Core-shell rubber with antimony-doped tin oxide nanoparticles as laser direct structuring additives
A core-shell polymer particle and antimony-doped tin oxide nanoparticle composition addresses the compatibility and cost issues of existing LDS additives by enhancing mechanical properties and reducing additive amounts, achieving improved impact strength.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/096526
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-05-31
- Publication Date
- 2025-12-04
AI Technical Summary
Commercially available LDS additives, such as inorganic copper salts or oxides, exhibit poor compatibility with polymer matrices, leading to polymer degradation and increased manufacturing costs due to the need for higher additive amounts.
A composition comprising core-shell polymer particles and antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles is used, where the ATO nanoparticles are dispersed among the core-shell particles, improving compatibility and mechanical properties.
The composition maintains or enhances the mechanical properties of the polymer matrix while reducing the amount of additive required, thus lowering costs and improving impact strength, especially at low temperatures.
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Figure PCTCN2024096526-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2024096526-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2024096526-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
CORE-SHELL RUBBER WITH ANTIMONY-DOPED TIN OXIDE NANOPARTICLES AS LASER DIRECT STRUCTURING ADDITIVESField of Invention
[0001] The present invention relates to additives for laser direct structuring, polymer compositions for laser direct structuring, and methods related thereto.Background of the Invention
[0002] Laser direct structuring (LDS) is a digital patterning / metallization technique that is commonly used to prepare electronic devices based on molded injection devices (MID) . MID components made with LDS may have electronic or electromechanical components incorporated into three-dimensional parts, which may find practical use in devices such as cellular phones, tablet computers, and other electronic devices.
[0003] In LDS, an LDS additive comprising metal ions (e.g., chromium or copper ions) is generally incorporated into a thermoplastic polymer matrix and molded into the desired shape. A laser is used to selectively pattern the plastic substrate to remove the polymer and expose and reduce the metal ions. The activated metal atoms act as seeds to form circuit patterns by electroless plating, providing good adhesion to the surface of the plastic part.
[0004] Commercially available LDS additives often comprise inorganic coppersalts or oxides. These LDS additives are expensive and have poor compatibility with matrix polymers. This poor compatibility may lead to degradation of the polymers mechanical properties. For example, polycarbonate is one of the most widely used engineering plastics used in the MID industry. Copper salts and oxides, however, are known to cause decomposition of polycarbonate.
[0005] For example, U.S. Patent No. 8,816,019 discloses thermoplastic compositions for LDS comprising a polycarbonate polymer and a LDS additive. The LDS additive is an oxide of chromium or an oxide of copper.
[0006] WO 2014 / 115092 discloses thermoplastic compositions for LDS comprising nanoscale particle additives. The nanoscale particle additives are oxides of chromium, oxides of copper, and combinations thereof.
[0007] Due to the incompatibility of commercially available LDS additives with the polymer matrix, greater amounts of the LDS additive are required, which further increases the cost to manufacture products.
[0008] There is a need for LDS additives and thermoplastic compositions for LDS that can provide metal plating seeds, be compatible with the polymer matrix, and maintain or improve the mechanical properties of the final article.Summary of the Invention
[0009] A first aspect of the present invention relates to a composition comprising core-shell polymer particles and antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles. The ATO nanoparticles are dispersed among the core-shell polymer particles.
[0010] A second aspect of the present invention relates to a process for producing a composition comprising preparing an emulsion of core-shell polymer particles by emulsion polymerization, mixing antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles with the emulsion of core-shell polymer particles, and co-isolating the core-shell polymer particles and ATO nanoparticles.Brief Description of the Drawings
[0011] Fig. 1 shows images of two control samples having no LDS additive.
[0012] Fig. 2 shows images of two comparative samples using a commercially available LDS additive.
[0013] Fig. 3 shows images of two samples according to embodiments of the present invention.Detailed Description of the Invention
[0014] The present invention relates to laser direct structuring (LDS) additive compositions, thermoplastic polymer compositions comprising the LDS additive compositions, processes for making the compositions, processes for metallizing the thermoplastic polymer compositions, and the articles produced thereby.
[0015] A first aspect of the present invention relates to a composition that may be used as an LDS additive composition. The composition comprises core-shell polymer particles and antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles. The ATO nanoparticles are dispersed among the core-shell polymer particles.
[0016] The ATO nanoparticles have an average particle size ranging from 5 nm to 1000 nm. Preferably, the ATO nanoparticles have an average particle size of at least 20 nm, and more preferably at least 50 nm. Preferably the ATO nanoparticles have an average particle size of no more than 900 nm, and more preferably no more than 800 nm. As used herein, the term “average particle size” is the arithmetic mean of all possible diameters. The aspect ratio of the particles is the ratio of the longest to the shortest diameters. The particles may have any shape, including for example, spherical, cylindrical, oblong, cuboid, prismatic, or irregular.
[0017] The ATO nanoparticles may have an antimony concentration ranging from 1 to 40 mol%relative to the total moles of antimony and tin in the ATO nanoparticles. The ATO nanoparticles preferably have an antimony concentration of 5 to 20 mol%relative to the total moles of antimony and tin in the ATO nanoparticles, even more preferably from 8 to 15 mol%, such as 10 mol%.
[0018] Preferably, the ATO nanoparticles are not bound to a support, such as a silica, alumina, or titania support.
[0019] The core-shell polymer particles used in the present invention preferably have a rubbery or elastomeric core. The shell is preferably harder (higher glass transition temperature) than the core and may compatibilize the core-shell polymer particles with a thermoplastic polymer matrix when used for LDS. The core-shell polymer particles preferably improve the impact strength of the thermoplastic polymer matrix in which it is used.
[0020] The core-shell polymer particles have an average particle size ranging from 50 nm to 1000 nm. Preferably, the core-shell polymer particles have an average particle size of at least 100 nm, and more preferably at least 200 nm. Preferably, the core-shell polymer particles have an average particle size of no more than 800 nm, and more preferably no more than 600 nm.
[0021] The core-shell polymer particles may comprise known core-shell polymer particles and may be selected based on the thermoplastic polymer matrix in which they may be used. For example, the core-shell polymer particles may be selected from acrylic core-shell polymer particles, polyolefin-acrylic core-shell particles, methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene core-shell polymer particles, methyl methacrylate-acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene core-shell polymer particles, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene core-shell polymer particles, and combinations thereof. Preferably, the core-shell polymer particles are selected from acrylic core-shell polymer particles, polyolefin-acrylic core-shell polymer particles, methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene core-shell polymer particles, and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene core-shell polymer particles. More preferably, the core-shell polymer particles are selected from acrylic core-shell polymer particles and methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene core-shell polymer particles.
[0022] Examples of acrylic core-shell polymer particles include core-shell polymer particles having a core comprising polymerized units derived from butyl acrylate. The rubbery core is preferably cross-linked. The shells of the acrylic core-shell polymer particles may comprise polymerized units derived from monomers selected from (C1-C18 (meth) acrylates, such as, butyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, methyl acrylate, hexyl acrylate, butylmethacrylate, methylmethacrylate, ethylhexyl methacrylate, stearyl acrylate, benzyl acrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate, cyclopentyl methacrylate, trifluoroethylmethacrylate, hydroxyethylmethacrylate and dicyclopentadienyl methacrylate and blends thereof, and combinations thereof. As used herein, the term “ (meth) acrylate” is used to describe both the alkyl acrylate and alkyl methacrylate. The (meth) acrylic monomers may be functionalized, non-functionalized or a combination thereof. Exemplary functionalized (meth) acrylic monomers include but not limited to, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, glycidyl methacrylate, allyl methacrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and acrylamide. Preferably, the shell comprises polymerized units derived from methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, propyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl hexyl acrylate, and iso-octyl acrylate. More preferably, the shell comprises polymerized units derived from methyl methacrylate.
[0023] Polyolefin-acrylic core-shell polymer particles may comprise a core made of a polyolefin and an acrylic shell. Examples of polyolefins include, but are not limited to, homopolymers and copolymers (including elastomers) of one or more alpha-olefins such as ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 3-methyl-1-butene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 3-methyl-1-pentene, 1-heptene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-decene, and 1-dodecene, as typically represented by polyethylene, polypropylene, poly-1-butene, poly-3-methyl-1-butene, poly-3-methyl-1-pentene, poly-4-methyl-1-pentene, ethylene-propylene copolymer, ethylene-l-butene copolymer, and propylene-1-butene copolymer; copolymers (including elastomers) of an alpha-olefin with a conjugated or non-conjugated diene, as typically represented by ethylene-butadiene copolymer and ethylene-ethylidene norbornene copolymer; and polyolefins (including elastomers) such as copolymers of two or more alpha-olefins with a conjugated or non-conjugated diene, as typically represented by ethylene-propylene-butadiene copolymer, ethylene-propylene-dicyclopentadiene copolymer, ethylene-propylene-1, 5-hexadiene copolymer, and ethylene-propylene-ethylidene norbornene copolymer; ethylene-vinyl compound copolymers such as ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, ethylene-vinyl chloride copolymer, ethylene acrylic acid or ethylene- (meth) acrylic acid copolymers, and ethylene- (meth) acrylate copolymer. These resins may be used either alone or in combinations of two or more. The polyolefin may, for example, comprise one or more polyolefins selected from the group consisting of ethylene / alpha-olefin copolymers, propylene / alpha-olefin copolymers, and olefin block copolymers. Polyolefins such as polypropylene, polyethylene, copolymers thereof, and blends thereof, as well as ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymers, may be used. Preferably, the polyolefin may be an ethylene / alpha-olefin copolymer. Polyethylene-alpha olefin copolymers comprise units derived from ethylene and polymeric units derived from one or more alpha-olefin. Exemplary polymeric units derived from one or more alpha-olefin include, for example, C2 and C4 to C10 alpha-olefins, preferably C2, C4, C6, and C8 alpha olefins. Examples of polyethylene / alpha-olefin copolymers include, for example, ethylene-butene, ethylene-hexene, or ethylene-octene copolymers or interpolymers.
[0024] Preferably the core of the core-shell polymer particles has a glass transition temperature (Tg) of no more than 25℃, more preferably no more than 0℃, and even more preferably no more than -25℃. As used herein, the terms “glass transition temperature” or “Tg” refers to the temperature at or above which a glassy polymer will undergo segmental motion of the polymer chain. Glass transition temperatures of a copolymer can be estimated using the Fox equation (Bulletin of the American Physical Society, 1 (3) Page 123 (1956) ) as follows: 1 / Tg = w1 / Tg (1) + w2 / Tg (2)
[0025] For a copolymer, w1 and w2 refer to the weight fraction of the two comonomers, and Tg (1) and Tg (2) refer to the glass transition temperatures of the two corresponding homopolymers made from the monomers in degrees Kelvin. For polymers containing three or more monomers, additional terms are added (wn / Tg (n) ) . The glass transition temperatures of the homopolymers may be found, for example, in the “Polymer Handbook, ” edited by J. Brandrup and E.H. Immergut, Interscience Publishers. The Tg of a polymer can also be measured by various techniques, including, for example, differential scanning calorimetry ( “DSC” ) . As used herein, the phrase “calculated Tg” shall mean the glass transition temperature as calculated by the Fox equation. When the Tg of a multistage polymer is measured, more than one Tg may be observed. The Tg observed for one stage of a multistage polymer may be the same as the Tg that is characteristic of the polymer that forms that stage (i.e., the Tg that would be observed if the polymer that forms that stage were formed and measured in isolation from the other stages) . When a monomer is said to have a certain Tg, it is meant that a homopolymer made from that monomer has that Tg.
[0026] Preferably, the shell of the core-shell polymer particles has a Tg of at least 20℃, more preferably at least 50℃, and still more preferably at least 70℃.
[0027] The core-shell polymer particles may be produced by emulsion polymerization, in which multi-stage emulsion polymerization may be used to form the shell on the core. In emulsion polymerization, the resulting core-shell particles may be formed as an aqueous emulsion, in which the core-shell polymer particles are dispersed throughout the aqueous emulsion.
[0028] Preferably the ATO nanoparticles are mixed with the aqueous emulsion containing the core-shell polymer particles to form a dispersion comprising the ATO nanoparticles and the core-shell polymer particles. The ATO nanoparticles and the core-shell polymer particles may then be co-isolated to remove the water. Preferred methods of co-isolation include spray drying, coagulation, and freeze drying. More preferably, the dispersion of ATO nanoparticles and the core-shell polymer particles are co-isolated by spray drying or coagulation. The co-isolation process produces a dried composition comprising the ATO nanoparticles dispersed among the core-shell polymer particles. Preferably, the dried composition comprises less than 5 wt%, more preferably less than 2 wt%, and still more preferably less than 1 wt%of water relative to the total weight of the ATO nanoparticles and the core-shell polymer particles.
[0029] The weight ratio of the ATO nanoparticles to the core-shell polymer particles in the composition may range from 0.005: 1 to 0.5: 1. Preferably, the weight ratio of the ATO nanoparticles to the core-shell polymer particles ranges from 0.008: 1 to 0.4: 1, and even more preferably from 0.01: 1 to 0.2: 1.
[0030] Another aspect of the present invention relates to a polymer composition that may be used in LDS. The polymer composition comprises a thermoplastic polymer matrix, core-shell polymer particles and ATO nanoparticles, where the core-shell polymer particles and the ATO nanoparticles are dispersed throughout the thermoplastic polymer matrix.
[0031] The thermoplastic polymer matrix preferably comprises an engineering polymer, which is a polymer that can be used in a molded injection device (MID) . Examples of thermoplastic polymers that may be used include, for example, polycarbonate, polyesters, polycarbonate-polysiloxane copolymers, polyamide (PA 6, PA 6, 6) , polylactic acid, polyvinyl chloride, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polymethyl methacrylate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene trimethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyvinyl alcohol, polystyrene, and high impact polystyrene. Preferably, the thermoplastic polymer matrix comprises a polymer selected from polycarbonate, polycarbonate alloys (e.g., polycarbonate-acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polycarbonate-polyethylene terephthalate, and polycarbonate-polybutylene terephthalate) , polyamides, polyesters, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene.
[0032] Preferably, the ATO nanoparticles are present in an amount ranging from 0.05 to 10 parts by weight relative to 100 parts by weight of the thermoplastic polymer matrix ranges. More preferably, the ATO nanoparticles are present in an amount ranging from 0.08 to 10 parts by weight relative to 100 parts by weight of the thermoplastic polymer matrix, and even more preferably from 0.1 to 5 parts by weight relative to 100 parts by weight of the thermoplastic polymer matrix.
[0033] Preferably the core-shell polymer particles are present in an amount ranging from 1 to 25 parts by weight relative to 100 parts by weight of the thermoplastic polymer matrix. More preferably, the core-shell polymer particles are present in an amount ranging from 2 to 15 parts by weight, and even more preferably from 4 to 10 parts by weight, relative to 100 parts by weight of the thermoplastic polymer matrix.
[0034] The ATO nanoparticles in the polymer composition are preferably dispersed throughout the thermoplastic polymer matrix substantially as discrete nanoparticles, i.e., less than 20%of the total number of ATO nanoparticles are agglomerates of ATO nanoparticles. Preferably, the ATO nanoparticles are not bound to a support, such as silica, alumina, or titania.
[0035] In a preferred embodiment, the polymer composition comprises core-shell polymer particles selected from acrylic core-shell polymer particles, polyolefin-acrylic core-shell particles, and methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene core-shell particles, and the thermoplastic polymer matrix is selected from polycarbonate, polycarbonate alloys, polyesters, polyamides, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene.
[0036] Another aspect of the present invention relates to a process for making the polymer composition. The process comprises preparing an emulsion of core-shell polymer particles by emulsion polymerization, mixing ATO nanoparticles with the emulsion of core-shell polymer particles, and co-isolating the core-shell polymer particles and the ATO nanoparticles to form an additive composition. The additive composition is then mixed with a thermoplastic polymer matrix to disperse the core-shell polymer particles and the ATO nanoparticles throughout the thermoplastic polymer matrix. The additive composition and the thermoplastic polymer matrix may be mixed by method known in the art for mixing compositions together. The ATO nanoparticles are preferably dispersed throughout the thermoplastic polymer matrix substantially as discrete nanoparticles, i.e., less than 20%of the total number of ATO nanoparticles are agglomerates of ATO nanoparticles. Preferably, the ATO nanoparticles are not bound to a support, such as silica, alumina, or titania.
[0037] The polymer composition comprising the thermoplastic polymer matrix, the core-shell polymer particles and the ATO nanoparticles may be molded to form a polymer substrate, which may be used in LDS.
[0038] Another aspect of the present invention relates to a process for metallizing a polymer substrate using LDS. The polymer substrate may be exposed to a laser to remove material from a surface of the polymer substrate and to activate the ATO nanoparticles at the surface exposed to the laser. The laser may be used to create a defined pattern on a surface of the polymer substrate. Metal is then deposited on the activated nanoparticles on the polymer substrate to provide a metallized article. Preferably, the metal is selected from copper, nickel, silver and gold. The metal is preferably deposited by electroless deposition.
[0039] Examples
[0040] The following examples illustrate the present invention but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
[0041] LDS additive compositions were prepared by mixing acrylic core-shell polymer particles (PARALOIDTM KM-5000 available from The Dow Chemical Company) with antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles (20 nm average particle size and 10 mol%antimony based on the total moles of antimony and tin) . The resulting dispersion was co-isolated by freeze drying.
[0042] The co-isolated core-shell polymer particles and ATO nanoparticles were then mixed with polycarbonate (LEXAN 141 available from Sabic. A 26 mm lab co-rotating twin screw extruder with L / D of 27, equipped with 5mm strand die was used to process the above compositions under the conditions listed below in Table 1. The resulting strands of molten resin were cooled by passing the strands through a water bath. The cooled strands were chopped into small pellets, and the pellets were later injection molded into test bars.
[0043] Table 1
[0044] In Example 1, the core-shell polymer particles and ATO nanoparticles were added in an amount such that the resulting polymer comprised 5 wt%of the core-shell polymer particles and 0.06 wt%of the ATO nanoparticles based on the total weight of the resulting polymer (i.e., the total weigh of the core-shell polymer particles, the ATO nanoparticles, and the polycarbonate) . In Example 2, the core-shell polymer particles and ATO nanoparticles were added in an amount such that the resulting polymer comprised 5 wt%of the core-shell polymer particles and 0.12 wt%of the ATO nanoparticles based on the total weight of the resulting polymer. The resulting polymer was then molded in the form of a plaque (3 x 2 x 1 / 8 inch) and then activated with a laser (wavelength=1064nm; laser speed=3000mm / s; laser frequency=50 and 60; laser power= 7w, 8w, 9w, 10w, and 11w) using a predefined test pattern. The activatated plaques were then plated with copper by immersing the activated plaques in a copper electroless plating bath (electroless plating solution ECM-110, supplied by Teamly Chemical Corp. ) at 55℃ and plated for 1 h. Images of the plaques of Example 1 and Example 2 are shown in FIG. 3.
[0045] Two control samples were also prepared. Control 1 comprised 100 wt%neat polycarbonate. Control 2 comprised 5 wt%of the core-shell polymer particles mixed with polycarbonate. Images of the control samples are shown in Fig. 1.
[0046] Comparative Example 1 was prepared in the same manner as Example 1. In Comparative Example 1, a commercially available LDS additive comprising antimony-doped tin oxide on titanium dioxide particles ( 8850 available from EMD Electronics) in an amount of 1 wt%relative to the total weight of the resulting polymer in place of the core-shell polymer particles and ATO nanoparticles used in Example 1.
[0047] Comparative Example 2 was prepared in the same manner as Example 1. In Comparative Example 2, 2 wt%of 8850 LDS additive was used in place of the core-shell polymer particles and ATO nanoparticles used in Example 1. Images of Examples 1 and 2 are shown in Fig. 2.
[0048] The compositions of the samples is shown below in Table 1. The melt flow index (MFI) , as measured according to ASTM 1238 at 300℃ with 1.2kg weight is also shown in Table 2.
[0049] Table 2
[0050] The notched Izod impact strength of each sample was measured according to ASTM D256 (RT=Room Temperature; 0C=0℃; -20C=-20℃; Std=standard deviation) . The results of the notched Izod impact strength analysis is shown below in Table 3.
[0051] Table 3
[0052] As can be seen in Table 3, Comparative Examples 1 and 2 exhibited poor impact strength at low temperatures. Notably, the higher LDS additive levels in Comparative Example 2 also resulted in poor impact strength at room temperature. In contrast, Examples 1 and 2 according to embodiments of the present invention demonstrated excellent impact strength even at low temperatures.
[0053] The present invention may be embodied in other forms without departing from the spirit and the essential attributes thereof, and, accordingly, reference should be made to the appended claims, rather than to the foregoing specification, as indicating the scope of the invention.
Claims
1.A composition comprisingcore-shell polymer particles; andantimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles;wherein the ATO nanoparticles are dispersed among the core-shell polymer particles.2.The composition according to claim 1, wherein the ATO nanoparticles have an average particle size ranging from 5 nm to 1000 nm.3.The composition according to claim 2, wherein the ATO nanoparticles have an average particle size ranging from 50 to 800 nm.4.The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the weight ratio of the ATO nanoparticles to the core-shell polymer particles ranges from 0.005: 1 to 1: 1.5.The composition according to claim 4, wherein the weight ratio of the ATO nanoparticles to the core-shell polymer particles ranges from 0.008: 1 to 0.4: 1.6.The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the core-shell polymer particles have an average particle size ranging from 50 nm to 1000 nm.7.The composition according to claim 6, wherein the core-shell polymer particles have an average particle size ranging from 100 nm to 600 nm.8.The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the core-shell polymer particles are selected from group consisting of acrylic core-shell polymer particles, polyolefin-acrylic core-shell particles, methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene core-shell polymer particles, methyl methacrylate-acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene core-shell polymer particles, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene core-shell polymer particles, and combinations thereof.9.A process for producing a composition comprisingpreparing core-shell polymer particles by emulsion polymerization;mixing antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles with the emulsion of core-shell polymer particles; andco-isolating the core-shell polymer particles and ATO nanoparticles.10.The process according to claim 9, wherein co-isolating the core-shell polymer particles and ATO nanoparticles comprises co-isolating by coagulation, spray drying, or freeze drying.11.The process according to claim 9 or claim 10, wherein the ATO nanoparticles have an average particle size ranging from 5 nm to 1000 nm.12.The process according to claim 11, wherein the ATO nanoparticles have an average particle size ranging from 50 to 800 nm.13.The process according to any one of claims 9 to 12, wherein the weight ratio of the ATO nanoparticles to the core-shell polymer particles ranges from 0.005: 1 to 1: 1.14.The process according to any one of claims 9 to 13, wherein the core-shell polymer particles have an average particle size ranging from 50 nm to 1000 nm.15.The process according to any one of claims 9 to 14, wherein the core-shell polymer particles are selected from group consisting of acrylic core-shell polymer particles, polyolefin-acrylic core-shell particles, methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene core-shell polymer particles, methyl methacrylate-acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene core-shell polymer particles, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene core-shell polymer particles, and combinations thereof.
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