Devices and methods for communication
By employing physical layer scrambling and masking with encryption sequences and channel coding, the security and power consumption issues in battery-less IoT devices are addressed, enabling secure communication.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/085052
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-03-29
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-02
AI Technical Summary
Existing cellular devices are not suitable for battery-less or low-energy devices due to high peak power consumption, and there is a need for robust security mechanisms in ambient IoT devices without a PDCP layer, particularly in the physical layer for AS and NAS security.
Implementing physical layer scrambling and masking using encryption sequences generated based on random numbers and stored values, with channel coding indications, to enhance security in ambient IoT devices.
Enhances security and reduces power consumption by utilizing encryption sequences and channel coding, ensuring secure communication in battery-less or low-energy IoT devices.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024085052_02102025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
DEVICES AND METHODS FOR COMMUNICATION
[0001] FIELDS
[0002] Example embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to the field of communication techniques and in particular, to devices and methods for ambient internet of thing (IoT) physical layer scrambling / mask.BACKGROUND
[0003] Internet of Things, or IoT, is a network of physical devices. These devices can transfer data to one another without human intervention. The automation and digitalization of various industries open numbers of new markets requiring new IoT technologies of supporting battery-less devices with no energy storage capability or devices with energy storage that do not need to be replaced or recharged manually. It may consider devices being either battery-less or with limited energy storage capability (i.e., using a capacitor) and the energy is provided through the harvesting of radio waves, light, motion, heat, or any other power source that could be seen suitable. Considering the limited size and complexity required by practical applications for battery-less devices with no energy storage capability or devices with limited energy storage that do not need to be replaced or recharged manually, the output power of energy harvester is typically from 1 μW to a few hundreds of μW. Existing cellular devices may not work well with energy harvesting due to their peak power consumption of higher than 10mW.
[0004] An ambient IoT device is characterized by its very low complexity and power consumption. In this case, a light radio protocol stack is expected for ambient IoT radio interface because many functions in legacy mobile communication radio protocol stack is not applied in ambient IoT radio interface. In NR, radio interface level security is applied in Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer. However, there may be no PDCP layer in ambient IoT architectures, ensuring security, including non-access stratum (NAS) and access stratum (AS) layer security, becomes very important for ambient IoT. AS layer or radio interface security is needed for ambient IoT and it can be done in physical layer by scrambling and / or masking some security bits sequence on the transmitted information bits, addressing the need for robust security mechanisms.SUMMARY
[0005] In general, embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution on ambient IoT physical layer scrambling / mask.
[0006] In a first aspect, there is provided a first device. The first device comprises: a processor, configured to cause the first device to: determine a first value based on a second value and a random number, wherein the second value is stored at the first device; transmit, to a second device, the random number; generate an encryption sequence based on the first value; and perform, with the second device, a transmission encrypted with the encryption sequence.
[0007] In a second aspect, there is provided a second device. The second device comprises: a processor, configured to cause the second device to: transmit, to a core network device, a random number that is received from a first device; receive, from the core network device, a first value that is based on a second value and a random number; generate an encryption sequence based on the first value; and perform, with the second device, a transmission encrypted with the encryption sequence.
[0008] In a third aspect, there is provided a first device. The first device comprises: a processor, configured to cause the first device to: determine whether a channel coding is applied to a channel between the first device and a second device; and transmit, to the second device, an indication regarding whether the channel coding is applied.
[0009] In a fourth aspect, there is provided a communication method performed by a first device. The method comprises: determining a first value based on a second value and a random number, wherein the second value is stored at the first device; transmitting, to a second device, the random number; generateing an encryption sequence based on the first value; and performing, with the second device, a transmission encrypted with the encryption sequence.
[0010] In a fifth aspect, there is provided a communication method performed by a second device. The method comprises: transmitting, to a core network device, a random number that is received from a first device; receiving, from the core network device, a first value that is based on a second value and a random number; generateing an encryption sequence based on the first value; and performing, with the second device, a transmission encrypted with the encryption sequence.
[0011] In a sixth aspect, there is provided a communication method performed by a first device. The method comprises: determining whether a channel coding is applied to a channel between the first device and a second device; and transmitting, to the second device, an indication regarding whether the channel coding is applied.
[0012] In a seventh aspect, there is provided a computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to carry out the method according to the fourth, fifth, or sixth aspect.
[0013] Other features of the present disclosure will become easily comprehensible through the following description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] Through the more detailed description of some example embodiments of the present disclosure in the accompanying drawings, the above and other objects, features and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent, wherein:
[0015] FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B illustrate example communication environments in which example embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented, respectively;
[0016] FIG. 2A and 2B illustrate schematic diagrams of ambient IoT devices in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0017] FIG. 3 illustrates a signaling flow of ambient IoT devices in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0018] FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram of transmission bits in physical channels in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0019] FIG. 5 illustrates a signaling flow of ambient IoT devices in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0020] FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of a communication method implemented at a first device according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0021] FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of a communication method implemented at a second device according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0022] FIG. 8 illustrates a flowchart of a communication method implemented at a first device according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0023] FIG. 9 illustrates a flowchart of a communication method implemented at a second device according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0024] FIG. 10 illustrates a simplified block diagram of an apparatus that is suitable for implementing example embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0025] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar element.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0026] Principle of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some example embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. Embodiments described herein can be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0027] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0028] As used herein, the term ‘terminal device’ refers to any device having wireless or wired communication capabilities. Examples of the terminal device include, but not limited to, user equipment (UE) , personal computers, desktops, mobile phones, cellular phones, smart phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) , portable computers, tablets, wearable devices, internet of things (IoT) devices, Ultra-reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC) devices, Internet of Everything (IoE) devices, machine type communication (MTC) devices, devices on vehicle for V2X communication where X means pedestrian, vehicle, or infrastructure / network, devices for Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) , Space borne vehicles or Air borne vehicles in Non-terrestrial networks (NTN) including Satellites and High Altitude Platforms (HAPs) encompassing Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) , eXtended Reality (XR) devices including different types of realities such as Augmented Reality (AR) , Mixed Reality (MR) and Virtual Reality (VR) , the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) commonly known as a drone which is an aircraft without any human pilot, devices on high speed train (HST) , or image capture devices such as digital cameras, sensors, gaming devices, music storage and playback appliances, or Internet appliances enabling wireless or wired Internet access and browsing and the like. The ‘terminal device’ can further has ‘multicast / broadcast’ feature, to support public safety and mission critical, V2X applications, transparent IPv4 / IPv6 multicast delivery, IPTV, smart TV, radio services, software delivery over wireless, group communications and IoT applications. It may also incorporate one or multiple Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) as known as Multi-SIM. The term “terminal device” can be used interchangeably with a UE, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile terminal, a user terminal or a wireless device.
[0029] The term “network device” refers to a device which is capable of providing or hosting a cell or coverage where terminal devices can communicate. Examples of a network device include, but not limited to, a Node B (NodeB or NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a next generation NodeB (gNB) , a transmission reception point (TRP) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , a radio head (RH) , a remote radio head (RRH) , an IAB node, a low power node such as a femto node, a pico node, a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) , and the like.
[0030] The terminal device or the network device may have Artificial intelligence (AI) or Machine learning capability. It generally includes a model which has been trained from numerous collected data for a specific function, and can be used to predict some information.
[0031] The terminal or the network device may work on several frequency ranges, e.g., FR1 (e.g., 450 MHz to 6000 MHz) , FR2 (e.g., 24.25GHz to 52.6GHz) , frequency band larger than 100 GHz as well as Tera Hertz (THz) . It can further work on licensed / unlicensed / shared spectrum. The terminal device may have more than one connection with the network devices under Multi-Radio Dual Connectivity (MR-DC) application scenario. The terminal device or the network device can work on full duplex, flexible duplex and cross division duplex modes.
[0032] The embodiments of the present disclosure may be performed in test equipment, e.g., signal generator, signal analyzer, spectrum analyzer, network analyzer, test terminal device, test network device, channel emulator. In some embodiments, the terminal device may be connected with a first network device and a second network device. One of the first network device and the second network device may be a master node and the other one may be a secondary node. The first network device and the second network device may use different radio access technologies (RATs) . In some embodiments, the first network device may be a first RAT device and the second network device may be a second RAT device. In some embodiments, the first RAT device is eNB and the second RAT device is gNB. Information related with different RATs may be transmitted to the terminal device from at least one of the first network device or the second network device. In some embodiments, first information may be transmitted to the terminal device from the first network device and second information may be transmitted to the terminal device from the second network device directly or via the first network device. In some embodiments, information related with configuration for the terminal device configured by the second network device may be transmitted from the second network device via the first network device. Information related with reconfiguration for the terminal device configured by the second network device may be transmitted to the terminal device from the second network device directly or via the first network device.
[0033] As used herein, the singular forms ‘a’ , ‘an’ and ‘the’ are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The term ‘includes’ and its variants are to be read as open terms that mean ‘includes, but is not limited to. ’ The term ‘based on’ is to be read as ‘at least in part based on. ’ The term ‘one embodiment’ and ‘an embodiment’ are to be read as ‘at least one embodiment. ’ The term ‘another embodiment’ is to be read as ‘at least one other embodiment. ’ The terms ‘first, ’ ‘second, ’ and the like may refer to different or same objects. Other definitions, explicit and implicit, may be included below.
[0034] In some examples, values, procedures, or apparatus are referred to as ‘best, ’ ‘lowest, ’ ‘highest, ’ ‘minimum, ’ ‘maximum, ’ or the like. It will be appreciated that such descriptions are intended to indicate that a selection among many used functional alternatives can be made, and such selections need not be better, smaller, higher, or otherwise preferable to other selections.
[0035] As used herein, the term “resource, ” “transmission resource, ” “uplink resource, ” or “downlink resource” may refer to any resource for performing a communication, such as a resource in time domain, a resource in frequency domain, a resource in space domain, a resource in code domain, or any other resource enabling a communication, and the like. In the following, unless explicitly stated, a resource in both frequency domain and time domain will be used as an example of a transmission resource for describing some example embodiments of the present disclosure. It is noted that example embodiments of the present disclosure are equally applicable to other resources in other domains.
[0036] As used herein, the term “topology” may refer to a way in which constituent parts are interrelated or arranged. For example, “topology” may indicate how the terminal device and the network device are arranged and / or communicated. As used herein, the term “IoT radio interface” may refer to an air interface that is used for IoT communication. The term “backscatter” used herein may refer to a method that uses an incident radio-frequency (RF) signal to transmit data without a battery or power source. The term “backscatter signal” used herein may refer to a reflection of ambient radio frequency signal.
[0037] The term “ambient IoT device” used herein is a 3GPP IoT device which is much smaller and cheaper compared to previous generations of IoT. The ultimate ambient IoT energy source is that from radio waves. Both Ambient IoT and Ambient computing rely upon energy harvesting as one of the key mechanisms for powering and enabling the technology. Energy harvesting, as it applies to Ambient IoT and Ambient Computing, is the harnessing of the power in ambient radio waves to power tiny computers. Ambient IoT device may have a new radio / air interface to a reader / node. The new radio interface may be frame based or non-frame based. Deploying ambient IoT service on existing system could reduce the operation cost and quickly commercialize the new service.
[0038] Principles and implementations of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the figures.
[0039] FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B illustrate schematic diagrams of example communication environments in which example embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented, respectively. As shown in FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B, a plurality of communication devices, including a first device 110 and a first device 120, can communicate with each other. In the example of FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B, the first device 110 may be an ambient IoT device / ambient IoT tag and the second device 120 may be a base station serving a third device 130 which is a UE.
[0040] It is to be understood that the number of devices and their connections shown in FIG. 1A and FIG. lB are only for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any limitation. The communication environment may include any suitable number of devices configured to implementing example embodiments of the present disclosure. Although not shown, it would be appreciated that one or more additional devices may be located in the cell, and one or more additional cells may be deployed in the communication environment. It is noted that although illustrated as a network device, the second device 120 may be another device than a network device. Although illustrated as a terminal device, the third device 130 may be other device than a terminal device.
[0041] In the following, for the purpose of illustration, some example embodiments are described with the third device 130 operating as a UE and the second device 120 operating as a base station. However, in some example embodiments, operations described in connection with a terminal device may be implemented at a network device or other device, and operations described in connection with a network device may be implemented at a terminal device or other device.
[0042] In some example embodiments, ifthe third device 130 is a terminal device and the second device 120 is a network device, a link from the second device 120 to the third device 130 is referred to as a downlink (DL) , while a link from the third device 130 to the second device 120 is referred to as an uplink (UL) . In DL, the second device 120 is a transmitting (TX) device (or a transmitter) and the third device 130 is a receiving (RX) device (or a receiver) . In UL, the third device 130 is a TX device (or a transmitter) and the second device 120 is a RX device (or a receiver) .
[0043] The communications in the communication environments shown in FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B may conform to any suitable standards including, but not limited to, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) , Long Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Evolution, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , New Radio (NR) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , GSM EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN) , Machine Type Communication (MTC) and the like. The embodiments of the present disclosure may be performed according to any generation communication protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Examples of the communication protocols include, but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the fifth generation (SG) communication protocols, 5.5G, 5G-Advanced networks, or the sixth generation (6G) networks.
[0044] FIG. 1A shows a first topology 100 where the first device 110 (i.e., ambient IoT device) directly and bidirectionally communicates with the second device 120. The communication between the second device 120 and the first device 110 may include ambient IoT data and / or signalling. This first topology 100 may include the possibility that the second device 120 transmitting to the first device 110 is a different from the second device 120 receiving from the first device 110. For example, the first topology 100 may be deployed in a scenario where the first device 110 (i.e., ambient IoT device) and the second device 120 may be indoors.
[0045] FIG. 1B shows a second topology 100’ where the first device 110 (i.e., ambient IoT device) communicates bidirectionally with an intermediate node (i.e., the third device 130) between the first device 110 and the second device 120. In the second topology 100’, the intermediate node may be a relay, IAB node, UE, repeater, and the like. which is capable of Ambient IoT. The intermediate node may transfer Ambient IoT data and / or signalling between the first device 110 and the second device 120. For example, the second topology 100’ may be deployed in a scenario where the first device 110 (i.e., ambient IoT device) and the second device 120 may be outdoor.
[0046] In some embodiments, an air interface design with minimized differences (where necessary) for Ambient IoT may enable the following devices: (1) Device 1 ~1 μW peak power consumption, has energy storage, initial sampling frequency offset (SFO) up to 10X ppm, neither DL nor UL amplification in the device, the device’s UL transmission is backscattered on a carrier wave provided externally; and (2) Device 2a and Device 2b ≤ a few hundred μW peak power consumptionl, has energy storage, initial sampling frequency offset (SFO) up to 10X ppm, both DL and / or UL amplification in the device. The UL transmission of Device 2a may be backscattered on a carrier wave provided externally. The UL transmission of Device 2b may be generated internally by the device. It is to be understood that “≤ a few hundred μW” means WGs are not tasked with setting a particular value, and that it will be for WG discussions to determine if a presented design with corresponding power consumption satisfies the “≤ a few hundred μW” requirement.
[0047] In some embodiments, there may be different types of ambient IoT devices, including: a first type of device (i.e., Device A) which has no energy storage and no independent signal generation / amplification, i.e. backscattering transmission, a second type of device (i.e., Device B) which has energy storage but no independent signal generation, i.e. backscattering transmission, and a third type of device (i.e., Device C) which has energy storage and independent signal generation, i.e., active RF components for transmission. For the second type of device, use of stored energy can include amplification for reflected signals. The first device 110 may be any of the first, second or third types of devices.
[0048] A limited energy storage can be different among implementations within Device B or implementations within Device C, and different between Device B and Device C. Such storage is expected to be order (s) of magnitude smaller than an NB-IoT device would typically include. For Device A, the power consumption target during transmitting / receiving is ≤ 1 μW or ≤ 10 μW. For Device B, the target during transmitting / receiving is such that: Device A power consumption << Device B power consumption < Device C power consumption; or Device A power consumption ≤ Device B power consumption < Device C power consumption. The device power consumption during transmitting / receiving for Device C is ≤ 1 mW to ≤ 10 mW. For Device A, the complexity target is to be comparable to UHF RFID ISO18000-6C (EPC C1G2) . For Device B, the target is such that: Device A complexity < Device B complexity < Device C complexity. For Device C, the complexity target is to be orders-of-magnitude lower than NB-IoT.
[0049] FIG. 2A illustrates a schematic diagram of an example of a structure 200 of Device 1. As shown in FIG. 2A, the structure 200 may include an antenna which may be either shared or separate for RF energy harvester and receiver / transmitter. A matching network 210 in the structure 200 may be to match impedance between antenna and other components (including RF energy harvester and receiver related blocks) . The structure 200 may include an RF energy harvester 200 that can include rectifier performing RF signal (AC) to DC conversion. The structure 200 may also include an energy storage (e.g., capacitor) that stores harvested energy from RF energy harvester and a Power management unit (PMU) that manages storing energy to energy storage from energy harvester and suppling power to active component blocks which needs power supply.
[0050] Further, as shown in FIG. 2A, a digital BB logic in the structure 200 may include functional blocks like encoder 290, decoder 270, controller 280, and the like. Memory in the structure 200 can include two types of memory: 1) Non-Volatile Memory (NVM) such as EEPROM for permanently storing device ID, etc, and 2) registers for temporarily keeping any information required for its operation only while energy is available in energy storage. The structure may also include a clock generator 230 which provides required clock signal (s) .
[0051] The structure 200 can also include reception related blocks. For example, the structure 200 may include an RF band-pass filter (BPF) for improving selectivity. Depending on implementation, the RF BPF may not exist. An RF envelope detector 240 may be included in the structure 200 to converts RF signal to baseband. Moreover, a BB low-pass filter (LPF) in the structure can filter out harmonics and high frequency components to improve input signal quality to a comparator 250 which determines high / low of input signal. In some embodiments, depending on implementation, the BB LPF may not exist. Presence of BB LPF is assumed for the study.
[0052] Moreover, the structure 200 can include transmission related blocks. For example, the structure 200 may include a backscatter modulator 260 that switches impedance to modulate backscattered signal with transmission signal from BB logics.
[0053] FIG. 2B illustrates a schematic diagram of an example of a structure 200’ of Device 2a. As shown in FIG. 2B, the structure 200’ may include some similar components / elements to the structure 200. Detailed description of the similar components / elements is omitted here. The structure 200’ may further include a reflection amplifier 265 that can amplify reflected backscattered signal. At least one of reader-to-device (R2D) / Carrier Wave to Device (CW2D) and device-to-reader (D2R) may be amplified by either the reflection amplifier 265 or LNA. The structure 200’ may also include a BB amplifier that amplifies BB signal to improve signal strength. In some embodiments, a large frequency shifter 255 may be included in the structure 200’ for shifting backscattered signal from one frequency to another frequency. In addition, the structure 200’ may include an energy harvester 225 which is other than the RF energy harvester 220.
[0054] The current proposed methods are lack of how to apply radio interface level security in physical layer. In order to address the problem existed in the current proposal, the present disclosure includes physical layer sequence generation key derivation, scrambling on parts of information / command bits, initial value of generating scrambling sequence and scrambling based on whether channel coding is indicated for Device to Reader link.
[0055] Principles and implementations of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the figures.
[0056] Reference is made to FIG. 3, which illustrates a signaling flow 300 of ambient IoT devices in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purposes of discussion, the signaling flow 300 will be discussed with reference to FIG. 1, for example, by using the first device 110, the second device 120, and the core network device 130. In some embodiments, the first device 110 refers to as a device, and the second device 120 refers to as a reader. In some other embodiments, the first device 110 refers to as a reader and the second device 120 refer to as a device.
[0057] In some embodiments, the second device 120 may transmit (3010) a paging message to the first device 110. For example, the second device 120 may transmit a paging command or query command to the first device 110. In other words, the first device 110 may receive (3010) the paging message from the second device 120.
[0058] In some embodiments, the first device 110 may generate (3015) a random number. It is noted that the random number may be generated in any proper manner.
[0059] As shown in FIG. 3, the first device 110 determines (3020) a first value based on a second value and a random number. The first value may be used for generating sequences, such as, scrambling sequence or mask sequence. In some embodiments, the first device 110 may store some bits (i.e., “second value” ) which are used for scramble sequence or mask sequence generation internally. The second value may not be transmitted between the first device 110 and the second device 120. In some other embodiments, the second value may be stored in the core network device 130. Alternatively, the second value may be stored at an application server of the ambient IoT. In some embodiments, the second device 120 may obtain the second value from the core network device 130.
[0060] In some embodiments, the first device 110 may generate a plurality of first values. For example, there may be multiple first values for different scrambling / mask bits type / position. For example, a first value for command bits, a first value for data bits, and a first value for CRC bits may be different.
[0061] The first device 110 transmits (3025) the random number to the second device 120. In other words, the second device 120 receives (3025) the random number from the first device 110. In some embodiments, the random number may be transmitted (3025) during a random access procedure. For example, the random number may be transmitted in a message 2 which is used for the second device 120 to identity a potential contention between multiple devices. As another example, the random number may be included in a response message for the paging message. The response message may also include access identity (ID) . The second device 120 then transmits (3030) , to the core network device 130, a random number that is received from a first device 110. After receiving the random number, the core network device 130 may store the random number.
[0062] The core network device 130 determines (3033) the first value based on the second value and the random number. The core network device 130 transmits (3035) the first value to the second device 120. In other words, the second device 120 may receive (3035) the first value from the core network device 130.
[0063] The first device 110 generates (3040) an encryption sequence based on the first value. In some embodiments, the encryption sequence includes a scrambling sequence. Alternatively, or in addition, the encryption sequence includes a mask sequence. The second device 120 may generate (3045) an encryption sequence based on the first value, after receiving the first value from the core network device 130. It is noted an order of generations 3035 and 3045 shown in FIG. 3 is only an example not limitation.
[0064] The first device 110 performs (3050) , with the second device 120, a transmission encrypted with the encryption sequence. For example, the transmission may be scrambled with the scrambling sequence that is generated based on the first value. In some other embodiments, the transmission may be masked with the mask sequence that is generated based on the first value. In this way, it can improve the security of the transmission.
[0065] In some embodiments, scramble sequence or mask sequence may be XOR (modulo 2 addition) operation on part of bits in physical channel, and different part can different first values to generate bit sequence has benefit on multiple levels of the protection. For example, some first values may only apply once and some other first values can apply for multiple transmissions.
[0066] In some embodiments, the first device 110 may perform (3055) a checking on cyclic redundancy check (CRC) bits of the transmission. For example, the first device 110 may descramble the transmission and divide the transmission by a polynomial for generating the CRC bits. In this case, if the result is 0, it means that the CRC checking is successful. In some embodiments, if the CRC bits is in accordance with the encryption sequence, the first device 110 may verify the transmission. In other words, the second device 120 and the first device 110 use the same encryption sequence to scramble / descramble the transmission, which means the transmission is verified. Alternatively, if the CRC bits is not in accordance with the encryption sequence, the first device 110 may not verify the transmission. For example, the first device 110 can verify network 130 by checking (3055) CRC bits of the command / message / data transmitted from the second device 120. For example, the first device 110 may descramble the transmission and divide the transmission by a polynomial for generating the CRC bits. In this case, if the result is 0, it means that the CRC checking is successful. In this case, if CRC bits calculated by the first device 110 is in accordance with scramble / mask bit sequence, it verify (3060) the received command / message / data. Otherwise, it may abandon (3060) the received bits.
[0067] In some other embodiments, the second device 120 can verify device 110 by checking CRC bits of the message / data transmitted from the first device 110. For example, the second device 120 may descramble the transmission and divide the transmission by a polynomial for generating the CRC bits. In this case, if the result is 0, it means that the CRC checking is successful. In this case, if CRC bits calculated by the second device 120 is in accordance with scramble / mask bit sequence, it verify (3060) the received message / data. Other, it may abandon (3060) the received bits. In this case, the first device 110 may ignore the following information / command from the second device 120 except for query command to transmit the next random number for the next round of verification.
[0068] In some embodiments, since the scramble / mask bit sequence is generated based on the first value which is depends on the random number generated by the first device 110, the core network device 130 may not generate the correct first value when it doesn’t have information of the second value. In some other embodiments, since the network device 130 could request device to generate another random number not used before, the first device 110 could not generate the correct first value when it doesn’t have information of the second value. Mask sequence / S value can be used for initializing the CRC initial state (cycling shift register initial state) to generate CRC bits.
[0069] In some embodiments, the first device 110 receives (3050) , from the second device 120, a transmission, then the first device 110 performs (3055) a checking on control bits of the transmission. For example, the checking may be performed on the control / command bits 430 of the transmission by the first value for CRC bits scramble / mask. In some embodiments, if the control bits is in accordance with the encryption sequence, the first device 110 verifies (3060) the transmission. In some other embodiments, based on a determination that the control bits is not in accordance with the encryption sequence, the first device 110 discards (3060) the transmission.
[0070] In some embodiments, the first device 110 may perform the checking on transmission block bits of the transmission. For example, the checking can be done on the transmission block bits 420 by the first value for transmission block bits scramble / mask. In some embodiments, iftransmission block bits of the transmission is in accordance with the encryption sequence, the first device 110 verifies (3060) the transmission. In some other embodiments, ifthe transmission block of the transmission is not in accordance with the encryption sequence, the first device 110 discards (3060) the transmission.
[0071] In some embodiments, the first device 110 receives (3050) , from the second device 120, a transmission. The transmission may include an indication indicating that a part of control bits is not encrypted with the encryption sequence. In this case, the first device 110 may perform the checking on rest part of the control bits of the transmission. For example, the checking can be done on the transmission block bits 420 by the first value for partial control bits scramble / mask. In some embodiments, if rest part of the control bits of the transmission are in accordance with the encryption sequence, the first device 110 verifies (3060) the transmission. In some other embodiments, if the rest part of control bits of the transmission is not in accordance with the encryption sequence, the first device 110 discards (3060) the transmission. In some embodiments, it can be done on part of control / command bits 430 and / or data bits 440, as shown in FIG. 4. There may be indication bits in the control / command part that not scrambled / masked by the bit sequence to indicate the scramble / mask bit sequence by indicating an index. The index can be used for selecting the first value or for generating sequence together with the first value.
[0072] In this way, different part of information / control command may require different security level. To generate different scramble sequence on different part of bits could achieve different security level, e.g., some key value could be used only once and some key value could be used multiple times.
[0073] In some embodiments, the second device 120 may transmit (3065) a request for generating a further random number to the first device 110. In other words, the second device 120 may request the first device 110 to generate a new random number. After receiving the request, the first device 110 may generate the further random number based on the request. The first device 110 may then determine a further first value based on the second value and the further random number. In this way, it has benefit that if some first values for some random numbers are captured by the attacker, i.e. always the same random values are send by the device, network may request device to send a new random number to protect device.
[0074] Example embodiments of how to generate scramble or mask sequence bits are described in the following. The key effect is that one first value generation round could have multiple generated pseudo sequence with certain security level.
[0075] In some embodiments, the sequence bits are the first value itself. Ifthe length of information bits for scrambling / masking is not equal to the length of sequence bits, repetition and / or puncture on the sequence bits is applied to scramble / mask the information bits.
[0076] In some embodiments, the encryption sequence is M sequence or Gold sequence initialized by the first value.
[0077] In some embodiments, the sequence bits are M sequence or Gold sequence initialized by the first value. In some other embodiments, the Gold sequence is generated based on a least significant bit of the first value, a most significant bit of the first value and an index of the transmission. For example, the Gold sequence is the following formula 1 and 2. C_init = S value (formula 1) C_init = S_I *index + S_2 (formula 2)
[0078] where S_I and S_2 could be LSB / MSB part of the first value, or there are two first values. Index may be the index of transmission, which could be counted by the device that each transmission and reception will increase index by one, or may be indicated in the command / control information. In such way, there is no need to regenerate S value for each transmission while has basic scrambled based security transmission.
[0079] In some embodiments, generic pseudo-random sequences are defined by a length-31 Gold sequence. The output sequence c (n) of length MPN, where n=0, 1, ..., MPN -1, is defined by the following formula 3. c (n) = (x1 (n + Nc) + x2 (n + Nc) ) mod2 x1 (n + 31) = (x1 (n + 3) + x1 (n) ) mod2 x2 (n + 31) = (x2 (n + 3) + x2 (n + 2) + x2 (n + 1) + x2 (n) ) mod2 (formula 3)
[0080] where Nc =1600 and the first m-sequence x1 (n) shall be initialized with x1 (0) =1, x1 (n) = 0, n = 1, 2, ..., 30. The initialization of the second m-sequence, x2 (n) , may be denoted by with the value depending on the application of the sequence.
[0081] Reference is made to FIG. 5, which illustrates a signaling flow 500 of channel coding in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purposes of discussion, the signaling flow 500 will be discussed with reference to FIG. 1, for example, by using the first device 110 and the second device 120.
[0082] As shown in FIG. 5, the first device 110 determines (5005) whether a channel coding is applied to a channel between the first device 110 and a second device 120. And then the first device 110 transmits (5010) to the second device 120, an indication regarding whether the channel coding is applied. In other words, the second device 120 receives the indication regarding whether the channel coding is applied from the first device 110. In some embodiments, the channel coding comprises at least one of: a forward error coding or a convolutional coding. In some embodiments, the indication is included in one of: preamble, a timing acquisition signal, or control information.
[0083] For example, the second device 120 can indicate the first device whether channel coding (FEC, Forward Error Coding) , e.g., convolutional coding, is applied in the device to reader physical channel / link. Furthermore, the first device 110 can indicate the second device 120 whether channel coding (FEC, Forward Error Coding) , e.g., convolutional coding, is applied in the device to reader physical channel / link. The indication can be in preamble / timing acquisition signal part or control information part. Whether to adopt channel coding is up to the first device 110, e.g., based on the device type and received signal power level.
[0084] In some embodiments, if the channel coding is applied, the first device 110 scrambles (5015) output bits after the channel coding by a sequence. In some embodiments, the sequency is initialized based on an identity of the first device 110. In other words, if the channel coding is applied, the first device 110 scrambles the output bits after channel coding by pseudo sequence, where the pseudo sequence can be initialized based on the ID provided by the reader or device.
[0085] In some other embodiments, ifthe channel coding is not applied, the first device 110 skips (5020) scrambling output bits after the channel coding. In other words, if the channel coding is not applied, the first device 110 does not scramble the bits.
[0086] According to example embodiments described with reference to FIG. 5, scrambling together with channel coding could have some multi-user interference whitening gain to help to detect the information bits against interference. On the other hand, not scrambling without channel coding could reduce the device processing complexity.
[0087] FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of a communication method 600 implemented at a first device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 600 will be described from the perspective of the first device 110 in FIG. 1.
[0088] At block 610, the first device determines a first value based on a second value and a random number, wherein the second value is stored at the first device.
[0089] At block 620, the first device transmits, to a second device, the random number.
[0090] At block 630, the first device generates an encryption sequence based on the first value.
[0091] At block 640, the first device performs, with the second device, a transmission encrypted with the encryption sequence.
[0092] In some example embodiments, the encryption sequence comprises at least one of: a scrambling sequence or a mask sequence, and wherein the transmission is scrambled with the scrambling sequence or masked with the mask sequence.
[0093] In some example embodiments, the random number is transmitted to the second device during a random access procedure.
[0094] In some example embodiments, the method 600 further includes: receiving, from the second device, a request for generating a further random number; generating the further random number based on the request; and determining a further first value based on the second value and the further random number.
[0095] In some example embodiments, the method 600 further includes:: receiving, from the second device, a transmission; performing a checking on cyclic redundancy check (CRC) bits of the transmission; based on a determination that the CRC bits is in accordance with the encryption sequence, verifying the transmission; or based on a determination that the CRC bits is not in accordance with the encryption sequence, discarding the transmission.
[0096] In some example embodiments, the method 600 further includes:: receiving, from the second device, a transmission; based on a determination that control bits of the transmission are in accordance with the encryption sequence, verifying the transmission; or based on a determination that the control bits of the transmission are not in accordance with the encryption sequence, discarding the transmission.
[0097] In some example embodiments, the method 600 further includes:: receiving, from the second device, a transmission; based on a determination that transmission block bits of the transmission is in accordance with the encryption sequence, verifying the transmission; or based on a determination that the transmission block of the transmission are not in accordance with the encryption sequence, discarding the transmission.
[0098] In some example embodiments, the method 600 further includes:: receiving, from the second device, a transmission comprising an indication indicating that a part of control bits is not encrypted with the encryption sequence; based on a determination that rest part of the control bits of the transmission are in accordance with the encryption sequence, verifying the transmission; or based on a determination that the rest part of control bits of the transmission are not in accordance with the encryption sequence, discarding the transmission.
[0099] In some example embodiments, the encryption sequence is M sequence or Gold sequence initialized by the first value.
[0100] In some example embodiments, the Gold sequence is generated based on a least significant bit of the first value, a most significant bit of the first value and an index of the transmission.
[0101] FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of a communication method 700 implemented at a second device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 700 will be described from the perspective of the second device 120 in FIG. 1.
[0102] At block 710, the second device transmits, to a core network device, a random number that is received from a first device.
[0103] At block 720, the second device receives, from the core network device, a first value that is based on a second value and a random number.
[0104] At block 730, the second device generates an encryption sequence based on the first value.
[0105] At block 740, the second device performs, with the second device, a transmission encrypted with the encryption sequence.
[0106] In some example embodiments, the encryption sequence comprises at least one of:a scrambling sequence or a mask sequence, and wherein the transmission is scrambled with the scrambling sequence or masked with the mask sequence.
[0107] In some example embodiments, the random number is received from the second device during a random access procedure.
[0108] In some example embodiments, the method 700 further includes:: transmitting, to the terminal device, a request for generating a further random number.
[0109] In some example embodiments, the method 700 further includes:: receiving, from the first device, a transmission; performing a checking on cyclic redundancy check (CRC) bits of the transmission; based on a determination that the CRC bits is in accordance with the encryption sequence, verifying the transmission; or based on a determination that the CRC bits is not in accordance with the encryption sequence, discarding the transmission.
[0110] In some example embodiments, the method 700 further includes:: receiving, from the first device, a transmission; based on a determination that control bits of the transmission are in accordance with the encryption sequence, verifying the transmission; or based on a determination that the control bits of the transmission are not in accordance with the encryption sequence, discarding the transmission.
[0111] In some example embodiments, the method 700 further includes:: receiving, from the first device, a transmission; based on a determination that transmission block bits of the transmission is in accordance with the encryption sequence, verifying the transmission; or based on a determination that the transmission block of the transmission are not in accordance with the encryption sequence, discarding the transmission.
[0112] In some example embodiments, the method 700 further includes:: receiving, from the first device, a transmission comprising an indication indicating that a part of control bits is not encrypted with the encryption sequence; based on a determination that rest part of the control bits of the transmission are in accordance with the encryption sequence, verifying the transmission; or based on a determination that the rest part of control bits of the transmission are not in accordance with the encryption sequence, discarding the transmission.
[0113] In some example embodiments, the encryption sequence is M sequence or Gold sequence initialized by the first value.
[0114] In some example embodiments, the Gold sequence is generated based on a least significant bit of the first value and a most significant bit of the first value.
[0115] FIG. 8 illustrates a flowchart of a communication method 800 implemented at a first device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 800 will be described from the perspective of the first device 110 in FIG. 1.
[0116] At block 810, the first device determines whether a channel coding is applied to a channel between the first device and a second device.
[0117] At block 820, the first device transmits, to the second device, an indication regarding whether the channel coding is applied.
[0118] In some example embodiments, the channel coding comprises at least one of: a forward error coding or a convolutional coding.
[0119] In some example embodiments, the indication is included in one of: preamble, a timing acquisition signal, or control information.
[0120] In some example embodiments, the method 800 further includes:: based on a determination that the channel coding is applied, scrambling output bits after the channel coding by a sequence.
[0121] In some example embodiments, the sequency is initialized based on an identity of the first device.
[0122] In some example embodiments, the method 800 further includes:: based on a determination that the channel coding is not applied, skipping scrambling output bits after the channel coding.
[0123] In some example embodiments, the first device is a device and the second device is a reader, or wherein the first device is a reader and the second device is a device.
[0124] FIG. 9 illustrates a flowchart of a communication method 800 implemented at a second device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 900 will be described from the perspective of the second device 120 in FIG. 1.
[0125] At block 910, the second device receives, from the first device, an indication regarding whether the channel coding is applied.
[0126] In some example embodiments, the channel coding comprises at least one of: a forward error coding or a convolutional coding.
[0127] In some example embodiments, the indication is included in one of: preamble, a timing acquisition signal, or control information.
[0128] FIG. 10 is a simplified block diagram of a device 1000 that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. The device 1000 can be considered as a further example implementation of any of the devices as shown in FIG. 1. Accordingly, the device 1000 can be implemented at or as at least a part of the first device 110 or the second device 120.
[0129] As shown, the device 1000 includes a processor 1010, a memory 1020 coupled to the processor 1010, a suitable transceiver 1040 coupled to the processor 1010, and a communication interface coupled to the transceiver 1040. The memory 1020 stores at least a part of a program 1030. The transceiver 1040 may be for bidirectional communications or a unidirectional communication based on requirements. The transceiver 1040 may include at least one of a transmitter 1042 and a receiver 1044. The transmitter 1042 and the receiver 1044 may be functional modules or physical entities. The transceiver 1040 has at least one antenna to facilitate communication, though in practice an Access Node mentioned in this application may have several ones. The communication interface may represent any interface that is necessary for communication with other network elements, such as X2 / Xn interface for bidirectional communications between eNBs / gNBs, S1 / NG interface for communication between a Mobility Management Entity (MME) / Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) / SGW / UPF and the eNB / gNB, Un interface for communication between the eNB / gNB and a relay node (RN) , or Uu interface for communication between the eNB / gNB and a terminal device.
[0130] The program 1030 is assumed to include program instructions that, when executed by the associated processor 1010, enable the device 1000 to operate in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, as discussed herein with reference to FIGS. 1 to 10. The embodiments herein may be implemented by computer software executable by the processor 1010 of the device 1000, or by hardware, or by a combination of software and hardware. The processor 1010 may be configured to implement various embodiments of the present disclosure. Furthermore, a combination of the processor 1010 and memory 1020 may form processing means 1050 adapted to implement various embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0131] The memory 1020 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network and may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as a non-transitory computer readable storage medium, semiconductor-based memory devices, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memory and removable memory, as non-limiting examples. While only one memory 1020 is shown in the device 1000, there may be several physically distinct memory modules in the device 1000. The processor 1010 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network, and may include one or more of general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting examples. The device 1000 may have multiple processors, such as an application specific integrated circuit chip that is slaved in time to a clock which synchronizes the main processor.
[0132] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a first device comprising a circuitry is provided. The circuitry is configured to: determine a first value based on a second value and a random number, wherein the second value is stored at the first device; transmit, to a second device, the random number; generate an encryption sequence based on the first value; and perform, with the second device, a transmission encrypted with the encryption sequence. According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the circuitry may be configured to perform any method implemented by the first device as discussed above.
[0133] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a second device comprising a circuitry is provided. The circuitry is configured to: transmit, to a core network device, a random number that is received from a first device; receive, from the core network device, a first value that is based on a second value and a random number; generate an encryption sequence based on the first value; and perform, with the second device, a transmission encrypted with the encryption sequence. According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the circuitry may be configured to perform any method implemented by the second device as discussed above.
[0134] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a first device comprising a circuitry is provided. The circuitry is configured to: determine whether a channel coding is applied to a channel between the first device and a second device; and transmit, to the second device, an indication regarding whether the channel coding is applied. According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the circuitry may be configured to perform any method implemented by the first device as discussed above.
[0135] The term “circuitry” used herein may refer to hardware circuits and / or combinations of hardware circuits and software. For example, the circuitry may be a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuits with software / firmware. As a further example, the circuitry may be any portions of hardware processors with software including digital signal processor (s) , software, and memory (ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a terminal device or a network device, to perform various functions. In a still further example, the circuitry may be hardware circuits and or processors, such as a microprocessor or a portion of a microprocessor, that requires software / firmware for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation. As used herein, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (s) or a portion of a hardware circuit or processor (s) and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware.
[0136] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a first apparatus is provided. The first apparatus comprises means for determining a first value based on a second value and a random number, wherein the second value is stored at the first device; means for transmitting, to a second device, the random number; means for generating an encryption sequence based on the first value; and means for performing, with the second device, a transmission encrypted with the encryption sequence. In some embodiments, the first apparatus may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 600. In some example embodiments, the first apparatus may further comprise means for performing other operations in some example embodiments of the method 600. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0137] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a second apparatus is provided. The second apparatus comprises means for transmitting, to a core network device, a random number that is received from a first device; means for receiving, from the core network device, a first value that is based on a second value and a random number; means for generating an encryption sequence based on the first value; and means for performing, with the second device, a transmission encrypted with the encryption sequence. In some embodiments, the second apparatus may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 700. In some example embodiments, the second apparatus may further comprise means for performing other operations in some example embodiments of the method 700. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0138] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a first apparatus is provided. The first apparatus comprises means for determining whether a channel coding is applied to a channel between the first device and a second device; and means for transmitting, to the second device, an indication regarding whether the channel coding is applied. In some embodiments, the third apparatus may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 800. In some example embodiments, the third apparatus may further comprise means for performing other operations in some example embodiments of the method 800. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0139] In summary, embodiments of the present disclosure provide the following aspects.
[0140] In an aspect, it is proposed a first device, comprising: a processor, configured to cause the first device to: determine a first value based on a second value and a random number, wherein the second value is stored at the first device; transmit, to a second device, the random number; generate an encryption sequence based on the first value; and perform, with the second device, a transmission encrypted with the encryption sequence.
[0141] In some embodiments, the encryption sequence comprises at least one of: a scrambling sequence or a mask sequence, and wherein the transmission is scrambled with the scrambling sequence or masked with the mask sequence.
[0142] In some embodiments, the random number is transmitted to the second device during a random access procedure.
[0143] In some embodiments, the first device is caused to: receive, from the second device, a request for generating a further random number; generate the further random number based on the request; and determine a further first value based on the second value and the further random number.
[0144] In some embodiments, the first device is caused to: receive, from the second device, a transmission; perform a checking on cyclic redundancy check (CRC) bits of the transmission; based on a determination that the CRC bits is in accordance with the encryption sequence, verify the transmission; or based on a determination that the CRC bits is not in accordance with the encryption sequence, discard the transmission.
[0145] In some embodiments, the first device is caused to: receive, from the second device, a transmission; based on a determination that control bits of the transmission are in accordance with the encryption sequence, verify the transmission; or based on a determination that the control bits of the transmission are not in accordance with the encryption sequence, discard the transmission.
[0146] In some embodiments, the first device is caused to: receive, from the second device, a transmission; based on a determination that transmission block bits of the transmission is in accordance with the encryption sequence, verify the transmission; or based on a determination that the transmission block of the transmission are not in accordance with the encryption sequence, discard the transmission.
[0147] In some embodiments, the first device is caused to: receive, from the second device, a transmission comprising an indication indicating that a part of control bits is not encrypted with the encryption sequence; based on a determination that rest part of the control bits of the transmission are in accordance with the encryption sequence, verify the transmission; or based on a determination that the rest part of control bits of the transmission are not in accordance with the encryption sequence, discard the transmission.
[0148] In some embodiments, the encryption sequence is M sequence or Gold sequence initialized by the first value.
[0149] In some embodiments, the Gold sequence is generated based on a least significant bit of the first value, a most significant bit of the first value and an index of the transmission.
[0150] In an aspect, it is proposed a second device, comprising: a processor, configured to cause the second device to: transmit, to a core network device, a random number that is received from a first device; receive, from the core network device, a first value that is based on a second value and a random number; generate an encryption sequence based on the first value; and perform, with the second device, a transmission encrypted with the encryption sequence.
[0151] In some embodiments, the encryption sequence comprises at least one of: a scrambling sequence or a mask sequence, and wherein the transmission is scrambled with the scrambling sequence or masked with the mask sequence.
[0152] In some embodiments, the random number is received from the second device during a random access procedure.
[0153] In some embodiments, the second device is caused to: transmit, to the terminal device, a request for generating a further random number.
[0154] In some embodiments, the second device is caused to: receive, from the first device, a transmission; perform a checking on cyclic redundancy check (CRC) bits of the transmission; based on a determination that the CRC bits is in accordance with the encryption sequence, verify the transmission; or based on a determination that the CRC bits is not in accordance with the encryption sequence, discard the transmission.
[0155] In some embodiments, the second device is caused to: receive, from the first device, a transmission; based on a determination that control bits of the transmission are in accordance with the encryption sequence, verify the transmission; or based on a determination that the control bits of the transmission are not in accordance with the encryption sequence, discard the transmission.
[0156] In some embodiments, the second device is caused to: receive, from the first device, a transmission; based on a determination that transmission block bits of the transmission is in accordance with the encryption sequence, verify the transmission; or based on a determination that the transmission block of the transmission are not in accordance with the encryption sequence, discard the transmission.
[0157] In some embodiments, the second first device is caused to: receive, from the first device, a transmission comprising an indication indicating that a part of control bits is not encrypted with the encryption sequence; based on a determination that rest part of the control bits of the transmission are in accordance with the encryption sequence, verify the transmission; or based on a determination that the rest part of control bits of the transmission are not in accordance with the encryption sequence, discard the transmission
[0158] In some embodiments, the encryption sequence is M sequence or Gold sequence initialized by the first value.
[0159] In some embodiments, the Gold sequence is generated based on a least significant bit of the first value and a most significant bit of the first value.
[0160] In an aspect, it is proposed a first device, comprising: a processor, configured to cause the first device to: determine whether a channel coding is applied to a channel between the first device and a second device; and transmit, to the second device, an indication regarding whether the channel coding is applied.
[0161] In some embodiments, the channel coding comprises at least one of: a forward error coding or a convolutional coding.
[0162] In some embodiments, the indication is included in one of: preamble, a timing acquisition signal, or control information.
[0163] In some embodiments, the first device is caused to: based on a determination that the channel coding is applied, scramble output bits after the channel coding by a sequence.
[0164] In some embodiments, the sequency is initialized based on an identity of the first device.
[0165] In some embodiments, the first device is caused to: based on a determination that the channel coding is not applied, skip scrambling output bits after the channel coding.
[0166] In some embodiments, the first device is a device and the second device is a reader, or wherein the first device is a reader and the second device is a device.
[0167] In an aspect, a first device comprises: at least one processor; and at least one memory coupled to the at least one processor and storing instructions thereon, the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, causing the device to perform the method implemented by the first device discussed above.
[0168] In an aspect, a second device comprises: at least one processor; and at least one memory coupled to the at least one processor and storing instructions thereon, the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, causing the device to perform the method implemented by the second device discussed above.
[0169] In an aspect, a first device comprises: at least one processor; and at least one memory coupled to the at least one processor and storing instructions thereon, the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, causing the device to perform the method implemented by the first device discussed above.
[0170] In an aspect, a computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to perform the method implemented by the first device discussed above.
[0171] In an aspect, a computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to perform the method implemented by the second device discussed above.
[0172] In an aspect, a computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to perform the method implemented by the first device discussed above.
[0173] In an aspect, a computer program comprising instructions, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to perform the method implemented by the first device discussed above.
[0174] In an aspect, a computer program comprising instructions, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to perform the method implemented by the second device discussed above.
[0175] In an aspect, a computer program comprising instructions, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to perform the method implemented by the first device discussed above.
[0176] Generally, various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device. While various aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other pictorial representation, it will be appreciated that the blocks, apparatus, systems, techniques or methods described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
[0177] The present disclosure also provides at least one computer program product tangibly stored on a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. The computer program product includes computer-executable instructions, such as those included in program modules, being executed in a device on a target real or virtual processor, to carry out the process or method as described above with reference to FIGS. 1 to 10. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, or the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or split between program modules as desired in various embodiments. Machine-executable instructions for program modules may be executed within a local or distributed device. In a distributed device, program modules may be located in both local and remote storage media.
[0178] Program code for carrying out methods of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. These program codes may be provided to a processor or controller of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that the program codes, when executed by the processor or controller, cause the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may execute entirely on a machine, partly on the machine, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the machine and partly on a remote machine or entirely on the remote machine or server.
[0179] The above program code may be embodied on a machine readable medium, which may be any tangible medium that may contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The machine readable medium may be a machine readable signal medium or a machine readable storage medium. A machine readable medium may include but not limited to an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of the machine readable storage medium would include an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory) , an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing.
[0180] Further, while operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve des irable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, while several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the present disclosure, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Certain features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination.
[0181] Although the present disclosure has been described in language specific to structural features and / or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the present disclosure defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
Claims
1.A first device, comprising:a processor, configured to cause the first device to:determine a first value based on a second value and a random number, wherein the second value is stored at the first device;transmit, to a second device, the random number;generate an encryption sequence based on the first value; andperform, with the second device, a transmission encrypted with the encryption sequence.2.The first device of claim 1, wherein the encryption sequence comprises at least one of: a scrambling sequence or a mask sequence, andwherein the transmission is scrambled with the scrambling sequence or masked with the mask sequence.3.The first device of claim 1 or 2, wherein the random number is transmitted to the second device during a random access procedure.4.The first device of any of claims 1-3, wherein the first device is caused to:receive, from the second device, a request for generating a further random number;generate the further random number based on the request; anddetermine a further first value based on the second value and the further random number.5.The first device of any of claims 1-4, wherein the first device is caused to:receive, from the second device, a transmission;perform a checking on cyclic redundancy check (CRC) bits of the transmission;based on a determination that the CRC bits is in accordance with the encryption sequence, verify the transmission; orbased on a determination that the CRC bits is not in accordance with the encryption sequence, discard the transmission.6.The first device of any of claims 1-5, wherein the encryption sequence is M sequence or Gold sequence initialized by the first value.7.The first device of claim 6, wherein the Gold sequence is generated based on a least significant bit of the first value, a most significant bit of the first value and an index of the transmission.8.A second device, comprising:a processor, configured to cause the second device to:transmit, to a core network device, a random number that is received from a first device;receive, from the core network device, a first value that is based on a second value and a random number;generate an encryption sequence based on the first value; andperform, with the second device, a transmission encrypted with the encryption sequence.9.The second device of claim 8, wherein the encryption sequence comprises at least one of: a scrambling sequence or a mask sequence, andwherein the transmission is scrambled with the scrambling sequence or masked with the mask sequence.10.The second device of claim 8 or 9, wherein the random number is received from the second device during a random access procedure.11.The second device of any of claims 8-10, wherein the second device is caused to:transmit, to the terminal device, a request for generating a further random number.12.The second device of any of claims 8-11, wherein the second device is caused to:receive, from the first device, a transmission;perform a checking on cyclic redundancy check (CRC) bits of the transmission;based on a determination that the CRC bits is in accordance with the encryption sequence, verify the transmission; orbased on a determination that the CRC bits is not in accordance with the encryption sequence, discard the transmission.13.A first device, comprising:a processor, configured to cause the first device to:determine whether a channel coding is applied to a channel between the first device and a second device; andtransmit, to the second device, an indication regarding whether the channel coding is applied.14.The first device of claim 13, wherein the first device is caused to:based on a determination that the channel coding is applied, scramble output bits after the channel coding by a sequence.15.The first device of claim 14, wherein the sequency is initialized based on an identity of the first device.16.The first device of claim 13, wherein the first device is caused to:based on a determination that the channel coding is not applied, skip scrambling output bits after the channel coding.17.A communication method implemented at a first device, comprising:determining a first value based on a second value and a random number, wherein the second value is stored at the first device;transmitting, to a second device, the random number;generating an encryption sequence based on the first value; andperforming, with the second device, a transmission encrypted with the encryption sequence.18.A communication method implemented at a second device, comprising:transmitting, to a core network device, a random number that is received from a first device;receiving, from the core network device, a first value that is based on a second value and a random number;generating an encryption sequence based on the first value; andperforming, with the second device, a transmission encrypted with the encryption sequence.19.A communication method implemented at a first device, comprising:determining whether a channel coding is applied to a channel between the first device and a second device; andtransmitting, to the second device, an indication regarding whether the channel coding is applied.20.A computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to perform the method according to any of claims 17-19.
Citation Information
Patent Citations
Data transmission method, terminal, and server
CN107800675A
Data interaction method and device based on Internet of Things operating system
CN110519052A
Internet of Things system access security processing method
CN117061164A
Communication method and device
CN117768889A
Method for channel coding in wireless communication system and apparatus therefor
US20180175967A1