Method to concatenate IP packets in a communication system
By concatenating IP packets with an L2 header that utilizes existing IP header fields, the processing inefficiencies in wireless communication systems are addressed, enhancing efficiency and handling capacity.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/083975
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-03-26
- Filing Date
- 2025-03-21
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-02
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless communication systems face inefficiencies in processing IP packets due to the need for extensive length information in headers, leading to significant processing overhead, especially when handling a large number of small packets.
Concatenating multiple IP packets into a single data block with an L2 header that reuses existing IP header fields to indicate packet boundaries, eliminating the need for additional headers and reducing processing overhead.
This approach reduces processing overhead by treating aggregated packets as a single data unit across protocol layers, improving efficiency and handling capacity without increasing data transfer volume.
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Figure CN2025083975_02102025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHOD TO CONCATENATE IP PACKETS IN A COMMUNICATION SYSTEMCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION (S)
[0001] This application claims the benefits of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 63 / 569,781, entitled “Method to concatenate IP packets in a communication system” and filed on March 26, 2024, which is expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.BACKGROUNDField
[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to wireless communications, and more particularly, to techniques of concatenating IP packets in a communication system. Background
[0003] The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.
[0004] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources. Examples of such multiple-access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.
[0005] These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, and even global level. An example telecommunication standard is 5G New Radio (NR) . 5G NR is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to meet new requirements associated with latency, reliability, security, scalability (e.g., with Internet of Things (IoT) ) , and other requirements. Some aspects of 5G NR may be based on the 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. There exists a need for further improvements in 5G NR technology. These improvements may also be applicable to other multi-access technologies and the telecommunication standards that employ these technologies.SUMMARY
[0006] The following presents a simplified summary of one or more aspects in order to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated aspects, and is intended to neither identify key or critical elements of all aspects nor delineate the scope of any or all aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
[0007] In an aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided. The apparatus may be a transmitter in a wireless communication network. The transmitter determines whether a plurality of internet protocol (IP) packets are concatenatable. In response to determining that the plurality of IP packets are concatenatable, the transmitter concatenates the plurality of IP packets into a concatenated data block. An IP header of each IP packet in the concatenated data block indicates a boundary between the IP packet and a next IP packet. The transmitter treats the concatenated data block as an individual data unit to perform a corresponding action.
[0008] To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the one or more aspects comprise the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative features of the one or more aspects. These features are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of various aspects may be employed, and this description is intended to include all such aspects and their equivalents.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communications system and an access network.
[0010] FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a base station in communication with a UE in an access network.
[0011] FIG. 3 illustrates an example logical architecture of a distributed access network.
[0012] FIG. 4 illustrates an example physical architecture of a distributed access network.
[0013] FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an example of a DL-centric slot.
[0014] FIG. 6 is a diagram showing an example of an UL-centric slot.
[0015] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating IP packet transfer in a 5G communication system.
[0016] FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating transmission of a concatenated data block.
[0017] FIG. 9 (A) is a diagram illustrating an example of an IPv4 header.
[0018] FIG. 9 (B) is a diagram illustrating an example of an IPv6 header.
[0019] FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating examples of the concatenation of a set of IP packets.
[0020] FIG. 11 (A) illustrates a flow chart of a process for concatenating IP packets in a communication system.
[0021] FIG. 11 (B) illustrates a flow chart of another process for concatenating IP packets in a communication system.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0022] The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of various configurations and is not intended to represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of various concepts. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these concepts may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring such concepts.
[0023] Several aspects of telecommunications systems will now be presented with reference to various apparatus and methods. These apparatus and methods will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, components, circuits, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as “elements” ) . These elements may be implemented using electronic hardware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
[0024] By way of example, an element, or any portion of an element, or any combination of elements may be implemented as a “processing system” that includes one or more processors. Examples of processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, graphics processing units (GPUs) , central processing units (CPUs) , application processors, digital signal processors (DSPs) , reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, systems on a chip (SoC) , baseband processors, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , programmable logic devices (PLDs) , state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functionality described throughout this disclosure. One or more processors in the processing system may execute software. Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software components, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.
[0025] Accordingly, in one or more example aspects, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or encoded as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes computer storage media. Storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise a random-access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, other magnetic storage devices, combinations of the aforementioned types of computer-readable media, or any other medium that can be used to store computer executable code in the form of instructions or data structures that can be accessed by a computer.
[0026] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communications system and an access network 100. The wireless communications system (also referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN) ) includes base stations 102, UEs 104, an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 160, and another core network 190 (e.g., a 5G Core (5GC) ) . The base stations 102 may include macrocells (high power cellular base station) and / or small cells (low power cellular base station) . The macrocells include base stations. The small cells include femtocells, picocells, and microcells.
[0027] The base stations 102 configured for 4G LTE (collectively referred to as Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) ) may interface with the EPC 160 through backhaul links 132 (e.g., SI interface) . The base stations 102 configured for 5G NR (collectively referred to as Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN)) may interface with core network 190 through backhaul links 184. In addition to other functions, the base stations 102 may perform one or more of the following functions: transfer of user data, radio channel ciphering and deciphering, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity) , inter cell interference coordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, radio access network (RAN) sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS) , subscriber and equipment trace, RAN information management (RIM) , paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations 102 may communicate directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC 160 or core network 190) with each other over backhaul links 134 (e.g., X2 interface) . The backhaul links 134 may be wired or wireless.
[0028] The base stations 102 may wirelessly communicate with the UEs 104. Each of the base stations 102 may provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 110. There may be overlapping geographic coverage areas 110. For example, the small cell 102’ may have a coverage area 110’ that overlaps the coverage area 110 of one or more macro base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell and macrocells may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include Home Evolved Node Bs (eNBs) (HeNBs) , which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG) . The communication links 120 between the base stations 102 and the UEs 104 may include uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a base station 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a base station 102 to a UE 104. The communication links 120 may use multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication links may be through one or more carriers. The base stations 102 / UEs 104 may use spectrum up to 7 MHz (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 100, 400, etc. MHz) bandwidth per carrier allocated in a carrier aggregation of up to a total of Yx MHz (x component carriers) used for transmission in each direction. The carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated for DL than for UL) . The component carriers may include a primary component carrier and one or more secondary component carriers. A primary component carrier may be referred to as a primary cell (PCell) and a secondary component carrier may be referred to as a secondary cell (SCell) .
[0029] Certain UEs 104 may communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communication link 158. The D2D communication link 158 may use the DL / UL WWAN spectrum. The D2D communication link 158 may use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) , a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH) , a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , and a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) . D2D communication may be through a variety of wireless D2D communications systems, such as for example, FlashLinQ, WiMedia, Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-Fi based on the IEEE 802.11 standard, LTE, or NR.
[0030] The wireless communications system may further include a Wi-Fi access point (AP) 150 in communication with Wi-Fi stations (STAs) 152 via communication links 154 in a 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum. When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the STAs 152 / AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available.
[0031] The small cell 102’ may operate in a licensed and / or an unlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the small cell 102’ may employ NR and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum as used by the Wi-Fi AP 150. The small cell 102’ , employing NR in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, may boost coverage to and / or increase capacity of the access network.
[0032] A base station 102, whether a small cell 102’ or a large cell (e.g., macro base station) , may include an eNB, gNodeB (gNB) , or another type of base station. Some base stations, such as gNB 180 may operate in a traditional sub 6 GHz spectrum, in millimeter wave (mmW) frequencies, and / or near mmW frequencies in communication with the UE 104. When the gNB 180 operates in mmW or near mmW frequencies, the gNB 180 may be referred to as an mmW base station. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of the RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters. Radio waves in the band may be referred to as a millimeter wave. Near mmW may extend down to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 millimeters. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, also referred to as centimeter wave. Communications using the mmW / near mmW radio frequency band (e.g., 3 GHz -300 GHz) has extremely high path loss and a short range. The mmW base station 180 may utilize beamforming 182 with the UE 104 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range.
[0033] The base station 180 may transmit a beamformed signal to the UE 104 in one or more transmit directions 108a. The UE 104 may receive the beamformed signal from the base station 180 in one or more receive directions 108b. The UE 104 may also transmit a beamformed signal to the base station 180 in one or more transmit directions. The base station 180 may receive the beamformed signal from the UE 104 in one or more receive directions. The base station 180 / UE 104 may perform beam training to determine the best receive and transmit directions for each of the base station 180 / UE 104. The transmit and receive directions for the base station 180 may or may not be the same. The transmit and receive directions for the UE 104 may or may not be the same.
[0034] The EPC 160 may include a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, other MMEs 164, a Serving Gateway 166, a Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) Gateway 168, a Broadcast Multicast Service Center (BM-SC) 170, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway 172. The MME 162 may be in communication with a Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 174. The MME 162 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the EPC 160. Generally, the MME 162 provides bearer and connection management. All user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through the Serving Gateway 166, which itself is connected to the PDN Gateway 172. The PDN Gateway 172 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. The PDN Gateway 172 and the BM-SC 170 are connected to the IP Services 176. The IP Services 176 may include the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , a PS Streaming Service, and / or other IP services. The BM-SC 170 may provide functions for MBMS user service provisioning and delivery. The BM-SC 170 may serve as an entry point for content provider MBMS transmission, may be used to authorize and initiate MBMS Bearer Services within a public land mobile network (PLMN) , and may be used to schedule MBMS transmissions. The MBMS Gateway 168 may be used to distribute MBMS traffic to the base stations 102 belonging to a Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) area broadcasting a particular service, and may be responsible for session management (start / stop) and for collecting eMBMS related charging information.
[0035] The core network 190 may include a Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 192, other AMFs 193, a location management function (LMF) 198, a Session Management Function (SMF) 194, and a User Plane Function (UPF) 195. The AMF 192 may be in communication with a Unified Data Management (UDM) 196. The AMF 192 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the core network 190. Generally, the SMF 194 provides QoS flow and session management. All user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through the UPF 195. The UPF 195 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. The UPF 195 is connected to the IP Services 197. The IP Services 197 may include the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , a PS Streaming Service, and / or other IP services.
[0036] The base station may also be referred to as a gNB, Node B, evolved Node B (eNB) , an access point, a base transceiver station, a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a basic service set (BSS) , an extended service set (ESS) , a transmit reception point (TRP) , or some other suitable terminology. The base station 102 provides an access point to the EPC 160 or core network 190 for a UE 104. Examples of UEs 104 include a cellular phone, a smart phone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a satellite radio, a global positioning system, a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player (e.g., MP3 player) , a camera, a game console, a tablet, a smart device, a wearable device, a vehicle, an electric meter, a gas pump, a large or small kitchen appliance, a healthcare device, an implant, a sensor / actuator, a display, or any other similar functioning device. Some of the UEs 104 may be referred to as IoT devices (e.g., parking meter, gas pump, toaster, vehicles, heart monitor, etc. ) . The UE 104 may also be referred to as a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communications device, a remote device, a mobile subscriber station, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, a user agent, a mobile client, a client, or some other suitable terminology.
[0037] Although the present disclosure may reference 5G New Radio (NR) , the present disclosure may be applicable to other similar areas, such as LTE, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) , or other wireless / radio access technologies.
[0038] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a base station 210 in communication with a UE 250 in an access network. In the DL, IP packets from the EPC 160 may be provided to a controller / processor 275. The controller / processor 275 implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality. Layer 3 includes a radio resource control (RRC) layer, and layer 2 includes a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer. The controller / processor 275 provides RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting of system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) , RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release) , inter radio access technology (RAT) mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification) , and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer packet data units (PDUs) , error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs) , re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs) , demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.
[0039] The transmit (TX) processor 216 and the receive (RX) processor 270 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1, which includes a physical (PHY) layer, may include error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding / decoding of the transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, modulation / demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. The TX processor 216 handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) , quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) , M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK) , M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) ) . The coded and modulated symbols may then be split into parallel streams. Each stream may then be mapped to an OFDM subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency domain, and then combined together using an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator 274 may be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate may be derived from a reference signal and / or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE 250. Each spatial stream may then be provided to a different antenna 220 via a separate transmitter 218TX. Each transmitter 218TX may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.
[0040] At the UE 250, each receiver 254RX receives a signal through its respective antenna 252. Each receiver 254RX recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the receive (RX) processor 256. The TX processor 268 and the RX processor 256 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The RX processor 256 may perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 250. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 250, they may be combined by the RX processor 256 into a single OFDM symbol stream. The RX processor 256 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time-domain to the frequency domain using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) . The frequency domain signal comprises a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the base station 210. These soft decisions may be based on channel estimates computed by the channel estimator 258. The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted by the base station 210 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to the controller / processor 259, which implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality.
[0041] The controller / processor 259 can be associated with a memory 260 that stores program codes and data. The memory 260 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 259 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets from the EPC 160. The controller / processor 259 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.
[0042] Similar to the functionality described in connection with the DL transmission by the base station 210, the controller / processor 259 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) acquisition, RRC connections, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, and security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification) ; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto TBs, demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.
[0043] Channel estimates derived by a channel estimator 258 from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 210 may be used by the TX processor 268 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the TX processor 268 may be provided to different antenna 252 via separate transmitters 254TX. Each transmitter 254TX may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission. The UL transmission is processed at the base station 210 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE 250. Each receiver 218RX receives a signal through its respective antenna 220. Each receiver 218RX recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to a RX processor 270.
[0044] The controller / processor 275 can be associated with a memory 276 that stores program codes and data. The memory 276 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 275 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets from the UE 250. IP packets from the controller / processor 275 may be provided to the EPC 160. The controller / processor 275 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.
[0045] New radio (NR) may refer to radios configured to operate according to a new air interface (e.g., other than Orthogonal Frequency Divisional Multiple Access (OFDMA) -based air interfaces) or fixed transport layer (e.g., other than Internet Protocol (IP) ) . NR may utilize OFDM with a cyclic prefix (CP) on the uplink and downlink and may include support for half-duplex operation using time division duplexing (TDD) . NR may include Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) service targeting wide bandwidth (e.g. 80 MHz beyond) , millimeter wave (mmW) targeting high carrier frequency (e.g. 60 GHz) , massive MTC (mMTC) targeting non-backward compatible MTC techniques, and / or mission critical targeting ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC) service.
[0046] A single component carrier bandwidth of 100 MHz may be supported. In one example, NR resource blocks (RBs) may span 12 sub-carriers with a sub-carrier bandwidth of 60 kHz over a 0.25 ms duration or a bandwidth of 30 kHz over a 0.5 ms duration (similarly, 50MHz BW for 15kHz SCS over a 1 ms duration) . Each radio frame may consist of 10 subframes (10, 20, 40 or 80 NR slots) with a length of 10 ms. Each slot may indicate a link direction (i.e., DL or UL) for data transmission and the link direction for each slot may be dynamically switched. Each slot may include DL / UL data as well as DL / UL control data. UL and DL slots for NR may be as described in more detail below with respect to FIGs. 5 and 6.
[0047] The NR RAN may include a central unit (CU) and distributed units (DUs) . A NR BS (e.g., gNB, 5G Node B, Node B, transmission reception point (TRP) , access point (AP)) may correspond to one or multiple BSs. NR cells can be configured as access cells (ACells) or data only cells (DCells) . For example, the RAN (e.g., a central unit or distributed unit) can configure the cells. DCells may be cells used for carrier aggregation or dual connectivity and may not be used for initial access, cell selection / reselection, or handover. In some cases DCells may not transmit synchronization signals (SS) in some cases DCells may transmit SS. NR BSs may transmit downlink signals to UEs indicating the cell type. Based on the cell type indication, the UE may communicate with the NR BS. For example, the UE may determine NR BSs to consider for cell selection, access, handover, and / or measurement based on the indicated cell type.
[0048] FIG. 3 illustrates an example logical architecture of a distributed RAN 300, according to aspects of the present disclosure. A 5G access node 306 may include an access node controller (ANC) 302. The ANC may be a central unit (CU) of the distributed RAN. The backhaul interface to the next generation core network (NG-CN) 304 may terminate at the ANC. The backhaul interface to neighboring next generation access nodes (NG-ANs) 310 may terminate at the ANC. The ANC may include one or more TRPs 308 (which may also be referred to as BSs, NR BSs, Node Bs, 5G NBs, APs, or some other term) . As described above, a TRP may be used interchangeably with “cell. ”
[0049] The TRPs 308 may be a distributed unit (DU) . The TRPs may be connected to one ANC (ANC 302) or more than one ANC (not illustrated) . For example, for RAN sharing, radio as a service (RaaS) , and service specific ANC deployments, the TRP may be connected to more than one ANC. A TRP may include one or more antenna ports. The TRPs may be configured to individually (e.g., dynamic selection) or jointly (e.g., joint transmission) serve traffic to a UE.
[0050] The local architecture of the distributed RAN 300 may be used to illustrate fronthaul definition. The architecture may be defined that support fronthauling solutions across different deployment types. For example, the architecture may be based on transmit network capabilities (e.g., bandwidth, latency, and / or jitter) . The architecture may share features and / or components with LTE. According to aspects, the next generation AN (NG-AN) 310 may support dual connectivity with NR. The NG-AN may share a common fronthaul for LTE and NR.
[0051] The architecture may enable cooperation between and among TRPs 308. For example, cooperation may be preset within a TRP and / or across TRPs via the ANC 302. According to aspects, no inter-TRP interface may be needed / present.
[0052] According to aspects, a dynamic configuration of split logical functions may be present within the architecture of the distributed RAN 300. The PDCP, RLC, MAC protocol may be adaptably placed at the ANC or TRP.
[0053] FIG. 4 illustrates an example physical architecture of a distributed RAN 400, according to aspects of the present disclosure. A centralized core network unit (C-CU) 402 may host core network functions. The C-CU may be centrally deployed. C-CU functionality may be offloaded (e.g., to advanced wireless services (AWS) ) , in an effort to handle peak capacity. A centralized RAN unit (C-RU) 404 may host one or more ANC functions. Optionally, the C-RU may host core network functions locally. The C-RU may have distributed deployment. The C-RU may be closer to the network edge. A distributed unit (DU) 406 may host one or more TRPs. The DU may be located at edges of the network with radio frequency (RF) functionality.
[0054] FIG. 5 is a diagram 500 showing an example of a DL-centric slot. The DL-centric slot may include a control portion 502. The control portion 502 may exist in the initial or beginning portion of the DL-centric slot. The control portion 502 may include various scheduling information and / or control information corresponding to various portions of the DL-centric slot. In some configurations, the control portion 502 may be a physical DL control channel (PDCCH) , as indicated in FIG. 5. The DL-centric slot may also include a DL data portion 504. The DL data portion 504 may sometimes be referred to as the payload of the DL-centric slot. The DL data portion 504 may include the communication resources utilized to communicate DL data from the scheduling entity (e.g., UE or BS) to the subordinate entity (e.g., UE) . In some configurations, the DL data portion 504 may be a physical DL shared channel (PDSCH) .
[0055] The DL-centric slot may also include a common UL portion 506. The common UL portion 506 may sometimes be referred to as an UL burst, a common UL burst, and / or various other suitable terms. The common UL portion 506 may include feedback information corresponding to various other portions of the DL-centric slot. For example, the common UL portion 506 may include feedback information corresponding to the control portion 502. Non-limiting examples of feedback information may include an ACK signal, a NACK signal, a HARQ indicator, and / or various other suitable types of information. The common UL portion 506 may include additional or alternative information, such as information pertaining to random access channel (RACH) procedures, scheduling requests (SRs) , and various other suitable types of information.
[0056] As illustrated in FIG. 5, the end of the DL data portion 504 may be separated in time from the beginning of the common UL portion 506. This time separation may sometimes be referred to as a gap, a guard period, a guard interval, and / or various other suitable terms. This separation provides time for the switch-over from DL communication (e.g., reception operation by the subordinate entity (e.g., UE) ) to UL communication (e.g., transmission by the subordinate entity (e.g., UE) ) . One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the foregoing is merely one example of a DL-centric slot and alternative structures having similar features may exist without necessarily deviating from the aspects described herein.
[0057] FIG. 6 is a diagram 600 showing an example of an UL-centric slot. The UL-centric slot may include a control portion 602. The control portion 602 may exist in the initial or beginning portion of the UL-centric slot. The control portion 602 in FIG. 6 may be similar to the control portion 502 described above with reference to FIG. 5. The UL-centric slot may also include an UL data portion 604. The UL data portion 604 may sometimes be referred to as the pay load of the UL-centric slot. The UL portion may refer to the communication resources utilized to communicate UL data from the subordinate entity (e.g., UE) to the scheduling entity (e.g., UE or BS) . In some configurations, the control portion 602 may be a physical DL control channel (PDCCH) .
[0058] As illustrated in FIG. 6, the end of the control portion 602 may be separated in time from the beginning of the UL data portion 604. This time separation may sometimes be referred to as a gap, guard period, guard interval, and / or various other suitable terms. This separation provides time for the switch-over from DL communication (e.g., reception operation by the scheduling entity) to UL communication (e.g., transmission by the scheduling entity) . The UL-centric slot may also include a common UL portion 606. The common UL portion 606 in FIG. 6 may be similar to the common UL portion 506 described above with reference to FIG. 5. The common UL portion 606 may additionally or alternatively include information pertaining to channel quality indicator (CQI) , sounding reference signals (SRSs) , and various other suitable types of information. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the foregoing is merely one example of an UL-centric slot and alternative structures having similar features may exist without necessarily deviating from the aspects described herein.
[0059] In some circumstances, two or more subordinate entities (e.g., UEs) may communicate with each other using sidelink signals. Real-world applications of such sidelink communications may include public safety, proximity services, UE-to-network relaying, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications, Internet of Everything (IoE) communications, IoT communications, mission-critical mesh, and / or various other suitable applications. Generally, a sidelink signal may refer to a signal communicated from one subordinate entity (e.g., UE1) to another subordinate entity (e.g., UE2) without relaying that communication through the scheduling entity (e.g., UE or BS) , even though the scheduling entity may be utilized for scheduling and / or control purposes. In some examples, the sidelink signals may be communicated using a licensed spectrum (unlike wireless local area networks, which typically use an unlicensed spectrum) .
[0060] FIG. 7 is a diagram 700 illustrating IP packet transfer in a 5G communication system. As illustrated in FIG. 7, the IP packet is transferred through various protocol stack layers, including: Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) layer, Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, and Medium Access Control (MAC) layer.
[0061] The SDAP layer is responsible for mapping Quality of Service (QoS) flows from the core network to data radio bearers (DRBs) in the radio access network (RAN) . A DRB is a logical channel established between the RAN and a user equipment (UE) for carrying user plane data. Each DRB is associated with specific QoS parameters, and one or more QoS flows may be mapped to a single DRB. An SDAP Service Data Unit (SDAP SDU) is a data unit processed and transmitted by the SDAP layer. Each SDAP SDU corresponds to a QoS flow, which represents a distinct type of service traffic with specific QoS requirements, such as bandwidth, latency, and packet loss rate.
[0062] The PDCP layer, located below the SDAP layer and above the RLC layer, performs functions such as data encryption, header compression, and sequence number management. A PDCP SDU is a data unit received by the PDCP layer from the SDAP layer. The PDCP layer processes the PDCP SDU and encapsulates it into a PDCP Protocol Data Unit (PDCP PDU) for transmission to the lower layers.
[0063] The RLC layer, located below the PDCP layer and above the MAC layer, performs functions such as segmentation, reassembly, retransmission control, and flow control. An RLC SDU is a data unit received by the RLC layer from the PDCP layer. The RLC layer processes the RLC SDU and encapsulates it into an RLC PDU for transmission to the MAC layer. The RLC layer transmits RLC PDUs through logical channels (LCH) to the MAC layer, where each LCH has specific characteristics and priorities.
[0064] The MAC layer, located below the RLC layer and above the physical layer, is responsible for mapping logical channels to transport channels, scheduling, and hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) operations. The MAC layer multiplexes and processes multiple RLC PDUs to form a transport block (TB) , which is then transmitted over the physical layer after encoding and modulation.
[0065] Each IP packet is independently processed at these protocol stack layers, with each layer adding its own header. For example, SDAP layer adds its own header 702. PDCP adds its own header 704. RLC adds its own header 706. MAC adds its own header 708. This results in processing overhead varying as a function of packet rate rather than data rate. For example, a 5 Gbps downlink stream with each IP packet being 1, 500-byte long requires handling approximately 415 packets per millisecond.
[0066] On the reverse direction, if 415 packets are sent on the downlink, potentially, 415 acknowledgments (ACKs) will be sent on the uplink. Although these uplink ACKs are small, they still necessitate similar packet-rate processing despite asymmetrical data rates (e.g., 133 Mbps uplink vs.5 Gbps downlink) .
[0067] Processing overhead scaling with packet rate rather than data rate is not ideal from data handling perspective. This means that a large number of small packets can create a significant processing burden, even if the total amount of data being transferred is not very large.
[0068] In the LTE specification, IP packets may be concatenated at the RLC layer. The RLC header contains length fields indicating the lengths of the concatenated RLC Service Data Units (SDUs) . For example, there is a first length field indicating the length of the first RLC Service Data Unit (SDU) , a second length field for the second RLC SDU, a third length field for the third RLC SDU, and so on. Therefore, current RLC concatenation requires generating extensive length information for the concatenated data set, thus creating a significant processing burden.
[0069] FIG. 8 is a diagram 800 illustrating transmission of a concatenated data block. To address the above issue, the present disclosure proposes concatenating a set of IP packets into a Layer 2 (L2) payload 802 (No additional headers or length fields are inserted between concatenated IP packets) and adding an L2 header 804 for this concatenated set of packets. The L2 header 804 may include one or a combination of a sequence number (SN) , a DRB identifier (DRB ID) , a stream ID, and a QoS flow ID. Such concatenation effectively treats a set of IP packets as a single data block for transmission. In the L2 payload 802, each IP header may point to the location of the next IP header. By reusing the existing IP header to indicate packet boundaries, the need for additional headers is eliminated. Such a concatenated data block may reduce processing overhead by treating aggregated packets as a single data unit (e.g., an SDU) across protocol layers (e.g., SDAP, PDCP, RLC, MAC) .
[0070] FIG. 9 (A) is a diagram 900 illustrating an example of an IPv4 header, and FIG. 9 (B) is a diagram 950 illustrating an example of an IPv6 header. As illustrated in FIG. 9 (A) , the total Length field 902 from the IPv4 header can be used to indicate packet boundaries. Similarly, as illustrated in FIG. 9 (B) , the Payload Length field 952 from the IPv6 header can be used to indicate packet boundaries. By using the existing length fields within the IP headers themselves, this enables the concatenation of multiple IP packets without the necessity of incorporating additional length information within the header to indicate IP packet boundaries, thereby reducing overhead and improving processing efficiency.
[0071] The concatenation process is primarily applicable to IP packets. Specifically, it operates on a plurality of IP packets, utilizing their intrinsic header information to facilitate boundary identification and subsequent processing.
[0072] However, not all IP packets can be concatenated. Concatenation may be performed on a set of IP packets that share the same or similar QoS requirements. Examples of IP packets with the same or similar QoS requirements may include, but are not limited to, one or a combination of the following: (1) Set of IP packets that belong to the same QoS flow; (2) Set of IP packets that belong to the same radio bearer; (3) Set of IP packets that need to be delivered ‘in order’ within a radio bearer or a QoS flow; (4) Set of IP packets that arrive together; (5) Set of IP packets that need to be delivered together; and (6) Set of IP packets that belong to the same Protocol Data Unit (PDU) set.
[0073] Generally, packets belonging to different QoS flows may require different treatments. Referring to Example (1) , this disclosure proposes performing concatenation on a set of IP packets that may belong to the same QoS flow. Similarly, referring to Example (2) , this disclosure also proposes performing concatenation on a set of IP packets that may belong to the same radio bearer.
[0074] There can be multiple applications within a radio bearer. However, only the data within an application needs to be delivered in order. Once the set of packets that need to be delivered in order is identified, the set of IP packets within a radio bearer or a QoS flow can be concatenated, as referred to in Example (3) . Different applications within a radio bearer can be handled separately, and all packets belonging to a single application can be concatenated.
[0075] Another case of concatenation is common arrival, as referred to in Example (4) . Specifically, if multiple packets (e.g., 50) arrive at the same time, those 50 packets are concatenated. Alternatively, in the case of a set of packets that need to be delivered together with a certain delivery deadline, as referred to in Example (5) , they can be concatenated.
[0076] Example (6) involves a set of packets that belong to a PDU set, a concept introduced by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to describe larger blocks of information, such as video frames. This concept was introduced to handle Virtual Reality (VR) , Augmented Reality (AR) , and Extended Reality (XR) information. A video frame, typically around 65 kilobytes in size, consists of approximately 40 to 50 IP packets. All these IP packets can be concatenated.
[0077] In addition to the concatenation criteria, the approach involves transmitter-receiver coordination. On the transmitter end, the transmitter may check whether the length field in the IP header matches the data length before concatenation. The length field is used to identify the data length, enabling the determination of the next IP header's location. Verification is necessary to ensure that the IP length value matches the received data length. If there is a mismatch, the IP packet is not concatenated with others, as it would result in erroneous behavior at the receiver due to the loss of the boundary indication function of the IP header.
[0078] Similarly, whole IP packets should also be concatenated. If IP packets are segmented, the next boundary's location may not be determined. Therefore, only whole IP packets can generally be concatenated.
[0079] Furthermore, the transmitter may be configured with an upper limit on the amount of data to concatenate. In certain configurations, the upper limit may be a maximum number of IP packets, a maximum size that the concatenated data block does not exceed, or a period over which IP packets are accumulated for concatenation. For example, data that has arrived within a 1 -millisecond period (i.e., an aggregation time window) can be concatenated. In other words, the transmitter may wait for a 1-millisecond period, accumulate all data that arrives within this interval, and transmit it as a single entity. The limit could also be based on size of the concatenated data block or packet count.
[0080] On the receiver end, the receiver may check the IP length field of the first packet to identify the position of the next IP header in a concatenated data block received. This process is carried out iteratively until the end of the concatenated data block is reached.
[0081] Furthermore, the transmitter can be configured with the upper limit on the amount of data to concatenate, which can be set by either the transmitter or informed by the receiver. In certain configurations, the upper limit on the amount of concatenation can be informed by the receiver, not set by the transmitter. For example, the receiver may inform the transmitter of the maximum number of IP packets or the maximum size of the concatenated data block it can handle. In other words, the receiver can specify that it can handle only up to N concatenated packets or a data block of size N. This information is then transferred from the receiver to the transmitter.
[0082] Referring to FIG. 8, the L2 header information describes the nature of the concatenated data block. Specifically, the header may provide a unique SN to identify and distinguish a concatenated data block. The header may also include a field indicating whether concatenation is performed (i.e., whether concatenation is occurring in this packet) . This enables the receiver to determine whether to check the IP length field, allowing identification of the various concatenated packets.
[0083] The header may also include fields for identifying the QoS flow, the radio bearer, or the data stream within a flow or radio bearer to which the set of packets pertains.
[0084] The concatenation may occur at various levels. A concatenated set of IP packets is treated as a single data block (e.g., a single SDU) in all operations following the concatenation process. For example, if concatenation is performed above the SDAP layer, the resulting concatenated data block is treated as a single SDU at the SDAP layer, as well as in the subsequent processing at the PDCP, RLC, and MAC layers. If concatenation is performed within the SDAP layer, the concatenated set of packets is treated as a single SDU at the PDCP, RLC, and MAC layers. Similarly, if concatenation is performed within the PDCP layer, the concatenated set is jointly processed at the RLC or MAC layers. Specifically, the examples include the followings: (1) A concatenated set of packets forms one or a combination of an SDAP / PDCP / RLC / MAC SDU if the concatenation is performed above the SDAP layer. (2) A concatenated set of packets forms one or a combination of a PDCP / RLC / MAC SDU (or an SDAP PDU) if the concatenation is performed within the SDAP layer. (3) A concatenated set of packets forms one or a combination of an RLC / MAC SDU (or a PDCP PDU) if the concatenation is performed within the PDCP layer. (4) A concatenated set of packets forms one or a combination of a Central Unit (CU) PDU and Distributed Unit (DU) SDU if the concatenation is performed within the CU.
[0085] For example, if the concatenation of a set of packets is performed within the CU, the resulting concatenated block is treated as an individual unit, specifically as an individual SDU at the DU end.
[0086] In 5G, there is a current limit of 9,000 bytes for the PDCP. A typical IP packet size is 1,500 bytes, enabling concatenation of up to six IP packets. This applies to 5G. However, the 9,000-byte limit at the PDCP layer in 5G might differ in 6G, as the PDCP maximum size could vary. Therefore, the maximum number of concatenable IP packets may vary accordingly.
[0087] In addition, if the concatenated IP packets is very large, segmentation may be required at the lower layer. For example, the RLC layer or the MAC layer may perform segmentation on the concatenated IP packets.
[0088] Consequently, the concatenated data block may be split into two chunks. The first chunk is transmitted in the first transport block, and the second chunk is transmitted subsequently. The receiver can determine from the header information that these two chunks belong to the same block and will reassembly the two chunks.
[0089] For downlink data, if the operation occurs in the core network, the transmitter may be a User Plane Function (UPF) . If it occurs in the RAN or at a network radio node, the transmitter may be a gNB or a DU, such as the base station 102. The receiver may be a User Equipment (UE) , such as the UE 104. For uplink data, the transmitter is a UE and the receiver is a gNB.
[0090] Thus, in this disclosure, the term "transmitter-receiver" was used generically. Depending on the data direction (downlink or uplink) , the transmitter or receiver may be either a gNB or a UE.
[0091] FIG. 10 is a diagram 1000 illustrating an example of how multiple IP packets can be concatenated and mapped to various Quality of Service (QoS) flows and Data Radio Bearers (DRBs) . Each sub-figure (a) – (d) highlights a different scenario in which IP packets sharing certain characteristics (for example, similar QoS requirements or in-order delivery constraints) may be grouped together into one concatenated data block at a lower protocol layer. In all these scenarios, each IP packet includes an IP header 1004 and a payload 1002. By inspecting the IP headers 1004, a transmitter can determine the boundaries of each packet within a concatenated block, and a receiver can similarly recover individual packets without relying on additional length fields or boundary indicators at layers such as RLC.
[0092] In sub-figure (a) of FIG. 10, the diagram shows DRB 1 carrying two different application streams, labeled stream 1 and stream 2. Although these streams are carried over the same DRB, only the packets belonging to a specific application or stream that requires strict in-order delivery may be concatenated together. Thus, if stream 1 corresponds to an application needing in-order transmission, its IP packets are grouped into one concatenated data block, while stream 2 packets may be concatenated separately or handled independently if they have different QoS or ordering requirements.
[0093] In sub-figure (b) , DRB 2 carries traffic for multiple QoS flows (labeled QoS flow 2 and QoS flow 3) that happen to belong to stream 3. Even if the packets in stream 3 originate from distinct QoS flows, each flow may be individually concatenated. When sub-figure (b) illustrates two blocks, it indicates that IP packets belonging to QoS flow 2 are concatenated together and IP packets belonging to QoS flow 3 are concatenated together, creating two distinct concatenated data blocks within the same DRB or stream.
[0094] Sub-figure (c) depicts DRB 3, in which QoS flow 4 is shown as a single flow whose IP packets are concatenated. This scenario represents the case where all packets mapped to a particular QoS flow are aggregated into a single block. Because they share the same QoS constraints and in-order requirements, concatenating them reduces processing overhead by treating multiple IP packets as one larger data unit in subsequent protocol-layer operations.
[0095] Sub-figure (d) demonstrates that the same DRB, labeled DRB 4, can carry multiple QoS flows (shown as QoS flow 5 and QoS flow 6) which might be concatenated together if they require similar handling. In this example, the transmitter has chosen to aggregate packets from both QoS flow 5 and QoS flow 6 into one concatenated data block, underscoring that flows can be combined if their QoS profiles and reordering constraints allow it. Each flow still retains the ability to be distinguished at the receiver by referencing the associated IP header fields.
[0096] As shown, the IP header length field (e.g., the IPv4 Total Length or the IPv6 Payload Length) is used at the receiver to identify the boundary of the current IP packet and, in turn, locate the next IP header. Consequently, additional length or boundary fields at the RLC or MAC layer are not necessary. Existing IP header information may suffice to mark packet boundaries, thereby reducing overhead compared to prior concatenation schemes where concatenated data blocks required new length indicators in the lower-layer protocol headers. By avoiding the inclusion of separate headers dedicated to packet boundary identification, the system significantly cuts down on processing overhead, particularly in scenarios where many short packets arrive (for instance, acknowledgement packets) . This is advantageous in radio technologies such as 5G or beyond (e.g., 6G) , where high packet rates can otherwise lead to disproportionately high processing overhead.
[0097] Furthermore, concatenation may be configured according to diverse grouping criteria, such as arriving packets that share the same QoS flow, packets mapped to the same DRB, or packets that need to be delivered together within a specific deadline or in order. In any of these cases, concatenated packets are treated as one data block (for example, as a single Service Data Unit at SDAP, PDCP, or RLC) in subsequent protocol-layer functions. Nevertheless, if the resulting concatenated block is larger than the maximum transmission unit at a lower layer, segmentation at the RLC or MAC layer can still be employed. After segmentation, the receiver reassembles the original concatenated block before parsing individual IP packets using their respective IP header length fields.
[0098] As discussed, in contrast to existing concatenation mechanisms specified for LTE, where multiple length fields must be included in the RLC header to describe individual packet boundaries, the approach disclosed herein avoids inserting additional per-packet length information by relying solely on the IP header length fields. This reduces the overhead required for identifying packet boundaries. Specifically, because the total length or payload length field in each IP header already indicates the size of the packet, the system can determine the starting location of the next IP header without introducing a separate length field at the L2 layer. Each IP packet may remain intact and can be efficiently delineated at the receiver through the standardized IP header structures.
[0099] To facilitate proper parsing of concatenated packets, an L2 header in the transmitter may include a “concatenation indication” field that specifies whether the data block is composed of multiple IP packets. If this indicator is set, the receiver follows an iterative process of reading each IP header’s length field and jumping accordingly to subsequent IP headers. This contrasts with conventional schemes that generate a separate length field in an RLC subheader for each packet. By using pre-existing IP header information, duplicative length fields may be avoided, thereby simplifying transmitter-side assembly and receiver-side reassembly of packet boundaries.
[0100] Prior to concatenation, the transmitter confirms that the IP header length of each packet matches the actual data length of that packet. Any IP packet found to have a mismatch in this length check is excluded from concatenation to prevent misalignment at the receiver. Once a valid group of IP packets has been identified, the transmitter may wait for additional packets or adhere to a threshold limit in size, count, or buffering duration, after which the packets are aggregated into a single data block. This single data block is then passed to subsequent layers in the protocol stack as a unified SDU or PDU, depending on the layer at which concatenation is performed. At the receiver, reassembly does not require extra information beyond recognizing that a block is concatenated and then reading each IP header in sequence to identify the boundaries of constituent packets.
[0101] This concatenation technique is not confined to a particular maximum SDU size. While current 5G systems enforce an upper bound of 9,000 bytes at the PDCP layer, future systems such as 6G may increase or modify this limit. Consequently, the maximum possible number of concatenated IP packets can vary. When the resulting concatenated data block exceeds the size of a transport block granted by the scheduler, lower-layer segmentation may still occur just as it does for any large SDU in existing 3GPP systems. In such cases, the receiver seamlessly reassembles the split parts of the concatenated block using the standard procedures for handling segmented SDUs.
[0102] Furthermore, the processing overhead in current 5G systems scales with packet rate rather than data rate, which creates inefficiencies particularly for asymmetric traffic patterns. For example, in a scenario with 5 Gbps downlink traffic consisting of 1, 500-byte packets, approximately 415 packets need to be processed per millisecond. While the corresponding uplink acknowledgments (ACKs) for these packets may only constitute about 133 Mbps of data rate (as ACK packets are typically only 40 bytes) , the processing burden remains similar because the same number of packets (415) must be handled. This asymmetry between data rate and processing overhead is particularly problematic when handling small packets like ACKs, where the processing overhead is disproportionately high compared to the actual data volume being transferred.
[0103] The concatenation approach can be implemented at various protocol stack positions. For instance, if concatenation occurs at the SDAP layer, the concatenated block of IP packets would be treated as a single SDAP SDU, which then becomes one PDCP SDU, one RLC SDU, and one MAC SDU as it moves down the protocol stack. This reduces the processing overhead compared to handling each IP packet individually through the protocol stack.
[0104] The transmitter may implement various limits on concatenation to manage system resources effectively. These limits could be based on maximum packet count (e.g., no more than N packets per concatenated block) , maximum size (e.g., not exceeding X bytes) , or time-based constraints (e.g., concatenating packets arriving within a 1-millisecond window) . The receiver may also communicate its capabilities to the transmitter, specifying the maximum number of packets or size of concatenated blocks it can process effectively. This two-way coordination ensures efficient operation while preventing overflow conditions at the receiver.
[0105] In video frame transmission, the PDU set concept becomes particularly relevant. A typical video frame might be approximately 65 kilobytes in size, which would normally be transmitted as 40-50 separate IP packets. By concatenating these related packets together, the system can process what is logically one video frame as a single unit through the protocol stack, significantly reducing the processing overhead while maintaining the logical relationship between the packets.
[0106] FIG. 11 (A) illustrates a flow chart 1100 of a process for concatenating IP packets in a communication system. This process may be performed by a transmitter. In certain configurations, the transmitter may be a User Plane Function (UPF) , a gNodeB (gNB) such as the base station 102, a Distributed Unit (DU) , or a User Equipment (UE) such as the UE 104.
[0107] At block 1102, the transmitter determines whether a plurality of internet protocol (IP) packets are concatenatable.
[0108] At block 1104, in response to determining that the plurality of IP packets are concatenatable, the transmitter concatenates the plurality of IP packets into a concatenated data block. An IP header of each IP packet in the concatenated data block indicates a boundary between the IP packet and a next IP packet.
[0109] At block 1106, the transmitter treats the concatenated data block as an individual data unit to perform a corresponding action.
[0110] In certain configurations, concatenating the plurality of IP packets into the concatenated data block may include: concatenating the plurality of IP packets into a single Layer 2 (L2) payload; and appending an L2 header to the single L2 payload. In certain configurations, the L2 header may include one or a combination of a sequence number (SN) , a data radio bearer identifier (DRB ID) , a stream ID, and a Quality of Service (QoS) flow ID.
[0111] In certain configurations, treating the concatenated data block as the individual data unit to perform the corresponding action may include: transmitting the concatenated data block to a receiver.
[0112] In certain configurations, determining whether the plurality of IP packets are concatenatable may include one or a combination of determining whether the plurality of IP packets belong to a same Quality of Service (QoS) flow; determining whether the plurality of IP packets belong to a same radio bearer; determining whether the plurality of IP packets need to be delivered in order; determining whether the plurality of IP packets need to be delivered in order within a radio bearer or a QoS flow; determining whether the plurality of IP packets arrive together; determining whether the plurality of IP packets need to be delivered together; and determining whether the plurality of IP packets belong to a same Protocol Data Unit (PDU) set.
[0113] In certain configurations, the process may further include: verifying whether a length value in the IP header matches an actual length of the IP packet prior to concatenation.
[0114] In certain configurations, the boundary may be indicated by a total length field from an IPv4 header, or a payload length field from an IPv6 header.
[0115] In certain configurations, the transmitter may be configured with an upper limit on the amount of data included in the concatenated data block. In certain configurations, the upper limit may be informed by a receiver.
[0116] In certain configurations, the upper limit may be a maximum number of the plurality of IP packets, a maximum size of the concatenated data block, or an aggregation time window in which the plurality of IP packets are accumulated for concatenation.
[0117] In certain configurations, concatenation of the plurality of IP packets may be configurable on different protocol stack layers.
[0118] In certain configurations, when the concatenation is performed above a Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) layer, the concatenated data block may form one or a combination of an SDAP Service Data Unit (SDU) , a Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) SDU, a Radio Link Control (RLC) SDU, and a Medium Access Control (MAC) SDU.
[0119] In certain configurations, when the concatenation is performed within the SDAP layer, the concatenated data block may form one or a combination of the PDCP SDU, the RLC SDU, the MAC SDU, and an SDAP Protocol Data Unit (PDU) .
[0120] In certain configurations, when the concatenation is performed within the PDCP layer, the concatenated data block may form one or a combination of the RLC SDU, the MAC SDU, and a PDCP PDU.
[0121] In certain configurations, when the concatenation is performed within a Central Unit (CU) , the concatenated data block may form one or a combination of a CU PDU and a Distributed Unit (DU) SDU.
[0122] FIG. 11 (B) illustrates a flow chart 1150 of a process for concatenating IP packets in a communication system. This process may be performed by a receiver. In certain configurations, the receiver may be a gNodeB (gNB) such as the base station 102, or a User Equipment (UE) such as the UE 104.
[0123] At block 1152, the receiver receives a concatenated data block from a transmitter, wherein the concatenated data block is formed from a plurality of Internet Protocol (IP) packets.
[0124] At block 1154, the receiver iteratively parses the concatenated data block to locate each of the plurality of IP packets, based on an IP header of each IP packet in the concatenated data block indicating a boundary between the IP packet and a next IP packet.
[0125] In certain configurations, the process may further include: identifying a plurality of chunks belonging to the concatenated data block; and reassembling the plurality of chunks to form the concatenated data block.
[0126] In certain configurations, the process may further include: informing the transmitter of an upper limit on the amount of data included in the concatenated data block.
[0127] In certain configurations, the upper limit may be a maximum number of the plurality of IP packets, a maximum size of the concatenated data block, or an aggregation time window in which the plurality of IP packets are accumulated for concatenation.
[0128] It is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes / flowcharts disclosed is an illustration of exemplary approaches. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes / flowcharts may be rearranged. Further, some blocks may be combined or omitted. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various blocks in a sample order, and are not meant to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.
[0129] The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but is to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language claims, wherein reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more. ” The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration. ” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. Combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C, ” “one or more of A, B, or C, ” “at least one of A, B, and C, ” “one or more of A, B, and C, ” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” include any combination of A, B, and / or C, and may include multiples of A, multiples of B, or multiples of C. Specifically, combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C, ” “one or more of A, B, or C, ” “at least one of A, B, and C, ” “one or more of A, B, and C, ” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” may be A only, B only, C only, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C, where any such combinations may contain one or more member or members of A, B, or C. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. The words “module, ” “mechanism, ” “element, ” “device, ” and the like may not be a substitute for the word “means. ” As such, no claim element is to be construed as a means plus function unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for. ”
Claims
1.A method of wireless communication of a transmitter in a wireless communication network, comprising:determining whether a plurality of internet protocol (IP) packets are concatenatable;in response to determining that the plurality of IP packets are concatenatable, concatenating the plurality of IP packets into a concatenated data block, wherein an IP header of each IP packet in the concatenated data block indicates a boundary between the IP packet and a next IP packet; andtreating the concatenated data block as an individual data unit to perform a corresponding action.2.The method of claim 1, wherein concatenating the plurality of IP packets into the concatenated data block comprises:concatenating the plurality of IP packets into a single Layer 2 (L2) payload; andappending an L2 header to the single L2 payload.3.The method of claim 2, wherein the L2 header comprises one or a combination of a sequence number (SN) , a data radio bearer identifier (DRB ID) , a stream ID, and a Quality of Service (QoS) flow ID.4.The method of claim 1, wherein treating the concatenated data block as the individual data unit to perform the corresponding action comprises:transmitting the concatenated data block to a receiver.5.The method of claim 1, wherein determining whether the plurality of IP packets are concatenatable comprises one or a combination ofdetermining whether the plurality of IP packets belong to a same Quality of Service (QoS) flow;determining whether the plurality of IP packets belong to a same radio bearer;determining whether the plurality of IP packets need to be delivered in order;determining whether the plurality of IP packets need to be delivered in order within a radio bearer or a QoS flow;determining whether the plurality of IP packets arrive together;determining whether the plurality of IP packets need to be delivered together; anddetermining whether the plurality of IP packets belong to a same Protocol Data Unit (PDU) set.6.The method of claim 1, further comprising:verifying whether a length value in the IP header matches an actual length of the IP packet prior to concatenation.7.The method of claim 1, wherein the boundary is indicated by a total length field from an IPv4 header, or a payload length field from an IPv6 header.8.The method of claim 1, wherein the transmitter is configured with an upper limit on the amount of data included in the concatenated data block.9.The method of claim 8, wherein the upper limit is informed by a receiver.10.The method of claim 8, wherein the upper limit is a maximum number of the plurality of IP packets, a maximum size of the concatenated data block, or an aggregation time window in which the plurality of IP packets are accumulated for concatenation.11.The method of claim 1, wherein concatenation of the plurality of IP packets is configurable on different protocol stack layers.12.The method of claim 11, whereinwhen the concatenation is performed above a Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) layer, the concatenated data block forms one or a combination of an SDAP Service Data Unit (SDU) , a Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) SDU, a Radio Link Control (RLC) SDU, and a Medium Access Control (MAC) SDU;when the concatenation is performed within the SDAP layer, the concatenated data block forms one or a combination of the PDCP SDU, the RLC SDU, the MAC SDU, and an SDAP Protocol Data Unit (PDU) ;when the concatenation is performed within the PDCP layer, the concatenated data block forms one or a combination of the RLC SDU, the MAC SDU, and a PDCP PDU; orwhen the concatenation is performed within a Central Unit (CU) , the concatenated data block forms one or a combination of a CU PDU and a Distributed Unit (DU) SDU.13.The method of claim 1, wherein the transmitter is a User Plane Function (UPF) , a gNodeB (gNB) , a Distributed Unit (DU) , or a User Equipment (UE) .14.A method of wireless communication of a receiver in a wireless communication network, comprising:receiving a concatenated data block from a transmitter, wherein the concatenated data block is formed from a plurality of Internet Protocol (IP) packets; anditeratively parsing the concatenated data block to locate each of the plurality of IP packets, based on an IP header of each IP packet in the concatenated data block indicating a boundary between the IP packet and a next IP packet.15.The method of claim 14, further comprising:identifying a plurality of chunks belonging to the concatenated data block; andreassembling the plurality of chunks to form the concatenated data block.16.The method of claim 14, wherein the receiver is a gNodeB (gNB) , or a User Equipment (UE) .17.The method of claim 14, further comprising:informing the transmitter of an upper limit on the amount of data included in the concatenated data block.18.The method of claim 17, wherein the upper limit is a maximum number of the plurality of IP packets, a maximum size of the concatenated data block, or an aggregation time window in which the plurality of IP packets are accumulated for concatenation.19.An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus being a transmitter in a wireless communication network, the transmitter comprising:a memory; andat least one processor coupled to the memory and configured to:determine whether a plurality of internet protocol (IP) packets are concatenatable;in response to determining that the plurality of IP packets are concatenatable, concatenate the plurality of IP packets into a concatenated data block, wherein an IP header of each IP packet in the concatenated data block indicates a boundary between the IP packet and a next IP packet; andtreat the concatenated data block as an individual data unit to perform a corresponding action.20.A computer-readable medium storing computer executable code for wireless communication of a transmitter in a wireless communication network, comprising code to:determine whether a plurality of internet protocol (IP) packets are concatenatable;in response to determining that the plurality of IP packets are concatenatable, concatenate the plurality of IP packets into a concatenated data block, wherein an IP header of each IP packet in the concatenated data block indicates a boundary between the IP packet and a next IP packet; andtreat the concatenated data block as an individual data unit to perform a corresponding action.21.An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus being a receiver in a wireless communication network, the receiver comprising:a memory; andat least one processor coupled to the memory and configured to:receive a concatenated data block from a transmitter, wherein the concatenated data block is formed from a plurality of Internet Protocol (IP) packets; anditeratively parse the concatenated data block to locate each of the plurality of IP packets, based on an IP header of each IP packet in the concatenated data block indicating a boundary between the IP packet and a next IP packet.22.A computer-readable medium storing computer executable code for wireless communication of a receiver in a wireless communication network, comprising code to:receive a concatenated data block from a transmitter, wherein the concatenated data block is formed from a plurality of Internet Protocol (IP) packets; anditeratively parse the concatenated data block to locate each of the plurality of IP packets, based on an IP header of each IP packet in the concatenated data block indicating a boundary between the IP packet and a next IP packet.
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