Electrochemically debondable adhesive film
A curable adhesive film using polyurethane polymers and electrolytes enables electrochemical debonding of bonded structures, addressing the challenge of disassembling adhesive bonds without substrate damage and providing a clean, efficient debonding process.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/094151
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-05-20
- Publication Date
- 2025-11-27
AI Technical Summary
Existing adhesive bonds are difficult to disassemble without damaging the substrates, and electrochemically debondable adhesive compositions face challenges such as requiring specialized equipment and sensitivity to application temperature.
A curable adhesive film is developed from a water-borne, heat-activatable composition comprising polyurethane polymers, a surface-deactivated polyisocyanate compound, and a non-polymerizable electrolyte, which can be applied as a dry film and debonded electrochemically by applying a voltage across the bonded structure.
The adhesive film allows for controlled debonding of bonded structures with minimal waste and in a clean, hazard-free manner, maintaining substrate integrity.
Smart Images

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Figure PCTCN2024094151-APPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
ELECTROCHEMICALLY DEBONDABLE ADHESIVE FILMFIELD OF INVENTION
[0001] The present disclosure is directed to a bonded structure comprising an electrochemically debondable, curable film adhesive which is interposed between substrates which possess electrically conductive surfaces. More particularly, the present disclosure is directed to a curable film adhesive having utility in such a bonded structure.
[0002] BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION
[0003] Adhesive bonds and polymeric coatings are commonly used in the assembly and finishing of manufactured goods. They are used in place of mechanical fasteners, such as screws, bolts and rivets, to provide bonds with reduced machining costs and greater adaptability in the manufacturing process. Adhesive bonds distribute stresses evenly, reduce the possibility of fatigue and seal the joints from corrosive species.
[0004] Whilst adhesive bonds thus offer many advantages over mechanical fasteners, it tends to be difficult to disassemble adhesively bonded objects where this is required in practical applications. The removal of the adhesive through mechanical processes –such as by sand blasting or by wire brushing –is often precluded, in part because the adhesive is disposed between substrates and is thus either inaccessible or difficult to abrade without corrupting the substrate surfaces. Disassembly through the application of chemicals and / or high temperature –such as disclosed in US Patent No. 4,171,240 (Wong) and US Patent No. 4,729,797 (Linde et al. ) -might be effective but can be time consuming and complex to perform: moreover, the aggressive chemicals and / or harsh conditions required can damage the substrates being separated, rendering them unsuitable for subsequent applications.
[0005] Noting these problems, certain authors have sought to develop electrochemically debondable adhesive compositions, wherein the passage of an electrical current through the cured compositions acts to disrupt the bonding at the interface of the adhesive and the substrate.
[0006] US Patent No. 7,465,492 (Gilbert) describes an electrochemically disbondable composition comprising: a matrix functionality comprising a monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylics, methacrylics and combinations thereof; a free radical initiator; and, an electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte provides sufficient ionic conductivity to said composition to support a faradaic reaction at a bond formed between the composition and an electrically conductive surface and thus allows the composition to disbond from the surface.
[0007] US 2007 / 0269659 (Gilbert) describes an adhesive composition disbondable at two interfaces, the composition: (i) comprising a polymer and an electrolyte; (ii) facilitating joinder of two surfaces; and, (iii) in response to a voltage applied across both surfaces so as to form an anodic interface and a cathodic interface, disbonding from both the anodic and cathodic surfaces.
[0008] EP 3 835 383 A1 (Henkel AG &Co. KGaA) discloses a bonded structure comprising a first material layer having an electrically conductive surface; and, a second material layer having an electrically conductive surface; wherein a curable and debondable one component (1K) adhesive composition is disposed between the first and second material layers. The curable and one component (1K) debondable adhesive composition comprises: a) epoxy resin; b) a curing agent for said epoxy resin; c) an electrolyte; and, d) an electrically non-conductive filler; wherein said composition comprises at least one of: e) a combination of a solubilizer and a toughener; and, f) electrically conductive particles.
[0009] EP 3 835 378 A1 (Henkel AG &Co. KGaA) discloses a bonded structure comprising a first material layer having an electrically conductive surface; a second material layer having an electrically conductive surface; wherein a cured debondable two-part hybrid adhesive composition is disposed between the first and second material layers. The curable and debondable two-part hybrid adhesive composition comprises a first part comprising: a) epoxy resin; b) (meth) acrylate monomer; c) an electrolyte; d) a solubilizer; and, e) a filler. The composition further comprises a second part comprising: a) a curing agent consisting of at least one compound possessing at least two epoxide reactive groups per molecule; b) an accelerator; and, c) a filler.
[0010] EP 3 835 386 A1 (Henkel AG &Co. KGaA) discloses a bonded structure comprising a first material layer having an electrically conductive surface; a second material layer having an electrically conductive surface; wherein a cured debondable two-part (2K) adhesive composition is disposed between the first and second material layers. The curable and debondable two-part (2K) adhesive composition comprise a first part comprising: a) epoxy resin; b) an electrolyte; and, c) optionally, a solubilizer. The second part comprises: a) a curing agent consisting of at least one compound possessing at least two epoxide reactive groups per molecule; and, b) an accelerator. The composition still further comprises an electrically non-conductive filler and, optionally a toughener.
[0011] WO 2016 / 135341 (Henkel AG &Co. KGaA) discloses an electrically debondable reactive hot melt adhesive composition, comprising: a) at least one isocyanate-functional polyurethane polymer; and, b) at least one organic or inorganic salt. The fact that the pre-formed polyurethane polymer is applied within a hot melt adhesive is considered to present the disadvantage that the application of the polyurethane adhesive requires specialized equipment and the efficacy of the adhesive is sensitive to application temperature.
[0012] WO 2022 / 207300 A1 (Henkel AG &Co. KGaA) discloses a curable and electrochemically debondable two-component (2K) adhesive composition comprising: a first component comprising: i) at least one polyol selected from the group consisting of fatty alcohols, polyester polyols, polyether polyols, polyether-polyester polyols and polycarbonate polyols; ii) optionally further active hydrogen compounds; and, iii) non-polymerizable electrolyte; and, a second component comprising at least one polyisocyanate, wherein said composition is characterized in that the molar equivalents ratio of NCO groups to active hydrogen atoms is at least 1: 1.
[0013] The adhesives of such disclosures are applied to the surfaces to be bonded in liquid form, typically in molten form or as solvent-borne compositions. Whilst the bonding of surfaces using dry adhesive films –including but not limited to B-staged or partially cured adhesive films -is broadly known in the art, a dry-to-touch film of an electrochemically debondable composition having this utility is not known to the present inventors. In addition to permitting bonded structures to be disassembled by the application of a potential difference across the film, further advantages of such films would be realized, including the control of the thickness of the debondable adhesive and the capacity to generated bonded structures in a clean, hazard-free manner with minimum waste.
[0014] STATEMENT OF THE INVENTION
[0015] In accordance with a first aspect of the disclosure there is provided a curable adhesive film (Fa) obtained by the drying of a water-borne, heat-activatable composition (a) comprising:
[0016] water;
[0017] a1) at least one first polyurethane polymer having at least one pendant active hydrogen group, wherein said first polyurethane polymer is obtained by the reaction of at least one polyisocyanate compound with at least one polyol (POHA) which has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of at least 500 g / mol. and which further has one or more structural units chosen from structural units of Formula (I) , Formula (II) , Formula (III) or combinations thereof:-CH (OH) -CH2-X1-Y (I)-CH (OH) -CH2-X2-CH2-CH (OH) - (II)-CH (OH) -CH2-X1-Y1-X3-CH2-CH (OH) - (III)
[0018] wherein: X1 represents -OC (=O) -, -S-, -NR1-, -OP (=O) (OR1) -O-, -OP (=O) (R1) -O-, -OP (=O) (R1) -, -O-P (OR1) -O-, -O-P (R1) -O-or -O-P (R1) -;
[0019] X2 represents -NR1-, -OP (=O) (OR1) -O-, -OP (=O) (R1) -O-, -O-P (OR1) -O-or -O-P (R1) -O-;
[0020] X3 represents -C (=O) O-, -S-, -NR1-, -OP (=O) (OR1) -O-, -OP (=O) (R1) -O-, -P (=O) (R1) -O-, -O-P (OR1) -O-, -O-P (R1) -O-; -P (R1) -O-;
[0021] in which groups each R1 independently represents H or a C1-C20 organic group;
[0022] Y is H or a C1-C30 monovalent organic group or H; and,
[0023] Y1 is a C1-C30 divalent organic group, with a proviso that Y1 is not -CH2-CH (OH) -.
[0024] a2) at least one second polyurethane polymer which is distinct from said first polyurethane polymer, said second polyurethane polymer having at least one pendant active hydrogen group;
[0025] a3) at least one surface-deactivated solid polyisocyanate compound;
[0026] a4) non-polymerizable electrolyte; and,
[0027] optionally a5) rheology control agent comprising electrically non-conductive fillers, electrically conductive fillers or mixtures thereof,
[0028] wherein the molar ratio of -N=C=O groups to active hydrogen atoms in the composition (a) is from 0.1: 1 to 10: 1.
[0029] In important embodiments of the curable adhesive film, the water-borne composition (a) from which said film (Fa) is obtained by drying, comprises, based on the total weight of said composition (a) :
[0030] water;
[0031] from 20 to 50 wt. %, preferably from 20 to 40 wt. %, more preferably from 25 to 40 wt. %of a1) said at least one polyurethane polymer;
[0032] from 30 to 60 wt. %, preferably from 30 to 55 wt. %, more preferably from 30 to 50 wt. %of a2) said at least one second polyurethane polymer;
[0033] from 0.05 to 10 wt. %, preferably from 0.5 to 5 wt. %, more preferably from 1 to 5 wt. % of a3) said at least one surface-deactivated solid polyisocyanate compound;
[0034] from 0.5 to 15 wt. %, preferably from 0.5 to 10 wt. %, preferably from 0.5 to 5 wt. %of a4) said non-polymerizable electrolyte; and,
[0035] from 0 to 10 wt. %, preferably from 0.1 to 5 wt. %, more preferably from 0.5 to 5 wt. %of a5) said rheology control agent,
[0036] wherein the molar ratio of -N=C=O groups to active hydrogen atoms in the composition (a) is from 0.5: 1 to 5: 1, preferably from 0.5 to 3: 1.
[0037] With regard to said substituent a1) , it is preferred that said polyol (POHA) has from 1 to 10, preferably from 1 to 5 structural units chosen from structural units of Formula (I) , Formula (II) , Formula (III) or combinations thereof. In important embodiments, the structural units of Formula (I) , Formula (II) or Formula (III) are chosen from:
[0038] -CH (OH) -CH2-S-C1-C6alkylene-Si (O-C1-C6-alkyl) n (C1-C6-alkyl) 3-n, ;
[0039] -CH (OH) -CH2-NR1-C1-C6alkylene-NH2;
[0040] -CH (OH) -CH2-NR1-C1-C6alkylene-NR1-CH2-CH (OH) -;
[0041] -CH (OH) -CH2-O-P (=O) (OH) 2;
[0042] -CH (OH) -CH2-NR1-CH2-CH (OH) -;
[0043] -CH (OH) -CH2-O-P (=O) (OH) -O-CH2-CH (OH) -; or,
[0044] in which: n is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
[0045] each R1 independently is H, C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 alkylene.
[0046] Alternatively, or additionally to the statement of preference regarding its constituent structural units, it is preferred that said first polyurethane polymer has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of from 5000 to 250000 g / mol., preferably from 5000 to 200000 g / mol.
[0047] With regard to said substituent a2) , it is preferred that said second polyurethane polymer is obtained from the reaction of: si) at least one polyol having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of at least 500 g / mol. ; sii) at least one polyol having a number average molecular weight of less than 500 g / mol. and which either possesses an ionic group or is capable of forming an ionic group; siii) optionally further active hydrogen compounds; and, siv) at least one polyisocyanate compound, wherein the reaction is characterized by a stoichiometric excess of hydroxyl groups to isocyanate functional groups.
[0048] With further regard to composition (a) from which the curable adhesive film is obtained by drying, it is preferred that substituent a4) comprises at least one non-polymerizable salt chosen from: ammonium salts; pyridinium salts; pyrrolidinium salts; phosphonium salts; imidazolium salts; oxazolium salts; guanidinium salts; sulfonium salts; thiazolium salts; and, mixtures thereof.
[0049] It is preferred that curable adhesive film as a total thickness of from 15 to 500 microns, for instance from 50 to 500 microns, from 100 to 400 microns or from 100 to 300 microns.
[0050] The present disclosure also provides for an article (A) comprising the curable adhesive film as defined hereinabove and in the appended claims, wherein said film is disposed on a release liner and / or a carrier substrate.
[0051] In accordance with a further aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a bonded structure comprising:
[0052] a first substrate having an electrically conductive surface; and,
[0053] a second substrate having an electrically conductive surface,
[0054] wherein a cured film obtained by the curing of the curable adhesive film as defined hereinabove and in the appended claims is disposed between the electrically conductive surfaces of the first and second substrates. The cured film is electrochemically debondable, such that the passage of an electrical current through the cured film acts to disrupt the bonding at the interface of the adhesive and one or both electrically conductive surfaces.
[0055] The disclosure thus further provides for a method of debonding said bonded structure as defined above, the method comprising the steps of:
[0056] 1) applying a voltage across the electrically conductive surfaces to form an anodic interface and a cathodic interface; and,
[0057] 2) debonding the surfaces.
[0058] Preferably, the voltage applied in step 1) is: from 0.5 to 200 V; and, applied for a duration of from 1 second to 60 minutes.
[0059] Where the aspects of the disclosure are described herein as having certain embodiments, any one or more of those embodiments can, unless otherwise stated, be implemented in or combined with any one of the further embodiments, even if that combination is not explicitly described. Expressed differently, the described embodiments are not mutually exclusive unless stated as being such, and permutations thereof remain within the scope of this disclosure.
[0060] DEFINITIONS
[0061] As used herein, the singular forms "a" , "an" and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
[0062] The terms “comprising” , “comprises” and “comprised of” as used herein are synonymous with “including” , “includes” , “containing” or “contains” , and are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, non-recited members, elements or method steps.
[0063] As used herein, the term “consisting of” excludes any element, ingredient, member or method step not specified. For completeness, the term “comprising” encompasses “consisting of” .
[0064] The words "preferred" , "preferably" , “desirably” and “particularly” are used frequently herein to refer to embodiments of the disclosure that may afford particular benefits, under certain circumstances. However, the recitation of one or more preferable, preferred, desirable or particular embodiments does not imply that other embodiments are not useful and is not intended to exclude those other embodiments from the scope of the disclosure.
[0065] The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean serving as an example, instance, or illustration. Any aspect or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects or designs. Rather, use of the word exemplary is intended to present concepts in a concrete fashion.
[0066] As used throughout this application, the word “may” is used in a permissive sense –that is meaning to have the potential to -rather than in the mandatory sense.
[0067] Spatially relative terms, such as “inner” , “outer” , "top" , "back" , "above" , "below" , "left" , "right" and the like may be applicable herein to describe an component’s relationship to another component (s) as illustrated in the figures. Obviously all such spatially relative terms refer to the orientation shown in the figures only for ease of illustration and are not necessarily limiting given that an assembly can assume orientations and configurations different from those illustrated in the figures when in use.
[0068] The term “fraction” as used herein refers to a numerical quantity which defines a part up to but not including 100 percent or the entirety of the thing in question.
[0069] When amounts, concentrations, dimensions and other parameters are expressed in the form of a range, a preferable range, an upper limit value, a lower limit value or preferable upper and limit values, it should be understood that any ranges obtainable by combining any upper limit or preferable value with any lower limit or preferable value are also specifically disclosed, irrespective of whether the obtained ranges are clearly mentioned in the context.
[0070] Further, in accordance with standard understanding, a weight range represented as being “from 0 to x” specifically includes 0 wt. %: the ingredient defined by said range may be absent from the material or may be present in the material in an amount up to x wt. %.
[0071] As used herein, room temperature is 23℃ plus or minus 2℃. As used herein, “ambient conditions” means the temperature and pressure of the surroundings in which the curable film is located or in which a coating layer or the substrate for said coating layer is located.
[0072] The molecular weights referred to in this specification can be measured with gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using linear polystyrene calibration standards, such as is done according to ASTM 3536. An exemplary device for such measurement is a Waters 2695 Separation Module with a Waters 2414 Differential Refractometer (RI detector) .
[0073] Viscosities of the coating compositions described herein are, unless otherwise stipulated, measured using the Brookfield Viscometer, Model RVT at standard conditions of 20℃ and 50%Relative Humidity (RH) . The viscometer is calibrated using silicone oils of known viscosities, which vary from 5,000 cps to 50,000 cps. A set of RV spindles that attach to the viscometer are used for the calibration. Measurements of the coating compositions are done using the No. 6 spindle at a speed of 20 revolutions per minute for 1 minute until the viscometer equilibrates. The viscosity corresponding to the equilibrium reading is then calculated using the calibration.
[0074] Where mentioned, a calculated glass transition temperature ( “Tg” ) of a polymer or co-polymer is that temperature which may be calculated by using the Fox equation (T.G. Fox, Bull. Am. Physics Soc., Volume 1, Issue No. 3, page 123 (1956) ) . The glass transition temperatures of certain homo-polymers may be found in the published literature.
[0075] The actual glass transition temperature (Tg) of a polymer can be determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) or dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) . The use of DSC to determine Tg is described by B. Cassel and M. P. DiVito in "Use of DSC To Obtain Accurate Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data" , American Laboratory, January 1994, pp 14-19, and by B. Wunderlich in Thermal Analysis, Academic Press, Inc., 1990. The determination of glass transition temperatures (Tg) by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) may be performed in accordance with ASTM E1640: DMA Testing: Standard Test Method for Assignment of the Glass Transition Temperature By Dynamic Mechanical Analysis.
[0076] The term “metallic” describes the property of comprising or consisting of metal. The term “metal” is used throughout this specification to denote pure metals as well as alloys. As used herein, the term “alloy” refers to a substance composed of two or more metals or of a metal and a non-metal which have been intimately united, usually by being fused together and dissolved in each other when molten. The term "electrically conductive" as used herein references materials, such as fillers, which have a bulk resistivity of less than 10 ohm-cm, in particular less than 1.0 ohm-cm or less than 0.1 ohm-cm.
[0077] The term “electrically non-conductive substrate” as used herein references a substrate having a volume electrical conductivity of less than 1 Sm-1, typically less than 1 x 10-5 Sm-1 or less than 1 x 10-8 Sm-1.
[0078] The term “water-borne” means that the solvent or medium of the composition primarily or principally comprises water, in particular that water constitutes at least 50%by weight, for example at least 60%by weight or at least 70%by weight, of the liquid continuous phase of the composition. The term “solvent-borne” as used herein means that the medium of the composition primarily or principally comprises organic solvent, in particular that organic solvent constitutes at least 50%by weight, for example at least 60%by weight or at least 70%by weight, of the liquid continuous phase of the composition.
[0079] The term “heat-activatable” , as used herein to characterize the film (Fa) and the solvent-borne composition (a) from which said film is obtained by drying, equates to thermally activatable or thermally curable. It is understood to mean that the composition or film obtained therefrom have latent adhesive properties which are activated after having heated said composition or said film above a given temperature, the “activation temperature” . It is during this thermal activation stage that a film will develop its adhesive properties.
[0080] The term “film” as used herein denotes a material sample having at least two surfaces that at least generally oppose each other and are separated by the thickness of the sample. The term “film” herein may include one or more layers or lamina. Formation of samples into films may be accomplished by a variety of art disclosed techniques of which coating and casting may be mentioned as examples.
[0081] As used herein, the term "release liner" refers to a thin flexible sheet which, after being placed in intimate contact with an adhesive surface may be subsequently removed without damaging the adhesive coating. Release liners may typically have a thickness of from 20 to 500 microns, such as from 20 to 250 microns or from 20 to 200 microns. Illustrative materials of which the release liner may comprise or consist include: polyethylene; polypropylene; polyesters, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) ; cellulose acetate; polyvinylchloride; polyvinylidene fluoride; and, paper substrates coated or laminated with the aforementioned thermoplastics. For completeness, the coated papers or thermoplastic materials are often siliconized or otherwise treated with a release agent to impart improved release characteristics.
[0082] As is known in the art, release liners are typically left in place for storage and transport and only removed when a bonding operation is to be performed. The release liners thereby perform a number of functions, including preventing contamination of the composition, facilitating handling thereof, providing support thereto and providing for the conveyance of information or identifying data.
[0083] As used herein, the term “carrier” refers to a material onto which a curable film of an adhesive composition can be coated so as to stabilize the film. The carrier can add thickness to the article so as to improve handling. The carriers itself may typically have a thickness of from 20 to 500 microns, such as from 20 to 250 microns or from 20 to 200 microns. The carrier substrate differs from a release liner in that it cannot be physically removed from the curable film without deleteriously effecting the integrity of the curable film. The carrier may be flexible and may conventionally be selected from: polymeric films, such as polyester, polypropylene and polyethylene films; electrically conductive films, such as metallic films; foams; paper; cloths; and, combinations thereof. In the present disclosure, it is typical for a carrier which is disposed upon an electrochemically debondable adhesive film to be an electrically conductive film.
[0084] As used herein, the term "transfer adhesive film" references the adhesive film per se, in particular the adhesive film considered independently from: any backing, such as a release liner or carrier on which the film or layer may be disposed in an article of manufacture; and, any substrate on which the film or layer may be disposed in forming a bonded structure.
[0085] As used herein the term “electrochemically debondable” means that, after curing of the adhesive, the bond strength can be weakened by at least 50%upon application of an electrical potential of 30V for a duration of 20 minutes. The adhesive is applied between two substrates which are bonded by said adhesive so that an electric current is running through the adhesive bond line. Bond strength is measured by Tensile Lap Shear (TLS) test performed at room temperature and based upon ASTM D3163-01 Standard Test Method for Determining Strength of Adhesively Bonded Rigid Plastic Lap-Shear Joints in Shear by Tension Loading. The bond overlapping area for this determination should be 2.5 cm x 2.5 cm with a bond thickness of 150 microns.
[0086] The term “electrolyte” is used herein in accordance with its standard meaning in the art as a substance containing free ions which can conduct electricity by displacement of charged carrier species. The term is intended to encompass molten electrolytes, liquid electrolytes, semi-solid electrolytes and solid electrolytes wherein at least one of the cationic or anionic components of their electrolyte structure is essentially free for displacement, thus acting as charge carrier.
[0087] The curable film adhesive of the present invention and the curable adhesive film obtained therefrom possess "electrolyte functionality" in that the adhesive material permits the conduction of ions, either anions, cations or both. The electrolyte functionality is understood to derive from the ability of the compositions and curable adhesives to solvate ions of at least one polarity.
[0088] The term "faradaic reaction" means an electrochemical reaction in which a material is oxidized or reduced.
[0089] The term “hydroxyl number” as used herein is defined as the mass in milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the acetic acid taken up on acetylation of one gram of a chemical substance that contains free hydroxyl groups. Where stated, the hydroxyl number is analyzed in accordance with according to the standard test method ASTM D4274-11.
[0090] Unless otherwise stated, the term “particle size” refers to the largest axis of the particle. In the case of a generally spherical particle, the largest axis is the diameter.
[0091] The term “mean volume particle size” (Dv50) , as used herein, refers to a particle size corresponding to 50%of the volume of the sampled particles being greater than and 50%of the volume of the sampled particles being smaller than the recited Dv50 value. Particle size is determined herein by laser diffraction using Anton Paar Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) 1190.
[0092] As used herein, the term “monomer” refers to a substance that can undergo a polymerization reaction to contribute constitutional units to the chemical structure of a polymer. The term “monomer” herein encompasses macromonomers which, in accordance with IUPAC Gold Book are polymeric or oligomeric molecules possessing at least one reactive functional group: the macromonomer participates in a polymerization reaction and contributes a single monomer unit to the chain of the product polymer.
[0093] The term “ethylenically unsaturated monomer” as used herein, refers to any monomer containing a terminal double bond capable of polymerization under normal conditions of free-radical addition polymerization.
[0094] As used herein, " (meth) acryl" is a shorthand term referring to "acryl" and / or "methacryl" . Thus the term " (meth) acrylate" refers collectively to acrylate and methacrylate.
[0095] As used herein, "C1-Cn alkyl" group refers to a monovalent group that contains 1 to n carbons atoms, that is a radical of an alkane and includes straight-chain and branched organic groups. As such, a "C1-C4 alkyl" group refers to a monovalent group that contains from 1 to 4 carbons atoms, that is a radical of an alkane and includes straight-chain and branched organic groups. Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to: methyl; ethyl; propyl; isopropyl; n-butyl; isobutyl; sec-butyl; and, tert-butyl. In the present invention, such alkyl groups may be unsubstituted or may be substituted with one or more halogen. Where applicable for a given moiety (R) , a tolerance for one or more non-halogen substituents within an alkyl group will be noted in the specification.
[0096] The terms “alkylene group" refers to a divalent radical divalent radical derived from an alkyl group, as defined above.
[0097] The term “C1-Cn hydroxyalkyl” as used herein refers to an HO- (alkyl) group having from 1 to n carbon atoms, where the point of attachment of the substituent is through the oxygen-atom and the alkyl group is as defined above.
[0098] An “alkoxy group” refers to a monovalent group represented by -OA where A is an alkyl group: non-limiting examples thereof are a methoxy group, an ethoxy group and an iso-propyloxy group. The term "alkoxylated” as used herein means comprising at least one alkoxy group.
[0099] As used herein, “C2-C20 alkenyl” group refers to an aliphatic carbon group that contains 2 to 20 carbon atoms and at least one double bond disposed in any position. The alkenyl group can be straight chained, branched or cyclic and may optionally be substituted with one or more halogen. Where applicable for a given moiety (R) , a tolerance for one or more non-halogen substituents within an alkenyl group will be noted in the specification. The term “alkenyl” also encompasses radicals having “cis” and “trans” configurations, or alternatively, “E” and “Z” configurations, as appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art. Examples of said C2-C20 alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to: -CH═CH2; -CH═CHCH3; -CH2CH═CH2; -C (═CH2) (CH3) ; -CH═CHCH2CH3; -CH2CH═CHCH3; -CH2CH2CH═CH2; -CH═C (CH3) 2; -CH2C (═CH2) (CH3) ; -C (═CH2) CH2CH3; -C (CH3) ═CHCH3; -C (CH3) CH═CH2; -CH═CHCH2CH2CH3; -CH2CH═CHCH2CH3; -CH2CH2CH═CHCH3; -CH2CH2CH2CH═CH2; -C (═CH2) CH2CH2CH3; -C (CH3) ═CHCH2CH3; -CH (CH3) CH═CHCH; -CH (CH3) CH2CH═CH2; -CH2CH═C (CH3) 2; 1-cyclopent-1-enyl; 1-cyclopent-2-enyl; 1-cyclopent-3-enyl; 1-cyclohex-1-enyl; 1-cyclohex-2-enyl; and, 1-cyclohexyl-3-enyl.
[0100] The term “C3-C18 cycloalkyl” as used herein means a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon having from 3 to 18 carbon atoms. In the present invention, such cycloalkyl groups may be unsubstituted or may be substituted with one or more halogen. Where applicable for a given moiety (R) , a tolerance for one or more non-halogen substituents within a cycloalkyl group will be noted in the specification. Exemplary cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl groups.
[0101] As used herein, an “C6-C18 aryl” group used alone or as part of a larger moiety -as in “aralkyl group” -refers to monocyclic, bicyclic and tricyclic ring systems in which the monocyclic ring system is aromatic or at least one of the rings in a bicyclic or tricyclic ring system is aromatic. The bicyclic and tricyclic ring systems include benzofused 2-3 membered carbocyclic rings. In the present disclosure, such aryl groups may be unsubstituted or may be substituted with one or more halogen. Where applicable for a given moiety (R) , a tolerance for one or more non-halogen substituents within an aryl group will be noted in the specification. Exemplary aryl groups include: phenyl; (C1-C4) alkylphenyl, such as tolyl and ethylphenyl; indenyl; naphthalenyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, tetrahydroindenyl; tetrahydroanthracenyl; and, anthracenyl.
[0102] The term “arylene” as used herein refers to a divalent radical counterpart of an aryl group. Further, as used herein, "alkylaryl" refers to alkyl-substituted aryl groups as set forth above. Moreover, as used herein "aralkyl" means an alkyl group substituted with an aryl radical as defined above.
[0103] The term "hetero" as used herein refers to groups or moieties containing one or more heteroatoms, such as N, O, Si and S. Thus, for example "heterocyclic" refers to cyclic groups having, for example, N, O, Si or S as part of the ring structure. "Heteroalkyl" , "heterocycloalkyl" , “heteroaryl” and “heteroalkylaryl” moieties are alkyl, cycloalkyl and aryl groups as defined hereinabove, respectively, containing N, O, Si or S as part of their structure.
[0104] The term "heterocyclyl" refers to a monovalent chain of carbon and heteroatoms, wherein the heteroatoms are selected from N, O, Si or S, a portion of which, including at least one heteroatom, form a ring.
[0105] The term “substituted” refers to substitution with at least one suitable substituent. For completeness: the substituents may connect to the specified group or moiety at one or more positions; and, multiple degrees of substitution are allowed unless otherwise stated. Further, the terms “substitution” or “substituted with” include the implicit proviso that such substitution is in accordance with permitted valence of the substituted atom and the substituent, and that the substitution results in a stable compound that does not spontaneously undergo transformation by, for instance, rearrangement, cyclization or elimination.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0106] The present disclosure provides a water-borne, heat-activatable adhesive composition (a) comprising: water; a1) at least one first polyurethane polymer having at least one active hydrogen group and comprising at least one residue chosen from residues of the structural units (I) , (II) and (III) described below; a2) at least one second polyurethane polymer which is distinct from said first polyurethane polymer, said second polyurethane polymer having at least one active hydrogen group; a3) at least one surface-deactivated solid polyisocyanate compound; a4) non-polymerizable electrolyte; and, optionally a5) rheology control agent.
[0107] In forming the above-described composition (a) , one or more of the substituents (a1) to (a5) may be provided in water, such as a dispersion or solution in water. It is also considered that water may be added to an admixture of two or more substituents chosen from substituents (a1) to (a5) independently of whether said substituents were initially provided in water or not. The amount of water introduced with a given substituent, with a given mixture of substituents and / or as a diluent after admixing all substituents will be moderated to achieve the desired viscosity and solids content of the composition (a) .
[0108] a1) First Polyurethane Polymer
[0109] The composition (a) comprises: a1) at least one first polyurethane polymer (FPU) . The composition (a) may comprise, based on the total weight of the composition, from 20 to 50 wt. %of a1) said at least one polyurethane polymer (FPU) . It is preferred that said composition comprises from 20 to 40 wt. %or from 25 to 40 wt. %of a1) said at least one first polyurethane polymer, based on the total weight of the composition a) .
[0110] The or each first polyurethane polymer (FPU) of the present disclosure has at least one pendant active hydrogen group which is reactive with isocyanate groups (-N=C=O) . Examples of reactive functional active hydrogen groups include hydroxyl, amino, carboxyl, amide and thiol (-SH) groups. One or more of such reactive functional groups may be pendant on the first polyurethane polymer. It is however preferred that the first polyurethane polymer has at least one pendant hydroxyl group. It is preferred that the weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the first polyurethane polymer (FPU) is at least 2,000 g / mol. The weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the first polyurethane polymer (FPU) may, in certain embodiments, be from 5000 to 250000 g / mol., for example from 5000 to 200000 g / mol.
[0111] The first PU polymer (s) of the present disclosure may be obtained from the reaction of: i) at least one polyol having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of at least 500 g / mol. ; ii) at least one polyol having a number average molecular weight of less than 500 g / mol. and which either possesses an ionic group or is capable of forming an ionic group; iii) optionally further active hydrogen compounds; and, iv) at least one polyisocyanate compound. The term “polyol” as used herein refers to a compound carrying two or more hydroxyl groups.
[0112] The equivalence of active hydrogen atoms to -N=C=O groups of the aforementioned reactants should be chosen to ensure that no free -N=C=O groups are present in the first polyurethane polymer. Typically a stoichiometric excess of hydroxyl groups to isocyanate functional groups may be used in this reaction: for example, the molar ratio of hydroxyl groups to isocyanate functional groups may be from 1.1: 1 to 3: 1, from 1.1: 1 to 1.5: 1 or from 1.1: 1 to 2: 1. In various non-limiting embodiments, all values and ranges of values, both whole and fractional, including and between those set forth above are expressly contemplated for use herein.
[0113] An important feature of the first polyurethane polymer (FPU) obtained by the aforementioned reaction is that reactant i) comprises at least one polyol which has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of at least 500 daltons and which further has one or more structural units chosen from structural units of formulae (I) to (III) :-CH (OH) -CH2-X1-Y (I)-CH (OH) -CH2-X2-CH2-CH (OH) - (II)-CH (OH) -CH2-X1-Y1-X3-CH2-CH (OH) - (III)
[0114] wherein: X1 represents -OC (=O) -, -S-, -NR1-, -OP (=O) (OR1) -O-, -OP (=O) (R1) -O-, -OP (=O) (R1) -, -O-P (OR1) -O-, -O-P (R1) -O-or -O-P (R1) -;
[0115] X2 represents -NR1-, -OP (=O) (OR1) -O-, -OP (=O) (R1) -O-, -O-P (OR1) -O-or -O-P (R1) -O-;
[0116] X3 represents -C (=O) O-, -S-, -NR1-, -OP (=O) (OR1) -O-, -OP (=O) (R1) -O-, -P (=O) (R1) -O-, -O-P (OR1) -O-, -O-P (R1) -O-; -P (R1) -O-;
[0117] in which groups each R1 independently represents H or a C1-C20 organic group;
[0118] Y is H or a C1-C30 monovalent organic group or H; and,
[0119] Y1 is a C1-C30 divalent organic group, with a proviso that Y1 is not -CH2-CH (OH) -.
[0120] The polyol comprising one or more structural units selected from formulae (I) to (III) is referred to as polyol POHA in the context of the present application. In certain embodiments said polyol POHA can contain from 1 to 10 structural units, for instance from 1 to 5 structural units which are each chosen from structural units of Formulae (I) to (III) . In various non-limiting embodiments, all values and ranges of value, including and between those set forth above are expressly contemplated for use herein.
[0121] Independently of, or additional to the number of said structural units, it is preferred that the polyol (POHA) has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of from 500 to 5000 g / mol., for example from 500 to 5000 g / mol., of from 1000 to 3000 g / mol. In various non-limiting embodiments, all values and ranges of value, including and between those set forth above are expressly contemplated for use herein.
[0122] Preferably, R1 in formulae (I) to (III) each independently represents: H; an aliphatic group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; an alicyclic group having from 3 to 20 carbon atoms; or, an aromatic group having from 6 to 20 carbon atoms, in which one or more carbon atoms of R1 can optionally be replaced with heteroatoms such as Si, O, N, P or S. Optionally, R1 can be a bridge group between two X1s, between two X2s, or between an X1 and an X2. More preferably, R1 in formulae (I) to (III) each independently represents: H; an aliphatic group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms; an alicyclic group having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms; or, an aromatic group having from 6 to 10 carbon atoms. For example, R1 can be methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, phenylmethyl or phenylethyl, or their divalent forms, or H.
[0123] Preferably, Y in formula (I) represents: H; an aliphatic group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; an alicyclic group having from 3 to 20 carbon atoms; an aromatic group having from 6 to 20 carbon atoms, in which one or more carbon atoms of Y can optionally be replaced with heteroatoms such as Si, O, N, P or S. For example, Y can be H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, phenylmethyl, phenylethyl, or -C1-C6 alkylene-Si (O-alkyl) n (alkyl) 3-n, in which n=0, 1, 2 or 3.
[0124] Preferably, Y1 in formula (III) represents a divalent form of the group Y, for example: a divalent aliphatic group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; a divalent alicyclic group having from 3 to 20 carbon atoms; or, a divalent aromatic group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, in which one or more carbon atoms of Y1 can optionally be replaced with heteroatoms such as Si, O, N, P or S. For example, Y1 can be methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene, hexylene, cyclohexylene, phenylene, phenylmethylene or phenylethylene.
[0125] Exemplary structural units of formulae (I) to (III) include:
[0126] -CH (OH) -CH2-S-C1-C6alkylene-Si (O-C1-C6-alkyl) n (C1-C6-alkyl) 3-n, n=0, 1, 2, or 3;
[0127] -CH (OH) -CH2-NR1-C1-C6alkylene-NH2;
[0128] -CH (OH) -CH2-NR1-C1-C6alkylene-NR1-CH2-CH (OH) -;
[0129] -CH (OH) -CH2-O-P (=O) (OH) 2;
[0130] -CH (OH) -CH2-NR1-CH2-CH (OH) -;
[0131] -CH (OH) -CH2-O-P (=O) (OH) -O-CH2-CH (OH) -; or,
[0132] in which each R1 independently is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl or hexyl or their divalent forms, or H.
[0133] POHA can itself be obtained by reacting a mono-or poly-functional epoxy resin (ER) with a nucleophilic or electrophilic compound having one or more active hydrogen atoms. It is preferred that the reactant epoxy resin is polyfunctional, in particular difunctional. In structural units of formulae (I) to (III) , the groups Y, Y1, X1, X2 and X3 , where applicable, are derived from the nucleophilic or electrophilic compound, the groups -CH (OH) -CH2-and -CH2-CH (OH) -are derived from the epoxy resin (ER) .
[0134] The epoxy resin (ER) can be any known epoxy resins in the art, including, but not limited to: aliphatic epoxy resins; alicyclic epoxy resins; aromatic epoxy resins; or, mixtures thereof. Examples of epoxy resins (ER) include, but not limited to: diglycidyl ethers of dihydric phenols and dihydric alcohols, such as diglycidyl ethers of aliphatic and cycloaliphatic diols, such as 1, 2-ethanediol, 1, 4-butanediol, 1, 6-hexanediol, 1, 8-octanediol, 1, 12–dodecanediol, cyclopentane diol and cyclohexane diol; bisphenol A based diglycidylethers (bisphenol A epoxy resins) ; bisphenol F diglycidyl ethers (bisphenol F epoxy resins) ; polyalkyleneglycol based diglycidyl ethers, in particular polypropyleneglycol diglycidyl ethers; and, polycarbonatediol based glycidyl ethers.
[0135] The epoxy resins (ER) useful herein may typically have an epoxy equivalent weight (EEW) of 100 to 700 g / eq., for example from 150 to 600 g / eq. or from 200 to 500 g / eq., as determined according to ISO 3001: 1999. Independently of or additional to this epoxy equivalent weight condition, the epoxy resins (ER) may typically have a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of from 250 to 5000 g / mol., for example from 300 to 3000 g / mol. or from 500 to 2000 g / mol. In various non-limiting embodiments, all values and ranges of value, including and between those set forth above are expressly contemplated for use herein.
[0136] For completeness, exemplary commercially available epoxy resins (ER) having utility herein include, but are not limited to: epoxy resin E-54, E-51, E-44, E-42, E-31 and E-20, available from Blue Star New Chemical Material Co., Ltd.
[0137] In the aforementioned POHA synthesis reaction, the nucleophilic or electrophilic compound having one or more active hydrogen atom may typically be a compound having pendant -COOH, -OH, -NH2, -NHR or -SH groups, or organic / inorganic acids containing heteroatom such as N, S or P. For example, the nucleophilic or electrophilic compound may be chosen from: monocarboxylic acids; dicarboxylic acids; phosphorus-containing organic or inorganic acids, such as phosphoric acid, phosphonic acid, phosphinic acid, phosphorous acid, phosphonous acid or phosphinous acid; primary or secondary amines; and, compounds containing at least one -SH group.
[0138] Addition reactions between the epoxy resin (ER) and said nucleophilic or electrophilic compound are known in the art, and can proceed, for example, as shown below:
[0139] In certain embodiments, the polyol POHA constitutes from 0.1 to 20 wt. %, preferably from 1 to 10 wt. %of the total weight of hydroxyl functional reactants from which the first polyurethane polymer (FPU) is obtained. Independently of or additional to this weight percentage condition, reactant i) from which the first polyurethane polymer (FPU) polymer may be obtained may consist of said polyol POHA or consist essentially of said polyol POHA. In certain embodiments, however, reactant i) may comprise said polyol POHA and one or more further polyols different from the polyol POHA.
[0140] The further polyols of reactant i) are referred to hereinafter as polyol POHB. The polyol POHB differs from the polyol POHA in that the polyol POHB does not contain the structural unit of Formula (I) , Formula (II) or Formula (III) . Typically the polyol POHB having utility herein may have a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of from 500 to 5000 g / mol., for example from 500 to 2500 g / mol or from 500 to 2000 g / mol. In various non-limiting embodiments, all values and ranges of value, including and between those set forth above are expressly contemplated for use herein.
[0141] Examples of the polyol POHB include: polycarbonate polyols; polyester polyols; polyether polyols; or, mixtures thereof. Preferably, the polyol POHB is selected from polycarbonate polyols, polyester polyols or mixtures thereof. More preferably, the polyol POHB is selected from polycarbonate polyols or mixtures thereof. In this regard, a preference may be mentioned for reactant i) to comprise said polyol POHA and at least one polycarbonate polyol.
[0142] Suitable polycarbonate polyols having utility as polyol POHB may be produced by reacting a carbonate compound with a diol. Examples of the reactant carbonate compound include dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, diphenyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, diethylene carbonate and the like. Examples of the reactant diol include: an aliphatic diol; an alicyclic diol such as cyclohexanediol or a hydrogenated xylene glycol; and, an aromatic diol such as xylylene glycol. Among these diols, preferred is an aliphatic diol, and more preferred is an aliphatic diol having a carbon chain length of not less than 4 and not more than 9. Mention in this regard may be made of: 1, 4-butanediol; 3-methyl-1, 5-pentanediol; 1, 6-hexanediol; heptanediol; octanediol; and, nonanediol.
[0143] For completeness, commercially available polycarbonate polyols having utility as said polyol POHB include, but not limited to: DURANOL T4672, DURANOL T4671, DURANOL T4692, DURANOL T4691, DURANOL G3450J, DURANOL G3452, available from Asahi KASEI.
[0144] Suitable polyester polyols having utility as polyol POHB may be produced by subjecting a low-molecular diol and a dicarboxylic acid to condensation reaction. Examples of the low-molecular diol include diols having not less than 2 and not more than 6 carbon atoms, such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol and 1, 4-butanediol. Among these low-molecular diols, preferred are ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1, 4-butanediol and the like. Examples of the dicarboxylic acid include: aliphatic dibasic acids, such as succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid and brassylic acid; and, aromatic dibasic acids, such as isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid and naphthalene dicarboxylic acid. Amongst these dicarboxylic acids, preferred are aliphatic dibasic acids, and more preferred are dibasic acids having a methylene chain length of not less than 4 and not more than 8, such as adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid and sebacic acid.
[0145] Commercially available polyester polyols having utility for preparing the first polyurethane polymer (FPU) of the present invention include, but not limited to: Dynacoll 7000, Dynacoll 7380, Dynacoll 7360, Dynacoll 7250, available from Evonik.
[0146] Suitable polyether polyols having utility as polyol POHB may be prepared by the reaction of suitable starting compounds which contain reactive hydrogen atoms with alkylene oxides such as, for example, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, styrene oxide, tetrahydrofuran, epichlorohydrin, and mixtures thereof. Suitable starting compounds containing reactive hydrogen atoms include compounds such as, for example, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, hexanediol, octanediol, neopentyl glycol, cyclohexanedimethanol, 2-methyl-1, 3-propanediol, 2, 2, 4-trimethyl-1, 3-pentanediol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, dibutylene glycol, polybutylene glycol, glycerine, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, water, methanol, ethanol, 1, 2, 6-hexane triol, 1, 2, 4-butane triol, trimethylolethane, mannitol, sorbitol, methyl glycoside, sucrose, phenol, resorcinol, hydroquinone and 1, 1, 1-or 1, 1, 2-tris- (hydroxyphenyl) -ethane.
[0147] Commercially available polyether polyols for example can be used in preparing the first polyurethane polymer (FPU) of the present invention. Examples thereof include, but are not limited to: Voranol P400, Voranol 2120 and Voranol 2110, available from Dow.
[0148] Polyols ii) having a number average molecular weight of less than 500 g / mol. and which either possess an ionic group or are capable of forming an ionic group serve to incorporate said ionic group into the first polyurethane polymer (FPU) via the addition reaction with iv) said polyisocyanate reactant (s) : the ionic group improves the dispersion stability of the PU polymer in an aqueous medium and thereby the storage stability of the aqueous dispersion.
[0149] Exemplary ionic polyols ii) include: dihydroxystearic acid; dialkanol di-C1-C5-alkanol C1-C10-carboxylic acids, such as 1, 2-dimethylol acetic acid, dimethylol butanoic acid, dimethylol propionic acid, 2, 2-dimethylolbutanoic acid, 2, 2-dimethylolpentanoic acid, 2, 2-dimethylolhexanoic acid, 2, 2-dimethyloloctanoic acid, di (hydroxyethyl) acetic acid, di (hydroxyethyl) propionic acid, di (hydroxyethyl) butanoic acid, di (hydroxypropyl) acetic acid, di (hydroxypropyl) propionic acid, di (hydroxypropyl) butanoic acid; salts of the aforementioned acids; and, polyols containing sulfonate groups, such as the propoxylated adduct of sodium hydrogen sulfite and 2-butenediol or the polyesters synthesized from salts of sulfoisophthalic acid.
[0150] As noted above, the reactants for the derivation of the first polyurethane polymer (FPU) may optionally include iii) further active hydrogen compounds not corresponding to the aforementioned polyols (i) , ii) . Such further active hydrogen compounds may be classified as for instance: chain extending compounds which possess at least two active hydrogen atoms and of which examples include polyamines and polyols; and, chain terminating compounds which possess one active hydrogen atom of which examples include monoalcohols and monoamines.
[0151] Exemplary chain extending compounds having pendant hydroxyl groups include but are not limited to: aliphatic glycols such as ethylene glycol, 1, 2-propanediol, 1, 3-propanediol, 1, 3-butanediol, 1, 4-butanediol, 1, 5-pentanediol, 1, 6-hexanediol and neopentyl glycol; low molecular weight (C1-C4) alkylene oxide adducts of said aliphatic glycols, such as diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, and dipropylene glycol; alicyclic glycols; aromatic glycols; bisphenols; and, alkyldialkanolamines.
[0152] Exemplary chain extending compounds having pendant amine groups include but are not limited to: aliphatic diamine compounds, such as ethylene diamine, trimethylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine and octamethylenediamine; aromatic diamine compounds, such as phenylenediamine, 3, 3’-dichloro-4, 4’-diaminodiphenylmethane, 4, 4’-methylenebis (phenylamine) , 4, 4’-diaminodiphenyl ether and 4, 4’-diaminodiphenyl sulfone; alicyclic diamine compounds, such as cyclopentanediamine, cyclohexyldiamine, 4, 4-diaminodicyclohexylmethane, 1, 4-diaminocyclohexane, 1, 3-bisaminomethylcyclohexane, isophorone diamine; and, hydrazines, such as hydrazine, carbodihydrazide, adipic acid dihydrazide, sebacic acid dihydrazide and phthalic acid dihydrazide.
[0153] As noted above, the reactants for the derivation of the first polyurethane polymer (FPU) include: iv) at least one polyisocyanate compound. As used herein "polyisocyanate compound" means a compound comprising at least two -N=C=O functional groups. The polyisocyanates suitable for the derivation of the (hydroxyl functional) thermoplastic polyurethane means a compound comprising at least two -N=C=O functional groups, for example from 2 to 5 or from 2 to 4 -N=C=O functional groups. Suitable polyisocyanates include aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic and heterocyclic isocyanates, dimers and trimers thereof, and mixtures thereof.
[0154] Aliphatic and cycloaliphatic polyisocyanates can comprise from 6 to 100 carbon atoms linked in a straight chain or cyclized and having at least two isocyanate reactive groups. Examples of suitable aliphatic isocyanates include straight chain isocyanates such as ethylene diisocyanate, trimethylene diisocyanate, tetramethylene diisocyanate, 1, 6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) , octamethylene diisocyanate, nonamethylene diisocyanate, decamethylene diisocyanate, triisocyanatenonane, 1, 6, 11-undecanetriisocyanate, 1, 3, 6-hexamethylene triisocyanate, bis (isocyanatoethyl) -carbonate, and bis (isocyanatoethyl) ether. Exemplary cycloaliphatic polyisocyanates include dicyclohexylmethane 4, 4′-diisocyanate (H12MDI) , 1-isocyanatomethyl-3-isocyanato-1, 5, 5-trimethyl-cyclohexane (isophorone diisocyanate, IPDI) , cyclohexane 1, 4-diisocyanate, hydrogenated xylylene diisocyanate (H6XDI) , 1-methyl-2, 4-diisocyanato-cyclohexane, m-or p-tetramethylxylene diisocyanate (m-TMXDI, p-TMXDI) and dimer fatty acid diisocyanate.
[0155] The term “aromatic polyisocyanate” is used herein to describe organic isocyanates in which the isocyanate groups are directly attached to the ring (s) of a mono-or polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon group. In turn the mono-or polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon group means an essentially planar cyclic hydrocarbon moiety of conjugated double bonds, which may be a single ring or may include multiple condensed (fused) or covalently linked rings. The term aromatic also includes alkylaryl. Typically, the hydrocarbon (main) chain includes 5, 6, 7 or 8 main chain atoms in one cycle. Examples of such planar cyclic hydrocarbon moieties include cyclopentadienyl, phenyl, napthalenyl-,
[0010] annulenyl- (1, 3, 5, 7, 9-cyclodecapentaenyl-) ,
[0012] annulenyl-, [8] annulenyl-, phenalene (perinaphthene) , 1, 9-dihydropyrene, chrysene (1, 2-benzophenanthrene) . Examples of alkylaryl moieties are benzyl, phenethyl, 1-phenylpropyl, 2-phenylpropyl, 3-phenylpropyl, 1-naphthylpropyl, 2-naphthylpropyl, 3-naphthylpropyl and 3-naphthylbutyl.
[0156] Exemplary aromatic polyisocyanates include: all isomers of toluene diisocyanate (TDI) , either in the isomerically pure form or as a mixture of several isomers; naphthalene 1, 5-diisocyanate; diphenylmethane 4, 4′-diisocyanate (MDI) ; diphenylmethane 2, 4′-diisocyanate and mixtures of diphenylmethane 4, 4′-diisocyanate with the 2, 4′isomer or mixtures thereof with oligomers of higher functionality (so-called crude MDI) ; xylylene diisocyanate (XDI) ; diphenyl-dimethylmethane 4, 4′-diisocyanate; di-and tetraalkyl-diphenylmethane diisocyanates; dibenzyl 4, 4′-diisocyanate; phenylene 1, 3-diisocyanate; phenylene 1, 4-diisocyanate; triphenylmethane triisocyanate, 1, 3, 5-benzene triisocyanate; and, 2, 4, 6-toluene triisocyanate.
[0157] The polyisocyanates, where required, may have been biuretized, allophanated and / or isocyanurated by generally known methods, such as described in UK Patent No. 889, 050. In use, such derivatives may be substantially free of the parent diisocyanate: the derivatives may have been separated from any excess parent diisocyanate by conventional means, including but not limited to distillation.
[0158] As described above, the constituent a1) said at least one first polyurethane polymer (FPU) may be added to the composition (a) as a dispersion in water. In the alternative, at least a part of constituent a1) may be added in solid form, which solid form may be derived from an aqueous dispersion of the first polyurethane polymer (s) (FPU) . Any removal of water from such an aqueous dispersion, by evaporation for instance, should not trigger the chemical reaction or decomposition of said first polyurethane polymer (s) (FPU) .
[0159] To facilitate its inclusion in the compositions of the present disclosure, the or each polyurethane polymer (FPU) may have a particulate form exemplified by a particle size distribution having a mean volume particle size (dv50) of less than 1 micron, for instance of from 50 to 400 nm, as measured by laser diffraction.
[0160] a2) Second Polyurethane Polymer
[0161] The composition (a) comprises: a2) at least one second polyurethane polymer (SPU) . The composition (a) may comprise, based on the total weight of the composition, from 30 to 60 wt. %of a2) said at least one second polyurethane polymer (SPU) . It is preferred that said composition comprises from 30 to 55 wt. %or from 30 to 50 wt. %of a2) said least one second polyurethane polymer (SPU) based on the total weight of the composition a) .
[0162] In an alternative expression of composition, which is not intended to be mutually exclusive of that given above, the ratio by weight on a solids basis of substituent a1) to substituent a2 in the composition (a) is preferably from 25: 75 to 60: 40, for example from 30: 70 to 55: 45 or from 35: 65 to 50: 40.
[0163] The second polyurethane polymer (SPU) polymer of the present invention can be any conventional polyurethane polymer other than the first PU polymer, as long as the second polyurethane polymer (SPU) has at least one pendant active hydrogen group which is reactive with isocyanate groups (-N=C=O) . Examples of reactive active hydrogen groups include hydroxyl, amino, carboxyl, amide and thiol (-SH) groups. In important embodiments, the second polyurethane polymer has at least one pendant hydroxyl group.
[0164] In preferred embodiments of the present disclosure, the weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the second polyurethane polymer (SPU) is at least 2000 g / mol. For example, the weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the second polyurethane polymer (SPU) may be from 5000 to 250000 g / mol. or from 20000 to 200000 g / mol.
[0165] The second polyurethane polymer (SPU) of the present disclosure may be obtained from the reaction of: si) at least one polyol having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of at least 500 g / mol. ; sii) at least one polyol having a number average molecular weight of less than 500 g / mol. and which either possesses an ionic group or is capable of forming an ionic group; siii) optionally further active hydrogen compounds; and, siv) at least one polyisocyanate compound.
[0166] The equivalence of active hydrogen atoms to -N=C=O groups of the aforementioned reactants should be chosen to ensure that no free -N=C=O groups are present in the polyurethane. Typically a stoichiometric excess of hydroxyl groups to isocyanate functional groups may be used. For example, the molar ratio of hydroxyl groups to isocyanate functional groups may be from 1.1: 1 to 3: 1, from 1.1: 1 to 1.5: 1 or from 1.1: 1 to 2: 1. In various non-limiting embodiments, all values and ranges of values, both whole and fractional, including and between those set forth above are expressly contemplated for use herein.
[0167] The second polyurethane polymer (SPU) differs from the first polyurethane polymer (FPU) polymer in that the second polyurethane polymer (SPU) is not prepared using the polyol POHA: more particularly, polyol POHA is not part of reactant si) . Rather, the second polyurethane polymer (SPU) is prepared using at least one polyol POHB as said reactant si) .
[0168] Typically the polyol POHB having utility herein may have a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of from 500 to 5000 g / mol., for example from 500 to 2500 g / mol or from 500 to 2000 g / mol. In various non-limiting embodiments, all values and ranges of value, including and between those set forth above are expressly contemplated for use herein.
[0169] Examples of the polyol POHB include: polycarbonate polyols; polyester polyols; polyether polyols; or, mixtures thereof. Preferably, the polyol POHB is selected from polycarbonate polyols, polyester polyols or mixtures thereof. More preferably, the polyol POHB is selected from polycarbonate polyols or mixtures thereof.
[0170] Suitable polycarbonate polyols having utility as polyol POHB may be produced by reacting a carbonate compound with a diol. Examples of the reactant carbonate compound include dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, diphenyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, diethylene carbonate and the like. Examples of the reactant diol include: an aliphatic diol; an alicyclic diol such as cyclohexanediol or a hydrogenated xylene glycol; and, an aromatic diol such as xylylene glycol. Among these diols, preferred is an aliphatic diol, and more preferred is an aliphatic diol having a carbon chain length of not less than 4 and not more than 9. Mention in this regard may be made of: 1, 4-butanediol; 3-methyl-1, 5-pentanediol; 1, 6-hexanediol; heptanediol; octanediol; and, nonanediol.
[0171] For completeness, commercially available polycarbonate polyols having utility as said polyol POHB include, but not limited to: DURANOL T4672, DURANOL T4671, DURANOL T4692, DURANOL T4691, DURANOL G3450J, DURANOL G3452, available from Asahi KASEI.
[0172] Suitable polyester polyols having utility as polyol POHB may be produced by subjecting a low-molecular diol and a dicarboxylic acid to condensation reaction. Examples of the low-molecular diol include diols having not less than 2 and not more than 6 carbon atoms, such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol and 1, 4-butanediol. Among these low-molecular diols, preferred are ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1, 4-butanediol and the like. Examples of the dicarboxylic acid include: aliphatic dibasic acids, such as succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid and brassylic acid; and, aromatic dibasic acids, such as isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid and naphthalene dicarboxylic acid. Amongst these dicarboxylic acids, preferred are aliphatic dibasic acids, and more preferred are dibasic acids having a methylene chain length of not less than 4 and not more than 8, such as adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid and sebacic acid.
[0173] Commercially available polyester polyols having utility for preparing the second polyurethane polymer (SPU) of the present invention include, but not limited to: Dynacoll 7000, Dynacoll 7380, Dynacoll 7360, Dynacoll 7250, available from Evonik.
[0174] Suitable polyether polyols having utility as polyol POHB may be prepared by the reaction of suitable starting compounds which contain reactive hydrogen atoms with alkylene oxides such as, for example, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, styrene oxide, tetrahydrofuran, epichlorohydrin, and mixtures thereof. Suitable starting compounds containing reactive hydrogen atoms include compounds such as, for example, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, hexanediol, octanediol, neopentyl glycol, cyclohexanedimethanol, 2-methyl-1, 3-propanediol, 2, 2, 4-trimethyl-1, 3-pentanediol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, dibutylene glycol, polybutylene glycol, glycerine, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, water, methanol, ethanol, 1, 2, 6-hexane triol, 1, 2, 4-butane triol, trimethylolethane, mannitol, sorbitol, methyl glycoside, sucrose, phenol, resorcinol, hydroquinone and 1, 1, 1-or 1, 1, 2-tris- (hydroxyphenyl) -ethane.
[0175] Commercially available polyether polyols for example can be used in preparing the second polyurethane polymer (SPU) of the present invention. Examples thereof include, but are not limited to: Voranol P400, Voranol 2120 and Voranol 2110, available from Dow.
[0176] Polyols sii) having a number average molecular weight of less than 500 g / mol. and which either possess an ionic group or are capable of forming an ionic group serve to incorporate said ionic group into the second polyurethane polymer (SPU) via the addition reaction with siv) said polyisocyanate reactant (s) : the ionic group improves the dispersion stability of the polyurethane polymer in an aqueous medium and thereby the storage stability of the aqueous dispersion.
[0177] Exemplary ionic polyols sii) include: dihydroxystearic acid; dialkanol di-C1-C5-alkanol C1-C10-carboxylic acids, such as 1, 2-dimethylol acetic acid, dimethylol butanoic acid, dimethylol propionic acid, 2, 2-dimethylolbutanoic acid, 2, 2-dimethylolpentanoic acid, 2, 2-dimethylolhexanoic acid, 2, 2-dimethyloloctanoic acid, di (hydroxyethyl) acetic acid, di (hydroxyethyl) propionic acid, di (hydroxyethyl) butanoic acid, di (hydroxypropyl) acetic acid, di (hydroxypropyl) propionic acid, di (hydroxypropyl) butanoic acid; salts of the aforementioned acids; and, polyols containing sulfonate groups, such as the propoxylated adduct of sodium hydrogen sulfite and 2-butenediol or the polyesters synthesized from salts of sulfoisophthalic acid.
[0178] As noted above, the reactants for the derivation of second polyurethane polymer (SPU) polymers may optionally include siii) further active hydrogen compounds not corresponding to the aforementioned polyols (si) , sii) . Such further active hydrogen compounds may be classified as for instance: chain extending compounds which possess at least two active hydrogen atoms and of which examples include polyamines and polyols; and, chain terminating compounds which possess one active hydrogen atom of which examples include monoalcohols and monoamines.
[0179] Exemplary chain extending compounds having pendant hydroxyl groups include but are not limited to: aliphatic glycols such as ethylene glycol, 1, 2-propanediol, 1, 3-propanediol, 1, 3-butanediol, 1, 4-butanediol, 1, 5-pentanediol, 1, 6-hexanediol and neopentyl glycol; low molecular weight (C1-C4) alkylene oxide adducts of said aliphatic glycols, such as diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, and dipropylene glycol; alicyclic glycols; aromatic glycols; bisphenols; and, alkyldialkanolamines.
[0180] Exemplary chain extending compounds having pendant amine groups include but are not limited to: aliphatic diamine compounds, such as ethylene diamine, trimethylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine and octamethylenediamine; aromatic diamine compounds, such as phenylenediamine, 3, 3’-dichloro-4, 4’-diaminodiphenylmethane, 4, 4’-methylenebis (phenylamine) , 4, 4’-diaminodiphenyl ether and 4, 4’-diaminodiphenyl sulfone; alicyclic diamine compounds, such as cyclopentanediamine, cyclohexyldiamine, 4, 4-diaminodicyclohexylmethane, 1, 4-diaminocyclohexane, 1, 3-bisaminomethylcyclohexane, isophorone diamine; and, hydrazines, such as hydrazine, carbodihydrazide, adipic acid dihydrazide, sebacic acid dihydrazide and phthalic acid dihydrazide.
[0181] As noted above, the reactants for the derivation of the second polyurethane polymer (s) (SPU) include: siv) at least one polyisocyanate compound. The polyisocyanates suitable for the derivation of the polyurethane polymer have at least two -N=C=O functional groups, for example from 2 to 5 or from 2 to 4 -N=C=O functional groups. Suitable polyisocyanates include aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic and heterocyclic isocyanates, dimers and trimers thereof, and mixtures thereof. The exemplary polyisocyanate compounds mentioned above with regard to the synthesis of the first polyurethane polymer (FPU) similarly have utility in the synthesis of the second polyurethane polymer: for the sake of brevity the associated description has not been repeated here.
[0182] As described above, the constituent a2) said at least one second polyurethane polymer (SPU) may be added to the composition (a) as a dispersion in water. In the alternative, at least a part of constituent a1) may be added in solid form, which solid form may be derived from an aqueous suspension of the second polyurethane polymer (s) (SPU) . Any removal of water from such an aqueous suspension, by evaporation for instance, should not trigger the chemical reaction or decomposition of said second polyurethane polymer (s) (SPU) .
[0183] To facilitate its inclusion in the compositions of the present disclosure, the or each second polyurethane polymer (SPU) may have a particulate form exemplified by a particle size distribution having a mean volume particle size (dv50) of less than 1 micron, for instance of from 50 to 400 nm, as measured by laser diffraction.
[0184] For completeness, the second polyurethane polymer (SPU) of the present disclosure can be derived from one or more commercially available aqueous polyurethane dispersions, examples of which include: Adwel 1676, Adwel 1665A, Adwel 1663, Adwel 1630C, available from Wanhua Chemistry; ESACOTE PU 6419 and ESACOTEPU A32D, available from Lamberti; NH-102U, available from Sam Myung Bio Chem Co., Ltd; ESACOTEPU A32D, available from DSM; and, DISPERCOLL U XP 2682, DISPERCOLL U XP 2612, DISPERCOLL U XP 2643, DISPERCOLL U XP 2849, DISPERCOLL U 2824 XP, DISPERCOLL U 53, DISPERCOLL U 56, available from COVESTRO.
[0185] (a3) Polyisocyanate
[0186] According to the present disclosure, the water-borne, heat-activatable adhesive composition (a) comprises: a3) at least one surface-deactivated solid polyisocyanate compound.
[0187] The term “surface-deactivated” means that reactive -N=C=O groups on the particle surface are blocked with one or more blocking agents. The term “solid polyisocyanate” used herein means that the polyisocyanate is in solid form at room temperature. It is preferred that said solid polyisocyanate is in particulate form, desirably having an mean volume particle size (Dv50) , as determined by laser diffraction of from 0.001 to 100 μm, for example from 0.1 to 80 μm, from 1 to 50 μm or from 1 to 20 μm.
[0188] The substituent a3) is included in such an amount to satisfy the condition that the molar ratio of -N=C=O groups to active hydrogen atoms in the composition (a) is from 0.1: 1 to 10: 1, for instance from 0.1 to 8: 1. The molar ratio of -N=C=O to active hydrogen atoms may, for example, be from 0.5: 1 to 5: 1 or from 0.5: 1 to 3: 1. For surety, the term “-N=C=O groups” includes blocked -N=C=O groups which are therefore included in the molar ratio term.
[0189] Under the condition that the above molar ratio condition is satisfied, the weight percentage of substituent a3) said polyisocyanate compound (s) in the composition is not particularly limited. However, in certain embodiments, the water-borne, heat-activatable adhesive composition (a) may comprise, based on the total weight of said composition (a) , from 0.05 to 10 wt. %, for example from 0.5 to 5 wt. %or from 1 to 5 wt. %of a3) said at least one surface-deactivated solid polyisocyanate compound.
[0190] The surface-deactivated solid polyisocyanate can be prepared according to known methods in the art. Instructive methods are described in US Patent No. 6, 348, 548 B1 and US Patent Application Publication No. 2003 / 0119976A1, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by its entirety. Without intention to limit the present disclosure, the surface-deactivated solid polyisocyanate is obtainable from a precursor solid polyisocyanate by: dispersing said solid polyisocyanate in a solution of blocking agent; or, adding blocking agent or a solution thereof to said solid polyisocyanate and forming a dispersion from this admixture.
[0191] Typically the blocking agent may be chosen from: primary and secondary aliphatic amines, diamines or polyamines; hydrazine derivatives; amidines; guanidines; and, mixtures thereof. Exemplary blocking agents, which may be used alone or in combination, include: ethylene diamine; 1, 3-propylene-diamine; diethylene triamine; triethylene tetramine; 2, 5-dimethyl-piperazine; 3, 3'-dimethyl-4, 4'-diamino dicyloheyl methane; methyl nonane-diamine; isophorone diamine; 4, 4'-diaminodicyclohexyl methane; diamino and triamino polypropylene ether; and, polyamido amine.
[0192] Suitable precursor polyisocyanate compounds, to be deactivated, should be solid at room temperature and possess active -N=C=O functional groups on their surface which can react with active hydrogen groups to form crosslinking linkages. The precursor polyisocyanate compounds may comprise from 2 to 5 or from 2 to 4 -N=C=O functional groups. In an alternative expression, which is not mutually exclusive of the -N=C=O functionality, the precursor polyisocyanate compound may be characterized by an -N=C=O content of from 15 to 40 wt. %, for example from 20 to 35 wt. %, based on the weight of said polyisocyanate and as determined according to the testing method of M105-ISO 11909.
[0193] Typically said precursor polyisocyanates should have a melting point of at least 40℃, for instance at least 50℃, at least 60℃ or at least 70℃. Such precursor polyisocyanates may be aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic and heterocyclic polyisocyanate compounds, dimers and trimers thereof, and mixtures thereof. Specific examples thereof include, but are not limited to: diphenyl methane-4, 4'-diisocyanate (4, 4'-MDI) ; dimeric 4, 4'-MDI; napthalene-1, 5-diisocyanate (NDI) ; 1, 4-phenylene diisocyanate; toluene-2, 4-diisocyanate (2, 4-TDI) ; 3, 3'-dimeythyl-biphenyl-4, 4'-diisocyanate (TODI) ; dimeric 1-methyl-2, 4-phenyl-4, 4'-diisocyanate (dimer of 2, 4-TDI) ; 3, 3'-diisocyanate-4, 4'-dimethyl-N, N'-diphenyl urea (TDIH) ; isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) ; the isocyanurate of isophorone diisoccyanate (trimer of IPDI) ; or, mixtures thereof.
[0194] In certain embodiments, precursor polyisocyanate compound, to be deactivated, may comprise or consist of at least one aromatic polyisocyanate compound having at least two isocyanate groups and at least one uretdione group. Exemplary polyisocyanate (s) of this type may correspond to the following formula (I) :
[0195] wherein: R is a divalent group comprising from 6 to 13 carbons; and, n is an integer ranging from 0 to 10. In certain embodiments, R is a divalent aromatic or polyaromatic group. Exemplary divalent groups R include phenylene, tolylene and methylene diphenylene: such groups (R) may be derived respectively from phenylene diisocyanate, toluene diisocyanate (TDI) or diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) .
[0196] Specific examples of the polyisocyanate (s) in accordance with Formula (I) which can be used according to the disclosure may correspond to Formula (I-1) or Formula (I-2) :
[0197] For completeness, suitable commercially available polyisocyanates having utility in or as substituent a3) include: MDI uretdione, available as GrilbondTM A2bond from EMS-Griltech; and, TDI uretdione, available as AddolinkTM TT from Rhein Chemie or as BL XP2514 available from Covestro; CARMOT BL-1045 CARMOT BL-1041 and CARMOT BL-1042 available from OSIC; and, T9 SuperFine available from TSE.
[0198] As described above, the substituent a3) said at least one surface-deactivated solid polyisocyanate compound may be added to the composition (a) as a dispersion in water. In the alternative, this substituent may be added in solid form, which solid form may be derived from an aqueous dispersion of the surface-deactivated solid polyisocyanate (s) . Any removal of water from such an aqueous dispersion, by evaporation for instance, should not trigger the reaction or decomposition of the surface-deactivated solid polyisocyanate (s) .
[0199] a4) Non-Polymerizable Electrolyte
[0200] The water-borne, heat-activatable adhesive composition (a) comprises: a4) non-polymerizable electrolyte. The term “non-polymerizable” is intended to indicate that the electrolyte, whilst present in the composition, neither acts as a monomer nor is not incorporated in an amount that can be measured into the polymeric matrix formed from reactive components a2) , a3) and where applicable a1) . The non-polymerizable electrolyte contains no functional groups which are reactive with said substituents.
[0201] The water-borne, heat-activatable adhesive composition (a) may comprise, has on the weight of said composition (a) , from 0.5 to 15 wt. %of a4) said non-polymerizable electrolyte. The electrolyte a4) may preferably constitute from 0.5 to 10 wt. %, for example from 0.5 to 5 wt. %, of said composition. These quantities are preferred because a quantity greater than 15 wt. %of electrolyte, based on the weight of said composition (a) , may result in a good debonding effect but cure may be incomplete and / or initial adhesive properties may be adversely affected. Conversely, at amounts less than 0.5 wt. %, based on the weight of said composition, the debonding effect may be compromised.
[0202] Important electrolytes include the non-polymerizable salts of: ammonium; pyridinium; pyrrolidinium; phosphonium; imidazolium; oxazolium; guanidinium; sulfonium; and, thiazolium. In exemplary embodiments, the electrolyte of the present disclosure comprises at least one salt having a Formula selected from the group consisting of:
[0203] wherein: R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C18 alkyl, C3-C18 cycloalkyl, C6-C18 aryl, C7-C24 aralkyl, -C (O) Rq, -C (O) OH, -CN or –NO2;
[0204] Rq is C1-C6 alkyl; and,
[0205] X-is a counter anion.
[0206] Where an ammonium salt is used, it may be subject to the proviso that at most three and desirably at most two of the groups R1 to R4 may be hydrogen.
[0207] As regards said moieties R1 to R6, the terms C1-C18 alkyl, C3-C18 cycloalkyl, C6-C18 aryl, C7-C24 aralkyl, expressly include groups wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are substituted by halogen atoms (e.g. C1-C18 haloalkyl) or hydroxyl groups (e.g. C1-C18 hydroxyalkyl) . In particular, it is preferred that R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C12 alkyl, C1-C12 haloalkyl, C1-C12 hydroxyalkyl or C3-C12 cycloalkyl. For example, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 may be independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl or C1-C6 hydroxyalkyl.
[0208] There is no particular intention to limit the counter anion (X-) which may be employed in the non-polymerizable electrolytic salts. Exemplary anions may be selected from:
[0209] · Halides;
[0210] · Pseudohalides and halogen-containing compounds of the formulae PF6 -, CF3SO3 -, (CF3SO3) 2N-, CF3CO2 -and CCl3CO2 -,
[0211] · CN-, SCN-and OCN-;
[0212] · Phenates;
[0213] · Sulfates, sulfites and sulfonates of the general formulae SO4 2-, HSO4 -, SO3 2-, HSO3 -, RaOSO3 -and RaSO3 -;
[0214] · Phosphates of the general formulae PO4 3-, HPO4 2-, H2PO4 -, RaPO4 2-, HRaPO4 -and RaRbPO4 -;
[0215] · Phosphonates and phosphinates of the general formulae RaHPO3 -, RaRbPO2 -and RaRbPO3 -;
[0216] · Phosphites of the general formulae: PO3 3-, HPO3 2-, H2PO3 -, RaPO3 2-, RaHPO3 –and RaRbPO3 -;
[0217] · Phosphonites and phosphinites of the general formulae RaRbPO2 -, RaHPO2 -, RaRbPO-and RaHPO-;
[0218] · Carboxylic acid anions of the general formula RaCOO-;
[0219] · Hydroxycarboxylic acids anions and sugar acid anions;
[0220] · Saccharinates (salts of o-benzoic acid sulfimide) ;
[0221] · Borates of the general formulae BO3 3-, HBO3 2-, H2BO3 -, RaRbBO3 -, RaHBO3 -, RaBO3 2-, B (ORa) (ORb) (ORc) (ORd) -, B (HSO4) -and B (RaSO4) -;
[0222] · Boronates of the general formulae RaBO2 2-and RaRbBO-;
[0223] · Carbonates and carbonic acid esters of the general formulae HCO3 -, CO3 2-and RaCO3 -;
[0224] · Silicates and silicic acid esters of the general formulae SiO4 4-, HSiO4 3-, H2SiO4 2-, H3SiO4 -, RaSiO4 3-, RaRbSiO4 2-, RaRbRcSiO4 -, HRaSiO4 2-, H2RaSiO4 –and HRaRbSiO4 -;
[0225] · Alkyl-and arylsilanolates of the general formulae RaSiO3 3-, RaRbSiO2 2-, RaRbRcSiO-, RaRbRcSiO3 -, RaRbRcSiO2 –and RaRbSiO3 2-;
[0226] · Pyridinates and pyrimidinates;
[0227] · Carboxylic acid imides, bis (sulfonyl) imides and sulfonylimides of the general formulae:
[0228] · Methides of the general formula:
[0229] · Alkoxides and aryloxides of the general formula RaO-; or,
[0230] · Sulfides, hydrogen sulfides, polysulfides, hydrogen polysulfides and thiolates of the general formulae S2-, HS-, [Sv] 2-, [HSv] -and [RaS] -
[0231] in which general formulae:
[0232] v is a whole positive number of from 2 to 10; and,
[0233] Ra, Rb, Rc and Rd are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, C1-C12 alkyl, C5-C12 cycloalkyl, C5-C12 heterocycloalkyl, C6-C18 aryl, C7-C18 alkylaryl, C7-C18 aralkyl or C5-C18 heteroaryl.
[0234] As regards said moieties Ra, Rb, Rc and Rd , the terms C1-C12 alkyl, C5-C12 cycloalkyl, C5-C12 heterocycloalkyl, C6-C18 aryl, C7-C18 alkylaryl, C7-C18 aralkyl and C5-C18 heteroaryl expressly include groups wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are substituted by halogen atoms. For instance, CH3, -CH2F, -CHF2 and -CF3 represent exemplary C1 alkyl groups.
[0235] Based on the definitions in the above list, preferred anions of the non-polymerizable electrolytic salts may be selected from the group consisting of: halides; pseudohalides and halogen-containing compounds as defined above; carboxylic acid anions, in particular formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate and octanoate; hydroxycarboxylic acid anions, such as lactate; pyridinates and pyrimidinates; carboxylic acid imides, bis (sulfonyl) imides and sulfonylimides; sulfates, in particular methyl sulfate and ethyl sulfate; sulfites; sulfonates, in particular methanesulfonate and p-toluenesulfonate (tosylate) ; and, phosphates, in particular dimethyl-phosphate, diethyl-phosphate and di- (2-ethylhexyl) -phosphate.
[0236] The electrolyte is preferably selected from the group consisting of 1-ethyl-3-methyl-1 H-imidazol-3-um methanesulfonate, 1-ethyl-3-methyl-1 H-imidazol-3-um methyl sulfate, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium 2- (2-fluoroanilino) -pyridinate, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium imide, 1-butyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium 2- (2-fluoroanilino) -pyridinate, 1-butyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium imide, trihexyl (tetradecyl) phosphonium 2- (2-fluoroanilino) -pyridinate, cyclohexyltrimethylammonium bis (trifluormethylsulfonyl) imide, di (2-hydroxyethyl) ammonium trifluoroacetate, N, N-dimethyl (2-hydroxyethyl) ammonium octanoate, methyltrioctylammonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, tributylmethylammonium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide, N-ethyl-N-N-N-N-tetramethylguanidinium trifluoromethanesulfonate, guanidinium trifluoromethanesulfonate, 1-butyl-4-methylpyridinium bromide, 1-butyl-3-methylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate, 1-butyl-3-hydroxymethylpyridinium ethylsulfate, N-propyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1-butyl-methylpyrrolidinium tris (pentafluoroethyl) trifluorophosphate, 3-methyl imidazolium ethylsulfate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-ethyl-3-ethyl-methylimidazolium bromide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride, 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide, 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-fluorosulfonate, 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide, 1-butyl-2, 3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-butyl-2, 3-dimethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 1-butylimidazol, 1-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, tributylmethylphosphonium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide, tetrabutylphosphonium tris (pentafluoroethyl) trifluorophosphate, trihexyl (tetradecyl) phosphonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, trihexyl (tetradecyl) phosphonium tetrafluoroborate, tributylmethylphosphonium methyl sulfate and mixtures thereof.
[0237] A particular preference may be mentioned for the use of at least one of trihexyl (tetradecyl) phosphonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, tributylmethylphosphonium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide, tributylmethyl-phosphonium methyl sulfate, tributylmethylammonium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide, N-propyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide, 1-ethyl-3-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-um methyl sulfate, 1-ethyl-3-methyl-1 H-imidazol-3-um methanesulfonate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate, 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-fluorosulfonate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide and 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide.
[0238] a5) Rheology Control Agent
[0239] The water-borne, heat-activatable adhesive composition (a) of the present disclosure may optionally comprise: a5) a rheology control agent comprising electrically non-conductive fillers, electrically conductive fillers or mixtures thereof.
[0240] The desired viscosity of the composition (a) -formed upon mixing its substituents -will generally be determinative of the total amount of rheology control agent added. However, the total amount of rheology control agent present in the water-borne, heat-activatable adhesive composition (a) may typically be from 0 to 10 wt. %, such as from 0.1 to 5 wt. %or from 0.5 to 5 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition.
[0241] The presence of electrically non-conductive fillers in the composition may serve to moderate the viscosity of the composition and to reduce the coefficient of thermal expansion of the adhesive. Broadly, there is no particular intention to limit the shape of the particles employed as non-conductive fillers: particles that are acicular, spherical, ellipsoidal, cylindrical, bead-like, cubic or platelet-like may be used alone or in combination. Moreover, it is envisaged that agglomerates of more than one particle type may be used. Equally, there is no particular intention to limit the size of the particles employed as electrically non-conductive fillers. However, such non-conductive fillers will conventionally have a mean volume particle size (Dv50) , as measured by laser diffraction, of from 0.01 to 1500 μm, for example from 0.1 to 1000 μm or from 0.1 to 500 μm.
[0242] Exemplary non-conductive fillers include but are not limited to barium sulphate, calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, calcium metasilicate, silica, fumed silica, sand, quartz, zeolites, bentonites, magnesium carbonate, diatomite, alumina, clay, talcum, flint, mica, glass powder, zinc oxide and other ground mineral substances. Short fibres such as glass fibres, glass filament, polyacrylonitrile, carbon fibres, polyethylene fibres can also be added. A preliminary preference may be noted for non-conductive filler selected from the group consisting of: calcium carbonate; calcium oxide; calcium metasilicate; talcum; fumed silica; silica; barium sulphate; and, mixtures thereof. The use of precipitated and / or fumed (pyrogenic) silica as a rheology control agent in the present compositions is particularly preferred: such precipitated or pyrogenic silica should desirably have a BET surface area of from 25 to 500 m2 / g, for example from 100 to 250 m2 / g as measured by means of nitrogen adsorption according to DIN 66131. A commercial example of such a fumed (pyrogenic) silica is Aerosil 200, available from Evonik Industries.
[0243] Also suitable as electrically non-conductive fillers are hollow spheres having a mineral shell or a plastic shell. These can be, for example, hollow glass spheres that are obtainable commercially under the trade names Glass Plastic-based hollow spheres, such as or may be used and are described in EP 0 520 426 B1: they are made up of inorganic or organic substances and each have a diameter of 1 mm or less, preferably 500 μm or less, preferably between 100 μm and 200 μm.
[0244] Non-conductive fillers which impart thixotropy to the composition may have utility in certain applications: such fillers are also described as rheological adjuvants, e.g. hydrogenated castor oil, fatty acid amides, or swellable plastics such as PVC.
[0245] As noted, the compositions according to the present invention may additionally contain electrically conductive fillers as at least part of the rheology control agent. Broadly, there is no particular intention to limit the shape of the particles employed as conductive fillers: particles that are acicular, spherical, ellipsoidal, cylindrical, bead-like, cubic or platelet-like may be used alone or in combination. Moreover, it is envisaged that agglomerates of more than one particle type may be used. Equally, there is no particular intention to limit the size of the particles employed as conductive fillers. However, such conductive fillers will conventionally have an mean volume particle size (Dv50) , as measured by laser diffraction, of from 1 to 500 μm, for example from 1 to 200 μm.
[0246] Exemplary conductive fillers include, but are not limited to: silver; copper; gold; palladium; platinum; nickel; gold or silver-coated nickel; carbon black; carbon fibre; carbon nanotubes; graphite; aluminium; indium tin oxide; silver coated copper; silver coated aluminium; metallic coated glass spheres; metallic coated filler; metallic coated polymers; silver coated fibre; silver coated spheres; antimony doped tin oxide; conductive nanospheres; nano silver; nano aluminium; nano copper; nano nickel; carbon nanotubes; and, mixtures thereof. The use of particulate silver and / or carbon black as the conductive filler is preferred.
[0247] (a7) Additives and Adjunct Ingredients
[0248] The compositions (a) of the present disclosure will typically further comprise adjuvants and additives that can impart improved properties to these compositions. Included among such adjuvants and additives are: solubilizers; catalysts; tougheners; plasticizers; stabilizers including UV stabilizers; antioxidants; reactive diluents; drying agents; adhesion promoters; wetting agents; dispersing agents; defoaming agents; thickening agents; fungicides; flame retardants; color pigments or color pastes; and / or optionally also, to a small extent, non-reactive diluents. In an embodiment, the composition comprises at least one additive chosen from: wetting agents; dispersing agents; defoaming agents; thickening agents; and, mixtures thereof.
[0249] Such adjuvants and additives can be used in such combination and proportions as desired, provided they do not adversely affect the nature and essential properties of the composition or the curable adhesive film. While exceptions may exist in some cases, these adjuvants and additives should not in toto comprise more than 20 wt. %of the total composition and preferably should not comprise more than 10 wt. %of the composition.
[0250] Based on the weight of the composition (a) , solubilizer may constitute from 0 to 10 wt. %, for example from 0 to 5 wt. %or from 0 to 2 wt. %. The solubilizer has the function of promoting the miscibility of the electrolyte within the composition: the solubilizer may or may not form part of the polymer matrix formed upon curing of the composition but does serve to facilitate ion transfer therein. The solubilizer is, as such, preferably a polar compound and should desirably be liquid at room temperature. Suitable classes of solubilizer include: polyphosphazenes; polymethylenesulfides; polyoxyalkylene glycols; polyethylene imines; silicone surfactants, such as polyalkylsiloxane and polyoxyalkylene modified polydimethylsiloxanes including but not limited to poly (C2-C3) oxyalkylene modified polydimethylsiloxanes; polpolyhydric alcohols; and, sugars. For completeness, fluorinated silicone surfactants, such as fluorinated polysilanes, are intended to be encompassed within the term silicone surfactants.
[0251] Polyhydric alcohols and sugars include but are not limited to such as ethylene glycol, 1, 3-propanediol, cyclohexandiol, hydroquinone, catechol, resorcinol, phloroglucinol, pyrogallol, hydroxyhydroquinone, tris (hydroxymethyl) benzene, tris (hydroxymethyl) benzene with three methyl or ethyl substituents bonded to the remaining benzene carbon atoms, isosorbide, isomannide, isoidide, glycerol, cyclohexane-1, 2, 4-triol, 1, 3, 5-cyclohexanetriol, pentane-1, 2, 3-triol, hexane-1, 3, 5-triol, erythritol, 1, 2, 4, 5-tetrahydroxybenzene, threitol, arabitol, xylitol, ribitol, mannitol, sorbitol, inositol, fructose, glucose, mannose, lactose, 1, 1, 1-tris (hydroxymethyl) propane, 1, 1, 1-tris (hydroxymethyl) ethane, di (trimethylolpropane) , trimethylolpropane ethoxylate, 2-hydroxymethyl-1, 3-propanediol, pentaerythritol allyl ether and pentaerythritol.
[0252] Of the polyoxyalkylene glycols, a particular preference for the use of polyoxy (C2-C3) alkylene glycols having a weight average molecular weight of from 200 to 10000 g / mol, for example 200 to 2000 g / mol, may be noted.
[0253] The composition (a) may, in certain circumstances, comprise a catalyst. For example, the composition may comprise from 0 to 2 wt. %, for instance from 0.1 to 1.0 wt. %of catalyst, based on the total weight of the composition.
[0254] Any catalyst conventionally used to promote the reaction between isocyanate groups and active hydrogen groups may have utility in the present composition. Exemplary catalytic compounds, which may be used alone or in combination, include: stannous salts of carboxylic acids, such as stannous octoate, stannous oleate, stannous acetate and stannous laureate; dialkyltin dicarboxylates, such as dibutyltin dilaureate and dibutyltin diacetate; tertiary amines; alkanolamine compounds; 2, 3-dimethyl-3, 4, 5, 6-tetrahydropyrimidine; tetraalkylammonium hydroxides; alkali metal hydroxides; alkali metal alcoholates; tin alkoxides, such as dibutyltin dimethoxide, dibutyltin diphenoxide and dibutyltin diisoproxide; tin oxides, such as dibutyltin oxide and dioctyltin oxide; the reaction products of dibutyltin oxides and phthalic acid esters; tin mercaptides; alkyl titanates; organoaluminum compounds such as aluminum trisacetylacetonate, aluminum trisethylacetoacetate and diisopropoxyaluminum ethylacetoacetate; chelate compounds such as zirconium tetraacetylacetonate and titanium tetraacetylacetonate; organosilicon titanium compounds; bismuth tris-2-ethylhexanoate; acid compounds such as phosphoric acid and p-toluenesulfonic acid; triphenylborane; triphenylphosphine; 1, 8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene (DBU) ; 1, 5-diazabicyclo [4.3.0] non-5-ene; 1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane; 4-dimethylaminopyridine; 1, 5, 7-triazabicyclo [4.4.0] dec-5-ene; 7-methyl-1, 5, 7-triazabicyclo [4.4.0] dec-5-ene; and, 1, 8-bis (tetramethylguanidino) naphthalene; and, 2-tert-butyl-1, 1, 3, 3-tetramethylguanidine.
[0255] The optional presence of tougheners -in an amount up to 10 wt. %, based on the weight of the composition -can in certain embodiments be advantageous to the debonding of the curable adhesive. Without intention to be bound by theory, tougheners may facilitate phase separation within the curable adhesive under the application of electrical potential. Exemplary tougheners may be selected from: amine functionalized tougheners; C=C double-bond functionalized rubber; and, toughening rubber in the form of core-shell particles.
[0256] The term “core shell rubber” or CSR is being employed in accordance with its standard meaning in the art as denoting a rubber particle core formed by a polymer comprising an elastomeric or rubbery polymer as a main ingredient and a shell layer formed by a polymer which is graft polymerized onto the core. The shell layer partially or entirely covers the surface of the rubber particle core in the graft polymerization process. By weight, the core should constitute at least 50 wt. %of the core-shell rubber particle.
[0257] The polymeric material of the core should have a glass transition temperature (Tg) of no greater than 0℃ and preferably a glass transition temperature (Tg) of -20℃ or lower, more preferably -40℃ or lower and even more preferably -60℃ or lower. The polymer of the shell is non-elastomeric, thermoplastic or thermoset polymer having a glass transition temperature (Tg) of greater than room temperature, preferably greater than 30℃ and more preferably greater than 50℃.
[0258] Without intention to limit the invention, the core may be comprised of: a diene homopolymer, for example, a homopolymer of butadiene or isoprene; a diene copolymer, for example a copolymer of butadiene or isoprene with one or more ethylenically unsaturated monomers, such as vinyl aromatic monomers, (meth) acrylonitrile or (meth) acrylates; polymers based on (meth) acrylic acid ester monomers, such as polybutylacrylate; and, polysiloxane elastomers such as polydimethylsiloxane and crosslinked polydimethylsiloxane.
[0259] Similarly without intention to limit the present invention, the shell may be comprised of a polymer or copolymer of one or more monomers selected from: (meth) acrylates, such as methyl methacrylate; vinyl aromatic monomers, such as styrene; vinyl cyanides, such as acrylonitrile; unsaturated acids and anhydrides, such as acrylic acid; and, (meth) acrylamides. The polymer or copolymer used in the shell may possess acid groups that are cross-linked ionically through metal carboxylate formation, in particular through forming salts of divalent metal cations. The shell polymer or copolymer may also be covalently cross-linked by monomers having two or more double bonds per molecule.
[0260] It is preferred that any included core-shell rubber particles have a mean volume particle size (Dv50) of from 10 nm to 300 nm, for example from 50 nm to 250 nm as measured via dynamic light scattering. For completeness, the present application does not preclude the presence of two or more types of core shell rubber (CSR) particles with different particle size distributions in the composition to provide a balance of key properties of the resultant curable product, including shear strength, peel strength and resin fracture toughness.
[0261] The core-shell rubber may be selected from commercially available products, examples of which include: Paraloid EXL 2650A, EXL 2655 and EXL2691 A, available from The Dow Chemical Company; XT100, available from Arkema Inc. ; the Kane MX series available from Kaneka Corporation, and in particular MX 120, MX 125, MX 130, MX 136, MX 551, MX553; and, METABLEN SX-006 available from Mitsubishi Rayon.
[0262] A "plasticizer" for the purposes of this invention is a substance that decreases the viscosity of the composition and thus facilitates its processability. Herein the plasticizer may constitute up to 10 wt. %or up to 5 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition, and is preferably selected from the group consisting of: diurethanes; ethers of monofunctional, linear or branched C4-C16 alcohols, such as Cetiol OE (obtainable from Cognis Deutschland GmbH, Düsseldorf) ; esters of abietic acid, butyric acid, thiobutyric acid, acetic acid, propionic acid esters and citric acid; esters based on nitrocellulose and polyvinyl acetate; fatty acid esters; dicarboxylic acid esters; esters of OH-group-carrying or epoxidized fatty acids; glycolic acid esters; benzoic acid esters; phosphoric acid esters; sulfonic acid esters; trimellitic acid esters; polyether plasticizers, such as end-capped polyethylene or polypropylene glycols; polystyrene; hydrocarbon plasticizers; chlorinated paraffin; and, mixtures thereof. It is noted that, in principle, phthalic acid esters can be used as the plasticizer but these are not preferred due to their toxicological potential.
[0263] "Stabilizers" for purposes of this invention are to be understood as antioxidants, UV stabilizers, thermal stabilizers or hydrolysis stabilizers. Herein stabilizers may constitute in toto up to 10 wt. %or up to 5 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. Standard commercial examples of stabilizers suitable for use herein include: sterically hindered phenols; thioethers; benzotriazoles; benzophenones; benzoates; cyanoacrylates; acrylates; amines of the hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS) type; phosphorus; sulfur; and, mixtures thereof.
[0264] Exemplary adhesion promoters having utility in the present composition, either alone or in combination, include: γ-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane; γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane; N- (β-aminoethyl) -γ-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane; N- (β-aminoethyl) -γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane; bis (γ-trimethoxysilylpropylamine) ; γ-ureidopropyltrimethoxysilane; 4-amino-3, 3-dimethylbutyltrimethoxysilane; 4-amino-3, 3-dimethylbutylmethyldimethoxysilane; N-ethyl-γ-aminoisobutyltrimethoxysilane; γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane; γ-methacryloxypropyltriethoxysilane; γ-methacrylamidopropyltrimethoxysilane; and, γ-methacryloxypropyltriisopropoxysilane.
[0265] It is noted that compounds having metal chelating properties may be used in the compositions of the present disclosure to help enhance the adhesion of the curable adhesive to a substrate surface. Further, also suitable for use as adhesion promoters are the acetoacetate-functionalized modifying resins sold by King Industries under the trade name K-FLEX XM-B301.
[0266] In order to enhance shelf life even further, it is often advisable to further stabilize the compositions of the present disclosure with respect to moisture penetration through using drying agents. A need also occasionally exists to lower the viscosity of an adhesive or sealant composition according to the present invention for specific applications, by using reactive diluent (s) . The total amount of reactive diluents present will typically be from 0 to 15 wt. %, for example from 0 to 5 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition.
[0267] METHOD AND APPLICATIONS
[0268] To form the water-borne compositions, the water and the above-mentioned ingredients are brought together and mixed. It is important that the mixing homogenously distributes the electrolyte within the water-borne composition: such thorough and effective mixing can be determinative of a homogeneous distribution of the charged species within the polymer matrix of the resultant curable film adhesive and thereby of the provision of sufficient ionic conductivity to support an electrochemical reaction at the interface with the electrically conductive substrate.
[0269] The substituents of the composition are brought together and homogeneously mixed under conditions which inhibit or prevent the reactive components from reacting: such conditions would be readily comprehended by the skilled artisan. As such, it will often be preferred that the curative substituents are not mixed by hand but are instead mixed by machine –a static or dynamic mixer, for example -in pre-determined amounts under anhydrous conditions without intentional photo-irradiation and under controlled external heating.
[0270] In an embodiment, the water-borne composition is formed by a multi-stage mixing process comprising: a first stage in which solid substituents are mixed with at least a fraction of the water to form a first stage mixture; and, ii) a second stage in which the first stage mixture is mixed with the remaining substituents of the composition.
[0271] It may also be desirable to admix all substituents a1) , a2) and a4) to a7) prior to the addition of the reactive polyisocyanate substituent a3) thereto. Such an admixture may be performed at an elevated temperature to ensure sufficient dissolution of the soluble substituents: in this circumstance, the admixture should desirably be cooled to room temperature before addition of the reactive polyisocyanate substituent a3) .
[0272] To form films therefrom, the so-mixed compositions, which should desirably be bubble-free, are then applied to a surface –such as surface of a release liner or carrier of the article of manufacture discussed herein below -by conventional application methods such as: dispensing, including but not limited to automatic fine line dispensing or jet dispensing; pouring; brushing; roll coating; bar coating; knife coating; doctor-blade application; printing methods, such as pad printing; and, spraying methods, including but not limited to air-atomized spray, air-assisted spray, airless spray and high-volume low-pressure spray.
[0273] In an exemplary embodiment, the so-admixed compositions are applied to the surface of a first release liner and either a further release liner or carrier then disposed on the applied composition: the wet film thickness of the interposed composition is then moderated by applying pressure to the obtained structure.
[0274] In another exemplary embodiment, the curable adhesive film is applied to the surface in a multi-laminar fashion. A first lamina of a composition (a) is applied to the surface and subjected to an intermediate drying step. A second lamina of a composition (a) is then applied over the at least partially dried first lamina. Third and further iterations of applying lamina and at least partial drying of an applied composition (a) may be performed to yield respectively third and further lamina, if desired. The compositions (a) of each lamina will be in accordance with the present disclosure but need not be identical.
[0275] Independently of the method of application, it is recommended that the total wet film thickness of composition (s) (a) applied to a surface is from 50 to 1000 μm, such as from 50 to 750 μm or from 50 to 500 μm. The application of thinner layers within this range is more economical and provides for a reduced likelihood of deleterious thick curable regions in the films. However, great control must be exercised in applying thinner coatings or layers so as to avoid the formation of discontinuous curable films.
[0276] After application of the composition (a) , the water is permitted to evaporate therefrom. Whilst this may be effected at room temperature, the drying may be accelerated by elevating the temperature of the coated substrate, for instance to a temperature of from 40 to 100℃ or from 40 to 80℃. Where applicable, the temperature of the substrate may be raised above the mixing temperature and / or the application temperature of the water-borne composition (a) using conventional means, including microwave induction, infrared irradiation, heating plates or by conveying the substrate to an oven. After drying, the obtained curable adhesive film should comprise has less than 2.0 wt. %, for instance less than 0.5 wt. %or less than 0.1 wt. %of water, based on the total weight of said adhesive film.
[0277] As mentioned above, given that the composition (a) comprises a thermally latent hardener, care must be taken in the or each drying step not to elevate the temperature of the composition to the activation temperature of hardener. However, the present disclosure does not preclude the dried adhesive film obtained therefrom from being in a partially curable state. As used herein, the term "partially curable" means that curing of the composition (a) has been initiated and that, for example, cross-linking of ingredients of the composition has commenced but cross-linkable functional groups are pendant within the dried film: the film is not in a fully cross-linked state. Obviously, the rate and mechanism with which the composition (a) cures is contingent on various factors, including the ingredients thereof, functional groups of the ingredients and the parameters of the curing condition.
[0278] At least partial solidification of a given composition (a) is generally indicative of drying or partial curing. However, both drying and partial cure may be indicated in other ways including, for instance, a viscosity change of the composition, an increased temperature of the composition and / or an opacity change of that composition.
[0279] The dried and, where applicable, partially curable composition (a) should substantially retain its shape on the application substrate –such as the release liner or carrier -upon exposure to ambient conditions. By "substantially retain its shape" is meant that at least 50%by volume, and more usually at least 80%or 90%by volume of the cast and dried composition retains its shape and does not flow or deform upon exposure to ambient conditions for a period of 5 minutes. Under such circumstances, gravity should not therefore substantially impact the shape of the dried and, where applicable, partially curable composition upon exposure to ambient conditions.
[0280] Manufacturing process parameters –including inter alia the particular composition (a) used, the applied wet-film thickness thereof and the operating conditions of the manufacturing equipment -can, of course, affect the degree of orientation and, as a result, the anisotropic, tack and peel force properties of the curable adhesive film obtained therefrom.
[0281] Article of Manufacture
[0282] The present disclosure provides for an article of manufacture which will be described with reference to the appended drawings in which:
[0283] Figure 1 illustrates a single-sided tape absent a release liner according to an embodiment of the article of manufacture.
[0284] Figure 2 illustrates an embodiment of the article of manufacture that may correspond to a single-sided tape or a label with a release liner.
[0285] Figure 3 illustrates a transfer tape with one release liner according to an embodiment of the article of manufacture.
[0286] Figure 4 illustrates a transfer tape with two release liners according to an embodiment of the article of manufacture.
[0287] Figure 5 illustrates a double-sided tape with one release liner according to an embodiment of the article of manufacture.
[0288] Figure 6 illustrates a double-sided tape with two release liners according to an embodiment of the article of manufacture.
[0289] In Figure 1, a single sided tape (101) is shown which consists of a carrier (102) and a curable adhesive film (103) of the present disclosure, as cast or otherwise formed from the water-borne, heat-activatable adhesive composition (a) in the manner discussed above. The carrier (102) should be an electrically conductive film. The embodiment depicted in Figure 2 could be either a single sided tape or a label (201) , which tape or label consists of a carrier (102) -which should be an electrically conductive film -and a curable adhesive film (103) : the curable adhesive film (103) is covered with a release liner (104) to protect the curable film and prevent unwanted adhesion of the curable adhesive film (103) .
[0290] Figures 3 and 4 depict transfer tapes which have particular utility for transferring the curable adhesive film from a release liner to a target surface (S1, S2) . In Figure 3, the transfer tape (301) consists of a release liner (104) coated with a curable adhesive film (103) as defined herein. The release liner (104) should have release properties on both sides but should not possess equivalent release properties on those sides: consequently, when winding and unwinding the transfer tape (301) from a roll -there will be a differentiation between the release effects on the two sides of the release liner (104) .
[0291] In Figure 4, the transfer tape (401) consists of a curable adhesive film (103) as defined herein interposed between first (104) and second (105) release liners. The first (104) and second (105) release liners may have different release properties relative to the curable adhesive film which allows these liners (104, 105) to be removed independently of one another.
[0292] A double-sided adhesive tape (501) is depicted in Figure 5 and consists of a carrier (102) having a first adhesive film (103) on a first side of the carrier (102) and a second adhesive film (106) on a second side of the carrier (102) . The first (103) and second (106) films may be the same of different in that they may be obtained from the same or different compositions subject to the proviso that at least one of said adhesive films is provided in accordance with the present disclosure. Given this, the carrier (102) should be an electrically conductive film. In one embodiment, the carrier (102) may be aluminium foil. In another embodiment, the carrier (102) may be a mesh. A release liner (104) covers and protects the second curable film (106) , which liner (104) should have release properties on both sides but should not possess equivalent release properties on those sides. In these circumstances -when winding and unwinding the transfer tape (501) from a roll -there will be a differentiation between the release effects on the two sides of the release liner (104) .
[0293] A second embodiment of a double-sided adhesive tape (601) is provided in Figure 6. The depicted tape (601) consists of a carrier (102) having a first adhesive film (103) on a first side of the carrier (102) and a second adhesive film (106) on a second side of the carrier (102) . The first (103) and second (106) curable films may be the same of different, that is they may be obtained from the same or different compositions subject to the proviso that at least one of said adhesive films is provided in accordance with the present disclosure. Given this, the carrier (102) should be an electrically conductive film. A first release liner (104) covers and protects the first curable film (103) . A second release liner (105) covers and protects the second adhesive film (106) . The first (104) and second (105) release liners may have different release properties relative to the adhesive films (103, 106) .
[0294] Without intention to limit the present disclosure, it is preferred that said transfer adhesive films (103, 106) have a total thickness of from 15 to 500 microns, such as from 50 to 500 microns, from 100 to 400 microns or from 100 to 300 microns.
[0295] Bonded Structure
[0296] As noted above, the present disclosure provides a method for bonding two substrates, said method comprising the steps of: a) applying the curable adhesive film to a first substrate; b) bringing the first substrate into contact with a second substrate to interpose the curable adhesive film between said first and second substrates; and, c) heating the interposed curable adhesive film to cure said film. Further, the step b) of mating the first and second substrates to interpose the curable adhesive film therebetween and / or at least a fraction of the heating step c) may occur under the application of pressure.
[0297] It is preferred that step a) of this method is conducted by a transfer methodology using the article of manufacture (A) . Step a) may therefore comprise the sub-steps of: ai) providing an article (A) comprising a curable adhesive film as defined above, wherein said curable adhesive film is disposed on a release liner and / or a carrier; and, (aii) applying the curable adhesive film of the article (A) to the first substrate, wherein the release liner of the article (A) , if present, is removed before and / or after step (aii) .
[0298] Independently of, or additional to the preferred performance of step a) , it is preferred that said step c) of this method comprises heating the interposed curable adhesive film at a temperature of from 60℃ to 100℃ for a duration of from 0.1 to 3 hours, such as from 0.2 to 2 hours or from 0.4 to 2 hours.
[0299] Whilst there is no particular intention to limit the substrates which may be bonded in the manner, the present disclosure provides in an important embodiment for a bonded structure comprising a first substrate (S1) having an electrically conductive surface and a second substrate (S2) having an electrically conductive surface, wherein the cured adhesive film as defined hereinabove is interposed between the conductive surfaces of said first and second substrates.
[0300] Such an exemplary bonded structure may be obtained by a transfer method using the article of manufacture (A) . Thus, in important embodiments, this exemplary bonded structure is obtained by a method comprising: (ai) providing an article (A) comprising a curable adhesive film as defined above, wherein the film is disposed on a release liner and / or a carrier; (aii) attaching the curable film of the article (A) to the conductive surface of the first substrate (S1) ; (b) mating the first and second substrates (S1, S2) to interpose the curable adhesive film between the respective conductive surfaces of said first and second substrates (S1, S2) ; and, (c) heating the interposed curable adhesive film to cure said film, wherein the release liner of the article (A) , if present, is removed before and / or after step (aii) . The heating step (c) may be conducted at a temperature of from 60℃ to 100℃ for duration of from 0.1 to 3 hours, such as from 0.2 to 2 hours or from 0.4 to 2 hours. Further, the step of mating the substrates (b) to interpose the curable adhesive film therebetween and / or at least a fraction of the heating step (c) may occur under the application of pressure.
[0301] Prior to attaching the curable film, it is often advisable to pre-treat the relevant surfaces to remove foreign matter there from: this step can, if applicable, facilitate the subsequent adhesion of the films thereto. Such treatments are known in the art and can be performed in a single or multi-stage manner constituted by, for instance, the use of one or more of: an etching treatment with an acid suitable for the substrate and optionally an oxidizing agent; sonication; plasma treatment, including chemical plasma treatment, corona treatment, atmospheric plasma treatment and flame plasma treatment; immersion in a waterborne alkaline degreasing bath; treatment with a waterborne cleaning emulsion; treatment with a cleaning solvent, such as acetone, carbon tetrachloride or trichloroethylene; and, water rinsing, preferably with deionized or demineralized water. In those instances where a waterborne alkaline degreasing bath is used, any of the degreasing agent remaining on the surface should desirably be removed by rinsing the substrate surface with deionized or demineralized water.
[0302] In some embodiments, the adhesion of the transfer films to the preferably pre-treated substrate may be facilitated by the application of a primer thereto. Indeed primer compositions may be necessary to ensure efficacious fixture times of the cured adhesive film on inactive substrates.
[0303] The bonded structure of the present disclosure will be described with reference to the appended drawings in which:
[0304] Figure 7a illustrates a bonded structure in accordance with a first embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0305] Figure 7b illustrates a bonded structure in accordance with a second embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0306] Figure 8a illustrates the initial debonding of the structure of the first embodiment upon passage of a current across that structure.
[0307] Figure 8b illustrates the initial debonding of the structure of the second embodiment upon passage of a current across that structure.
[0308] As shown in Figure 7a appended hereto, a bonded structure is provided in which a layer of cured adhesive film (10) is disposed between two conductive substrates (11) . A layer of non-conductive material (12) may be disposed on the conductive substrates (11) to form the more complex bonded structure as depicted in Fig. 7b. Each layer of conductive substrate (11) is in electrical contact with an electrical power source (13) which may be a battery or an AC-driven source of direct current (DC) . The positive and negative terminals of that power source (13) are shown in one fixed position but the skilled artisan will of course recognize that the polarity of the system can be reversed.
[0309] The two conductive substrates (11) are shown in the form of a layer which may be constituted by inter alia: a metallic film; a metallic mesh or grid; deposited metal particles; a resinous material which is rendered conductive by virtue of conductive elements disposed therein; or, a conducting oxide layer. As exemplary conductive elements there may be mentioned silver filaments, single-walled carbon nanotubes and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. As exemplary conducting oxides there may be mentioned: doped indium oxides, such as indium tin oxide (ITO) ; doped zinc oxide; antimony tin oxide; cadmium stannate; and, zinc stannate. The selection of the conductive material aside, the skilled artisan will recognize that the efficacy of the debonding operation may be diminished where the conductive substrates (11) are in the form of a grid or mesh which offers limited contact with the layer of cured adhesive film (10) .
[0310] When an electrical voltage is applied between each conductive substrate (11) , current is supplied to the cured adhesive film (10) disposed therebetween. This induces electrochemical reactions at the interface of the substrates (11) and the adhesive composition, which electrochemical reactions are understood as oxidative at the positively charged or anodic interface and reductive at the negatively charged or cathodic interface. The reactions are considered to weaken the adhesive bond between the substrates allowing the easy removal of the debondable composition from the substrate.
[0311] As depicted in Figures 8a and 8b, the debonding occurs at the negative interface, that interface between the cured adhesive film (10) and the electrically conductive surface (11) that is in electrical contact with the negative electrode. By reversing current direction prior to separation of the substrates, the adhesive bond may be weakened at both substrate interfaces.
[0312] It is however noted that the composition of the cured adhesive film (10) may be moderated so that debonding occurs at either the positive or negative interface or simultaneously from both. For some embodiments, a voltage applied across both surfaces so as to form an anodic interface and a cathodic interface will cause debonding to occur simultaneously at both the anodic and cathodic adhesive / substrate interfaces. In an alternative embodiment, reversed polarity may be used to simultaneously disbond both substrate / adhesive interfaces if the cured film does not respond at both interfaces to direct current. The current can be applied with any suitable waveform, provided that sufficient total time at each polarity is allowed for debonding to occur. Sinusoidal, rectangular and triangular waveforms might be appropriate in this regard and may be applied from a controlled voltage or a controlled current source.
[0313] Without intention to limit the present invention, it is considered that the debonding operation may be performed effectively where at least one and preferably both of the following conditions are instigated: a) an applied voltage of from 0.5 to 200 V, for example from 5 to 100 V or from 5 to 50 V; and, b) the voltage being applied for a duration of from 1 second to 120 minutes, for example from 1 second to 60 minutes. Where the release of the conductive substrate from the cured adhesive is to be facilitated by the application of a force –exerted via a weight or a spring, for instance –the potential might only need to be applied for the order of seconds.
[0314] The following examples are illustrative of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way.
[0315] EXAMPLES
[0316] The following annotations are applied to compounds and materials employed in the Examples:
[0317] Adwel 1676: Anionic aqueous PU dispersion (Solids Content: 50%) , based on a polyurethane polymer having a weight average molecular weight of 50000 to 80000 g / mol, available from Wanhua Chemistry.
[0318] Dispercoll U-53: Anionic polyurethane polymer having a weight average molecular weight of about 73600 g / mol, dispersion in water (solids content: 50%) , available from Covestro.
[0319] BYK-017: Silicone defoamer, available from BYK.
[0320] Carmot BL-1045: Latent hardener based on trimeric toluene-2, 4-diisocyanate, available from OSIC.
[0321] Disperbyk-180: Wetting and dispersing agent, available from BYK.
[0322] Rheobyk-7600: Thickening agent, available from BYK.
[0323] BMIM-TFSI: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, available from Lolitec.
[0324] BMIM FSI: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide, available from Lolitec.
[0325] DMS TFSI: Diethylmethylsulfonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, available from Lolitec.
[0326] EMIM TFSI: 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, available from Lolitec.
[0327] Alu 6016: Aluminium lap shear panels, available from ACT Test Panels LLC.
[0328] PUD-P PUD-P were prepared as below.
[0329] Any remaining ingredients not mentioned above are obtainable from Sigma Aldrich.
[0330] PUD-P preparation method
[0331] 200 g of orthophosphoric acid and 100g of propylene glycol monomethyl ether (as solvent) were slowly added into 1250g of bisphenol A epoxy resin having an epoxy equivalent weight of 500 g / eq, and the system was kept at 95 ℃ for 2 hours. After the reaction, the system was cooled to room temperature, and a polyol POHA-P was obtained having a Mw of 2000~3000, and the mixture having a solid content of about 90%.
[0332] 100 g of a polycarbonate polyol (DURANOL G3452, number average molecular weight 2000, functional groups of 2.0, hydroxyl value of 56) , 20g of the polyol POHA-P obtained above (calculated based on solid content) , 15 g of dimethylol propionic acid, 140 g of 4, 4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate reacted in a solvent (1, 2-dimethoxypropane) at 80℃ for 2.5 hours, then cooled down to 55℃, afterwards, 16g of triethylamine (as a neutralizing agent) were added. Subsequently, water (room temperature) was added to the system optionally together with a chain extender of ethylene diamine, and the PU-P having a Mw of about 60000 g / mol was obtained. The obtained aqueous dispersion PUD-P had a solid content of about 32%.
[0333] Example 1
[0334] Water-borne castable compositions were prepared in accordance with Table 1 herein below, wherein the given percentage by weight is stated with respect to the composition in toto. All ingredients of the composition, with the exception of the latent hardener (Carmot BL-1045) were first mixed to homogenously disperse the ingredients in the aqueous medium. The hardener was then added to the obtained mixture within two hours of the intended application or casting of the composition. Composition C1 is devoid of ionic liquid and thus presents a reference composition.
[0335] Table 1
[0336] The obtained compositions were each bar-coated onto a siliconized-PET liner. The water of each composition was permitted to evaporate at room temperature over a period of 24 hours to yield dry-to-touch transfer curable film adhesives. The transfer films were thus removably disposed on the siliconized liners.
[0337] Bonded Assembly Preparation
[0338] [Rectified under Rule 91, 26.06.2024]Bonded assemblies for lap shear testing were prepared possessing the configuration depicted in Figure 7a appended hereto. Six equivalent bonded assemblies were prepared enabling mean values to be recorded for a given combination of cured film adhesive and substrate.
[0339] For each bonded assembly, the transfer film obtained from the compositions provided in Table 1 and having a thickness of from 130 to 150 microns was applied to the surface of a first coupon (Alu 6016) . The first coupon to which the film had thus been applied was then mated with a second coupon of the same material as said first coupon (Alu 6016) . The bond overlapping area for each stated substrate was 2.5 cm x 2.5 cm with a bond thickness of 130 to 150 microns. The bonded assembly was then disposed between the jaws of a clamp which provided a bonding pressure of 30 Nm: the so-clamped bonded assembly was then held in an oven at 80℃ for 30 minutes. The bonded and clamped assembly was held at room temperature for 24 hours before being de-clamped.
[0340] Tensile lap shear (TLS)
[0341] Tests were performed at room temperature based upon EN 1465: 2009 (German version) Adhesives -Determination of Tensile Lap-shear Strength of Bonded Assemblies. The test specimens were placed in the grips of a universal testing machine and pulled at 10 mm / min until failure occurs. The grips used to secure the ends of each assembly were aligned so that the applied force was applied through the centerline of the specimen. The type of failure observed could be either adhesive –wherein the adhesive separates from one of the substrates -or cohesive wherein the adhesive ruptures within itself.
[0342] Electrochemical Debonding, Tensile Lap Shear (TLS) Test (EN 1465: 2009)
[0343] Test specimens were prepared in accordance with the above methodology and curing regime but, prior to being placed in the universal testing machine, a constant potential was applied across the overlapping bonded area for a given period. Except where otherwise stated the constant potential was 30 V and the application period was 20 minutes.
[0344] The results of the above-described tests are indicated in Table 2 herein below. The uncertainty of a mean value is provided in parentheses, where applicable.
[0345] Table 2
[0346] In view of the foregoing description and examples, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that equivalent modifications thereof can be made without departing from the scope of the claims.
Claims
1.A curable adhesive film (Fa) obtained by the drying of a water-borne composition (a) comprising:water;a1) at least one first polyurethane polymer having at least one pendant active hydrogen group, wherein said first polyurethane polymer is obtained by the reaction of at least one polyisocyanate compound with at least one polyol (POHA) which has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of at least 500 g / mol. and which further has one or more structural units chosen from structural units of Formula (I) , Formula (II) , Formula (III) or combinations thereof:-CH (OH) -CH2-X1-Y (I)-CH (OH) -CH2-X2-CH2-CH (OH) - (II)-CH (OH) -CH2-X1-Y1-X3-CH2-CH (OH) - (III)wherein: X1 represents -OC (=O) -, -S-, -NR1-, -OP (=O) (OR1) -O-, -OP (=O) (R1) -O-, -OP (=O) (R1) -, -O-P (OR1) -O-, -O-P (R1) -O-or -O-P (R1) -;X2 represents -NR1-, -OP (=O) (OR1) -O-, -OP (=O) (R1) -O-, -O-P (OR1) -O-or -O-P (R1) -O-;X3 represents -C (=O) O-, -S-, -NR1-, -OP (=O) (OR1) -O-, -OP (=O) (R1) -O-, -P (=O) (R1) -O-, -O-P (OR1) -O-, -O-P (R1) -O-; -P (R1) -O-;in which groups each R1 independently represents H or a C1-C20 organic group;Y is H or a C1-C30 monovalent organic group or H; and,Y1 is a C1-C30 divalent organic group, with a proviso that Y1 is not -CH2-CH (OH) -.a2) at least one second polyurethane polymer which is distinct from said first polyurethane polymer, said second polyurethane polymer having at least one pendant active hydrogen group;a3) at least one surface-deactivated solid polyisocyanate compound;a4) non-polymerizable electrolyte; and,optionally a5) rheology control agent comprising electrically non-conductive fillers, electrically conductive fillers or mixtures thereof,wherein the molar ratio of -N=C=O groups to active hydrogen atoms in the composition (a)is from 0.1: 1 to 10: 1.2.The curable adhesive film according to claim 1, wherein the water-borne composition (a) comprises, based on the total weight of said composition (a) :water;from 20 to 50 wt. %of a1) said at least one polyurethane polymer;from 30 to 60 wt. %of a2) said at least one second polyurethane polymer;from 0.05 to 10 wt. %of a3) said at least one surface-deactivated solid polyisocyanate compound;from 0.5 to 15 wt. %of a4) said non-polymerizable electrolyte;from 0 to 10 wt. %of a5) said rheology control agent,wherein the molar ratio of -N=C=O groups to active hydrogen atoms in the composition (a)is from 0.5: 1 to 5: 1, preferably from 0.5 to 3: 1.3.The curable adhesive film according to claim 2, wherein the water-borne composition (a) comprises, based on the total weight of said composition (a) :water;from 20 to 40 wt. %, preferably from 25 to 40 wt. %of a1) said at least one first polyurethane polymer;from 30 to 55 wt. %, preferably from 30 to 50 wt. %of a2) said least one second polyurethane polymer;from 0.5 to 5 wt. %, preferably from 1 to 5 wt. %of a3) said at least one surface-deactivated solid polyisocyanate compound;from 0.5 to 10 wt. %, preferably from 0.5 to 5 wt. %of a4) said non-polymerizable electrolytefrom 0.1 to 5 wt. %, preferably from 0.5 to 5 wt. %of said rheology control agent,wherein the molar ratio of -N=C=O groups to active hydrogen atoms in the composition (a) is from 0.5: 1 to 5: 1, preferably from 0.5 to 3: 1.4.The curable adhesive film according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein said polyol (POHA) has from 1 to 10, preferably from 1 to 5 structural units which are each chosen from structural units of Formula (I) , Formula (II) , Formula (III) or combinations thereof.5.The curable adhesive film according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein structural units of Formula (I) , Formula (II) or Formula (III) are chosen from: -CH (OH) -CH2-S-C1-C6alkylene-Si (O-C1-C6-alkyl) n (C1-C6-alkyl) 3-n; -CH (OH) -CH2-NR1-C1-C6alkylene-NH2; -CH (OH) -CH2-NR1-C1-C6alkylene-NR1-CH2-CH (OH) -; -CH (OH) -CH2-O-P (=O) (OH) 2; -CH (OH) -CH2-NR1-CH2-CH (OH) -; -CH (OH) -CH2-O-P (=O) (OH) -O-CH2-CH (OH) -; or, in which: n is 0, 1, 2 or 3;each R1 independently is H, C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 alkylene.6.The curable adhesive film according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein said first polyurethane polymer has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of from 5000 to 250000 g / mol., preferably from 5000 to 200000 g / mol.7.The curable adhesive film according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein said second polyurethane polymer is obtained from the reaction of:si) at least one polyol having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of at least 500 g / mol.;sii) at least one polyol having a number average molecular weight of less than 500 g / mol. and which either possesses an ionic group or is capable of forming an ionic group;siii) optionally further active hydrogen compounds; and,siv) at least one polyisocyanate compound,wherein the reaction is characterized by a stoichiometric excess of hydroxyl groups to isocyanate functional groups.8.The adhesive film according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein a4) said electrolyte comprises at least one non-polymerizable salt chosen from: ammonium salts; pyridinium salts; pyrrolidinium salts; phosphonium salts; imidazolium salts; oxazolium salts; guanidinium salts; sulfonium salts; thiazolium salts; and, mixtures thereof.9.The adhesive film according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein a4) said electrolyte comprises at least one non-polymerizable salt chosen from: trihexyl (tetradecyl) phosphonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, tributylmethylphosphonium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide, tributylmethyl-phosphonium methyl sulfate, tributylmethylammonium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide, N-propyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide, 1-ethyl-3-methyl-1 H-imidazol-3-um methyl sulfate, 1-ethyl-3-methyl-1 H-imidazol-3-um methanesulfonate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (fluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate, 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-fluorosulfonate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide, 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide and mixtures thereof.10.The adhesive film according to any one of claims 1 to 9 having a thickness of from 15 to 500 microns, preferably 50 to 500 microns and more preferably from 100 to 400 microns.11.An article (A) comprising the curable adhesive film as defined in any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein said film is disposed on a release liner and / or a carrier substrate.12.The article (A) according to claim 14 which is a single-sided tape, a transfer tape or a double-sided tape.13.A bonded structure comprising:a first substrate having an electrically conductive surface; and,a second substrate having an electrically conductive surface,wherein a cured film obtained by the curing of the curable adhesive film as defined in any one of claims 1 to 9 is disposed between the electrically conductive surfaces of the first and second substrates.14.A method of debonding said bonded structure according to claim 13, the method comprising the steps of:1) applying a voltage across the electrically conductive surfaces to form an anodic interface and a cathodic interface; and,2) debonding the surfaces.15.The method according to claim 14, wherein the voltage applied in step 1) is:from 0.5 to 200 V; and,applied for a duration of from 1 second to 60 minutes.
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