Compositions, uses thereof and methods of preventing or treating liver associated diseases or conditions
Compositions of probiotics, prebiotics, and antioxidants effectively treat and prevent MAFLD by reducing liver fat and improving metabolic disturbances, addressing the lack of pharmacologic therapies for this condition.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/087967
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-04-16
- Filing Date
- 2025-04-09
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-23
AI Technical Summary
There is no standard pharmacologic therapy available for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), and existing treatments like diet and lifestyle changes are inadequate, necessitating new compositions and methods for prevention and treatment.
Compositions comprising probiotic bacterial components such as Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, prebiotic components like xylooligosaccharides, galacto-oligosaccharides, and resistant dextrin, and antioxidant components such as Vitamin E and Omega-3 are administered to subjects to prevent or treat liver-associated diseases, including MAFLD, by reducing liver fat and improving metabolic and hepatic disturbances.
The compositions effectively reduce liver fat, improve glucose homeostasis, modulate fuel source preferences, and ameliorate liver steatosis, with synbiotics and antioxidants showing superior effects in reducing lipid droplets and inflammatory infiltrates, and lowering ALT, AST, triglycerides, and cholesterol levels.
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Figure CN2025087967_23102025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
COMPOSITIONS, USES THEREOF AND METHODS OF PREVENTING OR TREATING LIVER ASSOCIATED DISEASES OR CONDITIONSFIELD OF INVENTION
[0001] This application relates to compositions, kits, and uses thereof, and methods of preventing or treating fatty liver associated diseases or conditions such as NAFLD and MAFLD.BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
[0002] Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a condition in which excess fat builds up in the liver. Such buildup of fat is not caused by heavy use of alcohol. Non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are two of the example types of NAFLD. NAFLD may progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) , cirrhosis, liver failure and liver cancer, and is believed to be the leading etiology for cryptogenic cirrhosis.
[0003] The global prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was estimated to be 32.4%. Prevalence has increased significantly over time, from 25.5%in or before 2005 to 37.8%in 2016 or later. The prevalence of NAFLD is even higher in overweight and obese population, which is estimated to be 69.99%and 75.27%respectively. NAFLD is the most common cause of chronic liver disease that affects around 30%of the global population. For example, population prevalence of NAFLD in Hong Kong Chinese was 27.3%.
[0004] Recently, a consensus by an international panel of experts recommended a change in name for NAFLD to metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) . They suggested a new practical and clinically based definition of MAFLD that the criteria are based on the detection of steatosis with one of the different modalities (imaging, blood biomarker or histology) with the present one of the three criteria, overweight or obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus or evidence of metabolic abnormalities. Patients who fulfil the MAFLD criteria have more severe metabolic and liver disease than those who fulfil the NAFLD criteria alone. At present, there is no standard pharmacologic therapy available for MAFLD. Current management for MAFLD includes diet and lifestyle changes, management of underlying metabolic risk factors and pharmacological therapies. Thus, it is important to explore new treatment strategies, new compositions, and new methods of treatment.SUMMARY OF INVENTION
[0005] Disclosed herein are novel compositions, kits, methods and uses that are useful for the prevention or treatment of liver associated diseases or conditions, processes for preparing the compositions, methods of using the compositions, and intermediates used in preparing the compositions. Example prevention, or treatment of liver associated diseases or conditions includes but not limited to preventing, or treating non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, and / or reducing liver fat, such as by administrating to a subject in need with a provided composition.
[0006] In some embodiments, provided is a composition for preventing or treating a liver associated disease or condition in a subject, comprising an effective amount of an active component, wherein the active component comprises a probiotic bacterial component, optionally a prebiotic component, and optionally an antioxidant component, wherein the probiotic bacterial component comprises one or more of Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and combination thereof; wherein the prebiotic component comprises one or more of xylooligosaccharide, galacto-oligosaccharides, resistant dextrin, fructooligosaccharide and combination thereof; and wherein the antioxidant component comprises one or more of Vitamin E, Omega-3 and combination thereof.
[0007] In some embodiments, provided is a use of any one of the composition as described herein in preventing or treating a liver associated disease or condition in a subject.
[0008] In some embodiments, provided is a method of preventing or treating a liver associated disease or condition in a subject, comprising the step of: administering an effective amount of any one of the composition as described herein to the subject, such that the disease or condition is improved.
[0009] There are many advantages of the invention. In certain embodiments, the novel compositions, uses and methods are effective in preventing, improving, or treating liver associated diseases or conditions. In certain embodiments, the novel compositions, uses and methods are effective in preventing, improving, or treating metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease. In certain embodiments, the novel compositions, uses and methods are effective in preventing, improving or treating NAFLD such as NAFL, NASH or their associated symptoms and conditions. In certain embodiments, the novel compositions, uses and methods are effective in preventing, ameliorating or treating MAFLD or their associated symptoms and conditions. In certain embodiments, the novel compositions, uses and methods are effective in reducing liver fat. In certain embodiments, the novel compositions uses and methods are effective in reducing body mass index (BMI) or body weight and waist circumference.
[0010] In certain embodiments, the novel compositions, uses and methods are effective in reducing liver fat. In certain embodiments, provided compositions, uses and methods are effective in mitigating the metabolic and hepatic disturbances induced by a HFD. In certain embodiments, provided compositions, uses and methods are effective in reducing lipid accumulation and improves glucose homeostasis but also modulates fuel source preferences and ameliorates liver steatosis. In certain embodiments, provided compositions, uses and methods are safe and effective in improving MAFLD. In certain embodiments, the novel compositions, uses and methods are useful in managing diet-induced metabolic disorders and their hepatic complications. In some embodiments, the provided compositions containing a combination of synbiotics and antioxidants had a superior effect in reducing lipid droplets area and inflammatory infiltrates in the livers, compared with compositions with synbiotics or antioxidants alone. The reduction of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) , aspartate transaminase (AST) , triglyceride and cholesterol levels further supported the protective effect on liver steatosis and steatohepatitis. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES
[0011] FIG. 1 is a schematic flowchart which illustrates the recruitment and follow-up workflow (split into two figures by dashed line A-A) of an example embodiment.
[0012] FIG. 2A is a plot showing body weight change mice fed a HFD, according to an example embodiment. The number of mice in each group was 5.
[0013] FIG. 2B is a graph showing endline body weight in grams after 12 weeks of treatment of mice fed a HFD, according to the same example embodiment of FIG. 2A. The number of mice in each group was 5. Data were analyzed one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.
[0014] FIG. 2C is a graph showing perirenal white adipose tissue weight in grams of mice fed a HFD, according to the example embodiment of FIG. 2A. The number of mice in each group was 5. Data were analyzed one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.
[0015] FIG. 2D is a graph showing epididymal white adipose tissue weight in grams of mice fed a HFD, according to the example embodiment of FIG. 2A. The number of mice in each group was 5. Data were analyzed one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.
[0016] FIG. 2E is a graph showing retroperitoneal white adipose tissue weight in grams of mice fed a HFD, according to the example embodiment of FIG. 2A. The number of mice in each group was 5. Data were analyzed one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.
[0017] FIG. 2F is a graph showing visceral white adipose tissue weight in grams of mice fed a HFD, according to the example embodiment of FIG. 2A. The number of mice in each group was 5. Data were analyzed one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.
[0018] FIG. 2G is a graph showing brown adipose tissue weight in grams of mice fed a HFD, according to the example embodiment of FIG. 2A. The number of mice in each group was 5. Data were analyzed one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.
[0019] FIG. 3A is a plot showing blood glucose (mmol / L) alteration during the oral tolerance test (OGTT) of mice fed a HFD, according to the same example embodiment of FIG. 2A.
[0020] FIG. 3B is a plot showing plasma insulin (ng / mL) alteration during the oral tolerance test (OGTT) of mice fed a HFD, according to the example embodiment of FIG. 3A.
[0021] FIG. 3C is a graph showing the mean area under the curve (AUC) of blood glucose during the oral tolerance test (OGTT) of mice fed a HFD, according to the example embodiment of FIG. 3A. Data were analyzed one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.
[0022] FIG. 3D is a graph showing the mean area under the curve (AUC) of plasma insulin during the oral tolerance test (OGTT) of mice fed a HFD, according to the example embodiment of FIG. 3B. Data were analyzed one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.
[0023] FIG. 3E is a graph showing the insulin resistance index of mice fed a HFD, according to the example embodiment of FIG. 3A. Data were analyzed one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.
[0024] FIG. 4A is a graph showing lipid profile of triglycerides in mmol / L after 12 weeks of treatment of mice fed a HFD, according to an example embodiment. The number of mice in each group was 5. Data were analyzed one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.
[0025] FIG. 4B is a graph showing lipid profile of LDL in mmol / L after 12 weeks of treatment of mice fed a HFD, according to the example embodiment of FIG. 4A. The number of mice in each group was 5. Data were analyzed one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.
[0026] FIG. 4C is a graph showing lipid profile of total cholesterol in mmol / L after 12 weeks of treatment of mice fed a HFD, according to the example embodiment of FIG. 4A. The number of mice in each group was 5. Data were analyzed one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.
[0027] FIG. 4D is a graph showing lipid profile of HDL in mmol / L after 12 weeks of treatment of mice fed a HFD, according to the example embodiment of FIG. 4A. The number of mice in each group was 5. Data were analyzed one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.
[0028] FIG. 4E is a graph showing ALT in U / L after 12 weeks of treatment of mice fed a HFD, according to the example embodiment of FIG. 4A. The number of mice in each group was 5. Data were analyzed one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.
[0029] FIG. 4F is a graph showing AST in U / L after 12 weeks of treatment of mice fed a HFD, according to the example embodiment of FIG. 4A. The number of mice in each group was 5. Data were analyzed one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.
[0030] FIG. 4G is a graph showing liver weight in grams after 12 weeks of treatment of mice fed a HFD, according to the example embodiment of FIG. 4A. The number of mice in each group was 5. Data were analyzed one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.
[0031] FIG. 4H is stained pictures of liver tissue with stained representative hematoxylin and eosin after 12 weeks of treatment of mice fed a HFD, according to the example embodiment of FIG. 4A. Scale bars, 100 μm.
[0032] FIG. 4I is a graph showing NAS score evaluated based on 5 images per mouse after 12 weeks of treatment of mice fed a HFD, according to the example embodiment of FIG. 4A. The number of mice in each group was 5. Data were analyzed one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.
[0033] FIG. 5A is a plot showing respiratory exchange ratio (RER) of mice fed a HFD after 12 weeks of treatment, according to an example embodiment. Mice were placed in the Sable Promethion system for 4 days under 12-hour night cycle for metabolic profile observation. Data from the first 24 hours were discarded. RER was calculated by continuous measurement of CO2 and O2 levels within the cages.
[0034] FIG. 5B is a graph showing quantification of the area under the RER plot in FIG. 5A, according to the embodiment of FIG. 5A.
[0035] FIG. 5C is a graph showing the food intake in grams per hour during 72 hours by the mice, according to the embodiment of FIG. 5A.
[0036] FIG. 5D is a graph showing the energy expenditure in kcal per hour over 72 hours by the mice, according to the embodiment of FIG. 5A.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0037] As used herein and in the claims, the terms “comprising” (or any related form such as “comprise” and “comprises” ) , “including” (or any related forms such as “include” or “includes” ) , “containing” (or any related forms such as “contain” or “contains” ) , means including the following elements but not excluding others. It shall be understood that for every embodiment in which the term “comprising” (or any related form such as “comprise” and “comprises” ) , “including” (or any related forms such as “include” or “includes” ) , or “containing” (or any related forms such as “contain” or “contains” ) is used, this disclosure / application also includes alternate embodiments where the term “comprising” , “including, ” or “containing, ” is replaced with “consisting essentially of” or “consisting of” . These alternate embodiments that use “consisting of” or “consisting essentially of” are understood to be narrower embodiments of the “comprising” , “including, ” or “containing, ” embodiments.
[0038] For example, alternate embodiments of “a composition comprising A, B, and C” would be “a composition consisting of A, B, and C” and “a composition consisting essentially of A, B, and C. ” Even if the latter two embodiments are not explicitly written out, this disclosure / application includes those embodiments. Furthermore, it shall be understood that the scopes of the three embodiments listed above are different.
[0039] For the sake of clarity, “comprising” , including, and “containing” , and any related forms are open-ended terms which allows for additional elements or features beyond the named essential elements, whereas “consisting of” is a closed end term that is limited to the elements recited in the claim and excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified in the claim.
[0040] For the sake of clarity, “characterized by” or “characterized in” (together with their related forms as described above) , does not limit or change the nature of whether the list of terms following it are open or closed. For example, in a claim directed towards “a composition comprising A, B, C, and characterized in D, E, and F” , the elements D, E, and F are still open-ended terms and the claim is meant to include other elements due to the use of the word “comprising” earlier in the claim.
[0041] “Consisting essentially of” limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials, components, or steps ( “essential elements” ) that do not materially affect the essential characteristic (s) of the claimed invention. In some embodiments, the essential characteristics are the basic and novel characteristic (s) of the claimed invention. For example, in some embodiments, the essential elements of a composition of the disclosure can be “Xmg to Ymg” of compound A. Even if the composition includes additional excipients, as long as the additional excipients do not materially affect the essential characteristics of the compound, e.g., in compound A’s ability to bind to XX target or to treat YY disease, then such embodiment that “consists essentially of compound A” still includes compositions with the aforementioned additional excipients.
[0042] As used herein, the term “about” is understood as within a range of normal tolerance in the art and not more than ±10%of a stated value. By way of example only, about 50 means from 45 to 55 including all values in between. As used herein, the phrase “about” a specific value also includes the specific value, for example, about 50 includes 50.
[0043] As used herein and in the claims, an “effective amount” , is an amount that is effective to achieve at least a measurable amount of a desired effect. For example, the amount may be effective to elicit a response, and / or it may be effective to elicit a protective response. In some embodiments, the amount may be effective to elicit a response against liver associated diseases or conditions.
[0044] As used herein and in the claims, a “subject” refers to animals such as mammals, including, but not limited to, primates (e.g., humans) , cows, sheep, goats, horses, dogs, cats, rabbits, rats, mice and the like. In some examples, the subject refers to human (adults or children) . In some examples, adults are 18 years or above of age. In some examples, children are under 18 years of age.
[0045] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutical composition” , or “composition” refers to a formulation containing at least one or more active pharmaceutical agent (s) , ingredient (s) or component (s) . In some examples, the active component contains one or more probiotic bacteria species. In some examples, the composition further contains one or more excipients and / or other additives. In some examples, certain example synbiotic composition (s) may be referred as “SIM01” herein thereafter. In some examples, certain other example synbiotic composition (s) may be referred as “SLD07” herein thereafter.
[0046] As used herein, the terms “synbiotics” or “synbiotic composition” refer to a composition containing one or more probiotics or probiotic bacterial components (as one or more active component (s) ) . In some examples, optionally the composition comprises one or more prebiotic component (s) , and / or one or more antioxidant component (s) . In some examples, active component (s) includes an effective amount of one or more probiotics (or probiotic bacteria) such as but not limited to Bifidobacteria sp. (e.g., Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus gasseri, and / or Lactobacillus rhamnosus) . In some examples, antioxidant component (s) includes but not limited to xylooligosaccharide, galacto-oligosaccharides, resistant dextrin, and / or fructooligosaccharide. In some examples, prebiotic component (s) includes but not limited to Vitamin E, and / or Omega-3.
[0047] As used herein, the term “liver associated diseases or conditions” refers to, but not limited to, medical conditions that related to or affect liver and its proper functioning. Example diseases or conditions include fatty liver diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) and metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) .
[0048] As used herein, the term “ameliorating” refers methods of improving a disease or condition state of a subject suffering from the disease or condition. Such an improvement may also be seen as a slowing or stopping of the progression of the disease or condition in the subject.
[0049] As used herein and in the claims, the term “prevent” , “preventing” , “preventive” , “preventative” or “prevention” refers the methods of reducing the risk of the onset, relapse or spread of a disease or disorder or one or more of their symptoms in the subject.
[0050] As used herein, the term “treat, ” “treating” or “treatment” refers to methods of alleviating, abating or ameliorating a disease or condition symptoms, preventing additional symptoms, ameliorating or preventing the underlying metabolic causes of symptoms, inhibiting the disease or condition, arresting the development of the disease or condition, relieving the disease or condition, causing regression of the disease or condition, relieving a condition caused by the disease or condition, or stopping the symptoms of the disease or condition either prophylactically and / or therapeutically.
[0051] As used herein and in the claims, the terms “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” , “pharmaceutical carrier” or “carrier” refer to a molecule or substance such as solid or liquid used as a vehicle or medium to deliver an active component (s) in a pharmaceutical composition.
[0052] As used herein and in the claims, the term “physiologically acceptable excipient” refers to a physiologically acceptable material, composition, or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, solvent, or encapsulating material. Each component is “physiologically acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of a formulation or composition, and suitable for use in contact with the tissue or organ of a subject (e.g., a human or an animal) without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, immunogenicity, or other problems or complications.
[0053] As used herein, the terms “metabolic associated fatty liver disease” , “metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease” , “MAFLD” , refer to the condition characterized by liver fat accumulation (hepatic steatosis) based on evidence such as histological (biopsy) , imaging or blood biomarker, whereby (1) there is the presence of at least one of the following three metabolic conditions: overweight / obesity (defined as BMI ≥ 25kg / m2 in Caucasians or BMI ≥23 kg / m2 in Asians) ; Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (according to widely accepted international criteria) ; or at least two of seven at-risk criteria in those subjects who do not have T2DM and are lean by ethnic-specific body mass index (BMI) criteria; or (2) there is absence of secondary causes of hepatic steatosis, such as excessive alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis and other known causes of hepatic steatosis. The seven at-risk criteria includes: (1) Waist circumference ≥102 / 88 cm in Caucasian men and women or ≥90 / 80 cm in Asian men and women) ; (2) Blood pressure ≥130 / 85 mmHg or specific drug treatment; (3) Plasma triglycerides ≥150 mg / dl (≥1.70 mmol / L) or specific drug treatment (4) Plasma HDL-cholesterol <40 mg / dl (<1.0 mmol / L) for men and <50 mg / dl (<1.3 mmol / L) for women or specific drug treatment; (5) Prediabetes (i.e., fasting glucose levels 100 to 125 mg / dl (5.6 to 6.9 mmol / L] , or 2-hour post-load glucose levels 140 to 199 mg / dl [7.8 to 11.0 mmol) or HbA1c 5.7%to 6.4% [39 to 47 mmol / mol] ) ; (6) Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance score ≥2.5; (7) Plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level >2 mg / L. A waist-circumference thresholds of ≥94 cm in men and ≥80 cm in women are also recognized in for Caucasian individuals or populations with increased insulin resistance.
[0054] As used herein, the terms “steatotic liver disease” or “SLD” , are overarching terms, which encompass hepatic steatosis with various etiologies including “MASLD” , “MetALD” , “ALD” , specific etiology SLD and cryptogenic SLD.
[0055] As used herein, the terms “metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease” , or “MASLD” , refer to the condition characterized by the presence of hepatic steatosis in conjunction with one cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF) and no other discernible cause. Subjects with MASLD and steatohepatitis are referred to as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) . The term “metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis “, “MASL” refers to the presence of MASLD in the absence of steatohepatitis. The definition of MASLD excludes patients with consumption of >20 g / 30 g of alcohol per day in females and males.
[0056] As used herein, the terms “alcohol-associated liver disease” , or “ALD” refer to the condition characterized by steatosis with consumption of alcohol in excess of 50 g (females) or 60 g (males) daily, or weekly equivalent.
[0057] As used herein, the term “metabolic dysfunction and alcohol-associated steatotic liver disease” , or “MetALD” refer to the overlap of MASLD and ALD. In the presence of hepatic steatosis, the finding of any CMRF would confer a diagnosis of MASLD if there are no other causes of hepatic steatosis. If additional drivers of steatosis are identified, then this is consistent with a combination etiology. In the case of alcohol, this is termed MetALD or ALD, depending on the extent of alcohol intake. MetALD category identifies patients with hepatic steatosis, cardiometabolic risk factors, and increased alcohol consumption (weekly intake 140–350 g female, 210–420 g male (average daily 20–50 g female, 30–60 g male) .
[0058] As used herein, the term “cardiometabolic risk factors” or “CMRF” for adult criteria include at least 1 out of 5 of the following: (1) BMI ≥ 25 kg / m2 [23 Asia] OR WC > 94 cm (Male) 80 cm (Female) OR ethnicity adjusted equivalent; (2) Fasting serum glucose ≥ 5.6 mmol / L [100 mg / dL] OR 2-hour post-load glucose levels ≥ 7.8 mmol / L [≥140 mg / dL] OR HbA1c ≥ 5.7% [39 mmol / L] OR type 2 diabetes OR treatment for type 2 diabetes; (3) Blood pressure ≥ 130 / 85 mmHg OR specific antihypertensive drug treatment; (4) Plasma triglycerides ≥ 1.70 mmol / L [150 mg / dL] OR lipid lowering treatment; (5) Plasma HDL-cholesterol ≤ 1.0 mmol / L [40 mg / dL] (Male) and ≤ 1.3 mmol / L [50 mg / dL] (Female) OR lipid lowering treatment.
[0059] As used herein, the terms “nonalcoholic fatty liver disease” , “NAFLD” refers to the condition in which ≥5%of hepatocytes display macrovesicular steatosis in the absence of a readily identified alternative cause of steatosis (e.g., medications, starvation, monogenic disorders) in individuals who drink little or no alcohol (defined as < 20 g / d for women and <30 g / d for men) . It encompasses the entire spectrum of fatty liver disease. The spectrum of disease includes nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) , characterized by macrovesicular hepatic steatosis that may be accompanied by mild inflammation, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) , which is additionally characterized by the presence of inflammation and cellular injury (ballooning) , with or without fibrosis, and finally cirrhosis, which is characterized by bands of fibrous septa leading to the formation of cirrhotic nodules, in which the earlier features of NASH may no longer be fully appreciated on a liver biopsy.
[0060] Although the description referred to particular embodiments, the disclosure should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein.
[0061] NUMBERED EMBODIMENTS
[0062] Set 1
[0063] Embodiment 1. A use of a composition comprising an effective amount of an active component for preventing or treating a liver associated disease or condition in a subject, wherein the active component comprises Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Bifidobacterium longum.
[0064] Embodiment 2. The use of embodiment 1, wherein the composition further comprises an effective amount of a prebiotic component.
[0065] Embodiment 3. The use of embodiment 2, wherein the prebiotic component comprises xylooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, and / or resistant dextrin.
[0066] Embodiment 4. The use of embodiment 2 or 3, wherein the active component consists of or essentially consists of Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Bifidobacterium longum; and wherein the prebiotic component consists of or essentially consists of xylooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, and resistant dextrin.
[0067] Embodiment 5. The use of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the composition further comprises vitamin E and / or pioglitazone.
[0068] Embodiment 6. The use of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Bifidobacterium longum are present in the composition in a weight or colony-forming unit (CFU) ratio of about (0.57-3.56) : 1: (0.21-2.36) .
[0069] Embodiment 7. The use of embodiment 6, wherein the weight or CFU ratio of Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Bifidobacterium longum in the composition is about (0.75-1) : 1: (0.75-1) for an adult subject.
[0070] Embodiment 8. The use of embodiment 6, wherein the weight or CFU ratio of Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Bifidobacterium longum in the composition is about (0.57-3.09) : 1: (0.21-1.7) for a child subject.
[0071] Embodiment 9. The use of any one of embodiments 3 to 8, wherein the weight ratio of xylooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, and resistant dextrin in the composition is about (0.25-0.5) : (2-4) : (0.5-0.75) .
[0072] Embodiment 10. The use of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the liver associated disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of: liver steatosis, liver inflammation, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) , non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) , non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) , and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) , SLD, MAFSD, MASL, MASH, MetALD and combinations thereof.
[0073] Embodiment 11.. The use of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the composition is formulated for oral administration or rectal administration.
[0074] Embodiment 12. The use of any one of embodiments 1 to 11, wherein the composition comprises Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Bifidobacterium longum in a combined range of about 1x106 to about 1x1012 colony-forming units (CFU) .
[0075] Embodiment 13. The use of any one of embodiments 3 to 12, wherein the composition is formulated in a daily dosage comprising xylooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, and resistant dextrin in a combined range of about 0.01 to about 6 grams.
[0076] Embodiment 14. The use of embodiment 13, wherein the combined range is about 1.2 to about 1.5 grams.
[0077] Embodiment 15. The use of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the composition is a dietary composition.
[0078] Embodiment 16. The use of any one of embodiments 1-15, wherein the effective amount of the active component in the composition is a total dose of about 0.1 to about 12 grams.
[0079] Embodiment 17. The use of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the total dose is a single dose or a plurality of subdoses per day.
[0080] Embodiment 18. The use embodiments 17, wherein the composition is administered in two subdoses per day for 3 months.
[0081] Embodiment 19. A method of preventing or treating a liver associated disease or condition in a subject, comprising the step of: administering an effective amount of a composition to the subject, such that the disease or condition is improved, wherein the composition comprises an active component, wherein the active component comprises Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Bifidobacterium longum.
[0082] Embodiment 20. The method of embodiment 19, wherein the composition further comprises an effective amount of a prebiotic component.
[0083] Embodiment 21. The method of embodiment 20, wherein the prebiotic component comprises xylooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, and / or resistant dextrin.
[0084] Embodiment 22. The method of embodiment 20 or 21, wherein the active component consists of or essentially consists of Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Bifidobacterium longum and wherein the prebiotic component consists of or essentially consists of xylooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, and resistant dextrin.
[0085] Embodiment 23. The method of any one of embodiments 19 to 22, wherein the composition further comprises vitamin E and / or pioglitazone.
[0086] Embodiment 24. The method of any one of embodiments 19 to 23, wherein Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Bifidobacterium longum are present in the composition in a weight or CFU ratio of about (0.57-3.56) : 1: (0.21-2.36) .
[0087] Embodiment 25. The method of embodiment 24, wherein the weight or CFU ratio of Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Bifidobacterium longum present in the composition is about (0.75-1) : 1: (0.75-1) for an adult subject.
[0088] Embodiment 26. The method of embodiment 24, wherein the weight or CFU ratio of Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Bifidobacterium longum present in the composition is about (0.57-3.09) : 1: (0.21-1.7) for a child subject.
[0089] Embodiment 27. The method of any one of embodiments 21 to 26, wherein the weight ratio of xylooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, and resistant dextrin present in the composition is about (0.25-0.5) : (2-4) : (0.5-0.75) .
[0090] Embodiment 28. The method of any one of embodiments 21 to 27, wherein the liver associated disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of liver steatosis, liver inflammation, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) , non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) , non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) , and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) , SLD, MAFLD, MASL, MASH, MetALD and combinations thereof.
[0091] Embodiment 29. The method of any one of embodiments 19 to 28, wherein the administering of the composition is done by oral administration or rectal administration.
[0092] Embodiment 30. The method of any one of embodiments 21 to 29, wherein the composition comprises Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, xylooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, and resistant dextrin; and the administering of the composition is done in one dose or multiple doses.
[0093] Embodiment 31. The method of any one of embodiments 19 to 30, wherein the composition comprises Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Bifidobacterium longum in a combined range of about 1x106 to about 1x1012 colony-forming units (CFU) .
[0094] Embodiment 32. The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 31, wherein the composition has a unit dosage of about 0.01 to about 6 grams.
[0095] Embodiment 33. The method of embodiment 32, wherein the unit dose is about 1.2 to about 1.5 grams.
[0096] Embodiment 34. The method of any one of embodiments 19-33, wherein the composition is formulated as a dietary composition.
[0097] Embodiment 35. The method of embodiment 34, wherein the effective amount of the active component in the composition is a total dose of about 0.1 to about 12 grams.
[0098] Embodiment 36. The method of any one of embodiments 19 to 35, wherein the total dose is administered in a single dose or a plurality of subdoses per day.
[0099] Embodiment 37. The method of any one of embodiments 36, wherein the composition is administered in two subdoses per day for 3 months.
[0100] Embodiment 38. A kit for preventing or treating a subject suffering from a liver associated disease or condition, comprising a composition comprising an effective amount of an active component for preventing or treating liver associated diseases or conditions in a subject, wherein the active component comprises Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Bifidobacterium longum.
[0101] Embodiment 39. The kit of embodiment 38, wherein the compositions are formulated in the form of a powder, a tablet, dispersible granules, a capsule, a sachet, or a suppository.
[0102] Set 2
[0103] Embodiment 1. A composition for preventing or treating a liver associated disease or condition in a subject, comprising an effective amount of an active component, wherein the active component comprises a probiotic bacterial component, optionally a prebiotic component, and optionally an antioxidant component, wherein the probiotic bacterial component comprises one or more of Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and combination thereof; wherein the prebiotic component comprises one or more of xylooligosaccharide, galacto-oligosaccharides, resistant dextrin, fructooligosaccharide and combination thereof; and wherein the antioxidant component comprises one or more of Vitamin E, Omega-3 and combination thereof.
[0104] Embodiment 2. The composition of embodiment 1, wherein the probiotic bacterial component comprises Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus rhamnosus.
[0105] Embodiment 3. The composition of embodiment 2, wherein the weight or colony-forming unit ratio of Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus rhamnosus is about (1-6) : (1-6) : (1-6) : 1: 1.
[0106] Embodiment 4. The composition of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the prebiotic component, if present, comprises xylooligosaccharide, galacto-oligosaccharides, optionally resistant dextrin and optionally fructooligosaccharide.
[0107] Embodiment 5. The composition of embodiment 4, wherein the weight ratio of xylooligosaccharide, galacto-oligosaccharides, resistant dextrin and fructooligosaccharide is about 1: (4-8) : (0-2) : (0-6) .
[0108] Embodiment 6. The composition of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein Vitamin E, if present, is about 5-1500 IU per daily dosage and wherein Omega-3, if present, is about 2-5%by weight of the composition or 0.002-0.45g per daily dosage.
[0109] Embodiment 7. The composition of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the composition is formulated in a daily dosage comprising Bifidobacterium adolescentis in a range of about 2x105 to 3x1011 CFU, Bifidobacterium bifidum in a range of about 2x105 to 3x1011 CFU, Bifidobacterium longum in a range of about 2x105 to 3x1011 CFU, Lactobacillus gasseri in a range of about 5x104 to 2x1011 CFU, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus in a range of about 5x104 to 2x1011 CFU.
[0110] Embodiment 8. The composition of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the composition is formulated in a daily dosage comprising about 0.01g to about 1.8g of xylooligosaccharides, about 0.05g to about 7.2g of galacto-oligosaccharides, about 0g to about 1.06g of resistant dextrin, and about 0g to about 3.18g of fructooligosaccharides.
[0111] Embodiment 9. The composition of embodiment 1, wherein the probiotic bacterial component comprises Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, in a weight or colony-forming unit ratio of about (0.57-3.56) : 1: (0.21-2.36) .
[0112] Embodiment 10. The composition of embodiment 7, wherein the subject is an adult and the probiotic bacterial component comprises Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, in a weight or colony-forming unit ratio of about (0.75-1) : 1: (0.75-1) .
[0113] Embodiment 11. The composition of embodiment 7, wherein the subject is a child and the probiotic bacterial component comprises Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, in a weight or colony-forming unit ratio of about (0.57-3.09) : 1: (0.21-1.7) .
[0114] Embodiment 12. The composition of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the prebiotic component comprises xylooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, and resistant dextrin.
[0115] Embodiment 13. The composition of embodiment 5, wherein the weight ratio of xylooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, and resistant dextrin in the composition is about (0.25-0.5) : (2-4) : (0.5-0.75) .
[0116] Embodiment 14. The composition of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the probiotic bacterial component is a combined range of about 1x106 to about 1x1012 colony-forming units (CFU) .
[0117] Embodiment 15. The composition of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the composition is formulated in a daily dosage with a total weight of about 0.01 to about 9 grams, 0.01 to about 6 grams, 0.1 to about 12 grams or 1.2 to about 1.5 grams.
[0118] Embodiment 16. The composition of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the composition is formulated in a daily dosage with the probiotic bacterial component in a combined range of about 2x1010 colony-forming units (CFU) .
[0119] Embodiment 17. The composition of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the composition is a dietary composition, a food product or a supplement.
[0120] Embodiment 18. A use of a composition as described in any one of the preceding embodiments in preventing or treating a liver associated disease or condition in a subject.
[0121] Embodiment 19. The use of embodiment 18, wherein the liver associated disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of: liver steatosis, liver inflammation, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) , non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) , non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) , and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) , SLD, MAFSD, MASL, MASH, MetALD and combinations thereof.
[0122] Embodiment 20. The use of embodiment 18 or 19, wherein the composition is formulated for oral administration or rectal administration.
[0123] Embodiment 21. A method of preventing or treating a liver associated disease or condition in a subject, comprising the step of: administering an effective amount of any one of the composition as described in embodiments 1-17 to the subject, such that the disease or condition is improved.
[0124] Embodiment 22. The method of embodiment 21, wherein the liver associated disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of: liver steatosis, liver inflammation, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) , non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) , non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) , and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) , SLD, MAFSD, MASL, MASH, MetALD and combinations thereof.
[0125] Embodiment 23. The method of embodiment 21 or embodiment 22, wherein the composition is administered in a single dose or a plurality of subdoses per day.
[0126] Embodiment 24. The method of embodiment 21, embodiment 22, or embodiment 23, wherein the composition is administered in a single dose per day for 3 months, or two subdoses per day for 3 months. EXAMPLES
[0127] Provided herein are examples that describe in more detail certain embodiments of the present disclosure. The examples provided herein are merely for illustrative purposes and are not meant to limit the scope of the invention in any way. All references given below and elsewhere in the present application are hereby included by reference.SYNBIOTIC COMPOSITIONS
[0128] In certain embodiments, provided are synbiotic compositions comprising an effective amount of one or more synbiotic bacteria such as Bifidobacteria adolescentis, Bifidobacteria bifidum, and Bifidobacteria longum, optionally further comprising one or more physiologically acceptable excipients, uses thereof and methods for preventing, ameliorating or treating liver associated diseases or conditions such as NAFLD, MAFLD or reducing liver fat. Example pharmaceutical compositions in certain embodiments are suitable for use in a variety of drug delivery systems.
[0129] In certain embodiments, provided are uses of composition comprising an effective amount of an active component and optionally a physiologically acceptable excipient in preventing or treating liver associated diseases or conditions in a subject for the manufacture of a medicament for preventing or treating liver associated diseases or conditions in a subject, wherein the active component comprises Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Bifidobacterium longum. In certain embodiments the composition further comprises a prebiotic component such as xylooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, and / or resistant dextrin.
[0130] In certain embodiments, provided are compositions for use in the prevention or treatment of liver associated diseases or conditions in a subject, wherein the composition comprising an effective amount of an active component and optionally a physiologically acceptable excipient; and wherein the active component comprises Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Bifidobacterium longum. In certain embodiments the composition further comprises a prebiotic component such as xylooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, and / or resistant dextrin.
[0131] In certain embodiments, example pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are administered by various routes, e.g., systemic administration via oral ingestion or local delivery using a rectal suppository. In some examples, route of administering the pharmaceutical compositions is oral administration at daily doses of about 106 to about 1012 CFU for the combination of B. adolescentis, B. bifidum, and B. longum, at a weight or CFU ratio of about (0.57-3.56) to about 1 to about (0.21-2.36) . For example, individual daily dose is ranged about 106, 107, 108, 109, 1010, 1011, and 1012 CFU. In some implementations, the weight or CFU ratio of B. adolescentis, B. bifidum, and B. longum is about (0.75-1) to about 1 to about (0.75-1) for adults and the weight or CFU ratio of B. adolescentis, B. bifidum, and B. longum is about (0.57-3.09) to about 1 to about (0.21-1.7) for children. For example, the relative weight or CFU ratio of B. adolescentis is about 0.57, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5 and 3.56 when relative weight ratio of B. bifidum is 1. For example, the relative weight ratio of B. longum is about 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, 0.25, 0.26, 0.27, 0.28, 0.29, 0.30, 0.31, 0.32, 0.33, 034, 0.35, 0.36, 0.37, 0.38, 0.39, 0.40, 0.41, 0.42, 0.43, 0.44, 0.45, 0.46, 0.47, 0.48, 0.49, 0.50, 0.51, 0.52, 0.53, 0.54, 0.55, 0.56, 0.57, 0.58, 0.59, 0.60, 0.61, 0.62, 0.63, 0.64, 0.65, 0.66, 0.67, 0.68, 0.69, 0.70, 0.71, 0.72, 0.73, 0.74, 0.75, 0.76, 0.77, 0.78, 0.79, 0.80, 0.81, 0.82, 0.83, 0.84, 0.85, 0.86, 0.87, 0.88, 0.89, 0.90, 0.91, 0.92, 0.93, 0.94, 0.95, 0.96, 0.97, 0.98, 0.99, 1.00, 1.01, 1.02, 1.03, 1.04, 1.05, 1.06, 1.07, 1.08, 1.09, 1.10, 1.11, 1.12, 1.13, 1.14, 1.15, 1.16, 1.17, 1.18, 1.19, 1.20, 1.21, 1.22, 1.23, 1.24, 1.25, 1.26, 1.27, 1.28, 1.29, 1.30, 1.31, 1.32, 1.33, 1.34, 1.35, 1.36, 1.37, 1.38, 1.39, 1.40, 1.41, 1.42, 1.43, 1.44, 1.45, 1.46, 1.47, 1.48, 1.49, 1.50, 1.51, 1.52, 1.53, 1.54, 1.55, 1.56, 1.57, 1.58, 1.59, 1.60, 1.61, 1.62, 1.63, 1.64, 1.65, 1.66, 1.67, 1.68, 1.69, 1.70, 1.71, 1.72, 1.73, 1.74, 1.75, 1.76, 1.77, 1.78, 1.79, 1.80, 1.81, 1.82, 1.83, 1.84, 1.85, 1.86, 1.87, 1.88, 1.89, 1.90, 1.91, 1.92, 1.93, 1.94, 1.95, 1.96, 1.97, 1.98, 1.99, 2.00, 2.01, 2.02, 2.03, 2.04, 2.05, 2.06, 2.07, 2.08, 2.09, 2.10, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13, 2.14, 2.15, 2.16, 2.17, 2.18, 2.19, 2.20, 2.21, 2.22, 2.23, 2.24, 2.25, 2.26, 2.27, 2.28, 2.29, 2.30, 2.31, 2.32, 2.33, 2.34, 2.35, 2.36 when relative weight or CFU ratio of B. bifidum is 1. Optionally, the prebiotic component containing xylooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, and resistant dextrin is further administered to the subject, either in one single composition or in multiple compositions, in daily doses of about 0.01g to about 12g, or about 0.1g to about 6g, or about 0.5g to about 3g, or about 1g to about 2g, or about 1.2g to about 1.5g. For example, individual daily dose is about 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.10, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.20, 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, 0.25, 0.26, 0.27, 0.28, 0.29, 0.30, 0.31, 0.32, 0.33, 0.34, 0.35, 0.36, 0.37, 0.38, 0.39, 0.40, 0.41, 0.42, 0.43, 0.44, 0.45, 0.46, 0.47, 0.48, 0.49, 0.50, 0.51, 0.52, 0.53, 0.54, 0.55, 0.56, 0.57, 0.58, 0.59, 0.60, 0.61, 0.62, 0.63, 0.64, 0.65, 0.66, 0.67, 0.68, 0.69, 0.70, 0.71, 0.72, 0.73, 0.74, 0.75, 0.76, 0.77, 0.78, 0.79, 0.80, 0.81, 0.82, 0.83, 0.84, 0.85, 0.86, 0.87, 0.88, 0.89, 0.90, 0.91, 0.92, 0.93, 0.94, 0.95, 0.96, 0.97, 0.98, 0.99, 1.00, 1.01, 1.02, 1.03, 1.04, 1.05, 1.06, 1.07, 1.08, 1.09, 1.10, 1.11, 1.12, 1.13, 1.14, 1.15, 1.16, 1.17, 1.18, 1.19, 1.20, 1.21, 1.22, 1.23, 1.24, 1.25, 1.26, 1.27, 1.28, 1.29, 1.30, 1.31, 1.32, 1.33, 1.34, 1.35, 1.36, 1.37, 1.38, 1.39, 1.40, 1.41, 1.42, 1.43, 1.44, 1.45, 1.46, 1.47, 1.48, 1.49, 1.50, 1.51, 1.52, 1.53, 1.54, 1.55, 1.56, 1.57, 1.58, 1.59, 1.60, 1.61, 1.62, 1.63, 1.64, 1.65, 1.66, 1.67, 1.68, 1.69, 1.70, 1.71, 1.72, 1.73, 1.74, 1.75, 1.76, 1.77, 1.78, 1.79, 1.80, 1.81, 1.82, 1.83, 1.84, 1.85, 1.86, 1.87, 1.88, 1.89, 1.90, 1.91, 1.92, 1.93, 1.94, 1.95, 1.96, 1.97, 1.98, 1.99, 2.00, 2.01, 2.02, 2.03, 2.04, 2.05, 2.06, 2.07, 2.08, 2.09, 2.10, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13, 2.14, 2.15, 2.16, 2.17, 2.18, 2.19, 2.20, 2.21, 2.22, 2.23, 2.24, 2.25, 2.26, 2.27, 2.28, 2.29, 2.30, 2.31, 2.32, 2.33, 2.34, 2.35, 2.36, 2.37, 2.38, 2.39, 2.40, 2.41, 2.42, 2.43, 2.44, 2.45, 2.46, 2.47, 2.48, 2.49, 2.50, 2.51, 2.52, 2.53, 2.54, 2.55, 2.56, 2.57, 2.58, 2.59, 2.60, 2.61, 2.62, 2.63, 2.64, 2.65, 2.66, 2.67, 2.68, 2.69, 2.70, 2.71, 2.72, 2.73, 2.74, 2.75, 2.76, 2.77, 2.78, 2.79, 2.80, 2.81, 2.82, 2.83, 2.84, 2.85, 2.86, 2.87, 2.88, 2.89, 2.90, 2.91, 2.92, 2.93, 2.94, 2.95, 2.96, 2.97, 2.98, 2.99, 3.00, 3.01, 3.02, 3.03, 3.04, 3.05, 3.06, 3.07, 3.08, 3.09, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13, 3.14, 3.15, 3.16, 3.17, 3.18, 3.19, 3.20, 3.21, 3.22, 3.23, 3.24, 3.25, 3.26, 3.27, 3.28, 3.29, 3.30, 3.31, 3.32, 3.33, 3.34, 3.35, 3.36, 3.37, 3.38, 3.39, 3.40, 3.41, 3.42, 3.43, 3.44, 3.45, 3.46, 3.47, 3.48, 3.49, 3.50, 3.51, 3.52, 3.53, 3.54, 3.55, 3.56, 3.57, 3.58, 3.59, 3.60, 3.61, 3.62, 3.63, 3.64, 3.65, 3.66, 3.67, 3.68, 3.69, 3.70, 3.71, 3.72, 3.73, 3.74, 3.75, 3.76, 3.77, 3.78, 3.79, 3.80, 3.81, 3.82, 3.83, 3.84, 3.85, 3.86, 3.87, 3.88, 3.89, 3.90, 3.91, 3.92, 3.93, 3.94, 3.95, 3.96, 3.97, 3.98, 3.99, 4.00, 4.01, 4.02, 4.03, 4.04, 4.05, 4.06, 4.07, 4.08, 4.09, 4.10, 4.11, 4.12, 4.13, 4.14, 4.15, 4.16, 4.17, 4.18, 4.19, 4.20, 4.21, 4.22, 4.23, 4.24, 4.25, 4.26, 4.27, 4.28, 4.29, 4.30, 4.31, 4.32, 4.33, 4.34, 4.35, 4.36, 4.37, 4.38, 4.39, 4.40, 4.41, 4.42, 4.43, 4.44, 4.45, 4.46, 4.47, 4.48, 4.49, 4.50, 4.51, 4.52, 4.53, 4.54, 4.55, 4.56, 4.57, 4.58, 4.59, 4.60, 4.61, 4.62, 4.63, 4.64, 4.65, 4.66, 4.67, 4.68, 4.69, 4.70, 4.71, 4.72, 4.73, 4.74, 4.75, 4.76, 4.77, 4.78, 4.79, 4.80, 4.81, 4.82, 4.83, 4.84, 4.85, 4.86, 4.87, 4.88, 4.89, 4.90, 4.91, 4.92, 4.93, 4.94, 4.95, 4.96, 4.97, 4.98, 4.99, 5.00, 5.01, 5.02, 5.03, 5.04, 5.05, 5.06, 5.07, 5.08, 5.09, 5.10, 5.11, 5.12, 5.13, 5.14, 5.15, 5.16, 5.17, 5.18, 5.19, 5.20, 5.21, 5.22, 5.23, 5.24, 5.25, 5.26, 5.27, 5.28, 5.29, 5.30, 5.31, 5.32, 5.33, 5.34, 5.35, 5.36, 5.37, 5.38, 5.39, 5.40, 5.41, 5.42, 5.43, 5.44, 5.45, 5.46, 5.47, 5.48, 5.49, 5.50, 5.51, 5.52, 5.53, 5.54, 5.55, 5.56, 5.57, 5.58, 5.59, 5.60, 5.61, 5.62, 5.63, 5.64, 5.65, 5.66, 5.67, 5.68, 5.69, 5.70, 5.71, 5.72, 5.73, 5.74, 5.75, 5.76, 5.77, 5.78, 5.79, 5.80, 5.81, 5.82, 5.83, 5.84, 5.85, 5.86, 5.87, 5.88, 5.89, 5.90, 5.91, 5.92, 5.93, 5.94, 5.95, 5.96, 5.97, 5.98, 5.99, 6.00, 6.01, 6.02, 6.03, 6.04, 6.05, 6.06, 6.07, 6.08, 6.09, 6.10, 6.11, 6.12, 6.13, 6.14, 6.15, 6.16, 6.17, 6.18, 6.19, 6.20, 6.21, 6.22, 6.23, 6.24, 6.25, 6.26, 6.27, 6.28, 6.29, 6.30, 6.31, 6.32, 6.33, 6.34, 6.35, 6.36, 6.37, 6.38, 6.39, 6.40, 6.41, 6.42, 6.43, 6.44, 6.45, 6.46, 6.47, 6.48, 6.49, 6.50, 6.51, 6.52, 6.53, 6.54, 6.55, 6.56, 6.57, 6.58, 6.59, 6.60, 6.61, 6.62, 6.63, 6.64, 6.65, 6.66, 6.67, 6.68, 6.69, 6.70, 6.71, 6.72, 6.73, 6.74, 6.75, 6.76, 6.77, 6.78, 6.79, 6.80, 6.81, 6.82, 6.83, 6.84, 6.85, 6.86, 6.87, 6.88, 6.89, 6.90, 6.91, 6.92, 6.93, 6.94, 6.95, 6.96, 6.97, 6.98, 6.99, 7.00, 7.01, 7.02, 7.03, 7.04, 7.05, 7.06, 7.07, 7.08, 7.09, 7.10, 7.11, 7.12, 7.13, 7.14, 7.15, 7.16, 7.17, 7.18, 7.19, 7.20, 7.21, 7.22, 7.23, 7.24, 7.25, 7.26, 7.27, 7.28, 7.29, 7.30, 7.31, 7.32, 7.33, 7.34, 7.35, 7.36, 7.37, 7.38, 7.39, 7.40, 7.41, 7.42, 7.43, 7.44, 7.45, 7.46, 7.47, 7.48, 7.49, 7.50, 7.51, 7.52, 7.53, 7.54, 7.55, 7.56, 7.57, 7.58, 7.59, 7.60, 7.61, 7.62, 7.63, 7.64, 7.65, 7.66, 7.67, 7.68, 7.69, 7.70, 7.71, 7.72, 7.73, 7.74, 7.75, 7.76, 7.77, 7.78, 7.79, 7.80, 7.81, 7.82, 7.83, 7.84, 7.85, 7.86, 7.87, 7.88, 7.89, 7.90, 7.91, 7.92, 7.93, 7.94, 7.95, 7.96, 7.97, 7.98, 7.99, 8.00, 8.01, 8.02, 8.03, 8.04, 8.05, 8.06, 8.07, 8.08, 8.09, 8.10, 8.11, 8.12, 8.13, 8.14, 8.15, 8.16, 8.17, 8.18, 8.19, 8.20, 8.21, 8.22, 8.23, 8.24, 8.25, 8.26, 8.27, 8.28, 8.29, 8.30, 8.31, 8.32, 8.33, 8.34, 8.35, 8.36, 8.37, 8.38, 8.39, 8.40, 8.41, 8.42, 8.43, 8.44, 8.45, 8.46, 8.47, 8.48, 8.49, 8.50, 8.51, 8.52, 8.53, 8.54, 8.55, 8.56, 8.57, 8.58, 8.59, 8.60, 8.61, 8.62, 8.63, 8.64, 8.65, 8.66, 8.67, 8.68, 8.69, 8.70, 8.71, 8.72, 8.73, 8.74, 8.75, 8.76, 8.77, 8.78, 8.79, 8.80, 8.81, 8.82, 8.83, 8.84, 8.85, 8.86, 8.87, 8.88, 8.89, 8.90, 8.91, 8.92, 8.93, 8.94, 8.95, 8.96, 8.97, 8.98, 8.99, 9.00, 9.01, 9.02, 9.03, 9.04, 9.05, 9.06, 9.07, 9.08, 9.09, 9.10, 9.11, 9.12, 9.13, 9.14, 9.15, 9.16, 9.17, 9.18, 9.19, 9.20, 9.21, 9.22, 9.23, 9.24, 9.25, 9.26, 9.27, 9.28, 9.29, 9.30, 9.31, 9.32, 9.33, 9.34, 9.35, 9.36, 9.37, 9.38, 9.39, 9.40, 9.41, 9.42, 9.43, 9.44, 9.45, 9.46, 9.47, 9.48, 9.49, 9.50, 9.51, 9.52, 9.53, 9.54, 9.55, 9.56, 9.57, 9.58, 9.59, 9.60, 9.61, 9.62, 9.63, 9.64, 9.65, 9.66, 9.67, 9.68, 9.69, 9.70, 9.71, 9.72, 9.73, 9.74, 9.75, 9.76, 9.77, 9.78, 9.79, 9.80, 9.81, 9.82, 9.83, 9.84, 9.85, 9.86, 9.87, 9.88, 9.89, 9.90, 9.91, 9.92, 9.93, 9.94, 9.95, 9.96, 9.97, 9.98, 9.99, 10.00, 10.01, 10.02, 10.03, 10.04, 10.05, 10.06, 10.07, 10.08, 10.09, 10.10, 10.11, 10.12, 10.13, 10.14, 10.15, 10.16, 10.17, 10.18, 10.19, 10.20, 10.21, 10.22, 10.23, 10.24, 10.25, 10.26, 10.27, 10.28, 10.29, 10.30, 10.31, 10.32, 10.33, 10.34, 10.35, 10.36, 10.37, 10.38, 10.39, 10.40, 10.41, 10.42, 10.43, 10.44, 10.45, 10.46, 10.47, 10.48, 10.49, 10.50, 10.51, 10.52, 10.53, 10.54, 10.55, 10.56, 10.57, 10.58, 10.59, 10.60, 10.61, 10.62, 10.63, 10.64, 10.65, 10.66, 10.67, 10.68, 10.69, 10.70, 10.71, 10.72, 10.73, 10.74, 10.75, 10.76, 10.77, 10.78, 10.79, 10.80, 10.81, 10.82, 10.83, 10.84, 10.85, 10.86, 10.87, 10.88, 10.89, 10.90, 10.91, 10.92, 10.93, 10.94, 10.95, 10.96, 10.97, 10.98, 10.99, 11.00, 11.01, 11.02, 11.03, 11.04, 11.05, 11.06, 11.07, 11.08, 11.09, 11.10, 11.11, 11.12, 11.13, 11.14, 11.15, 11.16, 11.17, 11.18, 11.19, 11.20, 11.21, 11.22, 11.23, 11.24, 11.25, 11.26, 11.27, 11.28, 11.29, 11.30, 11.31, 11.32, 11.33, 11.34, 11.35, 11.36, 11.37, 11.38, 11.39, 11.40, 11.41, 11.42, 11.43, 11.44, 11.45, 11.46, 11.47, 11.48, 11.49, 11.50, 11.51, 11.52, 11.53, 11.54, 11.55, 11.56, 11.57, 11.58, 11.59, 11.60, 11.61, 11.62, 11.63, 11.64, 11.65, 11.66, 11.67, 11.68, 11.69, 11.70, 11.71, 11.72, 11.73, 11.74, 11.75, 11.76, 11.77, 11.78, 11.79, 11.80, 11.81, 11.82, 11.83, 11.84, 11.85, 11.86, 11.87, 11.88, 11.89, 11.90, 11.91, 11.92, 11.93, 11.94, 11.95, 11.96, 11.97, 11.98, 11.99 or 12.00 grams. In one implementation, route of administering the pharmaceutical compositions is oral administration at daily doses of about 1.2 to about 1.5 grams. For example, individual daily dose is about 1.20, 1.21, 1.22, 1.23, 1.24, 1.25, 1.26, 1.27, 1.28, 1.29, 1.30, 1.31, 1.32, 1.33, 1.34, 1.35, 1.36, 1.37, 1.38, 1.39, 1.40, 1.41, 1.42, 1.43, 1.44, 1.45, 1.46, 1.47, 1.48, 1.49 or 1.50 grams. In some embodiments, when administered in the form of food consumption, the daily dosage is range from about 0.1 to about 12 grams. For example, individual daily dosage is about 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5.0, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 7.0, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 8.0, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, 9.0, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8, 9.9, 10.0, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7, 10.8, 10.9, 11.0, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7, 11.8, 11.9 or 12.0 grams. In some examples, the weight or CFU ratio of B. adolescentis, B. bifidum, and B. longum in the example composition ranges from about (0.25-0.5) to about 1 to about (0.5-0.75) for both adults and children. In some examples, the appropriate dose is administered in a single daily dose or as divided doses presented at appropriate intervals, for example as two, three, four, or more subdoses per day. In some examples, the example compositions are treated with other treatments to treat or prevent liver associated diseases or conditions. For example, the duration of administration is range from about 2 weeks to about 4 weeks, or about 1 week to about 2 weeks, prior to other treatment, to at least about 1 week, at least 2 weeks, at least 3 weeks or at least about 4 weeks after previous treatment, encompassing the day of the other treatments. In some examples, the duration of administration is the same as the other treatments.
[0132] In some examples, for preparing pharmaceutical compositions containing the active component (s) and / or the prebiotic component (s) , one or more inert and optionally one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are used. In some examples, the pharmaceutical carrier is either in solid, semi-solid or liquid form. In some examples, solid form preparations include, for example, powders, tablets, dispersible granules, capsules, cachets, and suppositories. In some examples, a solid carrier is one or more substances that can also act as diluents, flavoring agents, solubilizers, lubricants, suspending agents, binders, or tablet disintegrating agents. In some examples, the carrier is an encapsulating material.
[0133] In some examples, in the form of powders, the carrier is generally a finely divided solid that is in a mixture with the finely divided active component (s) , e.g., the combination of B. adolescentis, B. bifidum, and B. longum, and optionally further comprising three prebiotic components, xylooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, and resistant dextrin (e.g., corn fiber) . In some examples, in the form of tablets, the active component (s) is mixed with the carrier having the necessary binding properties in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired.
[0134] In some examples, the pharmaceutical compositions consist of or consist essentially of an active component. In some examples, the pharmaceutical compositions consist of or consist essentially of an active component and a prebiotic component. In some examples, the active component consists of or consists essentially of B. adolescentis, B. bifidum, and B. longum. In some examples, the prebiotics or prebiotic component consist (s) of or consist (s) essentially of xylooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, and resistant dextrin (Corn fiber) .
[0135] In some examples, for preparing pharmaceutical compositions in the form of suppositories, a low-melting wax such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides and cocoa butter is first melted and the active component (s) is dispersed therein by, for example, stirring. The molten homogeneous mixture is then poured into convenient-sized molds and allowed to cool and solidify.
[0136] In some examples, powders and tablets contain between about 1%to about 100%by weight of the active component (s) (e.g., the combination of B. adolescentis, B. bifidum, and B. longum, and optionally further in combination with three prebiotic components, xylooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, and resistant dextrin) . For example, the active component (s) is about 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%by weight. In some examples, powders and tablets further contain suitable carriers include, for example, magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, lactose, sugar, pectin, dextrin, starch, tragacanth, methyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, a low-melting wax, cocoa butter, or the like, and combination thereof.
[0137] In some examples, the pharmaceutical compositions include the formulation of the active component (s) , e.g., the combination of B. adolescentis, B. bifidum, and B. longum, optionally further in combination with prebiotic component containing xylooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, and resistant dextrin, with encapsulating material as a carrier providing a capsule in which the active component (s) (with or without other carriers) is surrounded by the carrier, such that the carrier is thus in association with the active component (s) . In some examples, in a similar manner, sachets are also included. The pharmaceutical compositions are provided in the form of sachets. In some examples, tablets, powders, sachets, and capsules are used as solid dosage forms suitable for oral administration.
[0138] In some examples, liquid pharmaceutical compositions include, for example, solutions suitable for oral administration or local delivery, suspensions, and emulsions suitable for oral administration. In some examples, sterile water solutions of the active component (s) (e.g., B. adolescentis, B. bifidum, and B. longum, optionally further in combination with prebiotic component containing xylooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, and resistant dextrin) or sterile solutions of the active component (s) in solvents containing water, buffered water, saline, PBS, ethanol, and / or propylene glycol are examples of liquid or semi-liquid compositions suitable for oral administration or local delivery such as rectal administration. For example, the rectal administration is rectal suppository. In some examples, the compositions contain pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances as required to approximate physiological conditions, such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents, wetting agents, detergents, or the like, and combination thereof.
[0139] In some examples, sterile solutions are prepared by dissolving the active component (e.g., the combination of B. adolescentis, B. bifidum, and B. longum, optionally further in combination with prebiotic component containing xylooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, and resistant dextrin) in the desired solvent system, and then passing the resulting solution through a membrane filter to sterilize it or, alternatively, by dissolving the live active component (s) in a previously sterilized solvent under sterile conditions. In some examples, the resulting aqueous solutions are packaged for use as is, or lyophilized, the lyophilized preparation being combined with a sterile aqueous carrier prior to administration. In some examples, the pH of the preparations is between 3 and 11. For example, the pH of the preparation is about 3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 6, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 7, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 8, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, 9, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8, 9.9, 10, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7, 10.8, 10.9, or 11. In some implementations, the pH of the preparation is ranged from 5 to 9. For example, the pH is about 5, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 6, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 7, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 8, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, or 9. In some implementations, the pH of the preparation is ranged from 7 to 8. For example, the pH is about 7, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, or 8.
[0140] In some examples, single or multiple administrations of the compositions are carried out with dose levels and pattern being selected by the treating physician. In some examples, the pharmaceutical formulations provide a quantity of an active component sufficient to effectively enhance the efficacy of preventing, ameliorating or treating liver associated diseases or conditions and / or reduce or eliminate undesirable adverse effects of such diseases or conditions. In some examples, the pharmaceutical formulations provide a quantity of an active component sufficient to effectively enhance the efficacy of another treatment and / or reduce or eliminate undesirable adverse effects of such diseases or conditions resulting from or exacerbated by the treatment.
[0141] In some examples, a use of a composition comprising an effective amount of an active component described herein for reducing liver fat, reducing CAP score, reducing AST level, reducing ALT level, reducing C-reactive protein level, reducing BMI, or reducing body weight. In some examples, a method of reducing liver fat, reducing CAP score, reducing AST level, reducing ALT level, reducing C-reactive protein level, reducing BMI, or reducing body weight in a subject comprising the step of administering to the subject an effective amount of a composition comprising an active component described herein.Additional Therapeutic Agents
[0142] Additional therapeutic agent or agents is used in combination with any one of the example compositions described herein containing an active component (s) such as B. adolescentis, B. bifidum, and B. longum, optionally further in combination with prebiotic component (s) such as xylooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, and / or resistant dextrin, in the practice of certain embodiments of the present invention for enhancing the safety and efficacy of treating or ameliorating liver associated diseases or conditions such as NAFLD or reducing liver fat. In such applications, one or more of effective therapeutic agents are administered to patients or subjects in need concurrently with an effective amount of the active component (s) either together in a single composition or separately in two or more different compositions.
[0143] In some examples, vitamin E and pioglitazone are used in combination with any one of the example compositions described herein containing the active component (s) (such as the combination of B. adolescentis, B. bifidum, and B. longum in an appropriate ratio among the three) for preventing, treating or ameliorating liver associated diseases or conditions such as NAFLD, MAFLD or reducing liver fat. In some examples, example compositions further contain vitamin E and pioglitazone or the like, and combination thereof.Example 1: Example Formulation and Suggested Dose of SIM01
[0144] In this example, example formulation SIM01 contains an active component containing three probiotic bacteria species, and a prebiotic component that promote the growth of these probiotic bacteria in the gut. In other examples, the prebiotic component (s) is optional.
[0145] Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium longum were used in the example composition SIM01. The ratio of each bacteria species in the synbiotic composition is listed in Table 1. In this example, the synbiotic composition SIM01 contains at least 1.0x106 CFU of all bacteria species combined, e.g., between 1.0 x106 and 9.0x1012 CFU per daily use. Table 1 of Probiotic bacteria species in the example synbiotic composition SIM01 *NCBI: txid –Taxonomy ID in The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Taxonomy databaseRatios of example probiotic bacteria species
[0146] The ratio of B. adolescentis, B. bifidum and B. longum in the example synbiotic composition is designed to be (0.57-3.56) : 1: (0.21-2.36) for general human subject. In one implementation, the ratio is (0.75-1) : 1: (0.75-1) , designed for adults. In another one implementation, the ratio is (0.57-3.09) : 1: (0.21-1.7) , designed for children.Ratios of example prebiotic components
[0147] In this example, a prebiotic component containing three prebiotics, xylooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, and resistant dextrin, was added into the synbiotic composition. Without bound by any theory, the 3 prebiotic components in the synbiotic composition could improve the delivery of the probiotic bacteria species to the gut. As some of these prebiotic components are fibers, they help to provide a favorable environment for the probiotic bacteria species to survive during transit in the gastrointestinal tract and finally deliver to the gut. In this example, the ratio among the 3 prebiotics, xylooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, and resistant dextrin, is (0.25-0.5) : (2-4) : (0.5-0.725) for both adult and children. In this example, soluble corn fiber is used for resistant dextrin.Formula of the example synbiotic composition
[0148] The formula of the example synbiotic composition for preventing or treating liver associated diseases or conditions comprises an active component, i.e., 3 probiotic bacteria species, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium longum and 3 prebiotic components (xylooligosaccharide, galactooligosaccharides, resistant dextrin (corn fiber) ) with suggested dosage in Table 2. In another implementation, the 3 prebiotic components are optional.
[0149] In some examples, this example formula is manufactured in the pure form of powder, sachet, tablets or capsule. In some examples, the synbiotic composition is incorporated into a dietary composition, or other food product, for instance by dry mixing the components of the synbiotic composition successively, together or as a premix, into the dietary composition, or other food product, following regular processing techniques. For example, the dietary composition is or formulated as a functional food or supplement. For example, the food product is powdered beverage, milk-based product, yogurt, yogurt melts, ice-cream, dry cereal mix and porridge. Table 2 Suggested amount per daily dose of the example synbiotic compositions Note: CFU: colony forming unit
[0150] For active components, the suggested daily dosage, measured in colony-forming unit of the 3 probiotic bacteria species combined, should be between 106 to 1012 CFU. For prebiotic component, the suggested daily dosage when the consumed in pure form should be about 0.01g to about 12g, or about 0.1g to about 6g, or about 0.5g to about 3g, or about 1g to about 2g, or about 1.2g to about 1.5g, measured in gram (g) of the 3 prebiotic components combined weight.Example 2: Effects of SIM01 in post-menopausal female subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)Study Design
[0151] A single-arm, open-label clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of SIM01 on the reduction of liver biochemistry in female adult subjects with NAFLD. All subjects have taken 2 sachets of SIM01 daily for 3 months with monthly assessment.Study Outcome
[0152] The primary outcome of the study was the reduction of controlled attenuation parameter (CAP, dB / m) scores after taking SIM01 for 3 months. Transient elastography (Fibroscan) was used for the assessment of NAFLD, which was used in the study to obtain CAP score. A CAP score of ≥263 was taken as the cut-off value to indicate the presence of hepatic steatosis. Other exploratory outcomes include:
[0153] Change in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) across the study period.
[0154] Reduction of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference across the study period.Study Population
[0155] Potential subjects were identified from a single check-up centre. They were invited to participate in the study and sign the informed consent form if they meet the following eligibility criteria. Inclusion criteria ● Female subjects with NAFLD with CAP ≥ 270 by fibroscan ● Age ≥ 55 ● Subjects with or without diabetes or components of metabolic syndrome and having stable medication 3 months prior to enrolment ● Written informed consent can be obtained Exclusion criteria ● Known history of any secondary causes of NAFLD including alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, autoimmune hepatitis, viral hepatitis, cholestatic liver disease and metabolic / genetic liver disease ● Known diabetes with poor control (HbA1c > 8.5%) within 3 months ● Significant alcohol consumption (over 10g per day: a half pint or half bottle of beer or a standard-size of a wine glass) ● Consumption of systemic corticosteroids or methotrexate in the last 6 months ● Concomitant probiotics or prebiotics one month prior to enrolment ● Any condition or allergy history for probiotics ● Subjects who are using antibiotics, insulin and Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) such as dulaglutide, semaglutide ● Malignancy In this example, all the subjects also fulfilled MAFLD diagnostic criteria.Informed Consent
[0156] All subjects understood the study and provided written informed consent before starting any study investigations. If the subject is illiterate, their next of kin attended the consent process and signed the informed consent form together with the subject.Interventions
[0157] Recruited subjects received two sachets of SIM01 daily for 3 months and were advised not to change concurrent treatments and diet patterns during the study period. All changes were documented. Compliance was assessed by counting the sachets used by subjects and all unused study products should be returned to the clinic during each study visit.Recruitment and Follow Up
[0158] After signing the informed consent form, subjects were assessed at baseline, month 1 (±4 days) , month 2 (±4 days) and month 3 (±1 week) by the investigator or trained research assistant (Table 3) . Table 3: Schedule for study visits
[0159] The recruitment and follow-up workflow is shown in Figure 1. At the baseline visit, demographic data including age, sex, BMI, blood pressure, waist circumference, smoking and drinking history; and clinical information including medical history, drug history, concomitant medications and latest Fibroscan results were recorded. Subjects were asked to take blood for HbA1c assessment if they have been fasted for at least 8 hours. Moreover, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) , aspartate transaminase (AST) alkaline phosphatase (ALP) , C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were measured. Subjects were recruited before the study blood result is available but those with non-eligible blood results were excluded after recruitment with the replenishment of new subjects.
[0160] At month 1 and month 2 study visits, phone interviews were conducted by a trained research assistant who assessed the adverse event, record compliance with study products and concomitant drugs, as well as remind them to maintain their diet pattern.
[0161] At the month 3 visit, subjects were asked to receive the Fibroscan and blood taking which is the same as the baseline visit. Adverse event, compliance with the study product and concomitant drugs. The subject will also be instructed to stop taking the study products.
[0162] During the study period, the use of antibiotics, probiotics, or prebiotics other than the study products were prohibited. If the subjects have taken any during the study period, the subjects would remain in the study and the information were recorded.
[0163] To enhance compliance with the study products' uptake and follow-up visits’ attendance, regular reminders via WhatsApp, email or telephone calls to all study subjects were sent. The research team had also reminded the subjects to bring back unused and used study product packages for compliance checking at each study visit.Adverse Events (AE)
[0164] An adverse event is any undesirable medical event occurring in the subject within the trial period, whether or not it is related to the study intervention. All AEs except those relating to their pre-existing co-morbid illness were recorded during the study period.Statistical Analysis
[0165] Continuous variables were expressed in mean ± standard deviation (SD) , or median (IQR) if they were not in the normal distribution. Continuous variables were compared within the group using paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed rank test as appropriate. Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test or Fisher exact test as appropriate. Statistical significance was taken as a two-sided P value of < 0.05. Statistical analyses were carried out exclusively by an independent statistician. All analyses were performed using SPSS or R.Results Supplementation of SIM01 significantly improved CAP scores
[0166] A total of 39 subjects completed the study. The mean difference in CAP scores before and after SIM01 supplementation was 19.28 (95%confidence interval (CI) : 9.75 to 28.81, p-value = 0.0002) , indicating a statistically significant improvement in CAP scores following SIM01 supplementation (Table 4) . CAP scores have been shown to correlate well with liver steatosis. Consequently, liver steatosis is classified according to CAP scores (Table 5) . Among all the subjects, 23%showed improvement of liver steatosis grade (>=1 grade) from baseline to month 3. No significant difference was observed in ALP, ALT and AST levels before and after the intervention (Table 4) . Results indicated that example composition SIM01 is surprisingly effective in improving liver steatosis. Table 4 Changes of CAP scores and Liver Parameters by Month 3 Outcomes are compared using paired t-test. Abbreviations: CAP, controlled attenuation parameter; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase Table 5 Interpretation of Controlled Attenuation Parameter (CAP) Scores Supplementation of SIM01 significantly improved deranged liver parameters and elevated C-reactive protein
[0167] Although all subjects have CAP score >270 (moderate severe or severe liver steatosis) , only 64%have deranged liver parameters at baseline (defined as having at least one deranged liver parameter) . All subjects have ALP within range at baseline, therefore only ALT and AST were further analyzed. Among subjects with raised ALT (>47 IU / I) and AST (>35 IU / I) at baseline respectively, significant reductions in ALT and AST levels were observed after the intervention (Table 6) . In addition, C-reactive protein (CRP) level was analyzed. CRP is a pentameric protein synthesized by the liver. Its level rises in response to inflammation. Among subjects with elevated CRP at baseline, a significant reduction of was observed after the intervention (Table 6) . Results showed that example composition SIM01 is surprisingly effective in improving deranged liver parameters such as ALT and AST and elevated C-reactive protein. Table 6 Changes of Liver Parameters and CRP among Subjects with Deranged Levels at Baseline Outcomes are compared using paired t-test. Abbreviations: ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; CRP, C-reactive protein Reduction of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference
[0168] Waist circumference, body weight, and BMI were measured at baseline and at month 3. Among subjects with paired baseline and Month 3 outcomes available, a significant decrease in body weight (66.14 ± 10.86 kg to 65.48 ± 10.76 kg, p = 0.018) and BMI (26.90 ± 3.83 kg / m2 to 26.63 ± 3.75 kg / m2, p = 0.019) from baseline to month 3 was observed . There was also a slight decrease in waist circumference (87.36 ± 8.25 cm to 86.24 ± 7.88 cm, p = 0.142) , although it was not statistically significant (Table 7) . Results indicated that example composition SIM01 is effective in decreasing body weight and BMI. Table 7 Changes of Anthropometric Measurements by Month 3 Adverse events (AEs)
[0169] The incidence of AEs was low. Three subjects reported adverse events which were considered possibly related to study intervention. These were diarrhoea, abdominal pain and bloating. All these adverse events were mild and self-resolved. Two other serious adverse events, foot cellulitis and hyperthyroidism, were reported. These were uneventful after treatment and were considered unrelated to study intervention. No subject discontinued intervention because of adverse events. These indicated that example composition SIM01 is safe for use at least in human subject.
[0170] In some examples, route of administering the pharmaceutical compositions is oral administration at daily doses of about 106 to about 1012 CFU for the combination of Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus gasseri, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus , at a weight or CFU ratio of about (1-6) to about (1-6) to about (1-6) to about 1 to about 1. For example, individual daily dose is ranged about 106, 107, 108, 109, 1010, 1011, and 1012 CFU. For example, the relative weight or CFU ratio of Bifidobacterium adolescentis is about 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5.0, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, or 6.0 when relative weight or CFU ratio of Lactobacillus gasseri, or Lactobacillus rhamnosus is 1. For example, the relative weight or CFU ratio of Bifidobacterium bifidum is about 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5.0, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, or 6.0 when relative weight or CFU ratio of Lactobacillus gasseri, or Lactobacillus rhamnosus is 1. For example, the relative weight or CFU ratio of Bifidobacterium longum is about 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5.0, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, or 6.0 when relative weight or CFU ratio of Lactobacillus gasseri, or Lactobacillus rhamnosus is 1. In some examples, the composition contains a prebiotic component containing xylooligosaccharide and galacto-oligosaccharides, and optionally, resistant dextrin and / or fructooligosaccharide at a weight ratio of about 1 to about (4-8) to about (0-2) to about (0-6) . For example, the relative weight ratio of galacto-oligosaccharides is about 4.00, 4.05, 4.10, 4.15, 4.20, 4.25, 4.30, 4.35, 4.40, 4.45, 4.50, 4.55, 4.60, 4.65, 4.70, 4.75, 4.80, 4.85, 4.90, 4.95, 5.00, 5.05, 5.10, 5.15, 5.20, 5.25, 5.30, 5.35, 5.40, 5.45, 5.50, 5.55, 5.60, 5.65, 5.70, 5.75, 5.80, 5.85, 5.90, 5.95, 6.00, 6.05, 6.10, 6.15, 6.20, 6.25, 6.30, 6.35, 6.40, 6.45, 6.50, 6.55, 6.60, 6.65, 6.70, 6.75, 6.80, 6.85, 6.90, 6.95, 7.00, 7.05, 7.10, 7.15, 7.20, 7.25, 7.30, 7.35, 7.40, 7.45, 7.50, 7.55, 7.60, 7.65, 7.70, 7.75, 7.80, 7.85, 7.90, 7.95, or 8.00 when relative weight ratio of xylooligosaccharide is 1. For example, the relative weight ratio of resistant dextrin is about 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30, 0.35, 0.40, 0.45, 0.50, 0.55, 0.60, 0.65, 0.70, 0.75, 0.80, 0.85, 0.90, 0.95, 1.00, 1.05, 1.10, 1.15, 1.20, 1.25, 1.30, 1.35, 1.40, 1.45, 1.50, 1.55, 1.60, 1.65, 1.70, 1.75, 1.80, 1.85, 1.90, 1.95, or 2.00 when relative weight ratio of xylooligosaccharide is 1. For example, the relative weight ratio of fructooligosaccharide is about 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30, 0.35, 0.40, 0.45, 0.50, 0.55, 0.60, 0.65, 0.70, 0.75, 0.80, 0.85, 0.90, 0.95, 1.00, 1.05, 1.10, 1.15, 1.20, 1.25, 1.30, 1.35, 1.40, 1.45, 1.50, 1.55, 1.60, 1.65, 1.70, 1.75, 1.80, 1.85, 1.90, 1.95, 2.00, 2.05, 2.10, 2.15, 2.20, 2.25, 2.30, 2.35, 2.40, 2.45, 2.50, 2.55, 2.60, 2.65, 2.70, 2.75, 2.80, 2.85, 2.90, 2.95, 3.00, 3.05, 3.10, 3.15, 3.20, 3.25, 3.30, 3.35, 3.40, 3.45, 3.50, 3.55, 3.60, 3.65, 3.70, 3.75, 3.80, 3.85, 3.90, 3.95, 4.00, 4.05, 4.10, 4.15, 4.20, 4.25, 4.30, 4.35, 4.40, 4.45, 4.50, 4.55, 4.60, 4.65, 4.70, 4.75, 4.80, 4.85, 4.90, 4.95, 5.00, 5.05, 5.10, 5.15, 5.20, 5.25, 5.30, 5.35, 5.40, 5.45, 5.50, 5.55, 5.60, 5.65, 5.70, 5.75, 5.80, 5.85, 5.90, 5.95, or 6.00 when relative weight ratio of xylooligosaccharide is 1. In some examples, the composition contains an antioxidant component such as Vitamin E at about 5-1500 IU per daily dosage and optionally Omega-3 at about 2-5%by weight of the composition or 0.002-0.45g per daily dosage. For example, the amount of Vitamin E is about 5 IU, 10 IU, 15 IU, 20 IU, 25 IU, 30 IU, 35 IU, 40 IU, 45 IU, 50 IU, 55 IU, 60 IU, 65 IU, 70 IU, 75 IU, 80 IU, 85 IU, 90 IU, 95 IU, 100 IU, 105 IU, 110 IU, 115 IU, 120 IU, 125 IU, 130 IU, 135 IU, 140 IU, 145 IU, 150 IU, 155 IU, 160 IU, 165 IU, 170 IU, 175 IU, 180 IU, 185 IU, 190 IU, 195 IU, 200 IU, 205 IU, 210 IU, 215 IU, 220 IU, 225 IU, 230 IU, 235 IU, 240 IU, 245 IU, 250 IU, 255 IU, 260 IU, 265 IU, 270 IU, 275 IU, 280 IU, 285 IU, 290 IU, 295 IU, 300 IU, 305 IU, 310 IU, 315 IU, 320 IU, 325 IU, 330 IU, 335 IU, 340 IU, 345 IU, 350 IU, 355 IU, 360 IU, 365 IU, 370 IU, 375 IU, 380 IU, 385 IU, 390 IU, 395 IU, 400 IU, 405 IU, 410 IU, 415 IU, 420 IU, 425 IU, 430 IU, 435 IU, 440 IU, 445 IU, 450 IU, 455 IU, 460 IU, 465 IU, 470 IU, 475 IU, 480 IU, 485 IU, 490 IU, 495 IU, 500 IU, 505 IU, 510 IU, 515 IU, 520 IU, 525 IU, 530 IU, 535 IU, 540 IU, 545 IU, 550 IU, 555 IU, 560 IU, 565 IU, 570 IU, 575 IU, 580 IU, 585 IU, 590 IU, 595 IU, 600 IU, 605 IU, 610 IU, 615 IU, 620 IU, 625 IU, 630 IU, 635 IU, 640 IU, 645 IU, 650 IU, 655 IU, 660 IU, 665 IU, 670 IU, 675 IU, 680 IU, 685 IU, 690 IU, 695 IU, 700 IU, 705 IU, 710 IU, 715 IU, 720 IU, 725 IU, 730 IU, 735 IU, 740 IU, 745 IU, 750 IU, 755 IU, 760 IU, 765 IU, 770 IU, 775 IU, 780 IU, 785 IU, 790 IU, 795 IU, 800 IU, 805 IU, 810 IU, 815 IU, 820 IU, 825 IU, 830 IU, 835 IU, 840 IU, 845 IU, 850 IU, 855 IU, 860 IU, 865 IU, 870 IU, 875 IU, 880 IU, 885 IU, 890 IU, 895 IU, 900 IU, 905 IU, 910 IU, 915 IU, 920 IU, 925 IU, 930 IU, 935 IU, 940 IU, 945 IU, 950 IU, 955 IU, 960 IU, 965 IU, 970 IU, 975 IU, 980 IU, 985 IU, 990 IU, 995 IU, 1000 IU, 1005 IU, 1010 IU, 1015 IU, 1020 IU, 1025 IU, 1030 IU, 1035 IU, 1040 IU, 1045 IU, 1050 IU, 1055 IU, 1060 IU, 1065 IU, 1070 IU, 1075 IU, 1080 IU, 1085 IU, 1090 IU, 1095 IU, 1100 IU, 1105 IU, 1110 IU, 1115 IU, 1120 IU, 1125 IU, 1130 IU, 1135 IU, 1140 IU, 1145 IU, 1150 IU, 1155 IU, 1160 IU, 1165 IU, 1170 IU, 1175 IU, 1180 IU, 1185 IU, 1190 IU, 1195 IU, 1200 IU, 1205 IU, 1210 IU, 1215 IU, 1220 IU, 1225 IU, 1230 IU, 1235 IU, 1240 IU, 1245 IU, 1250 IU, 1255 IU, 1260 IU, 1265 IU, 1270 IU, 1275 IU, 1280 IU, 1285 IU, 1290 IU, 1295 IU, 1300 IU, 1305 IU, 1310 IU, 1315 IU, 1320 IU, 1325 IU, 1330 IU, 1335 IU, 1340 IU, 1345 IU, 1350 IU, 1355 IU, 1360 IU, 1365 IU, 1370 IU, 1375 IU, 1380 IU, 1385 IU, 1390 IU, 1395 IU, 1400 IU, 1405 IU, 1410 IU, 1415 IU, 1420 IU, 1425 IU, 1430 IU, 1435 IU, 1440 IU, 1445 IU, 1450 IU, 1455 IU, 1460 IU, 1465 IU, 1470 IU, 1475 IU, 1480 IU, 1485 IU, 1490 IU, 1495 IU, or 1500 IU per daily dosage. For example, In some examples, the composition contains an antioxidant component such as Omega-3, which is is about 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4.0%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, or 5.0%by weight of the composition or about 0.002g, 0.003g, 0.004g, 0.005g, 0.006g, 0.007g, 0.008g, 0.009g, 0.010g, 0.011g, 0.012g, 0.013g, 0.014g, 0.015g, 0.016g, 0.017g, 0.018g, 0.019g, 0.020g, 0.021g, 0.022g, 0.023g, 0.024g, 0.025g, 0.026g, 0.027g, 0.028g, 0.029g, 0.030g, 0.031g, 0.032g, 0.033g, 0.034g, 0.035g, 0.036g, 0.037g, 0.038g, 0.039g, 0.040g, 0.041g, 0.042g, 0.043g, 0.044g, 0.045g, 0.046g, 0.047g, 0.048g, 0.049g, 0.050g, 0.051g, 0.052g, 0.053g, 0.054g, 0.055g, 0.056g, 0.057g, 0.058g, 0.059g, 0.060g, 0.061g, 0.062g, 0.063g, 0.064g, 0.065g, 0.066g, 0.067g, 0.068g, 0.069g, 0.070g, 0.071g, 0.072g, 0.073g, 0.074g, 0.075g, 0.076g, 0.077g, 0.078g, 0.079g, 0.080g, 0.081g, 0.082g, 0.083g, 0.084g, 0.085g, 0.086g, 0.087g, 0.088g, 0.089g, 0.090g, 0.091g, 0.092g, 0.093g, 0.094g, 0.095g, 0.096g, 0.097g, 0.098g, 0.099g, 0.100g, 0.101g, 0.102g, 0.103g, 0.104g, 0.105g, 0.106g, 0.107g, 0.108g, 0.109g, 0.110g, 0.111g, 0.112g, 0.113g, 0.114g, 0.115g, 0.116g, 0.117g, 0.118g, 0.119g, 0.120g, 0.121g, 0.122g, 0.123g, 0.124g, 0.125g, 0.126g, 0.127g, 0.128g, 0.129g, 0.130g, 0.131g, 0.132g, 0.133g, 0.134g, 0.135g, 0.136g, 0.137g, 0.138g, 0.139g, 0.140g, 0.141g, 0.142g, 0.143g, 0.144g, 0.145g, 0.146g, 0.147g, 0.148g, 0.149g, 0.150g, 0.151g, 0.152g, 0.153g, 0.154g, 0.155g, 0.156g, 0.157g, 0.158g, 0.159g, 0.160g, 0.161g, 0.162g, 0.163g, 0.164g, 0.165g, 0.166g, 0.167g, 0.168g, 0.169g, 0.170g, 0.171g, 0.172g, 0.173g, 0.174g, 0.175g, 0.176g, 0.177g, 0.178g, 0.179g, 0.180g, 0.181g, 0.182g, 0.183g, 0.184g, 0.185g, 0.186g, 0.187g, 0.188g, 0.189g, 0.190g, 0.191g, 0.192g, 0.193g, 0.194g, 0.195g, 0.196g, 0.197g, 0.198g, 0.199g, 0.200g, 0.201g, 0.202g, 0.203g, 0.204g, 0.205g, 0.206g, 0.207g, 0.208g, 0.209g, 0.210g, 0.211g, 0.212g, 0.213g, 0.214g, 0.215g, 0.216g, 0.217g, 0.218g, 0.219g, 0.220g, 0.221g, 0.222g, 0.223g, 0.224g, 0.225g, 0.226g, 0.227g, 0.228g, 0.229g, 0.230g, 0.231g, 0.232g, 0.233g, 0.234g, 0.235g, 0.236g, 0.237g, 0.238g, 0.239g, 0.240g, 0.241g, 0.242g, 0.243g, 0.244g, 0.245g, 0.246g, 0.247g, 0.248g, 0.249g, 0.250g, 0.251g, 0.252g, 0.253g, 0.254g, 0.255g, 0.256g, 0.257g, 0.258g, 0.259g, 0.260g, 0.261g, 0.262g, 0.263g, 0.264g, 0.265g, 0.266g, 0.267g, 0.268g, 0.269g, 0.270g, 0.271g, 0.272g, 0.273g, 0.274g, 0.275g, 0.276g, 0.277g, 0.278g, 0.279g, 0.280g, 0.281g, 0.282g, 0.283g, 0.284g, 0.285g, 0.286g, 0.287g, 0.288g, 0.289g, 0.290g, 0.291g, 0.292g, 0.293g, 0.294g, 0.295g, 0.296g, 0.297g, 0.298g, 0.299g, 0.300g, 0.301g, 0.302g, 0.303g, 0.304g, 0.305g, 0.306g, 0.307g, 0.308g, 0.309g, 0.310g, 0.311g, 0.312g, 0.313g, 0.314g, 0.315g, 0.316g, 0.317g, 0.318g, 0.319g, 0.320g, 0.321g, 0.322g, 0.323g, 0.324g, 0.325g, 0.326g, 0.327g, 0.328g, 0.329g, 0.330g, 0.331g, 0.332g, 0.333g, 0.334g, 0.335g, 0.336g, 0.337g, 0.338g, 0.339g, 0.340g, 0.341g, 0.342g, 0.343g, 0.344g, 0.345g, 0.346g, 0.347g, 0.348g, 0.349g, 0.350g, 0.351g, 0.352g, 0.353g, 0.354g, 0.355g, 0.356g, 0.357g, 0.358g, 0.359g, 0.360g, 0.361g, 0.362g, 0.363g, 0.364g, 0.365g, 0.366g, 0.367g, 0.368g, 0.369g, 0.370g, 0.371g, 0.372g, 0.373g, 0.374g, 0.375g, 0.376g, 0.377g, 0.378g, 0.379g, 0.380g, 0.381g, 0.382g, 0.383g, 0.384g, 0.385g, 0.386g, 0.387g, 0.388g, 0.389g, 0.390g, 0.391g, 0.392g, 0.393g, 0.394g, 0.395g, 0.396g, 0.397g, 0.398g, 0.399g, 0.400g, 0.401g, 0.402g, 0.403g, 0.404g, 0.405g, 0.406g, 0.407g, 0.408g, 0.409g, 0.410g, 0.411g, 0.412g, 0.413g, 0.414g, 0.415g, 0.416g, 0.417g, 0.418g, 0.419g, 0.420g, 0.421g, 0.422g, 0.423g, 0.424g, 0.425g, 0.426g, 0.427g, 0.428g, 0.429g, 0.430g, 0.431g, 0.432g, 0.433g, 0.434g, 0.435g, 0.436g, 0.437g, 0.438g, 0.439g, 0.440g, 0.441g, 0.442g, 0.443g, 0.444g, 0.445g, 0.446g, 0.447g, 0.448g, 0.449g, or 0.45g per daily dosage.
[0171] In one implementation, route of administering the pharmaceutical compositions is oral administration at daily doses of about 0.01 to about 9 grams, 0.01 to about 6 grams, 0.1 to about 12 grams or 1.2 to about 1.5 grams. For example, individual daily dose is about 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.10, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.20, 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, 0.25, 0.26, 0.27, 0.28, 0.29, 0.30, 0.31, 0.32, 0.33, 0.34, 0.35, 0.36, 0.37, 0.38, 0.39, 0.40, 0.41, 0.42, 0.43, 0.44, 0.45, 0.46, 0.47, 0.48, 0.49, 0.50, 0.51, 0.52, 0.53, 0.54, 0.55, 0.56, 0.57, 0.58, 0.59, 0.60, 0.61, 0.62, 0.63, 0.64, 0.65, 0.66, 0.67, 0.68, 0.69, 0.70, 0.71, 0.72, 0.73, 0.74, 0.75, 0.76, 0.77, 0.78, 0.79, 0.80, 0.81, 0.82, 0.83, 0.84, 0.85, 0.86, 0.87, 0.88, 0.89, 0.90, 0.91, 0.92, 0.93, 0.94, 0.95, 0.96, 0.97, 0.98, 0.99, 1.00, 1.01, 1.02, 1.03, 1.04, 1.05, 1.06, 1.07, 1.08, 1.09, 1.10, 1.11, 1.12, 1.13, 1.14, 1.15, 1.16, 1.17, 1.18, 1.19, 1.20, 1.21, 1.22, 1.23, 1.24, 1.25, 1.26, 1.27, 1.28, 1.29, 1.30, 1.31, 1.32, 1.33, 1.34, 1.35, 1.36, 1.37, 1.38, 1.39, 1.40, 1.41, 1.42, 1.43, 1.44, 1.45, 1.46, 1.47, 1.48, 1.49, 1.50, 1.51, 1.52, 1.53, 1.54, 1.55, 1.56, 1.57, 1.58, 1.59, 1.60, 1.61, 1.62, 1.63, 1.64, 1.65, 1.66, 1.67, 1.68, 1.69, 1.70, 1.71, 1.72, 1.73, 1.74, 1.75, 1.76, 1.77, 1.78, 1.79, 1.80, 1.81, 1.82, 1.83, 1.84, 1.85, 1.86, 1.87, 1.88, 1.89, 1.90, 1.91, 1.92, 1.93, 1.94, 1.95, 1.96, 1.97, 1.98, 1.99, 2.00, 2.01, 2.02, 2.03, 2.04, 2.05, 2.06, 2.07, 2.08, 2.09, 2.10, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13, 2.14, 2.15, 2.16, 2.17, 2.18, 2.19, 2.20, 2.21, 2.22, 2.23, 2.24, 2.25, 2.26, 2.27, 2.28, 2.29, 2.30, 2.31, 2.32, 2.33, 2.34, 2.35, 2.36, 2.37, 2.38, 2.39, 2.40, 2.41, 2.42, 2.43, 2.44, 2.45, 2.46, 2.47, 2.48, 2.49, 2.50, 2.51, 2.52, 2.53, 2.54, 2.55, 2.56, 2.57, 2.58, 2.59, 2.60, 2.61, 2.62, 2.63, 2.64, 2.65, 2.66, 2.67, 2.68, 2.69, 2.70, 2.71, 2.72, 2.73, 2.74, 2.75, 2.76, 2.77, 2.78, 2.79, 2.80, 2.81, 2.82, 2.83, 2.84, 2.85, 2.86, 2.87, 2.88, 2.89, 2.90, 2.91, 2.92, 2.93, 2.94, 2.95, 2.96, 2.97, 2.98, 2.99, 3.00, 3.01, 3.02, 3.03, 3.04, 3.05, 3.06, 3.07, 3.08, 3.09, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13, 3.14, 3.15, 3.16, 3.17, 3.18, 3.19, 3.20, 3.21, 3.22, 3.23, 3.24, 3.25, 3.26, 3.27, 3.28, 3.29, 3.30, 3.31, 3.32, 3.33, 3.34, 3.35, 3.36, 3.37, 3.38, 3.39, 3.40, 3.41, 3.42, 3.43, 3.44, 3.45, 3.46, 3.47, 3.48, 3.49, 3.50, 3.51, 3.52, 3.53, 3.54, 3.55, 3.56, 3.57, 3.58, 3.59, 3.60, 3.61, 3.62, 3.63, 3.64, 3.65, 3.66, 3.67, 3.68, 3.69, 3.70, 3.71, 3.72, 3.73, 3.74, 3.75, 3.76, 3.77, 3.78, 3.79, 3.80, 3.81, 3.82, 3.83, 3.84, 3.85, 3.86, 3.87, 3.88, 3.89, 3.90, 3.91, 3.92, 3.93, 3.94, 3.95, 3.96, 3.97, 3.98, 3.99, 4.00, 4.01, 4.02, 4.03, 4.04, 4.05, 4.06, 4.07, 4.08, 4.09, 4.10, 4.11, 4.12, 4.13, 4.14, 4.15, 4.16, 4.17, 4.18, 4.19, 4.20, 4.21, 4.22, 4.23, 4.24, 4.25, 4.26, 4.27, 4.28, 4.29, 4.30, 4.31, 4.32, 4.33, 4.34, 4.35, 4.36, 4.37, 4.38, 4.39, 4.40, 4.41, 4.42, 4.43, 4.44, 4.45, 4.46, 4.47, 4.48, 4.49, 4.50, 4.51, 4.52, 4.53, 4.54, 4.55, 4.56, 4.57, 4.58, 4.59, 4.60, 4.61, 4.62, 4.63, 4.64, 4.65, 4.66, 4.67, 4.68, 4.69, 4.70, 4.71, 4.72, 4.73, 4.74, 4.75, 4.76, 4.77, 4.78, 4.79, 4.80, 4.81, 4.82, 4.83, 4.84, 4.85, 4.86, 4.87, 4.88, 4.89, 4.90, 4.91, 4.92, 4.93, 4.94, 4.95, 4.96, 4.97, 4.98, 4.99, 5.00, 5.01, 5.02, 5.03, 5.04, 5.05, 5.06, 5.07, 5.08, 5.09, 5.10, 5.11, 5.12, 5.13, 5.14, 5.15, 5.16, 5.17, 5.18, 5.19, 5.20, 5.21, 5.22, 5.23, 5.24, 5.25, 5.26, 5.27, 5.28, 5.29, 5.30, 5.31, 5.32, 5.33, 5.34, 5.35, 5.36, 5.37, 5.38, 5.39, 5.40, 5.41, 5.42, 5.43, 5.44, 5.45, 5.46, 5.47, 5.48, 5.49, 5.50, 5.51, 5.52, 5.53, 5.54, 5.55, 5.56, 5.57, 5.58, 5.59, 5.60, 5.61, 5.62, 5.63, 5.64, 5.65, 5.66, 5.67, 5.68, 5.69, 5.70, 5.71, 5.72, 5.73, 5.74, 5.75, 5.76, 5.77, 5.78, 5.79, 5.80, 5.81, 5.82, 5.83, 5.84, 5.85, 5.86, 5.87, 5.88, 5.89, 5.90, 5.91, 5.92, 5.93, 5.94, 5.95, 5.96, 5.97, 5.98, 5.99, 6.00, 6.01, 6.02, 6.03, 6.04, 6.05, 6.06, 6.07, 6.08, 6.09, 6.10, 6.11, 6.12, 6.13, 6.14, 6.15, 6.16, 6.17, 6.18, 6.19, 6.20, 6.21, 6.22, 6.23, 6.24, 6.25, 6.26, 6.27, 6.28, 6.29, 6.30, 6.31, 6.32, 6.33, 6.34, 6.35, 6.36, 6.37, 6.38, 6.39, 6.40, 6.41, 6.42, 6.43, 6.44, 6.45, 6.46, 6.47, 6.48, 6.49, 6.50, 6.51, 6.52, 6.53, 6.54, 6.55, 6.56, 6.57, 6.58, 6.59, 6.60, 6.61, 6.62, 6.63, 6.64, 6.65, 6.66, 6.67, 6.68, 6.69, 6.70, 6.71, 6.72, 6.73, 6.74, 6.75, 6.76, 6.77, 6.78, 6.79, 6.80, 6.81, 6.82, 6.83, 6.84, 6.85, 6.86, 6.87, 6.88, 6.89, 6.90, 6.91, 6.92, 6.93, 6.94, 6.95, 6.96, 6.97, 6.98, 6.99, 7.00, 7.01, 7.02, 7.03, 7.04, 7.05, 7.06, 7.07, 7.08, 7.09, 7.10, 7.11, 7.12, 7.13, 7.14, 7.15, 7.16, 7.17, 7.18, 7.19, 7.20, 7.21, 7.22, 7.23, 7.24, 7.25, 7.26, 7.27, 7.28, 7.29, 7.30, 7.31, 7.32, 7.33, 7.34, 7.35, 7.36, 7.37, 7.38, 7.39, 7.40, 7.41, 7.42, 7.43, 7.44, 7.45, 7.46, 7.47, 7.48, 7.49, 7.50, 7.51, 7.52, 7.53, 7.54, 7.55, 7.56, 7.57, 7.58, 7.59, 7.60, 7.61, 7.62, 7.63, 7.64, 7.65, 7.66, 7.67, 7.68, 7.69, 7.70, 7.71, 7.72, 7.73, 7.74, 7.75, 7.76, 7.77, 7.78, 7.79, 7.80, 7.81, 7.82, 7.83, 7.84, 7.85, 7.86, 7.87, 7.88, 7.89, 7.90, 7.91, 7.92, 7.93, 7.94, 7.95, 7.96, 7.97, 7.98, 7.99, 8.00, 8.01, 8.02, 8.03, 8.04, 8.05, 8.06, 8.07, 8.08, 8.09, 8.10, 8.11, 8.12, 8.13, 8.14, 8.15, 8.16, 8.17, 8.18, 8.19, 8.20, 8.21, 8.22, 8.23, 8.24, 8.25, 8.26, 8.27, 8.28, 8.29, 8.30, 8.31, 8.32, 8.33, 8.34, 8.35, 8.36, 8.37, 8.38, 8.39, 8.40, 8.41, 8.42, 8.43, 8.44, 8.45, 8.46, 8.47, 8.48, 8.49, 8.50, 8.51, 8.52, 8.53, 8.54, 8.55, 8.56, 8.57, 8.58, 8.59, 8.60, 8.61, 8.62, 8.63, 8.64, 8.65, 8.66, 8.67, 8.68, 8.69, 8.70, 8.71, 8.72, 8.73, 8.74, 8.75, 8.76, 8.77, 8.78, 8.79, 8.80, 8.81, 8.82, 8.83, 8.84, 8.85, 8.86, 8.87, 8.88, 8.89, 8.90, 8.91, 8.92, 8.93, 8.94, 8.95, 8.96, 8.97, 8.98, 8.99 or 9.00 grams. For example, individual daily dose is about 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.10, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.20, 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, 0.25, 0.26, 0.27, 0.28, 0.29, 0.30, 0.31, 0.32, 0.33, 0.34, 0.35, 0.36, 0.37, 0.38, 0.39, 0.40, 0.41, 0.42, 0.43, 0.44, 0.45, 0.46, 0.47, 0.48, 0.49, 0.50, 0.51, 0.52, 0.53, 0.54, 0.55, 0.56, 0.57, 0.58, 0.59, 0.60, 0.61, 0.62, 0.63, 0.64, 0.65, 0.66, 0.67, 0.68, 0.69, 0.70, 0.71, 0.72, 0.73, 0.74, 0.75, 0.76, 0.77, 0.78, 0.79, 0.80, 0.81, 0.82, 0.83, 0.84, 0.85, 0.86, 0.87, 0.88, 0.89, 0.90, 0.91, 0.92, 0.93, 0.94, 0.95, 0.96, 0.97, 0.98, 0.99, 1.00, 1.01, 1.02, 1.03, 1.04, 1.05, 1.06, 1.07, 1.08, 1.09, 1.10, 1.11, 1.12, 1.13, 1.14, 1.15, 1.16, 1.17, 1.18, 1.19, 1.20, 1.21, 1.22, 1.23, 1.24, 1.25, 1.26, 1.27, 1.28, 1.29, 1.30, 1.31, 1.32, 1.33, 1.34, 1.35, 1.36, 1.37, 1.38, 1.39, 1.40, 1.41, 1.42, 1.43, 1.44, 1.45, 1.46, 1.47, 1.48, 1.49, 1.50, 1.51, 1.52, 1.53, 1.54, 1.55, 1.56, 1.57, 1.58, 1.59, 1.60, 1.61, 1.62, 1.63, 1.64, 1.65, 1.66, 1.67, 1.68, 1.69, 1.70, 1.71, 1.72, 1.73, 1.74, 1.75, 1.76, 1.77, 1.78, 1.79, 1.80, 1.81, 1.82, 1.83, 1.84, 1.85, 1.86, 1.87, 1.88, 1.89, 1.90, 1.91, 1.92, 1.93, 1.94, 1.95, 1.96, 1.97, 1.98, 1.99, 2.00, 2.01, 2.02, 2.03, 2.04, 2.05, 2.06, 2.07, 2.08, 2.09, 2.10, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13, 2.14, 2.15, 2.16, 2.17, 2.18, 2.19, 2.20, 2.21, 2.22, 2.23, 2.24, 2.25, 2.26, 2.27, 2.28, 2.29, 2.30, 2.31, 2.32, 2.33, 2.34, 2.35, 2.36, 2.37, 2.38, 2.39, 2.40, 2.41, 2.42, 2.43, 2.44, 2.45, 2.46, 2.47, 2.48, 2.49, 2.50, 2.51, 2.52, 2.53, 2.54, 2.55, 2.56, 2.57, 2.58, 2.59, 2.60, 2.61, 2.62, 2.63, 2.64, 2.65, 2.66, 2.67, 2.68, 2.69, 2.70, 2.71, 2.72, 2.73, 2.74, 2.75, 2.76, 2.77, 2.78, 2.79, 2.80, 2.81, 2.82, 2.83, 2.84, 2.85, 2.86, 2.87, 2.88, 2.89, 2.90, 2.91, 2.92, 2.93, 2.94, 2.95, 2.96, 2.97, 2.98, 2.99, 3.00, 3.01, 3.02, 3.03, 3.04, 3.05, 3.06, 3.07, 3.08, 3.09, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13, 3.14, 3.15, 3.16, 3.17, 3.18, 3.19, 3.20, 3.21, 3.22, 3.23, 3.24, 3.25, 3.26, 3.27, 3.28, 3.29, 3.30, 3.31, 3.32, 3.33, 3.34, 3.35, 3.36, 3.37, 3.38, 3.39, 3.40, 3.41, 3.42, 3.43, 3.44, 3.45, 3.46, 3.47, 3.48, 3.49, 3.50, 3.51, 3.52, 3.53, 3.54, 3.55, 3.56, 3.57, 3.58, 3.59, 3.60, 3.61, 3.62, 3.63, 3.64, 3.65, 3.66, 3.67, 3.68, 3.69, 3.70, 3.71, 3.72, 3.73, 3.74, 3.75, 3.76, 3.77, 3.78, 3.79, 3.80, 3.81, 3.82, 3.83, 3.84, 3.85, 3.86, 3.87, 3.88, 3.89, 3.90, 3.91, 3.92, 3.93, 3.94, 3.95, 3.96, 3.97, 3.98, 3.99, 4.00, 4.01, 4.02, 4.03, 4.04, 4.05, 4.06, 4.07, 4.08, 4.09, 4.10, 4.11, 4.12, 4.13, 4.14, 4.15, 4.16, 4.17, 4.18, 4.19, 4.20, 4.21, 4.22, 4.23, 4.24, 4.25, 4.26, 4.27, 4.28, 4.29, 4.30, 4.31, 4.32, 4.33, 4.34, 4.35, 4.36, 4.37, 4.38, 4.39, 4.40, 4.41, 4.42, 4.43, 4.44, 4.45, 4.46, 4.47, 4.48, 4.49, 4.50, 4.51, 4.52, 4.53, 4.54, 4.55, 4.56, 4.57, 4.58, 4.59, 4.60, 4.61, 4.62, 4.63, 4.64, 4.65, 4.66, 4.67, 4.68, 4.69, 4.70, 4.71, 4.72, 4.73, 4.74, 4.75, 4.76, 4.77, 4.78, 4.79, 4.80, 4.81, 4.82, 4.83, 4.84, 4.85, 4.86, 4.87, 4.88, 4.89, 4.90, 4.91, 4.92, 4.93, 4.94, 4.95, 4.96, 4.97, 4.98, 4.99, 5.00, 5.01, 5.02, 5.03, 5.04, 5.05, 5.06, 5.07, 5.08, 5.09, 5.10, 5.11, 5.12, 5.13, 5.14, 5.15, 5.16, 5.17, 5.18, 5.19, 5.20, 5.21, 5.22, 5.23, 5.24, 5.25, 5.26, 5.27, 5.28, 5.29, 5.30, 5.31, 5.32, 5.33, 5.34, 5.35, 5.36, 5.37, 5.38, 5.39, 5.40, 5.41, 5.42, 5.43, 5.44, 5.45, 5.46, 5.47, 5.48, 5.49, 5.50, 5.51, 5.52, 5.53, 5.54, 5.55, 5.56, 5.57, 5.58, 5.59, 5.60, 5.61, 5.62, 5.63, 5.64, 5.65, 5.66, 5.67, 5.68, 5.69, 5.70, 5.71, 5.72, 5.73, 5.74, 5.75, 5.76, 5.77, 5.78, 5.79, 5.80, 5.81, 5.82, 5.83, 5.84, 5.85, 5.86, 5.87, 5.88, 5.89, 5.90, 5.91, 5.92, 5.93, 5.94, 5.95, 5.96, 5.97, 5.98, 5.99 or 6.00 grams. For example, individual daily dose is about 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5.0, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 7.0, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 8.0, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, 9.0, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8, 9.9, 10.0, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7, 10.8, 10.9, 11.0, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7, 11.8, 11.9 or 12.0 grams. For example, individual daily dose is about 1.20, 1.21, 1.22, 1.23, 1.24, 1.25, 1.26, 1.27, 1.28, 1.29, 1.30, 1.31, 1.32, 1.33, 1.34, 1.35, 1.36, 1.37, 1.38, 1.39, 1.40, 1.41, 1.42, 1.43, 1.44, 1.45, 1.46, 1.47, 1.48, 1.49 or 1.50 grams. Example 3: Example Formulation and Suggested Dose of SLD07
[0172] In this example, example formulation SLD07 contains an active component containing five probiotic bacteria species, a prebiotic component that promotes the growth of these probiotic bacteria in the gut, and two antioxidants. In other examples, the prebiotic component (s) is optional.
[0173] Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus gasseri, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus were used in the example composition SLD07. The ratio of each bacteria species in the synbiotic composition is listed in Table 8. In this example, the synbiotic composition SLD07 contains at least 1.0x106 CFU of all bacteria species combined, e.g., between 1.0 x106 and 9.0x1012 CFU per daily use. In this example, the synbiotic composition contains flavoring. In this example, lime powder is used for flavoring.
[0174] Table 8 of Probiotic bacteria species in the example synbiotic composition SLD07
[0175] *NCBI: txid –Taxonomy ID in The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Taxonomy database
[0176] Ratios of example probiotic bacteria species
[0177] The ratio of B. adolescentis, B. bifidum, B. longum, Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus rhamnosus in the example synbiotic composition is designed to be (1-6) : (1-6) : (1-6) : 1: 1 for general human subject.
[0178] Ratios of example prebiotic components
[0179] In this example, a prebiotic component containing four prebiotics, xylooligosaccharides (XOS) , resistant dextrin, corn fiber and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) was added into the synbiotic composition. Without bound by any theory, the 2 prebiotic components in the synbiotic composition could improve the delivery of the probiotic bacteria species to the gut. As some of these prebiotic components are fibers, they help to provide a favorable environment for the probiotic bacteria species to survive during transit in the gastrointestinal tract and finally deliver to the gut. In this example, the ratio among the 4 prebiotics, xylooligosaccharides (XOS) , galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) , resistant dextrin and FOS is 1: (4-8) : (0-2) : (0-6) for both adult and children. Resistant dextrin and FOS are optional. In this example, soluble corn fiber is used for resistant dextrin.
[0180] Amount of example antioxidant components
[0181] The antioxidant component contains Vitamin E, omega-3, or both. When present, Vitamin E is 100-500 IU per 2g sachet daily, equivalent to 134-336mg for natural form Vitamin E and 90-225mg for synthetic form Vitamin E.
[0182] Omega-3 fish oil when present is in 2-5%by weight of the formula. When the formula is 2g, this is equivalent to 0.04-0.1g.
[0183] Formula of the example synbiotic composition
[0184] The formula of the example synbiotic composition for preventing or treating liver associated diseases or conditions comprises an active component, i.e., 5 probiotic bacteria species, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus rhamnosus and 4 prebiotic components (xylooligosaccharide, galactooligosaccharides, resistant dextrin (corn fiber) , fructooligosaccharides) and 2 antioxidants (vitamin E and Omega-3) with suggested dosage in Table 9. In one implementation, the daily dosage is formulated as four sachets daily with 2 grams per sachet (i.e., 8 grams totally) . In another implementation, the 4 prebiotic components are optional. In another implementation, the 2 antioxidants components are optional.
[0185] In some examples, this example formula is manufactured in the pure form of powder, sachet, tablets or capsule. In some examples, the synbiotic composition is incorporated into a dietary composition, or other food product, for instance by dry mixing the components of the synbiotic composition successively, together or as a premix, into the dietary composition, or other food product, following regular processing techniques. For example, the dietary composition is or formulated as a functional food or supplement. For example, the food product is powdered beverage, milk-based product, yogurt, yogurt melts, ice-cream, dry cereal mix and porridge.
[0186] Table 9 Suggested amount per daily dose of the example synbiotic compositions (Total weight 0.01-9g)
[0187] Note: CFU: colony forming unit
[0188] For active components, the suggested daily dosage, measured in colony-forming unit of the 5 probiotic bacteria species combined, should be between 106 to 1012 CFU. For prebiotic component, the suggested daily dosage when the consumed in pure form should be about 0.01g to about 9g, or about 0.1g to about 6g, or about 0.5g to about 3g, or about 1g to about 2g, or about 1.2g to about 1.5g, measured in gram (g) of the 4 prebiotic components combined weight. Example 4: Synbiotic (SLD07) prevents steatotic liver disease progression and improves liver health in patients with metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease
[0189] This study aimed to investigate the role of synbiotics plus antioxidants (SLD07) in preventing and delaying the progression of metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) . In this study, the efficacy of SLD07 containing prebiotics, a defined ratio of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus strains and antioxidants (vitamin E and omega-3) in improving MAFLD was evaluated. Using both in vitro and mouse models, whether co-administration of antioxidants and synbiotics has superior effect in improving MAFLD compared with synbiotics or antioxidants alone was investigated. The safety and efficacy of SLD07 in patients with MAFLD were also assessed.
[0190] The effects of SLD07 on metabolic profiles in a mouse model fed with high fat diet were investigated. Bodyweight and weight of liver and adipose tissue were measured. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed to assess glucose metabolism. Liver morphology was assessed by histology. Energy balance and expenditure were assessed by Promethion metabolic cage system. Moreover, the safety and efficacy of SLD07 in a human pilot study were tested.
[0191] Material and methods
[0192] Synbiotic Formulation (SLD07)
[0193] SLD07 consists of a blend of naturally occurring food-grade Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus species as active probiotics (20 billion CFU in total) , omega-3 and vitamin E. All probiotic species belonged to biosafety level 1 and were food grade probiotics that have been approved for oral intake in humans. Four types of prebiotics, galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) , fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) , corn fiber and xylooligosaccharides (XOS) were included to promote the growth of probiotic bacteria in vivo. The efficacy of multiple probiotic species and antioxidants have been tested individually in vitro. SLD07 was supplied by GenieBiome Limited and produced under Good Manufacturing Practice.
[0194] The detailed formulation of SLD07 is described in Example 3.
[0195] Microorganism cultivation for in vitro and in vivo experiments
[0196] The probiotic species of SLD07 (Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus) were obtained from Probiotical (Italy) . All bacteria were cultivated in reinforced clostridial medium overnight at 37 ℃ in anaerobic chamber (Coy, USA) . After overnight culture, bacteria were aliquoted into 50mL centrifuge tube in the anaerobic chamber and then got centrifuged at 4000g for 15minutes. Supernatant containing bacterial metabolites was collected for cell treatment. The precipitate of bacterial particles was washed with 10ml sterile PBS. Bacterial pellets were resuspended with vehicle solution at the concentration of 109 CFU per 100 μL for animal study.
[0197] Cell assay and Oil red staining
[0198] The human liver cell line L-02 was cultured in a medium containing 1 %double antibiotic streptomycin and penicillin (Logan, UT, USA) , 10 %fetal bovine serum and 89 %Dulbecco's modified eagle medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) . Cells were incubated at 37 ℃ with 5 %CO2 and 95 %moist air. Cells were cultured with medium containing 5 mg / 100ml palmitic acid (PA) and simultaneously treated bacterial metabolites. After 24 hours of incubation, L-02 cells were washed with pre-cooled PBS at 4 ℃ and fixed in 4%paraformaldehyde for 10 min, and incubated with Oil Red O dye for 15 min at 25 ℃. The stained cells were scanned under a light microscope (Olympus, Japan) and images were obtained using imaging software.
[0199] Animal study
[0200] Male C57BL / 6 mice (4-week-old) were obtained from the Laboratory Animal Services Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong and reared under specific pathogen-free conditions. All mice were housed under control. All mice had access to water and diet ad libitum. The protocol was approved by Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks Corporation (HKSTP) (HKSTP IACUC ref. no.: 2024-067) . 50 C57BL / 6 male mice were included in this study. They were first co-housed for 4 weeks to homogenize their gut microbiota and then randomly divided into 5 groups, including 4 obese groups and 1 control group. Obese groups were fed with high fat diet (HFD, fat content 42%of energy, SF11-078, Specialty feeds, Australia) . Throughout the study, mice were supplemented by oral gavage with synbiotics and antioxidants (HFD-SYN+AOX) , antioxidants (HFD-AOX) , or synbiotics (HFD-SYN) for 12 weeks. The compositions were prepared by mixing pellets from cultivation of probiotic species with the prebiotics SLD07 according to table 9, with or without the probiotic bacteria species, prebiotic components and / or antioxidants. For clarity’s sake, “SYN” means probiotics (probiotic bacteria species) plus prebiotics (prebiotic components) ; “HFD-SYN+AOX” group: the compositions were prepared by mixing pellets from cultivation of probiotic bacteria species with prebiotics and antioxidants; “HFD-SYN” group: the compositions were prepared by mixing pellets from cultivation of probiotic species with prebiotics without antioxidants; “HFD-AOX” group: only antioxidants, no probiotics nor prebiotics added. All ingredients were dissolved thoroughly in sterile PBS. Control groups were fed with a normal chow diet. The body weight of mice was monitored weekly. When sacrifice, the brown adipose tissue and visceral adipose tissue including epididymal adipose tissue, perirenal adipose tissue and mesentery adipose tissue were thoroughly excised and weighed. All samples were stored at -80 ℃ until further analysis.
[0201] Metabolic Measurements in Mice
[0202] Calorimetry studies were performed on all mice. The energy consumption was calculated with Promethion system (Sable, USA) . Mice were transferred into a Promethion system (Sable Instruments) and were housed with 1 mouse per chamber for 4 days with a 12-hour light cycle (8: 00 AM to 8 PM) . Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were measured continuously. Food intake amount, drink amount and motor activity were recorded continuously. Motor activity (total and ambulating) was determined by beam breaks. The calorie left in fecal samples was detected with bomb calorie meter (Thermo) . Respiratory exchange ratios (RER) , which refers to the ratio between the amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) produced in metabolism and oxygen (O2) consumed will be calculated. RER value indicates the species of the predominant fuel source used by the mouse. An RER close to 0.70 indicates that fat is the predominant fuel source, while a value of 1.00 or above indicates that carbohydrates are the predominant fuel source.
[0203] Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
[0204] OGTT was performed to evaluate the insulin resistance in mice. Mice were fastened for 8 hours while they still had free access to drinking water. Then mice were gavage with 50%sterile glucose solution at the dose of 2g glucose / kg body weight. Then carefully cut off 1mm of the tail tip using a sharp scalpel. Blood glucoses were detected with stripes with a glucometer. Blood glucose values were detected at 0, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 60minutes, 90 minutes and 120 minutes after glucose gavage. Heparinized capillaries were used to collect 10 μ L blood at each time point. The blood samples were centrifuged for plasma isolation and insulin detection with high-sensitive mouse insulin ELISA kit (IMD, Hong Kong) .
[0205] Lipid profile evaluation
[0206] Blood samples collected via cardiac puncture when sacrifice. Blood samples stand still for 1h at room temperature and then centrifuged at 3000g for 20 minutes to obtain serum. Serum samples were then stored at -80 freezer for further research. 5ul serum were used to measure the concentration of total cholesterol (TC) , triglyceride (TG) , LDL, and HDL with quantitate kits (Abcam, USA) .
[0207] Histochemical Staining and Analysis
[0208] Liver tissues were dissected when sacrifice and then fixed with paraformaldehyde. Part of samples were embedded with oct (Sakura, Japan) and frozen sectioned. They were stained with Oil Red O and counterstained with hematoxylin (Sigma, Germany) . Glycerine jelly mounting serum (Sigma, Germany) was then used to mount slides. The lipid droplet area per section was quantified with Image J software by using the watershed function. Another section of sample was then embedded with paraffin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. H&E staining was performed by using standardized procedures on 4-mm liver.
[0209] Pilot study in human subjects with MAFLD
[0210] A single-centre, pilot clinical trial to assess the efficacy and safety of SLD07 in managing metabolic dysfunction associated with fatty liver disease (MAFLD) was conductetd. Individuals aged ≥50 with MAFLD with a controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) score of ≥270 assessed by FibroScan were enrolled from a private specialist clinic of endocrinology in Hong Kong. All recruited subjects had diabetes or conditions related to metabolic syndrome including obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance, and have been taking stable medications 3 months prior to enrolment. Exclusion criteria include known history of alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, autoimmune hepatitis, viral hepatitis, cholestatic liver disease and genetic liver disease, active malignancy, poorly controlled diabetes (HbA1c >8.5%) in the past 3 months, daily average consumption of alcohol >10mL, on treatment with insulin and Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) such as dulaglutide and semaglutide, drug history of systemic corticosteroids or methotrexate in the past 6 months, history of antibiotics, probiotics or prebiotics in the past month, intake of vitamin E and omega-3 supplements, as well as allergy to probiotics, vitamin E, omega-3 or lactose.
[0211] Subjects received one sachet of SLD07 daily (20 billion CFU in total) for 3 months. At baseline, demographic data including age, sex, BMI, waist circumference; and clinical information including medical history, drug history and FibroScan results within the past 3 months were recorded. FibroScan was performed on subjects who did not receive the scan within the past 3 months. Controlled Attenuation Parameter (CAP) score (measured in dB / m) and liver stiffness (measured in kPa) were assessed using FibroScan. Blood samples were taken for complete blood count, liver and renal function tests. At 3 months, FibroScan and blood taking were repeated. Adverse events were recorded. This study was approved by an independent research ethics committee of GenieBiome Ltd. and were conducted following the Declaration of Helsinki and Guideline for Good Clinical Practice. All participants have provided written informed consent. This study was registered on ClinicalTrials. gov.Results
[0212] Synbiotics plus antioxidant led to reduced lipid accumulation in mice fed a HFD C57BL / 6 male mice were fed with a HFD and supplemented by oral gavage with synbiotics, antioxidants, or synbiotics plus antioxidants. A HFD-PBS group (and a group fed with normal chow diet were included as control groups. After 12 weeks of supplementation, mice receiving synbiotics plus antioxidant (HFD-SYN+AOX) had significantly less body weight compared to the HFD-PBS group (FIGS. 2A and 2B, p<0.01, Dunnett’s test) , showing synergistic effect in combining synbiotics and antioxidants. Mice receiving synbiotics (HFD-SYN) or antioxidants (HFD-AOX) alone showed no significant difference in body weight compared to HFD-PBS group (FIGS. 2A and 2B) . Mice in synbiotics plus antioxidant (HFD-SYN+AOX) and antioxidants (HFD-AOX) groups had significantly lower perirenal white adipose tissue (WAT) weight compared with the HFD-PBS group (FIG. 2C, p=0.014 and p=0.022, respectively, Dunnett’s test) . Mice in synbiotics plus antioxidant group (HFD-SYN+AOX) also had marginally lower epididymal WAT weight (p=0.09, Dunnett’s test) , while mice in synbiotics (HFD-SYN) or antioxidants (HFD-AOX) alone groups showed significantly lower epididymal WAT weight (FIG. 2D, p=0.002 and p=0.030, respectively, Dunnett’s test) , compared with mice in HFD-PBS group. Mice in synbiotics (HFD-SYN) alone group had significantly lower retroperitoneal WAT weight compared with the HFD-PBS group (FIG. 2E, p=0.03, Dunnett’s test) . Mice in all treatment groups had significantly lower visceral WAT weight (FIG. 2F, p=0.042, p=0.002 and p=0.001, respectively, Dunnett’s test) , compared with mice in the HFD-PBS group. No difference was observed in brown adipose tissue weight between treatment groups and HFD-PBS group (FIG. 2G) .
[0213] Synbiotics led to improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in mice fed a HFD
[0214] Oral tolerance test (OGTT) showed that mice in the synbiotics group (HFD-SYN) had significantly improved glucose tolerance (p=0.009, Dunnett’s test) whereas mice in the antioxidant (HFD-AOX) and synbiotics plus antioxidant (HFD-SYN+AOX) groups had marginally improved glucose tolerance compared to HFD-PBS group (FIGS. 3A and 3B, p=0.11 and p=0.17, respectively, Dunnett’s test) . In addition, mice in the synbiotics group (HFD-SYN) had significantly improved insulin resistance (p=0.04, Dunnett’s test) whereas mice in the synbiotics plus antioxidant (HFD-SYN+AOX) group had marginally improved glucose tolerance compared to HFD-PBS group (FIGS. 3C to 3E, p=0.06, Dunnett’s test) .
[0215] Synbiotics plus antioxidants led to reduced liver steatosis and lipid profiles in mice fed a HFD
[0216] Mice in synbiotics plus antioxidant (HFD-SYN+AOX) and synbiotics (HFD-SYN) groups had significantly lower serum triglyceride (TG) , compared to mice in HFD-PBS group (FIG. 4A, p=0.016 and p=0.029, respectively, Dunnett’s test) was found. Moreover, only mice in synbiotics plus antioxidant (HFD-SYN+AOX) group had significant lower serum LDL, compared to mice in HFD-PBS group (FIG. 4B, p=0.009, Dunnett’s test) . Surprisingly, mice in antioxidant group (HFD-AOX) had significantly higher serum TC, compared to mice in HFD-PBS group (FIG. 4C, p=0.044, Dunnett’s test) . No difference in serum HDL was observed between groups (FIG. 4D) . No differences were observed in serum ALT or AST between synbiotics plus antioxidant (HFD-SYN+AOX) group and HFD-PBS group (FIGS. 4E and 4F) .
[0217] In addition to serum profiles, mice in the synbiotics plus antioxidant (HFD-SYN+AOX) groups had significantly lower liver weight, compared with mice in HFD-PBS group (FIG. 4G, p=0.024, Dunnett’s test) . No difference was observed in liver weight between synbiotics (HFD-SYN) or antioxidants groups (HFD-AOX) and HFD-PBS group. Supplementation of synbiotics plus antioxidant groups (HFD-SYN+AOX) prevented liver steatosis compared with HFD-PBS group according to HE staining (FIG. 4H) . NAS scores significantly decreased in synbiotics plus antioxidant group (HFD-SYN+AOX) compared with HFD-PBS group. (FIG. 4I, p=0.015, Dunnett’s test) . These results suggested a synergistic effect between synbiotics and antioxidants in improving liver steatosis and steatohepatitis.
[0218] The data showed that the combination of synbiotics and antioxidants had a superior effect in reducing lipid droplets area and inflammatory infiltrates in the livers of mice fed a HFD, compared with synbiotics or antioxidants alone. The reduction of ALT, AST, triglyceride and cholesterol levels further supported the protective effect on liver steatosis and steatohepatitis.
[0219] Synbiotics plus antioxidants altered fuel source preferences in mice fed a HFD
[0220] After 12 weeks of intervention, mice fed a HFD exhibited a lower RER compared to those on ND (FIGS. 5A and 5B) , indicating a shift towards fat as the predominant fuel source. Notably, mice receiving synbiotics plus antioxidants (HFD-SYN+AOX) demonstrated a higher RER value than the HFD-PBS group, particularly during the night phase (FIGS. 5A and 5B) , whereas mice receiving synbiotics (HFD-SYN) or antioxidant (HFD-AOX) alone showed no such effect. No significant difference in food consumption between any treatment groups and the HFD-PBS group was observed (FIG. 5C) . Additionally, energy expenditure remained consistent across all groups (FIG. 5D) . These findings suggested that the combination of synbiotics and antioxidants modified the metabolic fuel source preference in mice fed a HFD, without impacting overall energy intake or expenditure.
[0221] Pilot human data showed that SLD07 was effective and safe in improving MAFLD
[0222] Between May and November 2024, a total of 27 subjects received SLD07 treatment for 12 weeks in the single-centre, pilot clinical trial. Amongst these subjects, the mean age was 61.63 ± 5.29 years and 63.0%were female. Mean body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were 27.25 ± 3.10 kg / m2 and 91.04 ± 8.95 cm, respectively. At 12 weeks, mean Controlled Attenuation Parameter (CAP) score was significantly reduced from 325.33 (± 32.46) dB / m to 304.44 (± 34.39) dB / m (mean difference: -20.89, p =0.0015) . Mean liver stiffness significantly reduced from 5.77 (± 1.47) kPa to 5.11 (± 1.29) kPa (mean difference: -0.66, p = 0.0026) at 12 weeks. 92.6%of subjects responded to SLD07 treatment with a reduction in either the CAP score or liver stiffness, or both. 77.8%and 74.1%of subjects showed reductions in CAP score and liver stiffness, respectively. No serious adverse event was reported in these subjects during the trial period.
[0223] Summary of Results
[0224] In mice fed high fat diet, synbiotics plus antioxidants (SLD07) significantly reduced body weight gain, fat accumulation and serum lipid profiles, while enhancing glucose tolerance and improving liver steatosis in a high-fat diet mouse model (all p<0.05) . In a pilot human study, 3-month treatment with SLD07 resulted in significantly reduced Controlled Attenuation Parameter (CAP) score and liver stiffness in patients with MAFLD (p<0.01) , without serious adverse events.
[0225] Conclusion
[0226] The examples above demonstrates that co-administration of synbiotics and antioxidants reduces lipid accumulation, improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, ameliorates liver steatosis, and alters fuel source preferences in mice fed a HFD. Pilot human data suggest that SLD07, a formulation containing synbiotics and antioxidants, is safe and effective in improving MAFLD. These findings highlight the potential of combined therapies targeting the gut microbiota and oxidative stress as a novel approach for the management of MAFLD. Future research should focus on elucidating the underlying mechanisms and validating these findings in larger clinical trials.
[0227] To conclude, SLD07 prevented liver steatosis in mice and appeared safe and effective patients with MAFLD.
[0228] The exemplary embodiments of the present invention are thus fully described. Although the description referred to particular embodiments, it will be clear to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced with variation of these specific details. Hence this invention should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein.
Claims
1.A composition for preventing or treating a liver associated disease or condition in a subject, comprising an effective amount of an active component,wherein the active component comprises a probiotic bacterial component, optionally a prebiotic component, and optionally an antioxidant component,wherein the probiotic bacterial component comprises one or more of Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and combination thereof;wherein the prebiotic component comprises one or more of xylooligosaccharide, galacto-oligosaccharides, resistant dextrin, fructooligosaccharide and combination thereof; andwherein the antioxidant component comprises one or more of Vitamin E, Omega-3 and combination thereof.2.The composition of claim 1, wherein the probiotic bacterial component comprises Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus rhamnosus.3.The composition of claim 2, wherein the weight or colony-forming unit ratio of Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus rhamnosus is about (1-6) : (1-6) : (1-6) : 1: 1.4.The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the prebiotic component, if present, comprises xylooligosaccharide, galacto-oligosaccharides, optionally resistant dextrin and optionally fructooligosaccharide.5.The composition of claim 4, wherein the weight ratio of xylooligosaccharide, galacto-oligosaccharides, resistant dextrin and fructooligosaccharide is about 1: (4-8) : (0-2) : (0-6) .6.The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein Vitamin E, if present, is about 5-1500 IU per daily dosage and wherein Omega-3, if present, is about 2-5%by weight of the composition or 0.002-0.45g per daily dosage.7.The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition is formulated in a daily dosage comprising Bifidobacterium adolescentis in a range of about 2x105 to 3x1011 CFU, Bifidobacterium bifidum in a range of about 2x105 to 3x1011 CFU, Bifidobacterium longum in a range of about 2x105 to 3x1011 CFU, Lactobacillus gasseri in a range of about 5x104 to 2x1011 CFU, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus in a range of about 5x104 to 2x1011 CFU.8.The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition is formulated in a daily dosage comprising about 0.01g to about 1.8g of xylooligosaccharides, about 0.05g to about 7.2g of galacto-oligosaccharides, about 0g to about 1.06g of resistant dextrin, and about 0g to about 3.18g of fructooligosaccharides.9.The composition of claim 1, wherein the probiotic bacterial component comprises Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, in a weight or colony-forming unit ratio of about (0.57-3.56) : 1: (0.21-2.36) .10.The composition of claim 7, wherein the subject is an adult and the probiotic bacterial component comprises Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, in a weight or colony-forming unit ratio of about (0.75-1) : 1: (0.75-1) .11.The composition of claim 7, wherein the subject is a child and the probiotic bacterial component comprises Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, in a weight or colony-forming unit ratio of about (0.57-3.09) : 1: (0.21-1.7) .12.The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the prebiotic component comprises xylooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, and resistant dextrin.13.The composition of claim 5, wherein the weight ratio of xylooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, and resistant dextrin in the composition is about (0.25-0.5) : (2-4) : (0.5-0.75) .14.The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the probiotic bacterial component is a combined range of about 1x106 to about 1x1012 colony-forming units (CFU) .15.The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition is formulated in a daily dosage with a total weight of about 0.01 to about 9 grams, 0.01 to about 6 grams, 0.1 to about 12 grams or 1.2 to about 1.5 grams.16.The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition is formulated in a daily dosage with the probiotic bacterial component in a combined range of about 2x1010 colony-forming units (CFU) .17.The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition is a dietary composition, a food product or a supplement.18.A use of a composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in preventing or treating a liver associated disease or condition in a subject.19.The use of claim 18, wherein the liver associated disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of: liver steatosis, liver inflammation, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) , non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) , non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) , and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) , SLD, MAFSD, MASL, MASH, MetALD and combinations thereof.20.The use of claim 18 or 19, wherein the composition is formulated for oral administration or rectal administration.21.A method of preventing or treating a liver associated disease or condition in a subject, comprising the step of:administering an effective amount of any one of the composition as claimed in claims 1-17 to the subject, such that the disease or condition is improved.22.The method of claim 21, wherein the liver associated disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of: liver steatosis, liver inflammation, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) , non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) , non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) , and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) , SLD, MAFSD, MASL, MASH, MetALD and combinations thereof.23.The method of claim 21 or claim 22, wherein the composition is administered in a single dose or a plurality of subdoses per day.24.The method of claim 21, claim 22, or claim 23, wherein the composition is administered in a single dose per day for 3 months, or two subdoses per day for 3 months.
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