Internet of things communication and related apparatus
The introduction of reader-to-device initiation signaling for IoT devices addresses range and power consumption issues, enabling efficient and reliable communication with base stations or intermediate nodes, supporting battery-less operation and reduced maintenance.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/092582
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-05-09
- Filing Date
- 2025-04-30
- Publication Date
- 2025-11-13
AI Technical Summary
Existing IoT communication technologies face limitations in range, power consumption, and maintenance costs, particularly in RFID and NB-IoT/mMTC, leading to inefficient and costly operations, and there is a need for a communication method that supports densely deployed, battery-less IoT devices with long operational life and efficient energy harvesting.
The proposed solution involves a reader-to-device initiation signaling (RIS) that precedes the physical reader-to-device channel (PRDCH) transmission, indicating the start and chip length, enabling synchronization and resource allocation for ambient-powered IoT devices to communicate efficiently with a base station or intermediate node.
This approach enhances communication performance and reliability by synchronizing devices, optimizing energy use, and reducing maintenance costs, allowing devices to operate for extended periods without batteries and facilitating efficient communication processes.
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Figure CN2025092582_13112025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
INTERNET OF THINGS COMMUNICATION AND RELATED APPARATUSBACKGROUND OF DISCLOSURE1. Field of the Disclosure
[0001] The present disclosure relates to the field of communication systems, and more particularly, to an Internet of Things (IoT) communication method and a related apparatus, which can provide a good communication performance and / or provide high reliability.2. Description of the Related Art
[0002] In the past two decades, wireless communication for interconnecting millions or even billions of small and low power consumption devices or things with reduced capability to create “Internet of Things” (IoT) has attracted much attention and development in communication standard forums and deployment across various industries. When many of these IoT devices are interconnected to a network, which could be a local area private network for inventory in a warehouse or a wide area public network for transportation within / across cities, it can greatly improve productivity efficiency in an organization and increase comforts of life at home. Today a very commonly used IoT technology is Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) , which typical consists of a reader and tags attached to objects. RFID tags are used in many areas, such as tracking production progress through the assembly line, identifying objects / containers in warehouses and logistics, charging road tolls from vehicles using eTags, authenticating passengers using ePassport in airports, etc.
[0003] However, the technology of RFID is primarily used for identification of objects, assets, people or animals from emitting a tag ID, the reading range is limited to just a few meters and it requires handheld scanning which leads to labor intensive and time-consuming operations or costly deployments of RFID portals / gates. Other IoT technologies include NarrowBand-IoT (NB-IoT) and massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) developed by 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) , which can provide much higher data rates and communication range / coverage, but at a cost of higher power consumption and implementation complexity. In turn, this translates into a higher device price and requires a battery to operate that needs to be replaced or recharged manually, which leads to high maintenance cost, serious environmental issues, and even safety hazards for some use cases.
[0004] Therefore, there is a need for an Internet of Things (IoT) communication method and a related apparatus, which can solve issues in the prior art and other issues.SUMMARY
[0005] In a first aspect of the present disclosure, an Internet of Things (IoT) communication method performed by a reader, includes transmitting, to a device, a reader-to-device (R2D) initiation signaling (RIS) ; and performing a physical reader-to-device channel (PRDCH) transmission, wherein the RIS is adjacently preceding the PRDCH transmission, the RIS includes a first part used to indicate a start or beginning of the R2D transmission and a second part used to indicate a chip length of the PRDCH transmission.
[0006] In a second aspect of the present disclosure, an Internet of Things (IoT) communication method performed by a device, includes detecting a reader-to-device (R2D) initiation signaling (RIS) from a reader; and receiving a physical reader-to-device channel (PRDCH) transmission, wherein the RIS is adjacently preceding the PRDCH transmission, the RIS includes a first part used to indicate a start or beginning of the R2D transmission and a second part used to indicate a chip length of the PRDCH transmission.
[0007] In a third aspect of the present disclosure, a reader includes a transmitter configured to transmit, to a device, a reader-to-device (R2D) initiation signaling (RIS) ; and an executor configured to perform a physical reader-to-device channel (PRDCH) transmission, wherein the RIS is adjacently preceding the PRDCH transmission, the RIS includes a first part used to indicate a start or beginning of the R2D transmission and a second part used to indicate a chip length of the PRDCH transmission.
[0008] In a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, a reader includes a memory, a transceiver, and a processor coupled to the memory and the transceiver. The reader is configured to perform the above method.
[0009] In a fifth aspect of the present disclosure, a device, includes a detector configured to detect a reader-to-device (R2D) initiation signaling (RIS) from a reader; and a receiver configured to receive a physical reader-to-device channel (PRDCH) transmission, wherein the RIS is adjacently preceding the PRDCH transmission, the RIS includes a first part used to indicate a start or beginning of the R2D transmission and a second part used to indicate a chip length of the PRDCH transmission.
[0010] In a sixth aspect of the present disclosure, a device includes a memory, a transceiver, and a processor coupled to the memory and the transceiver. The device is configured to perform the above method.
[0011] In a seventh aspect of the present disclosure, a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium has stored thereon instructions that, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform the above method.
[0012] In an eighth aspect of the present disclosure, a chip includes a processor, configured to call and run a computer program stored in a memory, to cause a device in which the chip is installed to execute the above method.
[0013] In a ninth aspect of the present disclosure, a computer readable storage medium, in which a computer program is stored, causes a computer to execute the above method.
[0014] In a tenth aspect of the present disclosure, a computer program product includes a computer program, and the computer program causes a computer to execute the above method.
[0015] In an eleventh aspect of the present disclosure, a computer program causes a computer to execute the above method.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0016] In order to illustrate the embodiments of the present disclosure or related art more clearly, the following figures may be described in the embodiments are briefly introduced. It is obvious that the drawings are merely some embodiments of the present disclosure, a person having ordinary skill in this field can obtain other figures according to these figures without paying the premise.
[0017] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a first Ambient-IoT (A-IoT) communication topology according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0018] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a second A-IoT communication topology according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0019] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a reader, a device, and an intermediate node user equipment (UE) of communication in a communication network system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0020] FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating an Internet of Things (IoT) communication method performed by a reader according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0021] FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating an Internet of Things (IoT) communication method performed by a device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0022] FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a reader according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0023] FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0024] FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an example of a computing device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0025] FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a system for wireless communication according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[0026] Embodiments of the present disclosure are described in detail with the technical matters, structural features, achieved objects, and effects with reference to the accompanying drawings as follows. Specifically, the terminologies in the embodiments of the present disclosure are merely for describing the purpose of the certain embodiment, but not to limit the disclosure.
[0027] There is a need for a new form / type of IoT devices, the new form / type of IoT devices can be densely deployed (e.g., 150 devices per 100m2) and still manageable by a network communication node. The new form / type of IoT devices supports a communication range of 10-50 m, a maximum data rate of 5 kpbs to convey tag ID, user, sensor and / or location / positioning information, a latency target between 1-10 seconds, infrequent transmissions (once in an hour / day / week) , and a positioning accuracy of 1-3 meters for indoor and several tends of meters for outdoor.
[0028] Additionally, the new form / type of IoT devices, once deployed, may be able to operate for a very long period of time without the need of a battery (e.g., for years) , such that the maintenance and operation costs are minimized, the form factor of a device can be small for easy application (e.g., sticker type of tags) and the device is safe to operate everywhere. As such, this gives rise to ambient powered IoT devices, where the device without any battery is powered purely by radio energy transmitted by a data communication triggering node (e.g., base station (BS) , user equipment (UE) ) or an external carrier wave node. But an Ambient-IoT (A-IoT) device may be equipped with a storage for energy harvested from radio waves for data processing and radio transmission at a later time.
[0029] As observed from the above operation requirements (coverage, data type and data rate, latency, transmission frequency and positioning) , which are higher than RFID, the intended use cases for A-IoT devices include: 1. Indoor inventory: automated warehousing, medical instruments inventory management and positioning, non-public network for logistics, automobile manufacturing, airport terminal / shipping port, smart homes, automated supply chain distribution, fresh food supply chain, end-to-end logistics, electronic shelf label. 2. Indoor command: online modification of medical instruments status, device activation and deactivation, elderly health care, device permanent deactivation.
[0030] Types of A-IoT devices / tags:
[0031] Considering the limited size and complexity required by practical applications for battery less A-IoT devices with no energy storage capability or A-IoT devices with limited energy storage that do not need to be replaced or recharged manually, the output power of energy storage unit is typically from a few μW to a few hundreds of μW. In general, it is expected that A-IoT devices are categorized into the following types.
[0032] 1. Lower peak power consumption A-IoT devices / tags (afew μW) are equipped with energy storage, neither downlink (DL) nor uplink (UL) amplification in the device. Device’s UL transmission is backscattered on a carrier wave provided externally.
[0033] 2. Higher peak power consumption A-IoT devices / tags (afew hundreds of μW) has energy storage, both DL and / or UL amplification in the device. The device’s UL transmission may be generated internally by the device, or be backscattered on a carrier wave provided externally.
[0034] A-IoT communication topologies:
[0035] FIG. 1 illustrates a first Ambient-IoT (A-IoT) communication topology according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. That is topology 1: Direct data and signaling communication between BS and A-IoT devices. FIG. 2 illustrates a second Ambient-IoT (A-IoT) communication topology according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. That is topology 2: Data and signaling communication between BS and A-IoT devices via an intermediate node. Different from RFID devices, where a handheld reader or an expensive RFID portal / gate is used to obtain ID information from the tags, A-IoT devices are expected to exchange data and signaling information with a base station (BS) directly or via an intermediate node acting like an information relay / transfer point as shown by the above Topology 1 and Topology 2 illustrations.
[0036] In Topology 1 (direct communication between BS and A-IoT) , A-IoT devices / tags directly communicates in both directions (DL and UL) with a BS. The communication between the BS and A-IoT devices / tags includes data information (e.g., tag IDs, sensor information, positioning, etc. ) and signaling information (paging, random access, configuration details, scheduling information, etc. ) The carrier wave node has two main functions in Topology 1; one it provides to A-IoT devices additional energy that is needed for processing DL information from the BS and performing UL transmission to the BS when the separation distance is far (i.e., pathloss is high) ; second it provides a UL carrier wave on which A-IoT devices perform backscattering transmission to resolve a full-duplex and a spectrum usage regulation issue when a Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) spectrum band is used for A-IoT operation. Since the BS directly communicates with A-IoT devices / tags to exchange commands and data information, it is also commonly referred to as the ‘reader’ in A-IoT communication.
[0037] In Topology 2 (indirect communication between the base station (BS) and A-IoT devices via an intermediate node) , the intermediate node (which could be a user equipment (UE) or a repeater) under the BS's control relays or transfers data and signaling information between the BS and the A-IoT devices. The intermediate node UE communicates directly with the BS and relays information from the A-IoT devices to the BS over the existing cellular Uu interface for both downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) . For simplicity, this bidirectional communication between the BS and the intermediate node is referred to as “intermediate UE DL and UL” or “Uu DL and UL. ” The intermediate node UE also communicates directly with the A-IoT devices, relaying information from the BS to the A-IoT devices. For simplicity, this bidirectional communication is referred to as “A-IoT device DL and UL. ” In Topology 2, A-IoT devices harvest radio energy transmitted from the intermediate node UE to power data / signaling processing and A-IoT device UL transmissions. When an FDD spectrum band is used for A-IoT operation, both A-IoT device DL and UL transmissions are expected to occur on an uplink frequency carrier. Topology 2 is typically used in scenarios where the base station (BS) is located outdoors, and A-IoT devices are located indoors. In this setup, an intermediate UE facilitates communication between the BS and the A-IoT devices.
[0038] As seen in both Topology 1 and Topology 2, there is only one central communication node (i.e., a ‘reader’ ) that exchange commands and data information directly with A-IoT devices / tags, for simplicity, let’s refer this bidirectional communication between the reader and A-IoT devices / tags as “reader-to-device” (R2D) and “device-to-reader” (D2R) communications. And let’s further define the communication channel in the physical layer for transmitting command, control and data information in R2D communication as “physical reader device channel” (PRDCH) and the communication channel in the physical layer for transmitting response, control and data information in D2R communication as “physical device reader channel” (PDRCH) .
[0039] Synchronization in cellular communication:
[0040] In cellular communication, it is important for UEs (e.g., a smartphone UE after power on or moving from one cell to another) to perform cell selection and re-selection procedures to constantly search for a “best cell” to camp on or to be connected with in order to have a best available link quality and service. To achieve this, a UE can first identify all detectable cells (e.g., 3G, 4G, 5G, etc. ) , determine which cells are accessible (as some cells may be barred from access and some may belong to a different cellular network operator) and measure which cell provides the best signal strength (among the ones that are accessible to the UE) . Once this process is completed, the UE makes a connection to the network (e.g., a gNB) and reports its measurements to finalize the cell camping or cell handover procedure. As described, this entire process includes cell searching and communication with a gNB. To provide all these functionalities to the UE in a cellular communication system, synchronization signals and essential system information are constantly and periodically broadcasted by a cell’s BS.
[0041] The synchronization signals transmitted by the BS primarily serve a few essential functions in a 5G cellular system, including enabling UE identification of a radio carrier frequency within a spectrum band and maintaining UE’s frequency synchronization to the cell’s radio carrier, providing a reference point in time for which UEs are able to determine and derive radio communication frame, subframe and slot boundaries (time synchronization) , and / or supporting beam sweeping and beam management operation when UE reports a best synchronization signal block index.
[0042] In a frequency division duplex (FDD) spectrum band, the communication between BS and UEs in a cell is carried out over a pair of a DL and a UL frequency carrier. Due to spectrum regulations, the BS transmits (UE receive) all signals and channels only in the DL carrier, and UEs transmit (BS receive) in the UL carrier. As such, all UEs in a cell need to firstly monitor and detect synchronization signals transmitted from the BS to achieve both frequency and time synchronization to the cell’s DL carrier. Then based on a pre-defined frequency separation between DL and UL frequency carriers in a FDD band, a UE derives the exact frequency for the UL carrier of the cell, tunes its radio frequency (RF) oscillator to the desired / derived frequency, and transmits in the UL carrier at a radio frame and slot timing that are aligned with the DL carrier. In a time division duplex (TDD) spectrum band, on the other hand, DL (BS transmit) and UL (UE transmit) communication between the BS and UEs in a cell is performed on a same frequency carrier but separated in different time instances (i.e., subframes or slots) to avoid a full duplexer issue. Since the same carrier frequency is used in both DL and UL, the synchronization signals transmitted in the DL is directly used by UEs in setting the UL carrier frequency. Thus, no frequency tuning or retuning is required in the UE RF oscillator to perform UL transmissions. As seen, in both FDD and TDD cellular systems, the carrier frequency and timing in which the UE performs its UL transmissions are fully relied and derived base on the DL synchronization signals transmitted from the cell’s BS. Due to mobility of UEs moving across different cells, new UEs could power-on at any time in a cell, and existing idle and connected UEs need to constantly monitor and measure signal strength of neighbor cells all the time, the synchronization signals are always and constantly transmitted by the BS to support these functions.
[0043] Device energy harvesting:
[0044] As mentioned earlier, an A-IoT device / tag without any battery will need to rely on an external power source in order to communicate (for both transmission and reception in R2D and D2R) with a BS or an intermediate UE. For RFID applications, depending on the use case and operating environment, typical external power sources include solar / light energy, heat energy, wind energy, RF energy, kinetic energy and etc. As A-IoT communication is primarily designed to operate in an indoor static environment (e.g., warehouses factories and homes) and logistic / transportation usages (e.g., inventory, food / parcel transportation and electronic shelf labels) where the environment is likely to provide no exposure to lights, high temperature, wind, motion and movements, the only viable power source that can be considered for A-IoT devices / tags to harvest energy for storage is wireless RF signals (since the devices / tags are equipped with RF antennas for wireless communication anyway) . As such, A-IoT devices / tags should harvest / convert energy in the received RF signals that are not intended for A-IoT communication (i.e., R2D transmissions) and store the RF energy in an internal capacitor for later use (such as R2D reception, data processing and D2R transmission) . It is important to note that received RF signals in an A-IoT device / tag cannot be used for both energy harvesting / charging and R2D communication or signal backscattering at the same time due to device architecture is expected to be very simple. Therefore, the energy harvesting / charging and R2D communication operations in an A-IoT device are expected to operate in a time-division multiplexed (TDM) manner.
[0045] When an A-IoT device / tag receives RF signals for energy harvesting / charging, there is no distinction in the kind of RF signals that can be used for the energy harvesting / charging, as long as the RF signals are received in the radio spectrum that the A-IoT device / tag is designed to operate. Therefore, wireless energy sources could include any RF signal transmitted by a BS, an intermediate UE, a designated / dedicated RF emitter for wireless energy charging or an interference node. Typically, the size of a capacitor for energy storage is in a range between 1μF (for a lower peak power consumption A-IoT device / tag) and 10μF (for a higher peak power consumption A-IoT device / tag) . Beside the capacitor size for energy storage in a device / tag, RF energy charging efficiency also depends on the emitting power of the RF signals and the distance between the RF energy source (s) and the device / tag. Generally, the higher the received power the higher the RF energy conversion rate. As such, the energy harvesting time require to fully charge an A-IoT device / tag could range from a few milliseconds to several tens of seconds. In a practical deployment, a mixture of lower and higher power consumption devices / tags is expected in an A-IoT communication system.
[0046] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, in order to resolve the following issues associated with A-IoT communication in a cellular environment, it is proposed in the present disclosed invention to coordinate and schedule one or more A-IoT communication processes among devices / tags using a R2D initiation signal (RIS) . The identified issues are related to at least one of followings:
[0047] Device / tag timing synchronization drift due to sampling frequency offset (SFO) , causing the device / tag not be able to correctly receive R2D transmissions from the reader.
[0048] Device / tag always in a power-ON mode monitoring R2D transmissions that may not even intend for the device / tag, and wasting device / tag energy in the storage as such.
[0049] Inefficiency in carrying out A-IoT communication processes for a large number of devices / tags when the processes are initiated randomly in time.
[0050] The proposed RIS is to be transmitted by a reader only when the reader intends to initiate an A-IoT communication process with at least one device / tag, with the main purpose to provide at least one of the following functionalities to the overall A-IoT communication.
[0051] To serve as a reference for the A-IoT communication chip duration / length, a RIS is transmitted by the reader at least at the beginning of an A-IoT communication process to initiate the A-IoT communication process and to indicate at least one R2D transmission from the reader.
[0052] When a RIS is transmitted from the reader, one bit sequence pattern from a set of possible bit sequence patterns and / or bit sequence lengths is used. When a device / tag detects a RIS transmission from the reader, the device / tag uses the transmitted bit sequence pattern to adjust / correct its sampling rate or clock timing by detecting the rising and falling edges of the line code used in the RIS. As such, the timing drift effect caused by SFO is resolved in the device / tag.
[0053] The bit sequence pattern is used by the reader to provide control information to the devices / tags. For example, the bit sequence / pattern could be used for one or more of the following purposes.
[0054] To indicate / schedule one or more devices / tags intended for the current A-IoT communication process, one method to indicate / schedule intended devices / tags for the current A-IoT communication process is by using the bit sequence / pattern number or index. Another method is to append additional bit (s) to the bit sequence / pattern, where the additional bit (s) represents a randomly generated number by the reader or the index of the bit sequence / pattern.
[0055] A device / tag determines whether it is one of the intended / scheduled devices / tags for the current A-IoT communication process by performing a matching operation of its ID or a device / tag randomly generated number to the bit sequence / pattern number or index or the additional bit (s) .
[0056] To indicate transmission resources or a resource allocation or multiplexing scheme for devices / tags to provide responses, the indication could be reader allocating a specific time and / or frequency resource (s) or occasion (s) for which the devices / tags should provide the responses. In addition, the indication could also indicate the transmission multiplexing scheme that should be used by the responding devices / tags (e.g., TDM, FDM and / or CDM) .
[0057] To indicate attribute (s) or parameter information of the subsequent R2D transmission (e.g., a PRDCH transmission from the reader) , the attribute (s) or parameter information could include the format, size or length, modulation scheme, coding scheme, waveform type and etc.
[0058] To indicate a minimum or an expected time duration of the current A-IoT communication process. Instead of spending / discharging device energy in the storage monitoring the channel, the indication of a minimum or an expected time duration of the current A-IoT communication will allow the device / tag to switch to the energy harvesting / charging mode to sustain its A-IoT operation time and wake up after the indicated time duration to monitor RIS and query transmissions from the reader for the next A-IoT communication process.
[0059] To indicate the periodicity of the RIS transmission from the reader. The RIS could be periodically transmitted from the reader for the purpose of regularly re-synchronize the timing and chip duration of R2D transmissions at the device / tag. The periodic RIS transmission from the reader could also be used for periodic initiation of A-IoT communication processes. The device / tag could utilize the RIS transmission periodicity information to determine the timing to switch from the energy harvesting / charging mode to monitoring the RIS and query transmissions. And hence, the device / tag would be able to maximize the energy harvesting / charging time and power-ON / wakes up only when it needs to.
[0060] Furthermore, a set of periodicities could be pre-defined and the exact time period or occasion for which a device / tag belongs to (for A-IoT communication with the reader) could be determined randomly by the device / tag on its own from the received RIS transmission periodicity information. As such, when the RIS is transmitted periodically, it is intended for coordinating and scheduling A-IoT communication processes among the devices / tags to improve system and access efficiency.
[0061] To allow easy detection by devices / tags to determine the beginning of a R2D transmission, it is proposed a part of the RIS signal is transmitted with a high voltage / signal strength level for a pre-defined time length. Since the time length is pre-defined (e.g., a few chips, a OFDM symbol, or non-integer multiple of a OFDM symbol length) , it is rather simple for a device / tag to determine the received signal is a RIS transmission from the reader. The time length of a part of the RIS signal transmitted from the reader could be from a set of possible / candidate pre-defined time lengths. That is, multiple time lengths could be defined and used for different purposes. As examples, one time length could be used for indicating there is no subsequent R2D or PRDCH transmission from the reader, indicating the type of A-IoT communication procedure that is intended by the reader, or indicating the traffic cast type.
[0062] FIG. 3 illustrates that, in some embodiments, a reader 10, a device 20, and an intermediate node user equipment (UE) 30 of communication in a communication network system 40 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure are provided. The communication network system 40 includes the reader 10, the device 20, and the intermediate node UE 30. The reader 10 may include a memory 12, a transceiver 13, and a processor 11 coupled to the memory 12 and the transceiver 13. The device 20 may include a memory 22, a transceiver 23, and a processor 21 coupled to the memory 22 and the transceiver 23. The intermediate node UE 30 may include a memory 32, a transceiver 33, and a processor 31 coupled to the memory 32 and the transceiver 33. The processor 11, 21, or 31 may be configured to implement proposed functions, procedures and / or methods described in this description. Layers of radio interface protocol may be implemented in the processor 11, 21, or 31. The memory 12, 22, or 32 is operatively coupled with the processor 11, 21, or 31 and stores a variety of information to operate the processor 11, 21, or 31. The transceiver 13, 23, or 33 is operatively coupled with the processor 11, 21, or 31 and transmits and / or receives a radio signal.
[0063] The processor 11, 21, or 31 may include application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , other chipset, logic circuit and / or data processing device. The memory 12, 22, or 32 may include read-only memory (ROM) , random access memory (RAM) , flash memory, memory card, storage medium and / or other storage device. The transceiver 13, 23, or 33 may include baseband circuitry to process radio frequency signals. When the embodiments are implemented in software, the techniques described herein can be implemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein. The modules can be stored in the memory 12, 22, or 32 and executed by the processor 11, 21, or 31. The memory 12, 22, or 32 can be implemented within the processor 11, 21, or 31 or external to the processor 11, 21, or 31 in which case those can be communicatively coupled to the processor 11, 21, or 31 via various means as is known in the art.
[0064] In some embodiments, the transceiver 13 is configured to transmit, to a device, a reader-to-device (R2D) initiation signaling (RIS) , and the processor 11 is configured to perform a physical reader-to-device channel (PRDCH) transmission, wherein the RIS is adjacently preceding the PRDCH transmission, the RIS includes a first part used to indicate a start or beginning of the R2D transmission and a second part used to indicate a chip length of the PRDCH transmission. This can solve issues in the prior art and other issues and / or improve communication performance and reliability.
[0065] In some embodiments, the processor 21 is configured to detect a reader-to-device (R2D) initiation signaling (RIS) from a reader; and the transceiver 13 is configured to receive a physical reader-to-device channel (PRDCH) transmission, wherein the RIS is adjacently preceding the PRDCH transmission, the RIS includes a first part used to indicate a start or beginning of the R2D transmission and a second part used to indicate a chip length of the PRDCH transmission. This can solve issues in the prior art and other issues and / or improve communication performance and reliability.
[0066] FIG. 4 illustrates an Internet of Things (IoT) communication method 410 performed by a reader according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the IoT communication method 410 includes: an operation 412, transmitting, to a device, a reader-to-device (R2D) initiation signaling (RIS) ; and an operation 414, performing a physical reader-to-device channel (PRDCH) transmission, wherein the RIS is adjacently preceding the PRDCH transmission, the RIS includes a first part used to indicate a start or beginning of the R2D transmission and a second part used to indicate a chip length of the PRDCH transmission. This can solve issues in the prior art and other issues and / or improve communication performance and reliability.
[0067] In some embodiments, the RIS is transmitted periodically, whenever the PRDCH transmission is performed, or in response to the PRDCH transmission. In some embodiments, the first part of the RIS is transmitted for a pre-defined time length of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol, a non-integer number of OFDM symbols, or a number of chips. In some embodiments, the first part of the RIS has a pre-defined bit sequence pattern, and the pre-defined bit sequence pattern includes at least one alternating bit value, the at least one alternating bit value has a bit value of 1 indicating an ON part and a bit value of 0 indicating an OFF part, and the ON part is transmitted with a higher voltage than the OFF part. In some embodiments, the second part of the RIS includes a bit sequence pattern having one or more time lengths. In some embodiments, the second part of the RIS includes at least one alternating bit value, the at least one alternating bit value has a bit value of 1 and a bit value of 0, the bit value of 1 is used to indicate an ON part, and the bit value of 0 is used to indicate an OFF part.
[0068] In some embodiments, the second part of the RIS indicates one or more of following control information: one or more intended devices for an IoT communication process; transmission resources, a resource allocation, and / or a multiplexing scheme to be used by the device to provide a response; one or more attributes or parameter information of a subsequent R2D transmission; a minimum or expected time duration of the IoT communication process; or the RIS transmission periodicity selected from a set of predefined periodicities. In some embodiments, the transmission resources correspond to time and / or frequency resources or occasions for the device to provide the response. In some embodiments, the multiplexing scheme is a time-division multiplexing (TDM) , a frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) , and / or a code-division multiplexing (CDM) . In some embodiments, the one or more attributes or parameter information includes a format, a size, a length, a modulation scheme, a coding scheme, and / or a waveform type.
[0069] In some embodiments, the method further includes indicating or scheduling one or more devices for an IoT communication process based on a bit sequence or pattern number or index, or one or more additional bits appended to the bit sequence or pattern. In some embodiments, the one or more additional bits appended to the bit sequence or pattern is a randomly generated number by the reader or an index of the bit sequence or pattern. In some embodiments, the method further includes indicating transmission resources, a resource allocation, and / or a multiplexing scheme for a corresponding response from the device. In some embodiments, the method further includes providing one or more attributes or parameter information of a subsequent R2D transmission. In some embodiments, the method further includes indicating a minimum or expected time duration of an IoT communication process.
[0070] FIG. 5 illustrates an Internet of Things (IoT) communication method 510 performed by a device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the IoT communication method 510 includes: an operation 512, detecting a reader-to-device (R2D) initiation signaling (RIS) from a reader, and an operation 514, receiving a physical reader-to-device channel (PRDCH) transmission, wherein the RIS is adjacently preceding the PRDCH transmission, the RIS includes a first part used to indicate a start or beginning of the R2D transmission and a second part used to indicate a chip length of the PRDCH transmission. This can solve issues in the prior art and other issues and / or improve communication performance and reliability.
[0071] In some embodiments, the method further includes determining a chip duration or length for the PRDCH transmission based on rising and falling edges of a line code used in the RIS. In some embodiments, the chip duration or length for the PRDCH transmission is based on a chip duration or length for the second part of the RIS. In some embodiments, the RIS is transmitted periodically, whenever the PRDCH transmission is performed, or in response to the PRDCH transmission. In some embodiments, the first part of the RIS is transmitted for a pre-defined time length of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol, a non-integer number of OFDM symbols, or a number of chips. In some embodiments, the first part of the RIS has a pre-defined bit sequence pattern, and the pre-defined bit sequence pattern includes at least one alternating bit value, the at least one alternating bit value has a bit value of 1 indicating an ON part and a bit value of 0 indicating an OFF part, and the ON part is transmitted with a higher voltage than the OFF part. In some embodiments, the second part of the RIS includes a bit sequence pattern having one or more time lengths. In some embodiments, the second part of the RIS includes at least one alternating bit value, the at least one alternating bit value has a bit value of 1 and a bit value of 0, the bit value of 1 is used to indicate an ON part, and the bit value of 0 is used to indicate an OFF part.
[0072] In some embodiments, the second part of the RIS indicates one or more of following control information: one or more intended devices for an IoT communication process; transmission resources, a resource allocation, and / or a multiplexing scheme to be used by a device to provide a response; one or more attributes or parameter information of a subsequent R2D transmission; a minimum or expected time duration of the IoT communication process; or the RIS transmission periodicity selected from a set of predefined periodicities. In some embodiments, the transmission resources correspond to time and / or frequency resources or occasions for the device to provide the response. In some embodiments, the multiplexing scheme is a time-division multiplexing (TDM) , a frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) , and / or a code-division multiplexing (CDM) . In some embodiments, the one or more attributes or parameter information includes a format, a size, a length, a modulation scheme, a coding scheme, and / or a waveform type.
[0073] In some embodiments, the method further includes adjusting a sampling rate or clock timing based on the rising and falling edges of the line code used in the RIS. In some embodiments, the method further includes performing reception and decoding of the PRDCH transmission from the reader based on based on a bit sequence or pattern number or index, or one or more additional bits appended to the bit sequence or pattern; and switching the device to an energy charging mode or a sleep state if the reception and decoding is not performed. In some embodiments, the one or more additional bits appended to the bit sequence or pattern is a randomly generated number by the reader or an index of the bit sequence or pattern. In some embodiments, the method further includes determining that the device is an intended or scheduled device by performing a matching operation of a device ID or a randomly generated number of the device to the bit sequence or pattern number or index, or to the one or more additional bits. In some embodiments, the method further includes switching the device to an energy charging mode or a sleep state when the device is not scheduled, and waking up based on a minimum or expected time duration of an IoT communication process or a RIS transmission periodicity.
[0074] FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a reader 60 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The reader 60 is configured to implement some embodiments of the disclosure. Some embodiments of the disclosure may be implemented into the reader 60 using any suitably configured hardware and / or software. The reader 60 includes a transmitter 61 configured to transmit, to a device, a reader-to-device (R2D) initiation signaling (RIS) and an executor 62 configured to perform a physical reader-to-device channel (PRDCH) transmission, wherein the RIS is adjacently preceding the PRDCH transmission, the RIS includes a first part used to indicate a start or beginning of the R2D transmission and a second part used to indicate a chip length of the PRDCH transmission. This can solve issues in the prior art and other issues.
[0075] FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a device 70 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The device 70 is configured to implement some embodiments of the disclosure. Some embodiments of the disclosure may be implemented into the device 70 using any suitably configured hardware and / or software. The device 70 includes a detector 71 configured to detect a reader-to-device (R2D) initiation signaling (RIS) from a reader, and a receiver 72 configured to receive a physical reader-to-device channel (PRDCH) transmission, wherein the RIS is adjacently preceding the PRDCH transmission, the RIS includes a first part used to indicate a start or beginning of the R2D transmission and a second part used to indicate a chip length of the PRDCH transmission. This can solve issues in the prior art and other issues.
[0076] In some embodiments, the term “ / ” can be interpreted to indicate “and / or. ” The term “configured” can refer to “pre-configured” and “network configured” . The term “preset” , “pre-defined” or “pre-defined rules” in the present disclosure may be achieved by pre-storing corresponding codes, tables, or other manners for indicating relevant information in devices. The specific implementation is not limited in the present disclosure. For example, “preset” and “pre-defined” may refer to those defined in a protocol. It is also to be understood that in the disclosure, “protocol” may refer to a standard protocol in the field of communication, which may include, for example, a relevant protocol applied in the future communication system, which is not limited in the present disclosure.
[0077] Examples:
[0078] To support and make wireless communication possible between a reader (which is a base station (BS) or a user equipment (UE) ) and ambient powered –Internet of Things (A-IoT) devices / tags, the general operation of an A-IoT communication would involve at least a synchronization process such that devices / tags are able to know the timing at which to receive a transmission from the reader, a query or command transmission by the reader containing a request for information from or an instruction to the devices / tags, and a response from the devices / tags containing the requested information or an acknowledgement.
[0079] For the existing synchronization process currently used in cellular communications (i.e., 3G, 4G and 5G), the BS constantly transmits a pair of synchronization signals as a beacon to all UEs in a cell for UE tuning their downlink (DL) reception and uplink (UL) transmission carrier frequencies in order to communicate with the BS. Then based on UE detection of multiple pairs of synchronization signals from the BS with a fixed time gap, the UE would be able to determine the radio communication frame boundaries and frame sequence number and achieve a timing synchronization to the BS. This existing synchronization process is rather time consuming since a pair of synchronization signals is transmitted only every 160ms or 80ms. But since all cellular UEs are expected to equip with battery that can power a smartphone for hours of operation and UE with high precision oscillator clock rate are able to maintain its frequency and timing synchronization for a long time, the searching function for synchronization signals in a UE would seem to be trivial and does not consume a significant amount of processing power. However, the same cannot be assumed for A-IoT devices / tags with very simple implementation and low-cost components, and operating without any battery. In particular, a low power ring or local oscillator that is expected for use in A-IoT devices / tags often exhibit an initial sampling frequency offset (SFO) / timing error issue of up to 105 ppm, and such SFO will accumulate and manifest in timing drift. For example, an initial SFO of 105 ppm means the sampling time error could be as large as 1ms for every 10ms of device operation. If the length of a R2D transmission is less than or equal to 1ms and no timing error correction or adjustment mechanism is considered, an A-IoT device / tag could completely missed the transmission from the reader. Therefore, some sort of “re-synchronization” to the reader’s timing is necessary in order to maintain / readjust device / tag clock rate for R2D reception.
[0080] Moreover, a typical A-IoT device / tag implementation is also expected to equip with a small-form factor capacitor that is designed to hold and store energy / electrical charges only for a very limited amount of operating time (e.g., sufficient for a round or two of A-IoT communication with the reader) before the device / tag runs out of energy and goes to a power-OFF state. If the device / tag didn’ t complete the A-IoT communication process with the reader before it powers OFF, the device / tag needs to be recharged before it can operate again. Once recharged, the whole A-IoT communication process restarts from the beginning (as it does not retain any memory) , not from the point / step where the communication was stopped when the device / tag powers OFF. As described previously, the energy charging time of a device / tag can be widely varying from a few milliseconds to several tens of seconds (depending on many different factors) . In the event of stocktaking the inventory in a warehouse / factory / store, where there could be hundreds and thousands of devices / tags a reader must process and each device / tag could power-ON randomly at any time, the reader simply cannot predict or estimate when and how many devices / tags are “awake” at a given time. As such, one obvious way is to energy charge every single device / tag for several tens of seconds to ensure all devices / tags are “awake” and then process everyone at the same time. But this approach still can be a very serious problem when there is a large number of devices / tags trying to communicate with the reader at the same time, but only a very few would succeed due to transmission collision, system capacity and access algorithm, and many would fail half-way when they run out of energy. Once they are recharged, the whole communication process restarts again. As seen, this is a very inefficient communication mechanism.
[0081] Another rather obvious way to resolve this issue of devices / tags running out of energy before they are able to complete the communication process with the reader is to initiate the communication process as soon as a device / tag is charged and power-ON. Since the required charging time for each device / tag is different and cannot be known in advanced or controlled by the reader, devices / tags would power-ON randomly. In this case, the reader transmits the query message constantly and frequently so that it can communicate and process one or a few devices / tags at a time. If new devices / tags power-ON during the time when the reader is in A-IoT communication with other (s) , the new devices / tags will need to constantly search and monitor for the next query message from the reader for a new round of A-IoT communication process. This clearly wastes the device / tag energy in the storage and increases the risk of devices / tags not be able to complete the new round of A-IoT communication with the reader due to searching and waiting. Not to mention the signaling overhead of constantly and frequently transmitting query messages just to serve one or a few devices / tags at a time.
[0082] Proposed solution method for coordinating and scheduling devices / tags in A-IoT communication:
[0083] Due to the above issues of device / tag timing synchronization drift due to SFO, issues related to device / tag power-ON and power-OFF improper behavior due to energy charging and discharging, and the issue of A-IoT communication process inefficiency for a large number of devices / tags, it is proposed to coordinate and schedule one or more A-IoT communication processes among devices / tags using a R2D initiation signal (RIS) . The RIS is to be transmitted by the reader and the main purpose is to provide at least one of the following functionalities to the overall A-IoT communication.
[0084] To serve as a reference for the A-IoT communication chip duration / length, a chip is the basic time unit for radio transmission and reception between the reader and devices / tags. A RIS is transmitted by the reader at least at the beginning of an A-IoT communication process to initiate the A-IoT communication process and to indicate at least one R2D transmission from the reader.
[0085] When a RIS is transmitted from the reader, one bit sequence pattern from a set of possible bit sequence patterns and / or bit sequence lengths is used. When a device / tag detects a RIS transmission from the reader, the device / tag uses the transmitted bit sequence pattern to adjust / correct its sampling rate or clock timing by detecting the rising and falling edges of the line code used in the RIS. As such, the timing drift effect caused by SFO is resolved in the device / tag. The bit sequence pattern may be also used by the reader to provide control information to the devices / tags. For example, the bit sequence / pattern could be used for one or more of the following purposes.
[0086] To indicate / schedule one or more devices / tags intended for the current A-IoT communication process, when a device / tag determines that it is one of the intended / scheduled devices / tags, the device / tag performs reception and decoding of subsequent transmissions from the reader and provides response (s) as queried / requested by the reader within the current A-IoT communication process. When a device / tag determines that it is not an intended / scheduled device / tag for the current A-IoT communication process, the device / tag may switch to an energy harvesting / charging mode to increase its energy level in the capacitor storage for sustaining its A-IoT operation / power-ON time.
[0087] One method to indicate / schedule intended devices / tags for the current A-IoT communication process is by using the bit sequence / pattern number or index. Another method is to append additional bit (s) to the bit sequence / pattern, where the additional bit (s) represents a randomly generated number by the reader or the index of the bit sequence / pattern.
[0088] A device / tag determines whether it is one of the intended / scheduled devices / tags for the current A-IoT communication process by performing a matching operation of its ID or a device / tag randomly generated number to the bit sequence / pattern number or index or the additional bit (s) .
[0089] To indicate transmission resources or a resource allocation or multiplexing scheme for devices / tags to provide responses, the indication could be reader allocating a specific time and / or frequency resource (s) or occasion (s) for which the devices / tags should provide the responses. In addition, the indication could also indicate the transmission multiplexing scheme that should be used by the responding devices / tags (e.g., time-division multiplexing (TDM) , frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) and / or code-division multiplexing (CDM) ) . In some implementations, the device / tag may not support the CDM scheme. As such, if the reader queries for this type of devices / tags to provide responses, then the reader should only indicate TDM or FDM in the bit sequence / pattern. On the other hand, if the reader is interested in CDM capable devices / tags to provide responses, then it should indicate CDM in the bit sequence / pattern.
[0090] To indicate attribute (s) or parameter information of the subsequent R2D transmission (e.g., a PRDCH transmission from the reader) , the attribute (s) or parameter information could include the format, size or length, modulation scheme, coding scheme, waveform type and etc.
[0091] To indicate a minimum or an expected time duration of the current A-IoT communication process, as the reader may try to communicate with a large number of devices / tags, the reader should coordinate the timings / occasions of A-IoT communication process among the devices / tags so that the large number of devices / tags are distributed across the different processes. As such, from one device / tag perspective, it is very likely that the device / tag does not need to provide any response or communicate with the reader in most of the A-IoT communication process occasions. However, the device / tag will still monitor RIS and query transmissions from the reader in these process occasions as it does not know the completing timing for the current A-IoT communication process and it may be indicated or queried by the reader in the next A-IoT communication process. Instead of spending / discharging device energy in the storage monitoring the channel, the indication of a minimum or an expected time duration of the current A-IoT communication will allow the device / tag to switch to the energy harvesting / charging mode to sustain its A-IoT operation time and wake up after the indicated time duration to monitor RIS and query transmissions from the reader for the next A-IoT communication process.
[0092] To indicate the periodicity of the RIS transmission from the reader, the RIS could be periodically transmitted from the reader for the purpose of regularly re-synchronize the timing and chip duration of R2D transmissions at the device / tag. The periodic RIS transmission from the reader could also be used for periodic initiation of A-IoT communication processes. As a device / tag needs to power-ON or wake up from the energy harvesting / charging mode at some point in time, the device / tag could utilize the RIS transmission periodicity information to determine the timing to switch from the energy harvesting / charging mode to monitoring the RIS and query transmissions. And hence, the device / tag would be able to maximize the energy harvesting / charging time and power-ON / wakes up only when it needs to.
[0093] Furthermore, as a device / tag coordination / scheduling scheme, a set of periodicities could be pre-defined and the exact time period or occasion for which a device / tag belongs to (for A-IoT communication with the reader) could be determined by the device / tag from receiving the RIS transmission periodicity information. For example, a periodicity of X ms is indicated in the bit sequence / pattern from the reader. A device / tag randomly generated a number ‘5’ from the range of 0 to Y, where Y could be a pre-defined value. This means, the exact time period or occasion for which the device / tag belongs to for A-IoT communication with the reader is 5X ms from the time the periodicity information is received in the RIS. For the time periods 0 to 4, the device / tag could be in the energy harvesting / charging mode (i.e., not wasting device energy / power staying awake and monitoring RIS and query transmissions from the reader) . If every device / tag randomly generates a number between 0 and Y, all devices / tags are evenly distributed across all possible time periods / occasions. As such, when the RIS is transmitted periodically, it is not intended for devices / tags to determine A-IoT communication radio frame, slot or symbol boundaries and radio frame numbers (as in the cellular DL and UL communication) , but it is rather for coordinating and scheduling A-IoT communication processes among the devices / tags to improve system and access efficiency.
[0094] To allow easy detection by devices / tags to determine the beginning of a R2D transmission, UE detection of a BS transmitted signal in cellular communication is based on UE performing a cross-correlation function of a known signal pattern, such as a m-sequence or Gold-sequence used in the primary and secondary synchronization signals. As described earlier, a smartphone UE generally equipped with high precision components and a battery that is significantly larger than A-IoT devices / tags to perform sophisticated processing and detection algorithms. On the other hand, a new signal and detection mechanism should be adopted in cellular communication to allow an easy detection by devices / tags to determine the beginning of a R2D transmission. To this end, it is proposed a part of the RIS signal is transmitted with a high voltage / signal strength level for a pre-defined time length. Since the time length is pre-defined (e.g., a few chips, a OFDM symbol, or non-integer multiple of a OFDM symbol length) , it is rather simple for a device / tag to determine the received signal is a RIS transmission from the reader.
[0095] The time length of a part of the RIS signal transmitted from the reader could be from a set of possible / candidate pre-defined time lengths. That is, multiple time lengths could be defined and used for different purposes. In one example, one time length could be used for indicating there is no subsequent R2D or PRDCH transmission from the reader. That is, the RIS is transmitted in a standalone fashion (e.g., periodically for timing synchronization) . In another example, one time length could be used for indicating the type of A-IoT communication procedure that is intended by the reader, such as inventory or command type of procedure. In one more example, one time length could be used for indicating the traffic cast type (e.g., unicast, groupcast or broadcast) .
[0096] It should be noted that in a practical deployment or usage of A-IoT system, an inventory / stock-take and a command function that requires A-IoT communication may only be performed once every 1 hour, 1 day, 1 week or even longer (does not occur frequently) . Sometimes, the need of A-IoT communication only on an event-triggered basis, such as inward and outward of stocks coming in or leaving a warehouse at a scanning gate or finding a lost key in a house. Hence, the RIS signal should not be constantly transmitted over a long duration by the reader for the purpose of synchronization (as in a cellular communication system) , as it will only create radio interference to other systems in the area and waste of electrical power of running the reader constantly (environmental unfriendly) . Therefore, the RIS is to be transmitted by the reader only when it intends to initiate an A-IoT communication process with devices / tags.
[0097] Commercial interests for some embodiments are as follows. 1. Solving issues in the prior art and other issues. 2. Improving a communication performance. 3. Some embodiments of the present disclosure are used by 5G-NR chipset vendors, V2X communication system development vendors, automakers including cars, trains, trucks, buses, bicycles, moto-bikes, helmets, and etc., drones (unmanned aerial vehicles) , smartphone makers, smart watches, wireless earbuds, wireless headphones, communication devices, remote control vehicles, and robots for public safety use, AR / VR device maker for example gaming, conference / seminar, education purposes, smart home appliances including TV, stereo, speakers, lights, door bells, locks, cameras, conferencing headsets, and etc., smart factory and warehouse equipment including IoT devices, robots, robotic arms, and simply just between production machines. In some embodiments, commercial interest for the disclosed invention and business importance includes lowering power consumption for wireless communication means longer operating time for the device and / or better user experience and product satisfaction from longer operating time between battery charging. Some embodiments of the present disclosure are a combination of “techniques / processes” that can be adopted in 3GPP specification to create an end product. Some embodiments of the present disclosure relate to mobile cellular communication technology in 3GPP NR Releases 19, and beyond for providing IoT wireless communication services.
[0098] FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an example of a computing device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Any suitable computing device can be used for performing the operations described herein. For example, FIG. 8 illustrates an example of the computing device 1100 that can implement some embodiments in FIG. 1 to FIG. 7, using any suitably configured hardware and / or software. In some embodiments, the computing device 1100 can include a processor 1112 that is communicatively coupled to a memory 1114 and that executes computer-executable program code and / or accesses information stored in the memory 1114. The processor 1112 may include a microprocessor, an application-specific integrated circuit ( “ASIC” ) , a state machine, or other processing device. The processor 1112 can include any of a number of processing devices, including one. Such a processor can include or may be in communication with a computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by the processor 1112, cause the processor to perform the operations described herein.
[0099] The memory 1114 can include any suitable non-transitory computer-readable medium. The computer-readable medium can include any electronic, optical, magnetic, or other storage device capable of providing a processor with computer-readable instructions or other program code. Non-limiting examples of a computer-readable medium include a magnetic disk, a memory chip, a read-only memory (ROM) , a random access memory (RAM) , an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a configured processor, optical storage, magnetic tape or other magnetic storage, or any other medium from which a computer processor can read instructions. The instructions may include processor-specific instructions generated by a compiler and / or an interpreter from code written in any suitable computer-programming language, including, for example, C, C++, C#, visual basic, java, python, perl, javascript, and actionscript.
[0100] The computing device 1100 can also include a bus 1116. The bus 1116 can communicatively couple one or more components of the computing device 1100. The computing device 1100 can also include a number of external or internal devices such as input or output devices. For example, the computing device 1100 is illustrated with an input / output ( “I / O” ) interface 1118 that can receive input from one or more input devices 1120 or provide output to one or more output devices 1122. The one or more input devices 1120 and one or more output devices 1122 can be communicatively coupled to the I / O interface 1118. The communicative coupling can be implemented via any suitable manner (e.g., a connection via a printed circuit board, connection via a cable, communication via wireless transmissions, etc. ) . Non-limiting examples of input devices 1120 include a touch screen (e g., one or more cameras for imaging a touch area or pressure sensors for detecting pressure changes caused by a touch) , a mouse, a keyboard, or any other device that can be used to generate input events in response to physical actions by a user of a computing device. Non-limiting examples of output devices 1122 include a liquid crystal display (LCD) screen, an external monitor, a speaker, or any other device that can be used to display or otherwise present outputs generated by a computing device.
[0101] The computing device 1100 can execute program code that configures the processor 1112 to perform one or more of the operations described above with respect to FIG. 1 to FIG. 7. The program code may be resident in the memory 1114 or any suitable computer-readable medium and may be executed by the processor 1112 or any other suitable processor.
[0102] The computing device 1100 can also include at least one network interface device 1124. The network interface device 1124 can include any device or group of devices suitable for establishing a wired or wireless data connection to one or more data networks 1128. Non limiting examples of the network interface device 1124 include an Ethernet network adapter, a modem, and / or the like. The computing device 1100 can transmit messages as electronic or optical signals via the network interface device 1124.
[0103] FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an example system 700 for wireless communication according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Embodiments described herein may be implemented into the system using any suitably configured hardware and / or software. FIG. 9 illustrates the system 700 including a radio frequency (RF) circuitry 710, a baseband circuitry 720, an application circuitry 730, a memory / storage 740, a display 750, a camera 760, a sensor 770, and an input / output (I / O) interface 780, coupled with each other at least as illustrated.
[0104] The application circuitry 730 may include a circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The processors may include any combination of general-purpose processors and dedicated processors, such as graphics processors, application processors. The processors may be coupled with the memory / storage and configured to execute instructions stored in the memory / storage to enable various applications and / or operating systems running on the system.
[0105] The baseband circuitry 720 may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The processors may include a baseband processor. The baseband circuitry may handle various radio control functions that enable communication with one or more radio networks via the RF circuitry. The radio control functions may include, but are not limited to, signal modulation, encoding, decoding, radio frequency shifting, etc. In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry may provide for communication compatible with one or more radio technologies. For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry may support communication with an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (EUTRAN) and / or other wireless metropolitan area networks (WMAN) , a wireless local area network (WLAN) , a wireless personal area network (WPAN) . Embodiments in which the baseband circuitry is configured to support radio communications of more than one wireless protocol may be referred to as multi-mode baseband circuitry.
[0106] In various embodiments, the baseband circuitry 720 may include circuitry to operate with signals that are not strictly considered as being in a baseband frequency. For example, in some embodiments, baseband circuitry may include circuitry to operate with signals having an intermediate frequency, which is between a baseband frequency and a radio frequency.
[0107] The RF circuitry 710 may enable communication with wireless networks using modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. In various embodiments, the RF circuitry may include switches, filters, amplifiers, etc. to facilitate the communication with the wireless network.
[0108] In various embodiments, the RF circuitry 710 may include circuitry to operate with signals that are not strictly considered as being in a radio frequency. For example, in some embodiments, RF circuitry may include circuitry to operate with signals having an intermediate frequency, which is between a baseband frequency and a radio frequency.
[0109] In various embodiments, the transmitter circuitry, control circuitry, or receiver circuitry discussed above with respect to the user equipment, eNB, or gNB may be embodied in whole or in part in one or more of the RF circuitry, the baseband circuitry, and / or the application circuitry. As used herein, “circuitry” may refer to, be part of, or include an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) , and / or a memory (shared, dedicated, or group) that execute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logic circuit, and / or other suitable hardware components that provide the described functionality. In some embodiments, the electronic device circuitry may be implemented in, or functions associated with the circuitry may be implemented by, one or more software or firmware modules.
[0110] In some embodiments, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry, the application circuitry, and / or the memory / storage may be implemented together on a system on a chip (SOC) . The memory / storage 740 may be used to load and store data and / or instructions, for example, for system. The memory / storage for one embodiment may include any combination of suitable volatile memory, such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM) ) , and / or non-volatile memory, such as flash memory.
[0111] In various embodiments, the I / O interface 780 may include one or more user interfaces designed to enable user interaction with the system and / or peripheral component interfaces designed to enable peripheral component interaction with the system. User interfaces may include, but are not limited to a physical keyboard or keypad, a touchpad, a speaker, a microphone, etc. Peripheral component interfaces may include, but are not limited to, a non-volatile memory port, a universal serial bus (USB) port, an audio jack, and a power supply interface.
[0112] In various embodiments, the sensor 770 may include one or more sensing devices to determine environmental conditions and / or location information related to the system. In some embodiments, the sensors may include, but are not limited to, a gyro sensor, an accelerometer, a proximity sensor, an ambient light sensor, and a positioning unit. The positioning unit may also be part of, or interact with, the baseband circuitry and / or RF circuitry to communicate with components of a positioning network, e.g., a global positioning system (GPS) satellite.
[0113] In various embodiments, the display 750 may include a display, such as a liquid crystal display and a touch screen display. In various embodiments, the system 700 may be a mobile computing device such as, but not limited to, a laptop computing device, a tablet computing device, a netbook, an ultrabook, a smartphone, a AR / VR glasses, etc. In various embodiments, system may have more or less components, and / or different architectures. Where appropriate, methods described herein may be implemented as a computer program. The computer program may be stored on a storage medium, such as a non-transitory storage medium.
[0114] A person having ordinary skill in the art understands that each of the units, algorithm, and operations described and disclosed in the embodiments of the present disclosure are realized using electronic hardware or combinations of software for computers and electronic hardware. Whether the functions run in hardware or software depends on the condition of application and design requirement for a technical plan.
[0115] A person having ordinary skill in the art can use different ways to realize the function for each specific application while such realizations cannot go beyond the scope of the present disclosure. It is understood by a person having ordinary skill in the art that he / she can refer to the working processes of the system, device, and unit in the above-mentioned embodiment since the working processes of the above-mentioned system, device, and unit are basically the same. For easy description and simplicity, these working processes may not be detailed.
[0116] It is understood that the disclosed system, device, and method in the embodiments of the present disclosure can be realized with other ways. The above-mentioned embodiments are exemplary only. The division of the units is merely based on logical functions while other divisions exist in realization. It is possible that a plurality of units or components are combined or integrated in another system. It is also possible that some characteristics are omitted or skipped. On the other hand, the displayed or discussed mutual coupling, direct coupling, or communicative coupling operate through some ports, devices, or units whether indirectly or communicatively by ways of electrical, mechanical, or other kinds of forms.
[0117] The units as separating components for explanation are or are not physically separated. The units for display are or are not physical units, that is, located in one place or distributed on a plurality of network units. Some or all of the units are used according to the purposes of the embodiments. Moreover, each of the functional units in each of the embodiments can be integrated in one processing unit, physically independent, or integrated in one processing unit with two or more than two units.
[0118] If the software function unit is realized and used and sold as a product, it can be stored in a readable storage medium in a computer. Based on this understanding, the technical plan proposed by the present disclosure can be essentially or partially realized as the form of a software product. Or, one part of the technical plan beneficial to the conventional technology can be realized as the form of a software product. The software product in the computer is stored in a storage medium, including a plurality of commands for a computational device (such as a personal computer, a server, or a network device) to run all or some of the operations disclosed by the embodiments of the present disclosure. The storage medium includes a USB disk, a mobile hard disk, a read-only memory (ROM) , a random access memory (RAM) , a floppy disk, or other kinds of media capable of storing program codes.
[0119] While the present disclosure has been described in connection with what is considered the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is understood that the present disclosure is not limited to the disclosed embodiments but is intended to cover various arrangements made without departing from the scope of the broadest interpretation of the appended claims.
Claims
1.An Internet of Things (IoT) communication method performed by a reader, comprising:transmitting, to a device, a reader-to-device (R2D) initiation signaling (RIS) ; andperforming a physical reader-to-device channel (PRDCH) transmission, wherein the RIS is adjacently preceding the PRDCH transmission, the RIS comprises a first part used to indicate a start or beginning of the R2D transmission and a second part used to indicate a chip length of the PRDCH transmission.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the RIS is transmitted periodically, whenever the PRDCH transmission is performed, or in response to the PRDCH transmission.3.The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the first part of the RIS is transmitted for a pre-defined time length of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol, a non-integer number of OFDM symbols, or a number of chips.4.The method of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the first part of the RIS has a pre-defined bit sequence pattern, and the pre-defined bit sequence pattern comprises at least one alternating bit value, the at least one alternating bit value has a bit value of 1 indicating an ON part and a bit value of 0 indicating an OFF part, and the ON part is transmitted with a higher voltage than the OFF part.5.The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the second part of the RIS comprises a bit sequence pattern having one or more time lengths.6.The method of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the second part of the RIS comprises at least one alternating bit value, the at least one alternating bit value has a bit value of 1 and a bit value of 0, the bit value of 1 is used to indicate an ON part, and the bit value of 0 is used to indicate an OFF part.7.The method of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the second part of the RIS indicates one or more of following control information:one or more intended devices for an IoT communication process;transmission resources, a resource allocation, and / or a multiplexing scheme to be used by the device to provide a response;one or more attributes or parameter information of a subsequent R2D transmission;a minimum or expected time duration of the IoT communication process; orthe RIS transmission periodicity selected from a set of predefined periodicities.8.The method of claim 7, wherein the transmission resources correspond to time and / or frequency resources or occasions for the device to provide the response.9.The method of claim 7, wherein the multiplexing scheme is a time-division multiplexing (TDM) , a frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) , and / or a code-division multiplexing (CDM) .10.The method of claim 7, wherein the one or more attributes or parameter information comprises a format, a size, a length, a modulation scheme, a coding scheme, and / or a waveform type.11.The method of any one of claims 1 to 10, further comprising:indicating or scheduling one or more devices for an IoT communication process based on a bit sequence or pattern number or index, or one or more additional bits appended to the bit sequence or pattern.12.The method of claim 11, wherein the one or more additional bits appended to the bit sequence or pattern is a randomly generated number by the reader or an index of the bit sequence or pattern.13.The method of any one of claims 1 to 12, further comprising:indicating transmission resources, a resource allocation, and / or a multiplexing scheme for a corresponding response from the device.14.The method of any one of claims 1 to 13, further comprising:providing one or more attributes or parameter information of a subsequent R2D transmission.15.The method of any one of claims 1 to 13, further comprising:indicating a minimum or expected time duration of an IoT communication process.16.An Internet of Things (IoT) communication method performed by a device, comprising:detecting a reader-to-device (R2D) initiation signaling (RIS) from a reader; andreceiving a physical reader-to-device channel (PRDCH) transmission, wherein the RIS is adjacently preceding the PRDCH transmission, the RIS comprises a first part used to indicate a start or beginning of the R2D transmission and a second part used to indicate a chip length of the PRDCH transmission.17.The method of claim 16, further comprising:determining a chip duration or length for the PRDCH transmission based on rising and falling edges of a line code used in the RIS.18.The method of claim 17, wherein the chip duration or length for the PRDCH transmission is based on a chip duration or length for the second part of the RIS.19.The method of any one of claims 16 to 18, wherein the RIS is transmitted periodically, whenever the PRDCH transmission is performed, or in response to the PRDCH transmission.20.The method of any one of claims 16 to 19, wherein the first part of the RIS is transmitted for a pre-defined time length of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol, a non-integer number of OFDM symbols, or a number of chips.21.The method of any one of claims 16 to 20, wherein the first part of the RIS has a pre-defined bit sequence pattern, and the pre-defined bit sequence pattern comprises at least one alternating bit value, the at least one alternating bit value has a bit value of 1 indicating an ON part and a bit value of 0 indicating an OFF part, and the ON part is transmitted with a higher voltage than the OFF part.22.The method of any one of claims 16 to 21, wherein the second part of the RIS comprises a bit sequence pattern having one or more time lengths.23.The method of any one of claims 16 to 22, wherein the second part of the RIS comprises at least one alternating bit value, the at least one alternating bit value has a bit value of 1 and a bit value of 0, the bit value of 1 is used to indicate an ON part, and the bit value of 0 is used to indicate an OFF part.24.The method of any one of claims 16 to 23, wherein the second part of the RIS indicates one or more of following control information:one or more intended devices for an IoT communication process;transmission resources, a resource allocation, and / or a multiplexing scheme to be used by a device to provide a response;one or more attributes or parameter information of a subsequent R2D transmission;a minimum or expected time duration of the IoT communication process; orthe RIS transmission periodicity selected from a set of predefined periodicities.25.The method of claim 24, wherein the transmission resources correspond to time and / or frequency resources or occasions for the device to provide the response.26.The method of claim 24, wherein the multiplexing scheme is a time-division multiplexing (TDM) , a frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) , and / or a code-division multiplexing (CDM) .27.The method of claim 24, wherein the one or more attributes or parameter information comprises a format, a size, a length, a modulation scheme, a coding scheme, and / or a waveform type.28.The method of any one of claims 17 to 27, further comprising:adjusting a sampling rate or clock timing based on the rising and falling edges of the line code used in the RIS.29.The method of any one of claims 17 to 28, further comprising:performing reception and decoding of the PRDCH transmission from the reader based on based on a bit sequence or pattern number or index, or one or more additional bits appended to the bit sequence or pattern; andswitching the device to an energy charging mode or a sleep state if the reception and decoding is not performed.30.The method of claim 29, wherein the one or more additional bits appended to the bit sequence or pattern is a randomly generated number by the reader or an index of the bit sequence or pattern.31.The method of claim 29 or 30, further comprising:determining that the device is an intended or scheduled device by performing a matching operation of a device ID or a randomly generated number of the device to the bit sequence or pattern number or index, or to the one or more additional bits.32.The method of any one of claims 17 to 31, further comprising:switching the device to an energy charging mode or a sleep state when the device is not scheduled, and waking up based on a minimum or expected time duration of an IoT communication process or a RIS transmission periodicity.33.A reader, comprising:a transmitter configured to transmit, to a device, a reader-to-device (R2D) initiation signaling (RIS) ; and an executor configured to perform a physical reader-to-device channel (PRDCH) transmission, wherein the RIS is adjacently preceding the PRDCH transmission, the RIS comprises a first part used to indicate a start or beginning of the R2D transmission and a second part used to indicate a chip length of the PRDCH transmission.34.A reader, comprising:a memory;a transceiver; anda processor coupled to the memory and the transceiver;wherein the IoT device is configured to perform any one of claims 1 to 15.35.A device, comprising:a detector configured to detect a reader-to-device (R2D) initiation signaling (RIS) from a reader; anda receiver configured to receive a physical reader-to-device channel (PRDCH) transmission, wherein the RIS is adjacently preceding the PRDCH transmission, the RIS comprises a first part used to indicate a start or beginning of the R2D transmission and a second part used to indicate a chip length of the PRDCH transmission.36.A device, comprising:a memory;a transceiver; anda processor coupled to the memory and the transceiver;wherein the device is configured to perform any one of claims 16 to 32.37.A non-transitory machine-readable storage medium having stored thereon instructions that, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 32.38.A chip, comprising:a processor, configured to call and run a computer program stored in a memory, to cause a device in which the chip is installed to execute the method of any one of claims 1 to 32.39.A computer readable storage medium, in which a computer program is stored, wherein the computer program causes a computer to execute the method of any one of claims 1 to 32.40.A computer program product, including a computer program, wherein the computer program causes a computer to execute the method of any one of claims 1 to 32.41.A computer program, wherein the computer program causes a computer to execute the method of any one of claims 1 to 32.
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