Treatment of cancer with pyrimidoheterocyclic compounds
Compound A effectively traps KRAS G12C proteins in the inactive state, addressing the limitations of current inhibitors by enhancing target engagement and achieving substantial tumor growth inhibition in KRAS-driven cancers.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/093049
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2025-04-30
- Filing Date
- 2025-05-07
- Publication Date
- 2025-11-13
AI Technical Summary
Current KRAS G12C inhibitors exhibit suboptimal clinical outcomes with limited efficacy and duration of response in treating KRAS-driven cancers due to incomplete trapping of KRAS proteins in the inactive GDP-bound state and activation by upstream growth factors, necessitating improved target engagement and potency.
Administration of Compound A or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt, alone or in combination with other compounds, to effectively trap KRAS G12C proteins in the inactive GDP-bound state, even in the presence of growth factor stimulation, thereby inhibiting oncogenic signaling and tumor growth.
Compound A demonstrates enhanced target engagement and depletion of active KRAS, leading to significant tumor growth inhibition and prolonged response in KRAS-driven cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and colorectal cancer, with potential for intracranial activity and resistance management.
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Figure CN2025093049_13112025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
TREATMENT OF CANCER WITH PYRIMIDOHETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDSBACKGROUND
[0001] RAS oncogene mutations are the most common activating mutations in human cancers, occurring in 30%of human tumors. The RAS gene family includes three subtypes (KRAS, HRAS and NRAS) , of which 85%of RAS-driven cancers are caused by mutations in the KRAS subtype. KRAS mutations are commonly found in solid tumors, such as lung adenocarcinoma, pancreatic ductal carcinoma and colorectal cancer, etc. In KRAS mutated tumors, 80%of oncogenic mutations occur at codon 12, and the most common mutations include: p. G12D (41%) , p. G12V (28%) and p. G12C (14%) .
[0002] KRAS plays a pivotal role in the signaling regulation of cell growth. The upstream cell surface receptors such as EGFR (ErbB1) , HER2 (ErbB2) , ErbB3, and ErbB4, after receiving external signals, will transmit the signal to downstream through the RAS protein. When the KRAS protein is not activated, it binds tightly to GDP (guanosine diphosphate) . After being activated by guanosine exchange factor such as SOS1, the KRAS protein binds to GTP (guanosine triphosphate) and becomes a kinase active state. After mutation, KRAS gene can independently transmit signals for growth and proliferation to downstream pathways independent of upstream growth factor receptor signals, causing uncontrolled cell growth and tumor progression. Meanwhile, whether KRAS gene has mutations or not is also an important indicator of tumor prognosis.
[0003] Although KRAS is the first oncogene to be discovered, it has long been considered an undruggable target. Until 2019, Amgen and Mirati Therapeutics successively published the clinical research results of their small molecule KRAS inhibitors, which are irreversible small molecule inhibitors that inhibit KRAS activity by forming irreversible covalent bonds with cysteine residues of KRAS G12C mutant protein, thus confirming the clinical effectiveness of KRAS inhibitors in the clinical treatment of tumors.
[0004] Statistical results show that 12-36%of lung adenocarcinoma is driven by KRAS mutations; 27-56%of colon cancer is driven by KRAS; and 90%of pancreatic cancer, 21%of endometrial cancer, and 12-36%of lung adenocarcinoma are driven by KRAS, which indicate that the patient population is huge. In KRAS gene mutations, 97%of the mutations occur in amino acid residues at position 12 or 13, wherein G12D, G12V and G13D mutations have poor druggability, and KRAS (G12C) mutation in which glycine at position 12 is replaced by cysteine provides a good direction for the development of covalent inhibitors.
[0005] Accordingly, there is a need for new methods of treating cancer, such as cancer where KRAS plays a role in the initiation or development of the cancer. The present disclosure addresses the need.SUMMARY
[0006] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating or preventing cancer (e.g., a cancer where KRAS plays a role in the initiation or development of the cancer) , the method comprising administering Compound A: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a subject in need thereof at a dosage disclosed herein.
[0007] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating or preventing cancer (e.g., a cancer where KRAS plays a role in the initiation or development of the cancer) , the method comprising administering Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with Compound B: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a subject in need thereof at a dosage disclosed herein.
[0008] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating or preventing cancer (e.g., a cancer where KRAS plays a role in the initiation or development of the cancer) , the method comprising administering a composition comprising Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a subject in need thereof at a dosage disclosed herein.
[0009] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition comprising Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment or prevention of cancer (e.g., a cancer where KRAS plays a role in the initiation or development of the cancer) in a subject in need thereof at a dosage disclosed herein.
[0010] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides use of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition comprising Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, at a dosage disclosed herein in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of cancer (e.g., a cancer where KRAS plays a role in the initiation or development of the cancer) in a subject in need thereof.
[0011] In one aspect, the cancer is non-small cell lung cancer (e.g., recurrent NSCLC, astage IV NSCLC harboring KRAS G12C mutation, adenocarcinoma, squamous-cell carcinoma, colorectal cancer, or pancreatic cancer) .BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0012] FIG. 1A depicts the cellular activity of KRAS G12C inhibitors in NCI-H358 NSCLC cells evaluated through active RAS-GTP pull-down followed by immunoblotting using a KRAS-specific antibody after a 2-hour treatment with different inhibitors at indicated concentrations. The levels of active KRAS were quantified by chemiluminescence intensity, and IC50 values were calculated using GraphPad Prism for each compound.
[0013] FIG. 1B depicts covalent potency (kinact / KI) of KRAS G12C inhibitors. Maximal covalent inactivation rate (kinact) , the concentrations that achieve a half-maximal rate (KI) and other kinetic parameters of different KRAS G12C inhibitors were determined by SPR. The top doses tested were 20 μM for Reference Compound 1 ( “Ref. Cp. 1” ) and Reference Compound 2 ( “Ref. Cp. 2” ) , 200 nM for Reference Compound 3 ( “Ref. Cp. 3” ) and Reference Compound 4 ( “Ref. Cp. 4” ) , and 20 nM for Compound A, respectively. Three independent experiments were performed, and data are presented as mean ± SD.
[0014] FIG. 1C depicts free-cysteine proteome analysis of Compound A. NCI-H358 whole cell lysates were extracted and subjected to proteomics analysis after a 4-hour treatment with 10 nM Compound A or DMSO. Criteria for covalent targets (highlighted in grey) were set as < -2.0 log2 fold change with a p-value less than 0.001 across biological replicates (n = 3 replicates) .
[0015] FIG. 1D depicts the kinetics of cellular active RAS depletion in NCI-H358 cells after treatment with a time course and dose titration of KRAS G12C inhibitors were determined by RAS-GTP ELISA assay. The observed inhibition rate kobs and concentrations to achieve a half-maximal rate [I] 50 were determined using GraphPad Prism. Cellular target engagement efficiency Max kobs / [I] 50 values were calculated.
[0016] FIG. 1E depicts the cellular kinetic parameters of different KRAS G12C inhibitors determined from time course and dose response studies as illustrated in FIG. 1D. Inhibition rate t1 / 2 was calculated by ln2 / kinact.
[0017] FIG. 2A depicts the kinetics of cellular active RAS depletion in NCI-H358 cells after treatment with Ref. Cp. 1 or Ref. Cp. 2 at 1 μM, Ref. Cp. 3, Ref. Cp. 4, or Compound A at 100 nM, in the absence (solid line) or presence (dotted line) of 40 ng / mL EGF as determined by RAS-GTP ELISA assay.
[0018] FIG. 2B depicts the EGF-stimulated KRAS activation and downstream ERK activation. EGF treatment stimulates the transition of RAS to GTP-bound form. NCI-H358 cells were treated with 40 ng / mL EGF for different times as indicated. Cell extracts were prepared and subjected to (top) pull-down assay and (bottom) pERK HTRF assay at the indicated time post-treatment. For the pull-down assay, the levels of active KRAS were quantified by chemiluminescence intensity and normalized to vehicle. For pERK HTRF, the levels of pERK were quantified by HTRF and normalized to vehicle.
[0019] FIG. 2C depicts the target engagement of KRAS G12C inhibitors in the presence of EGF or HGF stimulation. NCI-H358 cells were treated with Compound A, Ref. Cp. 3, or Ref. Cp. 4 with or without concurrent EGF stimulation (40 ng / mL) (top left) , HGF stimulation (40 ng / mL) (top middle) , at 100 nM for 2 hours, or with or without concurrent EGF stimulation (40 ng / mL) and KRAS G12C inhibitors at their corresponding [I] 50 concentrations for 1 hour (top right) . Extracted cell lysates were subjected to pull-down assay to determine the effect on active KRAS. The levels of active KRAS were quantified by chemiluminescence intensity and normalized to DMSO (bottom panel) .
[0020] FIG. 2D depicts the kinetics of cellular pERK inhibition of KRAS G12C inhibitors in the presence of EGF stimulation. NCI-H358 cells were treated with EGF (40 ng / mL) with or without concurrent Compound A, Ref. Cp. 3, or Ref. Cp. 4 at their corresponding 5 × [I] 50 concentrations for a time course as indicated. Cell extracts were subjected to pERK HTRF assays, and the levels of pERK were quantified by HTRF and normalized to vehicle.
[0021] FIG. 3A depicts the inhibitory effect on cellular pERK. Specifically, it depicts the effect of Ref. Cp. 3, Ref. Cp. 4, and Compound A on phospho-ERK measured by HTRF assay in NCI-H358 cells (top) and MIA PaCa-2 cells (bottom) . Cells were treated with Ref. Cp. 3, Ref. Cp. 4, and Compound A at indicated concentrations for 2 hours, and then cell lysates were extracted and subjected to pERK HTRF assay (n=3 replicates) .
[0022] FIG. 3B depicts the effect of Compound A on cell proliferation in a panel of human cancer cell lines by 2D (top) and 3D (bottom) CellTiter Glo assay (n=3 replicates) .
[0023] FIG. 3C depicts the IC50 values of each compound tested in 2D (top) and 3D (bottom) assays. Each point represents an individual cell line. Folds of selectivity between the median IC50 of KRAS G12C-mutant cell lines and non-KRAS G12C mutant cell lines were calculated.
[0024] FIG. 4A depicts in vivo pharmacodynamic evaluation after a single dose of Compound A. NCI-H358 xenograft model was treated with a single oral dose of Compound A at 3 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, 30 mg / kg, and 100 mg / kg, and tumor samples were collected at 6 hours post-treatment (n=4 mice) . In vivo PD analysis was performed by immunoblotting. The total and phosphorylated levels of ERK1 / 2 and RSK were analyzed, and GAPDH was used as a loading control. Levels of active ERK1 / 2 and RSK were quantified by chemiluminescence intensity and normalized to total ERK1 / 2 and RSK, respectively.
[0025] FIG. 4B depicts the in vivo effect of Compound A on MAPK signature genes. The effect of Compound A on ten MAPK signature was assessed by RNAseq. Tumor tissue samples were collected at 6 hours after a single dose of Compound A at different dose levels from the same batch of experiments and subjected to RNA extraction followed by RNAseq analysis. Data are shown as mean ± SEM.
[0026] FIG. 4C depicts the in vivo PK / PD analysis of Compound A. In vivo depletion of active RAS (bar graph) was determined by RAS-GTP ELISA. Plasma concentrations (red triangles) or tumor concentrations (black open circles) were determined by LC-MS / MS. Plasma and tumor tissue samples were collected at 6 hours after a single dose of Compound A at different dose levels from the same batch of experiments of the dose-PD study. Data are presented as mean ± SEM, with n = 4 mice per dose group.
[0027] FIG. 4D depicts the in vivo anti-tumor effect in NCI-H358 xenograft models. In vivo tumor growth of the NCI-H358 xenograft model after treatment with Compound A at 3 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, 30 mg / kg, and 100 mg / kg once daily. Compound A was administered via oral gavage daily until day 31. Data are shown as mean tumor volume ± SEM.
[0028] FIG. 4E depicts the correlation of Compound A plasma PK exposure with TGI values. (Top) Summary of TGI and plasma PK from the NCI-H358 xenograft model in FIG. 4D. Mouse plasma samples were collected at the end of efficacy studies (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 24 hours post final dose) . (Bottom) Correlation of Compound A plasma PK exposure with TGI values was analyzed using a non-linear regression model in GraphPad Prism.
[0029] FIGs. 5A-5C depict anti-tumor activity in MIA PaCa-2 model, SW837 model, and YUO-142 model. (Top) Tumor growth of MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer xenograft model (FIG. 5A) , SW837 colorectal model (FIG. 5B) , and YUO-142 NSCLC PDO model (FIG. 5C) after oral administration with Ref. Cp. 3 (30 mg / kg, QD) , Ref. Cp. 4 (30 mg / kg, QD) , and Compound A (10 mg / kg, 30 mg / kg, or 100 mg / kg, QD) . (Middle) TGI and plasma PK summary for each model. 6%and 1%free drug fraction of Ref. Cp. 3 and Ref. Cp. 4 in mouse plasma was used for free drug AUC calculation, respectively. (Bottom) Individual mouse tumor volume changes at day 52 for MIA PaCa-2 model, day 35 for SW837 model, and day 21 for YUO-142 model, respectively.
[0030] FIG. 5D depicts anti-tumor activity of Compound A in a panel of CRC PDX models. Compound A was administered via oral gavage at 30 mg / kg every day to mice bearing ten different KRAS G12C-mutant CRC PDX models as indicated. Tumor volume changes from baseline were calculated after 21 days of treatment.
[0031] FIG. 5E depicts anti-tumor activity of Compound A and cetuximab in CRC PDX models. Compound A (30 mg / kg, QD, p.o. ) was co-administered with cetuximab (30 mg / kg, BIW. i.p. ) to mice bearing the same panel of CRC PDX models. Tumor volume changes from baseline were calculated after 21 days of treatment.
[0032] FIG. 6A depicts plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) PK analysis of Compound A in male beagle dogs after a single oral dose at 30 mg / kg. Plasma and CSF samples were collected at 1, 4, 8, and 24 hours post-dose. Drug levels in the plasma (nmol / L) and CSF (nmol / L) are shown from n=4 beagle dogs as mean ± SD.
[0033] FIG. 6B depicts plasma and brain tissue free drug analysis of Compound A in SD rats after a single IV bolus at 4 mg / kg. Plasma samples were collected at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours post-dose and brain samples were collected at 0.5, 1, 2, and 6 hours post-dose. Drug levels of Compound A in the plasma (nmol / L) and brain homogenate (nmol / kg) are shown from n=3 / sex SD rats as mean ± SD.
[0034] FIG. 6C depicts Intracranial tumor growth of NC-H1373-Luc model after oral administration with Ref. Cp. 3 (30 mg / kg and 100 mg / kg, QD) , Ref. Cp. 4 (30 mg / kg and 100 mg / kg, QD) , or Compound A (30 mg / kg and 100 mg / kg QD) . Tumor growth was imaged twice per week after grouping by bioluminescent imaging using living image program (PerkinElmer, IVIS Lumina Series III) . Data are shown as mean total flux ± SEM.
[0035] FIG. 6D depicts representative tumor image of NC-H1373-Luc intracranial tumor model presented in FIG. 6C.
[0036] FIG. 6E depicts anti-tumor activity in Ref. Cp. 3-resistant MIA PaCa-2-model. Specifically, it depicts the effect of Ref. Cp. 3 (30 mg / kg, QD, p.o. ) , Ref. Cp. 4 (30 mg / kg, QD, p.o. ) , Compound A (30 mg / kg, QD, p.o. ) , Compound B (ERK1 / 2 inhibitor, 25 or 50 mg / kg, QD, p.o. ) , and the combination of Compound A (30 mg / kg, QD, p.o. ) + Compound B (25 or 50 mg / kg, QD, p.o. ) on in vivo tumor growth of Ref. Cp. 3-resistant MIA PaCa-2 cells with KRAS G12C gene amplification. Data are shown as mean tumor volume ± SEM.
[0037] FIG. 6F depicts event-free survival of Ref. Cp. 3-resistant MIA PaCa-2 CDX model in E using tumor volume >1000 mm3 as a surrogate endpoint. Survival data were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier statistical analysis.
[0038] FIG. 6G depicts the effect of Ref. Cp. 3 (30 mg / kg, QD, p.o. ) , Ref. Cp. 4 (30 mg / kg, QD, p.o. ) , Compound A (30 or 100 mg / kg, QD, p.o. ) on in vivo tumor growth of Ref. Cp. 3-resistant PDX model. Data are shown as mean tumor volume ± SEM.
[0039] FIG. 6H depicts the event-free survival of Ref. Cp. 3-resistant PDX model in G using tumor volume >500 mm3 as a surrogate endpoint. Survival data were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier statistical analysis.
[0040] FIG. 7A depicts Subject 0203001 (NSCLC) 50 mg tumor scans. The top panels show baseline and C3D1 scans of a pretreated NSCLC patient with a KRASG12C mutation indicating a 47.4%reduction of a target lesion (liver metastasis) . Partial response was confirmed on subsequent scans. The patient has been on treatment for more than 16 months as of March 2024 with intra-patient dose escalation in cycle 11 to 100 mg daily then to 200 mg daily in cycle 16. The patient is currently maintaining PR (target lesion decrease of -86.8%) at 400 mg daily from cycle 19. The bottom panels show CT scans of the brain at baseline and at C3D1. A decreased metastatic lesion (non-target lesion) in the cerebellum was observed.
[0041] FIG. 7B depicts Subject 0203001 (NSCLC) 50 mg ctDNA. Baseline, C1D8, and C7D1 ctDNA of the patient. KRAS VAF of 8.76%at baseline decreased to non-detectable at C1D8 and remained undetected at C7D1.
[0042] FIG. 7C depicts Subject 0203001 (NSCLC) 50 mg PK. Plasma PK of the patient on C1D1 (day 1) and C2D1 (steady state) .
[0043] FIG. 7D depicts Subject 0203002 (NSCLC) 50 mg tumor scans. The top panels show baseline and C3D1 scans of a pretreated NSCLC patient with a target lesion in the left hilar lymph node. The bottom panels show baseline and C3D1 scans of another target lesion in the left axilla lymph node, indicating an overall 49%reduction of a target lesion (liver metastasis) . Partial response was confirmed on subsequent scans. The patient has been on treatment for a total of 11.1 months with intra-patient dose escalation to 100 mg daily in cycle 10, then to 200 mg daily in cycle 15. The patient experienced disease progression after 8.3 months.
[0044] FIG. 7E depicts Subject 0203002 (NSCLC) 50 mg ctDNA. Baseline, C1D8, and C7D1 ctDNA of the patient. KRAS VAF of 6.49%at baseline decreased to 2.47%at C1D8 and to undetected at C4D1.
[0045] FIG. 7F depicts Subject 0203002 (NSCLC) 50 mg PK. Plasma PK of the patient on C1D1 (day 1) and C2D1 (steady state) .
[0046] FIG. 8A depicts patient disposition in part 1 (Phase 1a dose escalation) .
[0047] FIG. 8B depicts patient disposition in part 2 (Phase 1b dose expansion; patients with KRAS-G12Ci-pretreated NSCLC) . q. d. once daily.
[0048] FIGs. 9A and 9B depict the pharmacokinetics of Compound A pharmacokinetics at steady state in part 1 (phase 1a dose escalation) . FIG. 9A depicts the geometric mean steady-state plasma concentrations; error bars represent geometric standard error. FIG. 9B depicts the individual steady-state plasma AUCtau, total. The sample size for each dose group is: 50 mg (n = 2) ; 100 mg (n = 7) ; 200 mg (n = 4) ; 400 mg (n = 9) ; 600 mg (n = 8) ; 900 mg (n = 8) . AUC, area under the concentration time curve; PK, pharmacokinetics.
[0049] FIGs. 10A-E depict the antitumor activity of Compound A in part 1 (phase 1a dose escalation) . FIG. 10A depicts a waterfall plot of maximum percentage change from baseline in sum of diameters of target lesions in individual patients. The asterisk indicates patients with ongoing treatment. FIGs. 10B-D depict spider plots of the percentage change from baseline in sum of diameters over time in individual patients with NSCLC (FIG. 10B) , CRC (FIG. 10C) and PDAC (FIG. 10D) . FIG. 10E depicts a swimlane plot of treatment duration and response in individual patients. Diamonds represent first documented response, and triangles represent progressive disease. The waterfall (FIG. 10A) and spider (FIGs. 10B-D) plots were based on the response-evaluable set, which included all patients who had at least one post-baseline image. Two patients who discontinued study treatment without any post-baseline image are represented as not evaluated. C, CRC; N, NSCLC; P, PDAC; PD, progressive disease; PR, partial response; SD, stable disease.
[0050] FIG. 11 depicts magnetic resonance imaging scans of brain and computed tomography scans of liver metastatic lesions following treatment with Compound A. Magnetic resonance imaging scans of the brain and computed tomography scans of the liver are shown for a patient with NSCLC who had prior treatment with platinum doublet chemotherapy and immunotherapy (atezolizumab) . The patient had previously treated / stable brain metastatic lesion at baseline (received Gamma Knife treatment 1.5 years before starting study treatment with Compound A during which time no postradiation shrinkage was observed) . Following Compound A, the patient had confirmed partial response, and shrinkage of the brain metastatic lesion was observed following the first dose (50 mg) with further shrinkage observed in parallel with shrinkage of liver metastatic lesion at higher doses during intra-patient dose escalation. Treatment with Compound A is ongoing (> 22 months) .
[0051] FIGs. 12A-C depict the molecular response in part 1 (phase 1a dose escalation) . FIG. 12A depicts the percentage change in KRASG12C MAF in ctDNA by tumor type and best response. FIG. 12B depicts acquired gene alterations and KRAS status at EOT. FIG. 12C depicts the KRASG12C MAF dynamic in patients with evaluable ctDNA EOT samples. Orange lines represent patients with NSCLC and blue lines represent patients with CRC. Patient ID is shown at the corresponding EOT timepoint. FIGs. 12B and 12C include one patient for whom the sample was obtained before the data cutoff date, but for whom data from sample analysis were not available until after the data cutoff date. BOR, best overall response; C4D1, day 1 of cycle 4; CNV, copy number variation; Indel, insertion or deletion; N. A., not applicable; N. D., not detected; Neg, negative; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; Pos, positive; RAS, rat sarcoma; SNV, single nucleotide variation.
[0052] FIG. 13 depicts the pharmacokinetics of Compound A at steady state in part 2 (phase 1b dose-expansion cohort) . Geometric mean steady-state plasma concentrations (n = 17) ; error bars represent geometric standard error.
[0053] FIGs. 14A-C depict the antitumor activity of Compound A in part 2 (phase 1b dose-expansion cohort) . FIG. 14A depicts a waterfall plot of maximum percentage change from baseline in sum of diameters of target lesions in individual patients. FIG. 14B depicts a spider plot of the percentage change from baseline in sum of diameters over time in individual patients. c, Swimlane plot of treatment duration and response in individual patients. Triangles represent progressive disease. Arrows indicate patients with ongoing treatment. N, no; Y, yes.
[0054] FIG. 15 depicts the baseline somatic mutation profile of KRASG12C inhibitor pretreated patients before Compound A treatment in Part 2. BOR, best overall response; PD progressive disease; PR, partial response; SD, stable disease.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0055] Unless otherwise specified, the following terms and phrases used herein are intended to have the following meanings. A specific term or phrase should not be considered indefinite or unclear in the absence of a particular definition, but should be understood in the conventional sense. When a trade name appears herein, it is intended to refer to its corresponding commodity or active ingredient thereof.
[0056] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable" is used herein in terms of those compounds, materials, compositions, and / or dosage forms, which are suitable for use in contact with human and animal tissues within the scope of reliable medical judgment, with no excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic reaction or other problems or complications, commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio.
[0057] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" means a salt of compounds disclosed herein that is prepared by reacting the compound having a specific substituent disclosed herein with a relatively non-toxic acid or base. When compounds disclosed herein contain a relatively acidic functional group, a base addition salt can be obtained by bringing the compound into contact with a sufficient amount of base in a pure solution or a suitable inert solvent. The pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt includes a salt of sodium, potassium, calcium, ammonium, organic amine or magnesium or similar salts. When compounds disclosed herein contain a relatively basic functional group, an acid addition salt can be obtained by bringing the compound into contact with a sufficient amount of acid in a pure solution or a suitable inert solvent. Examples of the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt include an inorganic acid salt, wherein the inorganic acid includes, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, carbonic acid, bicarbonate, phosphoric acid, monohydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate, sulfuric acid, hydrogen sulfate, hydroiodic acid, phosphorous acid, and the like; and an organic acid salt, wherein the organic acid includes, for example, acetic acid, propionic acid, isobutyric acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, benzoic acid, succinic acid, suberic acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, mandelic acid, phthalic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, and methanesulfonic acid, and the like; and an salt of amino acid (such as arginine and the like) , and a salt of an organic acid such as glucuronic acid and the like. Certain specific compounds disclosed herein contain both basic and acidic functional groups and can be converted to any base or acid addition salt.
[0058] The pharmaceutically acceptable salt disclosed herein can be prepared from the parent compound that contains an acidic or basic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salt can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base form of the compound with a stoichiometric amount of an appropriate base or acid in water or an organic solvent or a mixture thereof.
[0059] The term "optional" or "optionally" means that the subsequent event or condition may occur but not requisite, that the term includes the instance in which the event or condition occurs and the instance in which the event or condition does not occur.
[0060] Compounds disclosed herein can be prepared by a variety of synthetic methods well known to those skilled in the art, including the following enumerated embodiment, the embodiment formed by the following enumerated embodiment in combination with other chemical synthesis methods, and equivalent replacement well known to those skilled in the art. Alternative embodiments include, but are not limited to the embodiment disclosed herein.
[0061] Unless explicitly indicated otherwise, the terms “approximately” and “about” are synonymous. In one embodiment, “approximately” and “about” refer to the recited amount, value, or duration ± 5%, ± 4.5%, ± 4%, ±3.5%, ±3%, ±2.5%, ±2%, ±1.75%, ±1.5%, ±1.25%, ±1%, ±0.9%, ±0.8%, ±0.7%, ±0.6%, ± 0.5%±0.4%, ±0.3%, ±0.2%, ±0.1%, ±0.09%, ±0.08%, ±0.07%, ±0.06%, ±0.05%, ±0.04%, ±0.03%, ±0.02%, or ±0.01%. In another embodiment, “approximately” and “about” refer to the listed amount, value, or duration ±2.5%, ±2%, ±1.75%, ±1.5%, ±1.25%, ±1%, ±0.9%, ±0.8%, ±0.7%, ±0.6%, ± 0.5%. In yet another embodiment, “approximately” and “about” refer to the listed amount, value, or duration ±1%. In yet another embodiment, “approximately” and “about” refer to the listed amount, value, or duration ±0.5%. In yet another embodiment, “approximately” and “about” refer to the listed amount, value, or duration ±0.1%.
[0062] The pharmaceutical compositions of the present teachings optionally include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and / or diluents therefor, such as lactose, starch, cellulose and dextrose. Other excipients, such as flavoring agents; sweeteners; and preservatives, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl parabens, can also be included. More complete listings of suitable excipients can be found in the Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (5th Ed., Pharmaceutical Press (2005) ) . A person skilled in the art would know how to prepare formulations suitable for various types of administration routes. Conventional procedures and ingredients for the selection and preparation of suitable formulations are described, for example, in Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences (2003 -20th edition) and in The United States Pharmacopeia: The National Formulary (USP 24 NF19) published in 1999. The carriers, diluents and / or excipients are “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the pharmaceutical composition and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.
[0063] A “subject” is a mammal, preferably a human, but can also be an animal in need of veterinary treatment, e.g., companion animals (e.g., dogs, cats, and the like) , farm animals (e.g., cows, sheep, pigs, horses, and the like) and laboratory animals (e.g., rats, mice, guinea pigs, and the like) .
[0064] The terms “administer” , “administering” , “administration” , and the like, as used herein, refer to methods that may be used to enable delivery of compositions to the desired site of biological action. These methods include, but are not limited to, intraarticular (in the joints) , intravenous, intramuscular, intratumoral, intradermal, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, orally, topically, intrathecally, inhalationally, transdermally, rectally, and the like. Administration techniques that can be employed with the agents and methods described herein are found in e.g., Goodman and Gilman, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, current ed.; Pergamon; and Remington’s, Pharmaceutical Sciences (current edition) , Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.
[0065] KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologue) gene mutations represent a distinct molecular subtype and are oncogenic drivers in multiple solid tumors. KRAS mutations are dominated by single-base missense mutations, including alterations at codon 12 (G12) , codon 13 (G13) , or codon 61 (Q61) . The glycine (G) to cysteine (C) mutation at codon 12, or KRAS G12C, is predominantly found in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) manifesting in approximately 14%of adenocarcinomas and 0.5 to 4%of squamous-cell carcinomas. This mutation is also seen in 3 to 4%of colorectal cancers and 1 to 2%of biliary and pancreatic cancers. In NSCLC, KRAS G12C mutation is commonly exclusive of other driver oncogenic mutations, but can occur concomitantly with tumor suppressor genes such as STK11, KEAP1, TP53, and CDKN2A / CDKN2B.
[0066] The discovery and development of targeted therapeutic agents against KRAS have been challenging in past decades. Unlike protein kinases that utilize ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as substrate, KRAS is a GTPase that hydrolyzes guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to guanosine diphosphate (GDP) , and cycles between an active GTP-bound conformation and an inactive GDP-bound conformation during its function as a molecular switch. The GTP to GDP hydrolysis process is assisted by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) , and the exchange of GDP to GTP is facilitated by multiple guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that are regulated by upstream activation of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) families. The picomolar affinity to GTP / GDP and the lack of an obvious site for drug binding have made it difficult to target KRAS by small molecule inhibitors. In recent years, medicinal chemistry efforts have inventively identified compounds that form covalent adducts to the mutated cysteine 12 residue (G12C) and induce a cryptic allosteric pocket under the Switch II region of the KRAS protein in its GDP-bound conformation. Importantly, the KRAS G12C mutation still undergoes intrinsic hydrolysis. Furthermore, although it is resistant to GAP-induced hydrolysis, it remains sensitive to non-canonical GAPs expressed in cells. Early inhibitors such as Reference Compound 1 ( “Ref. Cp. 1” ) and Reference Compound 2 ( “Ref. Cp. 2” ) proved that this mode of action can “trap” KRAS G12C protein in its GDP-bound inactive state, resulting in inhibition of the oncogenic signaling and tumor growth. The advancement of these covalent G12C inhibitors ultimately led to the clinical evaluation of several orally bioavailable small-molecule agents with improved potency and drug-like properties. Ref. Cp. 3 is the first KRAS G12C inhibitor approved by the FDA, and the results from CodeBreaK200, a phase 3 clinical trial of Ref. Cp. 3 in KRAS G12C-mutant NSCLC, revealed that Ref. Cp. 3 met the primary endpoint of prolonging the progression-free survival (PFS) as compared to docetaxel (5.6 months vs. 4.5 months; hazard ratio 0.66; p= 0.0017) .
[0067] Reference Compound 4 ( “Ref. Cp. 4” ) is another KRAS G12C inhibitor that showed clinical activity in the KRYSTAL-1 phase 1 / 2 study, with an objective response rate of 43%(95%confidence interval [CI] 34%-53%) and median duration of response of 8.5 months (95%CI, 6.2-13.8) . Additionally, Ref. Cp. 4 demonstrated encouraging preclinical and clinical intracranial activity, suggesting therapeutic utility for KRAS G12C mutant NSCLC patients who have developed brain metastases. These data have provided the first clinical validation of the allele-specific covalent approach in targeting the GDP-bound form of KRAS G12C and marked a major advancement in targeting this previously considered “undruggable” oncogene. Table 1. Structure of Reference Compounds 1-4
[0068] However, the clinical outcomes of the first wave of KRAS G12C inhibitors appear to be suboptimal, with limited magnitude (ORR ranging from 30-40%in NSCLC and 10-20%in colorectal cancer) and duration of response (PFS and DoR of approximately 6 months and 8.5 months in NSCLC, respectively) . Especially when compared with agents targeting other oncogenic driver mutations in second-line NSCLC, such as osimertinib, alectinib, and selpercatinib, the clinical benefits of these KRAS G12C inhibitors are relatively less compelling. It remains unclear whether this is due to KRAS target / disease biology or the potency / exposure of the compounds, or both. These are critical questions to be addressed for the development of the next generation of KRAS inhibitors as well as for the design of combination strategies aiming to improve the clinical benefits for patients with KRAS G12C-mutated tumors.
[0069] Although KRAS target biology in different disease settings is multifaceted, one of the key aspects that makes it difficult to fully block KRAS G12C signaling is the dynamic “cycling” of the oncogenic protein between its GDP-bound and GTP-bound confirmations. The drug pocket of current KRAS G12C covalent inhibitors is crypted and only exists when the protein is in its GDP-bound state. Therefore, to what extent can an inhibitor “trap” cellular KRAS G12C proteins in their GDP-bound inactive state at clinically achievable pharmacokinetic (PK) exposure is an essential factor that determines the proportion of unoccupied KRAS G12C remaining in the GTP-bound active state that drives downstream oncogenic signaling.
[0070] The existence of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway feedback mechanisms in tumor cells and the presence of growth factors in human tissues exacerbate this problem. These stimuli activate RTKs located upstream of KRAS, pushing the KRAS equilibrium in favor of its GTP-bound form, and compromising the activity of the GDP-bound KRAS G12C inhibitors. Hence, it is imperative to understand the target engagement (TE) efficiency of these inhibitors and their effectiveness in depleting cellular active GTP-bound G12C protein. Ideally, an optimal inhibitor that can “trap” all the KRAS G12C proteins in their inactive GDP-bound form even in the presence of growth factor stimulation is highly desired.
[0071] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating or preventing cancer, the method comprising administering Compound A: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a subject in need thereof at a dosage from about 10 mg to about 1000 mg.
[0072] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating or preventing cancer, the method comprising administering a composition comprising Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a subject in need thereof at a dosage from about 10 mg to about 1000 mg.
[0073] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition comprising Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for the treatment or prevention of cancer in a subject in need thereof at a dosage from about 10 mg to about 1000 mg.
[0074] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides use of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition comprising Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of cancer in a subject in need thereof at a dosage from about 10 mg to about 1000 mg.
[0075] In some embodiments, Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the composition comprising Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered with food.
[0076] In some embodiments, Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the composition comprising Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered without food. In some embodiments, Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the composition comprising Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at least 2 hours, at least 3 hours, at least 4 hours, at least 6 hours, or at least 8 hours before or after ingestion of food by the subject. In some embodiments, Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the composition comprising Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at least 2 hours, at least 3 hours, at least 4 hours, at least 6 hours, or at least 8 hours before ingestion of food by the subject. In some embodiments, Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the composition comprising Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at least 2 hours, at least 3 hours, at least 4 hours, at least 6 hours, or at least 8 hours after ingestion of food by the subject.
[0077] In some embodiments, the cancer is a cancer in which KRAS plays a role in the initiation or development of the cancer. In some embodiments, the aberrant expression or activation of KRAS plays a role in the initiation or development of the cancer. In some embodiments, a mutation in one or more amino acids in KRAS plays a role in the initiation or development of the cancer. In some embodiments, the mutation in KRAS occurs at G12.
[0078] In some embodiments, the cancer is a cancer harboring a KRAS mutation, e.g., a KRAS G12 mutation, such as KRAS G12C mutation. In some embodiments, the cancer is a resistant or recurrent cancer, e.g., a cancer resistant to an existing therapy, e.g., a KRAS inhibitor.
[0079] In some embodiments, the cancer is a solid tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, adenocarcinoma, or squamous-cell carcinoma.
[0080] In some embodiments, the cancer is a solid tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, or colorectal cancer.
[0081] In some embodiments, the cancer is a lung cancer, such as lung adenocarcinoma. In some embodiments, the lung cancer is non-small cell lung cancer.
[0082] In some embodiments, the lung cancer is a recurrent NSCLC.
[0083] In some embodiments, the lung cancer is a NSCLC harboring KRAS G12C mutation, e.g., a Stage IV NSCLC harboring KRAS G12C mutation.
[0084] In some embodiments, the cancer is adenocarcinoma.
[0085] In some embodiments, the cancer is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) .
[0086] In some embodiments, the cancer is squamous-cell carcinoma.
[0087] In some embodiments, the cancer is colorectal cancer.
[0088] In some embodiments, the cancer is pancreatic cancer, such as biliary pancreatic cancer.
[0089] In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal.
[0090] In some embodiments, the mammal is a human.
[0091] In some embodiments, the subject has previously received KRAS G12Ci treatment. In some embodiments, the subject has received one prior KRAS G12Ci treatment. In some embodiments, the subject has received two prior KRAS G12Ci treatments. In some embodiments, the subject has received three or more prior KRAS G12Ci treatments. In some embodiments, the subject has received four prior KRAS G12Ci treatments. In some embodiments, the subject has received five prior KRAS G12Ci treatments.
[0092] In some embodiments, the prior KRAS G12Ci treatment (s) are sotorasib, garsorasib, fulzerasib, glecirasib, adagrasib, BPI-421286, HS-10370, JDQ-443, olmorasib, JAB-21822, LY3537982, GFH925, D-1553, or MRTX849, or combinations thereof.
[0093] In some embodiments, the subject has previously received prior anti-programmed death 1 (PD-1) or programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) treatment. In some embodiments, the subject has received one prior PD-1 or PD-L1 treatment. In some embodiments, the subject has received two prior PD-1 or PD-L1 treatments. In some embodiments, the subject has received three or more prior PD-1 or PD-L1 treatments. In some embodiments, the subject has received four prior PD-1 or PD-L1 treatments. In some embodiments, the subject has received five prior PD-1 or PD-L1 treatments.
[0094] In some embodiments, the prior PD-1 treatment (s) are pembrolizumab, nivolumab, cemiplimab, dostarlimab, retifanlimab, toripalimab, tiselizumab, vopratelimab, spartalizumab, camrelizumab, sintilimab, INCMGA00012, AMP-224, AMP-514, or acrixolimab, or combinations thereof.
[0095] In some embodiments, the prior PD-L1 treatment (s) are atezolizumab, avelumab, durvalumab, cosibelimab, KN035, AUNP12, CA-170, or BMS-986189, or combinations thereof.
[0096] In some embodiments, the subject has one or more mutations selected from KRAS G12C, KRAS R68S, KRAS A146V, HRAS, BRAF, FGF3, FGFR1, NTRK1, NTRK2, NTRK3, EGFR, ERBB2, KDR, MSH2, PDGFRA, PIK3CG, CCND1, CCNE1, CDK6, CDKN2A, FBXW7, AR, GATA2, H3F3C, MYC, NF32L2, POM121L12, SMAD4, ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, CHEK2, POLE, PRKDC, RAD51B, TP53, TP63, APC, CSMD3, FAT3, GRIN2A, IGF2, TRIM58, U2AF1, or YES1, or combinations thereof.
[0097] In some embodiments, Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in combination with one or more NSCLC therapies. In some embodiments, the NSCLC therapy is a PD-1 inhibitor. In some embodiments, the PD-1 inhibitor is pembrolizumab. In some embodiments, pembrolizumab is administered at a dosage of about 200 mg. In some embodiments, pembrolizumab is administered at a dosage of about 400 mg. In some embodiments, the NSCLC therapy is platinum doublet chemotherapy.
[0098] In some embodiments, Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in combination with one or more CRC therapies. In some embodiments, the CRC therapy is an EGFR inhibitor. In some embodiments, the EGFR inhibitor is cetuximab. In some embodiments, cetuximab is administered at a dosage of about 150 mg / m2. In some embodiments, cetuximab is administered at a dosage of about 200 mg / m2. In some embodiments, cetuximab is administered at a dosage of about 250 mg / m2. In some embodiments, cetuximab is administered at a dosage of about 400 mg / m2. In some embodiments, cetuximab is administered at a dosage of about 500 mg / m2.
[0099] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 100 ng*h / mL.
[0100] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 200 ng*h / mL.
[0101] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 400 ng*h / mL.
[0102] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 600 ng*h / mL.
[0103] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 800 ng*h / mL.
[0104] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 1000 ng*h / mL.
[0105] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 2000 ng*h / mL.
[0106] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 4000 ng*h / mL.
[0107] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 6000 ng*h / mL.
[0108] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 100 ng*h / mL to about 6000 ng*h / mL.
[0109] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 200 ng*h / mL to about 6000 ng*h / mL.
[0110] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 400 ng*h / mL to about 6000 ng*h / mL.
[0111] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 600 ng*h / mL to about 6000 ng*h / mL.
[0112] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 800 ng*h / mL to about 6000 ng*h / mL.
[0113] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 1000 ng*h / mL to about 6000 ng*h / mL.
[0114] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 2000 ng*h / mL to about 6000 ng*h / mL.
[0115] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 4000 ng*h / mL to about 6000 ng*h / mL.
[0116] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 100 ng*h / mL to about 4000 ng*h / mL.
[0117] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 200 ng*h / mL to about 4000 ng*h / mL.
[0118] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 400 ng*h / mL to about 4000 ng*h / mL.
[0119] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 600 ng*h / mL to about 4000 ng*h / mL.
[0120] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 800 ng*h / mL to about 4000 ng*h / mL.
[0121] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 1000 ng*h / mL to about 4000 ng*h / mL.
[0122] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 2000 ng*h / mL to about 4000 ng*h / mL.
[0123] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 100 ng*h / mL to about 2000 ng*h / mL.
[0124] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 200 ng*h / mL to about 2000 ng*h / mL.
[0125] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 400 ng*h / mL to about 2000 ng*h / mL.
[0126] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 600 ng*h / mL to about 2000 ng*h / mL.
[0127] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 800 ng*h / mL to about 2000 ng*h / mL.
[0128] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 1000 ng*h / mL to about 2000 ng*h / mL.
[0129] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 100 ng*h / mL to about 1000 ng*h / mL.
[0130] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 200 ng*h / mL to about 1000 ng*h / mL.
[0131] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 400 ng*h / mL to about 1000 ng*h / mL.
[0132] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 600 ng*h / mL to about 1000 ng*h / mL.
[0133] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 800 ng*h / mL to about 1000 ng*h / mL.
[0134] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 100 ng*h / mL to about 800 ng*h / mL.
[0135] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 200 ng*h / mL to about 800 ng*h / mL.
[0136] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 400 ng*h / mL to about 800 ng*h / mL.
[0137] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 600 ng*h / mL to about 800 ng*h / mL.
[0138] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 100 ng*h / mL to about 600 ng*h / mL.
[0139] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 200 ng*h / mL to about 600 ng*h / mL.
[0140] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 400 ng*h / mL to about 600 ng*h / mL.
[0141] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 100 ng*h / mL to about 400 ng*h / mL.
[0142] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 200 ng*h / mL to about 400 ng*h / mL.
[0143] In some embodiments, the AUCtau, total of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 100 ng*h / mL to about 200 ng*h / mL.
[0144] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 10 ng / mL.
[0145] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 20 ng / mL.
[0146] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 40 ng / mL.
[0147] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 60 ng / mL.
[0148] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 80 ng / mL.
[0149] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 100 ng / mL.
[0150] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 200 ng / mL.
[0151] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 300 ng / mL.
[0152] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 400 ng / mL.
[0153] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 500 ng / mL.
[0154] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 600 ng / mL.
[0155] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 700 ng / mL.
[0156] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 800 ng / mL.
[0157] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 900 ng / mL.
[0158] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 1000 ng / mL.
[0159] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 10 ng / mL to about 1000 ng / mL.
[0160] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 20 ng / mL to about 1000 ng / mL.
[0161] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 40 ng / mL to about 1000 ng / mL.
[0162] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 60 ng / mL to about 1000 ng / mL.
[0163] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 80 ng / mL to about 1000 ng / mL.
[0164] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 100 ng / mL to about 1000 ng / mL.
[0165] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 200 ng / mL to about 1000 ng / mL.
[0166] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 300 ng / mL to about 1000 ng / mL.
[0167] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 400 ng / mL to about 1000 ng / mL.
[0168] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 500 ng / mL to about 1000 ng / mL.
[0169] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 600 ng / mL to about 1000 ng / mL.
[0170] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 700 ng / mL to about 1000 ng / mL.
[0171] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 800 ng / mL to about 1000 ng / mL.
[0172] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 900 ng / mL to about 1000 ng / mL.
[0173] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 10 ng / mL to about 900 ng / mL.
[0174] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 20 ng / mL to about 900 ng / mL.
[0175] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 40 ng / mL to about 900 ng / mL.
[0176] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 60 ng / mL to about 900 ng / mL.
[0177] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 80 ng / mL to about 900 ng / mL.
[0178] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 100 ng / mL to about 900 ng / mL.
[0179] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 200 ng / mL to about 900 ng / mL.
[0180] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 300 ng / mL to about 900 ng / mL.
[0181] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 400 ng / mL to about 900 ng / mL.
[0182] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 500 ng / mL to about 900 ng / mL.
[0183] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 600 ng / mL to about 900 ng / mL.
[0184] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 700 ng / mL to about 900 ng / mL.
[0185] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 800 ng / mL to about 900 ng / mL.
[0186] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 10 ng / mL to about 800 ng / mL.
[0187] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 20 ng / mL to about 800 ng / mL.
[0188] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 40 ng / mL to about 800 ng / mL.
[0189] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 60 ng / mL to about 800 ng / mL.
[0190] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 80 ng / mL to about 800 ng / mL.
[0191] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 100 ng / mL to about 800 ng / mL.
[0192] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 200 ng / mL to about 800 ng / mL.
[0193] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 300 ng / mL to about 800 ng / mL.
[0194] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 400 ng / mL to about 800 ng / mL.
[0195] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 500 ng / mL to about 800 ng / mL.
[0196] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 600 ng / mL to about 800 ng / mL.
[0197] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 700 ng / mL to about 800 ng / mL.
[0198] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 10 ng / mL to about 700 ng / mL.
[0199] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 20 ng / mL to about 700 ng / mL.
[0200] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 40 ng / mL to about 700 ng / mL.
[0201] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 60 ng / mL to about 700 ng / mL.
[0202] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 80 ng / mL to about 700 ng / mL.
[0203] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 100 ng / mL to about 700 ng / mL.
[0204] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 200 ng / mL to about 700 ng / mL.
[0205] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 300 ng / mL to about 700 ng / mL.
[0206] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 400 ng / mL to about 700 ng / mL.
[0207] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 500 ng / mL to about 700 ng / mL.
[0208] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 600 ng / mL to about 700 ng / mL.
[0209] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 10 ng / mL to about 600 ng / mL.
[0210] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 20 ng / mL to about 600 ng / mL.
[0211] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 40 ng / mL to about 600 ng / mL.
[0212] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 60 ng / mL to about 600 ng / mL.
[0213] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 80 ng / mL to about 600 ng / mL.
[0214] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 100 ng / mL to about 600 ng / mL.
[0215] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 200 ng / mL to about 600 ng / mL.
[0216] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 300 ng / mL to about 600 ng / mL.
[0217] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 400 ng / mL to about 600 ng / mL.
[0218] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 500 ng / mL to about 600 ng / mL.
[0219] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 10 ng / mL to about 500 ng / mL.
[0220] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 20 ng / mL to about 500 ng / mL.
[0221] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 40 ng / mL to about 500 ng / mL.
[0222] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 60 ng / mL to about 500 ng / mL.
[0223] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 80 ng / mL to about 500 ng / mL.
[0224] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 100 ng / mL to about 500 ng / mL.
[0225] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 200 ng / mL to about 500 ng / mL.
[0226] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 300 ng / mL to about 500 ng / mL.
[0227] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 400 ng / mL to about 500 ng / mL.
[0228] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 10 ng / mL to about 400 ng / mL.
[0229] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 20 ng / mL to about 400 ng / mL.
[0230] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 40 ng / mL to about 400 ng / mL.
[0231] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 60 ng / mL to about 400 ng / mL.
[0232] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 80 ng / mL to about 400 ng / mL.
[0233] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 100 ng / mL to about 400 ng / mL.
[0234] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 200 ng / mL to about 400 ng / mL.
[0235] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 300 ng / mL to about 400 ng / mL.
[0236] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 10 ng / mL to about 300 ng / mL.
[0237] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 20 ng / mL to about 300 ng / mL.
[0238] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 40 ng / mL to about 300 ng / mL.
[0239] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 60 ng / mL to about 300 ng / mL.
[0240] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 80 ng / mL to about 300 ng / mL.
[0241] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 100 ng / mL to about 300 ng / mL.
[0242] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 200 ng / mL to about 300 ng / mL.
[0243] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 10 ng / mL to about 200 ng / mL.
[0244] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 20 ng / mL to about 200 ng / mL.
[0245] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 40 ng / mL to about 200 ng / mL.
[0246] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 60 ng / mL to about 200 ng / mL.
[0247] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 80 ng / mL to about 200 ng / mL.
[0248] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 100 ng / mL to about 200 ng / mL.
[0249] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 10 ng / mL to about 100 ng / mL.
[0250] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 20 ng / mL to about 100 ng / mL.
[0251] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 40 ng / mL to about 100 ng / mL.
[0252] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 60 ng / mL to about 100 ng / mL.
[0253] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 80 ng / mL to about 100 ng / mL.
[0254] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 10 ng / mL to about 80 ng / mL.
[0255] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 20 ng / mL to about 80 ng / mL.
[0256] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 40 ng / mL to about 80 ng / mL.
[0257] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 60 ng / mL to about 80 ng / mL.
[0258] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 10 ng / mL to about 60 ng / mL.
[0259] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 20 ng / mL to about 60 ng / mL.
[0260] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 40 ng / mL to about 60 ng / mL.
[0261] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 10 ng / mL to about 40 ng / mL.
[0262] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 20 ng / mL to about 40 ng / mL.
[0263] In some embodiments, the Cmax of Compound A after the administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 10 ng / mL to about 20 ng / mL.
[0264] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 10 mg.
[0265] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 20 mg.
[0266] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 30 mg.
[0267] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 40 mg.
[0268] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 50 mg.
[0269] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 60 mg.
[0270] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 70 mg.
[0271] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 80 mg.
[0272] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 90 mg.
[0273] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 100 mg.
[0274] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 150 mg.
[0275] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 200 mg.
[0276] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 250 mg.
[0277] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 300 mg.
[0278] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 350 mg.
[0279] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 400 mg.
[0280] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 450 mg.
[0281] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 500 mg.
[0282] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 550 mg.
[0283] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 600 mg.
[0284] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 650 mg.
[0285] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 700 mg.
[0286] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 750 mg.
[0287] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 800 mg.
[0288] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 850 mg.
[0289] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 900 mg.
[0290] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 950 mg.
[0291] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 1000 mg.
[0292] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 10 ± 5 mg, about 10 ± 4 mg, about 10 ± 3 mg, about 10 ± 2 mg, or about 10 ± 1 mg.
[0293] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 20 ± 10 mg, about 20 ± 8 mg, about 20 ± 6 mg, about 20 ±4 mg, or about 20 ± 2 mg.
[0294] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 30 ± 15 mg, about 30 ± 10 mg about 30 ± 8 mg, about 30 ±5 mg, about 30 ± 4 mg, or about 30 ± 2 mg.
[0295] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 40 ± 20 mg, about 40 ± 15 mg, about 40 ± 10 mg, about 40 ± 8 mg, about 40 ± 6 mg, about 40 ± 4 mg, or about 40 ± 2 mg.
[0296] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 50 ± 25 mg, about 50 ± 20 mg, about 50 ± 15 mg, about 50 ± 10 mg, or about 50 ± 5 mg.
[0297] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 60 ± 30 mg, about 60 ± 25 mg, about 60 ± 20 mg, about 60 ± 15 mg, about 60 ± 10 mg, or about 60 ± 5 mg.
[0298] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 70 ± 35 mg, about 70 ± 30 mg, about 70 ± 25 mg, about 70 ± 20 mg, about 70 ± 15 mg, about 70 ± 10 mg, or about 70 ± 5 mg.
[0299] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 80 ± 40 mg, about 80 ± 30 mg, about 80 ± 20 mg, about 80 ± 10 mg, or about 80 ± 5 mg.
[0300] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 90 ± 40 mg, about 90 ± 30 mg, about 90 ± 20 mg, about 90 ± 10 mg, or about 90 ± 5 mg.
[0301] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 100 ± 50 mg, about 100 ± 40 mg, about 100 ± 30 mg, about 100 ± 20 mg, or about 100 ± 10 mg.
[0302] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 150 ± 80 mg, about 150 ± 60 mg, about 150 ± 40 mg, about 150 ± 20 mg, or about 150 ± 10 mg.
[0303] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 200 ± 100 mg, about 200 ± 80 mg, about 200 ± 60 mg, about 200 ± 40 mg, about 200 ± 20 mg, or about 200 ± 10 mg.
[0304] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 250 ± 120 mg, about 250 ± 100 mg, about 250 ± 80 mg, about 250 ± 60 mg, about 250 ± 40 mg, or about 250 ± 20 mg.
[0305] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 300 ± 150 mg, about 300 ± 125 mg, about 300 ± 100 mg, about 300 ± 75 mg, about 300 ± 50 mg, or about 300 ± 25 mg.
[0306] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 350 ± 180 mg, about 350 ± 150 mg, about 350 ± 120 mg, about 350 ± 90 mg, about 350 ± 60 mg, or about 350 ± 30 mg.
[0307] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 400 ± 200 mg, about 400 ± 150 mg, about 400 ± 100 mg, about 400 ± 75 mg, or about 400 ± 50 mg.
[0308] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 450 ± 200 mg, about 450 ± 150 mg, about 450 ± 100 mg, about 450 ± 75 mg, or about 450 ± 50 mg.
[0309] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 500 ± 250 mg, about 500 ± 200 mg, about 500 ± 150 mg, about 500 ± 100 mg, about 500 ± 75 mg, or about 500 ± 50 mg.
[0310] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 550 ± 250 mg, about 550 ± 200 mg, about 550 ± 150 mg, about 550 ± 100 mg, about 550 ± 75 mg, or about 550 ± 50 mg.
[0311] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 600 ±300 mg, about 600 ± 250 mg, about 600 ± 200 mg, about 600 ± 150 mg, about 600 ± 100 mg, about 600 ± 75 mg, or about 600 ± 50 mg.
[0312] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 650 ±300 mg, about 650 ± 250 mg, about 650 ± 200 mg, about 650 ± 150 mg, about 650 ± 100 mg, about 650 ± 75 mg, or about 650 ± 50 mg.
[0313] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 700 ±350 mg, about 700 ±300 mg, about 700 ± 250 mg, about 700 ± 200 mg, about 700 ± 150 mg, or about 700 ± 100 mg.
[0314] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 750 ±350 mg, about 750 ±300 mg, about 750 ± 250 mg, about 750 ± 200 mg, about 750 ± 150 mg, or about 750 ± 100 mg.
[0315] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 800 ±400 mg, about 800 ±350 mg, about 800 ±300 mg, about 800 ± 250 mg, about 800 ± 200 mg, about 800 ± 150 mg, or about 800 ± 100 mg.
[0316] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 850 ±400 mg, about 850 ±350 mg, about 850 ±300 mg, about 850 ± 250 mg, about 850 ± 200 mg, about 850 ± 150 mg, or about 850 ± 100 mg.
[0317] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 900 ±450 mg, about 900 ±400 mg, about 900 ±350 mg, about 900 ±300 mg, about 900 ± 250 mg, about 900 ± 200 mg, about 900 ± 150 mg, or about 900 ± 100 mg.
[0318] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 950 ±450 mg, about 950 ±400 mg, about 950 ±350 mg, about 950 ±300 mg, about 950 ± 250 mg, about 950 ± 200 mg, about 950 ± 150 mg, or about 950 ± 100 mg.
[0319] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 1000 ±500 mg, about 1000 ±400 mg, about 1000 ±300 mg, about 1000 ± 200 mg, about 1000 ± 100 mg, or about 1000 ± 50 mg.
[0320] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 10 mg to about 1000 mg.
[0321] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 50 mg to about 1000 mg.
[0322] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 100 mg to about 1000 mg.
[0323] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 150 mg to about 1000 mg.
[0324] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 200 mg to about 1000 mg.
[0325] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 250 mg to about 1000 mg.
[0326] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 300 mg to about 1000 mg.
[0327] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 350 mg to about 1000 mg.
[0328] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 400 mg to about 1000 mg.
[0329] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 450 mg to about 1000 mg.
[0330] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 500 mg to about 1000 mg.
[0331] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 550 mg to about 1000 mg.
[0332] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 600 mg to about 1000 mg.
[0333] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 650 mg to about 1000 mg.
[0334] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 700 mg to about 1000 mg.
[0335] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 750 mg to about 1000 mg.
[0336] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 800 mg to about 1000 mg.
[0337] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 850 mg to about 1000 mg.
[0338] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 900 mg to about 1000 mg.
[0339] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 950 mg to about 1000 mg.
[0340] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 10 mg to about 900 mg.
[0341] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 50 mg to about 900 mg.
[0342] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 100 mg to about 900 mg.
[0343] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 150 mg to about 900 mg.
[0344] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 200 mg to about 900 mg.
[0345] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 250 mg to about 900 mg.
[0346] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 300 mg to about 900 mg.
[0347] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 350 mg to about 900 mg.
[0348] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 400 mg to about 900 mg.
[0349] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 450 mg to about 900 mg.
[0350] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 500 mg to about 900 mg.
[0351] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 550 mg to about 900 mg.
[0352] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 600 mg to about 900 mg.
[0353] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 650 mg to about 900 mg.
[0354] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 700 mg to about 900 mg.
[0355] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 750 mg to about 900 mg.
[0356] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 800 mg to about 900 mg.
[0357] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 850 mg to about 900 mg.
[0358] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 10 mg to about 800 mg.
[0359] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 50 mg to about 800 mg.
[0360] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 100 mg to about 800 mg.
[0361] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 150 mg to about 800 mg.
[0362] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 200 mg to about 800 mg.
[0363] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 250 mg to about 800 mg.
[0364] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 300 mg to about 800 mg.
[0365] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 350 mg to about 800 mg.
[0366] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 400 mg to about 800 mg.
[0367] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 450 mg to about 800 mg.
[0368] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 500 mg to about 800 mg.
[0369] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 550 mg to about 800 mg.
[0370] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 600 mg to about 800 mg.
[0371] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 650 mg to about 800 mg.
[0372] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 700 mg to about 800 mg.
[0373] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 750 mg to about 800 mg.
[0374] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 10 mg to about 700 mg.
[0375] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 50 mg to about 700 mg.
[0376] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 100 mg to about 700 mg.
[0377] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 150 mg to about 700 mg.
[0378] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 200 mg to about 700 mg.
[0379] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 250 mg to about 700 mg.
[0380] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 300 mg to about 700 mg.
[0381] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 350 mg to about 700 mg.
[0382] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 400 mg to about 700 mg.
[0383] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 450 mg to about 700 mg.
[0384] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 500 mg to about 700 mg.
[0385] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 550 mg to about 700 mg.
[0386] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 600 mg to about 700 mg.
[0387] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 650 mg to about 700 mg.
[0388] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 10 mg to about 600 mg.
[0389] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 50 mg to about 600 mg.
[0390] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 100 mg to about 600 mg.
[0391] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 150 mg to about 600 mg.
[0392] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 200 mg to about 600 mg.
[0393] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 250 mg to about 600 mg.
[0394] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 300 mg to about 600 mg.
[0395] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 350 mg to about 600 mg.
[0396] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 400 mg to about 600 mg.
[0397] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 450 mg to about 600 mg.
[0398] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 500 mg to about 600 mg.
[0399] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 550 mg to about 600 mg.
[0400] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 10 mg to about 500 mg.
[0401] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 50 mg to about 500 mg.
[0402] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 100 mg to about 500 mg.
[0403] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 150 mg to about 500 mg.
[0404] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 200 mg to about 500 mg.
[0405] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 250 mg to about 500 mg.
[0406] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 300 mg to about 500 mg.
[0407] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 350 mg to about 500 mg.
[0408] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 400 mg to about 500 mg.
[0409] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 450 mg to about 500 mg.
[0410] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 10 mg to about 400 mg.
[0411] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 50 mg to about 400 mg.
[0412] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 100 mg to about 400 mg.
[0413] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 150 mg to about 400 mg.
[0414] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 200 mg to about 400 mg.
[0415] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 250 mg to about 400 mg.
[0416] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 300 mg to about 400 mg.
[0417] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 350 mg to about 400 mg.
[0418] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 10 mg to about 300 mg.
[0419] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 50 mg to about 300 mg.
[0420] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 100 mg to about 300 mg.
[0421] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 150 mg to about 300 mg.
[0422] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 200 mg to about 300 mg.
[0423] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 250 mg to about 300 mg.
[0424] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 10 mg to about 200 mg.
[0425] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 50 mg to about 200 mg.
[0426] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 100 mg to about 200 mg.
[0427] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 150 mg to about 200 mg.
[0428] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 10 mg to about 100 mg.
[0429] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage ranging from about 50 mg to about 100 mg.
[0430] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered once or twice daily at any of the dosages or dosage ranges disclosed herein.
[0431] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered once daily at any of the dosages or dosage ranges described herein.
[0432] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered twice daily at any of the dosages or dosage ranges described herein.
[0433] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered three times daily at any of the dosages or dosage ranges described herein.
[0434] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered once every two days at any of the dosages or dosage ranges described herein.
[0435] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered once every three days at any of the dosages or dosage ranges described herein.
[0436] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 200 ± 40 mg, about 200 ± 20 mg, or about 200 ± 10 mg, once daily, twice daily, or three times daily.
[0437] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 200 mg once daily, twice daily, or three times daily.
[0438] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 200 mg twice daily or three times daily.
[0439] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 300 ± 75 mg, about 300 ± 50 mg, or about 300 ± 25 mg, once daily, twice daily, or three times daily.
[0440] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 300 mg once daily, twice daily, or three times daily.
[0441] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 300 mg once daily or twice daily.
[0442] I In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 300 mg twice daily.
[0443] n some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 400 ± 100 mg, about 400 ± 75 mg, or about 400 ± 50 mg, once daily, twice daily, or three times daily.
[0444] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 400 mg once daily, twice daily, or three times daily.
[0445] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 600 ± 100 mg, about 600 ± 75 mg, or about 600 ± 50 mg, once daily, twice daily, or three times daily.
[0446] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 600 mg once daily, twice daily, or three times daily.
[0447] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 600 mg once daily.
[0448] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 800 ± 150 mg, or about 800 ± 100 mg, once daily, twice daily, or three times daily.
[0449] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 800 mg once daily, twice daily, or three times daily.
[0450] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 800 mg once daily.
[0451] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 900 ± 100 mg, once daily, twice daily, or three times daily.
[0452] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dosage of about 900 mg once daily.
[0453] In some embodiments, a “dosing cycle” , “administration cycle” , or “cycle” may comprise administration of Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at the dosages or dosage ranges and / or the dosing frequencies (e.g., once daily, twice daily, or three times daily) described herein, continuously for more than one day (e.g., two days, three days, four days, five days, a week, two weeks, three weeks, four weeks, six weeks, eight weeks, or more) , followed by discontinuation of administration of Compound A for more than one day (e.g., two days, three days, four days, five days, a week, two weeks, three weeks, four weeks, six weeks, eight weeks, or more) .
[0454] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered once daily in multiple cycles (e.g., two cycles, three cycles, four cycles, five cycles, or six or more cycles) , wherein each cycle comprises administering Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, at any of the dosages or dosage ranges described herein.
[0455] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered twice daily in multiple cycles (e.g., two cycles, three cycles, four cycles, five cycles, or six or more cycles) , wherein each cycle comprises administering Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, at any of the dosages or dosage ranges described herein.
[0456] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered three times daily in multiple cycles (e.g., two cycles, three cycles, four cycles, five cycles, or six or more cycles) , wherein each cycle comprises administering Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, at any of the dosages or dosage ranges described herein.
[0457] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered once every two days in multiple cycles (e.g., two cycles, three cycles, four cycles, five cycles, or six or more cycles) , wherein each cycle comprises administering Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, at any of the dosages or dosage ranges described herein.
[0458] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered once every three days in multiple cycles (e.g., two cycles, three cycles, four cycles, five cycles, or six or more cycles) , wherein each cycle comprises administering Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, at any of the dosages or dosage ranges described herein.
[0459] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered for about 7 days, for about 14 days, for about 21 days, about 1 month, about 2 months, about 4 months, about 6 months, about 8 months, about 10 months, about 12 months, about 18 months, about 24 months, about 30 months, about 36 months, or more.
[0460] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in combination with a second therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the second therapeutic agent is selected from those described herein. In some embodiments, the second therapeutic agent is an EGFR inhibitor (e.g., cetuximab) . In some embodiments, the second therapeutic agent is an FGFR inhibitor (e.g., erdafitinib) . In some embodiments, the second therapeutic agent is a PD-1 inhibitor (e.g., pembrolizumab) .
[0461] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in combination with Compound B or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0462] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered intravenously, intradermally, subcutaneously, or orally.
[0463] In some embodiments, Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered orally.
[0464] In some embodiments, the second therapeutic agent is administered intravenously, intradermally, subcutaneously, or orally.
[0465] In some embodiments, the second therapeutic agent is administered intravenously.
[0466] In some embodiments, the second therapeutic agent is administered orally.
[0467] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition comprising Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment or prevention of cancer (e.g., a cancer where KRAS plays a role in the initiation or development of the cancer) in a subject in need thereof at the dosages, dosage ranges, dosing frequencies, dosing cycles described herein.
[0468] In some embodiments, Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition comprising Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is in combination with a second therapeutic agent as described herein, for the treatment or prevention of cancer
[0469] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides use of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition comprising Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, at the dosages, dosage ranges, dosing frequencies, dosing cycles described herein in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of cancer (e.g., a cancer where KRAS plays a role in the initiation or development of the cancer) in a subject in need thereof.
[0470] In some embodiments, use of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition comprising Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, comprises combination of a second therapeutic agent as described herein.
[0471] The present disclosure is described in detail below by means of examples. However, it is not intended that these examples have any disadvantageous limitations to the present disclosure. The present disclosure has been described in detail herein, and embodiments are also disclosed herein. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made to the embodiments disclosed herein without departing from the spirit and scope disclosed herein. EXAMPLES Example 1: Compound A, a KRAS G12C Inhibitor with Rapid Target Engagement Kinetics, Overcomes Nucleotide Cycling and Demonstrates Robust Preclinical and Clinical Activities
[0472] First-generation KRAS G12C inhibitors, such as Ref. Cp. 3 and Ref. Cp. 4, are limited by the depth and duration of clinical responses. One potential explanation for their modest clinical activity is the dynamic “cycling” of KRAS between its GDP-and GTP-bound states, raising controversy about whether targeting the GDP-bound form can fully block this oncogenic driver. Compound A is a next generation GDP-bound G12C inhibitor with faster target engagement (TE) kinetics, depletes cellular active KRAS G12C at sub-nanomolar concentrations. In the presence of growth factors, such as EGF and HGF, the ability of Ref. Cp. 3 and Ref. Cp. 4 to inhibit KRAS was compromised whereas the TE kinetics of Compound A was nearly unaffected, a unique feature differentiating Compound A from other GDP-bound G12C inhibitors. Furthermore, the high covalent potency and cellular TE efficiency of Compound A contributed to robust anti-tumor activity preclinically and translated into promising clinical activity.
[0473] Results obtained with Compound A demonstrated that a GDP-bound conformation-selective KRAS G12C inhibitor can potentially deplete cellular active KRAS in the presence of growth factors and drive preclinical and clinical efficacy.
[0474] The results presented herein demonstrated that Compound A possesses substantially improved covalent potency, rapid TE kinetics, and robust anti-tumor activities. Clinically meaningful response was observed across all dose cohorts from 50 mg QD to 900 mg QD in patients with advanced or metastatic solid tumors with a KRAS G12C mutation. The systemic and intracranial activity of Compound A in KRAS G12C mutant-patients from 50 mg QD dose level, the first cohort of this dose escalation study is provided below.
[0475] Material and Methods
[0476] (a) Reagents and Cell Lines
[0477] Compounds investigated herein were synthesized or obtained commercially.
[0478] Human cancer cell lines used were purchased from the ATCC, Pricella, Cobioer, and other organizations between 2006 and 2021. NCI-H358 cells used for ELISA and Western Blot was obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Manassas, VA) . For 2D and 3D cell proliferation assay, cell panels were employed by Crown Biosciences and ConradBio, respectively. For 2D cell proliferation assay performed at Crown Biosciences, SW1463, SW837, TOV-21G, NCI-H1373, NCI-H1792, NCI-H2122, NCI-H23, SW1573, UM-UC-3, MIA PaCa-2, SW756, SW480, NCI-H441 and NCI-H1573 cell lines were obtained from ATCC; NCI-H358, A549 and AsPC-1 cell lines were obtained from Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS; Shanghai) ; Calu-1 was obtained from CoBioer (Nanjing, China) ; HCC44 was obtained from Creative Bioarray (Shirley, NY) ; KYSE-410 was from DSMZ (Braunschweig, Germany) and PC-9 was from RIKEN (Saitama, Japan) . For 3D cell proliferation assay performed at ConradBio, NCI-H1373, NCI-H23, SW837, Calu-1, HCC44, NCI-H2030, UM-UC-3, SNU1, A427, EBC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 were obtained from CoBioer (Nanjing, China) ; KYSE-410, AGS, AsPC-1, A549, SW480, SW620, HCT116, HCT15, A375, BxPC-3 and NCI-H358 were obtained from Pricella (Wuhan, China) ; LU99, OV56 and LU65 were obtained from Biovector NTCC (Beijing, China) . Cell lines were maintained at 37℃ in a humidified incubator at 5%CO2, according to the manufacturer’s instructions and were periodically checked for Mycoplasma. Cell lines used in in vivo study were confirmed pathogen and Mycoplasma-free by Mycoplasma Detection Kit (LONZA, Cat#LT07-318) .
[0479] All cell lines were maintained in cell culture for no more than 15 passages in this work.
[0480] Antibodies used for immunoblots were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Cell Signaling Technologies, or LI-COR.
[0481] (b) In vitro studies
[0482] Western blotting and RAS-GTP pull-down assay
[0483] Cells after different treatments were washed with PBS and lysed on ice for 30 min by adding 100 μL of 1× cell lysis buffer (CST, Cat#9803S) containing PhosSTOP phosphatase inhibitor cocktail (Sigma, Cat#4906845001) and cOmpleteTM EDTA-free protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma, Cat#4693159001) . The cell lysate was transferred to a 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube and centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 40 min at 4℃. Sample supernatants were transferred to clean new microtubes and used for immunoblotting. Cellular active Ras was determined using the active Ras pull-down and detection kit (Thermo ScientificTM, Cat#16117) according to the manufacturer’s instructions followed by western blotting with a KRAS-specific antibody (Sigma-Aldrich Cat#WH0003845M1) .
[0484] Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)
[0485] Binding kinetics of test articles to GDP-or GppNHp-KRAS G12C protein were characterized using single-cycle kinetics program via 8K+ (Cytiva) . The biotinylated protein was immobilized on SA sensor chips and a 2-fold serial dilution of test articles in running buffer (10 mM HEPES pH7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 0.05%P20, 1 mM DTT, 1 mM MgCl2, 1 μM GDP, 1%DMSO) was injected at 25℃ with a flow rate of 40 μL / min for 120s in channel and dissociation was followed during the 900s assay time using single-cycle kinetics program.
[0486] The Biacore sensor grams were analyzed in Insight Evaluation (v3.0.12.15655, Cytiva) using “two state reaction model (kinetics analysis) ” .
[0487] Proteomic Studies
[0488] NCI-H358 cells were seeded at 2×106 cells per 10 cm dish and incubated at 37℃, 5%CO2for 16 hours. The cells were then treated with 10 nM, 100 nM and 1 μM Compound A (n=3) or DMSO (n=3) and incubated at 37℃, 5%CO2 for 4 hours. Cells were washed and pelleted before resuspension in lysis buffer (25 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) , 150 mM NaCl, 1%SDS, 5%glycerol, 1%protease inhibitors) . Cell lysates were sonicated on ice-bath for 3 min followed by centrifugation at 20,000 × g for 10 min at 4℃. Clear supernatant was transferred to a new tube and the protein concentration was measured by BCA kit (Beyotime Biotechnology, Cat#P0009) according to the vendor’s instruction. Free cysteine was labeled by mixing 1.5 mg of lysate with biotin polyethyleneoxide iodoacetamide (Sigma-Aldrich, Cat#B2059) at a final concentration of 1 mM and incubating the mixture in dark for 1 hour at room temperature (RT) .
[0489] Active RAS Determination by ELISA
[0490] NCI-H358 cells were maintained in RPMI-1640 media (ATCC, Cat#30-2001) supplemented with 10%FBS (Gibco, Cat#10091148) and 1× Penicillin-Streptomycin (Invitrogen, Cat#15140122) . Cells were plated in 12-well plates (Corning, Cat#3513) at 500,000 cells in 0.9 mL per well and incubated overnight at 37℃. In the next day, relevant test compounds or growth factors were prepared in culture medium. Cells were treated with compounds / growth factors or DMSO for indicated time periods and RAS GTPase activity was determined using the RAS GTPase ELISA kit (Abcam, Cat#ab134640) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
[0491] Cellular phosphor-ERK (pERK) Determination by HTRF
[0492] pERK level in cells was determined using the Advanced ERK phosphor-T202 / Y204) kit (Cisbio, Cat#64AERPEG) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
[0493] Cell proliferation assay
[0494] For 2D cell proliferation assay, cells were seeded in 96-well Flat Clear Bottom Black Polystyrene TC-Treated Microplates (Corning, Cat#3603) . For 3D cell proliferation assay, cells were seeded in 96-well ultra-low adhesion plates (Corning, Cat#7007) . After incubation overnight, nine serial dilutions of test articles were prepared using a Biomek FXP laboratory automation workstation (Beckman Coulter, Carlsbad, CA) . Cells were treated with compound or DMSO (0.25%v / v) for 120 hours. (CTG) Luminescent Cell Viability Assay (Promega, Cat#G7572) was used to measure cell viability according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
[0495] (c) In vivo studies
[0496] All the procedures related to animal handling, care and the treatment were performed in compliance with all applicable regulations and the guidance of the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC) and all animal studies were conducted in compliance with applicable regulations and guidelines of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) .
[0497] Mice were housed in specific pathogen free (SPF) rooms in individual polysulfone IVC cages (3-5 mice per cage) , with constant temperature (21-25℃) and humidity (40-70%) . Housing was provided in a 12: 12 h light-dark cycle. The bedding material was autoclaved corncob bedding that would be changed once a week. Mice were provided with autoclaved tap water and food ad libitum. At six-to-eight-week old, mice were inoculated subcutaneously with tumor cells in PBS mixed with Matrigel in the right lower flank region for tumor development. For efficacy studies, mice were randomized in groups once tumor volume reached desired range. Dosing was implemented right after randomization on Day 0. Tumor volume was measured twice per week by caliper and expressed in mm3 using the formula: “V = (L x W x W) / 2, where V was tumor volume, L was tumor length (the longest tumor dimension) , and W was tumor width (the longest tumor dimension perpendicular to L) . The body weight of each mouse was measured twice per week along with the tumor size measurement. Data were presented as mean ± SEM.
[0498] Statistical Analysis
[0499] To compare tumor volumes of different groups at a pre-specified day, one-way ANOVA was used for analyses implicating multiple comparisons and a p-values of <0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. Survival data were collected for each group and analyzed using Kaplan-Meier methodology. Survival duration by group was tested for statistical significance using the log-rank test. All statistical analyses were performed by GraphPad Prism 9.
[0500] Clinical Trials
[0501] Compound A clinical trials were conducted in accordance with recognized ethical guidelines (Declaration of Helsinki) and per local institutional review board requirement. All patients included in the clinical trial were informed with written consent and consented prior to study enrolment.
[0502] Results
[0503] Compound A demonstrated substantially improved covalent potency and TE kinetics.
[0504] To comprehensively understand the molecular activity of Compound A relative to other GDP-bound KRAS G12C inhibitors, the potency of this class of molecules in inhibiting cellular active KRAS, their biochemical / biophysical covalent potency, and cellular TE kinetics were profiled. Early KRAS G12C inhibitors Ref. Cp. 1 and Ref. Cp. 2, clinically approved inhibitors Ref. Cp. 3 and Ref. Cp. 4, and Compound A were analyzed in parallel (FIGs. 1A-1E) . First, to evaluate the potency of the inhibitors in reducing cellular active GTP-bound KRAS, the NCI-H358 NSCLC cancer cell line harboring a KRAS G12C mutation was treated with each inhibitor at a series of concentrations for 2 hours. The cellular GTP-bound KRAS G12C levels were detected by an active RAS-binding domain (RBD) pull-down method followed by KRAS immunoblotting as described previously. The levels of active KRAS were then quantified by chemiluminescence intensity and IC50 was calculated for each compound. As shown in FIG. 1A, treatment with KRAS G12C inhibitors decreased cellular active KRAS proteins in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 of 5899 nM, 692 nM, 35 nM, 78 nM, 0.6 nM for Ref. Cp. 1, Ref. Cp. 2, Ref. Cp. 3, Ref. Cp. 4, and Compound A, respectively. Consistent with previous reports, Ref. Cp. 3 and Ref. Cp. 4 demonstrated substantially improved potency compared with Ref. Cp. 1 and Ref. Cp. 2. Notably, Compound A showed a further improvement in potency with an IC50 of 0.6 nM, 58-and 130-fold more potent than Ref. Cp. 3 and Ref. Cp. 4, respectively.
[0505] To dissect the biochemical / biophysical basis underlying the substantially improved cellular activity of Compound A, a Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) assay was adopted. For covalent inhibitors, the drug-target interaction kinetics are predominantly dependent on two factors: 1) the reversible affinity of the compound to target protein that can be quantified by the rate constant of association (kon) and rate constant of dissociation (koff) , which determine the reversible rate constant of inhibition Ki (=koff / kon) . 2) the reactivity of the compound to form a covalent adduct to the protein that can be quantified by the rate constant of covalent inactivation (kinact) . Another parameter KI [= (koff +kinact) / kon] depicts the affinity of a covalent inhibitor, where the dissociation rate is dependent on both koffand kinact. Combined, the covalent potency parameter kinact / KI reflects both kinact and KI and is commonly used to rank the biochemical / biophysical activity of covalent inhibitors during drug discovery. While biochemical methods detecting a covalently modified end product are often used to measure kinact / KI, SPR assays provide an additional level of granularity by direct observation ofkon, koff, and metrics for covalent reaction efficiency (such as commitment to covalency or Cc [=kinact / (kinact+koff) ] that describes the balance between the rate of reversible dissociation and rate of covalent reactivity) , resolving inherent ambiguities of biochemical results. The binding kinetics of KRAS G12C inhibitors to the purified GDP-bound KRAS G12C protein were therefore evaluated by SPR followed by single cycle kinetics analysis as described in Material and Methods. Compound A exhibited irreversible binding to GDP-bound KRAS G12C protein and limited or no binding to GTP-bound KRAS G12C protein. The rate constant of reactivity kinact, covalent affinity KI, and overall potency kinact / KI for the KRAS G12C inhibitors are summarized in FIG. 1B. The reversible rate of association kon, rate of dissociation koff, as well as the commitment to covalency parameter Cc are also summarized. As shown in FIG. 1B, early KRAS G12C inhibitors Ref. Cp. 1 and Ref. Cp. 2 demonstrated relatively low covalent potency with kinact / KI of 6.33×102 M-1s-1 and 8.39×102 M-1s-1, respectively. The kinact / KI ofRef. Cp. 3 and Ref. Cp. 4 are 2.04×104 M-1s-1 and 7.14×104 M-1s-1, respectively, one to two orders of magnitude improvement from those of Ref. Cp. 1 and Ref. Cp. 2, consistent with previous reports. The kinact / KI value of Compound A is 1.43×106 M-1s-1, representing another one to two orders of magnitude improvement from Ref. Cp. 4 and Ref. Cp. 3. Since the increase in covalent potency can be driven either by an increased rate of reactivity, i.e. higher kinact or by affinity, i.e. increased kon or decreased koff, it is essential to understand the individual contributing factors. As illustrated in FIG. 1B, the kinact / KI improvement of Ref. Cp. 2 over Ref. Cp. 1 appears to be mainly driven by prolonged residence time, i.e. lower koff, leading to a more balanced covalent efficiency (Cc from 0.1 to 0.7) ; the kinact / KI improvement ofRef. Cp. 3 over Ref. Cp. 2 is driven by increased affinity with both higher kon and lower koff.
[0506] The covalent efficiency factor Cc ofRef. Cp. 3 also further improved from 0.7 to 1.0, indicating koff is now negligible compared to kinact; Ref. Cp. 4 demonstrated about 3.5-fold kinact / KI improvement relative to Ref. Cp. 3 with a slight increase in both kon and kinact. Notably, the substantial kinact / KI enhancement of Compound A over Ref. Cp. 3 and Ref. Cp. 4 is predominantly driven by kon (kon = 2.04×104 M-1s-1 for Ref. Cp. 3, 7.21×104 M-1s-1 for Ref. Cp. 4 and 1.45×106 M-1s-1 for Compound A) while the kinact value of Compound A is comparable to that ofRef. Cp. 3 or Ref. Cp. 4. All three inhibitors (Ref. Cp. 3, Ref. Cp. 4, and Compound A) have reached covalent reaction efficiency Cc of 1, in which reactivity (kinact) is substantially faster than dissociate rate (koff) .
[0507] The kon-driven rather than kinact-driven potency enhancement of Compound A is important as this indicates its improved biochemical properties are a result of increased affinity to KRAS G12C protein, rather than accelerated promiscuous reactivity to nucleophilic cysteine residues which can compromise selectivity and safety. In a free cysteine-proteome profiling assay using a mass spectrometry method previously described, Compound A consistently demonstrated a high selectivity to the cysteine 12 of KRAS G12C (FIG. 1C) . In this assay, NCI-H358 cells were treated with Compound A at 10 nM for 4 hours, cell lysates were collected, and free cysteine-containing peptides were analyzed. The Compound A treatment group demonstrated a treated-to-control ratio of 0.05 (5%of DMSO control) . Of the 11, 522 unique cysteine-containing peptides identified, the peptide containing the cysteine 12 of KRAS G12C was the only one that met the statistical criteria for covalent conjugation, suggesting a significantly low risk for covalent modification of off-target proteins by Compound A.
[0508] Next, cellular TE kinetics of the KRAS G12C inhibitors was investigated. As the mechanism of action of this class of inhibitors is to “lock” the KRAS G12C in its GDP-bound conformation, quantification of either the covalently conjugated GDP-bound protein or the remaining GTP-bound protein can provide equivalent functional readout of TE. To confirm the consistency of different readouts using different detection methods, the cellular TE IC50 measured by Western blotting, active RAS ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) , and LC-MS / MS (liquid chromatography -mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography -tandem mass spectrometry) were compared. After NCI-H358 cells were treated with Compound A at a series of concentrations for 1 hour, GTP-bound (K) RAS levels in cell lysates were quantified by Western blotting or ELISA. Additionally, covalently modified GDP-bound KRAS G12C was detected by LC-MS / MS as described in Materials and Methods. The direct measurement of KRAS G12C protein conjugation IC50 by LC-MS / MS was 2.3 nM. The indirect TE IC50 measured by Western blotting and ELISA were 3.4 nM and 2.5 nM, respectively, demonstrating highly consistent results from these different readouts and methods. Considering assay throughput, ELISA was utilized in examining cellular G12C engagement kinetics, reflecting the time and concentration dependence of the KRAS G12C inhibitors in depleting cellular GTP-RAS. In these studies, NCI-H358 cells were treated with each inhibitor at various concentrations over a time course from 0 to 480 minutes (8 hours) . As shown in FIG. 1D, to reach a TE plateau Ref. Cp. 1 and Ref. Cp. 2 required concentrations over 10 μM and 2.5 μM, respectively, consistent with previously reported data for these compounds. Near complete (>95%) TE was achieved at 100 nM for both Ref. Cp. 3 and Ref. Cp. 4. Compound A, in the same assay, demonstrated substantial improvement over Ref. Cp. 3 and Ref. Cp. 4, with near complete TE achieved at 5 nM within 2 hours and 1 nM at 8 hours post-treatment. This time-and concentration-dependent quantification allows the calculation of the observed rate of constant kobs and concentration at a half-maximal rate ( [I] 50) . As summarized in FIG. 1E, the cellular G12C engagement efficiency kobs / [I] 50 of Compound A was determined to be 5.51×104 M-1s-1, approximately 5-and 12-fold more effective than Ref. Cp. 3 and Ref. Cp. 4, respectively. Importantly, the rate of target inhibition (Max kobs) of Compound A was substantially faster than Ref. Cp. 3 and Ref. Cp. 4 with a rate constant of 2.0×10-3 s-1 or a t1 / 2 of 5.8 minutes.
[0509] By comparison, the rate of inhibition t1 / 2 ofRef. Cp. 3 and Ref. Cp. 4 was 44 minutes and 34 minutes, respectively. Notably, the hydrolysis t1 / 2 of GTP-KRAS G12C to GDP-KRAS G12C was reported to be 23-27.4 minutes and the dissociation rate of GDP from KRAS was proposed to be 1.17×10-3 s-1, or a t1 / 2 of 9.9 minutes. Together, these data indicate that with a faster inactivation rate, Compound A can potentially “lock” KRAS G12C-GDP in its GDP-bound state instantly after GTP hydrolysis and also before GDP is dissociated from the protein for nucleotide exchange, though cellular / disease context needs to be considered.
[0510] Unlike Ref. Cp. 3 and Ref. Cp. 4, the TE kinetics of Compound A is insusceptible to EGF stimulation.
[0511] Multiple lines of evidence have shown that the nucleotide exchange of mutant KRAS can be further stimulated by upstream RTK activation. Upon activation by corresponding growth factors, the intracellular domain of these RTKs recruits GEFs, such as SOS1 (Son of Sevenless Homologue 1) , to facilitate the transition of GDP-bound KRAS to its active GTP-bound conformation. Therefore, the activity of the GDP-bound conformation-selective KRAS G12C inhibitors can be compromised. This has been proposed as a disadvantage of this class of inhibitors and hypothesized to contribute to the limited magnitude and duration of tumor response observed in the clinic. As Compound A demonstrated substantially faster cellular TE kinetics than Ref. Cp. 3 and Ref. Cp. 4, its TE efficiency was next challenged by using EGF (epithelial growth factor) stimulation (FIG. 2A) .
[0512] The extent and speed of TE ofRef. Cp. 1 and Ref. Cp. 2 were markedly reduced with EGF stimulation. At the concentration of 1 μM, the maximal TE for Ref. Cp. 1 was reduced from 55%to 19%; the maximal TE for Ref. Cp. 2 was reduced from 83%to 60%. The cellular TE kinetics ofRef. Cp. 3 and Ref. Cp. 4 was likewise affected in that it now required 8 hours for both compounds at 100 nM to achieve >95%TE in the presence of EGF as opposed to 4 hours without EGF stimulation. Intriguingly, the cellular TE kinetics of Compound A was only minimally affected by EGF stimulation (FIG. 2A) despite its also being a GDP-bound KRAS G12C inhibitor with limited or no binding to the GTP-bound form. It is hypothesized that a GDP-bound inhibitor can overcome EGF stimulation only if the compound is efficient enough to compete away the G12C-GDP supply from EGF-induced nucleotide exchange. To understand this, the time course of EGF-stimulated GDP to GTP transition and signal pathway activation was first evaluated. As shown in FIG. 2B, in KRAS G12C-mutant NCI-H358 cells, EGF induced an increase of GTP-bound KRAS in a time-sensitive manner with GTP-KRAS level peaking within 30 minutes, followed by a return to steady-state levels after 2 hours. A time-course experiment detecting downstream activation of ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) also demonstrated a similar pattern of transient activation followed by recovery to steady state (FIG. 2B) , which is consistent with a previous report on growth factor-induced RAS-MAPK activation. To investigate the efficiency of G12C inhibitors in the presence of EGF, cellular GTP-bound KRAS levels were determined after 2 hours of treatment with the inhibitors and EGF added to cell culture media simultaneously. As shown in FIG. 2C, Compound A at 100 nM depleted nearly all detectable GTP-bound KRAS (2%of control) . Importantly, the same level of reduction (1%of control) was observed in the presence of 40 ng / mL EGF. By contrast, 100 nM ofRef. Cp. 3 and Ref. Cp. 4 reduced active KRAS to 12%and 43%of control in the absence of EGF. However, in the presence of EGF the active KRAS levels rebounded to 60%and 87%of control, respectively. In addition to EGF, other growth factors, such as HGF (hepatocyte growth factors) , are also known to induce the KRAS GDP to GTP transition and downstream ERK activation. The ability of Compound A to inhibit KRAS G12C in the presence of HGF was evaluated. Similar to the observations in EGF experiments, Compound A was able to overcome HGF-mediated KRAS GDP to GTP transition, while target inhibition by Ref. Cp. 3 and Ref. Cp. 4 was largely compromised (FIG. 2C, middle panel) .
[0513] Next, the time and concentration dependency of Compound A in overcoming growth factor-induced nucleotide cycling were studied. In the analysis of cellular TE kinetics (FIG. 1E) , Compound A depleted cellular GTP-KRAS with a maximal kobs of 2.0×10-3 s-1, or a rate of inhibition t1 / 2 of 5.8 minutes, which means Compound A is able to deplete cellular GTP-KRAS by 50%in 5.8 minutes and by >95%within 30 minutes (5×t1 / 2) , whereas Ref. Cp. 3 and Ref. Cp. 4 required 3.7 and 2.8 hours, respectively, to achieve >95%TE. This kinetics analysis also determined the [I] 50 of Compound A was 36.3 nM, at which concentration the reaction constant kobs was 1.0 x10-3 s-1 (half of the Max kobs) . Based on these quantitative data, at its [I] 50 of 36.3 nM, Compound A could deplete GTP-KRAS in 1 hour. To validate this, cellular KRAS-GTP level was detected after treatment with Compound A at 40 nM (~36.3 nM) for 1 hour with or without growth factors. Ref. Cp. 3 and Ref. Cp. 4 were also included in parallel at corresponding [I] 50 concentration for each compound. As shown in FIG. 2C (right panel) , TE of Compound A was marginally affected by EGF, whereas Ref. Cp. 3 and Ref. Cp. 4 demonstrated a suboptimal TE efficiency without growth factor stimulation and their TE was further weakened in the presence of EGF. In addition, neither EGF nor HGF was able to induce downstream activation of ERK in the presence of Compound A at 180 nM (5× [I] 50, which was simulated to reach maximal kobs) , whereas ERK activation was not fully blocked by either Ref. Cp. 3 or Ref. Cp. 4 at corresponding 5× [I] 50 concentrations (FIG. 2D) . Collectively, these data indicate that cellular TE efficiency for GDP-bound KRAS G12C-selective covalent inhibitors is a critical feature that determines the time and concentration required to fully block KRAS activation and signaling in tumor cells. A highly efficient KRAS G12C inhibitor can provide profound advantages, particularly in a physiological / pathological environment where growth factors are present, in locking KRAS in its GDP form and interfering the process of nucleotide exchange.
[0514] Compound A demonstrated in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor activity at sub-nanomolar to low nanomolar concentrations.
[0515] The effects of Compound A on KRAS downstream signal transduction and cell proliferation in a panel of human cancer cell lines was next determined. Inhibitory effects on phosphorylation of ERK were quantified after 2 hours of compound treatment. As shown in FIG. 3A, Compound A demonstrated IC50 values of 0.5 and 0.3 nM in NCI-H358 and MIA PaCa-2 cells, respectively, which is a 38-86-fold increase in potency when compared with Ref. Cp. 3 or Ref. Cp. 4. To evaluate the anti-proliferative activity of Compound A, cell viability assays were performed in both 2D and 3D formats (FIG. 3B) . In 2D assays, Compound A inhibited cell growth with a median IC50 of 4.35 nM in KRAS G12C-mutant cell lines, and a median IC50 >10 μM in cell lines without KRAS G12C mutation. In 3D assays, a median IC50 of 0.17 nM was observed in the KRAS G12C-mutant lines and a median IC50 of >1 μM in cell lines without the specific mutation. These data indicate that Compound A exhibits high KRAS G12C allele-selective activity with markedly higher potency and selectivity compared to Ref. Cp. 3 and Ref. Cp. 4 (FIG. 3C) . The anti-proliferation curves for each cell line were also plotted. It is notable that several cell lines demonstrated only partial response to the KRAS inhibitors. The partial response does not seem to correlate with KRAS zygosity, as the IC50 difference between heterozygous and homozygous cell lines was not statistically significant. Co-mutation status may account for the limited response in these cell lines. For example, the non-responder SW1573 cell line from the 2D assay is a non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line that harbors CDKN2A deletion and PIK3CA K111E gain-of-function mutations, both of which are clinically relevant mutations in conferring primary resistance to G12C inhibitors.
[0516] The in vivo activity of Compound A was then investigated in NCI-H358 xenograft models to assess its pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties, efficacy-PK relationships, and predicted efficacious PK exposures. For PD studies, NCI-H358 tumor-bearing mice were administered orally with Compound A at serial dose levels of 3, 10, 30, and 100 mg / kg. The tumors were collected 6 hours after treatment, a time point where maximal phospho-ERK1 / 2 inhibition was observed in a pilot time course study. The tumor samples were then analyzed for phospho-ERK1 / 2 and downstream phospho-ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) , active GTP-RAS, and the expression of 10 MAPK signature genes. Compound A dose-dependently inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK1 / 2 and RSK (FIG. 4A) , suppressed the expression of all 10 MAPK signature genes (FIG. 4B) , and reduced active GTP-bound RAS (FIG. 4C) in the xenograft tumors. Notably, the MAPK pathway inhibition appeared to reach a plateau at 30 mg / kg, correlating with the near complete active RAS depletion (>95%) at this dose level.
[0517] In an in vivo efficacy study, Compound A was administrated once daily by oral gavage in NCI-H358 tumor-bearing mice. Tumor volumes were measured over time and plasma samples were collected after the last dose followed by PK analysis. As shown in FIGs. 4D and 4E, Compound A demonstrated a potent and exposure-dependent anti-tumor effect and led to near-complete tumor regression at a 30 mg / kg daily dose. Based on a free drug fraction in mouse plasma of 1.5%, free drug AUC0-inf was calculated for each dose level. Compound A’s PK-efficacy relationship was analyzed using the percentage of TGI (tumor growth inhibition) over free drug AUC0-inf in a non-linear regression model (FIG. 4E) . This model predicted that free-drug AUC0-inf of 3.8 ng*h / mL and 7.7 ng*h / mL would achieve 60%TGI and 100%TGI, respectively. A free-drug AUC0-inf of 33.6 ng*h / mL is predicted to result in 100%tumor regression (equivalent to 129%TGI in this experiment) . Considering the free drug fraction of Compound A in human plasma is 6.5%, a total drug AUC0-inf of 58.5 ng*h / mL (corresponding to a free-drug Cave of 0.23 nM) is the predicted minimal efficacy exposure level, and a total AUC0-inf of 517 ng*h / mL (corresponding to a free-drug Cave of 2.1 nM) is predicted to be the exposure required to achieve complete tumor regression. Together these data demonstrated robust in vivo anti-tumor activity of Compound A at exceptionally low PK exposures. Compound A inhibited KRAS signaling and tumor growth in vivo.
[0518] Compound A treatment resulted in tumor regressions in multiple cell line-and patient-derived xenograft models of different cancer type.
[0519] To evaluate the anti-tumor efficacy of Compound A across different tumor types and various genetic backgrounds, cell line-derived (CDX) and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models were utilized. First, KRAS G12C-mutant MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer and SW837 colorectal cancer CDX models were treated with Compound A, Ref. Cp. 3, or Ref. Cp. 4. Tumor volumes were monitored over time and plasma samples were collected for PK analysis at the end of the experiments. TGI values and PK parameters were summarized in FIGs. 5A and 5B (top panel and middle panel) and waterfall plots representing the percentage of tumor volume change from baseline of individual mice at the end of the experiment were shown in FIGs. 5A and 5B (bottom panel) . Consistent with its substantially improved covalent potency and TE efficiency, Compound A treatment led to deeper anti-tumor responses at much lower PK exposures than Ref. Cp. 3 and Ref. Cp. 4.
[0520] Next, the in vivo efficacy of Compound A in NSCLC PDO (patient-derived organoid) models (YUO-056 and YUO-142) was investigated. Both models were established from patients with KRAS G12C mutant NSCLC who were to any KRAS G12C-targeted therapy. Whole exome sequencing (WES) analysis of the YUO-056 patient’s tumor revealed KRAS G12C mutation (variant allele frequency or VAF 0.979 %) , and concomitant TP53 mutation (VAF 0.987%) . WES analysis of the YUO-142 tumor showed KRAS G12C mutation (VAF 0.778%) , and concomitant TP53 mutation (VAF 0.931%) . The YUO-056 and YUO-142 PDO models were treated with Compound A, Ref. Cp. 3, or Ref. Cp. 4 once daily, and tumor growth was monitored (FIG. 5C) . Compound A at both 30 mg / kg and 100 mg / kg produced profound tumor shrinkage compared to vehicle. Waterfall plots representing the percentage of tumor volume change from baseline of individual mice were analyzed at the time of tumor volume in vehicle control exceeding 1500 mm3. Drug treatment was stopped at 40 days and tumor regrowth in the absence of inhibitor was monitored. Plasma PK analyses were performed separately in the same strain of mice after 7 days of treatment and the AUC0-last was used to correlate with TGI observed in YUO-056 and YUO-142 models. Compound A treatment resulted in a deeper anti-tumor response at lower PK exposures than Ref. Cp. 3 and Ref. Cp. 4 at the same dose level (30 mg / kg QD) (FIG. 5C) . Compound A demonstrated sustained tumor regression with 40%and 80%of the mice remaining tumor-free in the 30 and 100 mg / kg groups, respectively, after treatment was stopped. By contrast, all mice in Ref. Cp. 3-or Ref. Cp. 4-treated groups exhibited rapid tumor rebound.
[0521] Next, the response to Compound A in a panel of 10 genetically defined colorectal cancer (CRC) PDX models was explored. The 10 CRC PDX models were treated with Compound A at 30 mg / kg or 100 mg / kg daily and tumor volumes were measured over time (FIG. 5D) . The percentage of volume change from baseline was quantified three weeks (21 days) post-treatment. As shown in FIG. 5D, Compound A demonstrated robust anti-tumor efficacy with a 40%response rate in this panel of PDX models. A higher dose of Compound A at 100 mg / kg only increased the response rate to 50%with one additional model achieving the >30%tumor regression threshold. These data are consistent with previous PD analyses in which the 30 mg / kg dose of Compound A is correlated with a near complete target blockade.
[0522] The results also suggest the existence of bypass or compensatory pathways in CRC that are KRAS G12C-independent. Indeed, there is both clinical and preclinical evidence that EGFR activation is a major route conveying primary resistance to KRAS G12C inhibitors in CRC. Combination regimens of several KRAS G12C inhibitors with EGFR monoclonal antibodies, such as cetuximab, have resulted in substantially improved ORR in clinical trials. Consistently, a combination of cetuximab (30 mg / kg BIW) with Compound A (30 mg / kg QD) resulted in an 80%response rate in this PDX panel (FIG. 5E) . The high response rate demonstrated synergy between Compound A and EGFR-directed therapy. The preliminary efficacy of Compound A in CRC as a monotherapy is currently being investigated in a clinic trial, and trials evaluating the combination of Compound A with an EGFR-directed therapy are planned. In addition, bioinformatic analysis revealed that the 10 CRC PDX models were representative of the molecular landscape of CRC patients with a KRAS G12C mutation. TTN, APC, TP53, and PIK3CA were the most frequently mutated genes in this panel. The consensus molecular subtypes (CMS) were analyzed according to the CMS definition described previously. KRAS G12C mutation was found in all CMS subtypes. In the only model, CR6927, that did not exhibit tumor regression in the combination group, bioinformatics analysis indicated low EGFR expression and FGFR1 amplification, suggesting a potential role of FGFR1-mediated signaling bypass in this model. Indeed, erdafitinib, an FGFR inhibitor, demonstrated synergistic effects with Compound A in this PDX model.
[0523] Compound A exhibited brain penetration properties in preclinical species and treatment with Compound A resulted in durable intracranial tumor regression in brain metastasis mouse models.
[0524] To evaluate the central nervous system (CNS) penetration properties of Compound A, two animal species, beagle dog and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat, were utilized in preclinical PK studies. First, plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of Compound A were measured after oral dosing of Compound A at 30 mg / kg in beagle dogs. After a washout period, the same beagle dogs were administrated orally with Ref. Cp. 4 at 30 mg / kg as well.
[0525] FIGs. 6A-6H provide evaluation of the effect of Compound A monotherapy or in combination with Compound B, a clinical stage ERK1 / 2 inhibitor, in brain metastatic model and Ref. Cp. 3-resistant models.
[0526] PK analysis was performed in these dogs and the Kp, uu, CSF of Compound A was determined to be 0.68, indicating good CNS penetrating properties (FIG. 6A) . More importantly, at a total plasma AUC0-24 of 7, 976 h*nmol / L (5, 416 ng*h / mL) , the average concentration of Compound A in CSF is 7.4 nM, exceeding the concentration of 1 nM required to achieve near complete target inhibition. The Kp, uu, CSF of Ref. Cp. 4 determined in this experiment was 0.42, comparable to the values previously reported. At a total plasma AUC0-24 of 33, 545 h*nmol / L (20, 261 ng*h / mL) , the average concentration of Ref. Cp. 4 in CSF is 6 nM, more than 15-fold below the 100 nM concentration required for this compound to achieve near complete target inhibition. To determine the Kp, uu in brain tissue, the concentrations of Compound A and Ref. Cp. 4 in brain tissue were measured in SD rats after i.v. bolus dosing at 4 mg / kg and 12 mg / kg, respectively. The dose levels were selected to mimic clinically relevant exposures for each compound. The free drug fractions in both plasma and brain tissue were determined as described in Materials and Methods. As shown in FIG. 6B, the Kp, uu of Compound A is determined to be 5.3%. At a total plasma AUC0-inf of 1,703 h*nmol / L (1, 156 ng*h / mL) , the maximal free drug concentration of Compound A in brain tissues is 1.2 nmol / kg, close to the concentration of 1 nM required for near complete target inhibition. The Kp, uu value of Ref. Cp. 4 was determined to be 9.8%. At a total plasma AUC0-inf of 8, 371 h*nmol / L (5, 056 ng*h / mL) , the maximal free drug concentration of Ref. Cp. 4 in brain tissues is 3.4 nmol / kg, approximately 30-fold below its 100 nM concentration required to achieve near complete target inhibition. These data indicate that Compound A may achieve substantially improved KRAS G12C target coverage in metastatic brain tumors compared to Ref. Cp. 4 at clinically achievable PK exposures.
[0527] To evaluate the anti-tumor efficacy of Compound A in metastatic brain tumors, mice bearing intracranially implanted NCI-H1373-Luc NSCLC tumors were treated with Compound A at 30 mg / kg or 100 mg / kg once daily. Ref. Cp. 3 and Ref. Cp. 4 were included in this experiment at the same dose levels and dosing schedules. Tumor growth was monitored by measuring the luminescence signal in the brain by an IVIS spectrum imaging system over time. As shown in FIGs. 6C and 6D, all three compounds demonstrated dose-dependent ant-tumor activity, resulting in tumor growth inhibition or regression in the first 3 weeks. After 3 weeks, however, the tumor luminescent signals start to increase in Ref. Cp. 3 and Ref. Cp. 4 treated groups. Notably, intracranial tumors in mice treated with Compound A exhibited persistent growth inhibition (30 mg / kg group) and regression (100 mg / kg group) , even after 93 days. Together, these data demonstrate that Compound A is effective in achieving durable tumor regression in a brain metastatic NSCLC model.
[0528] Compound A delayed disease progression in xenograft models resistant to Ref. Cp. 3 and Ref. Cp. 4.
[0529] To understand acquired resistant mechanisms and identify new therapeutic agents for patients who have progressed on KRAS G12C inhibitors, an acquired resistance model was established by chronically treating mice bearing MIA PaCa-2 (homozygous KRAS G12C mutant) pancreatic cancer xenografts with Ref. Cp. 3 as described in Material and Methods. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis identified KRAS gene amplification across all the resistant clones tested. Since Compound A has demonstrated substantially improved KRAS G12C TE efficacy, it is hypothesized that Compound A may be effective in these cells that express a higher copy number of the oncogene. The anti-proliferative effect of Compound A in these resistant cell lines was thus evaluated by a 3D cell viability assay. The IC50s from each experiment were summarized. The average IC50 values of Ref. Cp. 3 were 2.1 nM in MIA PaCa-2 parental cells, and 186 nM and 175 nM in two resistant clones, approximately a 100-fold decrease in potency. A similar shift of IC50s was observed for Ref. Cp. 4, consistent with the resistant phenotype of these clones. The average IC50 values of Compound A were 0.1 nM in parental cells and 4.9 nM and 4.8 nM for the two resistant clones. Though the potency of Compound A also decreased in the KRAS G12C amplified cells, the IC50s of Compound A remained in the single-digit nanomolar range, which is a clinically achievable exposure.
[0530] The in vivo activity of Compound A was further evaluated in one of the resistant clones. Mice bearing Ref. Cp. 3-R-xMIAPaCa-2 clone #2 tumor xenografts were treated with Ref. Cp. 3, Ref. Cp. 4, or Compound A at 30 mg / kg once daily. Tumor growth was measured over time and TGI was determined (FIG. 6E) . For survival analysis, a surrogate endpoint of tumor volume exceeding 1000 mm3 was used. To investigate if a combination of Compound A with downstream MAPK pathway inhibitors could result in enhanced anti-tumor efficacy and prolonged survival, a clinical-stage selective ERK1 / 2 kinase inhibitor Compound B was used. As illustrated in FIGs. 6E and 6F, Ref. Cp. 3 and Ref. Cp. 4 had marginal anti-tumor effects in this acquired resistant xenograft model, while Compound A demonstrated a 94%TGI on day 17 and a median survival time of 36.5 days. When Compound A is combined with Compound B, the survival time was further prolonged in a Compound B dose-dependent manner to 68 days (Compound B, 25 mg / kg, QD) and 99.5 days (Compound B, 50 mg / kg, QD) , respectively, and was statistically significantly better than Compound A monotherapy (p < 0.01) . The combination was well tolerated throughout treatment as indicated by minimal body weight loss in all groups. Detailed TGI, survival data, and statistical analysis were analyzed. Together, these data demonstrated that Compound A as a monotherapy or in combination with ERK1 / 2 inhibitor Compound B may provide clinical benefit to patients who have progressed on KRAS G12C inhibitors, especially if their resistant mechanism involves KRAS G12C gene amplification.
[0531] Furthermore, in a xenograft tumor established from a patient whose disease progressed after Ref. Cp. 3 treatment, Ref. Cp. 3 and Ref. Cp. 4 showed no anti-tumor effect, consistent with the resistance phenotype (FIGs. 6G and 6H) . Remarkably, Compound A demonstrated robust anti-tumor activity with 97.4%and 102.9%of TGI and median survival time of 54 days and > 54 days at 30 mg / kg and 100 mg / kg, respectively, without any notable body weight loss. ctDNA analysis of the patient plasma sample indicated KRAS p. 12C (VAF: 0.359%) , KEAP1 p. A474V (VAF: 0.036%) , KEAP1 p. P278L (VAF: 0.995%) and STK11 p. D176Y (VAF: 0.995%) mutations and WES analysis of the tumor samples indicated CNV gain for upstream RTK families, including ERBB2 and ERBB3. Though the resistance mechanism for this patient is yet to be defined, KEAP1 co-mutation and RTK amplification are likely to have contributed to the disease progression. The robust anti-tumor effect of Compound A in this model highlights that Compound A, with improved covalent potency and TE efficiency, can be effective in patients with prior treatment with Ref. Cp. 3 or Ref. Cp. 4.
[0532] Clinically meaningful response was observed in a first-in-human clinical trial of Compound A.
[0533] A first-in-human clinical trial of Compound A to assess the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics and to identify the recommended phase 2 dose opened in August 2022 in patients with KRAS G12C-mutant solid tumors.
[0534] Durable RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors) responses in patients from this trial were observed across all dose cohorts from 50 mg to 900 mg QD. In addition, durable intracranial activity was seen. Response rate and duration results will be reported upon data maturation. Two cases of NSCLC patients enrolled in the first dose cohort of this trial are reported to describe the observed systemic and intracranial anti-tumor activity of Compound A (FIGs. 7A-7F) .
[0535] Case 1: A 56-year-old male with recurrent NSCLC with a prior resection of lung cancer harboring KRAS p. G12C (VAF 50.6%) , STK11 frameshift insertion p. Leu282 (VAF 28.1%) via tumor tissue NGS analysis. The patient had received prior anti-cancer therapies including platinum-based chemotherapy and atezolizumab. The metastasis in the brain was treated with radiotherapy >1.5 years prior to enrollment.
[0536] He was administered 50 mg Compound A once daily. Disease assessment after 2 cycles of treatment demonstrated a RESIST partial response, with a target lesion decrease of 47.4%of a hepatic lesion (FIG. 7A top panel) , and partial response was confirmed on subsequent scans. In addition, intracranial activity was observed with a decreased metastatic lesion in the cerebellum. (FIG. 7A bottom panel) . The patient has been on treatment for more than 16 months with intra-patient dose escalation in cycle 11 to 100 mg daily then to 200 mg daily in cycle 16. The intra-patient dose escalation was based on safety clearance of the higher dose per protocol, not due to disease progression. The patient is currently maintaining PR (target lesion decrease of -86.8%) on 400 mg daily from cycle 19. ctDNA collected at baseline and C1D8 showed a rapid decline in KRAS mutation allele frequency (VAF 8.76%to non-detectable) that remains undetected at C7D1 (FIG. 7B) . PK analysis showed an AUC0-24 of 55.2 h*ng / mL at C1D1 and 47.8 h*ng / mL at steady state (FIG. 7C) when dosed at 50 mg daily, reaching the predicted efficacious exposure of 58.5 h*ng / mL derived from preclinical studies.
[0537] Case 2: A 66-year-old male with stage IV NSCLC harboring KRAS G12C mutation. NGS of his tumor showed KRAS p. G12C (VAF 15.4%) , STK11 frameshift insertion p. Leu282Afs*3 (VAF 24.2%) , CDKN2A nonsense mutation p. R58* (VAF 9.9%) . The patient had received prior treatment with pemetrexed / cisplatin and atezolizumab. He received 50 mg Compound A once daily. Disease assessment after 2 cycles showed a partial response, with a 49%tumor reduction per RECIST (FIG. 7D) . Partial response was confirmed on subsequent scans and this patient has been on treatment for a total of 11.1 months with intra-patient dose escalation to 100 mg daily in cycle 10 then to 200 mg daily in cycle 15. The intra-patient dose escalation was based on safety clearance of the higher dose level per protocol, not due to disease progression.
[0538] The patient experienced disease progression after 8.3 months. ctDNA collected at baseline and C1D8 showed a rapid decline in KRAS mutation allele frequency (VAF 6.49%to non-detectable) that remains undetected at C4D1 (FIG. 7E) . PK analysis showed an AUC0-24 of 133 h*ng / mL at C1D1 and 241 h*ng / mL at steady state (FIG. 7F) when dosed at 50 mg daily, again exceeding the predicted efficacious exposure of 58.5 h*ng / mL derived from preclinical studies. Example 2: A Phase 1 Trial of Compound A
[0539] Compound A was evaluated in a Phase 1a dose-escalation study in patients with advanced solid tumors harboring KRASG12C mutation (N = 42) and a Phase 1b expansion cohort of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose disease progressed after prior G12Ci therapy (N = 20) .
[0540] The participants were monitored for adverse events (AEs) and dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) . Pharmacokinetic parameters (e.g., Cmax, tmax, t1 / 2, and AUC) , confirmed objective response rate (ORR) , and disease control rate were also monitored.
[0541] Compound A demonstrated dose-dependent pharmacokinetics and no dose-limiting toxicities, and the maximum tolerated dose was not reached. Grade 3 treatment-related adverse events were reported in seven patients (16.7%) in the G12Ci-naive dose-escalation cohort and two patients (10.0%) in the G12Ci-pretreated NSCLC expansion cohort. There were no grade 4 or 5 treatment-related adverse events. Compound A 600 mg was selected as the dose for further investigation based on pharmacokinetics. Confirmed ORR in the G12Ci-naive population was 73.5%overall (25 of 34) , and 66.7% (14 of 21) , 88.9% (8 of 9) and 75.0% (3 of 4) in patients with NSCLC, colorectal cancer, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, respectively. Among patients with G12Ci-pretreated NSCLC, ORR was 30.0% (6 of 20) and disease control rate was 80.0% (16 of 20) . This study demonstrates the safety and tolerability of Compound A monotherapy with promising antitumor activity. The phase 1b expansion phase is ongoing.
[0542] The primary endpoints were assessment of the safety and tolerability of Compound A monotherapy in adult patients with KRASG12C mutant solid tumors and determination of the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) . Secondary endpoints were assessment of pharmacokinetics, ORR, duration of response (DOR) , disease control rate (DCR) , DCR at 24 weeks and progression-free survival (PFS) assessed per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours, v. 1.1. Biomarkers were assessed as exploratory endpoints. Key eligibility criteria were age ≥18 years, histologically or cytologically confirmed locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors, documented KRASG12C mutation by local test on tumor tissue or blood, measurable disease per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours, v. 1.1 and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0 or 1. Patients in the dose-escalation cohorts must have received at least one prior line of systemic therapy for advanced disease. Patients with NSCLC in the dose-expansion cohorts were eligible if they had received no more than one prior KRAS-G12C inhibitor and achieved disease control. Part 1: phase 1a dose escalation
[0543] Patients. 42 patients were enrolled in part 1, including 25 with NSCLC, 13 with CRC and 4 with PDAC (Table 2-1) . Overall, 18 patients (42.9%) had received three or more prior lines of systemic therapy, 7 (16.7%) had brain metastases and 13 (31.0%) had liver metastases (Table 2-1) . Six patients had received previous KRAS-G12Ci. Among the 13 patients with CRC enrolled in part 1, 10 (76.9%) had received three or more prior lines of systemic therapy and 7 (53.8%) had liver metastases (Table 2-2) . Table 2-1 Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics Table 2-2 Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics of patients with CRC in part 1 (Phase 1a dose escalation)
[0544] In part 1, patients received once-daily Compound A at doses of 50 mg (n = 3) , 100 mg (n = 7) , 200 mg (n = 5) , 400 mg (n = 9) , 600 mg (n = 9) or 900 mg (n = 9) (FIG. 8A) . At the time of analysis, treatment had been discontinued in 26 patients (61.9%) ; reasons for discontinuation were: disease progression (n = 18) , death (n = 4) , patient withdrawal (n = 2) or investigator decision (n = 2) . Treatment was ongoing in 16 patients (38.1%) . The median duration of Compound A treatment was 8.0 months (range 0.2 to 22.0 months) .
[0545] Safety. No dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were observed over the dose range studied, and the MTD was not reached. Treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) of any grade occurred in 40 of the 42 patients (95.2%) enrolled in part 1 and were considered related to study treatment in 33 patients (78.6%) (Table 2-3) . Grade 3 treatment-related AEs were reported in seven patients (16.7%) and included hypertriglyceridemia (one patient) , hyperkalemia (one patient) , nausea (one patient) , abnormal hepatic function (one patient; gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) increased) , increased lipase (two patients) , increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (two patients) , and increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (one patient) (Table 2-4) . No grade 4 or 5 treatment-related AEs were reported. Serious treatment-related AEs occurred in three patients (7.1%) . The most frequent (≥15%of patients) treatment-related AEs of any grade were nausea (n = 19; 45.2%) , diarrhea (n = 13; 31.0%) , increased amylase (n = 8; 19.0%) , hypertriglyceridemia (n = 8; 19.0%) , vomiting (n = 8; 19.0%) and increased lipase (n = 7; 16.7%) (Table 2-3) . Table 2-3 Adverse events by dose level in part 1 (Phase 1a dose escalation) Table 2-4 Treatment-related Adverse events by maximum severity in part 1 (Phase 1a dose escalation) aOccurring in≥15%of patients overall. AE, adverse event; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase.
[0546] Among 25 patients with NSCLC enrolled in part 1, hepatotoxicity (defined as ALT increased, AST increased, GGT increased or hepatic function abnormal) occurred in two of six (33.3%) , one of seven (14.3%) and two of nine (22.2%) patients who had received prior anti-programmed death 1 (PD-1) or programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) therapy ≤6 weeks, 6-12 weeks or ≥12 weeks before initiating study treatment with Compound A, respectively, and in one of three (33.3%) patients who had not received prior anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 therapy. Grade 3 GGT increase occurred in one patient who had received prior anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 therapy ≤6 weeks before initiating Compound A; all other AEs of hepatotoxicity were grade 1 in severity. Hepatotoxicity was not observed in the four patients with NSCLC in the 600-mg dose group, including one patient each with ≤6 weeks, 6-12 weeks and ≥12 weeks of prior anti-PD-L1 treatment, and one patient with no prior anti-PD-L1 treatment. No interstitial lung disease or pneumonitis events were reported in the dose-escalation phase.
[0547] Pharmacokinetics. A dose-dependent increase in Compound A steady-state exposure with minimal accumulation was observed after repeated daily dosing. At doses ≥400 mg, geometric mean steady-state concentration of drug immediately before the administration of next dose (Ctrough) (free drug) was >1 nM (FIG. 9A) , corresponding to exposures required for >95%target inhibition in tumor cells. At doses ≥400 mg, individual steady-state area under the curve (AUCtau) (free drug) was >33.6 h ng ml-1 (FIG. 9B) , corresponding to exposures required for complete tumor regression in mouse xenograft models. At the 600-mg dose, the Ctrough (free drug) reached 1 nM and AUCtau (free drug) reached 33.6 h ng ml-1 for all patients. The terminal t1 / 2 at steady state was approximately 11 h. An increase in bioavailability was observed between the 200-and 400-mg doses. Based on these data, the 600-mg dose was selected for further investigation.
[0548] Antitumor activity. Among 42 patients enrolled in part 1, 36 were G12Ci-naive, 34 of whom were included in the response-evaluable set (21 NSCLC, 9 CRC, 4 PDAC) . Confirmed ORR in the 34 evaluable patients was 73.5% (95%confidence interval (CI) 55.6 to 87.1) and the DCR was 97.1% (95%CI 84.7 to 99.9) (Table 2-5) . Confirmed ORR was 66.7% (95%CI 47.8 to 88.7) among 21 evaluable G12Ci-naive patients with NSCLC and 88.9% (95%CI 51.8 to 99.7) among 9 G12Ci-naive patients with CRC; all 4 patients with PDAC demonstrated tumor shrinkage; 3 confirmed partial responses (confirmed ORR 75.0% (95%CI 19.4 to 99.4) ) . A high ORR was observed in patients with CRC in this heavily pretreated population, the majority of whom had liver metastases (Table 2-2) . Among G12Ci-naive responders, the estimated 6-month DOR rate was 78.4% (95%CI 55.6 to 90.4) . Among all 36 G12Ci-naive patients, the estimated 6-month PFS rate was 68.6% (95%CI 50.5 to 81.3) (Table 2-5) . Among six G12Ci-pretreated patients, five were included in the response-evaluable set, and all had a best response of stable disease. Tumor shrinkage was observed across dose levels and tumor types (FIG. 10A) , and longitudinal change in tumor burden over time is shown in FIGs. 10B-D. Durable responses were observed across tumor types (FIG. 10E) . Among seven patients with brain metastases at baseline, two had intracranial tumor shrinkage and five had stable intracranial disease. Representative scans of a patient who experienced intracranial tumor shrinkage are shown in FIG. 11. The median duration of treatment without intracranial progression was 9.2 months. Table 2-5 Antitumor activity in KRAS G12C inhibitor-naive patients in part 1 (phase 1a dose escalation) and in KRAS G12C inhibitor-pretreated patients in part 2 (phase 1b dose expansion) aFor ORR and DCR, exact 95%CI was calculated using the Clopper-Pearson method; for 6- month DOR and PFS, 95%CI was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. bMedian PFS is not yet reached in either cohort. cNC because there was only one patient at risk at 6 months and, therefore, robust estimation was not possible. dOther includes BPI-421286, fulzerasib, garsorasib, glecirasib, HS-10370, JDQ-443, and olomorasib. CRC, colorectal cancer; DCR, disease control rate; DOR, duration of response; KRAS, Kirsten rat sarcoma virus; NA, not available; NC, not calculable; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; PD, progressive disease; PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; PFS, progression-free survival.
[0549] Biomarker analysis. Evaluation of the molecular response demonstrated that among 34 evaluable G12Ci-naive patients in part 1, 25 (73.5%) were KRASG12C circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) positive at baseline (14 NSCLC, 7 CRC, 4 PDAC) . All 25 patients had rapid reduction ofKRASG12C mutant allele frequency (MAF) as early as cycle 1, day 8 (FIG. 12A) . The best reduction in MAF was >90%for 23 patients, including 20 who had 100%reduction. Confirmed ORR was 80.0% (95%CI 59.3 to 93.2) in patients who were G12C-positive at baseline (n = 25) compared with 55.6% (95%CI 21.2 to 86.3) in patients who were G12C negative at baseline (n = 9) . Among patients who were G12C-positive at baseline, confirmed ORR was 90.0% (95%CI 68.3 to 98.8) in those who achieved complete KRASG12C MAF clearance (n = 20) and 40.0% (95%CI 5.3 to 85.3) in those who did not (n = 5) . Among the 14 patients positive for KRASG12C ctDNA at baseline, 6 had STK11 co-mutations, all of whom achieved confirmed response. KRASG12X or KRAS switch II pocket co-mutations that may confer primary resistance to G12Ci were not observed in this cohort. One patient with CRC who did not respond to Compound A treatment (progressive disease) had high MAF APC (62%) and TP53 (68%) co-mutations in addition to KRASG12C (40%) . In addition, among five evaluable G12Ci-pretreated patients, four (80.0%) were KRASG12C ctDNA positive at baseline (one NSCLC, three CRC) . All four patients had reduction ofKRASG12C MAF by cycle 1, day 8 (FIG. 12A) , and all achieved stable disease as the best overall response.
[0550] Acquired gene alterations and KRAS status were assessed at end of treatment (EOT) in 11 patients who had disease progression and had EOT ctDNA samples collected (FIG. 12B) . Mutation profiles at EOT were heterogeneous and attributed to rebound of pre-existing mutations detected at baseline (Table 2-6) . Acquired gene alterations that were not present at baseline were detected at EOT in 5 of 11 patients. No KRASG12C amplification was observed at EOT. Acquired secondary KRAS mutations and MAPK / RTK pathway-related gene alterations were detected at EOT in two patients with CRC. KRASG12C MAF values at EOT were either lower than baseline or undetectable (FIG. 12C) . Table 2-6 Acquired gene alterations and KRAS status at end of treatment Includes one patient for whom the sample was obtained before the data cutoff date, but for whom data from sample analysis were not available until after the data cutoff date. aKRASG12C mutation was not detected by liquid biopsy at baseline; therefore, clearance was not evaluable. bPatient’s dose escalated from 50 mg to 100 mg to 200 mg. ΔTL, change of target lesion size; BOR, best overall response; CNV, copy number variation; del, deletion; NE, not evaluable; PD, progressive disease; PR, partial response; SD, stable disease; SNV, single nucleotide variation. Part 2: phase 1b dose expansion
[0551] Patients. 20 patients with KRAS-G12Ci-pretreated NSCLC were enrolled in the dose-expansion cohort and received Compound A at the selected phase 2 dose of 600 mg once daily (Table 2-1) . Previous G12Ci treatment was sotorasib (seven patients) , garsorasib (four patients) , fulzerasib (two patients) , glecirasib (two patients) , adagrasib (one patient) , BPI-421286 (one patient) , HS-10370 (one patient) , JDQ-443 (one patient) or olmorasib (one patient) . Best response to prior G12Ci treatment was partial response in eight patients (40.0%) , stable disease in seven patients (35.0%) and unknown in five patients (25.0%) . Prior G12Ci treatment was discontinued because of progressive disease in 19 patients (95.0%) and because of toxicity in 1 patient (5.0%) ; 19 patients (95.0%) had received prior G12Ci treatment for ≥6 months and 14 patients (70.0%) were enrolled immediately after disease progression following prior G12Ci treatment (Table 2-7) . Treatment has been discontinued in 11 patients (55.0%) ; reasons for discontinuation were disease progression (9 patients) , patient withdrawal (1 patient) or investigator decision (1 patient) . Treatment is ongoing in nine patients (45.0%) . Table 2-7 Prior KRAS G12Ci treatment in part 2 (Phase 1b dose-expansion cohort)
[0552] Safety. The safety profile was consistent with that observed with the 600-mg dose in part 1. Treatment-emergent AEs of any grade occurred in 18 of the 20 patients (90.0%) enrolled in the dose-expansion cohort and all were considered related to study treatment. Grade 3 or higher treatment-related AEs occurred in two patients (10.0%) and serious treatment-related AEs occurred in two patients (10.0%) (Table 2-8) .
[0553] Among the 20 patients with KRAS-G12Ci-pretreated NSCLC enrolled in part 2, 16 (80.0%) had received anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 therapy ≥12 weeks before initiating Compound A study treatment. Treatment-related hepatotoxicity (defined as ALT increased, AST increased, GGT increased or hepatic function abnormal) occurred in two patients (10.0%) ; both were grade 1 events. One of these patients had not received prior anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 therapy and the other had received anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 therapy ≥12 weeks before initiating Compound A. No interstitial lung disease or pneumonitis was reported in this cohort. Table 2-8 Adverse events with Compound A 600 mg dosing (Part 1 and Part 2 cohorts) AE, adverse event; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ILD, interstitial lung disease. aOccurring in≥15%of patients overall.
[0554] Pharmacokinetics. Steady-state pharmacokinetics of Compound A were consistent with those observed with the 600-mg dose in part 1 (FIG. 13) . At steady state, mean ± s.d. Cmax was 507 ± 275 ng ml-1 and AUCtau was 4, 740 ± 2, 510 h × ng ml-1. The terminal t1 / 2 at steady state was 7.93 ± 1.35 h.
[0555] Antitumor activity. Tumor shrinkage was observed in 12 of the 20 patients (60.0%) in the dose-expansion cohort (FIG. 14A) . Partial response was achieved in six patients (30.0%) , with responses confirmed in four patients (20.0%) , and the DCR was 80.0%. Longitudinal change in tumor burden over time is shown in FIG. 14B, and treatment duration and response per patient is shown in FIG. 14C.
[0556] Biomarker analysis. Evaluation of molecular response demonstrated that among 20 KRAS-G12Ci-pretreated NSCLC patients in the dose-expansion cohort, 14 (70.0%) were KRASG12C ctDNA positive at baseline. Baseline co-mutations included secondary KRAS alterations (A146V, R68S and G12C amplification) and BRAF, EGFR, NTRK and TP53 alterations. The best reduction in KRASG12C MAF was >90%for 11 patients, including 8 who had 100%reduction. All six radiologic responders (partial response) were KRASG12C ctDNA positive at baseline and five of these patients had complete clearance of KRASG12C MAF. Among three patients with KRASG12C amplification at baseline, two achieved partial response and one achieved stable disease (FIG. 15) . Conversely, patients who had immediate disease progression on Compound A had baseline gene alterations of KRASR68S, BRAFV600E, MYC amplification, NTRK2, CDKN2A and PIK3CG. Discussion
[0557] First-generation GDP-bound KRAS-G12Ci, such as sotorasib and adagrasib, have demonstrated clinical proof of concept but are limited in depth and duration of responses (DORs) . Other GDP-bound KRAS-G12Ci in clinical development include glecirasib, olomorasib and divarasib. An alternative strategy involves targeting GTP-bound KRAS, as exemplified by KRAS-G12C (ON) inhibitors such as RMC-6291; early clinical data from phase 1 trials demonstrated promising activity for this approach. Sufficient target coverage is necessary with any approach.
[0558] Compound A demonstrated several key features that highlight its potential to overcome the limitations of first-generation inhibitors. It exhibits exceptionally high potency, achieving complete target inhibition at 1 nM, a concentration attainable at clinically relevant Ctrough concentrations. Furthermore, it demonstrates rapid target engagement kinetics, with a reaction speed surpassing that of KRAS nucleotide exchange, effectively depleting active KRAS even in the presence of growth factors. These features are predicted to significantly enhance single-agent efficacy in KRASG12C-driven tumors, particularly CRC where high RTK activation is prevalent and EGFR-mediated KRAS reactivation is a major resistance mechanism. In addition, Compound A has demonstrated high selectivity, being >2,000-and >5,000-fold more potent in KRASG12C mutant compared with non-G12C KRAS mutant cell lines in two-and three-dimensional proliferation studies, respectively. As a covalent inhibitor, Compound A showed no detectable nonspecific free cysteine conjugation in whole-proteome profiling assays. Based on its high selectivity and the wide therapeutic index predicted during toxicology studies (predicted efficacious exposure 17-and 9-fold below the pharmacokinetic exposure at the highest dose that was not severely toxic based on Cmax and AUC, respectively, in a good laboratory practice study in dogs) , a favorable safety profile was anticipated in humans.
[0559] In the dose-escalation part of this study (part 1) , Compound A demonstrated a favorable safety profile, and clinical pharmacokinetic exposure reached the desired threshold for complete target inhibition (free drug Ctrough > 1 nM) . At doses >400 mg, all patients achieved free drug plasma concentrations associated with complete target engagement and tumor regression in preclinical studies. A once-daily dose of 600 mg was selected as a potential phase 2 dose. The safety profile of Compound A was generally consistent with those of first-generation KRAS-G12C inhibitors. These results support further evaluation of Compound A as monotherapy and in combination with other anticancer therapies.
[0560] In part 1 of this study, promising antitumor activity was observed across tumor types in KRAS-G12Ci-naive patients. The overall confirmed ORR was 73.5%, with a DCR of 97.1%. Confirmed ORRs in patients with NSCLC, CRC and PDAC were 66.7%, 88.9%and 75.0%, respectively. Compound A therefore demonstrated higher response rates than first-generation inhibitors. Among the 21 patients with G12Ci-naive NSCLC from the dose-escalation cohort of this study, the confirmed ORR was 66.7%with Compound A treatment, whereas first-generation G12C inhibitors have demonstrated ORRs ranging from 28%to 43%. Our data are relatively immature for formal assessment of PFS. However, the 6-month DOR and PFS rates in patients with NSCLC were 77.4%and 66.5%, respectively; therefore, the median DOR or PFS must be longer than 6 months. In the CodeBreak 200 and KRYSTAL-12 studies, the median PFS with sotorasib and adagrasib was 5.6 and 5.5 months, respectively. The novel KRAS-G12Ci divarasib also reported a higher response rate and better durability in patients with NSCLC relative to first-generation G12Ci, with an ORR of 53.4%and median PFS of 13.1 months in 60 patients without previous exposure to G12Ci in a phase 1 study. The clinical efficacy of Compound A in patients with NSCLC appears to be better than the first-generation KRAS-G12Ci and comparable with divarasib. The combination of Compound A at 600 mg once daily with pembrolizumab is being assessed as first-line treatment for KRASG12C mutant NSCLC in a dose-expansion cohort.
[0561] In the nine patients with CRC from the dose-escalation cohort of this study, a high confirmed response rate (ORR 88.9%) and prolonged response duration (6-month DOR, 85.7%) were observed. These outcomes surpassed ORRs observed with first-generation KRAS-G12Ci combined with anti-EGFR antibodies in patients with CRC, which ranged from 26%to 46%. Although the sample size is limited, these data provide early clinical evidence that underscores the importance of rapid and efficient target engagement in overcoming the EGF-stimulated GDP-to-GTP transition in CRC. Expansion cohorts are planned to validate these findings. Current results support further validation of Compound A as monotherapy in CRC and exploration of combination strategies with anti-EGFR antibodies to mitigate MAPK pathway reactivation mediated by wild-type KRAS, NRAS and HRAS alleles. Although single-agent Compound A treatment resulted in robust antitumor responses in 40-50%of patient-derived xenograft models (n = 10) , combination with cetuximab further enhanced the depth of response, with 80%of patient-derived xenograft models demonstrating >30%tumor regression approximately 21 days after treatment. This highlights the potential for bypass activation of non-KRASG12C genes regulated by EGFR activation in CRC, with certain genetic compositions potentially favoring this type of bypass activation more than others.
[0562] In an expansion cohort of 20 NSCLC patients whose disease had progressed on first-generation KRAS-G12Ci (part 2) , Compound A demonstrated an ORR of 30.0%and a DCR of 80.0%. This study represents clinical data reporting single-agent activity of a GDP-bound KRAS inhibitor in a focused cohort of patients with NSCLC who had disease progression on G12Ci. This clinical benefit is a key finding considering that patients were previously treated with various G12Ci and had diverse resistance mechanisms, and provides early clinical validation of the mechanism of action of Compound A translating into enhanced activity over first-generation G12Ci. Despite a high mutation load and heterogeneous mutation landscape at baseline, the ctDNA dynamics demonstrated substantial molecular inhibition of the KRASG12C-positive clone by Compound A even in the presence of co-mutations associated with poor prognosis, including EGFR, NTRK1 and CDKN2A. Conversely, gene alterations of KRAS switch II pocket and BRAFV600E, likely acquired from previous G12Ci treatment, may have contributed to the primary resistance to Compound A. Among the 20 patients, 3 had KRAS gene amplifications at baseline, a known resistance mechanism to earlier inhibitors; 2 of these patients achieved a partial response with Compound A and the remaining patient had stable disease. Both responders with KRAS gene amplifications received Compound A as the next line of therapy immediately after progressing on the first G12Ci. The antitumor effect with this mechanism of resistance aligns with preclinical data showing activity in a KRASG12C gene amplification xenograft model.
[0563] The molecular profile at EOT suggests that mechanisms of resistance for Compound A are similar to other KRAS-G12Ci sotorasib, adagrasib and divarasib. Two patients with CRC acquired secondary KRASG12X alterations (G12D, G12V) , secondary KRAS alterations associated with the switch II pocket (Q61H, H95N) and MAPK / RTK pathway-related gene alterations following Compound A treatment in this study. Unlike the other KRAS-G12C inhibitors, in which KRASG12C amplification has been reported in 10%to 15%of patients with disease progression on adagrasib or sotorasib and 56%of those with disease progression on divarasib, no KRASG12C amplifications were observed in the small number of samples from patients with NSCLC tested to date in this study using similar detection methods (ctDNA analysis using next-generation sequencing on liquid biopsy at EOT) . The lack of acquired KRASG12C amplifications following Compound A and clinical efficacy in patients carrying KRASG12C amplifications at baseline suggest that complete target engagement of Compound A may prevent this bypass resistance mechanism.
[0564] Although this preliminary clinical evidence for the safety and antitumor activity of Compound A is encouraging, this study was limited by the small sample size of patients enrolled into parts 1 and 2 and lack of comparison with a standard-of-care treatment in patients with KRASG12C mutation.
[0565] In conclusion, this study represents the clinical translation of the next-generation GDP-bound KRAS-G12Ci, Compound A and highlights the potential of Compound A to overcome key limitations of earlier G12Ci. Strategies aimed at enhancing clinical outcomes through improving compound potency and target coverage have been crucial in advancing small-molecule targeted therapies. In the context of KRAS-G12Ci, divarasib, which is 5-20 times more potent than sotorasib and adagrasib, has demonstrated higher overall response rates and longer durations of response. This study introduces Compound A, which exhibits two orders of magnitude greater potency and target engagement efficiency compared with first-generation G12Ci and represents a next-generation inhibitor with potential to become the backbone of treatment for KRASG12C-mutated solid tumors. Clinical investigations are ongoing in KRASG12C-mutated solid tumors across various disease settings and in larger populations to validate the potential of Compound A in improving clinical outcomes in this disease area, where an unmet medical need persists. Methods
[0566] Study design and treatment This is a first-in-human, multicenter, open-label, phase 1 and 2 trial being conducted in three parts, comprising Compound A monotherapy dose escalation (part 1) , Compound A monotherapy expansion cohorts (part 2) and Compound A combination therapy expansion cohorts (part 3) . Compound A was administered orally once daily in 21-day treatment cycles, and treatment was continued until disease progression, unmanageable toxicity or patient withdrawal. The study is ongoing, and patients are still receiving treatment. In part 1, dose escalation was performed using a Bayesian optimal interval design with a 3 + 3 run-in, which was used to determine the MTD, to minimize the probability of incorrect dose assignment and to guide dose escalation or de-escalation. This approach minimized the risk of exposing patients to doses above the MTD and had a high probability for identifying the correct MTD. The starting dose of Compound A was 50 mg once daily in cohort 1, with planned dose escalation up to 900 mg once daily over five additional cohorts. Dose escalation was allowed for patients who completed two cycles of treatment at their assigned dose level without experiencing a DLT during cycle 1 or any grade ≥2 treatment-related AE; patients who met these criteria could proceed to the next dose level, if determined as safe, for the following cycle.
[0567] Part 2 is ongoing and explores Compound A monotherapy at the RP2D determined during part 1 in larger cohorts of patients with previously treated NSCLC, CRC and PDAC. Results for the dose-expansion cohort, exploring Compound A monotherapy in patients with KRAS-G12C inhibitor-pretreated NSCLC are reported here. Part 3 is ongoing and will explore Compound A at the RP2D alone or in combination with pembrolizumab or platinum doublet chemotherapy in first-line treatment of NSCLC and Compound A alone or in combination with cetuximab in second-or later-line treatment of CRC.
[0568] Patients Eligible patients were aged ≥18 years, had a life expectancy of ≥12 weeks according to the investigator, were able to comprehend and willing to sign an informed consent form, had histologically or cytologically confirmed locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors, documented KRASG12C mutation in the past 5 years by local test on tumor tissue or blood, measurable disease per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours v. 1.1, and an ECOG performance status of 0 or 1, and must have had adequate organ and marrow function in the screening period. Patients must have been able to take oral medication, eat a standardized high-fat, high-calorie meal within 25 min and be able to fast for ≥10 h. For dose-escalation cohorts, eligible patients must have received at least one prior line of standard-of-care systemic therapy for locally advanced and unresectable or metastatic disease. In the first three dose cohorts (50, 100 and 200 mg) , patients with prior KRAS-G12C inhibitor treatment were excluded. In dose cohorts ≥400 mg, patients who had received no more than one prior KRASG12C inhibitor were allowed if they had achieved disease control (complete or partial response or stable disease for ≥6 months) and had not permanently discontinued treatment because of treatment-related AEs. The number of patients with prior KRAS-G12C inhibitor treatment was capped at no more than one-third of the patients at each dose level. For dose expansion in patients with KRAS-G12C inhibitor pretreated NSCLC, patients were eligible if they had received no more than one prior KRAS-G12C inhibitor and had achieved disease control; patients who discontinued treatment within 6 months could be included if discontinuation was because of safety or tolerability reasons only. Patients were excluded if they had known non-G12C KRAS mutations, EGFR-sensitizing mutations, ALK / ROS1 / RET rearrangement, NTRK1 / 2 / 3 gene fusion, BRAF V600E mutation or MET exon 14 skipping mutation. Patients with treated or untreated brain metastases were eligible for inclusion if they had undergone resection or radiotherapy completed at least 14 days before initiation of study treatment with no evidence of progression or new lesions on follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) . Patients were excluded if they had untreated and / or uncontrolled brain metastases, had residual neurologic symptoms of grade >2, or were receiving corticosteroids ≥10 mg per day prednisone or equivalent. Other exclusion criteria were mixed small cell lung cancer and non-small-cell histology for NSCLC expansion cohorts, uncontrolled intercurrent illness, current interstitial lung disease or pneumonitis or a previous history of interstitial lung disease or pneumonitis requiring high-dose glucocorticoids, or active leptomeningeal disease, spinal cord compression, uncontrolled pleural effusion, pericardial effusion or ascites requiring more than one placement of a catheter per month. Patients could not have unresolved treatment-related grade ≥2 toxic events from previous anticancer treatment (except vitiligo or alopecia) . KRAS-G12Ci-pretreated patients could not have grade ≥3 ALT and / or AST elevation at more than two occurrences or grade 3 or higher cardiac toxicity. Patients could not have active gastrointestinal disease or other conditions that could interfere with the absorption, distribution, metabolism or excretion of oral therapy. No history of allogeneic organ transplantation was allowed, and patients must not have had infection requiring treatment with systemic antibacterial, antifungal or antiviral therapy within 14 days before receiving the first dose of study treatment. Patients could not have untreated chronic hepatitis B or be a carrier, have active hepatitis C or have a history of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Patients could not have a history of other malignancy except for malignancy treated with curative intent and no known active disease for at least 2 years and low risk of recurrence, adequately treated nonmelanoma skin cancer or lentigo maligna without evidence of disease, adequately treated carcinoma in situ without evidence of disease, or localized noninvasive primary disease that does not require treatment or impact life expectancy. Patients were excluded if they had corrected QT interval >470 ms (females) or >450 ms (males) , increased risk of QT interval prolongations or arrythmias, clinically important electrocardiogram abnormalities or untreated sinus node dysfunction or other cardiovascular disease. Patients could not have active or previously documented autoimmune or inflammatory disorders and must not have COVID-19 infection. Patients had to be able to stop prior or concomitant therapy for at least 14 days before receiving the first dose of study treatment. Patients must not have known hypersensitivity to the study intervention or excipients and could not participate concurrently in any investigational clinical research.
[0569] Assessments The primary objectives were to evaluate the safety and tolerability of Compound A and to determine the MTD and RP2D. Safety and tolerability were assessed by treatment-emergent AEs, treatment-related AEs and clinically significant changes in vital signs, physical exams, electrocardiograms and clinical laboratory tests. AEs were graded according to National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v.5.0. DLTs were defined as any of the following events occurring during the first cycle of treatment in the dose-escalation stage: febrile neutropenia; neutropenic infection; grade 4 neutropenia; grade 3 thrombocytopenia with bleeding; grade 4 thrombocytopenia; grade 4 anemia; grade ≥4 vomiting or diarrhea; grade ≥3 nausea for ≥3 days despite optimal support; ALT or AST more than three times the upper limit of normal with concurrent total bilirubin more than two times the upper limit of normal without evidence of cholestasis or alternative explanations; any death not clearly due to underlying disease or extraneous causes; or any other grade ≥3 AE except transient isolated laboratory abnormalities that resolved to baseline within 72 h without intervention, alopecia, grade 3 fatigue lasting <7 days, grade 3 electrolyte abnormalities that resolved to grade ≤1 within 48 h, grade 3 rash that resolved to grade ≤2 within 7 days with medical management, or grade 3 or 4 asymptomatic elevation in serum amylase or lipase that was not associated with clinical or radiologic evidence of pancreatitis. The MTD was defined as the dose level for which the estimated probability of a DLT was closest to 25%using an isotonic regression model. The RP2D was determined based on the MTD, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic information. Secondary objectives were to characterize the pharmacokinetics of Compound A and to evaluate antitumor activity. Pharmacokinetic parameters including Cmax, tmax, t1 / 2 and AUC were determined using standard noncompartmental methods. Pharmacokinetic samples were collected within 30 min predose, and at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 h post dose on day 1 of cycle 1 and on day 1 of cycle 2. Additional samples were collected within 30 min predose on day 8 of cycle 1, and within 30 min predose and at 4 h post dose on day 1 of cycles 3, 5, 7 and 9. Antitumor activity was measured by ORR (complete or partial response, confirmed by repeat assessment ≥4 weeks after initial documentation) , DCR (complete or partial response or stable disease maintained for ≥24 weeks) , DOR (time from first documentation of response until disease progression or death from any cause) and PFS (time from first dose of study treatment until disease progression or death from any cause) per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours v.1.1. Tumor assessments were performed by computed tomography or MRI every 6 weeks until week 25, then every 12 weeks thereafter. Patients without post-baseline disease assessments were considered nonresponders. Exploratory objectives were to investigate potential biomarkers by biochemical and / or genetic analysis of blood and / or tumor tissue samples and intracranial activity (ORR, DCR, DOR and PFS) per Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology Brain Metastases criteria. Plasma ctDNA samples were collected on day 1 of cycle 1, day 8 of cycle 1, day 1 of cycle 4, at disease progression and at EOT in dose-escalation cohorts. For patients who underwent dose escalation, additional plasma ctDNA samples were collected predose on the day of dose escalation and on day 21 after dose escalation. Additional ctDNA samples were also collected on day 1 of cycles 8 and 16 in dose-expansion cohorts. Acquired gene alterations and KRAS status were assessed at EOT. Acquired alterations were defined as those detected at EOT but not at baseline. Patients were eligible for analysis of acquired alterations if they had disease progression and had a sample collected for ctDNA analysis at the time of progressive disease or EOT. Brain scans (MRI preferred) were performed at baseline for patients with known or suspected brain metastases. For patients with brain metastases at baseline, post-baseline brain scans were performed every 6 weeks until week 25, then every 12 weeks thereafter. For patients Q26 without brain metastases at baseline, brain scans were performed as clinically indicated.
Claims
A method for treating or preventing cancer, comprising administering Compound A:or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition comprising Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a subject in need thereof at a dosage from about 10 mg to about 1000 mg.Use of Compound A:or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or of a composition comprising Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of cancer in a subject in need thereof, wherein the treatment or prevention comprises administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a dosage from about 10 mg to about 1000 mg.Compound A:or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition comprising Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the treatment or prevention of cancer in a subject in need thereof, wherein the treatment or prevention comprises administration of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a dosage from about 10 mg to about 1000 mg.The method, use, or compound or composition for use of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the cancer is a cancer having a KRAS mutation.The method, use, or compound or composition for use of claim 4, wherein the KRAS mutation is a G12C mutation.The method, use, or compound or composition for use of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the cancer is non-small cell lung cancer, adenocarcinoma, squamous-cell carcinoma, colorectal cancer, or pancreatic cancer.The method, use, or compound or composition for use of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the cancer is non-small cell lung cancer, colorectal cancer, or pancreatic cancer.The method, use, or compound or composition for use of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the dosage is from about 20 mg to about 400 mg.The method, use, or compound or composition for use of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the dosage is about 20 mg, about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 100 mg, about 200 mg, about 300 mg, about 400 mg, about 500 mg, about 600 mg, about 700 mg, about 800 mg, about 900 mg, or about 1000 mg.The method, use, or compound or composition for use of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the dosage is about 50 mg, about 100 mg, about 200 mg, about 400 mg, about 600 mg, or about 900 mg.The method, use, or compound or composition for use of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the dosage is about 20 mg, about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 100 mg, about 200 mg, about 300 mg, or about 400 mg.The method, use, or compound or composition for use of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the dosage is from about 200 mg to about 900 mg.The method, use, or compound or composition for use of any one of claims 1-7, 9, and 12, wherein the dosage is about 200 mg, about 300 mg, about 400 mg, about 500 mg, about 600 mg, about 700 mg, about 800 mg, or about 900 mg.The method, use, or compound or composition for use of any one of claims 1-7 and 12, wherein the dosage is from about 400 mg to about 900 mg.The method, use, or compound or composition for use of any one of claims 1-7, 9, and 12-13, wherein the dosage is about 200 mg, about 300 mg, or about 600 mg.The method, use, or compound or composition for use of any one of claims 1-7, 9-10, and 12-15, wherein the dosage is about 600 mg.The method, use, or compound or composition for use of any one of claims 1-16, wherein Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered once or twice daily.The method, use, or compound or composition for use of any one of claims 1-17, wherein Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered once daily.The method, use, or compound or composition for use of any one of claims 1-18, wherein Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered orally.The method, use, or compound or composition for use of any one of claims 1-19, wherein Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered or in combination with a second therapeutic agent.The method, use, or compound or composition for use of any one of claims 1-20, wherein the subject is a human.
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