Gsdme n-terminal domain variants
By introducing lysine-to-arginine mutations in GSDME, the protein's stability and cell death-inducing capability are enhanced, effectively targeting tumor cells and enhancing tumor suppression.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/090327
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-04-22
- Filing Date
- 2025-04-22
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-30
AI Technical Summary
Existing gasdermin E (GSDME) proteins are subject to ubiquitination, which regulates their activity and stability, limiting their effectiveness in inducing tumor cell death and immune response in cancer treatment.
Introduction of lysine-to-arginine mutations at specific sites in the GSDME protein to stabilize the N-terminal domain, enhancing its pore-forming activity and cell death-inducing capability.
The mutated GSDME N-terminal domain variants demonstrate increased stability and efficacy in inducing cell death, particularly in tumor cells, with improved tumor suppression and immune activation.
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Figure PCTCN2025090327-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
GSDME N-TERMINAL DOMAIN VARIANTSINCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
[0001] All documents cited or referenced herein (including without limitation all literature documents, patents, published patent applications cited herein) ( “herein cited documents” ) , and all documents cited or referenced in herein cited documents, together with any manufacturer’s instructions, descriptions, product specifications, and product sheets for any products mentioned herein or in any document incorporated by reference herein, are hereby incorporated herein by reference, and may be employed in the practice of the invention. More specifically, all referenced documents are incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual document was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. Any Genbank sequences mentioned in this disclosure are incorporated by reference with the Genbank sequence to be that of the earliest effective filing date of this disclosure. This application claims priority from PCT international application PCT / CN2024 / 089119 filed on April 22, 2024, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. SEQUENCE STATEMENT
[0002] The instant application contains a Sequence Listing XML labeled “P12078-PCT. 250410. SequenceListing. xml” which was created on April 10, 2025 and is 19 kb. The entire content of the sequence listing is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The disclosure relates to a gasdermin E (GSDME) N-terminal domain variant comprising a lysine-to-arginine mutation at a suspected ubiquitination site, as well as a nucleic acid molecule, e.g., a RNA molecule or a DNA molecule, that encodes the GSDME N-terminal domain variant, and a vector comprising the DNA molecule. The disclosure also relates to the use of the GSDME N-terminal domain variant in e.g., inducing tumor cell death, inhibiting tumor progression, or treating tumors.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0004] The development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms rely on both regulated cell proliferation and removal of cells that pose a potential danger to the organisms or no longer needed. Programmed cell death (PCD) is the dominant way to dispose these unwanted cells, and the elimination of infected cells or nascent neoplastic cells may prevent or control infection or cancer development. Among three most studied PCDs, apoptosis is a non-lytic form characterized in the breaking down of dying cells into small fragments that dampens subsequent immune responses, while pyroptosis and necroptosis are lytic ones with bursting of the dying cells and release of inflammation inducers into the cellular surroundings such as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) ad pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (Bedoui S, Herold MJ, Strasser A. (2020) Emerging connectivity of programmed cell death pathways and its physiological implications. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 21 (11) : 678-695) .
[0005] The gasdermins are the effector proteins of pyroptosis. Each gasdermin, e.g., GSDME and GSDME, contains a cytotoxic N-terminal domain and a C-terminal repressor domain, connected by a flexible linker. When cleaved by e.g., an active caspase during pyroptosis, the cytotoxic N-terminal domain is separated from the C-terminal domain and oligomerizes to form large pores in the cell membrane. The loss of cellular integrity causes water influx and ion homeostasis disruption, ultimately leading to rupture of the cell (Broz, P., Pelegrín, P. &Shao, F. (2020) The gasdermins, a protein family executing cell death and inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 20: 143-157) . The gasdermin family proteins were thought to function in fighting pathogens only, GSDME, however, was recently found to be a tumor suppressor in certain solid cancers (Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Xia S, Kong Q, Li S, Liu X, Junqueira C, Meza-Sosa KF, Mok TMY, Ansara J, Sengupta S, Yao Y, Wu H, Lieberman J. (2020) Gasdermin E suppresses tumour growth by activating anti-tumour immunity. Nature. 579 (7799) : 415-420) . It can be cleaved by caspase-3 or granzyme B after D270, and the active GSDME may induce tumor cell death and enhance the function of the tumor-infiltrating immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) . The GSDME N-terminal domain was also reported to form pores in the mitochondrial membrane, thus linking the GSDME-mediated pyroptosis with mitochondrial apoptosis (de Torre-Minguela C, Gómez AI, Couillin I, Pelegrín P. (2021) Gasdermins mediate cellular release of mitochondrial DNA during pyroptosis and apoptosis. FASEB J. 35 (8) : e21757) .
[0006] The gasdermin-mediated pyroptosis is a highly inflammatory and extremely rapid process and therefore requires tight regulation. An efficient way to regulate rapid cellular processes is post-translational modification. Post-transcriptional modifications have been shown to be widely involved in the regulation of inflammasome signaling pathways, including the assembly and activation of inflammasomes, the expression of important components, and the activation and stabilization of gasdermin proteins. As a functional component of inflammasome signaling and a core protein of pyroptosis, the post-transcriptional modification of gasdermin proteins has been further studied in recent years. Phosphorylation is the most studied post-transcription modification, mainly focusing on the phosphorylation modification of full-length proteins. Previous studies have shown that phosphorylation of gasdermin protein is important for its cleavage and activation state transition. Phosphorylation modifications can control the activity of gasdermins directly by changing their structure, or indirectly by modifying interacting molecules. An unbiased proteomic screen showed that phosphorylation of gasdermin can alter its cleavage by caspase-3, -7 and -8, and Thr8 and Thr6 phosphorylation of gasdermin A (GSDMA) and gasdermin E (GSDME) were shown to prevent gasdermin oligomerization and pore formation.
[0007] In addition, gasdermin proteins can also undergo other types of post-transcriptional modifications to regulate their activity and stability. Protein ubiquitination has been shown to be widely involved in mediating intracellular protein metabolism and homeostasis. The current research on the ubiquitination of gasdermin is still on its early stages, and the understanding is not yet comprehensive. However, existing studies have shown that the ubiquitination of gasdermin plays an important role in regulating its activity and intracellular levels. Studies have shown that IpaH7.8 is involved in regulating the ubiquitination of GSDMB to inhibit the biological activity of GSDMB, ultimately affecting the cell lysis ability of NK cells. Another study demonstrated that in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, OTUD4 enhanced the radiosensitivity of tumor cells by reducing the ubiquitination level of GSDME, and enhanced the tumor killing and tumor suppressing capabilities of radiotherapy through pyroptosis of tumor cells.
[0008] Citation or identification of any document in this application is not an admission that such document is available as prior art to the present invention.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] The inventors of the present application identified several lysine residues in the GSDME protein that may be involved in ubiquitination, and made lysine-to-arginine mutations to remove these ubiquitination sites. The resulting GSDME N-terminal domain variants, when expressed in or introduced to target cells, showed higher capability to destroy cell integrity and higher capability to induce cell death compared to the wildtype GSDME N-terminal domain.
[0010] Without wishing to be bound to the theory, the inventors of the application believes that the removal of the suspected ubiquitination site (s) stabilizes the GSDME N-terminal domain and prolongs its half-life, enabling its enrichment in the cell and promoting cell damage and programmed cell death.
[0011] Therefore, in a first aspect, the disclosure relates to a variant of active GSDME protein that may comprise a lysine-to-arginine mutation at a site corresponding to Position 4, 30, 39, 50, 79, 100, 161, 167, 189 or 240 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0012] The active GSDME protein may comprise a pore-forming activity. The active GSDME protein may be the N-terminal domain of GSDME protein. The active GSDME protein may comprise the 1st to 270th amino acid residues of the GSDME protein. In certain embodiments, the active GSDME protein may comprise an amino acid sequence having at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the active GSDME protein may comprise a pore-forming activity.
[0013] The variant of active GSDME protein may comprise a pore-forming activity. The variant of active GSDME protein may be a GSDME N-terminal domain variant. The variant of active GSDME protein may comprise the 1st to 270th amino acid residues of the GSDME protein and comprises a lysine-to-arginine mutation at a site corresponding to Position 4, 30, 39, 50, 79, 100, 161, 167, 189 or 240 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the variant of the active GSDME protein may comprise a pore-forming activity. The variant of active GSDME protein may comprise an amino acid sequence having at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11, wherein the variant of the active GSDME protein may comprise a pore-forming activity.
[0014] In certain embodiments, the disclosure provides a GSDME N-terminal variant which may comprise a lysine-to-arginine mutation at a site corresponding to Position 4, 30, 39, 50, 79, 100, 161, 167, 189 or 240 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the GSDME N-terminal variant may comprise a pore-forming activity. In certain embodiments, the GSDME variant may comprise an amino acid sequence having at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11, wherein the GSDME N-terminal variant may comprise a pore-forming activity.
[0015] The variant of the disclosure does not comprise F2A, K39A, K40A, K41A, D267A, or D270A mutation.
[0016] In a second aspect, the disclosure relates to a nucleic acid molecule that may encode the variant of the disclosure. The nucleic acid molecule may be an RNA molecule or an DNA molecule.
[0017] The RNA molecule may be a mRNA molecule. The RNA molecule may comprise, from 5’ end to 3’ end, a 5 ‘cap, a 5’UTR, an open reading frame encoding the variant of the disclosure, a 3’UTR, and a poly (A) tail. In certain embodiments, the RNA molecule may encode a GSDME N-terminal variant of the disclosure that may comprise a lysine-to-arginine mutation at a site corresponding to Position 4, 30, 39, 50, 79, 100, 161, 167, 189 or 240 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain embodiments, the RNA molecule may encode a GSDME N-terminal variant of the disclosure that comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11.
[0018] The DNA molecule may comprise a first DNA strand that may comprise, from 5’ end to 3’ end, a promoter, a DNA fragment encoding a 5’UTR, an open reading frame encoding the GSDME N-terminal domain variant of the disclosure, a DNA fragment encoding a 3’UTR, and an optional DNA fragment encoding a poly (A) tail. The DNA molecule may further comprise a second DNA strand that may be complementary to, e.g., substantially complementary to, the first DNA strand. The second DNA strand may be completely complementary to the first DNA strand. In certain embodiments, the DNA molecule may encode a GSDME N-terminal variant of the disclosure that may comprise a lysine-to-arginine mutation at a site corresponding to Position 4, 30, 39, 50, 79, 100, 161, 167, 189 or 240 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain embodiments, the DNA molecule may encode a GSDME N-terminal variant of the disclosure that comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11.
[0019] The disclosure also provides an RNA molecule, e.g., a mRNA molecule, transcribed from the DNA molecule of the disclosure.
[0020] The disclosure further relates to a vector, e.g., an expression vector, comprising the nucleic acid molecule of the disclosure. The vector may be a plasmid vector, a bacterial vector, or a viral vector (e.g., an adenoviral vector, an adenovirus-related virus) . The vector may comprise the following elements operably connected to each other: a selectable marker gene, a promoter, a DNA fragment encoding a 5’UTR, an open reading frame encoding the GSDME N-terminal domain variant of the disclosure, a DNA fragment encoding a 3’UTR, and an optional DNA fragment encoding a poly (A) tail. In certain embodiments, the vector may comprise the following elements operably connected to each other and arranged in the following sequence: a selectable marker gene, a promoter, a DNA fragment encoding a 5’UTR, an open reading frame encoding the GSDME N-terminal domain variant of the disclosure, a DNA fragment encoding a 3’UTR, and an optional DNA fragment encoding a poly (A) tail. In certain embodiments, the vector is a plasmid vector. The vector may comprise the nucleic acid molecule of the disclosure inserted into an expression vector backbone comprising a nucleotide acid sequence having at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 13.
[0021] The disclosure further provides a host cell comprising the nucleic acid molecule or the vector of the disclosure.
[0022] In a third aspect, the disclosure provides a method for producing the variant of the disclosure, using the nucleic acid molecule, the vector or the host cell of the disclosure. The method may comprise expressing the variant of the disclosure from the nucleic acid molecule or the vector, or culturing the host cell to express the variant of the disclosure.
[0023] In a fourth aspect, the disclosure provides a composition that may comprise the variant, the nucleic acid molecule, the vector or the host cell of the disclosure.
[0024] The composition may further comprise a cell penetrating peptide or a delivery carrier for e.g., introducing the variant, the nucleic acid molecule, the vector or the host cell of the disclosure into a cell. The delivery carrier may be a microcarrier or a nanocarrier, including, but not limited to, dendrimer, liposome, solid lipid nanoparticle, polymersome, polymeric nanoparticle, peptide nanoparticle, micelle, nanoemulsion, nanosphere, nanocapsule, nanoshell, extracellular vesicle, carbon nanotube and gold nanoparticle. In certain embodiments, the delivery carrier may be a liposome. In certain embodiments, the composition may comprise a cell penetrating peptide conjugated to the variant of the disclosure. In certain embodiments, the composition may comprise the variant, the nucleic acid molecule, or the vector of the disclosure in a delivery carrier such as a liposome.
[0025] In certain embodiments, the composition may be a pharmaceutical composition that may further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0026] In a fifth aspect, the disclosure provides a method for inducing cell death or destroying cell integrity, comprising introducing the variant, the nucleic acid molecule, the vector or the host cell of the disclosure into a cell.
[0027] The cell may be a tumor cell.
[0028] The cell may be a cell infected with a pathogen, such as a bacterium, a virus, or a fungus that may cause a certain disease.
[0029] The method may comprise introducing the variant, the nucleic acid molecule, the vector or the host cell of the disclosure into the cell by e.g., microinjection, biolistic transfection, laserfection / optical transfection, transfection using a viral vector, transfection using a delivery carrier (e.g., a microcarrier or a nanocarrier) , o transfection using calcium phosphate, a cationic lipid or DEAE-dextran.
[0030] The method may comprise introducing the variant, the nucleic acid molecule, the vector or the host cell of the disclosure with a cell penetrating peptide or in a delivery vehicle.
[0031] The disclosure also relates to the use of the variant, the nucleic acid molecule, the vector or the host cell of the disclosure in inducing cell death or destroying cell integrity, or in preparation of a medicament for inducing cell death or destroying cell integrity.
[0032] In a sixth aspect, the disclosure provides a method for treating a cancer or an infectious disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the variant, the nucleic acid molecule, the vector or the host cell of the disclosure.
[0033] The method may comprise injecting the variant, the nucleic acid molecule, the vector or the host cell of the disclosure at a site where cell damage or death is required or beneficial. In certain embodiments, the method may comprise injecting the variant, the nucleic acid molecule, the vector or the host cell of the disclosure at a site where cancer cells are located. In certain embodiments, the method may comprise injecting the variant, the nucleic acid molecule, the vector or the host cell of the disclosure at a site where the cells infected with pathogens are located.
[0034] The method may comprise delivering the variant, the nucleic acid molecule, the vector or the host cell of the disclosure to a site where cell damage or death is required or beneficial. In certain embodiments, the method may comprise delivering the variant, the nucleic acid molecule, the vector or the host cell of the disclosure to a site where cancer cells are located. In certain embodiments, the method may comprise delivering the variant, the nucleic acid molecule, the vector or the host cell of the disclosure to a site where the cells infected with pathogens are located.
[0035] The variant, the nucleic acid molecule, the vector or the host cell of the disclosure may be with (e.g., conjugated to or encapsulated in) a cell penetrating peptide or in (e.g., encapsulated in) a delivery vehicle. The delivery carrier may be a nanocarrier, including, but not limited to, dendrimer, liposome, solid lipid nanoparticle, polymersome, polymeric nanoparticle, peptide nanoparticle, micelle, nanoemulsion, nanosphere, nanocapsule, nanoshell, extracellular vesicle, carbon nanotube and gold nanoparticle. In certain embodiments, the delivery carrier may be a liposome. In certain embodiments, the variant of the disclosure may be conjugated to or encapsulated in a cell penetrating peptide. In certain embodiments, the variant, the nucleic acid molecule, or the vector of the disclosure may be encapsulated in a delivery carrier such as a liposome.
[0036] The method may comprise inducing cancer cell death, inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, and / or suppressing cancer growth or metastasis.
[0037] The method may comprise inducing death of pathogen-infected cells, and / or inhibiting proliferation or spread of pathogen-infected cells.
[0038] The method may comprise further administering an anti-cancer agent, an anti-infection agent, an agent for enhancing immune responses (e.g., an immune checkpoint inhibitor such as an anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibody, an anti-CTLA-4 antibody) .
[0039] The method may comprise further administering an anti-inflammation agent, to e.g., reducing or eliminating proinflammatory signals and resulting inflammations.
[0040] The subject is human in certain embodiments.
[0041] The disclosure also provides the use of the variant, the nucleic acid molecule, the vector or the host cell of the disclosure in treating a cancer or an infection, and in the preparation of a medicament for treating a cancer or an infection.
[0042] The present application, by introducing mutations at the post-translational modification sites, provides a strategy to alter the dynamic characteristics of truncated and active form of GSDME, improving its stability, making it easier to enrich inside cells, and achieving induction of cell pyroptosis at lower transcription and translation expression levels.
[0043] Other features and advantages of the instant disclosure will be apparent from the following detailed description and examples, which should not be construed as limiting. The contents of all references, Genbank entries, patents and published patent applications cited throughout this application are expressly incorporated herein by reference.
[0044] Accordingly, it is an object of the invention not to encompass within the invention any previously known product, process of making the product, or method of using the product such that Applicants reserve the right and hereby disclose a disclaimer of any previously known product, process, or method. It is further noted that the invention does not intend to encompass within the scope of the invention any product, process, or making of the product or method of using the product, which does not meet the written description and enablement requirements of the USPTO (35 U.S.C. §112, first paragraph) or the EPO (Article 83 of the EPC) , such that Applicants reserve the right and hereby disclose a disclaimer of any previously described product, process of making the product, or method of using the product. It may be advantageous in the practice of the invention to be in compliance with Art. 53 (c) EPC and Rule 28 (b) and (c) EPC. All rights to explicitly disclaim any embodiments that are the subject of any granted patent (s) of applicant in the lineage of this application or in any other lineage or in any prior filed application of any third party is explicitly reserved. Nothing herein is to be construed as a promise.
[0045] It is noted that in this disclosure and particularly in the claims and / or paragraphs, terms such as "comprises" , "comprised" , "comprising" and the like can have the meaning attributed to it in U.S. Patent law; e.g., they can mean "includes" , "included" , "including" , and the like; and that terms such as "consisting essentially of" and "consists essentially of" have the meaning ascribed to them in U.S. Patent law, e.g., they allow for elements not explicitly recited, but exclude elements that are found in the prior art or that affect a basic or novel characteristic of the invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0046] The following detailed description, given by way of example, but not intended to limit the invention solely to the specific embodiments described, may best be understood in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. In each of FIGs. 1-8, for each transfection amount, the bars from left to right correspond to the plasmid IDs from top to bottom.
[0047] FIG. 1 shows the LDH release by MC38 cells 24 hours post transfection.
[0048] FIG. 2 shows the cell viability of MC38 cells 24 hours post transfection.
[0049] FIG. 3 shows the LDH release by MC38 cells 48 hours post transfection.
[0050] FIG. 4 shows the cell viability of MC38 cells 48 hours post transfection.
[0051] FIG. 5 shows the LDH release by HCT116 cells 24 hours post transfection.
[0052] FIG. 6 shows the cell viability of HCT116 cells 24 hours post transfection.
[0053] FIG. 7 shows the LDH release by HCT116 cells 48 hours post transfection.
[0054] FIG. 8 shows the cell viability of HCT116 cells 48 hours post transfection.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0055] To ensure that the present disclosure may be more readily understood, certain terms are first defined. Additional definitions are set forth throughout the detailed description.
[0056] The terms “a” and “an” as used herein refer to one or to more than one (i.e., to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article. By way of example, “avariant” means one variant or more than one variant.
[0057] “Gasdermin E” or “GSDME” is a member of the gasdermin protein family, which mediates programmed cell death including apoptosis and pyroptosis. The term comprises the variants, isoforms, homologs, orthologs and paralogs.
[0058] The term “active GSDME” or “active form of GSDME” refers to a GSDME protein, full-length or truncated, having the pore-forming activity, which is able to oligomerize to form pores in the cell membrane or the mitochondrial membrane. An active GSDME, when present in cells, may induce programmed cell death. An active GSDME usually contains or consist of the N-terminal domain.
[0059] The N-terminus of a peptide or protein refers to an amino acid that is located at the end of the peptide or protein chain and has a free ammonium group, and the C-terminus is the amino acid that located at the end of the peptide or protein chain and has a free carboxylate group. The fragment of a peptide or protein containing the N-terminus is referred to as the N-terminal fragment or domain. The GSDME N-terminal domain generally contains the 1st to 270th amino acid residues of a GSDME protein.
[0060] The term “variant” refers to a GSDME protein that comprises one or more amino acid substitutions, deletions, and / or additions as compared to a reference GSDME protein, e.g., a wildtype GSDME protein, but remains the pore-forming activity or cell death induction capability as the reference GSDME protein or even has enhanced pore-forming activity or cell death induction capability. More specifically, ‘GSDME N-terminal domain variant’ or ‘variant of GSDME N-terminal domain’ of the disclosure refers to a GSDME N-terminal domain that comprises one or more amino acid substitutions as compared to a wildtype GSDME N-terminal domain and has comparable or enhanced pore-forming activity or cell death induction capability.
[0061] The term “amino acid mutation” or “amino acid residue mutation” includes the amino acid substitution, deletion, addition and modification. The variant of the disclosure may be obtained through any combination of the substitution, deletion, addition and modification, as long as the construct has the desired characteristics, e.g., enhanced cell death induction capability or pore-forming activity. The amino acid substitution can be done with naturally occurring amino acids or derivatives of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids (e.g., 4-hydroxyproline, 3-methylhistone, ornithine, homoserine, 5-hydroxylysine) . The amino acid mutation can be performed with the well-known genetic or chemical methods in the art, including, but not limited to, site-directed mutagenesis, PCR and gene synthesis.
[0062] “Ubiquitination” or “ubiquitylation” is a form of post-translation modification (PTM) in which ubiquitin is attached to a lysine residue on a target protein, to rapidly remove unwanted or damaged target proteins. Ubiquitin may also attach to a non-lysine N-terminal residue in certain proteins.
[0063] A “lysine-to-arginine mutation” refers to substitution of the lysine residue (Lys, K) with an arginine residue (Arg, R) . The term ‘K4R’ means the 4th amino acid residue, originally being lysine (Lys, K) , is or has been replaced by arginine. Similarly, ‘K30R’ means 30th amino acid residue, originally being lysine (Lys, K) , is or has been replaced with arginine.
[0064] The term “subject” includes any human or nonhuman animal. The term “nonhuman animal” includes all vertebrates, e.g., mammals and non-mammals, such as non-human primates, sheep, dogs, cats, cows, horses, chickens, amphibians, and reptiles, although mammals are preferred, such as non-human primates, sheep, dogs, cats, cows and horses.
[0065] The term “therapeutically effective amount” means an amount of a molecule, e.g., a variant, a nucleic acid molecule or a vector (e.g., an expression vector) of the present disclosure, sufficient to prevent or ameliorate the symptoms associated with a disease or condition (such as a cancer or an infection) and / or lessen the severity of the disease or condition. A therapeutically effective amount is understood to be in context to the condition being treated, where the actual effective amount is readily discerned by those of skill in the art.
[0066] The term “treat” or “treating” as used herein in connection with a disease or a condition, or a subject having a disease or a condition, refers to an action that suppresses, eliminates, reduces, and / or ameliorates a symptom, the severity of the symptom, and / or the frequency of the symptom associated with the disease or disorder being treated such as cancers or infectious diseases.
[0067] The term “administer” , “administering” , or “administration” as used herein refers to the act of delivering, or causing to deliver, a therapeutic agent or a therapeutic or a pharmaceutical composition to the body of a subject by a method described herein or otherwise known in the art. Administering a therapeutic or a pharmaceutical composition includes prescribing a therapeutic or a pharmaceutical composition to be delivered into the body of a subject. Exemplary forms of administration include oral dosage forms, such as tablets, capsules, syrups, suspensions; injectable dosage forms, such as intravenous (IV) , intramuscular (IM) , or intraperitoneal (IP) ; transdermal dosage forms, including creams, jellies, powders, or patches; buccal dosage forms; inhalation powders, sprays, suspensions, and rectal suppositories. In certain embodiments, the term refers to injection of a therapeutic agent or a therapeutic or a pharmaceutical composition at a site on or within the body of a subject.
[0068] The term “introducing…into a cell” or “introduction of…into a cell” refers to the entry of a variant, a nucleic acid, a vector (e.g., an expression vector) or a composition of the disclosure into a cell through the cell membrane by any means such as transfection.
[0069] The terms percent “identity” or “sequence identity” as used herein in the context of two or more nucleic acids or proteins / peptides, refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that have a specified percentage of nucleotides or amino acid residues that are the same, when compared and aligned (introducing gaps, if necessary) for maximum correspondence, not considering any conservative amino acid substitutions as part of the sequence identity. The percent identity can be measured using sequence comparison software or algorithms or by visual inspection. Various algorithms and software that can be used to obtain alignments of amino acid or nucleotide sequences are well-known in the art. These include, but are not limited to, BLAST, ALIGN, Megalign, BestFit, GCG Wisconsin Package, and variants thereof.
[0070] The term “vector” refers to a substance that is used to carry or include a nucleic acid sequences, including for example, in order to introduce a nucleic acid sequence into a host cell. Vectors applicable for use include, for example, expression vectors, plasmids, phage vectors, viral vectors, episomes and artificial chromosomes, which can include selection sequences or markers operable for stable integration into a host cell’s chromosome. Additionally, the vectors can include one or more selectable marker genes and appropriate expression control sequences. Selectable marker genes that can be included, for example, provide resistance to antibiotics or toxins, complement auxotrophic deficiencies, or supply critical nutrients not in the culture media. Expression control sequences can include constitutive and inducible promoters, transcription enhancers, transcription terminators, and the like which are well known in the art. When two or more nucleic acid molecules are to be co-expressed (e.g. two or more variants of the disclosure) , both nucleic acid molecules can be inserted, for example, into a single expression vector or in separate expression vectors. For single vector expression, the encoding nucleic acids can be operationally linked to one common expression control sequence or linked to different expression control sequences, such as one inducible promoter and one constitutive promoter. The introduction of nucleic acid molecules into a host cell can be confirmed using methods well known in the art. It is understood by those skilled in the art that the nucleic acid molecules are expressed in a sufficient amount to produce a desired product (e.g. a variant of the disclosure) , and it is further understood that expression levels can be optimized to obtain sufficient expression using methods well known in the art. Particularly, an “expression vector” is associated with actual expression of a coding DNA fragment into mRNA and protein in the target cell or organism, and usually contains all the regulatory sequences, such as promoter, ribosomal binding site, transcription initiation site, translation initiation site, which are essential for getting maximum expression.
[0071] As used herein, the elements of a vector are “operably connected” if they are positioned on the vector such that they can be transcribed to form a precursor RNA or a mRNA that can then be translated to the GSDME N-terminal domain.
[0072] The “3' end” of a nucleic acid refers the end having a free hydroxy group which is on the right-hand side of a sequence, while the “5' end” of a nucleic acid refers to the end having a free phosphate group which is on the left-hand side of a sequence.
[0073] The term “open reading frame” or “ORF” refers to a DNA or RNA fragment that consists of a series of codons that specify the amino acid sequence of a protein the DNA or RNA fragment codes for, usually starting with a start codon and ending with a downstream in-frame stop codon.
[0074] One nucleic acid strand “complementary to” to another nucleic acid strand means the two strands, when aligned anti-parallel to each other, the nucleotide bases pair according to the A-T, C-G and A-U pairing rule. The term “substantially complementary to” means more than 85%, 90%or 95%of the bases pair between two strands, while “completely complementary to” means almost 100%, e.g., 98%or 99%, of the bases pair between two strands.
[0075] The term “cell-penetrating peptide” or “CPP” refers to a short peptide that is able to penetrate biological membranes and drives the internalization of a bioactive cargo such as the variant, the nucleic acid molecule or the vector of the disclosure.
[0076] The “delivery carrier” herein refers to a material, e.g., a micro-or nano-particle, that is able to encapsulate the variant, the nucleic acid molecule, the vector or the host cell of the disclosure, or be mixed with the variant, nucleic acid molecule, expression vector or host cell of the disclosure, to deliver the same within the body of a subject or to enable entry of the same into cells. The delivery carrier prevents the variant, the nucleic acid molecule, the vector or the host cell of the disclosure from degradation or any other kind of damage, or keeps the same in an active state. The delivery carrier itself is non-toxic and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable, and is acceptable for veterinary use as well as human pharmaceutical use.
[0077] The GSDME protein in its active form, particularly the N-terminal domain, has the capability to form pores in the cell membrane or mitochondrial membrane, which may cause programmed cell death, including pyroptosis and apoptosis. However, as a tumor suppressor, GSDME expression may be suppressed to some extent in many cancers, and the reduced GSDME expression was reported to be associated with low breast cancer survival (de Beeck KO, Van Laer L, Van Camp G. (2012) DFNA5, a gene involved in hearing loss and cancer: a review. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 121 (3) : 197-207; Xia X, Wang X, Cheng Z, Qin W, Lei L, Jiang J, Hu J. (2019) The role of pyroptosis in cancer: pro-cancer or pro-"host" ? Cell Death Dis. 10 (9) : 650) .
[0078] To express the GSDME protein, especially its active form, at a high level in cells that cause diseases, including cancer cells and pathogen-infected cells, that cannot be controlled or cleared by the immune system, the inventors of the disclosure manipulated the protein at certain suspected post-transcriptional modification sites. Specifically, the inventors analyzed the N-terminal part structure and post-transcriptional modification sites of GSDME, and identified several lysine residues that may be involved in ubiquitination. These lysine residues were each substituted with a non-lysine residue that has similar physicochemical characteristics such as similar net charge, to remove the ubiquitination site while remaining some basic characteristics of the GSDME protein. The resulting GSDME variants with removal of one of these lysine residues showed higher capability to induce cell death compared to the wildtype GSDME N-terminal domain, as measured by the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from and the viability of the cells treated with the GSDME N-terminal domains. LDH is a stable cytoplasmic enzyme that is found in all cells, and is rapidly released into the cell culture supernatant when the cell membrane is damaged, a key feature of cells undergoing pyroptosis, necrosis, and other forms of cellular damage. The cells transfected with the variant-expressing vector of the disclosure released more LDHs than those transfected with wildtype N-terminal domain-expressing vector. Such increase of the GSDME N-terminal domain’s capability to induce cell death, due to the simple lysine-to-arginine substitution, was unexpected. The resultant GSDME N-terminal domain variants of the disclosure all remained the required characteristics, especially the pore-forming capability and the cell death induction capability.
[0079] As an example, the lysine at the suspected ubiquitination site may be substituted with arginine. The lysine can also be substituted with a non-arginine residue, as long as the ubiquitination level can be decreased, and cell death can be induced at a higher level. Without wishing to be bound to the theory, the inventors of the application believes that the removal of suspected ubiquitination stabilizes the GSDME N-terminal domain and prolongs its half-life, enabling its enrichment in the cell and promoting programmed cell death.
[0080] The disclosure firstly provides a variant of active GSDME protein that may comprise a lysine-to-arginine mutation at a site corresponding to Position 4, 30, 39, 50, 79, 100, 161, 167, 189 or 240 of SEQ ID NO: 1. The active GSDME protein may be the N-terminal domain of GSDME protein. The variant of active GSDME protein may be a GSDME N-terminal domain variant. The GSDME N-terminal domain variant may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11.
[0081] The variant of the disclosure may further comprise amino acid mutation (s) , especially conservative modification (s) , at other residue sites, as long as the variant remains the required characteristics, such as the pore-forming activity and the cell death induction capability.
[0082] As used herein, the term “conservative sequence modifications” is intended to refer to amino acid modifications that do not significantly affect or alter the characteristics of the peptide containing the amino acid sequence. Such conservative modifications include amino acid substitutions, additions and deletions. A “conservative amino acid substitution” is one in which one amino acid residue is replaced with another amino acid residue having a side chain with similar chemical characteristics. Families of amino acid residues having similar side chains have been generally defined in the art, including basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine) , acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid) , uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine) , nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan) , beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine) .
[0083] The substitution of a lysine residue with an arginine residue is a conservative substitution, while such conservative substitution at certain suspected ubiquitination site (s) surprisingly enhanced the GSDME N-terminal domain’s capability to induce cell death, which is unexpected. It is well known in the art that not all amino acid residue mutations will bring a protein or peptide the required characteristics, without creative work. For example, as is known to the art, the F2A, K39A, K40A, K41A, D267A, or D270A mutation may cause decrease or even loss of the GSDME N-terminal domain’s intrinsic activity.
[0084] For better enrichment of the GSDME N-terminal domain variant (s) in target cells, a nucleic acid molecule encoding the variant (s) , other than the protein variant (s) itself / themselves, can be introduced into the cells which can sustainably express the variant (s) in a relatively longer time. The nucleic acid molecule may be an RNA molecule that has the structure of a mRNA molecule and is able to translate the variant (s) of the disclosure in the cells. The RNA molecule may be a mRNA molecule. The RNA molecule may comprise, from 5’ end to 3’ end, a 5 ‘cap, a 5’UTR, an open reading frame encoding the variant of the disclosure, a 3’UTR, and a poly (A) tail. The nucleic acid molecule may be a DNA molecule, the transcription of which and the subsequent translation generates the variant (s) of the disclosure. The DNA molecule may contain one strand or two strands that are complementary to each other. One strand of the DNA molecule may comprise , from 5’ end to 3’ end, a promoter, a DNA fragment encoding a 5’UTR, an open reading frame encoding the GSDME N-terminal domain variant of the disclosure, a DNA fragment encoding a 3’UTR, and a DNA fragment encoding a poly (A) tail.
[0085] The nucleic acid molecule of the disclosure may be in or incorporated into a vector, especially an expression vector. The expression vector may be a plasmid vector, a bacterial vector, or a viral vector (e.g., an adenoviral vector, an adenovirus-related virus) . In certain embodiments, the expression vector is a plasmid vector.
[0086] The disclosure further provides a composition, e.g., a pharmaceutical composition, that may comprise the variant, the nucleic acid molecule, the vector or the host cell of the disclosure.
[0087] The variant, the nucleic acid molecule, the vector or the host cell of the disclosure may be with (e.g., conjugated to) a cell penetrating peptide or in (e.g., enclosed in) a delivery carrier. The delivery carrier may be a microcarrier or a nanocarrier, including, but not limited to, dendrimer, liposome, solid lipid nanoparticle, polymersome, polymeric nanoparticle, peptide nanoparticle, micelle, nanoemulsion, nanosphere, nanocapsule, nanoshell, extracellular vesicle, carbon nanotube and gold nanoparticle. In certain embodiments, the delivery carrier may be a liposome. The cell penetrating peptide and the delivery carrier may enable or enhance the entry of the variant, the nucleic acid molecule, or the vector of the disclosure into target cells.
[0088] In addition to the cell penetrating peptide and delivery carrier, some means known to the skilled in the art, including microinjection, biolistic transfection, laserfection / optical transfection, transfection using a viral vector, transfection using a delivery carrier (e.g., a microcarrier or a nanocarrier) , o transfection using calcium phosphate, a cationic lipid or DEAE-dextran, may be used to introduce the variant, the nucleic acid molecule, or the vector of the disclosure into target cells.
[0089] The variant, the nucleic acid molecule, or the vector of the disclosure may be introduced into cells to destroy cell structure integrity or to induce cell death, including tumor cells or pathogen-infected cells that may cause diseases but cannot be controlled or cleared by the immune system.
[0090] Therefore, the variant, the nucleic acid molecule, or the vector of the disclosure may be used to treat or alleviate tumors or infectious diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi. As the variant, the nucleic acid molecule, or the vector of the disclosure exerts the pore-forming and cell death induction functions within cells, they should be injected or delivered to a site where the tumor cells or pathogen-infected cells are located and introduced into these cells with the assistance of the cell penetrating peptide or the delivery carrier. The liposome such as the nanoliposome may be a good candidate of delivery carrier.
[0091] Other agents such as anti-cancer agents or anti-infection agents may be administered together with the variant, the nucleic acid molecule, or the vector of the disclosure.
[0092] As mentioned above, the wildtype active GSDME protein and the variants may form pores in the cell membrane or the mitochondrial membrane, destroying cell structure integrity and promoting cell death. However, the cells without cell structure integrity may in some circumstance release pro-inflammatory signals to trigger strong immune responses, the resulting inflammations may cause tumorigenesis. Thus, the subject receiving the variant, the nucleic acid molecule, or the vector of the disclosure may have to be closely monitored and administered with anti-inflammation agents if needed.
[0093] The combination of therapeutic agents discussed herein can be administered concurrently as a single composition in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, or concurrently as separate compositions with each agent in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In another embodiment, the combination of therapeutic agents can be administered sequentially.
[0094] Furthermore, if more than one dose of the combination therapy is administered sequentially, the order of the sequential administration can be reversed or kept in the same order at each time point of administration, sequential administrations can be combined with concurrent administrations, or any combination thereof.
[0095] Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
[0096] The present invention will be further illustrated in the following Examples which are given for illustration purposes only and are not intended to limit the invention in any way. EXAMPLESExample 1. Construction of vectors expressing wildtype GSDME N-terminal domain or its variants
[0097] Through analysis of the structure and post-transcriptional modification sites of GSDME N-terminal domain, several lysine residues were predicted to be involved in ubiquitination, including those at the sites corresponding to position 4, 30, 39, 50, 79, 100, 161, 167, 189 and 240 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0098] Vectors for expressing i) the GSDME N-terminal domain having the N-terminal amino acid residues 1 to 270 of the wild-type GSDME and ii) the domain variants each having one of the specified lysine residues replaced with an arginine residue that shares similar physicochemical characteristics such as the positive charge, were constructed respectively. Specifically, a plasmid backbone comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13 was inserted with the nucleic acid encoding the wildtype N-terminal amino acid residues 1 to 270 (SEQ ID NO: 12) , for the expression of the wildtype GSDME N-terminal domain, wherein the 5’ end of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12 was ligated to the 3’ end of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13. The obtained plasmid vector was referred to as WT hereinafter and further modified for expression of GSDME N-terminal domain variants with the specified Lys (K) to Arg (R) mutation (see Table 1) . The vector construction, amplification and purification were done by GenScript. Table 1. Vectors for expressing wildtype GSDME N-terminal domain or its variants EXAMPLE 2. Wildtype or mutated GSDME N-terminal domain-mediated pyroptosis in mouse colorectal cancer cell line
[0099] The GSDME N-terminal domain variants were tested for their capability to induce pyroptosis in MC38 cells (China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (CGMCC) , RD01084) , by measuring the LDH level released by and survival rate of these MC38 cells.
[0100] Briefly, the MC38 cells were plated onto 96-well plates in 100 μl RIPM1640 complete medium with 10%FBS, 1×105 per well, and cultured for 18 h at 37℃. Then, the MC38 cells were respectively transfected with 0.05 μg, 0.1 μg or 0.2 μg of each plasmid vector constructed in Example 1 using (Polyplus) following the manufacturer’s manual. The culture medium in each well was replaced with fresh medium 6 hours after transfection. Twenty four (24) and 48 hours post transfection, the cell culture supernatants were collected and measured for the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels using LDH cytotoxicity assay kit (Beyotime, C0016) and for cell viability using (CTG) Luminescent Cell Viability Assay (Promega) , both following the manufacturer’ manual. The MC38 cells that were not treated or transfected with any plasmid vectors were used as the negative control, and the wells with only the cell culture medium were used as the blank or background control. The percent LDH level was calculated asLDH level in plasmid vector transfection group / LDH level in negative control group*100%, and the percent cell viability was calculated as cell viability in plasmid vector transfection group / cell viability in negative control group*100%.
[0101] The LDH levels and the cell viability measured 24 hours post transfection were shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 respectively, and the LDH levels and the cell viability measured 48 hours post transfection were shown in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 respectively.
[0102] It can be seen that at the 0.1 μg vector transfection amount, the cells transfected with the GSDME N-terminal domain variant-expressing vectors released significantly more LDHs than the cells transfected with the wild-type GSDME N-terminal domain-expressing vector at 24 hours post transfection, with the LDH levels from the cells transfected with CF, D4 and D5 being the highest, and fewer cells survived in the GSDME N-terminal domain variant groups as compared to the wildtype control group at 24 hours post transfection. Forty-eight (48) hours post transfection, the LDH levels observed in the GSDME N-terminal domain variant groups at the 0.1 μg vector transfection amount were only slightly different from that in the wildtype control group, probably because the GSDME activity was close to saturation in both the wildtype group and the variant groups, and the rising window was related to the efficiency of the transfection reagent.
[0103] When the transfection amount of each plasmid vector was 0.05 μg, the 48-hour-post-transfection LDH levels in almost all GSDME N-terminal domain variant groups, except for the groups using CC and CD plasmid vectors, were significantly higher than that in the wild-type GSDME control group, among which the groups using CB, CE, D4 and D5 showed the highest LDH levels.
[0104] At the 0.2 μg vector transfection amount, the LDH levels observed in the GSDME N-terminal domain variant groups were only slightly different from that in the wildtype control group at 24 and 48 hours post transfection, but the cell viability in the GSDME N-terminal domain variant groups was evidently lower than that of the wildtype control group 48 hours post transfection.
[0105] The LDH levels measured at 48 hours post transfection were generally lower than that at 24 hours post transfection, probably because the tumor cell pyroptosis mainly occurred within 24 hours and LDHs may degrade over time.
[0106] The results above showed that the vectors expressing GSDME N-terminal domain variants, when transfected at a low amount, induced tumor cell pyroptosis at a higher level than the vector expressing the wildtype GSDME N-terminal domain.EXAMPLE 3. Wildtype or mutated GSDME N-terminal domain-mediated pyroptosis in human colorectal cancer cell line
[0107] The GSDME N-terminal domain variants were also tested for their capability to induce pyroptosis in HCT116 cells (ATCC, CCL-247) , following the protocol of Example 2.
[0108] The LDH levels and the cell viability measured 24 hours post transfection were shown in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 respectively, and the LDH levels and the cell viability measured 48 hours post transfection were shown in FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 respectively.
[0109] The vectors expressing GSDME N-terminal domain variants, when transfected at 0.05 or 0.1 μg amount, increased the LDH release levels as compared to the wildtype GSDME N-terminal domain-expressing vector 24 and 48 hours post transfection, among which the LDH levels from the tumor cells transfected with CB, CC, CD, CE and CF plasmid vectors at 0.05 μg were increased significantly. These vectors also significantly decreased cell viability at the 0.05 or 0.1 μg transfection amount, although the decrease was not as obvious as that observed in MC38 cells. The differences of the LDH level and the cell viability between the GSDME N-terminal domain variant groups and the wildtype control group became less evident at the 0.2 μg vector transfection amount both 24 and 48 hours post transfection, probably because the activity of the GSDME N-terminal domain was close to saturation in both the wildtype group and the variant groups.
[0110] These results above indicated that the vectors expressing GSDME N-terminal domain variants were also able to induce pyroptosis in human tumor cells at higher activity then the vector expressing the wildtype GSDME N-terminal domain in certain conditions. Especially, the CF plasmid showed a significantly increased activity in inducing cell death compared with the other variant-expressing vectors. Wildtype GSDME N-terminal domain GSDME N-terminal domain variant expressed in CF GSDME N-terminal domain variant expressed in CB GSDME N-terminal domain variant expressed in CC GSDME N-terminal domain variant expressed in CD GSDME N-terminal domain variant expressed in CE GSDME N-terminal domain variant expressed in D1 GSDME N-terminal domain variant expressed in D2 GSDME N-terminal domain variant expressed in D3 GSDME N-terminal domain variant expressed in D4 GSDME N-terminal domain variant expressed in D5 Nucleotide for encoding wildtype GSDME N-terminal domain Plasmid backbone ***
[0111] Having thus described in detail preferred embodiments of the present invention, it is to be understood that the invention defined by the above paragraphs is not to be limited to particular details set forth in the above description as many apparent variations thereof are possible without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention.
Claims
1.A gasdermin E (GSDME) N-terminal domain variant, comprising a lysine-to-arginine mutation at a site corresponding to Position 79, 4, 30, 39, 50, 100, 161, 167, 189 or 240 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the GSDME N-terminal domain variant comprises pore-forming activity.2.The GSDME N-terminal domain variant of claim 1, comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 6, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11.3.A nucleic acid molecule for encoding the GSDME N-terminal domain variant of claim 1.4.The nucleic acid molecule of claim 3, comprising, from 5’ end to 3’ end, a 5‘ cap, a 5’UTR, an open reading frame encoding the GSDME N-terminal domain variant of claim 1, a 3’UTR, and a poly (A) tail.5.The nucleic acid molecule of claim 3, comprising a first DNA strand comprising, from 5’ end to 3’ end, a promoter, a DNA fragment encoding a 5’UTR, an open reading frame encoding the GSDME N-terminal domain variant of claim 1, a DNA fragment encoding a 3’UTR, and a DNA fragment encoding a poly (A) tail.6.The nucleic acid molecule of claim 5, comprising a second DNA strand that is substantially complementary to the first DNA strand.7.A vector, comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim 5.8.The vector of claim 7, comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim 5 inserted into an expression vector backbone comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13.9.A composition comprising the GSDME N-terminal domain variant of claim 1 or 2, the nucleic acid molecule of any one of claims 3 to 6, or the vector of claim 7 or 8.10.The composition of claim 9, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.11.The composition of claim 9, further comprising a delivery carrier.12.The composition of claim 11, wherein the delivery carrier is a liposome.13.A method for inducing cell death, comprising introducing the GSDME N-terminal domain variant of claim 1 or 2, the nucleic acid molecule of any one of claims 3 to 6, or the vector of claim 7 or 8 into a cell.14.The method of claim 13, wherein the cell is a cancer cell or a cell infected with a pathogen.15.The method of claim 13, wherein the GSDME N-terminal domain variant of claim 1 or 2, the nucleic acid molecule of any one of claims 3 to 6, or the vector of claim 7 or 8 is with a cell penetrating peptide or in a delivery vehicle.16.A method for treating a cancer or an infectious disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject the GSDME N-terminal domain variant of claim 1 or 2, the nucleic acid molecule of any one of claims 3 to 6, or the vector of claim 7 or 8.17.The method of claim 16, wherein the GSDME N-terminal domain variant of claim 1 or 2, the nucleic acid molecule of any one of claims 3 to 6, or the vector of claim 7 or 8 is in a delivery carrier.18.The method of claim 16, wherein the method comprises injecting the GSDME N-terminal domain variant of claim 1 or 2, the nucleic acid molecule of any one of claims 3 to 6, or the vector of claim 7 or 8 at a site wherein cancer cells or pathogen-infected cells are located.
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