Device configured to receive reference signal over channel from satellite and terminal and method thereof
The device and method leverage linear relationships between propagation delay and Doppler shift in non-geo-stationary satellite signals to accurately measure and compensate for oscillator offsets, addressing power consumption and computational challenges in wireless communication systems.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/084669
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-03-29
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-02
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless communication systems face challenges in accurately computing propagation delay and separating timing and frequency offsets in non-geo-stationary satellite signals, leading to increased power consumption, interference, and incorrect satellite selection due to reliance on GNSS and complex computations.
A device and method that utilize linear relationships between propagation delay and Doppler shift in non-geo-stationary satellite signals, allowing for precise measurements through multiple reference signal measurements to determine absolute propagation delay and Doppler shift, independent of terminal position, and compensate for oscillator frequency offsets.
Enables efficient and accurate determination of propagation delay and Doppler shift, optimizing power settings, improving handovers, and reducing computational complexity in non-terrestrial networks.
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Figure CN2024084669_02102025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
DEVICE CONFIGURED TO RECEIVE REFERENCE SIGNAL OVER CHANNEL FROM SATELLITE AND TERMINAL AND METHOD THEREOFTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to the field of satellites and, more specifically, to a device and a method for the device configured to receive a reference signal over a channel from a satellite and a terminal (i.e., usage of non-geo-stationary satellite signal measurements) .BACKGROUND
[0002] A propagation delay between a satellite and a point on earth corresponds to the time between signal transmission at a satellite and signal arrival at a User Equipment (UE) in the satellite coverage area. The propagation delay is proportional to the distance between the satellite and the UE divided by the velocity of light. When assuming a spherical earth, the contours of the propagation delay are concentrical with respect to the subsatellite point. Even with an ellipsoidal earth model, such as the one defined by WGS84, the propagation delays remain concentrical with respect to the subsatellite point in a Low-Earth-Orbit satellite (LEO) satellite coverage area subject to tiny and negligible deviations. Moreover, in wireless communication systems, a receiver is configured to measure a timing offset (TO) using the received pilot signals which are transmitted by the transmitter. However, the TO includes the propagation delay and the timing difference between the time when the transmitter starts to transmit and when the receiver starts to receive. However, it is challenging to separate the propagation delay and the timing difference from the measured TOs.
[0003] In addition, a Doppler shift is a frequency shift of the carrier frequency of a signal in the case that a transmitter or receiver is moving relative to the direction of the signal propagation. LEO satellites are rapidly moving with a high velocity thereby causing a large Doppler shift. Depending on the position of a UE on the earth, the velocity component along the direction of the satellite signal propagation to the UE considered is different. Therefore, the Doppler shift observed in the satellite coverage area depends on the actual position of the UE relative to the subsatellite point. The UE movement itself also contributes to the Doppler shift. While the UE velocity on the earth’s surface is at most a few 100 km / h and therefore small as compared to the velocity of the LEO satellite, the earth's rotation also contributes to the UE movement relative to the satellite. The UE velocity on the earth’s surface is assumed to be small and negligible as compared to the other effects causing Doppler shift. Additionally, in a wireless communication system, the receiver can usually measure the carrier frequency offset (CFO) using the received pilot signals which are transmitted by the transmitter. However, CFO includes the contributions of the Doppler shift and the central carrier frequency error caused by the local oscillator mismatch between the transmitter and the receiver and is difficult to separate the same from the measured FOs.
[0004] Though orbit modeling is known in the art, the eccentricity of the satellite orbit is small, for example, Starlink LEO satellite orbits typically have an eccentricity smaller than or in the order of 10-3. The measurements are typically performed on a known periodic beacon signal. Measurements for NR are usually performed on synchronization signal block (SSB) and the measurements involve timing offset and frequency offset. Moreover, the timing offset is measured with respect to a reference time in the UE which is also updated with the beacon signal periodicity and the timing offset is not equivalent to propagation delay. Furthermore, the frequency offset is measured with respect to a known nominal transmission frequency at the satellite. In addition, the frequency offset corresponds to the Doppler shift and possibly oscillator frequency offset in the UE with respect to the nominal receive frequency and the oscillator frequency offset is time-varying and assumed to be constant during the time of the measurements. Furthermore, the Doppler shift is dominated by satellite movement, and any Doppler shift due to UE movement is considered in the same way as the oscillator frequency offset. The determination of the propagation delay from round-trip-time (RTT) measurements includes the transmission of a signal from the UE side, which implies increased UE power consumption, increased interference to other UEs, and increased time-frequency resource usage for the transmission. Computing propagation delay based on the satellite position known from ephemeris and the UE position known from GNSS requires knowledge of the satellite ephemeris and the UE position. Satellite ephemeris is known only after reception of the system information block 19 (SIB19) from the satellite. Low-cost UEs may not include a Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver to obtain accurately its own location, or GNSS signal reception may not be available or delayed. For separating the Doppler shift from the oscillator offset, multiple signals with known differences in the Doppler shift are usually not available and the determination of the oscillator offset from GNSS signals requires the GNSS signals to be available. Rather than using signals from NTN which a user equipment (UE) wants to connect to, the UE would need an initial additional step synchronization of the oscillator with the help of GNSS.
[0005] Conventionally, the UE positioning based on GNSS uses signals and a separate receiver which is different from the NTN receiver. Reception of GNSS signals for UE positioning therefore increases power consumption and complexity of the receiver. UE positioning based on the signal strength and direction of arrival (DoA) of the signal from known terrestrial base station locations is less accurate and requires the availability of the terrestrial network, DoA estimation, and knowledge about the base station locations. Furthermore, the selection of a satellite based on the received signal strength leads to wrong handovers and the ping-pong effect when the satellite's signal strengths are quite similar. Selection of a satellite based on computing the distance between satellites and UE is computationally complex and requires knowledge about the ephemeris of the currently connected satellite, the ephemeris of the candidate satellite for handover, and the UE position from GNSS. However, the required information may not be available. The UE is gradually increasing the PRACH signal power in repeated PRACH transmissions until the satellite can receive PRACH and send a PRACH response. Such a process consumes additional power, generates interference to other UEs, and causes some delay in the attachment to the network. Thus, there exists a technical problem of how to compute propagation delay between a satellite and a point on earth using non-geo-stationary satellite signals measurement.
[0006] Therefore, in light of the foregoing discussion, there exists a need to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks associated with the conventional wireless communication systems computing propagation delay between a satellite and a point on earth.SUMMARY
[0007] The present disclosure provides a device configured to receive reference signals over a channel between a non-geostationary satellite and a terminal. The present disclosure provides a solution to the existing problem of how to compute propagation delay between a satellite and a point on earth using non-geo-stationary satellite signals measurement, such as, based on downlink (DL) measurements by the UE as well as frequency error of the oscillator within the UE. An objective of the present disclosure is to provide a solution that overcomes at least partially the problems encountered in the prior art and provides an improved device configured to receive reference signals over a channel between a non-geostationary satellite and a terminal, such as by usage of non-geo-stationary satellite signal measurements.
[0008] One or more objectives of the present disclosure are achieved by the solutions provided in the enclosed independent claims. Advantageous implementations of the present disclosure are further defined in the dependent claims.
[0009] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a device configured to receive reference signals over a channel between a non-geostationary satellite and a terminal. The device comprises a controller configured to perform a first measurement (MS1) at a first time (t1) of a first reference signal, perform a second measurement (MS2) at a second time (t2) of a second reference signal, and determine a propagation delay between the non-geostationary satellite and the terminal and / or a Doppler shift corresponding to a reference signal, based on a measurement result of the first measurement, a measurement result of the second measurement, and an assumption that a product of a propagation delay and a Doppler shift being linear value over time.
[0010] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a device, configured to receive over a channel from a satellite and a terminal. The device comprises a controller configured to perform a plurality of measurements (MS) of received reference signals and solve an equation group based on an assumption that a product of the propagation delay and a Doppler shift corresponding to reference signals received by the device being linearly decreasing value over time, independent of the actual terminal position in a satellite coverage area, and thereby determine an absolute propagation delay (to) between a non-geostationary satellite and the terminal.
[0011] Advantageously, the device is configured to receive reference signals over a channel between the non-geostationary satellite and the terminal. By performing precise time and frequency measurements, the device is configured to determine the propagation delay and Doppler shift, leveraging the assumption of a linear relationship between these parameters over time. The inclusion of a constant slope assumption and the ability to approximate the slope based on geographical factors enhance the adaptability to diverse conditions. The device is configured to handle oscillator frequency offsets, whether negligible or not, and extends its functionality to multiple non-geostationary satellites. Furthermore, the adjustments and compensations, such as clock adjustments and phase distortion pre-compensation, contribute to improved accuracy in determining positions, optimizing handovers, and adjusting power settings. Overall, the device is configured to provide a versatile, efficient, and suitable new radio operation within non-terrestrial networks, particularly in low-earth-orbit satellite scenarios.
[0012] In yet another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for a device configured to receive a reference signal over a channel from a satellite and a terminal. The method comprises performing a first measurement (MS1) at a first time (t1) , performing a second measurement (MS2) at a second time (t2) , and solving an equation group based on an assumption that a product of the propagation delay and a Doppler shift corresponding to reference signals received by the device being linearly decreasing value over time, independent of the actual terminal position in a satellite coverage area, and thereby determining an absolute propagation delay (to) between a non-geostationary satellite and the device.
[0013] The method achieves all the advantages and technical effects of the device of the present disclosure.
[0014] It is to be appreciated that all the aforementioned implementation forms can be combined.
[0015] It has to be noted that all devices, elements, circuitry, units, and means described in the present application could be implemented in the software or hardware elements or any kind of combination thereof. All steps which are performed by the various entities described in the present application as well as the functionalities described to be performed by the various entities are intended to mean that the respective entity is adapted to or configured to perform the respective steps and functionalities. Even if, in the following description of specific embodiments, a specific functionality or step to be performed by external entities is not reflected in the description of a specific detailed element of that entity which performs that specific step or functionality, it should be clear for a skilled person that these methods and functionalities can be implemented in respective software or hardware elements, or any kind of combination thereof. It will be appreciated that features of the present disclosure are susceptible to being combined in various combinations without departing from the scope of the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims.
[0016] Additional aspects, advantages, features, and objects of the present disclosure would be made apparent from the drawings and the detailed description of the illustrative implementations construed in conjunction with the appended claims that follow.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0017] The summary above, as well as the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments, is better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the present disclosure, exemplary constructions of the disclosure are shown in the drawings. However, the present disclosure is not limited to specific methods and instrumentalities disclosed herein. Moreover, those in the art will understand that the drawings are not to scale. Wherever possible, like elements have been indicated by identical numbers.
[0018] Embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the following diagrams wherein:
[0019] FIG. 1 is a block diagram that depicts a device configured to receive reference signals over a channel between a non-geostationary satellite and a terminal, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0020] FIGs. 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2D are diagrams illustrating an observed property for a LEO satellite channel at an eccentricity, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0021] FIGs. 3A 3B, and 3C are diagrams illustrating an observed property for a LEO satellite channel at another eccentricity, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0022] FIG. 4 is a diagram that illustrates a relation between a product of Doppler shift and propagation delay in a LEO satellite coverage area with time relative to sub-satellite position, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0023] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating dependencies of the product of Doppler shift and propagation delay (product slope) on inclination and latitude, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0024] FIGs. 6A, 6B, and 6C are diagrams illustrating a slope of the product at the sub-satellite point along the satellite velocity direction seen by the UE at an eccentricity, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0025] FIGs. 7A, 7B, and 7C are diagrams illustrating slopes of the product at the sub-satellite point along the satellite velocity direction seen by the UE at another eccentricity, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0026] FIG. 8 are diagrams illustrating measurements from one LEO satellite for UE positioning, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0027] FIG. 9 is a diagram depicting the determination of a propagation delay using a pre-configured slope coefficient and 2 DL measurements to adapt the transmission power calculation, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0028] FIG. 10 illustrates a flowchart depicting the determination of the propagation delay and the slope coefficient using 3 DL measurements, and then indicating the determined slope coefficient, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0029] FIG. 11 illustrates a flowchart depicting the determination of the propagation delay, Doppler shift, and the oscillator offset, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0030] FIG. 12 illustrates a flowchart for determining propagation delays with multiple non-geostationary satellite base stations, and further uses the information for handover target BS selection, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; and
[0031] FIG. 13 is a flowchart that illustrates a method for a device configured to receive a reference signal over a channel from a satellite and a terminal, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0032] In the accompanying drawings, an underlined number is employed to represent an item over which the underlined number is positioned or an item to which the underlined number is adjacent. A non-underlined number relates to an item identified by a line linking the non-underlined number to the item. When a number is non-underlined and accompanied by an associated arrow, the non-underlined number is used to identify a general item at which the arrow is pointing.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[0033] The following detailed description illustrates embodiments of the present disclosure and ways in which they can be implemented. Although some modes of carrying out the present disclosure have been disclosed, those skilled in the art would recognize that other embodiments for carrying out or practising the present disclosure are also possible.
[0034] FIG. 1 is a block diagram that depicts a device configured to receive reference signals over a channel between a non-geostationary satellite and a terminal, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. With reference to FIG. 1, there is shown a block diagram 100 that depicts a device 102 configured to receive reference signals over a channel 110 between a non-geostationary satellite 112 and a terminal 114. The device 102 includes a controller 108, a memory 104, and a network interface 106.
[0035] The device 102 is configured to receive reference signals over the channel 110 between the non-geostationary satellite 112 and the terminal 114. Examples of the device 102 may include, but are not limited to, a smartphone product with NTN direct access capability, a smartphone product for high mobility scenarios, a receiving device, a customized hardware for wireless telecommunication, or any other portable or non-portable electronic device, and the like.
[0036] The memory 104 may include suitable logic, circuitry, interfaces, and / or code that is configured to store machine code and / or instructions executable by the controller 108. Examples of implementation of the memory 104 may include, but are not limited to, an Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM) , Random Access Memory (RAM) , Read Only Memory (ROM) , Hard Disk Drive (HDD) , Flash memory, a Secure Digital (SD) card, Solid-State Drive (SSD) , a computer-readable storage medium, and / or CPU cache memory.
[0037] The controller 108 may include suitable logic, circuitry, interfaces and / or code that is configured to execute instructions stored in the memory 104. Examples of the controller 108 may include, but are not limited to an integrated circuit, a co-processor, a microprocessor, a microcontroller, a complex instruction set computing (CISC) processor, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) processor, a reduced instruction set (RISC) processor, a very long instruction word (VLIW) processor, a central processing unit (CPU) , a state machine, a data processing unit, and other processors or circuits. Moreover, the controller 108 may refer to one or more individual controllers, processing devices, or a processing unit that is part of a machine.
[0038] There is provided the device 102 that includes the controller 108 configured to perform a first measurement (MS1) at a first time (t1) of a first reference signal, perform a second measurement (MS2) at a second time (t2) of a second reference signal, and determine a propagation delay between the non-geostationary satellite 112 and the terminal 114 and / or a Doppler shift corresponding to a reference signal, based on a measurement result of the first measurement, a measurement result of the second measurement, and an assumption that a product of a propagation delay and a Doppler shift being linear value over time. The first time (t1) may be different from the second time (t2) . The controller 108 may perform at least two measurements at different times, according to an embodiment. In some embodiments, the device 102 is the terminal 114. In some embodiments, the device 102 is a User Equipment, UE. In some embodiments, the device 102 is a part of the satellite 112. In some embodiments, the UE is configured for operation in a Non-Terrestrial Network, NTN. In some embodiments, the UE is configured for New Radio operation.
[0039] FIGs. 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2D are diagrams illustrating an observed property for a LEO satellite channel at an eccentricity, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. With reference to FIGs. 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2D, there are shown graphical representations of observed properties for the LEO satellite channel according to an example in which an orbit height is 600 Km, eccentricity is zero, and carrier frequency is 2 GHz. In some embodiments, the satellite is a Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) satellite.
[0040] FIG. 2A illustrates a latitude and a longitude on the WGS84 ellipsoid at the subsatellite point, according to an embodiment. With reference to FIG. 2A there is shown a graphical illustration 200A that depicts a plotting of latitude at x-axis 202 and longitude at y-axis 204 on the WGS84 ellipsoid centered at the subsatellite point.
[0041] The satellite coverage area may be 1000 x 1000 Km (every blue square corresponding to 100 x 100 Km. “x” in Fig. 2a corresponds to the sub-satellite point (nadir) and the arrow indicates the satellite direction. The parameters are taken for observation in FIG. 3A that includes Periapsis at 44.55 degrees, a RAAN at -28.8 degrees along with an inclination of 63.4 degrees, a mean anomaly of 0 degrees, and a carrier frequency of 2 GHz.
[0042] FIGs. 2B and 2C collectively illustrate contours for propagation delay and contours for Doppler shift, respectively. FIG. 2D illustrates contours for a product from the Doppler shift and the propagation delay. With reference to FIGs. 2B and 2C there is shown a graphical illustration 200B and another graphical illustration 200C that depicts a plotting of contours of the propagation delay by plotting a distance from a sub-satellite point along with the orbit at x-axis 202 and a distance from the sub-satellite point orthogonal to the orbit at y-axis 204. Similarly, with reference to FIG. 2D there is shown a graphical illustration 200D that depicts a plotting of contours for the product from Doppler shift and propagation delay by plotting a distance from a sub-satellite point along the orbit at x-axis 202 and at a distance from the sub-satellite point orthogonal to the orbit at y-axis 204.
[0043] The WGS84 earth ellipsoid at the sub-satellite point may be used to obtain a planar grid of possible user equipment (UE) positions in the satellite coverage area which may be computationally tractable. Approximation may be justified for the limited coverage area of LEO satellites, for example, 1000 x 1000 km. Moreover, in the entire satellite coverage area, the slope is 0 orthogonal to the satellite velocity direction as observed by the UE and the slope is approximately constant in the satellite velocity direction as observed by the UE.
[0044] FIGs. 3A 3B, and 3C are diagrams illustrating an observed property for a LEO satellite channel, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. With reference to FIG. 3A there is shown a graphical illustration 300A that depicts the latitude at y-axis 304 and the longitude at x-axis 302. The eccentricity may be 10-3 and other parameters may be the same as that in FIG. 2A. FIGs. 3B and 3C illustrate an elevation of the satellite (at y-axis 304) at UE over time (at x-axis 302) and the product of Doppler shift and propagation delay dependent on time. Moreover, the highest elevation may be achieved for the two UEs at a different time. At the highest elevation, the UE may be orthogonal to the satellite ground track. When the UE is orthogonal to the satellite ground track, the Doppler shift may be zero. Regarding the product of Doppler shift and propagation delay, it may be observed that an offset between the UE-specific products is due to the different times when the highest elevation is observed. The slope of the products vs. time may be virtually identical for both UEs, tiny differences in the slope may be attributed to different UE latitudes and curvature of the earth. Specifically, the product of propagation delay and Doppler shift in a non-geostationary satellite channel may follow a linear relationship over time for the UE located in the satellite coverage area. As an example, the linear relationship is shown in FIG. 4.
[0045] FIG. 4 is a diagram that illustrates a relation between a product of Doppler shift and propagation delay in a LEO satellite coverage area with time relative to sub-satellite position, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. With reference to FIG. 4, there is shown a graphical illustration 400 that depicts a time relative to the sub-satellite position at x-axis 402 and a product at y-axis 404. A stationary UE may be covered by the LEO satellite for roughly 150 seconds. The linearity holds for all orbit positions around the earth provided the UE is located in the satellite coverage area, respectively. The zoomed area in FIG. 4 also shows that there are minor variations in the slope of the product term due to UEs located in different geographical areas with different slope caused by some possible eccentricity of the satellite orbit and due to the ellipsoidal shape of the earth.
[0046] The product linearity holds not only for the ground track of the satellite, but it holds for the entire satellite coverage area with almost identical slope, regardless of the position of the UE within the satellite coverage area. The corresponding contours of the product are illustrated in FIG. 2D. The identified property can be formulated as: fD (ti) ·to (ti) =fD (tj) ·to (tj) +m· (ti-tj)
[0047] wherein fD (ti) and fD (tj) are the Doppler shifts at time instance ti and tj respectively, to (ti) and to (tj) are the propagation delay between the UE and the non-geostationary satellite base station at time instance ti and tj respectively, and m is a slope. The slope coefficient, m, which may be computed as a constant for a particular geographical coverage area based on the orbit information of the non-geostationary satellite. Further, the slope coefficient can be configured by the non-geostationary satellite base station through broadcasting messages to the UE.
[0048] Upon having determined the slope coefficient: when an oscillator offset between the UE and the BS does NOT exist, the UE can make use of it to estimate the propagation delay and also the Doppler shift by at least 2 DL measurements. When an oscillator offset does exist, the UE can still make use of it to estimate the propagation delay and also the Doppler shift by at least 3 DL Measurements. The slope information can also be jointly estimated together with propagation delay and the Doppler shift by at least 3 DL measurements on the UE side. Determining the propagation delay using only DL measurements, without the need for RTT measurement nor the UL transmission, without the need that the satellite base station transmitter and the UE receiver to be pre-synchronized leads to improved open-loop power control as well as TA adjustment for PRACH transmission, fast and robust handover for NTN systems, and improved positioning for NTN systems.
[0049] The linearity of the product from the identified correlation between the propagation delay and the Doppler shift in a non-geostationary satellite channel could be then explored as additional information so that the UE can estimate the propagation delay and / or the Doppler shift using only the DL measurements, even though its clock is not pre-synchronized with the non-geostationary satellite base station. When the UE is in idle mode or not yet attached to NTN, it needs to find the satellite to start the PRACH procedure. For that purpose, the UE is performing a cell search detecting the SSB. With the SSB measurements thus obtained, the UE can select the satellite that has the smallest distance to the UE, adjust the uplink frequency and timing to compensate for oscillator offset, Doppler shift, and propagation delay, and adjust the PRACH power setting to compensate for the free space path loss. The computation of the free space path loss is based on the distance between the satellite and the UE, which is proportional to the propagation delay squared. Using the SSB measurements to improve the access to NTN as outlined here may also be included in a future version of the 3GPP specifications to improve the PRACH procedure. Furthermore, depending on the orbit height of the LEO satellite constellation, UE handover between different satellites occurs roughly every 1-3 minutes. When the network configures conditional handover (CHO) , the UE can decide on the actual satellite and the time for the handover based on measurements. The measurements include reference signal received power (RSRP) measurements, but a criterion based on satellite to UE distance will work much better and avoid handover ping-pong behavior. The controller 108 is further configured to determine if a handover should be made from the satellite to the second satellite based on a comparison between the determined absolute propagation delay for the satellite and the determined absolute propagation delay for the second satellite. The oscillator offset results from the SSB measurements can be used to track and correct the offset of the oscillator internal to the UE design. Oscillator offset is time-varying and usually dependent on the temperature of the device 102, which in turn is dependent on the data rates transmitted. Therefore, it is necessary to track and compensate for a slow time-varying frequency offset. In some embodiments, the device 102 is the terminal 114.
[0050] In such implementation, the controller 108 is further configured to track the Doppler shift over time and correct the frequency offset of the oscillator internal to the device 102 thereby compensating for a time-varying Doppler shift. Tracking the results for propagation delay and Doppler shift can be used to improve downlink reception from LEO satellites by adjusting the timing and the frequency offset compensation. In some embodiments, the controller 108 is further configured to adjust timing and frequency offset compensation based on the determined propagation delay and Doppler shift. The results for the Doppler shift can be used to compensate for the Doppler shift in uplink transmissions. Doppler shift in uplink can be computed from Doppler shift in downlink by considering the different carrier frequencies for downlink and uplink. In another implementation, the controller 108 is further configured to compensate for the Doppler shift in uplink transmissions by computing a Doppler shift in uplink from the Doppler shift in downlink based on different carrier frequencies for downlink and uplink. In some embodiments, the controller 108 is further configured to obtain the slope (m) by receiving a signal through a downlink broadcast channel (i.e., the channel 110 of FIG. 1) and the signal carries the slope. The results for propagation delay can be used to improve the timing advance (TA) in the uplink. TA is usually controlled by the base station. Furthermore, the controller 108 is further configured to improve the timing advance (TA) in the uplink based on the propagation delay. When the propagation delay measured by the UE is signaled to the base station in the uplink, the base station can use the propagation delay to compute the corresponding free space path loss and compensate for changes in the free space path loss with power control commands. In NR, DCI 2-2 corresponds to power control commands for PUSCH, while power control commands for scheduled PUCCH are included in DCI 1-0 and DCI 1-1. The propagation delay computed from SSB measurements is proportional to the distance between the satellite and the UE. Therefore, the SSB measurements can also be used for positioning the UE relative to satellites. With one satellite, the UE position can only be determined subject to a remaining ambiguity shown by the intersection of the circles with the radius corresponding to the instantaneous distances d (t1) , d (t2) , d (t3) between UE and satellite at the time t1, t2 and t3 of the measurements as shown in FIG. 8. The possible UE positions for every measurement are on a circle of the earth's surface when the earth is modeled as a sphere.
[0051] In another aspect, the device 102, configured to receive over the channel 110 from a satellite and the terminal 114, includes the controller 108 configured to perform a plurality of measurements (MS) of received reference signals and solve an equation group based on an assumption that a product of the propagation delay and a Doppler shift corresponding to reference signals received by the device 102 being linearly decreasing value over time, independent of the actual terminal position in a satellite coverage area, and thereby determine an absolute propagation delay (to) between the non-geostationary satellite 112 and the terminal 114.
[0052] In accordance with an embodiment, the controller 108 is further configured to determine a position for the device 102 based on the determined absolute propagation delay for a satellite being proportional to the distance to the satellite. In accordance with an embodiment, a measurement result of each measurement (MS) comprises a measurement result at the device 102 in frequency direction (Mcfo (t) ) at a time (t) , and a measurement result at the device 102 in time direction (Mto (t) ) at a time (t) , wherein
[0053] Mcfo (t) =fD (t) +fosc (t)
[0054] Mto (t) =to (t) +tref, wherein
[0055] fD (t) is a Doppler shift at a measurement time (t) ,
[0056] fosc (t) is a frequency offset of an oscillator at a measurement time (t) ,
[0057] (t) is a propagation delay at a measurement time (t) , and
[0058] tref is a reference time at the device 102 for search in the time direction, and
[0059] wherein the assumption that a product of a propagation delay and a Doppler shift being linear value over time includes the following: fD (t2) ·to (t2 ) = fD (t1 ) ·to (t1 ) +m· (t2-t1 ) ,
[0060] Where m is the slope of the product term from propagation delay and Doppler shift, t1 is the first time for the first measurement MS1, and t2 is the second time for the second measurement MS2. Moreover, linearity is an approximation and holds for the satellite coverage area over the entire satellite orbit, respectively. Linearity is also a good approximation for small orbit eccentricities. The slope can be assumed to be known for particular orbit parameters or can be computed analytically for particular orbit parameters in a certain satellite coverage area. The slope varies slightly with the latitude due to the earth's rotation and is independent of the longitude.
[0061] The slope of the product may be determined from propagation delay and Doppler shift. Approximated slope can be tabulated (i) as a function of inclination, or (ii) as a function of inclination and approximate latitude of the geographical area considered. Slope can be computed based on the satellite mean ephemeris data including eccentricity or anomaly for the geographical area of interest, or for the satellite coverage area considered. Additional measurement sets can be used to estimate the slope m as well as the other unknown parameters. In some embodiments, the controller 108 is further configured to compute the slope (m) based on a satellite mean ephemeris data including eccentricity or anomaly for the geographical area considered.
[0062] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating dependencies of the product of Doppler shift and propagation delay (product slope) on inclination and latitude, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. With reference to FIG. 5, there is shown a graphical illustration 500 that depicts a time relative to the sub-satellite position at x-axis 502 and a product at y-axis 504.
[0063] In an implementation scenario, depending on the inclination, the earth's rotation adds to or subtracts from satellite velocity. It shows that there is a tiny and negligible dependency of the product slope on latitude. According to an embodiment, the assumption includes that the slope (m) is constant when a geographical coverage area and orbit information of the non-geostationary satellite 112 is determined. In an implementation, the controller 108 is further configured to approximate the slope (m) through a tabulation as a function of inclination. In some embodiments, the controller 108 is further configured to approximate the slope (m) through a tabulation as a function of inclination and approximate latitude of a geographical area considered.
[0064] FIGs. 6A, 6B, and 6C are diagrams illustrating a slope of the product at the sub-satellite point along the satellite velocity direction seen by the UE for a circular orbit, i.e. a satellite orbit with zero at an eccentricity, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. With reference to FIGs. 6A, 6B, and 6C there is shown a first graphical illustration 600A, a second graphical illustration 600B, and a third graphical illustration 600C that depicts a time at x-axis 602 and a slope at y-axis 604. In an implementation scenario, the first graphical illustration 600A depicts a derivative at a sub-satellite point, the second graphical illustration 600B depicts a latitude, and the third graphical illustration 600C illustrates a derivative at the sub-satellite point.
[0065] FIGs. 7A, 7B, and 7C are diagrams illustrating slopes of the product at the sub-satellite point along the satellite velocity direction seen by the UE for the eccentricity of 10^-3 of the satellite orbit, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The orbit height may be 600 kM; eccentricity 10^-3; periapsis –44.55 degrees; RAAN – (-28.8 degrees) ; Inclination –63.4 degrees; Mean anomaly –0 degrees; and Carrier frequency –2.0 GHz. The satellite may cover a particular area for roughly 150 seconds only. It may be observed that the slope depicted in FIG. 7C depends on latitude AND position in the orbit.
[0066] FIG. 8 are diagrams illustrating measurements from one LEO satellite for UE positioning, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. With reference to FIG. 8, there is shown a diagram 800 that depicts the measurements from the one LEO satellite for an UE positioning 802.
[0067] In an implementation, the propagation delay is computed from SSB measurements that are proportional to the distance between the satellite and the UE. Therefore, the SSB measurements can also be used for positioning the UE relative to satellites. With one satellite, the UE position can only be determined subject to a remaining ambiguity shown by the intersection of the circles with the radius corresponding to the instantaneous distances first distance 804 (i.e., d (t1) ) , a second distance 806 (i.e., d (t2) ) , and a third distance 808 (i.e., d (t3) ) between the UE and the satellite at the time t1, t2 and t3 of the measurements. Moreover, the possible UE positions for every measurement are on a circle of the earth's surface when the earth is modeled as a sphere.
[0068] FIG. 9 is a diagram depicting the determination of a propagation delay using a pre-configured slope coefficient and 2 DL measurements to adapt the transmission power calculation, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. With reference to FIG. 9, there is shown a flowchart 900 that depicts the determination of the propagation delay using the pre-configured slope coefficient and 2 DL measurements.
[0069] In an implementation scenario, the propagation delay by 2 DL measurements may be determined when there is no oscillator offset. A user equipment (UE) 904 explores the identified property to determine the propagation delay based on 2 DL measurements, wherein each DL measurement is at a distinct time instance and each DL measurement is associated with one TO measurement and one CFO measurement. In this embodiment, it assumes that the UE’s oscillator clock has already been pre-synchronized with that of the non-geostationary satellite base station, so there is no oscillator offset. It means that, in this case, the CFO measurement directly corresponds to the Doppler shift.
[0070] In such an embodiment, the UE 904 first determines the slope coefficient which corresponds to the slope of the product from propagation delay and Doppler shift of the non-geostationary satellite channel, such as at operation 908. This can be done by receiving the configuration from a broadcasting message that is transmitted by the non-geostationary satellite base station (e.g., a SIB message) or computed by the UE based on the earth coverage information and the orbit information of a non-geostationary satellite base station 902, such as at operation 906. Moreover, the UE 904 conducts 2 DL measurements at 2 different time instances, (t1) and (t2) , such as at operation 910 and at operation 914. At each time instance, the UE measures the TO and CFO using a received DL signal which is transmitted by the non-geostationary satellite base station. One example of the DL signals could be an SSB signal defined by 5G NR (at operation 912, 916, and 918) . For each DL measurement, there are 2 measurement equations, one for TO measurement and the other for CFO measurement. Hence, the full equation system is shown by the following five equations and parameters.
[0071] Mcfo (t1) =fD (t1) %equation corresponding to the 1st CFO measurement
[0072] Mcfo (t2) =fD (t2) %equation corresponding to the 2nd CFO measurement
[0073] Mto (t1) =to (t1) +tref %equation corresponding to the 1st TO measurement
[0074] Mto (t2) =to (t2) +tref %equation corresponding to the 2nd TO measurement
[0075] fD (t2) ·to (t2) =fD (t1) ·to (t1) +m· (t2-t1) %property equation
[0076] Hereby, fD (ti) is the Doppler shift at time instance ti, which corresponds to the CFO measurement at time instance ti. Under non-geostationary satellite channel 110, due to the fast movement of the satellite, it is safe to assume that fD (ti) ≠ fD (tj) for ti ≠tj. And to (ti) is unknown, which is the propagation delay between the UE and the non-geostationary satellite base station. m is the slope coefficient which has been determined in an earlier step. The 5 unknown parameters ( (fD (t1) ,fD (t2) ,to (t1) ,to (t2) ,tref) can be determined by solving the equation system, including the propagation delays. Upon determination of the propagation delay, the UE 904 can further determine the path-loss and use it to compute the uplink transmission power for transmitting an uplink signal to the non-geostationary satellite 112, such as at operation 920. The uplink signal could be a PRACH signal, such as at operation 922. UE can also further use the determined propagation delay to advance the transmission timing for UL transmission to the non-geostationary satellite base station, such that the UL timing boundary and the DL timing boundary are aligned. In an implementation, the controller 108 is configured to determine a path-loss based on the determined absolute propagation delay and thereby determine a required UL transmission power. In another implementation, the controller 108 is further configured to select a satellite that has the smallest distance to the terminal 114, adjust an uplink frequency and timing to compensate for oscillator offset, Doppler shift, and propagation delay, and adjust a PRACH power setting to compensate for a free space path loss, wherein the controller 108 is further configured to compute the free space path loss based on a distance between the non-geostationary satellite 112 and the terminal 114, which is proportional to the propagation delay squared.
[0077] FIG. 10 illustrates a flowchart depicting the determination of the propagation delay and the slope coefficient using 2 DL measurements, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. With reference to FIG. 10, there is shown a flowchart 1000 of the determination of the propagation delay and the slope coefficient using 2 DL measurements, and then indicating the determined slope coefficient.
[0078] In an implementation scenario, there is a negligible oscillator frequency offset, fosc = 0, the controller 108 is further configured to determine the propagation delay, to, by solving
[0079] In accordance with an embodiment, the controller 108 is further configured to assume that there is a negligible oscillator frequency offset, fosc = 0.
[0080] In accordance with an embodiment, the UE 904 explores the identified property to jointly determine the propagation delay, the Doppler shift, and the oscillator offset, based on 3 DL measurements. Moreover, each DL measurement is at a distinct time instance and each DL measurement is associated with one TO measurement and one CFO measurement. In accordance with an embodiment, the UE’s oscillator clock has NOT been pre-synchronized with that of the non-geostationary satellite base station so there is an oscillator offset that contributes to the CFO measurements. By using the identified property of the UE 904 is configured to separate Doppler shifts and the oscillator offset. The UE 904 first determines the slope coefficient which corresponds to the correlation between the propagation delay and Doppler shift of the non-geostationary satellite channel at operation 1004. The separation of the Doppler shift and the oscillator offset by using only the DL measurements leads to accurate local oscillator adjustment for the NTN UE, and accurate Doppler pre-compensation when transmitting a UL signal to the satellite base station, especially when the UE is not pre-synchronized with the satellite base station nor with GNSS.
[0081] In such an embodiment the UE conducts 3 DL measurements at 3 different time instances, t1, t2 and t3, such as at operation 1002, at operation 1006, and at operation 1010. At each time instance, the UE measures the TO and CFO using a received DL signal which is transmitted by the non-geostationary satellite base station. One example of the DL signal could be an SSB signal defined by 5G NR.
[0082] For each DL measurement, there are 2 measurement equations, one for TO measurement and the other for CFO measurement. Hence, the full equation system is shown in the following, which has 8 equations and 8 unknown parameters.
[0083] Mcfo (t1) =fD (t1) + fosc %equation corresponding to the 1st CFO measurement
[0084] Mcfo (t2) =fD (t2) + fosc %equation corresponding to the 2nd CFO measurement
[0085] Mcfo (t3) =fD (t3) + fosc %equation corresponding to the 3rd nd CFO measurement
[0086] Mto (t1) =to (t1) +tref %equation corresponding to the 1st TO measurement
[0087] Mto (t2) =to (t2) +tref %equation corresponding to the 2nd TO measurement
[0088] Mto (t3) =to (t3) +tref %equation corresponding to the 3rd nd TO measurement
[0089] fD (t2) ·to (t2) =fD (t1) ·to (t1) +m· (t2-t1) %property equation 1
[0090] fD (t3) ·to (t3) =fD (t2) ·to (t2) +m· (t3-t2) %property equation 2
[0091] Hereby, fD (ti) is unknown, which is the Doppler shift at time instance ti; to (ti) is unknown, which is the propagation delay between the UE and the non-geostationary satellite base station at the time of instance ti; m is the slope coefficient which has been determined in an earlier step. Mcfo (ti) is the CFO measurement at time instance ti, Mto (ti) is the TO measurement at time instance ti, tref is unknown, which is the time difference between when the TX starts to transmit and when the RX starts to receive, such as at operation 1004, at operation 1008, at operation 1012, at operation 1014, and at operation 1016.
[0092] The 8 unknown parameters (fD (t1) ,fD (t2) ,fD (t3) ,to (t1) ,to (t2) ,to (t3) ,tref,fosc) can be determined by solving the equation system, including the propagation delays, the Doppler shifts. At operation 1018, the determination of the propagation delay on the UE side may be the same as that in the above embodiment of FIG. 9. Further, upon having determined the Doppler shift and the oscillator offset by solving the equation system, the UE could adjust its local oscillator clock only by the determined oscillator offset. The UE could pre-compensate the phase distortions of a transmitted uplink signal only by the determined Doppler shift.
[0093] FIG. 11 illustrates a flowchart depicting the determination of the propagation delay, Doppler shift, and the oscillator offset, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. with reference to FIG. 11, there is shown a flowchart 1100 that depicts the joint determination of the propagation delay, Doppler shift, and the oscillator offset, by a pre-configured slope coefficient and DL measurements, such as at operation 1102, and then uses the information for Doppler shift pre-compensation when transmitting a UL signal, such as at operation 1122.
[0094] In an implementation scenario, at operation 1102, the DL is configured to broadcast the message associated with a slope coefficient. Thereafter, at operation 1104, the UE 904 is configured to extract the configured slope coefficient. According to the embodiment, the device 102 is configured to receive reference signals over the channel 110 between a non-geostationary satellite and the terminal 114. The device 102 may include the controller 108 configured to perform (at operation 1106) a first measurement (MS1) at the first time (t1) of a first reference signal, perform a second measurement (MS2) at a second time (t2 ) of a second reference signal (at operation 1110) , perform a third measurement (MS3) at a third time (t3) , and determine the propagation delay, t0, (at operation 1114) and the slope coefficient (m) by solving a second equation system is Mcfo (t1) =fD (t1) Mcfo (t2) =fD (t2) Mcfo (t3) =fD (t3) Mto (t1) =to (t1) +tref Mto (t2) =to (t2) +tref Mto (t3) =to (t3) +tref
[0095] and wherein the controller 108 is further configured to solve the second equation system by solving the approximations. f (t2) ·to (t2) =fD (t1) ·to (t1) +m· (t2-t1) fD (t3) ·to (t3) =fD (t2) ·to (t2) +m· (t3-t2) .
[0096] and wherein the controller 108 is further configured to solve the second equation system by solving the approximations. Furthermore, the UE explores the identified property to jointly determine the propagation delay and the slope coefficient based on 3 DL measurements, wherein each DL measurement is at a distinct time instance and each DL measurement is associated with one TO measurement and one CFO measurement. In such an embodiment, it assumes that the UE’s oscillator clock has already been pre-synchronized with that of the non-geostationary satellite base station, so there is no oscillator offset. It means, in this case, the CFO measurement corresponds to the Doppler shift.
[0097] In such an implementation, the UE conducts 3 DL measurements at 3 different time instances. At each time instance, the UE measures the TO and CFO using a received DL signal which is transmitted by the non-geostationary satellite base station. One example of the DL signal could be an SSB signal defined by 5G NR. For each DL measurement, there are 2 measurement equations, one for TO measurement and the other for CFO measurement.
[0098] In an implementation, at operation 1108, the UE 904 is configured to receive the DL reference signal at t1 and applies TO and the CFO measurements. Similarly, at operation 1112, the UE 904 is configured to receive the DL reference signal at t2 and applies TO and the CFO measurements. In another implementation, at operation 1116, the UE 904 is configured to receive the DL reference signal at t3 and applies TO and the CFO measurements. Furthermore, the UE 904 is configured to determine the Doppler shift and the oscillator offset based on the measurement at t1, t2, t3, and the configured slope, at operation 1118. The full equations reflecting the linearity of the product from the propagation delay and the Doppler shift is shown in the following, which has 8 equations and 8 unknown parameters.
[0099] Mcfo (t1) =fD (t1) %equation corresponding to the 1st CFO measurement
[0100] Mcfo (t2) =fD (t2) %equation corresponding to the 2nd CFO measurement
[0101] Mcfo (t3) =fD (t3) %equation corresponding to the 3rd CFO measurement
[0102] Mto (t1) =to (t1) +tref %equation corresponding to the 1st TO measurement
[0103] Mto (t2) =to (t2) +tref %equation corresponding to the 2nd TO measurement
[0104] Mto (t3) =to (t3) +tref %equation corresponding to the 3rd TO measurement
[0105] fD (t2) ·to (t2) =fD (t1) ·to (t1) +m· (t2-t1) %property equation 1
[0106] fD (t3) ·to (t3) =fD (t2) ·to (t2) +m· (t3-t2) %property equation 2
[0107] Hereby, fD (ti) is the Doppler shift at time instance ti, which corresponds to the CFO measurement at time instance ti. Under non-geostationary satellite channel, due to the fast movement of the satellite, it is safe to assume that fD (ti) ≠ fD (tj) for ti ≠tj. And to (ti) is unknown, which is the propagation delay between the UE and the non-geostationary satellite base station at the time of instance (i.e., ti) and m is the slope coefficient which in this case is also unknown and needs to be determined jointly. Mcfo (ti) CFO measurement at time instance, ti, Mto (ti) is the TO measurement at time instance ti, tref is unknown, which is the time difference between when the TX starts to transmit and when the RX starts to receive. The 8 unknown parameters (fD (t1) ,fD (t2) ,fD (t3) ,to (t1) ,to (t2) ,to (t3) ,tref,m) can be determined by solving the equation system, including the propagation delays, the Doppler shifts, and the slope coefficient.
[0108] Furthermore, upon having determined the slope coefficient, the UE can further indicate it to the non-geostationary satellite base station by transmitting an uplink indication message through a PUCCH or a PUSCH channel, such as at operation 1120. Although the slope coefficient could be pre-determined by the base station using the earth coverage information and the orbit information, the slope coefficient from the joint estimation can be viewed as the refined and calibrated value. By indicating it back to the base station, it improves the accuracy of the overall system. In such implementation, the controller 108 is further configured to report the slope (m) to the non-geostationary satellite by transmitting an uplink indication message through a PUCCH or a PUSCH channel.
[0109] In another implementation scenario, the controller 108 of the device 102 is configured to determine the propagation delay, the Doppler shift, the oscillator offset, and the slope coefficient based on 4 dl measurements, when the oscillator offset exists. In such an implementation, the controller 108 is configured to determine that there is a non-negligible oscillator offset. Thereafter perform a fourth measurement (MS4) at a fourth time (t4) , and determine the slope (m) , a relationship between the Doppler shift, fD, and the oscillator offset fosc, by solving a third equation system, wherein the third equation system is given by: Mcfo (t1) =fD (t1) + fosc Mcfo (t2) =fD (t2) + fosc Mcfo (t3) =fD (t3) + fosc Mcfo (t4) =fD (t4) + fosc Mto (t1) =to (t1) +trsf Mto (t2) =to (t2) +tref Mto (t3) =to (t3) +tref Mto (t4) =to (t4) +tref
[0110] and wherein the controller 108 is further configured to solve the third equation system by solving the approximations by:
[0111] - fD (t2) ·to (t2) =fD (t1) ·to (t1) +m· (t2-t1) fD (t3) ·to (t3) =fD (t2) ·to (t2) +m· (t3-t2) fD (t4) ·to (t4) =fD (t3) ·to (t3) +m· (t4-t3) .
[0112] Moreover, the UE 904 is configured to explore the identified property to jointly determine the propagation delay, Doppler shift oscillator offset, and the slope coefficient using 4 DL measurements, wherein each DL measurement is at a distinct time instance and each DL measurement is associated with one TO measurement and one CFO measurement. In this embodiment, it assumes that the UE’s oscillator clock has NOT been pre-synchronized with that of the non-geostationary satellite base station, so there is an oscillator offset that contributes to the CFO measurements. By using the identified property, the UE 904 is configured to separate Doppler shifts and the oscillator offset. In such implementation, the UE 904 first determines the slope coefficient which corresponds to slope of the product from propagation delay and Doppler shift of the non-geostationary satellite channel. The way of doing that is the same as that in an embodiment of FIG. 9. Furthermore, the UE 904 is configured to conduct 4 DL measurements at 4 different time instances, t1, t2, t3 and t4. At each time instance, the UE measures the TO and CFO using a received DL signal which is transmitted by the non-geostationary satellite base station. One example of the DL signal could be an SSB signal defined by 5G NR. For each DL measurement, there are 2 measurement equations, one for TO measurement and the other for CFO measurement. Hence in total, there are 8 measurement equations. On top, there are 3 property equations reflecting the correlation between the propagation delay and the Doppler shift. The full equation system is shown in the following, which has 11 equations and 11 unknown parameters.
[0113] Mcfo (t1) =fD (t1) + fosc %equation corresponding to the 1st CFO measurement
[0114] Mcfo (t2) =fD (t2) + fosc %equation corresponding to the 2nd CFO measurement
[0115] Mcfo (t3) =fD (t3) + fosc %equation corresponding to the 3rd CFO measurement
[0116] Mcfo (t4) =fD (t4) + fosc %equation corresponding to the 4th CFO measurement
[0117] Mto (t1) =to (t1) +tref %equation corresponding to the 1st TO measurement
[0118] Mto (t2) =to (t2) +tref %equation corresponding to the 2nd TO measurement
[0119] Mto (t3) =to (t3) +tref %equation corresponding to the 3rd TO measurement
[0120] Mto (tf) =to (tf) +tref %equation corresponding to the 4th TO measurement
[0121] fD (t2) ·to (t2) =fD (t1) ·to (t1) +m· (t2-t1) %property equation 1
[0122] fD (t3) ·to (t3) =fD (t2) ·to (t2) +m· (t3-t2) %property equation 2
[0123] fD (t4) ·to (t4) =fD (t3) ·to (t3) +m· (t4-t3) %property equation 3
[0124] Hereby, fD (ti) is unknown, which is the Doppler shift at time instance ti; to (ti) is unknown, which is the propagation delay between the UE and the non-geostationary satellite base station at the time of instance ti.
[0125] Mcfo (ti) is the CFO measurement at time instance ti, Mto (ti) is the TO measurement at time instance ti, tref is unknown, which is the time difference between when the TX starts to transmit and when the RX starts to receive. And fosc is also unknown, which is the oscillator offset.
[0126] The 11 unknown parameters
[0127] (fD (t1) , fD (t2) ,fD (t3) ,fD (t4) ,fosc, to (t1) ,to (t2) ,to (t3) , to (t4) , tref, m) can be determined by solving such an equation system, including the propagation delays, the Doppler shifts, the oscillator offset, and the slope coefficient. Further use of the determined propagation delay on the UE side may be the same as that in an embodiment of Figure 9. Further use of the separated Doppler shift and the oscillator offset in the UE side may be the same as that in the embodiment of FIG 10. Further indicating the determined slope coefficient to the base station, upon computing the determined the slope coefficient, the UE can further indicate it to the non-geostationary satellite base station by transmitting an uplink indication message through a PUCCH or a PUSCH channel.
[0128] FIG. 12 illustrates a flowchart for determining propagation delays with multiple non-geostationary satellite base stations, and further uses the information for handover target BS selection, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. With reference to FIG. 12, there is shown a flowchart 1200 illustrating the determination of the propagation delays with multiple non-geostationary satellite base stations, and further use of the information for handover target BS selection.
[0129] At operation 1202, the controller 108 is configured to determine a first slope coefficient which corresponds to the dependency between the Doppler shift and the propagation delay between the user equipment 904 and a first non-geostationary satellite base station 902. At operation 1208, the controller 108 is configured to determine the propagation delay and / or the relationship between the dopplers shift and the oscillator frequency offset for a second non-geostationary satellite 112 by repeating determinations and measurements for the non-geostationary satellite 112 as per any of the preceding claims for the second non-geostationary satellite. The non-geostationary satellite 112 and the second non-geostationary satellite are not synchronized or have synchronization errors. According to the embodiment, the controller 108 is further configured to adjust a local oscillator clock based on the determined oscillator offset. The controller 108 is further configured to pre-compensate any phase distortions of a transmitted uplink signal based on the determined Doppler shift.
[0130] Furthermore, at operation 1204, the controller 108 is configured to repeat the measurement of the TO and the CFO by a received DL reference signal, which is transmitted by the non-geostationary satellite base station 902 for at least two distinct time instances. Furthermore, at operation 1210, the controller 108 is further configured to determine the propagation delay and / or the relationship between the Dopplers shift and the oscillator frequency offset for a second non-geostationary satellite by repeating determinations and measurements for the non-geostationary satellite 112 for at least two distinct time instances. However, the non-geostationary satellite 112 and the second non-geostationary satellite are not synchronized or have synchronization errors. Thereafter, at operation 1206, the controller 108 is configured to determine the propagation delay between the UE and the non-geostationary satellite base station 902. Similarly, at operation 1212, the controller 108 is configured to determine the propagation delay between the UE 904 and the second non-geostationary satellite base station. In an implementation, the controller 108 is further configured to adjust a local oscillator clock based on the determined oscillator offset. The controller 108 is configured to pre-compensate for any phase distortions of a transmitted uplink signal based on the determined Doppler shift. At operation 1214, the controller 108 is further configured to determine if a handover should be made from the satellite to a second satellite based on a comparison between the determined absolute propagation delay for the satellite and the determined absolute propagation delay for the second satellite. Finally, at operation 1216, the controller 108 is configured to indicate the determined propagation delays, each associated with an ID of a non-geostationary satellite base station to the serving station. Therefore, FIGs 9 to 11 describe the exemplary scenarios when the UE is operating with a single non-geostationary satellite base station. The core-method can also be extended to the scenarios when the UE is operating with more than one non-geostationary satellite base station (for example a serving non-geostationary satellite base station and a neighboring non-geostationary satellite base station) . For such extension, the UE conducts independent DL measurements associated with different non-geostationary satellite base stations, independently, and solves the equation systems associated with different non-geostationary satellite base stations, independently. Moreover, the slope coefficients, which reflect the identified property, can also be specific to different non-geostationary satellite base stations. Then, the UE is able to determine the absolute propagation delays corresponding to different non-geostationary satellite base stations, by only using the DL measurements, even though the non-geostationary satellite base stations are not synchronized or have synchronization errors. In an implementation, the reference signal comprises a Down Link Synchronization signaling Block, DL SSB, signal defined by 5G NR. The UE could further use the determined absolute propagation delays to select a handover target base station. For example, the non-geostationary satellite base station with minimal propagation delay to the UE is selected as the handover target base station. The UE could also determine its own position information, based on determined absolute propagation delays corresponding to multiple non-geostationary satellite base stations, and the position information of those non-geostationary satellite base stations. Therefore, the controller 108 is further configured to determine a position for the device 102 based on the determined absolute propagation delay for a satellite being proportional to the distance to the satellite. The UE could further report the determined absolute propagation delays corresponding to those non-geostationary satellite base stations, to its serving base station, as the assistant information for positioning.
[0131] Advantageously, the device 102 is configured to receive reference signals over a channel between the non-geostationary satellite and the terminal 114. By performing precise time and frequency measurements, the device 102 is configured to determine the propagation delay and Doppler shift, leveraging the assumption of a linear relationship between these parameters over time. The inclusion of a constant slope assumption and the ability to approximate the slope based on geographical factors enhance the adaptability to diverse conditions. The device 102 is configured to handle oscillator frequency offsets, whether negligible or not, and extends its functionality to multiple non-geostationary satellites. Furthermore, the adjustments and compensations, such as clock adjustments and phase distortion pre-compensation, contribute to improved accuracy in determining positions, optimizing handovers, and adjusting power settings. Overall, the device 102 is configured to provide a versatile, efficient, and suitable new radio operation within non-terrestrial networks, particularly in low-earth-orbit satellite scenarios.
[0132] FIG. 13 is a flowchart that illustrates a method for a device configured to receive a reference signal over a channel from a satellite and a terminal, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. With reference to FIG. 13, there is shown a flowchart of a method 1300 for the device 102 configured to receive a reference signal over the channel 110 from the non-geostationary satellite 112 and the terminal 114. The method 1300 includes steps 1302-1308 for the controller 108 of the device 102, which is configured to execute the method 1300.
[0133] At step 1302, the method 1300 includes performing (S2) a first measurement (MS1) at a first time (t1) , and at step 1304, the method 1300 includes performing (S4) a second measurement (MS2) at a second time (t2) . Furthermore, at step 1306, the method 1300 includes solving an equation group based on an assumption that a product of the propagation delay and a Doppler shift corresponding to reference signals received by the device 102 being linearly decreasing value over time, independent of the actual terminal position in a satellite coverage area, and thereby determining (S6) an absolute propagation delay (to) between the non-geostationary satellite 112 and the device 102, such as at step 1308.
[0134] Advantageously, the method 1300 is used to allow the device 102 to receive reference signals over a channel between the non-geostationary satellite and the terminal 114. By performing precise time and frequency measurements, the device 102 is configured to determine the propagation delay and Doppler shift, leveraging the assumption of a linear relationship between these parameters over time. The inclusion of a constant slope assumption and the ability to approximate the slope based on geographical factors enhance the adaptability to diverse conditions. The device 102 is configured to handle oscillator frequency offsets, whether negligible or not, and extends its functionality to multiple non-geostationary satellites. Furthermore, the adjustments and compensations, such as clock adjustments and phase distortion pre-compensation, contribute to improved accuracy in determining positions, optimizing handovers, and adjusting power settings. Overall, the device 102 is configured to provide a versatile, efficient, and suitable new radio operation within non-terrestrial networks, particularly in low-earth-orbit satellite scenarios.
[0135] The steps 1302 to 1308 are only illustrative, and other alternatives can also be provided where one or more steps are added, one or more steps are removed, or one or more steps are provided in a different sequence without departing from the scope of the claims herein.
[0136] There is further provided a computer program product comprising program instructions for performing the method 1300 when executed by one or more processors in a hypervisor system. The computer program product is implemented as an algorithm, embedded in software stored in a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. The non-transitory computer-readable storage means may include but are not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. Examples of implementation of computer-readable storage medium, but are not limited to, Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM) , Random Access Memory (RAM) , Read Only Memory (ROM) , Hard Disk Drive (HDD) , Flash memory, a Secure Digital (SD) card, Solid-State Drive (SSD) , a computer-readable storage medium, and / or CPU cache memory.
[0137] Modifications to embodiments of the present disclosure described in the foregoing are possible without departing from the scope of the present disclosure as defined by the accompanying claims. Expressions such as “including” , “comprising” , “incorporating” , “have” , and “is” used to describe, and claim the present disclosure are intended to be construed in a non-exclusive manner, namely allowing for items, components, or elements not explicitly described also to be present. Reference to the singular is also to be construed to relate to the plural. The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration” . Any embodiment described as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments or to exclude the incorporation of features from other embodiments. The word “optionally” is used herein to mean “is provided in some embodiments and not provided in other embodiments” . It is appreciated that certain features of the present disclosure, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable combination or as suitable in any other described embodiment of the disclosure.
Claims
1.A device (102) configured to receive reference signals over a channel (110) between a non-geostationary satellite (112) and a terminal (114) , said device (102) comprising a controller (108) configured toperform a first measurement (MS1) at a first time (t1) of a first reference signal,perform a second measurement (MS2) at a second time (t2) of a second reference signal, anddetermine a propagation delay between the non-geostationary satellite (112) and the terminal (114) and / or a Doppler shift corresponding to a reference signal, based on a measurement result of the first measurement, a measurement result of the second measurement, and an assumption that a product of a propagation delay and a Doppler shift being linear value over time.2.The device (102) according to claim 1, wherein a measurement result of each measurement (MS) comprises:a measurement result at the device (102) in frequency direction (Mcfo (t) ) at a time (t) , and a measurement result at the device (102) in time direction (Mto (t) ) at a time (t) , whereinMcfo (t) =fD (t) +fosc (t) ,Mto (t) =to (t) +tref, whereinfD (t) is a Doppler shift at a measurement time (t) ,fosc (t) is a frequency offset of an oscillator at a measurement time (t) ,(t) is a propagation delay at a measurement time (t) , andtref is a reference time at the device (102) for search in time direction, and wherein the assumption that a product of a propagation delay and a Doppler shift being linear value over time comprises:fD (t2) ·to (t2) = fD (t1) ·to (t1) +m· (t2-t1) , whereinm is a slope of the product term from propagation delay and Doppler shift,t1 is the first time for the first measurement MS1,t2 is the second time for the second measurement MS2.3.The device (102) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the assumption includes that the slope (m) is constant when a geographical coverage area and orbit information of the non-geostationary satellite (112) are determined.4.The device (102) according to any preceding claim wherein the controller (108) is further configured to approximate the slope (m) through a tabulation as a function of inclination.5.The device (102) according to claim 4, wherein the controller (108) is further configured to approximate the slope (m) through a tabulation as a function of inclination and approximate latitude of a geographical area considered.6.The device (102) according to any preceding claim, wherein the controller (108) is further configured to compute the slope (m) based on a satellite mean ephemeris data including eccentricity or anomaly for the geographical area considered.7.The device (102) according to any preceding claim, wherein the controller (108) is further configured to obtain the slope (m) by receiving a signal through a downlink broadcast channel, wherein the signal carries the slope.8.The device (102) according to any preceding claim, wherein when there is a negligible oscillator frequency offset, fosc = 0, the controller (108) is further configured to determine the propagation delay, to, by solving 9.The device (102) according to any preceding claim, wherein the controller (108) is further configured to assume that the there is a negligible oscillator frequency offset, fosc = 0.10.The device (102) according to any preceding claim, wherein the controller (108) is further configured to perform a third measurement (MS3) at a third time (t3) , and jointly determine the propagation delay t0, Doppler shift and the oscillator offset, fosc, by solving a second equation system, wherein the second equation system comprises: Mcfo (t1) =fD (t1) + fosc, Mcfo (t2) =fD (t2) + fosc, Mcfo (t3) =fD (t3) + fosc, Mto (t1) =to (t1) +tref, Mto (t2) =to (t2) +tref, Mto (t3) =to (t3) +tref,and wherein the controller (108) is further configured to solving the second equation system by solving the approximationsfD (t2) ·to (t2) =fD (t1) ·to (t1) +m· (t2-t1) ,fD(t3) ·to (t3) =fD (t2) ·to (t2) +m· (t3-t2) .11.The device (102) according to any of the claims 1 to 9, wherein the controller (108) is further configured to perform a third measurement (MS3) at a third time (t3) , and determine the propagation delay, t0, and the slope coefficient (m) by solving a second equation system, wherein the second equation system comprises: Mcfo (t1) =fD (t1) + fosc, Mcfo (t2) =fD (t2) + fosc, Mcfo (t3) =fD (t3) + fosc, Mto (t1) =to (t1) +tref, Mto (t2) =to (t2) +tref, Mto (t3) =to (t3) +tref,and wherein the controller (108) is further configured to solving the second equation system by solving the approximationsfD (t2) ·to (t2) =fD (t1) ·to (t1) +m· (t2-t1) ,fD (t3) ·to (t3) =fD (t2) ·to (t2) +m· (t3-t2) .12.The device (102) according to claim 11, wherein the controller (108) is further configured to determine that there is a non-negligible oscillator offset, andperform a fourth measurement (MS4) at a fourth time (t4) , and determine the slope (m) , a relationship between the Doppler shift, fD, and the oscillator offset, fosc, by solving a third equation system, wherein the third equation system comprises:Mcfo (t1) =fD (t1) + fosc,Mcfo (t2) =fD (t2) + fosc,Mcfo (t3) =fD (t3) + fosc,Mcfo (t4) =fD (t4) + fosc,Mto (t1) =to (t1) +tref,Mto (t2) =to (t2) +tref,Mto (t3) =to (t3) +tref,Mto (t4) =to (t4) +tref,and wherein the controller (108) is further configured to solving the third equation system by solving the approximationsfD (t2) ·to (t2) =fD (t1) ·to (t1) +m· (t2-t1) ,fD (t3) ·to (t3) =fD (t2) ·to (t2) +m· (t3-t2) ,fD (t4) ·to (t4) =fD (t3) ·to (t3) +m· (t4-t3) .13.The device (102) according to any preceding claim, wherein the controller (108) is further configured to determine the propagation delay and / or the relationship between the Dopplers shift and the oscillator frequency offset for a second non-geostationary satellite (112) by repeating determinations and measurements for the non-geostationary satellite (112) as per any of the preceding claims for the second non-geostationary satellite.14.The device (102) according to claim 13, wherein the non-geostationary satellite (112) and the second non-geostationary satellite are not synchronized or have synchronization errors.15.The device (102) according to any of claims 10 to 15, wherein the controller (108) is further configured to adjust a local oscillator clock based on the determined oscillator offset.16.The device (102) according to claim 15, wherein the controller (108) is further configured to pre-compensate any phase distortions of a transmitted uplink signal based on the determined Doppler shift.17.The device (102) according to any preceding claim, wherein the controller (108) is further configured to determine a position for the device (102) based on the determined absolute propagation delay for a satellite being proportional to the distance to the satellite.18.The device (102) according to any preceding claim, wherein the controller (108) is further configured to determine if a handover should be made from the satellite to a second satellite based on a comparison between the determined absolute propagation delay for the satellite and the determined absolute propagation delay for the second satellite.19.The device (102) according to any preceding claim, wherein the controller (108) is further configured to report the slope (m) to the non-geostationary satellite (112) by transmitting an uplink indication message through a PUCCH or a PUSCH channel.20.The device (102) according to any preceding claim, wherein the controller (108) is further configured to track the Doppler shift over time and correct the frequency offset of the oscillator internal to the device (102) and thereby compensate a time-varying Doppler shift.21.The device (102) according to any preceding claim, wherein the (108) is further configured to adjust timing and frequency offset compensation based on the determined propagation delay and Doppler shift.22.The device (102) according to any preceding claim, wherein the controller (108) is further configured to compensate for Doppler shift in uplink transmissions by computing a Doppler shift in uplink from Doppler shift in downlink based on different carrier frequencies for downlink and uplink.23.The device (102) according to any preceding claim, wherein the controller (108) is further configured to improve the timing advance (TA) in the uplink based on the propagation delay.24.The device (102) according to any preceding claim, wherein the controller (108) is further configured to select a satellite that has a smallest distance to the terminal (114) , adjust an uplink frequency and timing to compensate for oscillator offset, Doppler shift and propagation delay, and adjust a PRACH power setting to compensate for a free space path loss, wherein the controller (108) is further configured tocompute the free space path loss based on a distance between satellite and the terminal (114) , which is proportional to the propagation delay squared.25.The device (102) according to any preceding claim, wherein the controller (108) is further configured to determine a path-loss based on the determined absolute propagation delay and thereby determine a required UL transmission power.26.The device (102) according to any preceding claim, wherein the satellite is a Low-Earth-Orbit, LEO, satellite.27.The device (102) according to claim 26, wherein the device (102) is the terminal (114) .28.The device (102) according to any preceding claim, wherein the device (102) is a User Equipment, UE.29.The device (102) according to claim 28, wherein the UE is configured for operation in a Non-Terrestrial Network, NTN.30.The device (102) according to claim 28 or 29, wherein the UE is configured for New Radio operation.31.The device (102) according to any preceding claim, wherein the reference signal comprises a Down Link Synchronization signalling Block, DL SSB, signal defined by 5G NR.32.A method (1300) for a device (102) configured to receive a reference signal over a channel (110) from a satellite and a terminal (114) , the method comprisingperforming (S2) a first measurement (MS1) at a first time (t1) ,performing (S4) a second measurement (MS2) at a second time (t2) , andsolving an equation group based on an assumption that a product of the propagation delay and a Doppler shift corresponding to reference signals received by the device (102) being linearly decreasing value over time, independent of the actual terminal position in a satellite coverage area, and therebydetermining (S6) an absolute propagation delay (to) between a non-geostationary satellite (112) and the device (102) .33.A computer program product comprising program instructions for performing the method (1300) according to claim 32, when executed by one or more processors in a device (102) .
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