Methods and apparatuses for reference signal transmission
TEM modes are introduced for reference signal transmission in wireless communication systems, enabling efficient multiple data stream transmission and reduced interference through orthogonal resource utilization.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/135582
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-11-29
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-09
AI Technical Summary
Current wireless communication systems do not utilize Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) modes for reference signal transmission, which could enhance channel capacity and efficiency.
Implementing TEM modes, specifically Hermite-Gaussian modes, for reference signal transmission using orthogonal antenna ports and resources in the time, frequency, or code domains, with signaling to indicate mode parameters and indices for efficient data layering and channel estimation.
Enhances channel capacity by allowing multiple data streams to be transmitted simultaneously with reduced interference, improving communication efficiency and reducing reference signal overhead.
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Figure CN2024135582_09102025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHODS AND APPARATUSES FOR REFERENCE SIGNAL TRANSMISSIONTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to wireless communications, and more specifically to methods and apparatuses for reference signal transmission.BACKGROUND
[0002] A wireless communications system may include one or multiple network communication devices, such as base stations, which may support wireless communications for one or multiple user communication devices, which may be otherwise known as user equipment (UE) , or other suitable terminology. The wireless communications system may support wireless communications with one or multiple user communication devices by utilizing resources of the wireless communication system (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers, or the like) . Additionally, the wireless communications system may support wireless communications across various radio access technologies including third generation (3G) radio access technology, fourth generation (4G) radio access technology, fifth generation (5G) radio access technology, among other suitable radio access technologies beyond 5G (e.g., sixth generation (6G) ) .SUMMARY
[0003] An article "a" before an element is unrestricted and understood to refer to "at least one" of those elements or "one or more" of those elements. The terms "a, " "at least one, " "one or more, " and "at least one of one or more" may be interchangeable. As used herein, including in the claims, "or" as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as "at least one of" or "one or more of" or "one or both of" ) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C) . Also, as used herein, the phrase "based on" shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as "based on condition A" may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase "based on" shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase "based at least in part on. " Further, as used herein, including in the claims, a "set" may include one or more elements.
[0004] Some implementations of the methods and apparatuses described herein may include a network equipment (NE) for wireless communication. The NE may include: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the NE to: determine one or more transverse electromagnetic (TEM) modes for one or more reference signals; and transmit the one or more reference signals with the one or more TEM modes, wherein different reference signals are transmitted with different TEM modes.
[0005] In some implementations of the NE described herein, the one or more reference signals include one or more channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS) .
[0006] In some implementations of the NE described herein, different reference signals are transmitted through different antenna ports of a reference signal resource.
[0007] In some implementations of the NE described herein, different reference signals are transmitted with different resources orthogonal in at least one of a time domain, a frequency domain, or a code domain.
[0008] In some implementations of the NE described herein, each TEM mode of the one or more TEM modes is a Hermite-Gaussian mode and is associated with a mode number associated with a first mode parameter and a second mode parameter, wherein the first mode parameter and the second mode parameter are associated with two directions perpendicular to a transmission direction of the one or more reference signals, respectively, and the two directions are perpendicular to each other.
[0009] In some implementations of the NE described herein, the at least one processor is further configured to cause the NE to: transmit a signaling indicating the mode number (s) associated with the one or more TEM modes corresponding to antenna port (s) used to transmit the one or more reference signals.
[0010] In some implementations of the NE described herein, the signaling comprises a radio resource control (RRC) configuration message or a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) message.
[0011] In some implementations of the NE described herein, the signaling explicitly indicates at least one of the first mode parameter or the second mode parameter for each TEM mode of the one or more TEM modes.
[0012] In some implementations of the NE described herein, the signaling includes at least one of a first maximal value among the first mode parameter (s) of the one or more TEM modes or a second maximal value among the second mode parameter (s) of the one or more TEM modes to implicitly indicate the mode number associated with each TEM mode of the one or more TEM modes.
[0013] In some implementations of the NE described herein, any TEM mode associated with a first mode parameter not larger than the first maximal value and a second mode parameter not larger than the second maximal value corresponds to one of the antenna port (s) used to transmit the one or more reference signals.
[0014] In some implementations of the NE described herein, index (es) of the antenna port (s) increases along with the first mode parameter (s) and the second mode parameter (s) of corresponding TEM mode (s) according to a predefined rule.
[0015] In some implementations of the NE described herein, the predefined rule is that the index (es) of the antenna port (s) increases firstly according to the first mode parameter (s) of the corresponding TEM mode (s) and then according to the second mode parameter (s) of the corresponding TEM mode (s) .
[0016] In some implementations of the NE described herein, the at least one processor is further configured to cause the NE to: receive a signaling indicating mode number (s) associated with TEM mode (s) supported by a UE.
[0017] In some implementations of the UE described herein, the NE further includes a rectangular antenna array for transmitting the one or more reference signals, wherein each reference signal is transmitted with the rectangular antenna array using a transmission spatial filter associated with a corresponding TEM mode.
[0018] Some implementations of the methods and apparatuses described herein may include a UE for wireless communication The UE may include: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the UE to: determine one or more TEM modes for one or more reference signals; and receive the one or more reference signals; wherein each reference signal of the one or more reference signals is associated with a corresponding TEM mode in the one or more TEM modes and different reference signals are associated with different TEM modes.
[0019] In some implementations of the UE described herein, the one or more reference signals include one or more CSI-RS.
[0020] In some implementations of the UE described herein, different reference signals are associated with different antenna ports of a reference signal resource.
[0021] In some implementations of the UE described herein, different reference signals are associated with different resources orthogonal in at least one of a time domain, a frequency domain, or a code domain.
[0022] In some implementations of the UE described herein, each TEM mode of the one or more TEM modes is a Hermite-Gaussian mode and is associated with a mode number associated with a first mode parameter and a second mode parameter, wherein the first mode parameter and the second mode parameter are associated with two directions perpendicular to a transmission direction of the one or more reference signals, respectively, and the two directions are perpendicular to each other.
[0023] In some implementations of the UE described herein, the at least one processor is further configured to cause the UE to: receive a signaling indicating the mode number (s) associated with the one or more TEM modes corresponding to antenna port (s) used to transmit the one or more reference signals.
[0024] In some implementations of the UE described herein, the signaling comprises an RRC configuration message or a MAC CE message.
[0025] In some implementations of the UE described herein, the signaling explicitly indicates at least one of the first mode parameter or the second mode parameter for each TEM mode of the one or more TEM modes.
[0026] In some implementations of the UE described herein, the signaling includes at least one of a first maximal value among the first mode parameter (s) of the one or more TEM modes or a second maximal value among the second mode parameter (s) of the one or more TEM modes to implicitly indicate the mode number associated with each TEM mode of the one or more TEM modes.
[0027] In some implementations of the UE described herein, any TEM mode associated with a first mode parameter not larger than the first maximal value and a second mode parameter not larger than the second maximal value corresponds to one of the antenna port (s) used to transmit the one or more reference signals.
[0028] In some implementations of the UE described herein, index (es) of the antenna port (s) increases along with the first mode parameter (s) and the second mode parameter (s) of corresponding TEM mode (s) according to a predefined rule.
[0029] In some implementations of the UE described herein, the predefined rule is that the index (es) of the antenna port (s) increases firstly according to the first mode parameter (s) of the corresponding TEM mode (s) and then according to the second mode parameter (s) of the corresponding TEM mode (s) .
[0030] In some implementations of the UE described herein, the at least one processor is further configured to cause the UE to: transmit a signaling indicating mode number (s) associated with TEM mode (s) supported by the UE.
[0031] In some implementations of the UE described herein, the UE further includes a rectangular antenna array for receiving the one or more reference signals, wherein each reference signal is received with the rectangular antenna array using a receiving spatial filter associated with a corresponding TEM mode.
[0032] Some implementations of the methods and apparatuses described herein may include a processor for wireless communication. The processor may include: at least one controller coupled with at least one memory and configured to cause the processor to: determine one or more TEM modes for one or more reference signals; and transmit the one or more reference signals with the one or more TEM modes; wherein different reference signals are transmitted with different TEM modes.
[0033] Some implementations of the methods and apparatuses described herein may include a processor for wireless communication. The processor may include: at least one controller coupled with at least one memory and configured to cause the processor to: determine one or more TEM modes for one or more reference signals; and receive the one or more reference signals; wherein each reference signal of the one or more reference signals is associated with a corresponding TEM mode in the one or more TEM modes and different reference signals are associated with different TEM modes.
[0034] Some implementations of the methods and apparatuses described herein may include a method performed by an NE for wireless communication. The method may include: determining one or more TEM modes for one or more reference signals; and transmitting the one or more reference signals with the one or more TEM modes; wherein different reference signals are transmitted with different TEM modes.
[0035] Some implementations of the methods and apparatuses described herein may include a method performed by a UE for wireless communication. The method may include: determining one or more TEM modes for one or more reference signals; and receiving the one or more reference signals; wherein each reference signal of the one or more reference signals is associated with a corresponding TEM mode in the one or more TEM modes and different reference signals are associated with different TEM modes.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0036] In order to describe the manner in which advantages and features of the present disclosure can be obtained, a description of the present disclosure is rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof, which are illustrated in the appended drawings. These drawings depict only example embodiments of the present disclosure and are not therefore to be considered limiting of its scope.
[0037] Figure 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0038] Figure 2 illustrates an example of a rectangular antenna array in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0039] Figures 3A-3D illustrate power profiles of electric fields for different TEM modes on a transmitting antenna array plane in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0040] Figures 4A-4G illustrate two-dimensional (2D) views of beam profiles for different TEM modes on a transmitting / receiving antenna array plane in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0041] Figure 5 illustrates an example of a UE in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0042] Figure 6 illustrates an example of a processor in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0043] Figure 7 illustrates an example of an NE in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0044] Figure 8 illustrates a flowchart of an exemplary method performed by an NE in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0045] Figure 9 illustrates a flowchart of an exemplary method performed by a UE in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0046] The detailed description of the appended drawings is intended as a description of preferred embodiments of the present disclosure and is not intended to represent the only form in which the present disclosure may be practiced. It should be understood that the same or equivalent functions may be accomplished by different embodiments that are intended to be encompassed within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.
[0047] While operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, persons skilled in the art will readily recognize that such operations need not be performed in the particular order as shown or in a sequential order, or that all illustrated operations need be performed, to achieve desirable results; sometimes one or more operations can be skipped. Further, the drawings can schematically depict one or more example processes in the form of a flow diagram. However, other operations that are not depicted can be incorporated in the example processes that are schematically illustrated. For example, one or more additional operations can be performed before, after, simultaneously, or between any of the illustrated operations. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing can be advantageous.
[0048] Reference will now be made in detail to some embodiments of the present disclosure, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. To facilitate understanding, embodiments are provided under specific network architecture and service scenarios, such as 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) long-term evolution (LTE) and LTE advanced, 3GPP 5G new radio (NR) , 5G-Advanced, 6G, and so on. It is contemplated that along with developments of network architectures and new service scenarios, all embodiments in the present disclosure are also applicable to similar technical problems; and moreover, the terminologies recited in the present disclosure may change, which should not affect the principle of the present disclosure.
[0049] Aspects of the present disclosure are described in the context of a wireless communications system.
[0050] Figure 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system 100 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more NEs 102, one or more UEs 104, and a core network (CN) 106. The wireless communications system 100 may support various radio access technologies. In some implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a 4G network, such as a long-term evolution (LTE) network or an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network. In some other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a new radio (NR) network, such as a 5G network, a 5G-Advanced (5G-A) network, or a 5G ultrawideband (5G-UWB) network. In other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a combination of a 4G network and a 5G network, or other suitable radio access technology including Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi) , IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) , IEEE 802.20. The wireless communications system 100 may support radio access technologies beyond 5G, for example, 6G. Additionally, the wireless communications system 100 may support technologies, such as time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , or code division multiple access (CDMA) , etc.
[0051] The one or more NEs 102 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region to form the wireless communications system 100. One or more of the NEs 102 described herein may be or include or may be referred to as a network node, a base station, a network element, a network function, a network entity, a radio access network (RAN) , a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB (gNB) , or other suitable terminology. An NE 102 and a UE 104 may communicate via a communication link, which may be a wireless or wired connection. For example, an NE 102 and a UE 104 may perform wireless communication (e.g., receive signaling, transmit signaling) over a Uu interface.
[0052] An NE 102 may provide a geographic coverage area for which the NE 102 may support services for one or more UEs 104 within the geographic coverage area. For example, an NE 102 and a UE 104 may support wireless communication of signals related to services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. ) according to one or multiple radio access technologies. In some implementations, an NE 102 may be moveable, for example, a satellite associated with a non-terrestrial network (NTN) . In some implementations, different geographic coverage areas associated with the same or different radio access technologies may overlap, but the different geographic coverage areas may be associated with different NEs 102.
[0053] The one or more UEs 104 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region of the wireless communications system 100. A UE 104 may include or may be referred to as a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a subscriber device, a transmitter device, a receiver device, or some other suitable terminology. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE 104 may be referred to as an Internet-of-Things (IoT) device, an Internet-of-Everything (IoE) device, or machine-type communication (MTC) device, among other examples.
[0054] A UE 104 may be able to support wireless communication directly with other UEs 104 over a communication link. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a device-to-device (D2D) communication link. In some implementations, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) deployments, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) deployments, or cellular-V2X deployments, the communication link may be referred to as a sidelink. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a PC5 interface.
[0055] An NE 102 may support communications with the CN 106, or with another NE 102, or both. For example, an NE 102 may interface with other NE 102 or the CN 106 through one or more backhaul links (e.g., S1, N2, N3, or another network interface) . In some implementations, the NEs 102 may communicate with each other directly. In some other implementations, the NEs 102 may communicate with each other indirectly (e.g., via the CN 106) . In some implementations, one or more NEs 102 may include subcomponents, such as an access network entity, which may be an example of an access node controller (ANC) . An ANC may communicate with the one or more UEs 104 through one or more other access network transmission entities, which may be referred to as radio heads, smart radio heads, or transmission-reception points (TRPs) .
[0056] The CN 106 may support user authentication, access authorization, tracking, connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The CN 106 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) , or a 5G core (5GC) , which may include a control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME) , an access and mobility management function (AMF) ) and a user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW) , a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW) , or a user plane function (UPF) ) . In some implementations, the control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions, such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management (e.g., data bearers, signal bearers, etc. ) for the one or more UEs 104 served by the one or more NEs 102 associated with the CN 106.
[0057] The CN 106 may communicate with a packet data network over one or more backhaul links (e.g., via an S1, N2, N3, or another network interface) . The packet data network may include an application server. In some implementations, one or more UEs 104 may communicate with the application server. A UE 104 may establish a session (e.g., a protocol data unit (PDU) session, or the like) with the CN 106 via an NE 102. The CN 106 may route traffic (e.g., control information, data, and the like) between the UE 104 and the application server using the established session (e.g., the established PDU session) . The PDU session may be an example of a logical connection between the UE 104 and the CN 106 (e.g., one or more network functions of the CN 106) .
[0058] In the wireless communications system 100, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may use resources of the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers) ) to perform various operations (e.g., wireless communications) . In some implementations, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support different resource structures. For example, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support different frame structures. In some implementations, such as in 4G, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support a single frame structure. In some other implementations, such as in 5G and among other suitable radio access technologies, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures (i.e., multiple frame structures) . The NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures based on one or more numerologies.
[0059] One or more numerologies may be supported in the wireless communications system 100, and a numerology may include a subcarrier spacing and a cyclic prefix. A first numerology (e.g., μ=0) may be associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. In some implementations, the first numerology (e.g., μ=0) associated with the first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may utilize one slot per subframe. A second numerology (e.g., μ=1) may be associated with a second subcarrier spacing (e.g., 30 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A third numerology (e.g., μ=2) may be associated with a third subcarrier spacing (e.g., 60 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix or an extended cyclic prefix. A fourth numerology (e.g., μ=3) may be associated with a fourth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 120 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A fifth numerology (e.g., μ=4) may be associated with a fifth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 240 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix.
[0060] A time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to frames (also referred to as radio frames) . Each frame may have a duration, for example, a 10 millisecond (ms) duration. In some implementations, each frame may include multiple subframes. For example, each frame may include 10 subframes, and each subframe may have a duration, for example, a 1 ms duration. In some implementations, each frame may have the same duration. In some implementations, each subframe of a frame may have the same duration.
[0061] Additionally or alternatively, a time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to slots. For example, a subframe may include a number (e.g., quantity) of slots. The number of slots in each subframe may also depend on the one or more numerologies supported in the wireless communications system 100. For instance, the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth numerologies (i.e., μ=0, μ=1, μ=2, μ=3, μ=4) associated with respective subcarrier spacings of 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, and 240 kHz may utilize a single slot per subframe, two slots per subframe, four slots per subframe, eight slots per subframe, and 16 slots per subframe, respectively. Each slot may include a number (e.g., quantity) of symbols (e.g., orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols) . In some implementations, the number (e.g., quantity) of slots for a subframe may depend on a numerology. For a normal cyclic prefix, a slot may include 14 symbols. For an extended cyclic prefix (e.g., applicable for 60 kHz subcarrier spacing) , a slot may include 12 symbols. The relationship between the number of symbols per slot, the number of slots per subframe, and the number of slots per frame for a normal cyclic prefix and an extended cyclic prefix may depend on a numerology. It should be understood that reference to a first numerology (e.g., μ=0) associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may be used interchangeably between subframes and slots.
[0062] In the wireless communications system 100, an electromagnetic (EM) spectrum may be split, based on frequency or wavelength, into various classes, frequency bands, frequency channels, etc. By way of example, the wireless communications system 100 may support one or multiple operating frequency bands, such as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz –7.125 GHz) , FR2 (24.25 GHz –52.6 GHz) , FR3 (7.125 GHz –24.25 GHz) , FR4 (52.6 GHz –114.25 GHz) , FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz –71 GHz) , and FR5 (114.25 GHz –300 GHz) . In some implementations, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may perform wireless communications over one or more of the operating frequency bands. In some implementations, FR1 may be used by the NEs 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for cellular communications traffic (e.g., control information, data) . In some implementations, FR2 may be used by the NEs 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for short-range, high data rate capabilities.
[0063] FR1 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least three numerologies) . For example, FR1 may be associated with a first numerology (e.g., μ=0) , which includes 15 kHz subcarrier spacing; a second numerology (e.g., μ=1) , which includes 30 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a third numerology (e.g., μ=2) , which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing. FR2 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least 2 numerologies) . For example, FR2 may be associated with a third numerology (e.g., μ=2) , which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a fourth numerology (e.g., μ=3) , which includes 120 kHz subcarrier spacing.
[0064] A TEM mode is a special class of electromagnetic waves traveling in free space with both the electric field and the magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave. In the case of near field (i.e., z≤zR, where z is a distance between a transmitter and a receiver, and zR is the Rayleigh distance of an antenna array of the transmitter) , multiple TEM modes may be used together to transmit multiple data streams, which may enhance the channel capacity. The TEM modes can be generated using, for example, a uniform planar antenna array. Currently, this kind of transmission modes is not used for wireless transmission.
[0065] TEM modes may be represented by a set of solutions of the paraxial Helmholtz equation in a uniform dielectric media such as air or vacuum. In the Cartesian coordinate, assuming that the direction of propagation is the direction of the z axis, by separating x and y components, a set of orthonormal solutions can be obtained as products of x and y terms, and defined by a pair of integer numbers (l, m) (also referred to as mode number, where l and m may be referred to as mode parameters) with Hermite polynomials as follows: wherein is the radius of the beam at z (given that the complex beam parameter q (z) is calculated as q (z) =z+izR) , w0 is the size of the beam waist at the origin, and zR is the Rayleigh distance, which may be determined as where n is the refraction of index (n=1 for vacuum or air) , and λ is the wavelength; Hn(x) is the Hermite polynomial (the physicist's type) of order n, and is the radius of curvature of the wavefront at z, that is, the curvature of the wavefront at z is is the wavevector; and is Gouy's phase and is the only phase term that depends on both l and m.
[0066] The electric field can be decomposed into a set of different TEM (l, m) terms and be represented by a summation over these TEM (l, m) terms as follows:
[0067] Hn (x) , i.e., the n-th order Hermite polynomial, is a polynomial of order n with leading coefficient 2n. Hn (x) is an n-th degree polynomial with n zeros on the real axis. High order Hermite polynomials can be generated from lower order polynomials using the recurrent formula as follows: Hn+1 (x) =2xHn (x) -2nHn-1 (x) .
[0068] Hermite polynomials are not normalized or orthogonal in the normal sense, but Hermite polynomials of different orders are orthogonal with respect to the weight function
[0069] The first few physicist's Hermite polynomials are as follows: H0 (x) =1, H1 (x) =2x, H2 (x) =4x2-2, H3 (x) =8x3-12x, H4 (x) =16x4-48x2+12.
[0070] Each pair of integer numbers (l, m) may represent a unique propagation mode (referred to as TEM mode (l, m) or mode (l, m) ) that is orthogonal to the other modes in space. These TEM modes are also called Hermite-Gaussian (HG) modes in the field of optics. Different TEM modes form a set of orthogonal bases, which means that mode (l, m) and mode (l′ , m′ ) are orthogonal to each other when l≠l′ or m≠m′ (or when l≠l′ and m≠m′ ) . This makes them ideal to carry different data layers for spatial multiplexing in free space.
[0071] In the wave equation, i.e. the terms determining the phase is:
[0072] As can be seen, the phase has a spherical phase front with a curvature decreasing with z. This is different from Laguerre-Gaussian modes (e.g., orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes) which have a spiral wavefront and are more subject to divergence as they travel through space. Another property is that the curvatures of different TEM modes remain almost the same, so different TEM modes do not diverge easily as they travel through space. This makes the TEM modes more suitable to transmit with higher ranks over a longer distance than OAM modes.
[0073] Because different TEM modes are orthogonal in space, data streams transmitted using multiple TEM modes can be superimposed and transmitted together, where each data stream is transmitted using a different TEM mode. Different TEM modes can be transmitted using the same power or different powers. Multiple rank transmission is thus achieved.
[0074] TEM modes can be transmitted using a uniform planar antenna array, where the antennas (also referred to as antenna elements) are arranged in a rectangular array, for example, a uniform 2D rectangular grid. Each antenna may have its own radio frequency (RF) chain so its transmitted signal (e.g., phase and / or amplitude of the transmitted signal) can be independently controlled.
[0075] Figure 2 illustrates an example of a rectangular antenna array in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0076] The rectangular antenna array may be a 2D uniform rectangular antenna array that can transmit signals using TEM modes. Each antenna element may have 1 unidirectional polarized dipole antenna or 2 cross-polarized dipole antennas (e.g., a pair of cross-polarized antennas as shown in Figure 2) .
[0077] In Figure 2, there are 2Nx+1 antenna elements (indexed from -Nx to Nx) in each row in the x direction, and 2Ny+1 antenna elements (indexed from -Ny to Ny) in each column in the y direction. Therefore, a total number of antenna elements in the antenna array is (2Nx+1) × (2Ny+1 ) . The distance between adjacent antennas is d in both the x and y directions. In the case that Nx is equal to Ny, the antenna array is a square antenna array having (2Nx+1) 2 or (2Ny+1) 2 antenna elements. It is contemplated that the number of antenna elements in each row and / or each column of the antenna array may be even without departing from the spirit of the present disclosure.
[0078] The antenna array may be a transmitting antenna array at a transmitting apparatus or a receiving antenna array at a receiving apparatus.
[0079] It is assumed that the direction of data transmission is the z direction. As mentioned above, the electric field for TEM mode (l, m) may be represented as follows: where the value of El, m is and Pl, m is a power for the data transmission using TEM mode (l, m) .
[0080] When z=0, the electric field becomes:
[0081] Therefore, when the transmitting antenna array is placed at z=0, the antenna array plane is perpendicular to the z direction, and the center of the transmitting antenna array is the origin (i.e., the center of the transmitting antenna array is at (0, 0, 0) ) , to transmit a signal sl, m using TEM mode (l, m) , an antenna element (i, j) (-Nx≤i≤Nx and -Ny≤j≤Ny) at location (xi, yj) transmits a signal tl, m (i, j) : where sl, m is the normalized modulation symbol sent with TEM mode (l, m) .
[0082] For cross-polarized antennas as shown in Figure 2, a pair of data symbols may be transmitted using the two polarization directions with the same power, and the signal transmitted by the antenna element (i, j) may include two signals for the two polarization directions, respectively, as follows: and
[0083] The collection of parameters for transmitting mode (l, m) for all the antenna elements, Wl, m, may be represented as follows: Wl, m= [wl, m (i, j) ] , -Nx≤i≤Nx and -Ny≤j≤Ny, where
[0084] In other words, Wl, m is a transmission spatial filter or precoding matrix for TEM mode (l, m) .
[0085] When more than one TEM mode are used for data transmission, the signal transmitted from the antenna element (i, j) is the summation of all the used TEM modes: where MT is a set of TEM modes used for transmission.
[0086] For a cross-polarized antenna element (i, j) , the signal transmitted may be represented as follows (i.e., including t+ (i, j) and t- (i, j) ) :
[0087] Figures 3A-3D illustrate power profiles of electric fields for different TEM modes on a transmitting antenna array plane in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. In these examples, the carrier frequency is 30GHz, w0=0.25m, and the transmitting antenna array plane is at z=0×zR=0.
[0088] Figure 3A illustrates the power profile of the electric field for TEM mode (0, 0) on the transmitting antenna array plane, in which there is one peak in the power profile.
[0089] Figure 3B illustrates the power profile of the electric field for TEM mode (0, 1) on the transmitting antenna array plane, in which there are two peaks in the power profile.
[0090] Figure 3C illustrates the power profile of the electric field for TEM mode (1, 0) on the transmitting antenna array plane, in which there are two peaks in the power profile.
[0091] Figure 3D illustrates the power profile of the electric field for TEM mode (1, 1) on the transmitting antenna array plane, in which there are four peaks in the power profile.
[0092] The power profile of the electric field for a TEM mode may also correspond to a beam profile of the TEM mode. The shape and size of the transmitting antenna array may be designed based on the beam profile (s) of the TEM mode (s) used for transmission.
[0093] As shown in Figures 3A-3D, on the transmitting antenna array plane, almost all power of the beam of TEM mode (l, m) falls within a rectangular area. The long side of the rectangular area is determined by the larger one of l and m, and the short side of the rectangular area is determined by the smaller one of l and m. The beam profiles of TEM mode (l, m) and TEM mode (m, l) are just 90° rotation of each other. For the transmitting antenna array to transmit the beam of TEM mode (l, m) , the aforementioned rectangular area with significant power of the beam should be covered with antenna elements, while the area outside of the rectangular area does not need to be covered with antenna elements since no significant power is emitted from such area. The shape and size of the transmitting antenna array may be determined by the TEM mode (s) used for transmission. Given the TEM mode (s) used for transmission, the shape and size of the transmitting antenna array required can be calculated. When the TEM modes are always used in pairs (i.e., both mode (l, m) and mode (m, l) are used) , they require a square area since the long side and short side of the rectangular area are identical.
[0094] The required antenna array size increases with the TEM mode number. Because the beam pattern of TEM mode (l, m) is always larger than or equal to that of TEM mode (l′ , m′ ) for l≥l′ , m≥m′ , when TEM mode (l, m) is used, all the TEM modes (l′ , m′ ) where l≥l′ ≥0, m≥m′ ≥0 can be used as well. Let lmax and mmax be the largest mode parameters in the x direction and the y direction, respectively, that can be transmitted by a rectangular antenna array, the total number of TEM modes that can be transmitted by this antenna array is (lmax+1) (mmax+1) . In the case of cross-polarized antennas as shown in Figure 2, a total number of 2 (lmax+1) (mmax+1) data streams can be transmitted, wherein (lmax+1) (mmax+1) data streams can be transmitted in each polarization direction.
[0095] At the receiving apparatus side, a 2D uniform rectangular antenna array as shown in Figure 2 may also be used for receiving data stream (s) transmitted with TEM mode (s) . It is assumed that the direction of data transmission is the z direction, the receiving antenna array plane is perpendicular to the z direction and is aligned with the transmitting antenna array plane in the x and y directions, and the distance between the transmitting antenna array and the receiving antenna array is zr. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the value of zr may range from 0 to zR, where zR is the Rayleigh distance of the transmitting antenna array. The center of the receiving antenna array is at (0, 0, zr) . Because signals for two polarization directions in the cross-polarization case can be processed independently, one of them is studied in order to derive a unified solution for the uni-polarization case and the cross-polarization case. Ideally the electric field on the XY-plane at zr may be calculated as follows:
[0096] The signal received by an antenna element (i, j) (-Nx≤i≤Nx and -Ny≤j≤Ny) at location (xi, yj) on the receiving antenna array plane in the corresponding polarization direction may be calculated as: where rs (i, j, zr) is the signal part and ni, j is the noise part at the antenna element (i, j) .
[0097] To recover the modulation symbol sl, m from TEM mode (l, m) , the receiving apparatus may apply a coefficient cl, m (i, j) * to antenna element (i, j) and sum over all the antenna elements, and calculate the received signal as follows: where cl, m (i, j) * is the conjugate of cl, m (i, j) , and
[0098] The collection Cl, m= [cl, m (i, j) *] (-Nx≤i≤Nx and -Ny≤j≤Ny) is a receiving spatial filter for receiving the data stream transmitted using TEM mode (l, m) .
[0099] A transmitted signal s is received by the receiver through a set of parallel channels with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for TEM mode (l, m) , and the SNR for TEM mode (l, m) , i.e. SNR (l, m) , may be calculated as follows: where pn is a power of noise (e.g., zero-mean additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) ) .
[0100] The transmitted signal s can be estimated from the received signal per transmission mode using standard receiver algorithms, such as a minimum mean square error (MMSE) algorithm, or the like.
[0101] By transmitting signals with multiple TEM modes (l, m) and receiving these signals using their respective spatial filter cl, m*, multiple degrees of freedom are achieved and multiple data layers can be transmitted in parallel.
[0102] Reference signals, such as CSI-RS, may be used for channel estimation for transmission with multiple TEM modes. It would also be beneficial to transmit the reference signals with the TEM modes. For example, the reference signals may be transmitted and received by utilizing the transmission spatial filters and the receiving spatial filters for the multiple TEM modes (e.g., those discussed above) which are known to the transmitting apparatus (e.g., NE) and the receiving apparatus (e.g., UE) , thereby reducing the reference signal overhead.
[0103] The present disclosure proposes solutions for reference signal transmission for TEM mode channel estimation.
[0104] Because of the spatial structure of the TEM mode, the precoder used for transmitting a signal using a TEM mode is fixed. Although a transmitter (e.g., an NE) may transmit a signal using many antennas, there is no need for an individual antenna to transmit its own reference signal. Instead, a reference signal can be sent for each TEM mode using all the antennas with the corresponding spatial precoding vector associated with the TEM mode and used for a receiver (e.g., a UE) to estimate the channel for this TEM mode. Different reference signals may be transmitted using different TEM modes.
[0105] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, different TEM modes may correspond to different antenna ports of a reference signal resource (e.g., CSI-RS resource) . In other words, different reference signals transmitted using different TEM modes may be transmitted through different antenna ports of a reference signal resource. The different antenna ports of a reference signal resource are associated with different resources that are orthogonal in at least one of the frequency domain, the time domain, or the code domain. In this way, the receiver can receive the reference signal transmitted with each of the TEM modes without interference from the others. The receiver may estimate the quality and strength of each TEM mode from the corresponding antenna port and may report its quality independent of the other TEM modes.
[0106] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the transmitter may transmit a reference signal sl, m with a TEM mode (l, m) using an antenna array, for example, the antenna array as shown in Figure 2. The antenna element (i, j) at location (xi, yj) on the transmitting antenna plane zt transmits a signal tl, m (i, j) , which is given by: tl, m (i, j) =HGl, m (xi, yj, zt) sl, m where HGl, m (xi, yj, zt) is given by wherein is the radius of the beam at zt (given that the complex beam parameter q (zt) is calculated as q (zt) =zt+izR) , w0 is the size of the beam waist at the origin, and zR is the Rayleigh distance, which may be determined as where n is the refraction of index (n=1 for vacuum or air) , and λ is the wavelength; Hn(x) is the Hermite polynomial (the physicist's type) of order n, and is the radius of curvature of the wavefront at zt, that is, the curvature of the wavefront at zt is is the wavevector; and is Gouy's phase and is the only phase term that depends on both l and m.
[0107] For reference signal sl, m, the transmission power is p=|sl, m|2. In some cases, all the reference signals are transmitted using the same power, such that all the antenna ports in the same reference signal resource have the same transmission power. In some other cases, the reference signals may be transmitted using different powers.
[0108] Similarly, the receiver may receive the reference signals using an antenna array, for example, the antenna array as shown in Figure 2. It should be noted that the antenna array of the transmitter and the antenna array of the receiver may be different, for example, they may have different sizes, different numbers of antenna elements in one or more dimensions, or different inter-antenna element spacing.
[0109] For the antenna array of the receiver placed on the z=zr plane, when the receiver receives the reference signal sl, m sent with TEM mode (l, m) , it may apply a corresponding receiving filter HGl, m* (xi, yj, zr) to the signal rs (i, j, zr) received from its antenna element (i, j) at location (xi, yj) on the receiving antenna plane zr, and HGl, m* (xi, yj, zr) may be as follows: wherein is the radius of the beam at zr (given that the complex beam parameter q (zr) is calculated as q (zr) =zr+izR) , w0 is the size of the beam waist at the origin, and zR is the Rayleigh distance, which may be determined as where n is the refraction of index (n=1 for vacuum or air) , and λ is the wavelength; Hn(x) is the Hermite polynomial (the physicist's type) of order n, and is the radius of curvature of the wavefront at zr, that is, the curvature of the wavefront at zr is is the wavevector; and is Gouy's phase and is the only phase term that depends on both l and m.
[0110] Since different reference signals are transmitted using different TEM modes with different resources orthogonal in at least one of a time domain, a frequency domain, or a code domain, different TEM modes can be measured separately.
[0111] The reference signal received at the antenna element (i, j) at location (xi, yj) of the receiver is a spatial function (i.e., a function of the coordinates x, y, and z) . After applying the filter HGl, m* (xi, yj, zr) to the signal rs (i, j, zr) received at each of the antenna elements of the receiver, a filtered received signal ul, m can be obtained, which is as follows:
[0112] Under ideal conditions, the received signal is identical to the transmitted signal, i.e., However, due to imperfection of the transmission and receiving, such as limited antenna array sizes of the transmitter and the receiver, misalignment of the antennas arrays of the transmitter and the receiver, and receiver noise, the obtained ul, m is likely different from sl, m.
[0113] In some embodiments, the receiver may also receive the signal rs (i, j, zr) using the receiving spatial filter (s) of the other TEM mode (s) (l’ , m’ ) , where l’ ≠l or m’ ≠m (or both) , so as to estimate the channel better. The filtered received signal obtained after such filtering is
[0114] By arranging the signals received using different TEM modes for the reference signals sent in different TEM modes, the received signal vector u may be represented as follows: u=sH+w, wherein H is the effective channel matrix, s is the reference signals arranged as a vector, and w is the noise vector. The receiver can estimate the channel matrix H using a minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimator, a linear MMSE estimator, or a least squares (LS) estimator, etc.
[0115] For the receiver to estimate the channel using the reference signals with an estimator, such as the MMSE estimator, the LS estimator, or the like, the receiver needs to know the TEM mode used for each of the reference signals. This may require the transmitter to transmit a signaling to indicate the TEM modes (e.g., the mode numbers of the TEM modes) used for the reference signals. The signaling may include an RRC configuration message, a MAC-CE message, or other dedicated messages.
[0116] When the reference signals are arranged in the same reference signal resource, the TEM mode used for each of the antenna ports of the reference signal resource may be signaled. In some cases, two dimensions (e.g., horizontal and vertical) are used, i.e., mode parameters l (e.g., associated with the horizontal direction) and m (e.g., associated with the vertical direction) are both used, and then values of both l and m need to be indicated. In some other cases, only one dimension (e.g., horizontal or vertical) is used, and only one of the mode parameters l and m needs to be indicated, while the other one may be set to a default value or a preconfigured value, such as 0.
[0117] The present disclosure proposes some solutions for indicating the TEM modes for the reference signals.
[0118] Solution 1: the mode numbers of the TEM modes may be explicitly indicated.
[0119] According to some embodiments of solution 1, the transmitter may transmit a signaling explicitly indicating one (e.g., for the case where only one dimension is used) or two (e.g., for the case where two dimensions are used) of the mode parameters l and m for each TEM mode used for transmitting the reference signals.
[0120] As an example, for a TEM-based transmission using 9 TEM modes, e.g., (0, 0) , (0,1) , (0, 2) , (1, 0) , (1, 1) , (1, 2) , (2, 0) , (2, 1) , and (2, 2) , indices of the antenna ports used to transmit the reference signals and mode numbers of their corresponding TEM modes are shown in table 1 below: Table 1: mapping between antenna ports and TEM mode numbers
[0121] The mapping information (e.g., each TEM mode number) shown in the above table 1 may be carried in an RRC configuration message as part of a reference signal resource configuration, or in a MAC-CE message as a dedicated MAC-CE to inform the receiver of the TEM modes used for the 9 antenna ports.
[0122] Solution 2: the mode numbers of the TEM modes may be implicitly indicated.
[0123] Figures 4A-4G illustrate 2D views of beam profiles for TEM modes (0, 0) , (0, 1) , (1,0) , (1, 1) , (2, 1) , (2, 2) , and (3, 3) on a transmitting / receiving antenna array plane in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. These examples show the transmission / reception power pattern on the transmitting / receiving antenna plane with a carrier frequency of 30GHz, and w0=0.25m.
[0124] By comparing the beam profiles for different TEM modes in Figures 4A-4G, it can be seen that the beam pattern in the x (horizontal) direction for TEM mode (l1, m) is smaller than that for TEM mode (l2, m) in the case of 0≤l1<l2, and the beam pattern in the y (vertical) direction for TEM mode (l, m1) is smaller than TEM mode (l, m2) in the case of 0≤m1<m2.
[0125] Given the above, the present disclosure proposes that any TEM mode (l, m) (0≤l≤lmax, 0≤m≤mmax) is supported in the case that TEM mode (lmax, mmax) is supported. On this basis, the TEM modes for the antenna ports used to transmit the reference signals can be implicitly indicated by a maximal value lmax among mode parameters l of all the TEM modes and / or a maximal value mmax among mode parameters m of all the TEM modes. When the order of the mode number iteration is understood between the transmitter and the receiver, only (lmax, mmax) needs to be signaled to the receiver, and the specific mode number of each TEM mode does not need to be signaled. For example, it can be defined in the 3GPP specification that index (es) of the antenna port (s) increases along with the mode parameters l and m of corresponding TEM mode (s) according to a predefined rule.
[0126] As an example, the predefined rule may be that the index (es) of the antenna port (s) increase firstly according to l and then according to m. For given (lmax, mmax) , the total number of the TEM modes that can be used for transmitting the reference signals is (lmax+1) (mmax+1) =lmaxmmax+lmax+mmax+1, and thus there may be up to lmaxmmax+lmax+mmax+1 antenna ports for transmitting the reference signals. An example of the mapping between antenna ports and TEM mode numbers according to the predefined rule is shown in table 2 below: Table 2: mapping between antenna ports and TEM mode numbers
[0127] As another example, the predefined rule may be that the index (es) of the antenna port (s) increase firstly according to m and then according to l. An example of the mapping between antenna ports and TEM mode numbers according to the predefined rule is shown in table 3 below: Table 3: mapping between antenna ports and TEM mode numbers
[0128] The values of lmax and mmax may be transmitted to the receiver via an RRC configuration message, a MAC-CE message, or other messages. Then, the receiver may derive the mapping information (i.e., the TEM mode for each antenna port) as shown in the above table 2 or table 3. This would reduce the signaling overhead.
[0129] In the case where only one dimension (e.g., only one of mode parameters l and m) is used, only one of the maximal values lmax and mmax needs to be signaled, while the other may be a default value or a preconfigured value, such as 0.
[0130] For example, in the case that the mode parameter m for each TEM mode is fixed to 0, i.e., mmax has a default value of 0, an example of the mapping between antenna ports and TEM mode numbers is shown in table 4 below: Table 4: mapping between antenna ports and TEM mode numbers
[0131] The value of lmax may be transmitted to the receiver via an RRC configuration message, a MAC-CE message, or other messages. Then, the receiver may derive the mapping information (i.e., the TEM mode for each antenna port) as shown in the above table 4.
[0132] As another example, in the case that the mode parameter l for each TEM mode is fixed to 0, i.e., lmax has a default value of 0, an example of the mapping between antenna ports and TEM mode numbers is shown in table 5 below: Table 5: mapping between antenna ports and TEM mode numbers
[0133] The value of mmax may be transmitted to the receiver via an RRC configuration message, a MAC-CE message, or other messages. Then, the receiver may derive the mapping information (i.e., the TEM mode for each antenna port) as shown in the above table 5.
[0134] In some other embodiments of the present disclosure, the mapping between antenna ports and TEM mode numbers (e.g., any of tables 1-5) may be preconfigured, predefined or specified between the transmitter and the receiver, such that there is no need to transmit the signaling to indicate the TEM modes used for the reference signals.
[0135] Figure 5 illustrates an example of a UE 500 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The UE 500 may include at least one processor 502 and at least one memory 504. Additionally, the UE 500 may also include one or more of at least one controller 506 or at least one transceiver 508. The processor 502, the memory 504, the controller 506, or the transceiver 508, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. These components may be coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces.
[0136] The processor 502, the memory 504, the controller 506, or the transceiver 508, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., circuitry) . The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , or other programmable logic device, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure.
[0137] The processor 502 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, or any combination thereof) . In some implementations, the processor 502 may be configured to operate the memory 504. In some other implementations, the memory 504 may be integrated into the processor 502. The processor 502 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 504 to cause the UE 500 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.
[0138] The memory 504 may include volatile or non-volatile memory. The memory 504 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions when executed by the processor 502 cause the UE 500 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as the memory 504 or another type of memory. Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer.
[0139] In some implementations, the processor 502 and the memory 504 coupled with the processor 502 may be configured to cause the UE 500 to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 502, instructions stored in the memory 504) . For example, the processor 502 may support wireless communication at the UE 500 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The UE 500 may be configured to support a means for performing the operations of the methods described in the embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0140] In an embodiment, the processor 502 may be configured to cause the UE 500 to: determine one or more TEM modes for one or more reference signals; and receive the one or more reference signals with the one or more TEM modes, wherein each reference signal of the one or more reference signals is associated with a corresponding TEM mode in the one or more TEM modes and different reference signals are associated with different TEM modes.
[0141] The controller 506 may manage input and output signals for the UE 500. The controller 506 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the UE 500. In some implementations, the controller 506 may utilize an operating system such as or other operating systems. In some implementations, the controller 506 may be implemented as part of the processor 502.
[0142] In some implementations, the UE 500 may include at least one transceiver 508. In some other implementations, the UE 500 may have more than one transceiver 508. The transceiver 508 may represent a wireless transceiver. The transceiver 508 may include one or more receiver chains 510, one or more transmitter chains 512, or a combination thereof.
[0143] A receiver chain 510 may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receiver chain 510 may include one or more antennas for receive the signal over the air or wireless medium. The receiver chain 510 may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA) ) configured to amplify the received signal. The receiver chain 510 may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the receive signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal. The receiver chain 510 may include at least one decoder for decoding the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.
[0144] A transmitter chain 512 may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) . The transmitter chain 512 may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM) , frequency modulation (FM) , or digital modulation schemes like phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) . The transmitter chain 512 may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium. The transmitter chain 512 may also include one or more antennas for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.
[0145] Figure 6 illustrates an example of a processor 600 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The processor 600 may be an example of a processor configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 600 may include at least one controller 602 configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 600 may optionally include at least one memory 604, which may be, for example, an L1 / L2 / L3 cache. Additionally, or alternatively, the processor 600 may optionally include one or more arithmetic-logic units (ALUs) 606. One or more of these components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses) .
[0146] The processor 600 may be a processor chipset and include a protocol stack (e.g., a software stack) executed by the processor chipset to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor chipset may include one or more cores, one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 600) or other memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , dynamic RAM (DRAM) , synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM) , static RAM (SRAM) , ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM) , magnetic RAM (MRAM) , resistive RAM (RRAM) , flash memory, phase change memory (PCM) , and others) .
[0147] The controller 602 may be configured to manage and coordinate various operations (e.g., signaling, receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) of the processor 600 to cause the processor 600 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. For example, the controller 602 may operate as a control unit of the processor 600, generating control signals that manage the operation of various components of the processor 600. These control signals include enabling or disabling functional units, selecting data paths, initiating memory access, and coordinating timing of operations.
[0148] The controller 602 may be configured to fetch (e.g., obtain, retrieve, receive) instructions from the memory 604 and determine subsequent instruction (s) to be executed to cause the processor 600 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The controller 602 may be configured to track memory address of instructions associated with the memory 604. The controller 602 may be configured to decode instructions to determine the operation to be performed and the operands involved. For example, the controller 602 may be configured to interpret the instruction and determine control signals to be output to other components of the processor 600 to cause the processor 600 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. Additionally, or alternatively, the controller 602 may be configured to manage flow of data within the processor 600. The controller 602 may be configured to control transfer of data between registers, arithmetic logic units (ALUs) , and other functional units of the processor 600.
[0149] The memory 604 may include one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor 600 or other memory, such as RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, flash memory, etc. In some implementations, the memory 604 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., local to the processor 600) . In some other implementations, the memory 604 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., remote to the processor 600) .
[0150] The memory 604 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 600, cause the processor 600 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. The controller 602 and / or the processor 600 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 604 to cause the processor 600 to perform various functions. For example, the processor 600 and / or the controller 602 may be coupled with or to the memory 604, the processor 600, the controller 602, and the memory 604 may be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the processor 600 may include multiple processors and the memory 604 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein.
[0151] The one or more ALUs 606 may be configured to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, the one or more ALUs 606 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., the processor 600) . In some other implementations, the one or more ALUs 606 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 600) . One or more ALUs 606 may perform one or more computations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on data. For example, one or more ALUs 606 may receive input operands and an operation code, which determines an operation to be executed. One or more ALUs 606 be configured with a variety of logical and arithmetic circuits, including adders, subtractors, shifters, and logic gates, to process and manipulate the data according to the operation. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more ALUs 606 may support logical operations such as AND, OR, exclusive-OR (XOR) , not-OR (NOR) , and not-AND (NAND) , enabling the one or more ALUs 606 to handle conditional operations, comparisons, and bitwise operations.
[0152] The processor 600 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The processor 600 may be configured to or operable to support a means for performing the operations of the methods described in the embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0153] In an embodiment, the processor 600 may be applicable for an NE (e.g., a base station) or a device with similar functions. The controller 602 may be configured to cause the processor 600 to: determine one or more TEM modes for one or more reference signals; and transmit the one or more reference signals with the one or more TEM modes, wherein different reference signals are transmitted with different TEM modes.
[0154] In an embodiment, the processor 600 may be applicable for a UE or a device with similar functions. The controller 602 may be configured to cause the processor 600 to: determine one or more TEM modes for one or more reference signals; and receive the one or more reference signals; wherein each reference signal of the one or more reference signals is associated with a corresponding TEM mode in the one or more TEM modes and different reference signals are associated with different TEM modes.
[0155] Figure 7 illustrates an example of an NE 700 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The NE 700 may include at least one processor 702 and at least one memory 704. Additionally, the NE 700 may also include one or more of at least one controller 706 or at least one transceiver 708. The processor 702, the memory 704, the controller 706, or the transceiver 708, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. These components may be coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces.
[0156] The processor 702, the memory 704, the controller 706, or the transceiver 708, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., circuitry) . The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , or other programmable logic device, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure.
[0157] The processor 702 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, or any combination thereof) . In some implementations, the processor 702 may be configured to operate the memory 704. In some other implementations, the memory 704 may be integrated into the processor 702. The processor 702 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 704 to cause the NE 700 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.
[0158] The memory 704 may include volatile or non-volatile memory. The memory 704 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions when executed by the processor 702 cause the NE 700 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as the memory 704 or another type of memory. Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer.
[0159] In some implementations, the processor 702 and the memory 704 coupled with the processor 702 may be configured to cause the NE 700 to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 702, instructions stored in the memory 704) . For example, the processor 702 may support wireless communication at the NE 700 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The NE 700 may be configured to support a means for performing the operations of the methods described in the embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0160] In an embodiment, the processor 702 may be configured to cause the NE 700 to: determine one or more transverse electromagnetic (TEM) modes for one or more reference signals; and transmit the one or more reference signals with the one or more TEM modes, wherein different reference signals are transmitted with different TEM modes.
[0161] The controller 706 may manage input and output signals for the NE 700. The controller 706 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the NE 700. In some implementations, the controller 706 may utilize an operating system such as or other operating systems. In some implementations, the controller 706 may be implemented as part of the processor 702.
[0162] In some implementations, the NE 700 may include at least one transceiver 708. In some other implementations, the NE 700 may have more than one transceiver 708. The transceiver 708 may represent a wireless transceiver. The transceiver 708 may include one or more receiver chains 710, one or more transmitter chains 712, or a combination thereof.
[0163] A receiver chain 710 may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receiver chain 710 may include one or more antennas for receive the signal over the air or wireless medium. The receiver chain 710 may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA) ) configured to amplify the received signal. The receiver chain 710 may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the receive signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal. The receiver chain 710 may include at least one decoder for decoding the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.
[0164] A transmitter chain 712 may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) . The transmitter chain 712 may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM) , frequency modulation (FM) , or digital modulation schemes like phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) . The transmitter chain 712 may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium. The transmitter chain 712 may also include one or more antennas for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.
[0165] Figure 8 illustrates a flowchart of an exemplary method in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method may be implemented by an NE as described herein. In some implementations, the NE may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the NE to perform the described functions.
[0166] At 802, the method may include determining one or more TEM modes for one or more reference signals. The one or more TEM modes may be determined based on one or more factors, such as a configuration of an antenna array of the NE, a configuration of an antenna array of a UE, capability information of the UE, a configuration for the reference signals, or the like. The operations of 802 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 802 may be performed by an NE as described with reference to Figure 7.
[0167] At 804, the method may include transmitting the one or more reference signals with the one or more TEM modes, wherein different reference signals are transmitted with different TEM modes . The operations of 804 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 804 may be performed by an NE as described with reference to Figure 7.
[0168] In some embodiments, the one or more reference signals include one or more CSI-RS.
[0169] In some embodiments, different reference signals are transmitted through different antenna ports of a reference signal resource.
[0170] In some embodiments, different reference signals are transmitted with different resources orthogonal in at least one of a time domain, a frequency domain, or a code domain.
[0171] In some embodiments, each TEM mode of the one or more TEM modes is a Hermite-Gaussian mode and is associated with a mode number associated with a first mode parameter and a second mode parameter, wherein the first mode parameter and the second mode parameter are associated with two directions perpendicular to a transmission direction of the one or more reference signals, respectively, and the two directions are perpendicular to each other.
[0172] In some embodiments, the method further includes transmitting a signaling indicating the mode number (s) associated with the one or more TEM modes corresponding to antenna port (s) used to transmit the one or more reference signals.
[0173] In some embodiments, the signaling comprises an RRC configuration message or a MAC CE message.
[0174] In some embodiments, the signaling explicitly indicates at least one of the first mode parameter or the second mode parameter for each TEM mode of the one or more TEM modes.
[0175] In some embodiments, the signaling includes at least one of a first maximal value among the first mode parameter (s) of the one or more TEM modes or a second maximal value among the second mode parameter (s) of the one or more TEM modes to implicitly indicate the mode number associated with each TEM mode of the one or more TEM modes.
[0176] In some embodiments, any TEM mode associated with a first mode parameter not larger than the first maximal value and a second mode parameter not larger than the second maximal value corresponds to one of the antenna port (s) used to transmit the one or more reference signals.
[0177] In some embodiments, index (es) of the antenna port (s) increases along with the first mode parameter (s) and the second mode parameter (s) of corresponding TEM mode (s) according to a predefined rule.
[0178] In some embodiments, the predefined rule is that the index (es) of the antenna port (s) increases firstly according to the first mode parameter (s) of the corresponding TEM mode (s) and then according to the second mode parameter (s) of the corresponding TEM mode (s) .
[0179] In some embodiments, the method further includes: receiving a signaling indicating mode number (s) associated with TEM mode (s) supported by a UE. For example, the NE may determine the one or more TEM modes for the one or more reference signals based on the mode number (s) indicated by the signaling.
[0180] In some embodiments, the NE further includes a rectangular antenna array for transmitting the one or more reference signals, wherein each reference signal is transmitted with the rectangular antenna array using a transmission spatial filter associated with a corresponding TEM mode.
[0181] It should be noted that the method described herein describes a possible implementation, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible.
[0182] Figure 9 illustrates a flowchart of an exemplary method in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method may be implemented by a UE as described herein. In some implementations, the UE may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the UE to perform the described functions.
[0183] At 902, the method may include determining one or more TEM modes for one or more reference signals. The one or more TEM modes may be determined based on one or more factors, such as a configuration of an antenna array of the UE, capability information of the UE, a configuration for the reference signals, or the like. The operations of 902 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 902 may be performed by a UE as described with reference to Figure 5.
[0184] At 904, the method may include receiving the one or more reference signals; wherein each reference signal of the one or more reference signals is associated with a corresponding TEM mode in the one or more TEM modes and different reference signals are associated with different TEM modes. The operations of 904 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 904 may be performed by a UE as described with reference to Figure 5.
[0185] In some embodiments, the one or more reference signals include one or more CSI-RS.
[0186] In some embodiments, different reference signals are associated with different antenna ports of a reference signal resource.
[0187] In some embodiments, different reference signals are associated with different resources orthogonal in at least one of a time domain, a frequency domain, or a code domain.
[0188] In some embodiments, each TEM mode of the one or more TEM modes is a Hermite-Gaussian mode and is associated with a mode number associated with a first mode parameter and a second mode parameter, wherein the first mode parameter and the second mode parameter are associated with two directions perpendicular to a transmission direction of the one or more reference signals, respectively, and the two directions are perpendicular to each other.
[0189] In some embodiments, the method further includes: receiving a signaling indicating the mode number (s) associated with the one or more TEM modes corresponding to antenna port (s) used to transmit the one or more reference signals. For example, the UE may determine the one or more TEM modes for the one or more reference signals based on the mode number (s) indicated by the signaling.
[0190] In some embodiments, the signaling comprises a RRC configuration message or a MAC CE message.
[0191] In some embodiments, the signaling explicitly indicates at least one of the first mode parameter or the second mode parameter for each TEM mode of the one or more TEM modes.
[0192] In some embodiments, the signaling includes at least one of a first maximal value among the first mode parameter (s) of the one or more TEM modes or a second maximal value among the second mode parameter (s) of the one or more TEM modes to implicitly indicate the mode number associated with each TEM mode of the one or more TEM modes.
[0193] In some embodiments, any TEM mode associated with a first mode parameter not larger than the first maximal value and a second mode parameter not larger than the second maximal value corresponds to one of the antenna port (s) used to transmit the one or more reference signals.
[0194] In some embodiments, index (es) of the antenna port (s) increases along with the first mode parameter (s) and the second mode parameter (s) of corresponding TEM mode (s) according to a predefined rule.
[0195] In some embodiments, the predefined rule is that the index (es) of the antenna port (s) increases firstly according to the first mode parameter (s) of the corresponding TEM mode (s) and then according to the second mode parameter (s) of the corresponding TEM mode (s) .
[0196] In some embodiments, the method further includes: transmitting a signaling indicating mode number (s) associated with TEM mode (s) supported by the UE.
[0197] In some embodiments, the UE further includes a rectangular antenna array for receiving the one or more reference signals, wherein each reference signal is received with the rectangular antenna array using a receiving spatial filter associated with a corresponding TEM mode.
[0198] It should be noted that the method described herein describes a possible implementation, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible.
[0199] The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims
1.A network equipment (NE) for wireless communication, comprising:at least one memory; andat least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the NE to:determine one or more transverse electromagnetic (TEM) modes for one or more reference signals; andtransmit the one or more reference signals with the one or more TEM modes, wherein different reference signals are transmitted with different TEM modes.2.The NE of claim 1, wherein different reference signals are transmitted through different antenna ports of a reference signal resource, or wherein different reference signals are transmitted with different resources orthogonal in at least one of a time domain, a frequency domain, or a code domain.3.The NE of claim 1, wherein each TEM mode of the one or more TEM modes is a Hermite-Gaussian mode and is associated with a mode number associated with a first mode parameter and a second mode parameter, and wherein the first mode parameter and the second mode parameter are associated with two directions perpendicular to a transmission direction of the one or more reference signals, respectively, and the two directions are perpendicular to each other.4.The NE of claim 3, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the NE to:transmit a signaling indicating the mode number (s) associated with the one or more TEM modes corresponding to antenna port (s) used to transmit the one or more reference signals.5.The NE of claim 4, wherein the signaling explicitly indicates at least one of the first mode parameter or the second mode parameter for each TEM mode of the one or more TEM modes.6.The NE of claim 4, wherein the signaling includes at least one of a first maximal value among the first mode parameter (s) of the one or more TEM modes or a second maximal value among the second mode parameter (s) of the one or more TEM modes to implicitly indicate the mode number associated with each TEM mode of the one or more TEM modes.7.The NE of claim 6, wherein any TEM mode associated with a first mode parameter not larger than the first maximal value and a second mode parameter not larger than the second maximal value corresponds to one of the antenna port (s) used to transmit the one or more reference signals.8.The NE of claim 6, wherein index (es) of the antenna port (s) increases along with the first mode parameter (s) and the second mode parameter (s) of corresponding TEM mode (s) according to a predefined rule.9.The NE of claim 8, wherein the predefined rule is that the index (es) of the antenna port (s) increases firstly according to the first mode parameter (s) of the corresponding TEM mode (s) and then according to the second mode parameter (s) of the corresponding TEM mode (s) .10.A user equipment (UE) for wireless communication, comprising:at least one memory; andat least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the UE to:determine one or more transverse electromagnetic (TEM) modes for one or more reference signals; andreceive the one or more reference signals;wherein each reference signal of the one or more reference signals is associated with a corresponding TEM mode in the one or more TEM modes and different reference signals are associated with different TEM modes.11.The UE of claim 10, wherein different reference signals are associated with different antenna ports of a reference signal resource, or wherein different reference signals are associated with different resources orthogonal in at least one of a time domain, a frequency domain, or a code domain.12.The UE of claim 10, wherein each TEM mode of the one or more TEM modes is a Hermite-Gaussian mode and is associated with a mode number associated with a first mode parameter and a second mode parameter, and wherein the first mode parameter and the second mode parameter are associated with two directions perpendicular to a transmission direction of the one or more reference signals, respectively, and the two directions are perpendicular to each other.13.The UE of claim 12, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the UE to:receive a signaling indicating the mode number (s) associated with the one or more TEM modes corresponding to antenna port (s) used to transmit the one or more reference signals.14.The UE of claim 13, wherein the signaling explicitly indicates at least one of the first mode parameter or the second mode parameter for each TEM mode of the one or more TEM modes.15.The UE of claim 13, wherein the signaling includes at least one of a first maximal value among the first mode parameter (s) of the one or more TEM modes or a second maximal value among the second mode parameter (s) of the one or more TEM modes to implicitly indicate the mode number associated with each TEM mode of the one or more TEM modes.16.The UE of claim 15, wherein any TEM mode associated with a first mode parameter not larger than the first maximal value and a second mode parameter not larger than the second maximal value corresponds to one of the antenna port (s) used to transmit the one or more reference signals.17.The UE of claim 15, wherein index (es) of the antenna port (s) increases along with the first mode parameter (s) and the second mode parameter (s) of corresponding TEM mode (s) according to a predefined rule.18.The UE of claim 17, wherein the predefined rule is that the index (es) of the antenna port (s) increases firstly according to the first mode parameter (s) of the corresponding TEM mode (s) and then according to the second mode parameter (s) of the corresponding TEM mode (s) .19.A processor for wireless communication, comprising:at least one controller coupled with at least one memory and configured to cause the processor to:determine one or more transverse electromagnetic (TEM) modes for one or more reference signals; andreceive the one or more reference signals;wherein each reference signal of the one or more reference signals is associated with a corresponding TEM mode in the one or more TEM modes and different reference signals are associated with different TEM modes.20.A method performed by a user equipment (UE) for wireless communication, comprising:determining one or more transverse electromagnetic (TEM) modes for one or more reference signals; andreceiving the one or more reference signals;wherein each reference signal of the one or more reference signals is associated with a corresponding TEM mode in the one or more TEM modes and different reference signals are associated with different TEM modes.
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