Early discard for RLC am
By detecting missing RLC SDUs and transmitting status reports with positive acknowledgments, the method addresses inefficiencies in handling out-of-date packets, enhancing data integrity and reducing latency in 5G NR systems.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/084879
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-03-26
- Filing Date
- 2025-03-26
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-02
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless communication systems, particularly in 5G NR, face inefficiencies in handling missing Radio Link Control (RLC) Service Data Units (SDUs) due to misinterpretations of HARQ feedback, leading to unnecessary retransmissions and increased latency for time-sensitive services like XR, with current mechanisms failing to effectively manage out-of-date packets.
A method is introduced where a receiver detects a missing RLC SDU based on a discontinuity in sequence numbers and initiates a discard timer. Upon timer expiration, a status report is transmitted with a positive acknowledgement, allowing for the early discard of out-of-date packets, thereby aligning transmission status and reducing unnecessary retransmissions.
This approach enhances data integrity and reduces latency by ensuring timely discard of out-of-date packets, optimizing radio resource usage and improving the reliability of time-sensitive services.
Smart Images

Figure CN2025084879_02102025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
EARLY DISCARD FOR RLC AMCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION (S)
[0001] This application claims the benefits of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 63 / 569,784, entitled “Early discard for RLC AM” and filed on March 26, 2024, which is expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.BACKGROUNDField
[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to wireless communications, and more particularly, to techniques of early discard for RLC AM. Background
[0003] The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.
[0004] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources. Examples of such multiple-access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.
[0005] These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, and even global level. An example telecommunication standard is 5G New Radio (NR) . 5G NR is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to meet new requirements associated with latency, reliability, security, scalability (e.g., with Internet of Things (IoT) ) , and other requirements. Some aspects of 5G NR may be based on the 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. There exists a need for further improvements in 5G NR technology. These improvements may also be applicable to other multi-access technologies and the telecommunication standards that employ these technologies.SUMMARY
[0006] The following presents a simplified summary of one or more aspects in order to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated aspects, and is intended to neither identify key or critical elements of all aspects nor delineate the scope of any or all aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
[0007] In an aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided. The apparatus may be a receiver in a wireless communication network. The receiver detects, at a Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, a missing RLC Service Data Unit (SDU) based on a discontinuity in received RLC Sequence Numbers (SNs) . The receiver starts a discard timer in response to detecting the missing RLC SDU. The receiver determines that the missing RLC SDU is out-of-date upon expiration of the discard timer. The receiver transmits a status report including a positive acknowledgement for the missing RLC SDU despite the missing RLC SDU not being received.
[0008] To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the one or more aspects comprise the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative features of the one or more aspects. These features are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of various aspects may be employed, and this description is intended to include all such aspects and their equivalents.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communications system and an access network.
[0010] FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a base station in communication with a UE in an access network.
[0011] FIG. 3 illustrates an example logical architecture of a distributed access network.
[0012] FIG. 4 illustrates an example physical architecture of a distributed access network.
[0013] FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an example of a DL-centric slot.
[0014] FIG. 6 is a diagram showing an example of an UL-centric slot.
[0015] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating retransmission based on HARQ failure indication.
[0016] FIG. 8 (A) is a diagram illustrating a PDCP discard procedure when the RLC cannot drop the RLC PDU.
[0017] FIG. 8 (B) is a diagram illustrating a PDCP discard procedure when the RLC PDU can be dropped.
[0018] FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an example of RLC control PDU format.
[0019] FIG. 10 illustrates a flow chart of a process for early discard for RLC AM.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0020] The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of various configurations and is not intended to represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of various concepts. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these concepts may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring such concepts.
[0021] Several aspects of telecommunications systems will now be presented with reference to various apparatus and methods. These apparatus and methods will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, components, circuits, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as “elements” ) . These elements may be implemented using electronic hardware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
[0022] By way of example, an element, or any portion of an element, or any combination of elements may be implemented as a “processing system” that includes one or more processors. Examples of processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, graphics processing units (GPUs) , central processing units (CPUs) , application processors, digital signal processors (DSPs) , reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, systems on a chip (SoC) , baseband processors, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , programmable logic devices (PLDs) , state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functionality described throughout this disclosure. One or more processors in the processing system may execute software. Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software components, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.
[0023] Accordingly, in one or more example aspects, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or encoded as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes computer storage media. Storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise a random-access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, other magnetic storage devices, combinations of the aforementioned types of computer-readable media, or any other medium that can be used to store computer executable code in the form of instructions or data structures that can be accessed by a computer.
[0024] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communications system and an access network 100. The wireless communications system (also referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN) ) includes base stations 102, UEs 104, an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 160, and another core network 190 (e.g., a 5G Core (5GC) ) . The base stations 102 may include macrocells (high power cellular base station) and / or small cells (low power cellular base station) . The macrocells include base stations. The small cells include femtocells, picocells, and microcells.
[0025] The base stations 102 configured for 4G LTE (collectively referred to as Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) ) may interface with the EPC 160 through backhaul links 132 (e.g., SI interface) . The base stations 102 configured for 5G NR (collectively referred to as Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) ) may interface with core network 190 through backhaul links 184. In addition to other functions, the base stations 102 may perform one or more of the following functions: transfer of user data, radio channel ciphering and deciphering, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity) , inter cell interference coordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, radio access network (RAN) sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS) , subscriber and equipment trace, RAN information management (RIM) , paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations 102 may communicate directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC 160 or core network 190) with each other over backhaul links 134 (e.g., X2 interface) . The backhaul links 134 may be wired or wireless.
[0026] The base stations 102 may wirelessly communicate with the UEs 104. Each of the base stations 102 may provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 110. There may be overlapping geographic coverage areas 110. For example, the small cell 102’ may have a coverage area 110’ that overlaps the coverage area 110 of one or more macro base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell and macrocells may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include Home Evolved Node Bs (eNBs) (HeNBs) , which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG) . The communication links 120 between the base stations 102 and the UEs 104 may include uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a base station 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a base station 102 to a UE 104. The communication links 120 may use multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication links may be through one or more carriers. The base stations 102 / UEs 104 may use spectrum up to 7 MHz (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 100, 400, etc. MHz) bandwidth per carrier allocated in a carrier aggregation of up to a total of Yx MHz (x component carriers) used for transmission in each direction. The carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated for DL than for UL) . The component carriers may include a primary component carrier and one or more secondary component carriers. A primary component carrier may be referred to as a primary cell (PCell) and a secondary component carrier may be referred to as a secondary cell (SCell) .
[0027] Certain UEs 104 may communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communication link 158. The D2D communication link 158 may use the DL / UL WWAN spectrum. The D2D communication link 158 may use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) , a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH) , a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , and a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) . D2D communication may be through a variety of wireless D2D communications systems, such as for example, FlashLinQ, WiMedia, Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-Fi based on the IEEE 802.11 standard, LTE, or NR.
[0028] The wireless communications system may further include a Wi-Fi access point (AP) 150 in communication with Wi-Fi stations (STAs) 152 via communication links 154 in a 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum. When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the STAs 152 / AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available.
[0029] The small cell 102’ may operate in a licensed and / or an unlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the small cell 102’ may employ NR and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum as used by the Wi-Fi AP 150. The small cell 102’ , employing NR in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, may boost coverage to and / or increase capacity of the access network.
[0030] A base station 102, whether a small cell 102’ or a large cell (e.g., macro base station) , may include an eNB, gNodeB (gNB) , or another type of base station. Some base stations, such as gNB 180 may operate in a traditional sub 6 GHz spectrum, in millimeter wave (mmW) frequencies, and / or near mmW frequencies in communication with the UE 104. When the gNB 180 operates in mmW or near mmW frequencies, the gNB 180 may be referred to as an mmW base station. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of the RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters. Radio waves in the band may be referred to as a millimeter wave. Near mmW may extend down to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 millimeters. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, also referred to as centimeter wave. Communications using the mmW / near mmW radio frequency band (e.g., 3 GHz -300 GHz) has extremely high path loss and a short range. The mmW base station 180 may utilize beamforming 182 with the UE 104 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range.
[0031] The base station 180 may transmit a beamformed signal to the UE 104 in one or more transmit directions 108a. The UE 104 may receive the beamformed signal from the base station 180 in one or more receive directions 108b. The UE 104 may also transmit a beamformed signal to the base station 180 in one or more transmit directions. The base station 180 may receive the beamformed signal from the UE 104 in one or more receive directions. The base station 180 / UE 104 may perform beam training to determine the best receive and transmit directions for each of the base station 180 / UE 104. The transmit and receive directions for the base station 180 may or may not be the same. The transmit and receive directions for the UE 104 may or may not be the same.
[0032] The EPC 160 may include a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, other MMEs 164, a Serving Gateway 166, a Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) Gateway 168, a Broadcast Multicast Service Center (BM-SC) 170, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway 172. The MME 162 may be in communication with a Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 174. The MME 162 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the EPC 160. Generally, the MME 162 provides bearer and connection management. All user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through the Serving Gateway 166, which itself is connected to the PDN Gateway 172. The PDN Gateway 172 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. The PDN Gateway 172 and the BM-SC 170 are connected to the IP Services 176. The IP Services 176 may include the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , a PS Streaming Service, and / or other IP services. The BM-SC 170 may provide functions for MBMS user service provisioning and delivery. The BM-SC 170 may serve as an entry point for content provider MBMS transmission, may be used to authorize and initiate MBMS Bearer Services within a public land mobile network (PLMN) , and may be used to schedule MBMS transmissions. The MBMS Gateway 168 may be used to distribute MBMS traffic to the base stations 102 belonging to a Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) area broadcasting a particular service, and may be responsible for session management (start / stop) and for collecting eMBMS related charging information.
[0033] The core network 190 may include a Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 192, other AMFs 193, a location management function (LMF) 198, a Session Management Function (SMF) 194, and a User Plane Function (UPF) 195. The AMF 192 may be in communication with a Unified Data Management (UDM) 196. The AMF 192 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the core network 190. Generally, the SMF 194 provides QoS flow and session management. All user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through the UPF 195. The UPF 195 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. The UPF 195 is connected to the IP Services 197. The IP Services 197 may include the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , a PS Streaming Service, and / or other IP services.
[0034] The base station may also be referred to as a gNB, Node B, evolved Node B (eNB) , an access point, a base transceiver station, a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a basic service set (BSS) , an extended service set (ESS) , a transmit reception point (TRP) , or some other suitable terminology. The base station 102 provides an access point to the EPC 160 or core network 190 for a UE 104. Examples of UEs 104 include a cellular phone, a smart phone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a satellite radio, a global positioning system, a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player (e.g., MP3 player) , a camera, a game console, a tablet, a smart device, a wearable device, a vehicle, an electric meter, a gas pump, a large or small kitchen appliance, a healthcare device, an implant, a sensor / actuator, a display, or any other similar functioning device. Some of the UEs 104 may be referred to as IoT devices (e.g., parking meter, gas pump, toaster, vehicles, heart monitor, etc. ) . The UE 104 may also be referred to as a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communications device, a remote device, a mobile subscriber station, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, a user agent, a mobile client, a client, or some other suitable terminology.
[0035] Although the present disclosure may reference 5G New Radio (NR) , the present disclosure may be applicable to other similar areas, such as LTE, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) , or other wireless / radio access technologies.
[0036] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a base station 210 in communication with a UE 250 in an access network. In the DL, IP packets from the EPC 160 may be provided to a controller / processor 275. The controller / processor 275 implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality. Layer 3 includes a radio resource control (RRC) layer, and layer 2 includes a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer. The controller / processor 275 provides RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting of system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) , RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release) , inter radio access technology (RAT) mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification) , and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer packet data units (PDUs) , error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs) , re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs) , demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.
[0037] The transmit (TX) processor 216 and the receive (RX) processor 270 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1, which includes a physical (PHY) layer, may include error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding / decoding of the transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, modulation / demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. The TX processor 216 handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) , quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) , M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK) , M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) ) . The coded and modulated symbols may then be split into parallel streams. Each stream may then be mapped to an OFDM subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency domain, and then combined together using an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator 274 may be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate may be derived from a reference signal and / or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE 250. Each spatial stream may then be provided to a different antenna 220 via a separate transmitter 218TX. Each transmitter 218TX may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.
[0038] At the UE 250, each receiver 254RX receives a signal through its respective antenna 252. Each receiver 254RX recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the receive (RX) processor 256. The TX processor 268 and the RX processor 256 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The RX processor 256 may perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 250. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 250, they may be combined by the RX processor 256 into a single OFDM symbol stream. The RX processor 256 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time-domain to the frequency domain using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) . The frequency domain signal comprises a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the base station 210. These soft decisions may be based on channel estimates computed by the channel estimator 258. The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted by the base station 210 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to the controller / processor 259, which implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality.
[0039] The controller / processor 259 can be associated with a memory 260 that stores program codes and data. The memory 260 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 259 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets from the EPC 160. The controller / processor 259 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.
[0040] Similar to the functionality described in connection with the DL transmission by the base station 210, the controller / processor 259 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) acquisition, RRC connections, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, and security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification) ; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto TBs, demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.
[0041] Channel estimates derived by a channel estimator 258 from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 210 may be used by the TX processor 268 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the TX processor 268 may be provided to different antenna 252 via separate transmitters 254TX. Each transmitter 254TX may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission. The UL transmission is processed at the base station 210 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE 250. Each receiver 218RX receives a signal through its respective antenna 220. Each receiver 218RX recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to a RX processor 270.
[0042] The controller / processor 275 can be associated with a memory 276 that stores program codes and data. The memory 276 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 275 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets from the UE 250. IP packets from the controller / processor 275 may be provided to the EPC 160. The controller / processor 275 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.
[0043] New radio (NR) may refer to radios configured to operate according to a new air interface (e.g., other than Orthogonal Frequency Divisional Multiple Access (OFDMA) -based air interfaces) or fixed transport layer (e.g., other than Internet Protocol (IP) ) . NR may utilize OFDM with a cyclic prefix (CP) on the uplink and downlink and may include support for half-duplex operation using time division duplexing (TDD) . NR may include Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) service targeting wide bandwidth (e.g. 80 MHz beyond) , millimeter wave (mmW) targeting high carrier frequency (e.g. 60 GHz) , massive MTC (mMTC) targeting non-backward compatible MTC techniques, and / or mission critical targeting ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC) service.
[0044] A single component carrier bandwidth of 100 MHz may be supported. In one example, NR resource blocks (RBs) may span 12 sub-carriers with a sub-carrier bandwidth of 60 kHz over a 0.25 ms duration or a bandwidth of 30 kHz over a 0.5 ms duration (similarly, 50MHz BW for 15kHz SCS over a 1 ms duration) . Each radio frame may consist of 10 subframes (10, 20, 40 or 80 NR slots) with a length of 10 ms. Each slot may indicate a link direction (i.e., DL or UL) for data transmission and the link direction for each slot may be dynamically switched. Each slot may include DL / UL data as well as DL / UL control data. UL and DL slots for NR may be as described in more detail below with respect to FIGs. 5 and 6.
[0045] The NR RAN may include a central unit (CU) and distributed units (DUs) . A NR BS (e.g., gNB, 5G Node B, Node B, transmission reception point (TRP) , access point (AP) ) may correspond to one or multiple BSs. NR cells can be configured as access cells (ACells) or data only cells (DCells) . For example, the RAN (e.g., a central unit or distributed unit) can configure the cells. DCells may be cells used for carrier aggregation or dual connectivity and may not be used for initial access, cell selection / reselection, or handover. In some cases DCells may not transmit synchronization signals (SS) in some cases DCells may transmit SS. NR BSs may transmit downlink signals to UEs indicating the cell type. Based on the cell type indication, the UE may communicate with the NR BS. For example, the UE may determine NR BSs to consider for cell selection, access, handover, and / or measurement based on the indicated cell type.
[0046] FIG. 3 illustrates an example logical architecture of a distributed RAN 300, according to aspects of the present disclosure. A 5G access node 306 may include an access node controller (ANC) 302. The ANC may be a central unit (CU) of the distributed RAN. The backhaul interface to the next generation core network (NG-CN) 304 may terminate at the ANC. The backhaul interface to neighboring next generation access nodes (NG-ANs) 310 may terminate at the ANC. The ANC may include one or more TRPs 308 (which may also be referred to as BSs, NR BSs, Node Bs, 5G NBs, APs, or some other term) . As described above, a TRP may be used interchangeably with “cell. ”
[0047] The TRPs 308 may be a distributed unit (DU) . The TRPs may be connected to one ANC (ANC 302) or more than one ANC (not illustrated) . For example, for RAN sharing, radio as a service (RaaS) , and service specific ANC deployments, the TRP may be connected to more than one ANC. A TRP may include one or more antenna ports. The TRPs may be configured to individually (e.g., dynamic selection) or jointly (e.g., joint transmission) serve traffic to a UE.
[0048] The local architecture of the distributed RAN 300 may be used to illustrate fronthaul definition. The architecture may be defined that support fronthauling solutions across different deployment types. For example, the architecture may be based on transmit network capabilities (e.g., bandwidth, latency, and / or jitter) . The architecture may share features and / or components with LTE. According to aspects, the next generation AN (NG-AN) 310 may support dual connectivity with NR. The NG-AN may share a common fronthaul for LTE and NR.
[0049] The architecture may enable cooperation between and among TRPs 308. For example, cooperation may be preset within a TRP and / or across TRPs via the ANC 302. According to aspects, no inter-TRP interface may be needed / present.
[0050] According to aspects, a dynamic configuration of split logical functions may be present within the architecture of the distributed RAN 300. The PDCP, RLC, MAC protocol may be adaptably placed at the ANC or TRP.
[0051] FIG. 4 illustrates an example physical architecture of a distributed RAN 400, according to aspects of the present disclosure. A centralized core network unit (C-CU) 402 may host core network functions. The C-CU may be centrally deployed. C-CU functionality may be offloaded (e.g., to advanced wireless services (AWS) ) , in an effort to handle peak capacity. A centralized RAN unit (C-RU) 404 may host one or more ANC functions. Optionally, the C-RU may host core network functions locally. The C-RU may have distributed deployment. The C-RU may be closer to the network edge. A distributed unit (DU) 406 may host one or more TRPs. The DU may be located at edges of the network with radio frequency (RF) functionality.
[0052] FIG. 5 is a diagram 500 showing an example of a DL-centric slot. The DL-centric slot may include a control portion 502. The control portion 502 may exist in the initial or beginning portion of the DL-centric slot. The control portion 502 may include various scheduling information and / or control information corresponding to various portions of the DL-centric slot. In some configurations, the control portion 502 may be a physical DL control channel (PDCCH) , as indicated in FIG. 5. The DL-centric slot may also include a DL data portion 504. The DL data portion 504 may sometimes be referred to as the payload of the DL-centric slot. The DL data portion 504 may include the communication resources utilized to communicate DL data from the scheduling entity (e.g., UE or BS) to the subordinate entity (e.g., UE) . In some configurations, the DL data portion 504 may be a physical DL shared channel (PDSCH) .
[0053] The DL-centric slot may also include a common UL portion 506. The common UL portion 506 may sometimes be referred to as an UL burst, a common UL burst, and / or various other suitable terms. The common UL portion 506 may include feedback information corresponding to various other portions of the DL-centric slot. For example, the common UL portion 506 may include feedback information corresponding to the control portion 502. Non-limiting examples of feedback information may include an ACK signal, a NACK signal, a HARQ indicator, and / or various other suitable types of information. The common UL portion 506 may include additional or alternative information, such as information pertaining to random access channel (RACH) procedures, scheduling requests (SRs) , and various other suitable types of information.
[0054] As illustrated in FIG. 5, the end of the DL data portion 504 may be separated in time from the beginning of the common UL portion 506. This time separation may sometimes be referred to as a gap, a guard period, a guard interval, and / or various other suitable terms. This separation provides time for the switch-over from DL communication (e.g., reception operation by the subordinate entity (e.g., UE) ) to UL communication (e.g., transmission by the subordinate entity (e.g., UE) ) . One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the foregoing is merely one example of a DL-centric slot and alternative structures having similar features may exist without necessarily deviating from the aspects described herein.
[0055] FIG. 6 is a diagram 600 showing an example of an UL-centric slot. The UL-centric slot may include a control portion 602. The control portion 602 may exist in the initial or beginning portion of the UL-centric slot. The control portion 602 in FIG. 6 may be similar to the control portion 502 described above with reference to FIG. 5. The UL-centric slot may also include an UL data portion 604. The UL data portion 604 may sometimes be referred to as the pay load of the UL-centric slot. The UL portion may refer to the communication resources utilized to communicate UL data from the subordinate entity (e.g., UE) to the scheduling entity (e.g., UE or BS) . In some configurations, the control portion 602 may be a physical DL control channel (PDCCH) .
[0056] As illustrated in FIG. 6, the end of the control portion 602 may be separated in time from the beginning of the UL data portion 604. This time separation may sometimes be referred to as a gap, guard period, guard interval, and / or various other suitable terms. This separation provides time for the switch-over from DL communication (e.g., reception operation by the scheduling entity) to UL communication (e.g., transmission by the scheduling entity) . The UL-centric slot may also include a common UL portion 606. The common UL portion 606 in FIG. 6 may be similar to the common UL portion 506 described above with reference to FIG. 5. The common UL portion 606 may additionally or alternatively include information pertaining to channel quality indicator (CQI) , sounding reference signals (SRSs) , and various other suitable types of information. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the foregoing is merely one example of an UL-centric slot and alternative structures having similar features may exist without necessarily deviating from the aspects described herein.
[0057] In some circumstances, two or more subordinate entities (e.g., UEs) may communicate with each other using sidelink signals. Real-world applications of such sidelink communications may include public safety, proximity services, UE-to-network relaying, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications, Internet of Everything (IoE) communications, IoT communications, mission-critical mesh, and / or various other suitable applications. Generally, a sidelink signal may refer to a signal communicated from one subordinate entity (e.g., UE1) to another subordinate entity (e.g., UE2) without relaying that communication through the scheduling entity (e.g., UE or BS) , even though the scheduling entity may be utilized for scheduling and / or control purposes. In some examples, the sidelink signals may be communicated using a licensed spectrum (unlike wireless local area networks, which typically use an unlicensed spectrum) .
[0058] A typical wireless communication protocol stack, such as that employed in LTE or 5G NR, includes various protocol stack layers. These layers include, but are not limited to, the Internet Protocol (IP) layer (Network Layer) , the Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, the Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, and the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. These layers are hierarchically organized from higher to lower levels.
[0059] The IP layer facilitates end-to-end data transmission, and the data unit transmitted is an IP packet. The PDCP layer is interposed between the IP layer and the RLC layer. Its primary functions include, but are not limited to, header compression of IP packets, encryption and integrity protection, and the maintenance of PDCP Sequence Numbers (SNs) to ensure in-order delivery. Within the PDCP layer, the data unit transmitted is a PDCP Service Data Unit (SDU) , which corresponds to the IP packet received from the IP layer.
[0060] The RLC layer, positioned below the PDCP layer, performs data segmentation, retransmission, and error correction. Its primary functions include the segmentation and reassembly of data units, and the maintenance of RLC SNs to ensure sequential transmission. The data units transmitted within the RLC layer include the RLC SDU, received from the PDCP layer as PDCP PDUs, and the RLC PDU, generated subsequent to segmentation or retransmission processing.
[0061] The MAC layer, positioned below the RLC layer and above the physical layer, maps logical channels to transport channels, performs scheduling, and executes Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ) operations. The MAC layer multiplexes and processes multiple RLC PDUs to form a transport block (TB) , which is subsequently transmitted over the physical layer after encoding and modulation. This layered architecture ensures reliability and efficiency in wireless communication.
[0062] A typical process of data transmission from the IP layer to the RLC layer is as follows: 1. The IP Layer generates an IP Packet and transmits it to the PDCP layer. 2. The PDCP Layer receives the IP packet as a PDCP SDU and processes it (e.g., header compression, encryption) to generate a PDCP PDU, which is then transmitted to the RLC layer. 3. The RLC Layer receives the PDCP PDU as an RLC SDU, processes it (e.g., segmentation or direct encapsulation) to generate an RLC PDU, and transmits it to the MAC layer.
[0063] RLC encompasses three distinct modes of operation, namely Unacknowledged Mode (UM) , Transparent Mode (TM) , and Acknowledged Mode (AM) . Each mode can send and receive data and serve different logical channels. For example, RLC AM bearers may be allowed to use Uplink (UL) Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ) processes with retransmission disabled, while RLC UM and RLC TM bearers may not be allowed to use UL HARQ processes with retransmission disabled.
[0064] Among these modes, RLC AM is specifically engineered to ensure the reliability of data transmission through the Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) mechanism. It provides error correction by retransmitting data PDUs. In the event that a data PDU is lost or corrupted, the sender (e.g., a transmitter) will retransmit the data PDU until it is correctly received.
[0065] Specifically, the RLC AM is configured to safeguard against HARQ transmission errors, including but not limited to: (i) NACK-to-ACK misinterpretations: a negative acknowledgment (NACK) is erroneously interpreted as a positive acknowledgment (ACK) , falsely confirming successful packet delivery; and (ii) ACK-to-NACK misinterpretations: a positive acknowledgment (ACK) is erroneously interpreted as a negative acknowledgment (NACK) , falsely indicating packet delivery failure.
[0066] Such HARQ signaling inaccuracies, which may result from bit inversion errors or channel impairments, are mitigated at the RLC layer through the operation of RLC AM. Specifically, the RLC AM generates and transmits status reports including positive ACKs for confirmed successful transmissions and NACKs for detected failures. These status reports are utilized to validate HARQ outcomes and selectively trigger retransmissions upon detecting discrepancies between HARQ feedback (e.g., ACK / NACK signals) and actual data integrity. By overriding erroneous HARQ interpretations, the status reports facilitate alignment between the transmitting and receiving entities, thereby ensuring consistency in data transmission.
[0067] Both ACKs and NACKs are fed back from the receiver to the transmitter in the form of control PDUs. If the transmitter fails to receive an ACK from the receiver or receives a NACK, the transmitter retransmits the corresponding PDU. The receiver, via control PDUs, provides feedback in the form of ACKs to confirm the correct reception of a PDU or NACKs to indicate that a PDU requires retransmission. Based on this feedback, the transmitter updates and maintains the status of its transmission window.
[0068] The PDCP layer is specifically configured to ensure that SDUs are delivered to upper-layer applications in accordance with their SN order. Upon detection of a discontinuous SN, which may result from the loss of an intermediate PDU, the PDCP layer initiates a reordering timer. During the reordering timer period, the PDCP layer awaits the arrival of the missing PDUs. Upon expiration of the reordering timer, the PDCP layer forwards the buffered sequential SDUs to the upper layer and discards any PDUs that remain missing due to the timeout, thereby preventing indefinite waiting.
[0069] When a transmitting side entity (e.g., the transmitter) actively discards SDUs or PDUs due to the exhaustion of the Packet Delay Budget (PDB) , further transmission of such SDUs / PDUs becomes unnecessary. The discarding of these SDUs / PDUs results in discontinuous SNs, thereby creating an SN gap. Furthermore, if an SDU has become invalid due to being out of date (e.g., a packet transmitted two seconds ago) , particularly for time-sensitive services such as Extended Reality (XR) services, there may be no need to transmit the packet further. In such cases, the packet may be directly discarded. For example, in the case of a video frame, a significant number of packets may be discarded simultaneously, resulting in a potentially large SN gap. From an implementation perspective, such scenarios may not be comprehensively or effectively handled by existing mechanisms.
[0070] On the receiving side, the AM RLC may deliver out-of-date RLC SDUs to the PDCP. Upon expiration of the reordering timer, the out-of-date PDCP PDUs are discarded by the receiving side PDCP. This results in wasted radio resources for the transmitter's RLC retransmissions, as the out-of-date SDUs / PDUs or the expiration of the PDCP reordering timer renders such retransmissions unnecessary. This scenario not only leads to invalid processing but also contributes to the accumulation of delays. Furthermore, the feedback of RLC control PDUs from the receiving side becomes ineffective under these conditions. Consequently, higher latency is experienced for subsequently arriving SDUs / PDUs.
[0071] Furthermore, the latency of user plane data PDUs becomes uncontrollable due to the operation of RLC AM. Specifically, the RLC AM continues to execute retransmissions until either the retransmission is successful or a Radio Link Failure (RLF) is triggered upon reaching the maximum retransmission count limitation. For time-sensitive services, such as XR services, this mechanism may result in the retransmission of expired packets, thereby further exacerbating the delay problem. Additionally, the RLC control PDUs, such as NACKs, fed back by the receiver may correspond to expired packets, leading to invalid signaling overhead.
[0072] FIG. 7 is a diagram 700 illustrating a retransmission mechanism based on HARQ failure indication between two peer entities. In the two entities, a first entity 702, including the RLC layer 702a and the MAC layer 702b, is arranged on a transmitter (TX) side and a second entity 704, including the RLC layer 704a and the MAC layer 704b, is arranged on a receiver (RX) side. In the RLC layer, the TX RLC entity 702a relies on a status report to determine whether the RX RLC entity 704a has successfully received the transmitted data. In the case of the downlink (DL) , the TX side may be a base station, such as the based station 102, while in the case of the uplink (UL) , the TX side may be a UE, such as the UE 104.
[0073] The status report may be triggered through several mechanisms. One mechanism involves polling, where the TX RLC entity 702a transmits a polling request. Another existing mechanism is where the RX RLC entity 704a detects reception failures, and initiates a timer such as a reassembly timer. When this existing timer expires, a status report is sent. However, the present disclosure introduces a new RLC timer, distinct from the existing reassembly timer, specifically for the purpose of identifying and handling out-of-date PDUs.
[0074] When operating as an AM RLC entity, the TX RLC entity 702a may receive a NACK indicating a reception failure from its peer AM RLC entity (i.e., the RX RLC entity 704a) with respect to an RLC SDU or an RLC SDU segment. This reception failure indication is conveyed via a status PDU received from the RX RLC entity 704a. Based on this status PDU, the TX RLC entity 702a may detect the reception failure of an Acknowledged Mode Data (AMD) PDU.
[0075] The second mechanism is initiated by the RX RLC entity 704a upon detecting reception failures. For example, if the RX RLC entity 704a has successfully received a packet with SN “01” , it subsequently expects to receive a packet with SN “02” . However, if the RX RLC entity 704a instead receives a packet with SN “03” , it identifies that the packet with SN “02” is missing. Upon detecting such a gap, the RX RLC entity 704a initiates a timer, such as a reassembly timer. When this timer expires, the RX RLC entity 704a generates and transmits a status report to the TX side.
[0076] As illustrated in FIG. 7, in the MAC layer, the RX MAC entity 704b may utilize a HARQ failure indication to notify the TX MAC entity 702b of transmission failures. This HARQ failure indication enables the TX MAC entity 702b to obtain information regarding the status of the underlying HARQ process. In the MAC layer, the HARQ failure indication may use a 24-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) for verification to reduce the probability of misjudgment.
[0077] By using the HARQ failure indication, retransmissions can be executed more efficiently. Additionally, the TX side is capable of autonomously determining whether a packet has exceeded its validity period (i.e., is out of date) , thereby optimizing resource utilization and reducing unnecessary retransmissions.
[0078] The decision to discard data early may be based on the HARQ result. Specifically, if the HARQ result is an ACK, the data can be discarded early since it has been successfully received. Conversely, if the HARQ result is a NACK, the data should be retransmitted. Furthermore, the RLC AM transmission window moving mechanism may be based on the status report from the RX side. For example, if the HARQ result is an ACK, the RLC AM window can be moved accordingly. This mechanism ensures that the transmission process is optimized by avoiding unnecessary retransmissions of successfully received data. Specifically, the following mechanisms may be used to enhance the handling of status reports and transmission windows.
[0079] In a first mechanism, when a status report has been obtained, the transmitter (i.e., the TX side) may determine whether the status report is correct or includes out-of-date information. For example, the transmitter may check timestamp information within the packet to determine its validity. If the packet is determined to be invalid, the transmitter sends information about the packet's validity to the RX side.
[0080] Subsequently, upon receiving this information, if the receiver determines that the packet is out-of-date, it generates a “fake” status report based on the received information. Specifically, the receiver creates a “fake” ACK and sends it to indicate that the packet does not need to be retransmitted, even though it has not been successfully received. The transmitter then updates its transmission window based on the fake status report.
[0081] In a second mechanism, the TX side may transmit the information about the packet's validity to the RX side and simultaneously updates its own transmission window. For example, when the transmitter receives an ACK from the HARQ process, it may move its transmission window accordingly, without waiting for a status report from the receiver.
[0082] In response, the RX side may update its corresponding state variables without sending a status report. For example, the receiver may move the next expected ACK forward. This is because the primary purpose of the status report is to trigger the movement of the transmission window. However, if the transmitter has already moved its window independently, the receiver only needs to update its state variables and does not need to send a status report.
[0083] The first two mechanisms described above are initiated by the TX side. In contrast, a third mechanism may be triggered on the RX side by a timer. Once the timer expires, the Rx side sends a fake status report back to the TX side. The triggering condition for this timer may be the detection of packet loss and the determination that the lost packets are out-of-date.
[0084] Specifically, when the receiver detects the loss of a data packet, it starts a timer. If the timer expires and the data packet has exceeded its validity period, the receiver generates a fake ACK status report, pretending that the packet has been correctly received even though it has not. This fake status report, which includes a “fake ACK” , is sent back to the transmitter.
[0085] For example, when the receiver detects a discontinuous SN (e.g., receiving SN=3 after SN=1) , it starts a timer (T_discard) . The duration of T_discard may be dynamically configured according to the type of service. For example, for XR services, it may be set to 50 ms. If the timer expires and the missing data packet has not been received, the packet is determined to be invalid, since the packet has exceeded the valid period of the special service.
[0086] The receiver may mark the out-of-date data packets as “received” in the status report. By doing so, the transmitter is prompted to update its transmission window and stop retransmitting these packets. Normally, since the packets are not actually received, the acknowledgement should be a NACK. However, in this disclosure, the receiver may respond with ACK information to indicate that the out-of-date packets have been received, since they are no longer needed. This ACK information is referred to herein as a “fake ACK” . Specifically, the receiver may generate a status PDU containing the fake ACK, and the invalid data packets are marked as “received” .
[0087] The transmitter may update its window status variables (e.g., TX_Next_Ack) based on the fake ACK and skips the invalid data packets marked as “received” . Accordingly, the receiver synchronously updates its status variables (e.g., RX_Next_Highest) .
[0088] For example, a timer-based mechanism may be employed to identify out-of-date SDUs / PDUs. Upon expiration of the timer, the receiver updates its RX window (astate variable) . Subsequently, a smart ACK is transmitted to the TX side. The term “smart ACK” ’ used herein refers to the “fake ACK” , which is used to intentionally indicate that the packet has been received, even if it has not. This smart ACK serves as an implicit indication that the data has already been received, thereby enabling the TX side to update its transmission state without requiring explicit feedback.
[0089] Additionally, the transmitter may maintain a limit on the maximum number of retransmissions (MaxRetransThreshold) to ensure that the Radio Link Failure (RLF) mechanism remains unaffected. Specifically, for the RLF trigger condition, if the number of retransmissions of the “RLC SN gap notification” exceeds or equals a predefined threshold (maxRetxThreshold) , RLF will be triggered. Notably, even if the transmitter's PDCP discard timer has expired, the "RLC SN gap notification" cannot be discarded.
[0090] An RLC control PDU may be utilized to limit the maximum delay of data PDUs in the user plane queue, even if such packets have already been scheduled or transmitted by the transmitter RLC AM, such as the TX RLC entity 702a.
[0091] When the transmitter's PDCP discard timer expires, the transmitter will cease the transmission of RLC PDUs that have not yet been acknowledged by the receiver. Moreover, the transmitter will inform the receiving side of these RLC SN gaps via the RLC control PDU.
[0092] Other mechanisms are designed for the early discarding of out-of-date SDUs or PDUs. In traditional systems, the transmitter would continue retransmitting data until reaching the maximum retransmission threshold. However, with the introduction of early stopping mechanisms, the number of retransmissions may not reach the maximum limit, potentially causing the process to become stuck.
[0093] To address this issue, a new control PDU may be introduced. This control PDU may be used to inform the receiver that retransmission will be unable to continue, thereby preventing the triggering of the RLF. Unlike traditional PDUs, this new control PDU is not subject to the maximum retransmission limit and is unaffected by early discard scenarios. As a result, it can still reach the maximum retransmission threshold and trigger RLF when necessary. In this way, the RLF function remains enabled.
[0094] FIG. 8 (A) is a diagram 800 illustrating a PDCP discard procedure when the RLC cannot drop the RLC PDU. As shown in FIG. 8 (A) , the transmitting RLC Entity 802 is sending some data packets, each represented in a format XY, where X denotes the RLC SN, configured to control sequential transmission and retransmission at the RLC layer, and Y denotes the PDCP SN, assigned by an upper layer (PDCP entity) to ensure end-to-end in-order delivery. In the example packets, Packets 61 (RLC SN=6, PDCP SN=1) and 72 (RLC SN=7, PDCP SN=2) are flagged for retransmission.
[0095] Upon receiving data packets, the receiving RLC entity 804 attempts to reassemble out-of-order packets or fill gaps caused by packet loss, using a retransmission procedure (e.g., ARQ) . Reassembled packets, including retransmitted packets 61 and 72, are ultimately forwarded to the receiving PDCP entity 806.
[0096] The receiving PDCP entity 806 maintains a reception window to sequentially process PDCP SNs in a contiguous manner. Within an expected timeframe, missing packets 1 (PDCP SN=1) and 2 (PDCP SN=2) are undelivered.
[0097] A reordering timer is initiated when non-consecutive PDCP SNs are detected (e.g., receiving 0 followed by 3 without intermediate 1 and 2) . If the missing packets (1 and 2) are not received before the timer expires, the receiving PDCP entity 806 drops them and proceeds with subsequent operations. After the PDCP reception window advances (e.g., covering SN=0 to SN=3) , any subsequently received packets with PDCP SNs outside the current window range (e.g., 1 and 2) are deemed invalid and are dropped due to Out-of-Window (OOW) . In other words, packets 1 and 2 are discarded, despite successful RLC-layer retransmission, as their PDCP SNs no longer fall within the valid reception window.
[0098] FIG. 8 (B) is a diagram 850 illustrating a PDCP discard procedure when the RLC PDU can be dropped. As shown in FIG. 8 (B) , a RLC control PDU 860 may be introduced to indicate that packets with RLC SNs of 6 and 7 will be discarded. When the PDCP discard timer expires, the transmitting RLC entity 802 discards the RLC PDUs that have not been acknowledged, and sends an explicit message to indicate the discarded RLC SNs (i.e., 6 and 7) . Consequently, the receiving RLC entity 804 only receives packets 50 (RLC SN=5, PDCP SN=0) and 83 (RLC SN=8, PDCP SN=3) , along with the control PDU 860. The receiving PDCP entity 806 then only receives packets with PDCP SNs of 0 and 3. Since the size of the discarded packets is much larger than that of the control PDU, bandwidth is conserved, and the probability of successful transmission becomes higher.
[0099] FIG. 9 is a diagram 900 illustrating an example of RLC control PDU format. The RLC control PDU 860 may adopt the RLC Control PDU format for Data Radio Bearers (DRBs) with an 18-bit PDCP SN. As shown in FIG. 9, a control PDU having PDU Type Bit = 001, representing a PDU type “Discard Notification” , may be added to identify the status PDU as a fake ACK. This control PDU is introduced to inform the receiver side when certain uplink (UL) PDUs are discarded and convey information about timer expiration and packet invalidation, ensuring compatibility with existing protocols. This new RLC control SDU has a frame structure similar to the status PDU, and the relevant state variables at the receiver side are updated accordingly to maintain synchronization.
[0100] When constructing a status PDU, the AM RLC entity shall perform the following operations:
[0101] (1) For RLC SDUs with SNs satisfying the condition RX_Next ≤ SN <RX_Highest_Status that have not been completely received, the AM RLC entity shall process the SDUs in increasing SN order and, within each RLC SDU, in increasing byte segment order. This processing shall start with SN = RX_Next and continue until the resulting status PDU fits within the total size of the RLC PDU (s) indicated by the lower layer.
[0102] RX_Next and RX_Highest_Status are the state variables of the status PDU. when generating this PDU, it indicates not only non-missing packets but also which packets are not out-of-date. If a packet is out-of-date, it is treated as an ACK. Consequently, the next ACK refers only to non-out-of-date packets, while out-of-date packets are skipped and considered as already received.
[0103] Specifically, for an RLC SDU for which no byte segments have been received, the AM RLC entity shall include, in the status PDU, a NACK_SN (Negative Acknowledgment Sequence Number) set to the SN of the RLC SDU.
[0104] For a continuous sequence of byte segments of a partially received RLC SDU that have not been received, the AM RLC entity shall include, in the status PDU, a set of NACK_SN, SOstart (Segment Offset Start) , and SOend (Segment Offset End) .
[0105] For a continuous sequence of RLC SDUs that have not been received, the AM RLC entity shall include, in the status PDU, a set of NACK_SN and NACK range. If required, the AM RLC entity shall also include, in the status PDU, a pair of SOstart and SOend.
[0106] (2) The AM RLC entity shall set the ACK_SN (Acknowledgment Sequence Number) to the SN of the next RLC SDU that has not been received, is not indicated as missing, and is not out of date in the resulting status PDU.
[0107] For SDU discard procedures, when an indication is received from an upper layer (e.g., the PDCP layer) to discard a specific RLC SDU, the transmitting side of an AM RLC entity or an UM RLC entity shall discard the indicated RLC SDU, provided that neither the RLC SDU nor any segment thereof has been submitted to the lower layers. Furthermore, the transmitting side of an AM RLC entity shall ensure that no RLC SN gap is introduced when discarding an RLC SDU.
[0108] In the DL Direction, the TX RLC entity 702a is required to inform the RX RLC entity 704a to update state variables, including RX_Next, RX_Highest_Status, and others, to maintain synchronization between the transmitting and receiving sides.
[0109] The proposed mechanism provides several advantages. In the RLC controlled-delay mode, the Layer 2 (L2) latency can be restricted by the upper bound of the PDCP discard timer, a mode referred to as “discard-allowed RLC AM. Additionally, radio bandwidth (BW) can be conserved by reducing unnecessary retransmissions. Despite the introduction of additional signaling overhead, the overall system efficiency is still improved due to the reduction in retransmissions.
[0110] It is noted that RLF shall be triggered if the number of retransmissions of the “RLC discard notification” exceeds or equals a specified threshold, i.e., the maximum retransmission threshold (maxRetxThreshold) . Furthermore, the “RLC discard notification” shall not be discarded even when the transmitter's PDCP discard timer has expired, ensuring that the RLF mechanism remains functional.
[0111] As described supra, the primary mechanism adopted for this enhancement involves a novel timer-based approach implemented at the receiving RLC entity (RX RLC) . This new timer, referred to herein as T_discard, is distinct from existing timers such as the reassembly timer. T_discard is specifically designed to determine when received RLC SDUs (or segments thereof) are considered "out-of-date" or "expired" based on application-layer requirements, such as those of delay-sensitive services like XR.
[0112] When the RX RLC entity 704a detects a missing RLC SDU (or segment) , indicated by a discontinuity in the received RLC SNs, it starts the T_discard timer. The duration of T_discard is configurable and may be set based on the Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of the specific data flow. For instance, for XR services, a shorter T_discard value (e.g., 50 ms) would be appropriate, while for less delay-sensitive applications, a longer duration could be used.
[0113] Upon expiration of T_discard, if the missing RLC SDU (or segment) has not been received, the RX RLC entity 704a considers the missing data to be out-of-date. However, instead of indicating a NACK (Negative Acknowledgement) in the subsequent status report, the RX RLC entity 704a generates a "fake ACK" (Positive Acknowledgement) . This fake ACK is included in the status PDU, effectively signaling to the transmitting RLC entity (TX RLC) that the out-of-date data has been "received, " even though it has not. This is known as using the smart ACK mechanism.
[0114] The generation of the fake ACK serves to prematurely advance the TX RLC entity’s 702a transmission window. By doing so, the TX RLC entity 702a is prevented from further retransmitting the out-of-date data, thus saving radio resources and reducing latency. The RX RLC entity 704a also updates its own internal state variables (e.g., RX_Next, RX_Highest_Status) to reflect the "reception" of the out-of-date data, maintaining consistency between the transmitter and receiver.
[0115] Further, other mechanisms for early discard may also be used. These include mechanisms triggered from the transmitting side (TX RLC) . One such mechanism involves the TX RLC entity 702a receiving HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest) feedback directly. If the HARQ feedback indicates successful transmission (ACK) , the TX RLC entity 702a could immediately discard the corresponding RLC PDU without waiting for a status report from the RX RLC entity 704a. This is known as using the HARQ failure indication mechanism.
[0116] Another TX-side mechanism involved the TX RLC entity 702a sending explicit signaling to the RX RLC entity 704a to indicate that certain RLC PDUs were being discarded due to being out-of-date, based on, for example, PDCP discard timer expiry. The RX RLC entity 704a could then either generate a fake status report or simply update its internal state variables without sending a status report.
[0117] FIG. 10 illustrates a flow chart 1000 of a process for early discard for RLC AM. This process may be performed a receiver in a wireless communication network. The receiver, for example, may be the UE 104.
[0118] At block 1002, the receiver detects, at a Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, a missing RLC Service Data Unit (SDU) based on a discontinuity in received RLC Sequence Numbers (SNs) .
[0119] At block 1004, the receiver starts a discard timer in response to detecting the missing RLC SDU.
[0120] At block 1006, the receiver determines that the missing RLC SDU is out-of-date upon expiration of the discard timer.
[0121] At block 1008, the receiver transmits a status report including a positive acknowledgement for the missing RLC SDU despite the missing RLC SDU not being received.
[0122] In certain configurations, the discard timer may be configured based on Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of a data flow.
[0123] In certain configurations, the discard timer may be set to a shorter duration for an Extended Reality (XR) service compared to a non-XR service.
[0124] In certain configurations, the process may further include: updating receiver state variables to reflect reception of the missing RLC SDU upon determining the missing RLC SDU is out-of-date. In certain configurations, the receiver state variables may include at least one of RX_Next and RX_Highest_Status.
[0125] In certain configurations, transmitting the status report may include: generating a status Protocol Data Unit (PDU) including the positive acknowledgement for the missing RLC SDU.
[0126] In certain configurations, the RLC layer may operate in an Acknowledged Mode (AM) .
[0127] In certain configurations, the process may further include: receiving a subsequent RLC SDU with a sequence number higher than a sequence number of the missing RLC SDU before expiration of the discard timer.
[0128] In certain configurations, the status report may be configured to cause a transmitter to advance its transmission window without retransmitting the missing RLC SDU.
[0129] In certain configurations, detecting the missing RLC SDU may include: receiving a first RLC SDU with a first sequence number; receiving a second RLC SDU with a second sequence number; and determining that the second sequence number is not consecutive with the first sequence number.
[0130] In certain configurations, the process may further include: forwarding successfully received RLC SDUs to a Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer.
[0131] In certain configurations, the discard timer may be distinct from a reassembly timer used for RLC PDU reassembly.
[0132] In certain configurations, the positive acknowledgement may be included in the status report as an indication that the missing RLC SDU has been received successfully.
[0133] It is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes / flowcharts disclosed is an illustration of exemplary approaches. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes / flowcharts may be rearranged. Further, some blocks may be combined or omitted. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various blocks in a sample order, and are not meant to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.
[0134] The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but is to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language claims, wherein reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more. ” The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration. ” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. Combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C, ” “one or more of A, B, or C, ” “at least one of A, B, and C, ” “one or more of A, B, and C, ” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” include any combination of A, B, and / or C, and may include multiples of A, multiples of B, or multiples of C. Specifically, combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C, ” “one or more of A, B, or C, ” “at least one of A, B, and C, ” “one or more of A, B, and C, ” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” may be A only, B only, C only, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C, where any such combinations may contain one or more member or members of A, B, or C. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. The words “module, ” “mechanism, ” “element, ” “device, ” and the like may not be a substitute for the word “means. ” As such, no claim element is to be construed as a means plus function unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for.”
Claims
1.A method of wireless communication of a receiver in a wireless communication network, comprising:detecting, at a Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, a missing RLC Service Data Unit (SDU) based on a discontinuity in received RLC Sequence Numbers (SNs) ;starting a discard timer in response to detecting the missing RLC SDU;determining that the missing RLC SDU is out-of-date upon expiration of the discard timer; andtransmitting a status report including a positive acknowledgement for the missing RLC SDU despite the missing RLC SDU not being received.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the discard timer is configured based on Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of a data flow.3.The method of claim 2, wherein the discard timer is set to a shorter duration for an Extended Reality (XR) service compared to a non-XR service.4.The method of claim 1, further comprising:updating receiver state variables to reflect reception of the missing RLC SDU upon determining the missing RLC SDU is out-of-date.5.The method of claim 4, wherein the receiver state variables include at least one of RX_Next and RX_Highest_Status.6.The method of claim 1, wherein transmitting the status report comprises:generating a status Protocol Data Unit (PDU) including the positive acknowledgement for the missing RLC SDU.7.The method of claim 1, wherein the RLC layer operates in an Acknowledged Mode (AM) .8.The method of claim 1, further comprising:receiving a subsequent RLC SDU with a sequence number higher than a sequence number of the missing RLC SDU before expiration of the discard timer.9.The method of claim 1, wherein the status report is configured to cause a transmitter to advance its transmission window without retransmitting the missing RLC SDU.10.The method of claim 1, wherein detecting the missing RLC SDU comprises:receiving a first RLC SDU with a first sequence number;receiving a second RLC SDU with a second sequence number; anddetermining that the second sequence number is not consecutive with the first sequence number.11.The method of claim 1, further comprising:forwarding successfully received RLC SDUs to a Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer.12.The method of claim 1, wherein the discard timer is distinct from a reassembly timer used for RLC PDU reassembly.13.The method of claim 1, wherein the positive acknowledgement is included in the status report as an indication that the missing RLC SDU has been received successfully.14.An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus being a receiver in a wireless communication network, the receiver comprising:a memory; andat least one processor coupled to the memory and configured to:detect, at a Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, a missing RLC Service Data Unit (SDU) based on a discontinuity in received RLC Sequence Numbers (SNs) ;start a discard timer in response to detecting the missing RLC SDU;determine that the missing RLC SDU is out-of-date upon expiration of the discard timer; andtransmit a status report including a positive acknowledgement for the missing RLC SDU despite the missing RLC SDU not being received.15.The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to:update receiver state variables to reflect reception of the missing RLC SDU upon determining the missing RLC SDU is out-of-date.16.The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to:receive a subsequent RLC SDU with a sequence number higher than a sequence number of the missing RLC SDU before expiration of the discard timer.17.The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to:forward successfully received RLC SDUs to a Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer.18.A computer-readable medium storing computer executable code for wireless communication of a receiver in a wireless communication network, comprising code to:detect, at a Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, a missing RLC Service Data Unit (SDU) based on a discontinuity in received RLC Sequence Numbers (SNs) ;start a discard timer in response to detecting the missing RLC SDU;determine that the missing RLC SDU is out-of-date upon expiration of the discard timer; andtransmit a status report including a positive acknowledgement for the missing RLC SDU despite the missing RLC SDU not being received.19.The computer-readable medium of claim 18, further comprising code to:update receiver state variables to reflect reception of the missing RLC SDU upon determining the missing RLC SDU is out-of-date.20.The computer-readable medium of claim 18, further comprising code to:receive a subsequent RLC SDU with a sequence number higher than a sequence number of the missing RLC SDU before expiration of the discard timer.
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