Method and apparatus for communications
By leveraging terrestrial network functions to provide UE-specific TA parameters, the method ensures accurate timing advance estimation in non-terrestrial networks, addressing GNSS-related errors and improving network efficiency.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/097471
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-06-05
- Publication Date
- 2025-12-11
AI Technical Summary
In non-terrestrial networks (NTNs), open-loop timing advance (TA) estimation by user equipment (UE) is prone to errors due to temporary or permanent GNSS unavailability or inaccuracies, leading to communication disruptions, increased signaling overhead, and energy consumption.
A method where a terrestrial network function provides UE-specific TA parameters to a non-terrestrial network UE, enabling accurate TA calculation even in cases of GNSS errors, reducing disruptions and energy consumption.
Enhances TA estimation accuracy, reduces communication disruptions, signaling overhead, and processing power, while maintaining seamless connectivity during UE location errors or GNSS unavailability.
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Figure CN2024097471_11122025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR COMMUNICATIONSTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] Embodiments of the present invention relate to the field of wireless technologies, and more specifically, to a method and an apparatus for communications.BACKGROUND
[0002] Unlike a closed-loop system prevalent in terrestrial networks (TNs) , open-loop timing advance (TA) in non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) is characterized by calculation of timing advance (TA) values directly by a user equipment (UE) without relying on closed-loop feedback for precise adjustment. The concept defines a reference point (RP) for uplink synchronization, which could be positioned at various locations including the base station (BS) , satellite, or along the feeder or service link. Open-loop TA is bifurcated into two components: a common TA and a UE-specific TA. The UE-specific TA allows UEs to autonomously estimate timing adjustments to counteract service link delays, contingent on the known positions of both the satellite and the UE. This self-estimation necessitates that UEs possess global navigation satellite system (GNSS) capabilities for location determination, with the satellite ephemeris provided by the network to facilitate access to a specific satellite.
[0003] It is assumed that UEs possess GNSS capability, and the locations of both the satellite and UE need to be known at the UE side for self-estimation. However, the assumption of always accurate UE-specific information may not hold true due to potential errors in GNSS or the unavailability of this service, either temporarily or permanently.SUMMARY
[0004] Embodiments of the present application provide a method and an apparatus for communications, which allows a non-terrestrial network (NTN) UE estimates a TA between the NTN UE and a non-terrestrial network function in any cases such as the NTN UE’s location is either temporary or permanently not available or there is an error in location estimation, reduces communication disruptions, signaling overhead, energy consumption and processing power at satellite, and improves accuracy of TA estimation.
[0005] According to a first aspect, there is provided a method for communication. The method can be implemented by terminal device or a chip installed in the terminal device. The method includes: receiving, from a first network function, first information associated with a timing advance (TA) between a non-terrestrial network (NTN) user equipment (UE) and a second network function, where the first network is a terrestrial network function and the second network function is non-terrestrial network function; and communicating, based on the first information, with the second network function.
[0006] Based on the method proposed in the first aspect, a terrestrial network function provides on behalf of the non-terrestrial network function, an NTN UE, information associated with a timing advance (TA) between the NTN UE and a non-terrestrial network function (for example, a satellite) , which allows the NTN UE calculates the TA between the NTN UE and the second network function in any cases such as the NTN UE’s location is either temporary or permanently not available or there is an error in location self-estimation, and brings advantages such as a reduction in terms of communication disruptions, signaling overhead, energy consumption and processing power at the non-terrestrial network function as well as improvement of accuracy of TA calculation.
[0007] In an implementation of the first aspect, where receiving, from the first network function, the first information further includes: receiving, from the first network function, the first information via one of: a radio resource control (RRC) message, a media access control (MAC) control element (CE) , downlink control information (DCI) .
[0008] In this implementation, first information associated with the TA between an NTN UE and a non-terrestrial network function may be received by the NTN UE from a terrestrial network function via an RRC message, a MAC CE, DCI or other signals, which is not limited.
[0009] In an implementation of the first aspect, where the method further includes: calculating the TA and a variation of the TA between the NTN UE and the second network function, based on the UE-specific TA parameters and a TA function, and the TA function is predefined or preconfigured.
[0010] In this implementation, an NTN UE calculates the TA between the NTN UE and a non-terrestrial network function (which is the second network function) and variation of the TA based on the UE-specific parameters received from a terrestrial network function (which is the first network function) and a TA function defined or configured in advance. Since the terrestrial network function is aware of its own position, there would be no GNSS error in its calculation. The terrestrial network function calculates an open loop TA (that is the TA between an NTN UE and the non-terrestrial network function) and formulate it for every NTN UE. Since the TA function has been defined or configured in advance at the NTN UE side, and the NTN UE only needs to calculates the open loop TA using the TA function and the UE-specific parameters received from the terrestrial network function. In this way, the NTN UE calculates the open loop TA at different time interval accurately and quickly with a low processing power.
[0011] In an implementation of the first aspect, the method further includes: transmitting a first message to the first network function, where the first message is for requesting the first information.
[0012] In this implementation, an NTN UE requests, from a terrestrial network function, information associated with the TA between the NTN UE and a non-terrestrial network function. This implementation can be used in an initial access for the NTN UE to join a non-terrestrial network (NTN) . For example, during the initial access, when the terrestrial network function has synchronized with the non-terrestrial network function (for example, a satellite) , the NTN UE, upon receiving SSB from the non-terrestrial network function, can contact the corresponding terrestrial network function, requests the information associated with the TA (for example, UE-specific parameters) for use during the initial access and RRC connected state. This helps the NTN UE join the NTN with an accuracy TA and a fast speed during the initial access.
[0013] In an implementation of the first aspect, where the NTN UE is in an RRC connected state with the second network function; and the method further includes: receiving a second message employed for updating the UE-specific TA parameters, where the second message comprises latest updated UE-specific TA parameters calculated and maintained by the first network function on behalf of the second network function.
[0014] In this implementation, UE-specific parameters employed for calculating TA between an NTN UE and a non-terrestrial network function are updated and maintained by a terrestrial network function. The NTN UE receives the updated UE-specific TA parameters from the terrestrial network function. The UE-specific parameters are promptly updated at the NTN UE side utilizing synchronization capabilities of the terrestrial network function. This not only enhances accuracy and speed of updates but also alleviates signaling burden on the non-terrestrial network function, ultimately contributing to the efficiency and reliability of a wireless communication network.
[0015] In an implementation of the first aspect, where the method further includes: transmitting a third message to the first network function, where the third message includes a first TA between the NTN UE and the second network function that is calculated by the NTN UE; the first information includes updated UE-specific TA parameters and / or updated specific TA parameters of the first network function, the updated UE-specific TA parameters and / or updated specific TA parameters of the first network function are calculated and maintained by the first network function and employed to the NTN UE for updating the first TA to be the TA.
[0016] In this implementation, an NTN UE doesn’ t use UE-specific parameters provided by a terrestrial network function during an initial access. The NTN UE sends, for example, periodically, its calculated TA (i.e., the open loop TA, the first TA) to the corresponding terrestrial network function for a validation. The terrestrial network function compares the received TA calculated by the NTN UE with the one calculated by itself based on the NTN UE’s location, and provides an updated TA if a difference between the TA calculated by the NTN UE and the one calculated by the terrestrial network function is beyond a TA threshold. This implementation can be used in a case that the NTN UE has the location estimation capability, for example, the NTN UE is equipped with GNSS, which lets the UE calculates the TA accurately and quickly, and updates the TA at the NTN UE side promptly. This implementation also helps the NTN UE to readjust the TA in case of error in GNSS calculation.
[0017] In an implementation of the first aspect, where the method further comprises: receiving, from a third network function after a handover, second information associated with the TA between the NTN UE and the second network function, where the third network function is a terrestrial network function, and the handover involves a beam switch within a same cell or an inter-cell handover.
[0018] In this implementation, if an NTN UE is connected to both a non-terrestrial network function and a terrestrial network function, and a handover occurs within the NTN, a new terrestrial network function provides information associated with the TA between the NTN UE and the non-terrestrial network function. This process ensures that as mobile NTN UE moves, the parameters employed for calculating the TA are consistently adjusted and provided to the NTN UE, which maintains a seamless connection with both the non-terrestrial network function and the terrestrial network function, and therefore reduces communication disruptions.
[0019] In an implementation of the first aspect, where the second information includes: updated UE-specific TA parameters; or specific TA parameters of the third network function.
[0020] In this implementation, second information is provided to an NTN UE by a new terrestrial network function (which is called the third network function in embodiments of the present application) if a handover occurs. Therefore, the second information is similar to the first information provided by the first network function (which is the old terrestrial network function to which the NTN UE is connected before the handover occurs) .
[0021] According to a second aspect, there is provided a method for communication. The method may be implemented by a first network function. The first network function may be a terrestrial network function or a chip installed in the terrestrial network function. The method includes: obtaining first information associated with a TA between a non-terrestrial network (NTN) UE and a second network function, where the first network function is a terrestrial network function, and the second network function is a non-terrestrial network function; and transmitting the first network function to the NTN UE.
[0022] Technical effects of the method provided in the second aspect or some implementations of the second aspects can refer to the corresponding descriptions for the first aspect or implementations of the first aspects, which will not be repeated herein.
[0023] In an implementation of the second aspect, where the UE-specific TA parameters are employed to the NTN UE for calculating the TA and a variation of the TA between the NTN UE and the second network function based on a TA function, and the TA function is predefined or preconfigured.
[0024] In an implementation of the second aspect, where the method further includes: receiving TA adjustments from the second network function in multiple time intervals; and updating the specific TA parameters of the first network function and / or the UE specific parameters based on the TA adjustments in the multiple time intervals received from the second network function, a drift rate and a drift variation which are inferred based on the TA adjustments.
[0025] In this implementation, a terrestrial network function adjusts its TA (i.e., TA between the terrestrial network function and a non-terrestrial network function) based on TA adjustments in multiple time intervals from the non-terrestrial network function, and infers a drift rate by considering variations occurring in the TA (the TA between the terrestrial network function and a non-terrestrial network function) over time intervals. Further, based on the TA adjustments, the drift rate and the variation, the terrestrial network function updates the UE-specific parameters and / or TA parameters of the itself.
[0026] In an implementation of the second aspect, where the method further includes: transmitting the updated specific TA parameters of the first network function and / or the updated UE-specific TA parameters to the NTN UE.
[0027] In this implementation, a terrestrial network function updates the UE-specific parameters and / or TA parameters of the itself based on the TA adjustments from a non-terrestrial network function in multiple time intervals, a drift rate and variation, and then provides the latest updated specific TA parameters of the first network function and / or the latest updated UE-specific TA parameters to the NTN UE. For example, in a case that the NTN UE doesn’ t possess GNSS capability temporarily or permanently, the terrestrial network function provides the latest updated UE-specific TA parameters to the NTN UE to adjust the TA between the NTN UE and the non-terrestrial network function; and in another case that the terrestrial network function can’ t estimate the NTN UE’s location accurately, it helps that the terrestrial network function shares its specific TA parameters to the NTN UE to provide a close approximation of TA for the NTN UE within vicinity of the terrestrial network function.
[0028] In an implementation of the second aspect, where before transmitting the first information to the NTN UE, the method further includes: receiving, from the NTN UE, a first message requesting for the first information.
[0029] In an implementation of the second aspect, where the first network function maintains a connection with the second network function, and the method further includes: updating the UE-specific TA parameters periodically or aperiodically; and monitoring a TA error by comparing the updated UE-specific parameters and the UE-specific TA parameters transmitted previously to the NTN UE; and transmitting a second message to the NTN UE to update the UE-specific currently used in a case that the TA error is beyond a TA error threshold, where the second message includes latest updated UE-specific TA parameters calculated and maintained at the first network function.
[0030] In an implementation of the second aspect, where the method further includes: receiving a third message from the NTN UE, where the third message includes a first TA between the NTN UE and the second network function that is calculated by the NTN UE; and monitoring a TA error by comparing the first TA and a second TA between the NTN UE and the second network function that is calculated by the first network function; where the first information comprises the UE-specific parameters employed for calculating a new TA for current use and updating the first TA to be the new TA in a case that the TA error is beyond a TA error threshold, and the TA between the NTN UE and the second network function is the new TA.
[0031] In an implementation of the first aspect or the second aspect, where the first information includes UE specific TA parameters deduced by the first network function.
[0032] In this implementation, first information associated with the TA between an NTN UE and a non-terrestrial network function may be the UE-specific parameters which are deduced by a terrestrial network function (which is the first network function) . This implementation makes the non-terrestrial network function offloads some calculation tasks related to the TA (i.e., the open loop TA between the NTN UE and the second network function) to the first network function, energy consumption and processing power at the second network function can be reduced, as well as the computational resources.
[0033] In an implementation of the first aspect or the second aspect, where the first information includes specific TA parameters of the first network function.
[0034] In this implementation, if a terrestrial network function (which is the first network function) can’ t estimate an NTN UE’s location in some scenarios, the NTN UE still can calculate a TA between the NTN UE and the non-terrestrial network function accurately based on the specific TA parameters of the terrestrial network function, because the first network function possesses knowledge of its own specific TA parameters. If the NTN UE is equipped with GNSS capability, and the it can estimate the TA between the NTN UE and the non-terrestrial network function accurately based on the specific TA parameters of the terrestrial network function and its own location estimated by the GNSS. Therefore, in the case that the terrestrial network function can’ t estimate an NTN UE’s location accurately, the proposed solution of the present application also works and obtains the same technical effects as the implementation in which the terrestrial network function can estimates the NTN UE’s location accurately and provides the UE-specific parameters.
[0035] In an implementation of the first aspect or the second aspect, where the UE-specific parameters deduced by the first network function are based on one or more of: the NTN UE’s location; a distance between the NTN UE and the first network function; and specific TA parameters of the first network function employed for calculating a TA between the first network function and the second network function.
[0036] In this implementation, a terrestrial network function (which is the first network function) is aware of its own position and can simply evaluate orbital parameters and obtain location of a non-terrestrial network function (which is the second network function) at different time intervals which lead to an accurate of specific TA parameters of the first network function, based on which the terrestrial network function can deduce accurate UE-specific parameters based on the NTN UE’s location, a distance between the NTN and the terrestrial network function and so on.
[0037] In an implementation of the first aspect or the second aspect, where the UE-specific TA parameters includes one or more of: a UE-specific TA at a reference time instant; a drift rate of a UE-specific TA at a reference time instant; and a drift variation at a reference time instant.
[0038] In this implementation, UE-specific TA parameters includes one or more of: a UE-specific TA at a reference time instant; a drift rate of a UE-specific TA at a reference time instant; and a drift variation at a reference time instant, based on which a terrestrial network function (which is the first network function) formulate the TA between the NTN UE and a non-terrestrial network function (which is the second network function) for each NTN UE. A TA function is defined or configured in advance at the NTN UE side, which let the NTN UE calculates the TA quickly by using the TA function.
[0039] Moreover, in implementations of the present application, the terrestrial network function (which is the first network function, for example, a terrestrial gNB) provides the UE-specific TA parameters, not the open loop TA calculated by the terrestrial network function, is to let the NTN UE to recalculate the TA (i.e., the open loop TA) by itself locally at different time intervals on the basis of a reference time instant. In some scenarios, for example, we consider LEO satellites which are moving with a very high speed with respect to UEs, the open loop TA at each time interval can be varied. Therefore, in order to minimize signaling overhead between NTN UEs and the satellite and to keep the open loop TA up-to-date, the terrestrial network function assists the NTN UEs and provide UE-specific TA parameters, which later the NTN UEs can use to update the open loop TA locally for a longer period before requesting new parameters from the satellite or the terrestrial gNB. Also providing the UE-specific TA parameters makes the calculation faster at UEs and removes the need to be equipped with GNSS and process orbital parameters.
[0040] In an implementation of the first aspect or the second aspect, where the drift variation includes one or more of: the drift variation for the first order and / or the drift variation for the order higher than the first order.
[0041] According to a third aspect, there is provided an apparatus for communications having a function or module to perform the method in the first or the second aspect or any one of possible implementations in these aspects.
[0042] According to a fourth aspect, there is provided an integrated circuit. The integrated circuit includes at least one processor, where the at least one processor is coupled to at least one memory. The at least one memory is configured to store one or more instructions and / or executable computer code. The at least one processor is configured to invoke the one or more instructions and / or executable computer code, so that a communication apparatus installed the integrated circuit can perform the method in the first or the second aspect or any one of possible implementations in these aspects. Optionally, the integrated circuit may further include the at least one memory. Optionally, the integrated circuit may further include a communication interface, and the communication interface is configured to input and / or output a signal (e.g., information and / or data etc. ) . For example, the communication interface is configured to input a signal to be processed by the processor, or the communication interface is further configured to output a signal processed by the processor.
[0043] According to a fifth aspect, there is provided an apparatus for communications. The apparatus includes one or more circuits and one or more communication interfaces. The one or more communication interfaces may include a first interface for receiving (that is, inputting) information and / or data that is to be processed by the one or more circuits and a second interface for transmitting (that is, outputting) information and / or data processed by the one or more circuit. The one or more circuits are configured to process the information and / or data that is to be processed so that the apparatus performs the method in the first or the second aspect or any one of possible implementations in these aspects.
[0044] According to a sixth aspect, there is provided a communication system. The communication system may include a first device in the first aspect and a second device in the second aspect.
[0045] According to a seventh aspect, there is provided a computer storage medium that stores executable computer code, and the executable computer code is used to execute one or more instructions for the method according to the first or the second aspect or any one of possible implementations in these aspects.
[0046] According to an eighth aspect, there is provided a computer program product including one or more instructions, and when the computer product program runs on a computer, the computer performs the method according to the first or the second aspect or any one of possible implementations in these aspects.DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0047] One or more embodiments are exemplarily described by corresponding accompanying drawings, and these exemplary illustrations and accompanying drawings constitute no limitation on the embodiments. Elements with the same reference numerals in the accompanying drawings are illustrated as similar elements, and the drawings are not limited to scale, in which:
[0048] FIG. 1 is an example of a simplified schematic illustration of a communication system 100.
[0049] FIG. 2 illustrates another example for communication system.
[0050] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of communication between two apparatuses in a communication system.
[0051] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of an apparatus 410.
[0052] FIG. 5 illustrates example of apparatus 510.
[0053] FIG. 6 shows an example of a communication system that includes NT-TRPs and T-TRPs.
[0054] FIG. 7 shows another example of a communication system that includes NT-TRPs and T-TRPs.
[0055] FIG. 8 shows another example of a communication system that includes NT-TRPs and T-TRPs.
[0056] FIG. 9 shows another example of a communication system that includes NT-TRPs and T-TRPs.
[0057] FIG. 10 illustrates a conventional RACH procedure and RRC-connected state in NTN.
[0058] FIG. 11 is a schematic flow chart of a method (300) for communications according to some embodiments of the present application.
[0059] FIG. 12 shows TA adjustment in an initial access procedure according to an embodiment of the present application.
[0060] FIG. 13 illustrates updating TA for NTN UEs during RRC connected state by T-gNBs according to an embodiment of the present application.
[0061] FIG. 14 illustrates validating NTN UE calculated UE-specific TA by T-gNB and providing a updated one to the NTN UE if necessary according to an embodiment of the present application.
[0062] FIG. 15 shows a mobile NTN UE receives an updated TA based on its new location from a corresponding T-gNB when the NTN UE handovers from one T-gNB cell to another one according to an embodiment of the present application.
[0063] FIG. 16 is a schematic block diagram of an apparatus 10 according to some embodiments of the present application.
[0064] FIG. 17 is a schematic block diagram of an apparatus according to some embodiments of the present application.DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[0065] In order to understand features and technical contents of embodiments of the present application in detail, implementations of the embodiments of the present application will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, and the attached drawings are only for reference and illustration purposes, and are not intended to limit the embodiments of the present applications. In the following technical descriptions, for ease of explanation, numerous details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the disclosed embodiments.
[0066] Referring to FIG. 1, as an illustrative example, a simplified schematic illustration of a communication system is provided. The communication system 100 may comprise a radio access network 120. The radio access network (RAN) 120 may be a future generation radio access network, or a legacy (such as 5th generation (5G) , 4th generation (4G) , 3rd generation (3G) or 2nd generation (2G) ) radio access network, the RAN 120 may be a network using another radio access technology. In some implementations, radio access refers to a future generation air interface of standards which may comprise both terrestrial networks (TNs) and non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) , and more details will be described below. One or more communication electronic device (ED) 110a, 110b, 110c, 110d, 110e, 110f, 110g, 110h, 110i, 110j (generically referred to as 110) may be interconnected to one another or connected to one or more network nodes 170a, 170b (generically referred to as 170) in the RAN 120. A core network (CN) 130 may be a part of the communication system and may be dependent or independent of the radio access technology used in the communication system 100. The communication system 100 may also comprise a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 140, the internet 150, and other networks 160.
[0067] In general, the communication system 100 enables communication of multiple wireless or wired elements. The communication system 100 may provide content, such as voice, data, video, and / or text, via broadcast, multicast, groupcast, unicast, etc. The communication system 100 may operate by sharing resources, such as carrier spectrum bandwidth, among its constituent elements.
[0068] The communication system 100 may provide a wide range of communication services and applications including enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) services, ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) services, massive machine type communication (mMTC) services, integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) , immersive communication, massive communication, Hyper reliable and low-latency communication, ubiquitous connectivity, integrated AI and communication, and other services that can be provided by a future generation communication system. The communication system 100 may provide other services and applications such as earth monitoring, remote sensing, passive sensing and positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility, etc.
[0069] The communication system 100 may include a terrestrial communication system (or network) and / or a non-terrestrial communication system (or network) . The communication system 100 may provide a high degree of availability and robustness through a joint operation of a terrestrial communication system and a non-terrestrial communication system. For example, integrating a non-terrestrial communication system (or components thereof) into a terrestrial communication system can result in a heterogeneous network comprising multiple layers. The heterogeneous network may achieve better overall performance through efficient multi-link joint operation, more flexible functionality sharing, and faster physical layer link switching between terrestrial networks and non-terrestrial networks. The terrestrial communication system and the non-terrestrial communication system could be considered sub-systems of the communication system 100.
[0070] FIG. 2 illustrates another example for communication system 100. As described earlier, the communication system 100 may include EDs 110a, 110b, 110c, 110d (generically referred to as ED 110) , RAN 120a, 120b, and one or more of a CN 130, a PSTN 140, the internet 150, and other networks 160. In addition, the communication system 100 may also include a non-terrestrial network (NTN) 120c. The RANs 120a, 120b may include respective network nodes 170a, 170b such as base stations 170a, 170b, which may be generically referred to as terrestrial network (TN) devices or terrestrial transmit and receive points (T-TRPs) 170a, 170b (generically referred to as 170) . As referred to herein, the terms “TRP” and “base station” may be used interchangeably unless explicitly noted otherwise in a given example or section. For brevity, this disclosure may primarily refer to base station; however, absent an explicit limitation, references to TRP are merely non-limiting instances of interchangeable use. The T-TRPs 170a, 170b may be base stations mounted on a building or tower. In one implementation, the NTN 120c includes a RAN node such as base station 172, which may be generically referred to as an NTN device, a non-terrestrial node, a non-terrestrial network device, a non-terrestrial base station, or a non-terrestrial transmit and receive point (NT-TRP) 172.
[0071] In some implementations, the NT-TRP 172 is not attached to the ground, for example, in the case of an airborne base station. An airborne base station may be implemented using communication equipment supported or carried by a flying device. For example, a flying device may include an airborne platform (such as a blimp or an airship) , balloon, drone (such as quadcopter) , and other types of aerial vehicles. In some implementations, an airborne base station may be supported or carried by an unmanned aerial system (UAS) or an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) , such as a drone. An airborne base station may be a moveable or mobile base station that can be flexibly deployed in different locations to meet network demand. A satellite base station is another example of a non-terrestrial base station. A satellite base station may be implemented using communication equipment supported or carried by a satellite. A satellite base station may also be referred to as an orbiting base station. High altitude platforms are yet another example of non-terrestrial base stations, including international mobile telecommunication base stations.
[0072] As referred to herein, and unless specified otherwise, a “TRP” may also refer to a T-TRP or an NT-TRP, a “T-TRP” may also refer to a “TN TRP” , and an “NT-TRP” may also refer to an “NTN TRP” . The NTN 120c may be considered to be a radio access network (RAN) , with operational aspects in common with the RANs 120a, 120b. The NTN 120c may include at least one NTN device and at least one corresponding terrestrial network device, the at least one NTN device may function as a transport layer device and the at least one corresponding terrestrial network device may function as a RAN node, which communicates with the ED 110 via the non-terrestrial network device. In addition, there may be an NTN gateway on the ground (i.e., referred to as a terrestrial network device) that also functions as a transport layer device to communicate with both the NTN device and the RAN node. The RAN node may communicate with the ED 110 via the NTN device and the NTN gateway. In some implementations, the NTN gateway and the RAN node may be located in the same device.
[0073] A base station (also referred to as a TRP as stated above) 170 may be a network element in radio access network responsible for radio transmission and reception in one or more cells to or from the user equipment. Base station 170 may be known by other names in some implementations, such as a base transceiver station (BTS) , a radio base station, a network node, a network device, a device on the network side, a transmit / receive node, a Node B, an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a Home eNodeB, a next Generation NodeB (gNB) , a transmission point (TP) , a site controller, an access point (AP) , a wireless router, a relay station, a terrestrial node, a terrestrial network device, a terrestrial base station, a positioning node, among other possibilities. The base station 170 may be a macro base station (BS) , a pico BS, a relay node, a donor node, or the like, or combinations thereof. When a base station 170 performs (or is configured to perform) a method described herein, it may be interpreted as the base station, one or more modules (or units) in the base station, a circuit or chip, or a combination thereof, may perform the method. For example, the circuit or chip may include a modem chip, also referred to as a baseband chip, a system on chip (SoC) including a modem core, system in package (SIP) ) , and the like, and may be responsible for one or more communication functions in the base station.
[0074] The EDs 110a-110d and TRPs 170a-170b, 172 are examples of communication equipment that can be configured to implement some or all of the operations and / or embodiments described herein. The T-TRP 170a forms part of the RAN 120a, which may include other TRPs, and / or other devices. Also, the TRP 170b forms part of the RAN 120b, which may include other TRPs, and / or devices. Each TRP 170a, 170b may transmit and / or receive wireless signals within a particular geographic region or area, sometimes referred to as a “cell” or “coverage area” . The TRPs 170a-170b may be responsible for allocating and / or configuring resources and transmission and / or reception in a set of cells. A cell may be a radio network object that can be uniquely identified from a (cell) identification that is broadcasted over a geographical region or area from base stations associated with the cell. A cell can work in either FDD or TDD mode. A cell may be further divided into cell sectors, and a base station 170a-170b may, for example, employ multiple transceivers to provide service to multiple sectors. In some implementations, there may be established pico or femto cells where the radio access technology supports such. In some implementations, multiple transceivers could be used for each cell, for example using multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology. The number of RAN 120a-120b shown is an example only. Any number of RAN may be contemplated when devising the communication system 100.
[0075] Any base station may be a single element, as shown, or multiple elements, distributed in the corresponding RAN, or otherwise. In some implementations, a plurality of RAN nodes coordinate to assist the ED 110 in implementing radio access, and different RAN nodes separately implement different functions of the base station. For example, the RAN node may be a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a CU-control plane (CP) , a CU-user plane (UP) , or a radio unit (RU) etc. The CU and the DU may be separately deployed, or may be included in a same element (i.e., a baseband unit (BBU) ) . The RU may be included in a radio frequency device or a radio frequency unit (i.e., a remote radio unit (RRU) , an active antenna unit (AAU) , or a remote radio head (RRH) ) . In different systems, the CU (or the CU-CP and the CU-UP) , the DU, or the RU may also have different names, but a person skilled in the art may understand meanings thereof. For example, in an open radio access network (ORAN) system, a CU may also be referred to as an open CU (O-CU) , a DU may also be referred to as an open DU (O-DU) , and a CU-CP may also be referred to as an open CU-CP (O-CU-CP) . The CU-UP may also be referred to as an open CU-UP (O-CU-UP) , and the RU may also be referred to as an open RU (O-RU) . Any one of the CU (or the CU-CP, the CU-UP) , the DU, and the RU may be implemented by using a software module, a hardware module, or a combination of a software module and a hardware module.
[0076] Further, communication (s) between different devices / apparatuses in various embodiments of this application may refer to direct communication between different devices / apparatuses (that is, no forwarding is required by another device / apparatuses) , or may refer to communication (s) between different devices / apparatuses via another device / apparatus (that is, forwarding is required by another device / apparatus) . Alternatively, such communication (s) may refer to that a functional unit inside the device / apparatus uses another functional unit in the device / apparatus to communicate with another device / apparatus. In other words, "sending (or transmitting) information to... (an ED or a base station) " in this application may be understood as that a destination endpoint of the information is an ED or a base station. It may include sending / transmitting information directly or indirectly to an ED or a base station. Similarly, "receiving information from... (an ED or a base station) " may be understood as that a source endpoint of the information is an ED or a base station, and may include directly or indirectly receiving information from an ED or a base station. Necessary processing such as format conversion, digital-to-analog conversion, amplification, and filtering may be performed on the information between the source endpoint that sends the information and the destination endpoint. However, the destination endpoint may understand valid information from the source endpoint. Similar descriptions in this application may be understood similarly. Details are not described herein again. In the present disclosure, the terms "send" and "transmit" may be used interchangeably in embodiments of this application.
[0077] The ED 110 is used to connect persons, objects, machines, etc. The ED 110 may be widely used in various scenarios including, for example, cellular communications, device-to-device (D2D) , vehicle to everything (V2X) , peer-to-peer (P2P) , machine-to-machine (M2M) , MTC, internet of things (IoT) , virtual reality (VR) , augmented reality (AR) , mixed reality (MR) , metaverse, digital twin, industrial control, self-driving, remote medical, smart grid, smart furniture, smart office, smart wearable, smart transportation, smart city, drones, robots, remote sensing, passive sensing, positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility, etc.
[0078] Each ED 110 represents any suitable end user device for wireless operation and may include such devices (or may be referred to but not limited to) as a user equipment (UE) or a user device or a terminal device, a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) , a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a cellular telephone, a station (STA) , a MTC device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a smartphone, a laptop, a computer, a tablet, a wireless sensor, a consumer electronics device, a smart book, a vehicle, a car, a truck, a bus, a train, or an IoT device, wearable devices (such as a watch, a pair of glasses, head mounted equipment, etc. ) , an industrial device, or an apparatus (such as module, modem, or chip) in the forgoing devices, among other possibilities. Future generation EDs 110 may be referred to using other terms. When an ED 110 performs (or is configured to perform) a method described herein, it may be interpreted as the ED, one or more module (or units) in the ED, a circuit or chip, or a combination thereof, may perform the method. For example, the circuit or chip may include a modem chip, also referred to as a baseband chip, a system on chip (SoC) including a modem core, or system in package (SIP) ) , and the like, and may be responsible for one or more communication functions in the ED.
[0079] Each ED 110 connected to TRPs 170a-170b, and / or TRPs 172 can be dynamically or semi-statically turned-on (i.e., established, activated, or enabled) , turned-off (i.e., released, deactivated, or disabled) and / or configured in response to one of more of: connection availability and connection necessity.
[0080] Any ED 110 may be alternatively or additionally configured to interface, access, or communicate with any TRPs 170a, 170b and 172, the Internet 150, the CN 130, the PSTN 140, the other networks 160, or any combination of the preceding. In some examples, ED 110a may communicate an uplink (UL) and / or downlink (DL) transmission over a terrestrial air interface 190a with station-TRP 170a. In some examples, the EDs 110a, 110b, 110c, and 110d may also communicate directly with one another via one or more sidelink (SL) air interfaces 190b. In some examples, ED 110a, 110d may communicate an UL and / or DL transmission over a non-terrestrial air interface 190c with NT-TRP 172.
[0081] An air interface (such as 190a, 190b, 190c) generally includes a number of components and associated parameters that collectively specify how a transmission is to be sent and / or received over a wireless communications link between two or more communicating devices such as ED and base station. For example, an air interface may include one or more components defining the waveform (s) , frame structure (s) , multiple access scheme (s) , protocol (s) , coding scheme (s) and / or modulation scheme (s) for conveying information (such as, data) over a wireless communications link. The air interfaces 190a and 190b may use similar communication technology, such as any suitable radio access technology.
[0082] The non-terrestrial air interface 190c can enable communication between the EDs 110a, 110d and one or multiple NT-TRPs 172 via a wireless link or simply a link. For some examples, the link is a dedicated connection for unicast transmission, a connection for broadcast transmission, or a connection between a group of EDs 110 and one or multiple NT-TRPs 172 for multicast transmission.
[0083] The TRPs 170a-170b, 172 may communicate with one another over one or more air interfaces 190e, 190f using wireless communication links (such as radio frequency (RF) , microwave, infrared (IR) , etc. ) or wired communication links. The air interfaces 190e, 190f may utilize any suitable radio access technology, and may be substantially similar to the air interfaces 190a, 190c over which the EDs 110a-110d communicate with one or more of the TRP 170a-170b, 172 or they may be substantially different. For example, the communication system 100 may implement one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA) , time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) , or single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) .
[0084] The RANs 120a and 120b are in communication with the CN 130 to provide the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c with various services such as voice, data, and other services. The RANs 120a and 120b and / or the CN 130 may be in direct or indirect communication with one or more other RANs (not shown) , which may or may not be directly served by CN 130, and may or may not employ the same radio access technology as RAN 120a, RAN 120b or both. The CN 130 may also serve as a gateway access between (i) the RANs 120a and 120b or EDs 110a 110b, and 110c or both, and (ii) other networks (such as the PSTN 140, the Internet 150, and the other networks 160) . In addition, some or all of the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c may include functionality for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links using different wireless technologies and / or protocols. Instead of wireless communication (or in addition thereto) , the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c may communicate via wired communication channels to a service provider or switch (not shown) , and to the Internet 150. PSTN 140 may include circuit switched telephone networks for providing plain old telephone service (POTS) . Internet 150 may include a network of computers and subnets (intranets) or both, and incorporate protocols, such as internet protocol (IP) , transmission control protocol (TCP) , user datagram protocol (UDP) . EDs 110a 110b, and 110c may be multimode devices capable of operation according to multiple radio access technologies, and incorporate multiple transceivers necessary to support such.
[0085] In addition, the communication system 100 may comprise a sensing agent (not shown) to manage the sensed data from ED 110 and / or any one of TRPs 170 a-170b, 172. In one implementation, the sensing agent may be part of any one of TRPs 170 a-b, 172. In another implementation, the sensing agent is a separate node that can communicate with the CN 130 and / or the RAN 120 (such as any one of TRPs 170 a-b, 172) .
[0086] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of an apparatus 310 wirelessly communicating with another apparatus 320 in a communication system (such as the communication system 100) . The apparatus 310 may be an electronic device (such as ED 110) . The apparatus 320 may be a network node (such as network node 170) such as T-TRP 170 or an NT-TRP 172. Although there is only one apparatus 310, and one apparatus 320 shown in the figure, the number of apparatus 310 and / or 320 could be one or more. For example, one ED 110 may be served by only one T-TRP 170 (or one NT-TRP 172) , by more than one T-TRP 170 (or more than one NT-TRP 172) . One ED 110 may be served by one or more T-TRP 170 and one or more NT-TRP172. Similarly, one T-TRP 170 (or one NT-TRP172) may serve one or more ED 110.
[0087] Apparatus 310 includes at least one processor 210. Only one processor 210 is illustrated to avoid congestion in the drawing. The apparatus 310 may further include a transmitter 201 and a receiver 203 coupled to one or more antennas 204. Only one antenna 204 is illustrated to avoid congestion in the drawing. One, some, or all of the antennas 204 may alternatively be panels. The transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 may be integrated, such as as a transceiver. The transceiver is configured to modulate data or other content for transmission by at least one antenna 204 or network interface controller (NIC) . The transceiver is also configured to demodulate data or other content received by the at least one antenna 204. Each transceiver includes any suitable structure for generating signals for wireless or wired transmission and / or processing signals received wirelessly or by wire. Each antenna 204 includes any suitable structure for transmitting and / or receiving wireless or wired signals. The apparatus 310 may include at least one memory 208. Only the transmitter 201, receiver 203, processor 210, memory 208, and antenna 204 is illustrated for simplicity, but the apparatus 310 may include one or more other components. In present disclosure, the transceiver (or transmitter 201 and / or receiver 203) may be viewed as an interface circuit.
[0088] The memory 208 stores instructions used to perform operations described herein. The memory 208 may also store data used, generated, or collected by the apparatus 310. For example, the memory 208 could store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionality and / or embodiments described herein and that are executed by one or more processor 210.
[0089] The apparatus 310 may further include one or more input / output devices (not shown) or interfaces. The input / output devices or interfaces permit interaction with a user or other devices in the network. Each input / output device or interface includes any suitable structure for providing information to or receiving information from a user, and / or for network interface communications. Suitable structures include, for example, a speaker, microphone, keypad, keyboard, display, touch screen, etc.
[0090] The processor 210 may perform (or control the apparatus 310 to perform) operations (or methods) described herein as being performed by the apparatus 310. For example, the processor 210 performs or controls the apparatus 310 to perform receiving transport blocks (TBs) , using a resource for decoding of one of the received TBs, releasing the resource for decoding of another of the received TBs, and / or receiving configuration information configuring a resource. In detail, the operation may include those operations related to preparing a transmission for UL transmission to the apparatus 320; those operations related to processing DL transmissions received from the apparatus 320; and those operations related to processing SL transmission to and from another apparatus 310. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for UL transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing DL transmissions may include operations such as receive beamforming, demodulating and decoding received symbols. Processing operations related to processing SL transmissions may include operations such as transmit / receive beamforming, modulating / demodulating and encoding / decoding symbols. Depending upon the embodiment, a DL transmission may be received by the receiver 203, possibly using receive beamforming, and the processor 210 may extract signaling from the DL transmission (such as by detecting and / or decoding the signaling) . An example of signaling may be a reference signal transmitted by the apparatus 320. In some implementations, the processor 210 implements the transmit beamforming and / or the receive beamforming based on the indication of beam direction, such as beam angle information (BAI) , received from the apparatus 320. In some implementations, the processor 210 may perform operations relating to network access (such as initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, such as operations relating to detecting a synchronization sequence, decoding and obtaining the system information, etc. In some implementations, the processor 210 may perform channel estimation, such as using a reference signal received from the apparatus 320.
[0091] Although not illustrated, the processor 210 may form part of the transmitter 201 and / or part of the receiver 203. Although not illustrated, the memory 208 may form part of the processor 210.
[0092] The processor 210, the processing components of the transmitter 201, and the processing components of the receiver 203 may each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory (such as in the memory 208) .
[0093] The apparatus 320 includes one or more processors 260 (only one processor 260 is illustrated to in the figure) . The apparatus 320 may further include at least one transmitter 252 and at least one receiver 254 coupled to one or more antennas 256. Only one antenna 256 is illustrated to avoid congestion in the drawing. One, some, or all of the antennas 256 may alternatively be panels. The transmitter 252 and the receiver 254 may be integrated as a transceiver. The apparatus 320 may further include at least one memory 258. The apparatus 320 may further include scheduler 253. Only the transmitter 252, receiver 254, processor 260, memory 258, antenna 256 and scheduler 253 are illustrated for simplicity, but the apparatus 320 may include one or more other components. In present disclosure, the transceiver (or transmitter 252 and / or receiver254) may be viewed as an interface circuit.
[0094] In some implementations, the parts of the apparatus 320 may be distributed. For example, some of the modules of the apparatus 320 may be located remote from the equipment that houses the antennas 256 for the apparatus 320 (thereby also can be viewed as one or more nodes) , and may be coupled to the equipment that houses the antennas 256 over a communication link (not shown) sometimes known as front haul, such as common public radio interface (CPRI) . Therefore, in some implementations, the term apparatus 320 may also refer to nodes on the network side that perform processing operations, such as determining the location of the apparatus 310, resource allocation (scheduling) , message generation, and encoding / decoding, and that are not necessarily part of the equipment that houses the antennas 256 of the apparatus 320. The nodes may also be coupled to other apparatus 320s. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 may actually be a plurality of nodes that are operating together to serve the apparatus 310, such as through the use of coordinated multipoint transmissions, or the use of ORAN system as described above in the application.
[0095] The processor 260 performs operations including those related to: preparing a transmission for DL transmission to the apparatus 310, processing an UL transmission received from the apparatus 310, preparing a transmission for backhaul transmission to another apparatus 320, and processing a transmission received over backhaul from another apparatus 320. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for DL or backhaul transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, precoding (such as multiple input multiple output (MIMO) precoding) , transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing received transmissions in the UL or over backhaul may include operations such as receive beamforming, demodulating received symbols, and decoding received symbols. The processor 260 may also perform operations relating to network access (such as initial access) and / or DL synchronization, such as generating the content of synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) , generating the system information, etc. In some implementations, the processor 260 also generates an indication of beam direction, such as BAI, which may be scheduled for transmission by a scheduler 253 which will be described below. In some implementations, the processor 260 implements the transmit beamforming and / or receive beamforming based on beam direction information (such as BAI) received from another apparatus 320. The processor 260 performs other network side processing operations described herein, such as determining the location of the apparatus 310, determining where to deploy another apparatus 320, etc. In some implementations, the processor 260 may generate signaling, such as to configure one or more parameters of the apparatus 310 and / or one or more parameters of another apparatus 320. Any signaling generated by the processor 260 is sent by the transmitter 252. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 implements physical layer processing. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 may implement higher layer functions such as functions at the medium access control (MAC) or radio link control (RLC) layer in addition to physical layer processing. The apparatus 320 may further comprise scheduler 253 coupled to the processor 260 or integrated in the processor 260. The scheduler 253 may be included within or operated separately from the apparatus 320a. The scheduler 253 may schedule UL, DL, SL, and / or backhaul transmissions, including issuing scheduling grants and / or configuring scheduling-free (such as “configured grant” ) resources.
[0096] The apparatus 320 may further include a memory 258 storing instructions used to perform operations described herein. The memory 258 may also store data used, generated, or collected by the apparatus 320. For example, the memory 258 could store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionality and / or embodiments described herein and that are executed by the processor 260.
[0097] Although not illustrated, the processor 260 may form part of the transmitter 252 and / or part of the receiver 254. Also, although not illustrated, the processor 260 may implement the scheduler 253. Although not illustrated, the memory 258 may form part of the processor 260.
[0098] The processor 260, the scheduler 253, the processing components of the transmitter 252, and the processing components of the receiver 254 may each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory, such as in the memory 258.
[0099] The apparatus 320 and / or the apparatus 310 may include other components, but these have been omitted for the sake of clarity.
[0100] Note that “signaling” , as used herein, may alternatively be called control signaling, control message, control information, or message for simplicity. Signaling between a base station (such as the TRP 170a-b, 172) and a UE or sensing device (such as ED 110) , or signaling between a different UE or sensing device (such as between ED 110a and ED 110b) may be carried in physical layer signaling (also called as dynamic signaling) , which is transmitted in a physical layer control channel. For DL, the physical layer signaling may be known as downlink control information (DCI) which is transmitted in a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) . For UL, the physical layer signaling may be known as uplink control information (UCI) which is transmitted in a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) . For SL, signaling between different UEs or sensing devices (such as between ED 110a and ED 110b) may be known as SL control information (SCI) which is transmitted in a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) . Signaling may be carried in a higher layer (such as higher than physical layer) signaling, which is transmitted in a physical layer data channel, such as in a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) for downlink signaling, in a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) for uplink signaling, and in a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) for SL signaling. Higher layer signaling may also be called static signaling, or semi-static signaling. Higher layer signaling may be radio resource control (RRC) protocol signaling or media access control -control element (MAC-CE) signaling. Signaling may be included in a combination of physical layer signaling and higher layer signaling.
[0101] It should be noted that in present application, “information” , when different from “message” , may be carried in one single message, or be carried in more than one separate message.
[0102] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of an apparatus 410. The apparatus 410 may be a communication device or an apparatus implemented in a communication device such as ED 110 or TRPs 170a-170b, 172. For example, the apparatus implemented in a communication device may be an integrated circuit, which in some contexts may be known by other colloquial names, such as chip, modem, modem chip, baseband chip, or baseband processor. In some implementations, one or more integrated circuits can be packaged into a system-on-chip, a system-in-package, or a multi-chip module. The apparatus may comprise one or more integrated circuits or comprise one or more integrated circuits and other discrete components. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be a module in ED 110, or apparatus 310. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be a module in one of TRPs 170a-170b, 172, or apparatus 320.
[0103] In an example, the apparatus 410 may include one or more processors / processor cores 411, and an interface circuit 412. The apparatus 410 may further include a memory 413. The one or more processors / processor cores 411 are configured to process signals and execute one or more communication protocols. The memory 413 is configured to store at least a part of corresponding computer program instructions and / or data. In an example, the one or more processors (or processor cores) 411 execute the computer program instructions stored in the memory 413 to implement related operations (for example, inputting, outputting, receiving, and transmitting) in the method embodiments disclosed herein. In some implementations, the memory 413 being configured to store the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data may mean that the memory 413 is configured to store all of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data for execution by the one or more processors / processor cores 411. In some implementations, the memory 413 being configured to store the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data may mean that the memory 413 is configured to store a part of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data. For example, the part of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data may include computer program instructions and / or data that need to be currently executed by the one or more processors / processor cores 411. Thus, the memory 413 may store different parts of computer program instructions and / or data for a plurality times for the one or more processors (or processor cores) 411 to perform related operations in the method embodiments disclosed herein. As a communication interface, the interface circuit 412 is configured to implement communication with another component. For example, the interface circuit 412 may communicate a signal with other apparatus / system such as a radio frequency processing apparatus, or processor system. Optionally, to reduce a load of the one or more processors (or processor cores) , a baseband signal processing circuit 414 may be also disposed to implement processing of at least a part of baseband signals, including signal demodulation, modulation, encoding, decoding, or the like.
[0104] Apparatus 410 may be processor 210 (or 260) in apparatus 310 (or 320) , in some scenarios, or included in processor 210 (or 260) in apparatus 310 (or 320) in some scenarios. Apparatus 410 may be or include a baseband chip. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be independently packaged into a chip. In some implementations, the apparatus 310 (or 320) includes different types of chips. The apparatus 410 may be packaged into a processor chip (for example, an SoC chip or an SIP chip) with the different types of chips. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be packaged into a chip with some or all of circuits of a radio frequency processing system that may further included in the apparatus 310 (or 320) .
[0105] FIG. 5 illustrates example of apparatus 510. Apparatus 510 may include corresponding modules or units configured to implement methods and / or embodiments described herein. In some implementations, the apparatus 510 includes a processing unit 512 and a communication unit 513. Optionally, the apparatus 510 may further include a storage unit 511 configured to store apparatus program code (or instructions) and / or data.
[0106] The apparatus 510 may be an ED side apparatus, for example, an ED or a module in an ED, or a circuit or a chip responsible for a communication function in an ED. In some implementations, apparatus 510 may be the apparatus 310. The processing unit 512 is the processor 210. The communication unit 513 may comprise a receiving unit and / or a transmitting unit. The receiving unit and / or the transmitting unit may be the transmitter 201 and / or receiver 203 respectively. The storage unit 511 may be the memory 208.
[0107] The apparatus 510 may be a base station side apparatus, for example, a base station or a module in a base station, or a circuit or a chip responsible for a communication function in a base station. In some implementations, apparatus 510 may be apparatus 320. The processing unit 512 may be processor 260 (the scheduler 253 may also be included) . The communication unit 513 may comprise a receiving unit and / or a transmitting unit. The receiving unit and / or the transmitting unit may be transmitter 252 and / or receiver 254 respectively. The storage unit 511 may be memory 258.
[0108] In some implementations, when the apparatus 510 is an ED 110 or a module in an ED 110, a function of the apparatus 510 may be implemented by one or more processors. Specifically, the processor may include a modem chip, or a system on chip SoC chip or an SIP chip that includes a modem core. A function of the communication unit 513 may be implemented by a transceiver circuit.
[0109] In some implementations, when the apparatus 510 is a circuit or a chip that is responsible for a communication function in an ED 110, for example, a modem chip, a system on chip SoC chip or an SIP chip that includes a modem core, a function of the processing unit 512 may be implemented by a circuit system that is in the chip and that includes one or more processors or processor cores. A function of the communication unit 513 may be implemented by an interface circuit or a data transceiver circuit on the foregoing chip.
[0110] It may be understood that the units in the apparatus 510 may be logical or functional. Each function may correspond to one functional unit, or two or more functions may be integrated into one functional unit. In actual implementation, all or some of the units may be integrated into one physical entity, or may be distributed in different physical entities. In addition, the foregoing functional units may be implemented in a form of hardware, may be implemented in a form of software, or may be implemented in a form of a combination of hardware and software. Whether a function is performed in a form of hardware or software depends on particular applications and design constraint conditions of the technical solutions. A person skilled in the art may use different methods to implement the described functions for each particular application, but it should not be considered that the implementation goes beyond the scope of this application.
[0111] In an example, a functional unit in any one of the foregoing apparatuses may be configured as one or more integrated circuits for implementing the methods disclosed herein, for example, one or more application-specific integrated circuits (application-specific integrated circuits, ASICs) , one or more central processing units (central processing units, CPUs) , one or more microprocessors (microcontroller units, MCUs) , one or more digital signal processors (digital signal processors, DSP) , one or more field programmable gate arrays (field programmable gate arrays, FPGAs) , or a combination of at least two of these integrated circuit forms.
[0112] In an example, the storage unit 511 may include a random access memory, a flash memory, a read-only memory, a programmable read-only memory, an electrically erasable programmable memory, and / or a register.
[0113] A processor, a processor system, a application processor, a baseband processor, a processor circuit, or a processor core may be collectively referred to as a processor. The processor may include one or a combination of a central processing unit (CPU) , a digital signal processor (DSP) , a microprocessor (microprocessor unit, MPU) , a microcontroller (microcontroller unit, MCU) , a graphics processing unit (GPU) , a field programmable gate array (FPGA) , an artificial intelligence processor (AI processor) , or a neural network processing unit (NPU) .
[0114] Memory or a storage unit may include one or more of the following storage media: a random access memory (RAM) , a static random access memory (static RAM, SRAM) , a dynamic random access memory (dynamic RAM, DRAM) , a phase-change memory (PCM) , a resistive random access memory (resistive RAM, ReRAM) , a magnetoresistive random access memory (magnetoresistive RAM, MRAM) , a ferroelectric random access memory (ferroelectric RAM, FRAM) , a cache, a register, a read-only memory (ROM) , a flash memory (flash memory) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (erasable programmable ROM, EPROM) , a hard disk, and the like. In an example, computer program instructions used to execute embodiments may be stored in a non-volatile memory, for example, at least a part of a memory or storage unit (for example, one or more of a ROM, a flash memory, an EPROM, or a hard disk) . When a terminal runs, a part or all of corresponding computer program instructions may be loaded to a memory that has a higher transmission speed with the processor, for example, at least a part of a memory or a storage unit (for example, one or more of a RAM, an SRAM, a DRAM, a PCM, a RERAM, an MRAM, a FRAM, a cache, or a register) , so that the processor executes the computer program instructions to perform the steps in the method embodiments disclosed herein.
[0115] A terrestrial communication system may also be referred to as a land-based or ground-based communication system, although a terrestrial communication system can also, or instead, be implemented on or in water. A wireless communications system may support communications between a UE and non-terrestrial devices, which is also called as a non-terrestrial communication system. The non-terrestrial communication system may bridge the coverage gaps for underserved areas by extending the coverage of cellular networks through non-terrestrial nodes, which will be key to ensuring global seamless coverage and providing mobile broadband services to unserved / underserved regions, in this case, it is hardly possible to implement terrestrial access-points / base-stations infrastructure in the areas like oceans, mountains, forests, or other remote areas.
[0116] The terrestrial communication system may be a wireless communications using 5G technology and / or future wireless technology. In some examples, the terrestrial communication system may also accommodate some legacy wireless technology (e.g., 3G or 4G wireless technology) . The non-terrestrial communication system may be a communications using the satellite constellations like conventional Geo-Stationary Orbit (GEO) satellites which utilizing broadcast public / popular contents to a local server, Low earth orbit (LEO) satellites establishing a better balance between large coverage area and propagation path-loss / delay, stabilize satellites in very low earth orbits (VLEO) enabling technologies substantially reducing the costs for launching satellites to lower orbits, high altitude platforms (HAPs) providing a low path-loss air interface for the users with limited power budget, or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) (or unmanned aerial system (UAS) ) achieving a dense deployment since their coverage can be limited to a local area, such as airborne, balloon, quadcopter, drones, etc. In some examples, GEO satellites, LEO satellites, UAVs, HAPs and VLEOs may be horizontal and two-dimensional. In some examples, UAVs, HAPs and VLEOs coupled to integrate satellite communications to cellular networks emerging 3D vertical networks consist of many moving (other than geostationary satellites) and high altitude access points such as UAVs, HAPs and VLEOs.
[0117] FIG. 6 shows an example of a communication system that includes NT-TRPs and T-TRPs. One possible scenario is that T-TRPs are communicating with NT-TRPs that are part of a satellite constellation. A satellite constellation comprises a plurality of satellite orbits such that Earth is always provided with wireless coverage from the satellites, and each satellite orbits may have a plurality of satellites in it. T-TRPs may be connected to the core network through terrestrial gateways while satellite constellations may be connected to the core network through dedicated non-terrestrial gateways. Devices such as UEs may connect and communicate with a T-TRP or with a NT-TRP, depending on the conditions of traffic load, radio link quality, congestion, and so on.
[0118] FIG. 7 shows another example of a communication system that includes NT-TRPs and T-TRPs. Another possible scenario may be envisioned where the satellite constellation effectively acts as the gateway for T-TRPs on the ground. Satellites in the satellite constellation communicate with the CN through gateways located on the ground using a wireless link, while the gateways on the ground may use a wired link (e.g. fiber optical link) to communicate with the CN. T-TRPs communicate with satellites using a wireless link and satellites communicate between each-other using free space optical links (using e.g. lasers) . Devices such as UEs may connect and communicate with a T-TRP or with a NT-TRP, depending on the conditions of traffic load, radio link quality, congestion, and so on.
[0119] FIG. 8 shows another example of a communication system that includes NT-TRPs and T-TRPs. Another possible scenario may be envisioned where the NT-TRPs communicate with T-TRPs through the CN. NT-TRPs may first communicate with dedicated non-terrestrial gateways, which then communicate with the CN. The CN may then relay information from NT-TRPs to T-TRPs via dedicated terrestrial gateways. Devices such as UEs may connect and communicate with a T-TRP or with a NT-TRP, depending on the conditions of traffic load, radio link quality, congestion, and so on.
[0120] In the scenarios above, the link between the UE and the NT-TRPs may be called service link, and the link between the NT-TRPs and the NTN gateway may be called feeder link. In addition, the link between the NTN-TRPs may be called as inter-satellite link (ISL) (not shown in the figure) . Each NTN-TRP may be associated with one or more NTN Gateways.
[0121] The FIGS. 6 to 8 may include a transparent satellite scenario or a regenerative satellite scenario. In the transparent satellite scenario, the satellite functions as a relay at a physical layer, regenerating a physical layer signal without incorporating any protocol layers higher than the physical layer. Conversely, in the regenerative satellite scenario, the satellite performs part or all of processing functions typically handled by a base station, effectively acting as the base station itself. There may or may not be ISL (s) between the satellites.
[0122] FIG. 9 shows an example of a regenerative satellite scenario. T-TRPs may be connected to the core network through terrestrial gateways while satellite constellations may be connected to the core network through dedicated non-terrestrial gateways. Devices such as UEs may connect and communicate with a T-TRP and / or a NT-TRP. There may be ISL between the satellites (i.g., NT-TRPs) .
[0123] Before introducing a communication method provided by the present application, some related technologies or concepts are introduced first for a better understanding.
[0124] Uplink time synchronization is attained when uplink and downlink frames align at a single reference point (RP) , ensuring interference-free communication across both terrestrial networks and Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) . In terrestrial contexts, this RP is situated at the Base Station (BS) , where the minor Timing Advance (TA) induced by the limited cell radius is effectively managed through preamble design and TA commands (TACs) . Conversely, in NTN scenarios, due to the substantial distance between satellites and ground-based User Equipment (UEs) / BSs, the propagation delay significantly surpasses that in terrestrial networks. This discrepancy renders traditional preamble sequences insufficiently long and the conventional TA command value ranges too narrow to accommodate the extensive propagation delay. It is presupposed that the existing new radio (NR) preamble design will be adopted in NTN, alongside alternative strategies to address the pronounced propagation delay.
[0125] Note that, within NTN, TA’s definition is intricately linked to a satellite’s payload type. Specifically, for a transparent satellite payload, TA encompasses the TA for both the feeder link (from BS or gateway to satellite) and the service link (from satellite to UE) . In the case of a regenerative satellite payload, TA pertains solely to the service link TA. Given that NR NTN focuses exclusively on transparent payloads, the total TA is derived from:
[0126] Where NTA represents the closed-loop TA adjustable via TA command; NTA, offset is a fixed offset akin to those in terrestrial networks, influence by frequency; Tc is a basic time unit; TTA, common and denotes open-loop Tas for general and specific UE requirements, respectively.
[0127] Moreover, the swift motion of satellites, such as those in low earth orbit (LEO) , introduces time-variant propagation delays in NTN, further complicating synchronization efforts. Additionally, there is a concerted effort to reduce signaling overhead for UEs, as frequent TA updates would escalate their operational complexity. Thus, enhancing TA validity becomes essential, enabling UEs to independently calculate TA over extended durations, thereby minimizing signaling overhead. In current related standard, it is assumed that UE-specific TA is calculated by UEs, which are all equipped with global navigation satellite system (GNSS) capabilities. This assumption does not take into account potential GNSS errors or the possibility of GNSS being unavailable, whether temporarily or permanently.
[0128] There are some approaches being put forward about how the NTN UE calculates and adjusts the UE-specific TA.
[0129] For example, an approach provides a comprehensive examination of how TA is calibrated, emphasizing the imperative to extend the TA, this discussion sheds light on the rationale behind the need for prolonged TA effectiveness in NTN scenarios, detailing the spectrum of challenges encountered. The analysis points to the critical nature of adapting TA managements to the unique operational intricacies of NTN, such as the extensive propagation delays and the dynamic nature of satellite communications, which demands a more resilient and adaptable TA adjustable strategy.
[0130] In this approach, the differentiation between the closed-loop and the open-loop TA mechanisms, particularly in NTN, is elucidated. Unlike the closed-loop system prevalent in terrestrial networks (TN) , open-loop TA in NTN is characterized by the calculation of TA values directly by the UE without relying on closed-loop feedback for precise adjustment. The concept defines a reference point (RP) for uplink synchronization, which could be positioned at various locations including the Base Station (BS) , satellite, or along the feeder or service link. The open-loop TA is bifurcated into two components: common TA and UE-specific TA. The common TA, managed by the network, accounts for any timing offsets deemed necessary across all users within a cell, typically including delays from the satellite to RP of uplink synchronization. The exact location of the RP for uplink synchronization remains unspecified to UEs in NR NTN, making it impossible for UEs to self-estimate common TA, which must instead be communicated by the network. In addition, UE-specific TA allows UEs to autonomously estimate timing adjustments to counteract service link delays, contingent on the known positions of both the satellite and the UE. This self-estimation necessitates that UEs possess GNSS capabilities for location determination, with the satellite ephemeris provided by the network to facilitate access to a specific satellite.
[0131] In this approach, it is assumed that UEs possess GNSS capability, and the locations of both the satellite and UE need to be known on the UE side for self-estimation. However, the assumption of always accurate UE-specific information may not hold true due to potential errors in GNSS or the unavailability of this service, either temporarily or permanently. Additionally, this approach does not address how to handle errors in UE-specific TA or the potential unavailability of the GNSS service.
[0132] Moreover, having the satellite coordination and speed at UEs side can be achieved in two ways, which each of them has its own limitations: The first format provides satellite position and velocity state vectors, offering low computation complexity and high compatibility with various implementation systems. However, the rapid changes in satellite position and velocity state vectors necessitate frequent updates. Additionally, the second format involves orbital parameter ephemeris, changing slowly and allowing updates with a longer periodicity. Nevertheless, before further calculations, it must be transformed into the ephemeris parameters in the previous Format, incurring high computation complexity. This approach does not provide guidance on addressing these issues. Additionally, the downlink propagation delay is not considered in the common delay calculation.
[0133] Another approach introduce an innovative TA adjustment framework designed for UEs. This framework presents a versatile method for UEs to refine their TA, utilizing a combination of common TA, UE-specific TA, and accounting for the UE-specific drift rate. This approach signifiers a tailored strategy for TA recalibration, empowering UEs to individually adjust to their specific timing variances and mobility patterns, the prosed model, enabled a more accurate synchronization process for UE under varying network conditions.
[0134] This approach advocates for dynamic update of TA based on common TA and its drift rate. It further proposes that common TA could be derived from an average of previous common TA measurements or, under certain circumstances, supplemented by a UE-specific TA drift rate in the network. This approach highlights a refined method for maintaining synchronization accuracy, accommodating the inherent variability in communication delays and the movement of network elements.
[0135] In this approach, similar assumptions are made regarding GNSS-equipped UEs and error-free UE-specific information. In contrast to the former approach, the latter one suggests providing UE-specific drift rate to UEs, aiding them in calculating Timing Advance. The drift rate can be calculated either by satellites (corresponding base stations) or UEs themselves. However, in both of these cases there are some challenges. If UE-specific drift rate calculated by UEs, any errors in the previous calculations will impact the drift rate, affecting TA accuracy adversely. Moreover, for drift rate calculation at base stations, an assumption is made that BSs can receive NTN UEs' uplink signals, determining the UE-specific timing advance based on that. However, this assumption can lead to issues, such as high propagation delay, particularly in dynamic scenarios where UEs' speed and direction are unpredictable, and the time when UEs receive the UE-specific drift rate may not be useable since UEs location may different with the time the drift rate is calculated based on that. Furthermore, the latter approach fails to address the fact that in LEO satellites, the downlink propagation delay may not be equal to the uplink propagation delay due to the movement of satellites. The elevation angle variation across a beam can amplify TA error rates within NTN UEs. Transmitting specific TA drift rates by satellites (or corresponding BSs in case of transparent payload) may increase complexity and cause signaling overhead in the network. Last but not least, the latter approach restricts the calculation of UE-specific drift rate to only gNBs capable of receiving NTN UEs' uplink signals, limiting the scalability of the proposed model.
[0136] FIG. 10 is conventional RACH procedure and RRC connected state in NTN. As illustrated in FIG. 10, during a first stage, i.e., an initial access and RACH procedure, a T-gNB broadcasts assistance information with system information block (SIB) and CORESET#0, where the assistance information encompasses common TA parameters and satellite ephemeris. Leveraging self-estimated UE-specific TA alongside common TA. The UE transmits a message 1 (i.e., msg. 1) for preliminary time synchronization. Subsequently, the BS calculates the closed-loop TA NTA, informing the UE through a message 2 (i.e., msg. 2) . This sequence ensures accurate time synchronization post the RACH procedure. Similarly, in a second stage, i.e., the RRC CONNECTED state, MAC control elements (CE) frequently relay adjustment TA values to the UE, facilitating synchronization in NTN.
[0137] In view of what are discussed above, the present application proposes a method and an apparatus for communications, which can obtain the following improvements:
[0138] reducing communication disruption and delay;
[0139] reducing signaling overhead at satellites;
[0140] reducing energy consumption and processing power at satellites since the satellites can offload some of the synchronization tasks to the T-gNBs, saving computational and signaling resources;
[0141] more accurate TA adjustment since TA advance parameters are generated specifically for each NTN UE, and the possible error which can be made by GNSS is not applicable into the proposed model; and
[0142] lower complexity and faster updates and removing the need to having GNSS at the UE’s side since TA calculation at the UE side is updated, therefore UEs without knowing their locations can still adjust TA with accuracy.
[0143] The above technical effects will be explained in the following embodiments.
[0144] The present application focuses on TA adjustment in NTN communications, where UE can simultaneously connect to both a terrestrial gNB and a satellite. Additionally, it is assumed that the possibility of multiple terrestrial gNBs or aerial gNBs being under the coverage of the same beam of the satellite.
[0145] Moreover, it is assumed that T-gNBs can interact with each other for possible coordination among themselves and they equipped with enough processing power to assist satellites and NTN UEs in adjusting TA in non-terrestrial networks.
[0146] Furthermore, T-gNBs are equipped with antennas with higher gain, height, and transmit power in comparison to UEs and they can directly communicate with satellites.
[0147] Optionally, it is also assumed that T-gNBs can operate in a same frequency band as NTN UEs communicating with satellite while in other occasions their operating frequency can be different.
[0148] In the following embodiments, the present application has considered the existence of multi-beam satellites, where the same satellite may cover multiple T-gNBs under a single beam. Additionally, UEs have the capability to establish connections concurrently with both the satellite and their local T-gNBs.
[0149] A satellite, in certain scenarios, can function transparent by facilitating communication between UEs and base stations without undergoing demodulation or remodulation. Alternatively, a satellite may operate regeneratively, utilizing on-board processing capabilities to, for instance, demodulate uplink signals and modulate downlink signal between the UEs the base stations. Consequently, references herein to functions typically performed by a base station may also, alternatively, be carried out by another type of network access point (AP) in the wireless terrestrial network in a given scenario.
[0150] In the present application, integration of terrestrial gNB feedback in NTN TA mechanism is proposed. Specifically, the present application proposes a novel signaling mechanism in which the T-gNB assists NTN UE to obtain UE-specific TA parameters to obtain a faster and a more accurate TA adjustment during the NTN UE’s communication with a satellite. The proposed solution allows the NTN UE without GNSS coverage to access NTN and also reduces dependency of NTN operation on external sources such as GNSS.
[0151] FIG. 11 is a schematic flow chart of a method (300) for communications according to some embodiments of the present application. The method can be implemented by a communication device or apparatus installed in the communication device, for example, an integrated circuit, a chip, a chip system, hardware and / or software modules, etc. In the following embodiments, the communication device is taken as an example.
[0152] At step 310, a first network function obtains first information associated with a TA between an NTN UE and a second network function.
[0153] The first network function is a terrestrial network function, and the second network function is a non-terrestrial network function. For example, the first network function is a T-gNB, and the second network function is a satellite, or a network device located on the satellite. The network function also can be replaced with other names such as a network device, a network node, communication node and so on, which is not limited in the present application.
[0154] In the embodiments of the present application, the first information is associated with the TA between the NTN UE and the second network function. In other words, the TA between the NTN UE and the second network function can be obtained based on the first information.
[0155] In an embodiment, the first information includes UE-specific parameters. For example, the UE specific parameter may be deduced by the first network function based on one or more of: an NTN UE’s location, a distance between the NTN UE and the first network function, and specific TA parameters of the first network function employed for calculating a TA between the first network function and the second network function.
[0156] For example, in some scenarios, the first network function has the capability to estimate the NTN UE’s location or a distance between the first network function and the NTN UE based on a propagation delay between them for the NTN UE within the coverage of the first network function, employing method such as estimating the propagation delay by transmitting reference signals to the NTN UE and then receive feedback from the NTN UE. Based on the NTN UE’s location or the distance between the NTNT UE and the first network function, the first network function deduces the UE-specific parameters and provides them to the NTN UE employed for calculating the UE-specific parameters. The propagation delay refers to the time it takes for the signal to travel from the satellite to the NTN UE.
[0157] In another embodiment, the first information includes specific TA parameters of the first network function.
[0158] For example, in some scenarios, the UE’s location may not be estimated accurately by the first network function, but the first network function possesses knowledge of its own specific TA parameters. The first network function shares its specific TA parameters or a modified version of them to the NTN UE, which helps when the first network function can’ t estimate accurately the NTN UE’s location but want to provides a close approximation of TA for the NTN UE within vicinity of the first network function.
[0159] Note that, the proposed solution of the present application is based on assumption that the first network function is aware of its location and orbital parameters of the second network function, therefore, when the first network function is connected and synchronized with the second network function, it can calculate the TA between itself and the corresponding second network function. The TA between the first network function and the second network function includes a common part and a specific part. The common part is valid for some time, and after that the first network function needs to obtain an updated one from the second network function. Unlike UEs, we assumed there is no error in specific TA parameters of the first network function since the location of the first network function is fixed (also can be mobile) and known by the first network function, the first network function has enough processing power to evaluate orbital parameters of the second network function and calculate specific TA of itself accurately. Since NTN UEs may distributed within the vicinity of the first network function, the first network function can calculate the UE-specific TA parameters for each of them by considering how far they are located with respect to the first network function. Optionally, the UE-specific parameters can be calculated either by extending the specific TA parameters of the firs network function (e.g., T-gNB-specific TA parameters) with respect to the NTN UEs (which would be faster since T-gNB-specific parameters are obtained after monitoring TA variations at its location for some time) or individually calculating it for each NTN UE.
[0160] At step 320, the first network function transmits the first information to the NTN UE. Accordingly, the NTN UE receives first information from the first network function.
[0161] In some embodiments, the NTN UE may receive the first information carried in a media access control-control element (MAC-CE) , an RRC message, a downlink control information (DCI) , etc. and / or a dedicated signal, which is not limited. For example, the first network function transmits the first information to the NTN UE by the RRC message, and then updates the first information afterwards by the MAC-CE or the DCI.
[0162] At step 330, the NTN UE communication with the second network function based on the first information.
[0163] As stated above, the NTN UE calculates the TA between the NTN UE and the satellite based on the first information, and then the NTN UE communicate with the second network function based on the calculated TA.
[0164] In the proposed solution, the NTN UE receives first information from a non-terrestrial network function (which is the first network function) , and the first information is associated with the TA between the NTN UE and a non-terrestrial network function (which is the second network function) . After that, the NTN UE calculates the TA between itself and the non-terrestrial network function, and communication with the non-terrestrial network function based on the calculated TA.
[0165] Compared with the conventional solution in which the NTN UE with GNSS capability calculates the TA between the NTN UE and the non-terrestrial network function, the proposed solution allows the NTN UE calculates the TA between the NTN UE and the non-terrestrial network function in cases that the GNSS is not available temporarily or permanently. That is to say, the proposed solution of the present application removes the need of having GNSS capability at the UE side. The NTN UE can still adjust TA accurately in cases that the GNSS is not available temporarily or permanently.
[0166] In addition, the TA adjustment is more accurate in comparison to the convention solution depicted in FIG. 10 or those the NTN UE needs to estimate its own location by GNSS, because the UE-specific parameters in the present application are generated specifically for each NTN UE by the corresponding first network function, and the possible error which can be made by GNSS is not applicable into the proposed solution of the present application.
[0167] With the help of the first network function, the NTN UE gets TA update faster, which reduces chances of communication disruptions due to synchronization issues. Moreover, the first network function provides the UE-specific TA parameters on behalf of the second network function, the signaling overhead at the second network function can be reduced as well as signaling resources.
[0168] Because the first network function provides the UE-specific TA parameters on behalf of the second network function, the second network function offloads some synchronization tasks to the first network function, energy consumption and processing power at the second network function can be reduced, as well as the computational resources.
[0169] In an implementation, the UE-specific TA parameters includes or more of:
[0170] a UE-specific TA at a reference time instant;
[0171] a drift rate of a UE-specific TA at a reference time instant; and
[0172] a drift variation at a reference time instant.
[0173] Optional, the drift variation includes the drift variation for the first order and / or the drift variation for the order higher than the first order, for example, a second order, a third order, or a higher order, etc.
[0174] These implementations will be illustrated in detail in the following embodiments.
[0175] In the following embodiments, a T-gNB is taken as an example of the first network function, and a satellite is an example of the second network function.
[0176] As stated in the above embodiments, in the proposed solution of the present application, it is assumed that UEs either lack GNSS capability or that GNSS service is unavailable (either temporarily or permanently) for NTN UEs. The proposed solution is applicable to both transparent and / or regenerative payloads. Additionally, we presume that T-gNBs possess knowledge of their locations.
[0177] FIG. 12 shows TA adjustment in an initial access procedure according to an embodiment of the present application. T-gNBs initially establish a connection with the satellite, as previously descried. When T-gNBs are in the RRC_CONNECTED state, these T-gNBs periodically receive TA adjustments based on their locations. After multiple updates, each T-gNB can calculate specific TA parameters of itself (which are called specific TA parameters of the first network function in the above embodiments) such as the drift rate, drift variation, second-order variation, etc., relying on its location and the variations occurring in TA over successive time intervals. This calculation can be achieved through methods such as employing machine learning (ML) / artificial intelligence (AI) models or mathematical models. For instance, the drift rate can be computed using the following formula (1) :
[0178] It should be noted that, unlike UEs, since T-gNBs are aware of their positions, there would be no GNSS error in their calculations, and since they have enough processing power, they can simply evaluate the orbital parameters and obtain satellites’ locations and velocity vector at different time intervals which lead to an accurate T-gNB specific TA outcome.
[0179] Moreover, T-gNBs can deduce UE-specific TA parameters, including but not limited to: TTA, UE-specific, TTA, UE-specific, drift, TTA, UE-specific, driftvar, and etc. to those NTN UEs within their coverage areas. This is accomplished by updating previously calculated T-gNBs TA parameters such as drift rates and variations, based on NTN UEs’ distance to the T-gNBs. Since NTN UEs can communicate with T-gNBs, these T-gNBs can estimate NTN UEs’ locations within their coverages based on propagation delay between them, employing methods such as (but not limited to) examining the propagation delay when reference signals are sent by T-gNBs to NTN UEs and the feedback received afterward.
[0180] At this point, UEs can simplify the calculation of the TA between the NTN UE and the satellite (that is the open loop TA) by obtaining UE-specific TA parameters directly from T-gNBs. Since T-gNBs already synchronized with the satellite, the UE-specific TA parameters estimated by T-gNBs, the DL propagation delay are also addressed in it and can be used at NTN UEs as follows: TAopen-loop=TTA, UE-specific(tepoc)+TTA, UE-specifi, drift(tepoch)×(t-tepoch) + TTA, UE-specifi, driftvar(tepoch)×(t-tepoch)2 (2)
[0181] Note that the proposed equation can be expanded by different levels of drift variation as well. The proposed equation (2) is a TA function defined or configured in advance at the NTN UE, in which a variable is a time instant. The UE-specific TA parameters vary at different time instants. Therefore, the UE-specific TA parameters are provided by the T-gNBs to the NTN UE and employed for calculating or updating the open loop TA based on the TA function.
[0182] Note that, in equation (2) :
[0183] TTA, UE-specific(tepoc) represents the UE-specific TA at a reference time instant denoted by twpoch . It essentially represents the initial time delay between the satellite’s signal transmission and the ideal reception time at the NTN UE, considering factors like but not limited to the propagation delay;
[0184] TTA, UE-specific, drift(tepoc)×(t-tepo) represents the drift in the TA over time, where TTA, UE-specifi, drift(tepoch) represents the drift rate at the reference time instant, and t-tepoch represents the time elapsed since the reference time instant tepoch. The product of TTA, UE-specifi, drift(tepoch)×(t-tepoch) essentially captures the linear change in the TA due to factors like but not limited to Doppler shift, change of satellite’s location and so on. Here, the Doppler shift refers to change in signal frequency due to the relative motion between the NTN UE and the satellite;
[0185] TTA, UE-specifi, driftvae(tepoch)×(t-tepoch)2 refers to variation in the drift over time, where TTA, UE-specifi, driftcar(tepoch) represents the drift variation rate at the reference time instant denoted by tepo, (t-tepoch)2 represents the square of the time elapsed since the reference time instant. This product captures the quadratic change in TA due to factors like but not limited to a temperature variation and a multipath propagation, where the temperature variation can cause slight changes in oscillator frequencies within the UE and the satellite, and the multipath propagation refers to a propagation phenomenon in which signal reflections can introduce additional delays that can vary over time.
[0186] Based on the TA function and the UE-specific TA parameters provided by the first network function, the NTN UE calculates the TA between the NTN UE and the second network function and variation of the TA at different time intervals. Thus, the NTN UE can calculate and update accurately the open loop TA at different time.
[0187] The proposed solution eliminates the need for GNSS or consideration of GNSS errors in the calculation, consequently, during the initial access, NTN UEs can communicate with a T-gNB to minimize UE initial transmission timing error rates.
[0188] Therefore, during the initial access when T-gNBs are synchronized with a satellite, NTN UEs, upon receiving the secondary synchronization block (SSB) from the satellite, can contact the closest T-gNB within their coverage, requesting UE-specific TA parameters for use during the initial access and RRC connected state. For example, the NTN UE transmits a first message requesting the first information to the corresponding T-gNB, and then receives the first information from the T-gNB. Alternatively, the first message is employed for requesting UE-specific TA parameters or information associated with the UE-specific TA parameters. After that, the NTN UE sends a preamble to the satellite based on the calculated TA between the NTN UE and the satellite, and receives a RAR. In this embodiment, the NTN UE joins the NTN quickly in the initial access procedure with an accurate TA.
[0189] Note that, according to the foregoing embodiments, it is known that the open loop TA (TAopen-loop) consists of a common part and a UE-specific part. In above embodiment, the first network function calculates the common part and the UE-specific part for each NTN UE, and provides the NTN UE a TA function used for calculating the open loop TA and its variation. Based on the TA function, the NTN UE calculates the open loop TA and its variation over a period of time. In another embodiment, the first network function only calculates the UE-specific part and sends it to the NTN UE. The satellite provides the common part of the open loop TA to the NTN UE by broadcasting. The NTN UE calculates the open loop TA based on the UE-specific part calculated by the first network function and the common part received from the second network function (e.g., the satellite) .
[0190] To enhance the precision and speed of timing advance adjustments on the UE side, we leverage the capabilities of Terrestrial gNBs to update TA parameters for NTN UEs within the network.
[0191] FIG. 13 illustrates updating TA for NTN UEs during RRC connected state by T-gNBs according to an embodiment of the present application. In this embodiment, it is assumed that the NTN UE has established a connection with a satellite and currently in the RRC connected state. At this state, the T-gNB maintains connection with the satellite and synchronize its timing advance and the UE-specific TA parameters periodically. Simultaneously, the T-gNB monitors a TA error by comparing updated UE-specific TA parameters with the previously assigned values. In other words, the T-gNB compares the updated UE-specific TA parameters with the UE-specific TA parameters transmitted previously to the NTN UE. If a deviation beyond the TA error threshold is detected, for example, if a TA error between a TA calculated based on the updated UE-specific TA parameters and a TA calculated based on the UE-specific TA parameters transmitted previously to the NTN UE is beyond the TA error threshold, the T-gNB triggers a TA update signal to the NTN UE, indicating that the UE-specific TA parameters are out of synchronization. Meanwhile, the T-gNB transmits the latest updated UE-specific TA parameters employed to the NTN UE for updating the TA between the NTN UE and the second network function to be a new one.
[0192] For example, the T-gNB transmits a second message to the NTN UE, where the second message includes the latest updated UE-specific TA parameters calculated and maintained by the T-gNB. The NTN UE receives the second message, obtains the updated UE-specific TA parameters and updates the current TA between the NTN UE and the second network function to be a new one calculated based on the updated UE-specific TA parameters.
[0193] In summary, this embodiment optimizes the TA adjustment process within the NTN network, utilizing the synchronization capabilities of T-gNBs to promptly update UE-specific TA parameters at the UE side. This not only enhance the accuracy and speed of updates but also alleviates the signaling burden on satellites, ultimately contributing to the efficiency and reliability of the wireless communication network.
[0194] In another embodiment, the NTN UE transmits a TA between the NTN UE and the second network function calculated by itself to the T-gNB to be validated and receives a new one from the T-gNB if necessary.
[0195] FIG. 14 illustrates validating NTN UE calculated UE-specific TA by T-gNB and providing an updated one to the NTN UE if necessary according to an embodiment of the present application.
[0196] In this embodiment, same as the previous embodiment, T-gNBs want to adjust the TA between the NTN UE and the satellite at the NTN UE side. However, unlike previous embodiments, the NTN UE did not use the UE-specific TA parameters provided by the T-gNB during the initial access. For example, if the NTN UE possesses GNSS capability, the NTN UE can estimate its location and calculates a first TA between the NTN UE and the second network function. In other words, in this embodiment, the first TA refers to a TA between the NTN UE and the second network function calculated by the NTN UE itself. Therefore, the T-gNB can’ t calculate the TA error at the NTN UE. To this end, the NTN UE calculates the first TA by itself, and periodically transmits the calculated TA (i.e., the first TA) to its closest T-gNB. The corresponding T-gNB can compare the TA calculated by the NTN UE with the one calculated by the T-gNB based on the NTN UE’s location (or a distance to the T-gNB) . If the difference between the TA calculated by the NTN UE and the one calculated by the T-gNB is higher than the expected TA error threshold (that is, the difference between the first TA and the one calculated by the T-gNB) , the T-gNB sends the latest updated UE-specific TA parameters to the NTN UE for calculating a new TA between the NTN UE and the second network function for current use.
[0197] For example, the NTN UE transmits a third message carrying a first TA calculated by the NTN UE itself. The T-gNB receives the third message, obtains the first TA, and compares the first TA with the one latest updated and maintained by the T-gNB. If the difference between the first TA and the one latest updated and maintained by the T-gNB is greater than the TA error threshold, the T-gNB transmits the latest updated UE-specific parameters to the NTN UE for calculating a new TA between the NTN UE and the second network function. Alternatively, the T-gNB can transmits latest updated specific TA parameters of the T-gNB in the case the NTN UE’s location cannot be estimated accurately by the T-gNB. The NTN UE updates the first TA to be a new one based on the received latest updated UE-specific parameters and / or the latest updated T-gNB specific TA parameters, which are example of the first information in the previous embodiments.
[0198] In another embodiment, when a mobile NTN UE, handover from one T-gNB cell to another one, it can either receive the updated TA parameters (for example, updated UE-specific parameters or specific TA parameter of the new T-gNB) based on its new location automatically from the corresponding T-gNB or request it directly.
[0199] In addition to mitigating timing advance error rates during the initial access phase and facilitating swifter and more accurate TA adjustments thereafter, the incorporation of T-gNBs into TA process offers the potential to enhance the communication efficiency of mobile NTN UEs with satellites, minimizing disruptions compared to previous TA models.
[0200] As previously discussed, the variation in elevation angle across different parts of a beam necessitates the adjustment of drift rates based on the location of UEs. In an embodiment of the present application, when a mobile UE traverses within intra or inter beams, it can promptly and frequently request a TA adjustment from T-gNBs within its proximity. This proactive approach serves to minimize TA error rates and fosters a smoother connection between mobile NTN UEs and satellites.
[0201] In practical terms, when a mobile NTN UE transitions from one T-gNB cell to another, it can opt to directly request UE-specific TA parameters. Alternatively, if the UE is concurrently connected to both a satellite and a T-gNB, and a handover (which involves a beam switch within a same cell or an inter-cell handover) occurs within the NTN, the new-T-gNB must provide UE-specific TA parameters upon the UE’s transition to its cell.
[0202] FIG. 15 shows a mobile NTN UE receives an updated TA based on its new location from a corresponding T-gNB when the NTN UE handovers from one T-gNB cell to another one according to an embodiment of the present application.
[0203] As depicted in FIG. 15, a T-gNB A provides the updated UE-specific TA parameters to the NTN UE, and a T-gNB B provides the updated UE-specific TA parameters to the NTN UE after the NTN UE moves from an original cell managed by the T-gNB A to another cell managed by the T-gNB B. The T-gNB B can be called a third network function which differs from the first network function or the second network function. This adaptive process ensures that as mobile NTN UEs move between cells, the TA parameters are consistently adjusted, maintaining a seamless connection without satellites and T-gNBs.
[0204] The methods proposed in embodiments of the present application are described in detail above, and communication apparatuses provided in embodiments of the present application will be described in detail below with reference to FIGS. 16~17. The description of apparatus embodiments corresponds to the description of the method embodiment. Therefore, for content that is not described in detail, refer to the foregoing method embodiments. For brevity, details are not descried herein again.
[0205] FIG. 16 is a schematic block diagram of an apparatus 10 according to an embodiment of the present application. The apparatus may be a communication device or an apparatus implemented in a communication device and capable of realizing corresponding functions of any one of the embodiments of the present application. For example, the apparatus implemented in a communication device may be an integrated circuit, which in some contexts may be known by other colloquial names, such as chip, modem, modem chip, baseband chip, or baseband processor. In some implementations, one or more integrated circuits can be packaged into a system-on-chip, a system-in-package, or a multi-chip module. The apparatus may comprise one or more integrated circuits or comprise one or more integrated circuits and other discrete components.
[0206] The apparatus 10 includes a processing module 1001. The processing module 1001 may be a processor, a processing circuit, a processing board, a processing unit, or a processing device, et al. The processing module 1001 is configured to implement processing and / or operations implemented inside the communication apparatus except transmitting or receiving actions.
[0207] The apparatus 10 may further include a communication module 1002. The communication unit 1002 is configured to implement a transmitting action and / or a receiving action. The communication module 1002 also may be called as a transceiver module, a transceiver, or a transceiver device, et al, and is configured to implement operations of receiving (which may be referred to as inputting) and / or transmitting (which may be referred to as outputting) .
[0208] The apparatus 10 may be configured to perform actions performed by the NTN UE (or the ED) in the foregoing method embodiments. In this case, the apparatus 10 may be the NTN UE or a component that can be configured in the NTN UE.The communication module 1002 is configured to perform communicating-related (e.g., receiving / transmitting-related) operations on the NTN UE side in the foregoing method embodiments. The processing module 1001 is configured to perform processing-related operations on the NTN UE side in the foregoing method embodiments.
[0209] The apparatus 10 may implement steps or procedures performed by the NTN UE in FIGS. 11~15 according to embodiments of the present application. The apparatus 10 may include units configured to perform the method performed by the ED in FIGS. 11~15.
[0210] For example, if the apparatus 10 corresponds to the NTN UE in FIG. 11, the communication module 1002 is configured to implement a receiving action in step 320. The processing module 1001 is configured to implement related operations implemented inside the NTN UE in step 330, for example, calculating the TA between the NTN UE and the second network function based on the first information.
[0211] Alternatively, the apparatus 10 may be configured to perform actions performed by the first network function (e.g., a T-gNB) in the foregoing method embodiments. In this case, the apparatus 10 may be the first network function or a component that can be configured in the first network function. The communication module 1002 is configured to perform communicating-related (e.g., receiving / transmitting-related) operations on the first network function side in the foregoing method embodiments. The processing module 1001 is configured to perform processing-related operations on the first network function side in the foregoing method embodiments.
[0212] The apparatus 10 may implement steps or procedures performed by the first network function (e.g., a T-gNB) in FIGS. 10~14 according to embodiments of the present application. The apparatus 10 may include units configured to perform the method performed by the (e.g., a T-gNB) in FIGS. 11~15.
[0213] For example, if the apparatus 10 corresponds to the first network function in FIG. 11, the communication module 1002 is configured to implement a transmitting action in step 320. The processing module 1001 is configured to implement step 310.
[0214] A specific process in which the units perform the foregoing corresponding steps is described in detail in the foregoing method embodiments. For brevity, details are not described herein again.
[0215] FIG. 17 is a schematic block diagram of an apparatus according to some embodiments of the present application. The apparatus 20 includes at least one processor 21. The at least one processor 21 is coupled to at least one memory 22. The at least one memory 22 is configured to store a computer program, one or more instructions, executable computer code, and / or data, etc. The at least one processor 21 is configured to execute the computer program, one or more instructions, executable computer code, and / or data stored in the at least one memory 22, so that the methods in the foregoing method embodiments are executed. Optionally, the apparatus 20 may further include the at least one memory 22. In some embodiments, the apparatus 20 may further include at least one communication interface 23, and the at least one communication interface 23 is configured to input and / or output a signal. For example, the communication interface 23 is configured to input a signal to be processed by the at least one processor 21, or the communication interface 23 is configured to output a signal processed by the at least one processor 21.
[0216] In some embodiments, the communication apparatus 20 may be an NTN UE a or a component (e.g., a chip, a circuit, or a processing system) that can be configured in the NTN UE; or the communication apparatus 20 may be a first network function (e.g., T-gNB) or a component (e.g., a chip, a circuit, or a processing system) that can be configured in the first network function.
[0217] In an implementation, the communication apparatus 20 is configured to perform the operations performed by the NTN UE in the foregoing method embodiments. For example, the processor 21 may be configured to perform a processing-related operation performed by the NTN UE in the foregoing method embodiments, and the communication interface 23 may be configured to perform a communicating-related (e.g., receiving / transmitting-related) operation performed by the NTN UE in the foregoing method embodiments.
[0218] In another implementation, the communication apparatus 20 is configured to perform the operations performed by the first network function (e.g., T-gNB) in the foregoing method embodiments. For example, the processor 21 may be configured to perform a processing-related operation performed by the first network function (e.g., T-gNB) in the foregoing method embodiments, and the communication interface 23 may be configured to perform a communicating-related (e.g., receiving / transmitting-related) operation performed by the first network function in the foregoing method embodiments.
[0219] Note that, if the apparatus 10 or the apparatus 20 be an NTN UE, the apparatus 10 or the apparatus 20 may be referred to the ED in the foregoing embodiments, for example, the ED in FIGS. 2~5. Similarly, if the apparatus 10 or apparatus 20 be a first network function, the apparatus 10 or the apparatus 20 may be referred to the network function in the foregoing embodiments, for example, the network function (for example, base station, TRP, T-TRP, NT-TRP, etc. ) in FIGS. 2~5. Therefore, descriptions for the ED or the network function are applicable for the apparatus 10 or the apparatus 20, and the details are omitted herein for brevity.
[0220] In some aspects of the present disclosure, there is provided an apparatus / chipset system comprising means (e.g., at least one processor) to implement the method implemented by (or at) an NTN UE (e.g., satellite) of the present disclosure. The apparatus / chipset system may be the NTN UE or a module / component in the NTN UE. In details, the at least one processor may execute instructions stored in a computer-readable medium to implement the method.
[0221] In some aspects of the present disclosure, there is provided a system comprising at least one of an apparatus in (or at) an NTN UE of the present disclosure, or an apparatus in (or at) a first network function of the present disclosure.
[0222] In some aspects of the present disclosure, there is provided a method performed by a system comprising at least one of an apparatus in (or at) an NTN UE of the present disclosure, and an apparatus in (or at) a first network function of the present disclosure.
[0223] In some aspects of the present disclosure, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions. The instructions, when executed by a processor, may cause the processor to implement a method of the present disclosure.
[0224] In some aspects of the present disclosure, there is provided a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions, the instructions, when executed by a processor, may cause the processor to implement a method of the present disclosure.
[0225] An embodiment of this application further provides a computer-readable storage medium. The computer-readable storage medium stores computer instructions used to implement the method performed by the NTN UE or the method performed by the first network function in the foregoing method embodiments.
[0226] An embodiment of this application further provides a computer program product including instructions. When the instructions are executed by a computer, the computer is enabled to implement the method performed by the NTN UE or the method performed by the first network function in the foregoing method embodiments.
[0227] For explanations and beneficial effects of related content of any communication apparatus provided above, refer to a corresponding method embodiment provided above. Details are not described herein again.
[0228] The processor mentioned in embodiments of this application may be a central processing unit (CPU) . The processor may further be another general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a field programmable gate array (FPGA) , or another programmable logic device, a discrete gate, a transistor logic device, a discrete hardware component, or the like. The general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, or the processor may be any conventional processor or the like.
[0229] It will be appreciated that any module, component, or device disclosed herein that executes instructions may include, or otherwise have access to, a non-transitory computer / processor readable storage medium or media for storage of information, such as computer / processor readable instructions, data structures, program modules and / or other data. A non-exhaustive list of examples of non-transitory computer / processor readable storage media includes magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, optical disks such as compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , digital video discs or digital versatile discs (i.e., DVDs) , Blu-ray DiscTM, or other optical storage, volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology, random-access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , flash memory or other memory technology. Any such non-transitory computer / processor storage media may be part of a device / apparatus or accessible or connectable thereto. Computer / processor readable / executable instructions to implement a method, an application or a module described herein may be stored or otherwise held by such non-transitory computer / processor readable storage media.
[0230] It could be noted that the message in the disclosure could be replaced with information, which may be carried in one single message, or be carried in more than one separate message.
[0231] Without special noting, the terms “apparatus” and “device” are used exchangeable, and the terms “identity” and “identifier” are sued exchangeable. The terms “system” and “network” may be used interchangeably in embodiments of this application.
[0232] Note that the expression “at least one of A or B” , as used herein, is interchangeable with the expression “A and / or B” . It refers to a list in which you may select A or B or both A and B. Similarly, “at least one of A, B, or C” , as used herein, is interchangeable with “A and / or B and / or C” or “A, B, and / or C” . It refers to a list in which you may select: A or B or C, or both A and B, or both A and C, or both B and C, or all of A, B and C. The same principle applies for longer lists having a same format.
[0233] In the disclosure, the word “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with the term “comprising” or “including” in the claims and / or the specification may mean “one” , but it is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more” , “at least one” , and “one or more than one” unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. Similarly, the word “another” may mean at least a second or more unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.
[0234] In the disclosure, the words “first” , “second” , etc., when used before a same term (e.g., ED, or an operating step) does not mean an order or a sequence of the term. For example, the “first ED” and the “second ED” , means two different EDs without specially indicated, and similarly, the “first step” and the “second step” means two different operating steps without specially indicated, but does not mean the first step have to happen before the second step. The real order depends on the logic of the two steps.
[0235] The terms “coupled” , “coupling” or “connected” as used herein can have several different meanings depending on the context in which these terms are used. For example, as used herein, the terms coupled, coupling, or connected can indicate that two elements or devices are directly connected to one another or connected to one another through one or more intermediate elements or devices via a mechanical element depending on the particular context.
[0236] The term “receive” , “detect” and “decode” as used herein can have several different meanings depending on the context in which these terms are used. For example, without special note, the term “receive” may indicate that information (e.g., DCI, or MAC-CE, RRC signaling or TB) is received successfully by the receiving node, which means the receiving side correctly detect and decode it. In this scenario, “receive” may cover “detect” and “decode” or may indicates same thing, e.g., “receive paging” means decoding paging correctly and obtaining the paging successfully, accordingly, “the receiving side does not receive paging” means the receiving side does not detect and / or decoding the paging. “paging is not received” means the receiving side tries to detect and / or decoding the paging, but not obtain the paging successfully. The term “receive” may sometimes indicate that a signal arrives at the receiving side, but does not mean the information in the signal is detected and decoded correctly, then the receiving side need perform detecting and decoding on the signal to obtain the information carried in the signal. In this scenario, “receive” , “detect” and “decode” may indicate different procedure at receiving side to obtain the information.
[0237] In the present disclosure, the expression “based on” is intended to mean “based at least partly on” , that is, this expression can mean “based solely on” or “based partially on” , and so should not be interpreted in a limited manner. More particularly, the expression “based on” could also be understood as meaning “depending on” , “representative of” , “indicative of” , “associated with” or similar expressions.
[0238] In the embodiments of this application, “and / or” describes an association relationship between associated objects and represents that three relationships may exist. For example, A and / or B may represent the following three cases: Only A exists, both A and B exist, and only B exists. The character “ / ” generally indicates an “or” relationship between the associated objects. “At least one” means one or more. “At least one of A and B” , similar to “A and / or B” , describes an association relationship between associated objects and represents that three relationships may exist. For example, at least one of A and B may represent the following three cases: Only A exists, both A and B exist, and only B exists.
[0239] The present disclosure encompasses various embodiments, including not only method embodiments, but also other embodiments such as apparatus embodiments and embodiments related to non-transitory computer readable storage media. Embodiments may incorporate, individually or in combinations, the features disclosed herein. Therefore, this application may use a form of a hardware-only embodiment, a software-only embodiment, or an embodiment with a combination of software and hardware. Moreover, this application may use a form of a computer program product that is implemented on one or more computer-usable storage media (including but not limited to a disk memory, an optical memory, and the like) that include computer-usable program code.
[0240] This application is described with reference to the flowcharts and / or block diagrams of the method, the device (system) , and the computer program product according to this application. It should be understood that computer program instructions may be used to implement each process and / or each block in the flowcharts and / or the block diagrams and a combination of a process and / or a block in the flowcharts and / or the block diagrams. The computer program instructions may be provided for a general-purpose computer, a dedicated computer, an embedded processor, or a processor of another programmable data processing device to generate a machine, so that the instructions executed by the computer or the processor of the another programmable data processing device generate an apparatus for implementing a specific function in one or more procedures in the flowcharts and / or in one or more blocks in the block diagrams.
[0241] The computer program instructions may alternatively be stored in a computer-readable memory that can indicate a computer or another programmable data processing device to work in a specific manner, so that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory generate an artifact that includes an instruction apparatus. The instruction apparatus implements a specific function in one or more procedures in the flowcharts and / or in one or more blocks in the block diagrams.
[0242] The computer program instructions may alternatively be loaded onto a computer or another programmable data processing device, so that a series of operations and steps are performed on the computer or the another programmable device, so that computer-implemented processing is generated. Therefore, the instructions executed on the computer or the another programmable device provide steps for implementing a specific function in one or more procedures in the flowcharts and / or in one or more blocks in the block diagrams.
[0243] Although this disclosure refers to illustrative embodiments, this is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications and combinations of the illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the disclosure, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description. When combining two or more embodiments, not all the features in the embodiments to be combined are necessary for the combination.
[0244] Features disclosed herein in the context of any particular embodiments may also or instead be implemented in other embodiments. Method embodiments, for example, may also or instead be implemented in apparatus, system, and / or computer program product embodiments. In addition, although embodiments are described primarily in the context of methods and apparatus, other implementations are also contemplated, as instructions stored on one or more non-transitory computer-readable media, for example. Such media could store programming or instructions to perform any of various methods consistent with the present disclosure.
[0245] A person of ordinary skill in the art will be aware that, in combination with the examples described in the embodiments disclosed in this specification, units and algorithm steps may be implemented by using electronic hardware or a combination of computer software and electronic hardware. Whether the functions are performed by using hardware or software depends on particular applications and design constraint conditions of the technical solutions. A person skilled in the art may use different methods to implement the described functions for each particular application, but it should not be considered that the embodiment goes beyond the scope of this application.
[0246] The foregoing descriptions are merely specific implementations of this application, but are not intended to limit the protection scope of this application. Any variation or replacement readily figured out by a person skilled in the art within the technical scope disclosed in this application shall fall within the protection scope of this application. Therefore, the protection scope of this application shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.
Claims
1.A method for communications, comprising:receiving, from a first network function, first information associated with a timing advance (TA) between a non-terrestrial network (NTN) user equipment (UE) and a second network function, wherein the first network function is a terrestrial network function and the second network function is a non-terrestrial network function; andcommunicating, based on the first information, with the second network function.2.The method according to claim 1, wherein the first information comprises:UE-specific TA parameters deduced by the first network function.3.The method according to claim 1, wherein the first information comprises:specific TA parameters of the first network function.4.The method according to claim 2, wherein the UE-specific TA parameters deduced by the first network function are based on one or more of:the NTN UE’s location;a distance between the NTN UE and the first network function; andspecific TA parameters of the first network function employed for calculating a TA between the first network function and the second network function.5.The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein receiving, from the first network function, the first information further comprises:receiving, from the first network function, the first information via one of: a radio resource control (RRC) message, a media access control (MAC) control element (CE) , downlink control information (DCI) .6.The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the method further comprises:calculating the TA and a variation of the TA between the NTN UE and the second network function, based on the UE-specific TA parameters and a TA function, wherein the TA function is predefined or preconfigured.7.The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the UE-specific TA parameters comprises one or more of:a UE-specific TA at a reference time instant;a drift rate of a UE-specific TA at a reference time instant; anda drift variation at a reference time instant.8.The method according claim 7, wherein the drift variation comprises one or more of:the drift variation for the first order and / or the drift variation for the order higher than the first order.9.The method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, the method further comprises:transmitting a first message to the first network function, wherein the first message is for requesting the first information.10.The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the NTN UE is in an RRC connected state with the second network function; and the method further comprises:receiving a second message wherein the second message comprises updated UE-specific TA parameters calculated and maintained by the first network function on behalf of the second network function.11.The method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the method further comprises:transmitting a third message to the first network function, wherein the third message comprises a first TA between the NTN UE and the second network function that is calculated by the NTN UE, wherein the first information comprises updated UE-specific TA parameters and / or updated specific TA parameters of the first network function, the updated UE-specific TA parameters and / or updated specific TA parameters of the first network function are calculated and maintained by the first network function and employed to the NTN UE for updating the first TA to be the TA.12.The method according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the method further comprises:receiving, from a third network function after a handover, second information associated with the TA, wherein the third network function is a terrestrial network function, and the handover involves a beam switch within a same cell or an inter-cell handover.13.The method according to claim 12, wherein the second information comprises:updated UE-specific TA parameters; orspecific TA parameters of the third network function.14.A method for communications, implemented by a first network function, comprising:obtaining first information associated with a TA between a non-terrestrial network (NTN) UE and a second network function, wherein the first network function is a terrestrial network function, and the second network function is a non-terrestrial network function; andtransmitting the first information to the NTN UE.15.The method according to claim 14, wherein the first information comprises:UE-specific TA parameters deduced by the first network function.16.The method according to claim 14, wherein the first information comprises:specific TA parameters of the first network function.17.The method according to claim 15, wherein the UE-specific TA parameters are based on one or more of:the NTN UE’s location;a distance between the NTN UE and the first network function; andspecific TA parameters of the first network function employed for calculating a TA between the first network function and the second network function.18.The method according to any one of claims 14 to 17, wherein transmitting the first information to the NTN UE comprises:transmitting the first information to the NTN UE via one of: a radio resource control (RRC) message, a media access control (MAC) control element (CE) , downlink control information (DCI) .19.The method according to any one of claims 14, 15, 17 and 18, wherein the UE-specific TA parameters are employed to the NTN UE for calculating the TA and a variation of the TA between the NTN UE and the second network function based on a TA function, and the TA function is predefined or preconfigured.20.The method according to any one of claims 15, 17 and 18, wherein the UE-specific TA parameters comprise one or more of:a UE-specific TA at a reference time instant;a drift rate of a UE-specific TA at a reference time instant; anda drift variation at a reference time instant.21.The method according claim 20, wherein the drift variation comprises one or more of:the drift variation for the first order and / or the drift variation for the order higher than the first order.22.The method according to any one of claims 15 to 21, wherein the method further comprises:receiving TA adjustments from the second network function in multiple time intervals; andupdating the specific TA parameters of the first network function and / or the UE-specific TA parameters based on the TA adjustments in the multiple time intervals received from the second network function, a drift rate and a drift variation which are inferred based on the TA adjustments.23.The method according to claim 22, wherein the method further comprises:transmitting the updated specific TA parameters of the first network function and / or the updated UE-specific TA parameters to the NTN UE.24.The method according to any one of claims 14 to 23, wherein the method further comprises:receiving, from the NTN UE, a first message requesting for the first information.25.The method according to any one of claims 14 to 24, wherein the first network function maintains a connection with the second network function, and the method further comprises:updating the UE-specific TA parameters periodically or aperiodically; andmonitoring a TA error by comparing the updated UE-specific TA parameters and the UE-specific TA parameters transmitted previously to the NTN UE; andtransmitting a second message to the NTN UE to update the UE-specific TA parameters currently used in a case that the TA error is beyond a TA error threshold, wherein the second message comprises latest updated UE-specific TA parameters calculated and maintained at the first network function.26.The method according to any one of claims 14 to 23, wherein the method further comprises:receiving a third message from the NTN UE, wherein the third message comprises a first TA between the NTN UE and the second network function that is calculated by the NTN UE; andmonitoring a TA error by comparing the first TA and a second TA between the NTN UE and the second network function that is calculated by the first network function;wherein the first information comprises the UE-specific parameters employed for calculating a new TA for current use and updating the first TA to be the new TA in a case that the TA error is beyond a TA error threshold, wherein the TA between the NTN UE and the second network function is the new TA.27.An apparatus comprising a processor configured to enable the apparatus to perform the method according to any one of claims 1 to 13 or any one of claims 14 to 26.28.The apparatus according to claim 27, further comprising a memory for storing instructions to be executed by the processor.29.The apparatus according to claim 27 or 28, further comprising an interface configured to input and / or output information.30.An apparatus comprising a circuit and a communication interface;wherein the communication interface is configured to receive, from a first network function, first information associated with a timing advance (TA) between a non-terrestrial network (NTN) UE and a second network function, the first network function is a terrestrial network function and the second network function is a non-terrestrial network function; andwherein the circuit and the communication interface are configured to communicate, based on the first information, with the second network function.31.An apparatus comprising a circuit and a communication interface;wherein the circuit is configured to obtain first information associated with a TA between a non-terrestrial UE and a second network function, the first network function is a non-terrestrial network function, and the second network function is a non-terrestrial network function; andthe communication interface is configured to transmit the first information to the NTN UE.32.A communication system, comprising:a communication apparatus that performs the method according to any one of claims 1 to 13; anda communication apparatus that performs the method according to any one of claim 14 to 26.33.A computer readable storage medium, comprising one or more instructions, wherein when the one or more instructions are run on a computer, the computer performs the method according to any one of claims 1-13 or any one of claims 14 to 26.34.A computer program product, comprising one or more instructions, wherein when the one or more instructions are run on a computer, the computer performs the method according to any one of claims 1-13 or any one of claims 14 to 26.
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