( “00” ->0°, “01” ->90°, “10” ->180°, and “11” ->270°) , a mandatory transition or phase inversion across a symbol boundary may not be visible. Thus, a reader receiver may be unable to recover a clock when a higher order modulation backscatter is used.
[0111] As shown by reference number 802, line coding, square wave modulation, and / or backscatter modulation may be applied to information bits, respectively, prior to transmission. As shown by reference number 804, a Manchester code output may be directly mapped to a square wave modulation with four initial phases. As shown by reference number 806, an FM0 code output may be directly mapped to a square wave modulation with four initial phases.
[0112] As indicated above, Fig. 8 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to Fig. 8.
[0113] Fig. 9 is a diagram illustrating an example 900 associated with higher order modulation with line coding, in accordance with the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 9, example 900 includes communication between a wireless device (e.g., a UE 120) and a receiver. In some aspects, the wireless device and the receiver may be included in a wireless network.
[0114] As shown by reference number 902, the wireless device may receive, from a network node or from another wireless device, a control message scheduling a backscatter transmission based at least in part on a higher order square wave modulation. The backscatter transmission may be based at least in part on reflecting a carrier wave signal received by the wireless device. The wireless device may be associated with an ambient IoT system.
[0115] In some aspects, the control message may indicate that the higher order square wave modulation is associated with a higher order PSK modulation with line coding. The control message may indicate that the higher order square wave modulation is associated with a higher order FSK modulation with line coding,
[0116] As shown by reference number 904, the wireless device may partition a plurality of square waves into a number of subsets. A subset partitioning for the plurality of square waves may be based at least in part on initial phase offsets of a square wave of the plurality of square waves. The subset partitioning for the plurality of square waves may be based at least in part on frequencies of the square wave. Each subset of the number of subsets may be associated with two square waves that are a 180 degree phase shift apart. For example, for a square wave modulation with M=2n initial phases, M initial phases (e.g., uniformly distributed from 0 to 2π with a step of 2π / M) may be partitioned into M / 2 subsets each with two phases that are differentiated by π (pi) or 180°.
[0117] As shown by reference number 906, the wireless device may identify a plurality of information bits (M) to be transmitted in a symbol period. As shown by reference number 908, the wireless device may select, based at least in part on a first portion of the plurality of information bits, a subset from the number of subsets. For example, for the M information bits, a first M-1 bits may be used to select the subset. As shown by reference number 910, the wireless device may use a remaining portion of the plurality of information bits for line coding. For example, a remaining 1 bit may be an input to the line coding. The line coding may be associated with a Manchester, an FM0, or a Miller code.
[0118] As shown by reference number 912, the wireless device may transmit, to a receiver, a modulated square wave signal, associated with the backscatter transmission, based at least in part on the subset and the line coding. The wireless device, when transmitting the modulated square wave signal, may transmit a first square wave in a first half of a symbol period based at least in part on a first coded bit of the line coding, and a second square wave in a second half of the symbol period based at least in part on a second coded bit of the line coding. A phase inversion from a previous square wave may be in the second half of the symbol period based at least in part on the first coded bit being different from the second coded bit. Further, a phase transition within each symbol may be reused for clock synchronization and symbol timing recovery.
[0119] As indicated above, Fig. 9 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to Fig. 9.
[0120] Fig. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example 1000 associated with higher order modulation with line coding, in accordance with the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 10, example 1000 includes communication between a wireless device (e.g., UE 120) and a receiver. In some aspects, the wireless device and the receiver may be included in a wireless network.
[0121] As shown by reference number 1002, the wireless device may modulate a plurality of information bits to a symbol associated with a first square wave and a second square wave. The wireless device may modulate M information bits to one symbol consisting of two square values. Further, the wireless device may be associated with an ambient IoT communication system.
[0122] As shown by reference number 1004, the wireless device may transmit the first square wave and the second square wave based at least in part on a phase transition rule. The first square wave may be in a first half of the symbol and have a phase inversion from a previous square wave in a second half of a previous symbol, in accordance with the phase transition rule. The second square wave may be in a second half of the symbol and have a phase change from the first square wave in a first half of the symbol based at least in part on a value associated with the plurality of information bits, in accordance with the phase transition rule. Phase transitions across symbols may be used for clock synchronization and symbol timing recovery.
[0123] As indicated above, Fig. 10 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to Fig. 10.
[0124] Fig. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example 1100 associated with higher order modulation with line coding, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0125] As shown in Fig. 11, for a higher order PSK modulation with line coding, a constellation partition may be associated with a QPSK backscatter (as shown by reference number 1102) or a constellation partition may be associated with an 8-PSK backscatter (as shown by reference number 1104) . For a square wave modulation with M=2n initial phases, the M initial phases may be partitioned into M / 2 subsets, each with two phases that are differentiated by π or 180°. An i-th subset may be denoted as Ci= {ci, l} l=0, 1where ci, l is the l-th initial phase in Ci. Further, and then ci, l=Lb+iδ+lπ, where Lb is the lower bound of the initial phase and may be fixed to zero. For example, for M=4, four phases may be divided into two subsets, where {0, π} is in the first subset and is in the second subset.
[0126] As indicated above, Fig. 11 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to Fig. 11.
[0127] Figs. 12A and 12B are diagrams illustrating examples 1200 associated with higher order modulation with line coding, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0128] As shown in Figs. 12A and 12B, for a higher order PSK modulation with line coding, for each of M information bits, a first M-1 bits may be used to select a subset associated with a square wave (e.g., which of the subsets the square wave will come from) , a remaining 1 bit may be an input to line coding, and an encoder output may then be used to select a square wave from the subset to transmit. A PSK, ASK, or on-off keying (OOK) modulation may be applied to the square wave. As an example, when the encoder output is “01” , a first square wave in a selected subset may be transmitted in a first half of a symbol period corresponding to the first coded bit “0” , and a second square wave in the subset may be transmitted in a second half of the symbol period corresponding to the second coded bit “1” . For the encoder output “00” , the first square wave in the subset may be transmitted in both the first and the second half of the symbol period corresponding to the coded bit “00” . At a reader receiver, a received signal may be first multiplied with a local square wave with a same frequency but an initial phase set to zero, and the signal after square wave demodulation may have a same phase inversion as a BPSK backscatter with line coding.
[0129] As indicated above, Figs. 12A and 12B are provided as examples. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to Figs. 12A and 12B.
[0130] Figs. 13A and 13B are diagrams illustrating examples 1300 associated with higher order modulation with line coding, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0131] As shown in Figs. 13A and 13B, in a higher order FSK modulation with line coding, frequencies of a square wave may be dependent on information bits. For each of M information bits, a first M-1 bits may be used to select one of the 2M-1 frequencies for the square wave, a remaining 1 bit may be an input to line coding, and an encoder output may then be used to select an initial phase of the square wave. A PSK, ASK, or OOK modulation may be applied to the square wave. As an example, for M=2, two square wave frequencies (e.g., f1=f and f2=2f) may be selected based at least in part on a most significant bit (MSB) of every 2 bits, and the other bit may then be line coded to generate two output bits. A first encoder output may determine the initial phase of the square wave in a first half of a symbol period, and a second output may determine a second half of the symbol period. Two initial phases (e.g., 0 or 180) may be selected based at least in part on a bit value. At a reader receiver, a received waveform may first be FSK demodulated by multiplying with a local square wave with the corresponding frequency, and then the signal after square wave FSK demodulation in each symbol may have a same phase inversion as a BPSK backscatter with line coding, thus enabling clock recovery.
[0132] As indicated above, Figs. 13A and 13B are provided as examples. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to Figs. 13A and 13B.
[0133] Fig. 14 is a diagram illustrating an example 1400 associated with a phase transition rule for higher order modulation, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0134] As part of a phase transition for higher order modulation, in P1 and P2, a phase transition within each symbol may be reused for clock recovery. Phase transition may exist across symbols for clock recovery when higher order modulation is used. With an assumption that M information bis are modulated to one symbol associated with two square waves, a square wave in a first half of a symbol may have a phase inversion (180° phase change) from a square wave in a second half of a previous symbol. A mandatory transition across symbols may be used for clock recovery. The square wave in the second half of a symbol may have a phase change from the square wave in the first half of the same symbol based at least in part on the value of the M information bis (e.g., differential PSK modulation across two square waves in a symbol) . For example, when M=2, four square waves (s0, s1, s2, s3) may correspond to four different initial phases of 0, 90, 180, and 270 degrees.
[0135] As shown in Fig. 14, a mapping of square waves to each modulated symbol may be defined. Information bits (e.g., 00, 01, 10, or 11) may be associated with a differential phase offset (e.g., 0, 90, -90, or 180) , a first square wave in a symbol (e.g., s0, s1, or s2) , a second square wave in a symbol (e.g., s0 or s3) , and a modulated square wave per symbol.
[0136] As indicated above, Fig. 14 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to Fig. 14.
[0137] Fig. 15 is a diagram illustrating an example 1500 associated with a phase transition rule for higher order modulation, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0138] As shown in Fig. 15, four different initial phases of 0, 90, 180, and 270 degrees four square waves may be mapped to modulated square waves (e.g., 0011, 0110, 1100, and 1001, respectively) . A square wave in a first half of a symbol may have a phase inversion (180° phase change) from a square wave in a second half of a previous symbol, and this mandatory transition across symbols may be used for clock recovery. Further, a square wave in a second half of the symbol may have a phase change from a square wave in a first half of the same symbol based at least in part on a number of information bits.
[0139] As indicated above, Fig. 15 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to Fig. 15.
[0140] Fig. 16 shows a method 1600 for wireless communications by a wireless device, such as UE 120.
[0141] Method 1600 begins at 1610 with receiving a control message scheduling a backscatter transmission based at least in part on a higher order square wave modulation. Method 1600 then proceeds to step 1620 with partitioning a plurality of square waves into a number of subsets. Method 1600 then proceeds to step 1630 with identifying a plurality of information bits to be transmitted in a symbol period. Method 1600 then proceeds to step 1640 with selecting, based at least in part on a first portion of the plurality of information bits, a subset from the number of subsets. Method 1600 then proceeds to step 1650 with using a remaining portion of the plurality of information bits for line coding. Method 1600 then proceeds to step 1660 with transmitting a modulated square wave signal, associated with the backscatter transmission, based at least in part on the subset and the line coding.
[0142] In one aspect, each subset of the number of subsets is associated with two square waves that are a 180 degree phase shift apart.
[0143] In one aspect, the control message indicates the higher order square wave modulation is associated with a higher order PSK modulation with line coding, and a subset partitioning for the plurality of square waves is based at least in part on initial phase offsets of square waves.
[0144] In one aspect, the control message indicates that higher order square wave modulation is associated with a higher order FSK modulation with line coding, and a subset partitioning for the plurality of square waves is based at least in part on frequencies of square waves.
[0145] In one aspect, method 1600 further includes transmitting a first square wave in a first half of a symbol period based at least in part on a first coded bit of the line coding, and a second square wave in a second half of the symbol period based at least in part on a second coded bit of the line coding.
[0146] In one aspect, a phase inversion from a previous square wave is in the second half of the symbol period based at least in part on the first coded bit being different from the second coded bit.
[0147] In one aspect, the line coding is associated with a Manchester, an FM0, or a Miller code.
[0148] In one aspect, a phase transition within each symbol is reused for clock synchronization and symbol timing recovery.
[0149] In one aspect, the wireless device is associated with an ambient IoT communication system, and the backscatter transmission is based at least in part on reflecting a carrier wave signal received by the wireless device.
[0150] In one aspect, method 1600, or any aspect related to it, may be performed by an apparatus, such as communications device 1800 of Fig. 18, which includes various components operable, configured, or adapted to perform the method 1600. Communications device 1800 is described below in further detail.
[0151] Note that Fig. 16 is just one example of a method, and other methods including fewer, additional, or alternative steps are possible consistent with this disclosure.
[0152] Fig. 17 shows a method 1700 for wireless communications by a wireless device, such as UE 120.
[0153] Method 1700 begins at 1710 with modulating a plurality of information bits to a symbol associated with a first square wave and a second square wave. Method 1700 then proceeds to step 1720 with transmitting the first square wave and the second square wave based at least in part on a phase transition rule.
[0154] In one aspect, the first square wave is in a first half of the symbol and has a phase inversion from a previous square wave in a second half of a previous symbol, in accordance with the phase transition rule.
[0155] In one aspect, the second square wave is in a second half of the symbol and has a phase change from the first square wave in a first half of the symbol based at least in part on a value associated with the plurality of information bits, in accordance with the phase transition rule.
[0156] In one aspect, phase transitions across symbols are used for clock synchronization and symbol timing recovery.
[0157] In one aspect, the wireless device is associated with an ambient IoT communication system.
[0158] In one aspect, method 1700, or any aspect related to it, may be performed by an apparatus, such as communications device 1900 of Fig. 19, which includes various components operable, configured, or adapted to perform the method 1700. Communications device 1900 is described below in further detail.
[0159] Note that Fig. 17 is just one example of a method, and other methods including fewer, additional, or alternative steps are possible consistent with this disclosure.
[0160] Fig. 18 is a diagram illustrating an example of an implementation of code and circuitry for a communications device 1800, in accordance with the present disclosure. The communications device 1800 may be a wireless device, or a wireless device may include the communications device 1800.
[0161] The communications device 1800 includes a processing system 1802 coupled to a transceiver 1808 (e.g., a transmitter and / or a receiver, and which may include a single transceivers or multiple transceivers which may perform different operations described as being performed by the transceiver 1808) . The transceiver 1808 is configured to transmit and receive signals for the communications device 1800 via an antenna 1810, such as the various signals as described herein. The processing system 1802 may be configured to perform processing functions for the communications device 1800, including processing signals received and / or to be transmitted by the communications device 1800.
[0162] The processing system 1802 includes one or more processors 1820. In various aspects, the one or more processors 1820 may include one or more of receive processor 258, transmit processor 264, TX MIMO processor 266, and / or controller / processor 280, as described with respect to Fig. 2. The one or more processors 1820 are coupled to a computer-readable medium / memory 1830 via a bus 1806. In various aspects, the computer-readable medium / memory 1830 may include one or more memories such as memory 282, as described with respect to Fig. 2. In certain aspects, the computer-readable medium / memory 1830 is configured to store instructions (e.g., computer-executable code, processor-executable code) that when executed by the one or more processors 1820, cause the one or more processors 1820 to perform the method 1600 described with respect to Fig. 16, or any aspect related to it. Note that reference to a processor performing a function of communications device 1800 may include one or more processors performing that function of communications device 1800. Note also that reference to one or more processors performing multiple functions may include a first processor performing a first function of the multiple functions and a second processor performing a second function of the multiple functions.
[0163] As shown in Fig. 18, the communications device 1800 may include circuitry for receiving a control message scheduling a backscatter transmission based at least in part on a higher order square wave modulation (circuitry 1835) .
[0164] As shown in Fig. 18, the communications device 1800 may include, stored in computer-readable medium / memory 1830, code for receiving a control message scheduling a backscatter transmission based at least in part on a higher order square wave modulation (code 1840) .
[0165] As shown in Fig. 18, the communications device 1800 may include circuitry for partitioning a plurality of square waves into a number of subsets (circuitry 1845) .
[0166] As shown in Fig. 18, the communications device 1800 may include, stored in computer-readable medium / memory 1830, code for partitioning a plurality of square waves into a number of subsets (code 1850) .
[0167] As shown in Fig. 18, the communications device 1800 may include circuitry for identifying a plurality of information bits to be transmitted in a symbol period (circuitry 1855) .
[0168] As shown in Fig. 18, the communications device 1800 may include, stored in computer-readable medium / memory 1830, code for identifying a plurality of information bits to be transmitted in a symbol period (code 1860) .
[0169] As shown in Fig. 18, the communications device 1800 may include circuitry for selecting, based at least in part on a first portion of the plurality of information bits, a subset from the number of subsets (circuitry 1865) .
[0170] As shown in Fig. 18, the communications device 1800 may include, stored in computer-readable medium / memory 1830, code for selecting, based at least in part on a first portion of the plurality of information bits, a subset from the number of subsets (code 1870) .
[0171] As shown in Fig. 18, the communications device 1800 may include circuitry for using a remaining portion of the plurality of information bits for line coding (circuitry 1875) .
[0172] As shown in Fig. 18, the communications device 1800 may include, stored in computer-readable medium / memory 1830, code for using a remaining portion of the plurality of information bits for line coding (code 1880) .
[0173] As shown in Fig. 18, the communications device 1800 may include circuitry for transmitting a modulated square wave signal, associated with the backscatter transmission, based at least in part on the subset and the line coding (circuitry 1885) .
[0174] As shown in Fig. 18, the communications device 1800 may include, stored in computer-readable medium / memory 1830, code for transmitting a modulated square wave signal, associated with the backscatter transmission, based at least in part on the subset and the line coding (code 1890) .
[0175] Various components of the communications device 1800 may provide means for performing the method 1600 described with respect to Fig. 16, or any aspect related to it. For example, means for transmitting, sending, or outputting for transmission may include the transceiver (s) 254 and / or antenna (s) 252 of the UE 120 and / or transceiver 1808 and antenna 1810 of the communications device 1800 in Fig. 18. Means for receiving or obtaining may include the transceiver (s) 254 and / or antenna (s) 252 of the UE 120 and / or transceiver 1808 and antenna 1810 of the communications device 1800 in Fig. 18.
[0176] Fig. 18 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described in connection with Fig. 18.
[0177] Fig. 19 is a diagram illustrating an example of an implementation of code and circuitry for a communications device 1900, in accordance with the present disclosure. The communications device 1900 may be a wireless device, or a wireless device may include the communications device 1900.
[0178] The communications device 1900 includes a processing system 1902 coupled to a transceiver 1908 (e.g., a transmitter and / or a receiver, and which may include a single transceivers or multiple transceivers which may perform different operations described as being performed by the transceiver 1908) . The transceiver 1908 is configured to transmit and receive signals for the communications device 1900 via an antenna 1910, such as the various signals as described herein. The processing system 1902 may be configured to perform processing functions for the communications device 1900, including processing signals received and / or to be transmitted by the communications device 1900.
[0179] The processing system 1902 includes one or more processors 1920. In various aspects, the one or more processors 1920 may include one or more of receive processor 258, transmit processor 264, TX MIMO processor 266, and / or controller / processor 280, as described with respect to Fig. 2. The one or more processors 1920 are coupled to a computer-readable medium / memory 1930 via a bus 1906. In various aspects, the computer-readable medium / memory 1930 may include one or more memories such as memory 282, as described with respect to Fig. 2. In certain aspects, the computer-readable medium / memory 1930 is configured to store instructions (e.g., computer-executable code, processor-executable code) that when executed by the one or more processors 1920, cause the one or more processors 1920 to perform the method 1700 described with respect to Fig. 17, or any aspect related to it. Note that reference to a processor performing a function of communications device 1900 may include one or more processors performing that function of communications device 1900. Note also that reference to one or more processors performing multiple functions may include a first processor performing a first function of the multiple functions and a second processor performing a second function of the multiple functions.
[0180] As shown in Fig. 19, the communications device 1900 may include circuitry for modulating a plurality of information bits to a symbol associated with a first square wave and a second square wave (circuitry 1935) .
[0181] As shown in Fig. 19, the communications device 1900 may include, stored in computer-readable medium / memory 1930, code for modulating a plurality of information bits to a symbol associated with a first square wave and a second square wave (code 1940) .
[0182] As shown in Fig. 19, the communications device 1900 may include circuitry for transmitting the first square wave and the second square wave based at least in part on a phase transition rule (circuitry 1945) .
[0183] As shown in Fig. 19, the communications device 1900 may include, stored in computer-readable medium / memory 1930, code for transmitting the first square wave and the second square wave based at least in part on a phase transition rule (code 1950) .
[0184] Various components of the communications device 1900 may provide means for performing the method 1700 described with respect to Fig. 17, or any aspect related to it. For example, means for transmitting, sending, or outputting for transmission may include the transceiver (s) 254 and / or antenna (s) 252 of the UE 120 and / or transceiver 1908 and antenna 1910 of the communications device 1900 in Fig. 19. Means for receiving or obtaining may include the transceiver (s) 254 and / or antenna (s) 252 of the UE 120 and / or transceiver 1908 and antenna 1910 of the communications device 1900 in Fig. 19.
[0185] Fig. 19 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described in connection with Fig. 19.
[0186] The following provides an overview of some Aspects of the present disclosure:
[0187] Aspect 1: A method of wireless communication performed by a wireless device, comprising: receiving a control message scheduling a backscatter transmission based at least in part on a higher order square wave modulation; partitioning a plurality of square waves into a number of subsets; identifying a plurality of information bits to be transmitted in a symbol period; selecting, based at least in part on a first portion of the plurality of information bits, a subset from the number of subsets; using a remaining portion of the plurality of information bits for line coding; and transmitting a modulated square wave signal, associated with the backscatter transmission, based at least in part on the subset and the line coding.
[0188] Aspect 2: The method of Aspect 1, wherein each subset of the number of subsets is associated with two square waves that are a 180 degree phase shift apart.
[0189] Aspect 3: The method of any of Aspects 1-2, wherein the control message indicates the higher order square wave modulation is associated with a higher order phase-shift keying (PSK) modulation with line coding, and a subset partitioning for the plurality of square waves is based at least in part on initial phase offsets of square waves.
[0190] Aspect 4: The method of any of Aspects 1-3, wherein the control message indicates higher order square wave modulation is associated with a higher order frequency-shift keying (FSK) modulation with line coding, and a subset partitioning for the plurality of square waves is based at least in part on frequencies of square waves.
[0191] Aspect 5: The method of any of Aspects 1-4, wherein transmitting the modulated square wave signal comprises: transmitting a first square wave in a first half of a symbol period based at least in part on a first coded bit of the line coding, and a second square wave in a second half of the symbol period based at least in part on a second coded bit of the line coding.
[0192] Aspect 6: The method of Aspect 5, wherein a phase inversion from a previous square wave is in the second half of the symbol period based at least in part on the first coded bit being different from the second coded bit.
[0193] Aspect 7: The method of any of Aspects 1-6, wherein the line coding is associated with a Manchester, FM0, or a Miller code.
[0194] Aspect 8: The method of any of Aspects 1-7, wherein a phase transition within each symbol is reused for clock synchronization and symbol timing recovery.
[0195] Aspect 9: The method of any of Aspects 1-8, wherein the wireless device is associated with an ambient Internet of Things (IoT) communication system, and wherein the backscatter transmission is based at least in part on reflecting a carrier wave signal received by the wireless device.
[0196] Aspect 10: A method of wireless communication performed by a wireless device, comprising: modulating a plurality of information bits to a symbol associated with a first square wave and a second square wave; and transmitting the first square wave and the second square wave based at least in part on a phase transition rule.
[0197] Aspect 11: The method of Aspect 10, wherein the first square wave is in a first half of the symbol and has a phase inversion from a previous square wave in a second half of a previous symbol, in accordance with the phase transition rule.
[0198] Aspect 12: The method of any of Aspects 10-11, wherein the second square wave is in a second half of the symbol and has a phase change from the first square wave in a first half of the symbol based at least in part on a value associated with the plurality of information bits, in accordance with the phase transition rule.
[0199] Aspect 13: The method of any of Aspects 10-12, wherein phase transitions across symbols are used for clock synchronization and symbol timing recovery.
[0200] Aspect 14: The method of any of Aspects 10-13, wherein the wireless device is associated with an ambient Internet of Things (IoT) communication system.
[0201] Aspect 15: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising one or more processors; one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors; and instructions stored in the one or more memories and executable by the one or more processors to cause the apparatus to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-14.
[0202] Aspect 16: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories, the one or more processors configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-14.
[0203] Aspect 17: An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising at least one means for performing the method of one or more of Aspects 1-14.
[0204] Aspect 18: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-14.
[0205] Aspect 19: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions for wireless communication, the set of instructions comprising one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a device, cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-14.
[0206] Aspect 20: A device for wireless communication, the device comprising a processing system that includes one or more processors and one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors, the processing system configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-14.
[0207] Aspect 21: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories, the one or more processors individually or collectively configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-14.
[0208] The foregoing disclosure provides illustration and description but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the aspects to the precise forms disclosed. Modifications and variations may be made in light of the above disclosure or may be acquired from practice of the aspects.
[0209] As used herein, the term “component” is intended to be broadly construed as hardware and / or a combination of hardware and software. “Software” shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, and / or functions, among other examples, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise. As used herein, a “processor” is implemented in hardware and / or a combination of hardware and software. It will be apparent that systems and / or methods described herein may be implemented in different forms of hardware and / or a combination of hardware and software. The actual specialized control hardware or software code used to implement these systems and / or methods is not limiting of the aspects. Thus, the operation and behavior of the systems and / or methods are described herein without reference to specific software code, since those skilled in the art will understand that software and hardware can be designed to implement the systems and / or methods based, at least in part, on the description herein.
[0210] As used herein, “satisfying a threshold” may, depending on the context, refer to a value being greater than the threshold, greater than or equal to the threshold, less than the threshold, less than or equal to the threshold, equal to the threshold, not equal to the threshold, or the like.
[0211] Even though particular combinations of features are recited in the claims and / or disclosed in the specification, these combinations are not intended to limit the disclosure of various aspects. Many of these features may be combined in ways not specifically recited in the claims and / or disclosed in the specification. The disclosure of various aspects includes each dependent claim in combination with every other claim in the claim set. As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover a, b, c, a + b, a + c, b + c, and a + b + c, as well as any combination with multiples of the same element (e.g., a + a, a + a + a, a + a + b, a +a + c, a + b + b, a + c + c, b + b, b + b + b, b + b + c, c + c, and c + c + c, or any other ordering of a, b, and c) .
[0212] No element, act, or instruction used herein should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly described as such. Also, as used herein, the articles “a” and “an” are intended to include one or more items and may be used interchangeably with “one or more. ” Further, as used herein, the article “the” is intended to include one or more items referenced in connection with the article “the” and may be used interchangeably with “the one or more. ” Furthermore, as used herein, the terms “set” and “group” are intended to include one or more items and may be used interchangeably with “one or more. ” Where only one item is intended, the phrase “only one” or similar language is used. Also, as used herein, the terms “has, ” “have, ” “having, ” or the like are intended to be open-ended terms that do not limit an element that they modify (e.g., an element “having” A may also have B) . Further, the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “based, at least in part, on” unless explicitly stated otherwise. Also, as used herein, the term “or” is intended to be inclusive when used in a series and may be used interchangeably with “and / or, ” unless explicitly stated otherwise (e.g., if used in combination with “either” or “only one of” ) .
[0213] The preceding description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. The examples discussed herein are not limiting of the scope, applicability, or aspects set forth in the claims. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. For example, changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements discussed without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Various examples may omit, substitute, or add various procedures or components as appropriate. For instance, the methods described may be performed in an order different from that described, and various actions may be added, omitted, or combined. Also, features described with respect to some examples may be combined in some other examples. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover such an apparatus or method that is practiced using other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to, or other than, the various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein. It should be understood that any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.
[0214] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the present disclosure may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device (PLD) , discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any commercially available processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, a system on a chip (SoC) , or any other such configuration) .
[0215] As used herein, the term “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions. For example, “determining” may include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database, or another data structure) , ascertaining, and the like. Also, “determining” may include receiving (e.g., receiving information) , accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory) , and the like. Also, “determining” may include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, and the like.
[0216] Reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean only one unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more. ” For example, reference to an element (e.g., “a processor, ” “a controller, ” “a memory, ” etc. ) , unless otherwise specifically stated, should be understood to refer to one or more elements (e.g., “one or more processors, ” “one or more controllers, ” “one or more memories, ” etc. ) .
[0217] Where reference is made to one or more elements performing functions (e.g., steps of a method) , one element may perform all functions, or more than one element may collectively perform the functions. When more than one element collectively performs the functions, each function need not be performed by each of those elements (e.g., different functions may be performed by different elements) and / or each function need not be performed in whole by only one element (e.g., different elements may perform different sub-functions of a function) . Similarly, where reference is made to one or more elements configured to cause another element (e.g., an apparatus) to perform functions, one element may be configured to cause the other element to perform all functions, or more than one element may collectively be configured to cause the other element to perform the functions.
[0218] The methods disclosed herein comprise one or more actions for achieving the methods. The method actions may be interchanged with one another without departing from the scope of the claims. In other words, unless a specific order of actions is specified, the order and / or use of specific actions may be modified without departing from the scope of the claims. Further, the various operations of methods described above may be performed by any suitable means capable of performing the corresponding functions. The means may include various hardware and / or software component (s) and / or module (s) , including, but not limited to a circuit, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , or a processor.
[0219] The following claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language of the claims. Within a claim, reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more. ” Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. No claim element is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. §112 (f) unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” . All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims.
Claims
1.An apparatus configured for wireless communications, comprising:one or more memories comprising processor-executable instructions; andone or more processors configured to execute the processor-executable instructions and cause the apparatus to:receive a control message scheduling a backscatter transmission based at least in part on a higher order square wave modulation;partition a plurality of square waves into a number of subsets;identify a plurality of information bits to be transmitted in a symbol period;select, based at least in part on a first portion of the plurality of information bits, a subset from the number of subsets;use a remaining portion of the plurality of information bits for line coding; andtransmit a modulated square wave signal, associated with the backscatter transmission, based at least in part on the subset and the line coding.2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each subset of the number of subsets is associated with two square waves that are a 180 degree phase shift apart.3.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control message indicates the higher order square wave modulation is associated with a higher order phase-shift keying (PSK) modulation with line coding, and a subset partitioning for the plurality of square waves is based at least in part on initial phase offsets of square waves.4.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control message indicates higher order square wave modulation is associated with a higher order frequency-shift keying (FSK) modulation with line coding, and a subset partitioning for the plurality of square waves is based at least in part on frequencies of square waves.5.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are configured to execute the processor-executable instructions and cause the apparatus to:transmit a first square wave in a first half of a symbol period based at least in part on a first coded bit of the line coding, and a second square wave in a second half of the symbol period based at least in part on a second coded bit of the line coding.6.The apparatus of claim 5, wherein a phase inversion from a previous square wave is in the second half of the symbol period based at least in part on the first coded bit being different from the second coded bit.7.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the line coding is associated with a Manchester, FM0, or a Miller code.8.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a phase transition within each symbol is reused for clock synchronization and symbol timing recovery.9.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is associated with an ambient Internet of Things (IoT) communication system, and wherein the backscatter transmission is based at least in part on reflecting a carrier wave signal received by the apparatus.10.An apparatus configured for wireless communications, comprising:one or more memories comprising processor-executable instructions; andone or more processors configured to execute the processor-executable instructions and cause the apparatus to:modulate a plurality of information bits to a symbol associated with a first square wave and a second square wave; andtransmit the first square wave and the second square wave based at least in part on a phase transition rule.11.The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the first square wave is in a first half of the symbol and has a phase inversion from a previous square wave in a second half of a previous symbol, in accordance with the phase transition rule.12.The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the second square wave is in a second half of the symbol and has a phase change from the first square wave in a first half of the symbol based at least in part on a value associated with the plurality of information bits, in accordance with the phase transition rule.13.The apparatus of claim 10, wherein phase transitions across symbols are used for clock synchronization and symbol timing recovery.14.The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the apparatus is associated with an ambient Internet of Things (IoT) communication system.15.A method of wireless communication performed by a wireless device, comprising:receiving a control message scheduling a backscatter transmission based at least in part on a higher order square wave modulation;partitioning a plurality of square waves into a number of subsets;identifying a plurality of information bits to be transmitted in a symbol period;selecting, based at least in part on a first portion of the plurality of information bits, a subset from the number of subsets;using a remaining portion of the plurality of information bits for line coding; andtransmitting a modulated square wave signal, associated with the backscatter transmission, based at least in part on the subset and the line coding.16.The method of claim 15, wherein the control message indicates the higher order square wave modulation is associated with a higher order phase-shift keying (PSK) modulation with line coding, and a subset partitioning for the plurality of square waves is based at least in part on initial phase offsets of square waves.17.The method of claim 15, wherein the control message indicates higher order square wave modulation is associated with a higher order frequency-shift keying (FSK) modulation with line coding, and a subset partitioning for the plurality of square waves is based at least in part on frequencies of square waves.18.The method of claim 15, wherein transmitting the modulated square wave signal comprises:transmitting a first square wave in a first half of a symbol period based at least in part on a first coded bit of the line coding, and a second square wave in a second half of the symbol period based at least in part on a second coded bit of the line coding, wherein a phase inversion from a previous square wave is in the second half of the symbol period based at least in part on the first coded bit being different from the second coded bit.19.The method of claim 15, wherein:the line coding is associated with a Manchester, FM0, or a Miller code, ora phase transition within each symbol is reused for clock synchronization and symbol timing recovery.20.The method of claim 15, wherein the wireless device is associated with an ambient Internet of Things (IoT) communication system, and wherein the backscatter transmission is based at least in part on reflecting a carrier wave signal received by the wireless device.
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