Beam failure prediction occasions and time window for BFD prediction
The method addresses computational complexity and power consumption in beam failure prediction by using AI/ML to determine future failure predictions, enhancing beam management and reducing latency in wireless communication systems.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/097477
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-06-05
- Publication Date
- 2025-12-11
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless communication systems face challenges in efficiently predicting beam failure and radio link failure due to high computational complexity and power consumption, especially when future predictions are involved, as past evaluation data may not be relevant.
Implementing a method for beam failure prediction that includes determining an evaluation window prior to a future time instance, generating failure predictions based on channel quality, and using AI/ML technology to reduce computational complexity and power consumption.
This approach enables proactive beam management, reducing latency and improving robustness by predicting failures, thereby facilitating smoother transitions between cells and minimizing connection drops.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024097477_11122025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
BEAM FAILURE PREDICTION OCCASIONS AND TIME WINDOW FOR BFD PREDICTIONTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to communication systems and, more particularly, to beam failure prediction occasions and the time window for beam failure detection (BFD) prediction in wireless communication.
[0002] INTRODUCTION
[0003] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources. Examples of such multiple-access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.
[0004] These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, and even global level. An example telecommunication standard is 5G New Radio (NR) . 5G NR is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to meet new requirements associated with latency, reliability, security, scalability (e.g., with Internet of Things (IoT) ) , and other requirements. 5G NR includes services associated with enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) , massive machine type communications (mMTC) , and ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC) . Some aspects of 5G NR may be based on the 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. There exists a need for further improvements in 5G NR technology. These improvements may also be applicable to other multi-access technologies and the telecommunication standards that employ these technologies.
[0005] BRIEF SUMMARY
[0006] The following presents a simplified summary of one or more aspects in order to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated aspects. This summary neither identifies key or critical elements of all aspects nor delineates the scope of any or all aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
[0007] In an aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided for wireless communication at a user equipment (UE) . The apparatus may include at least one memory and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory. In some aspects, based at least in part on information stored in the at least one memory, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, may be configured to determine an evaluation window prior to a future time instance, where the evaluation window has a time duration greater than or equal to zero; and generate, based on a first predicted channel quality at the future time instance and one or more channel qualities in the evaluation window, a failure prediction for the future time instance. The failure prediction may include one or more of the beam failure prediction or the radio link failure (RLF) prediction. In some aspects, based at least in part on information stored in the at least one memory, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, may be configured to perform one or more failure instance predictions in a prediction window based on an indication prediction periodicity; and generate, based on the one or more failure instance predictions, a failure prediction at a prediction time. The prediction window may be located after the prediction time, and the failure prediction may include one or more of the beam failure prediction or the RLF prediction.
[0008] In an aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided for wireless communication at a network entity. The apparatus may include at least one memory and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory. Based at least in part on information stored in the at least one memory, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, may be configured to transmit, to a UE, a prediction configuration including a periodicity and a time offset for a failure prediction at a prediction time, where the failure prediction includes one or more of a beam failure prediction or a radio link failure prediction, and the failure prediction is based on one or more failure instance predictions having an indication prediction periodicity in a prediction window located after the prediction time; and communicate with the UE based on the failure prediction.
[0009] To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the one or more aspects may include the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative features of the one or more aspects. These features are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of various aspects may be employed.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication system and an access network.
[0011] FIG. 2A is a diagram illustrating an example of a first frame, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0012] FIG. 2B is a diagram illustrating an example of downlink (DL) channels within a subframe, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0013] FIG. 2C is a diagram illustrating an example of a second frame, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0014] FIG. 2D is a diagram illustrating an example of uplink (UL) channels within a subframe, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0015] FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a base station and user equipment (UE) in an access network.
[0016] FIG. 4 is an illustrative block diagram of an example machine learning (ML) model represented by an artificial neural network (ANN) , in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0017] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of an artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) (AI / ML) algorithm of a method of wireless communication.
[0018] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example beam failure prediction window for the beam failure prediction in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0019] FIG. 7A is a diagram illustrating example time occasions of the beam failure prediction operation in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0020] FIG. 7B is a diagram illustrating example time occasions of the beam failure prediction operation in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0021] FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example of aperiodic time occasions of the beam failure prediction operation in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0022] FIG. 9A is a diagram illustrating an example time window for the beam failure predictions in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0023] FIG. 9B is a diagram illustrating an example time window for the beam failure predictions in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0024] FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example evaluation window associated with a beam failure instance prediction in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0025] FIG. 11A is a diagram illustrating an example evaluation window for beam failure instance prediction in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0026] FIG. 11B is a diagram illustrating an example evaluation window for beam failure instance prediction in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0027] FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example evaluation window with zero duration for beam failure instance prediction in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0028] FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating an example of a predicted beam failure instance using a continuous value in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0029] FIG. 14 is a call flow diagram illustrating a method of wireless communication in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0030] FIG. 15 is a flowchart illustrating methods of wireless communication at a UE in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0031] FIG. 16 is a flowchart illustrating methods of wireless communication at a UE in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0032] FIG. 17 is a flowchart illustrating methods of wireless communication at a UE in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0033] FIG. 18 is a flowchart illustrating methods of wireless communication at a UE in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0034] FIG. 19 is a flowchart illustrating methods of wireless communication at a network entity in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0035] FIG. 20 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an example apparatus and / or UE.
[0036] FIG. 21 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an example network entity.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0037] In wireless communication, beam failure detection (BFD) operations, including the detection of beam failure instances (BFIs) and the corresponding consideration of whether a beam failure has occurred, e.g., BFD examinations, may be performed for the active bandwidth part (BWP) of the serving cell. Aspects presented herein help to enable BFD prediction for neighboring cells, e.g., in addition to a serving cell. BFD operations (e.g., periodic BFI indications and a corresponding BFD examination) may involve added computational complexity and consume a significant amount of power. Aspects presented herein help to enable BFD prediction that can be performed with limited capabilities of the user equipment (UE) and a reduction in the computational complexity and / or power consumption involved. Beam failure instances (BFIs) in the BFD may be based on the channel quality estimated over the last evaluation period. This method, however, may not be directly applicable to future BFI predictions, especially when the BFI prediction instance is further away in time, and the past evaluation data may not be available or relevant. Example aspects presented herein provide a new design for beam failure prediction occasions, the associated time window for BFD prediction, and the BFI prediction method for BFD predictions.
[0038] Various aspects relate generally to wireless communication. Some aspects more specifically relate to beam failure prediction occasions and the time window for beam failure detection (BFD) prediction in wireless communication. In some examples, a user equipment (UE) determines an evaluation window prior to a future time instance. The evaluation window may have a time duration greater than or equal to zero. The UE further generates, based on a first predicted channel quality at the future time instance and one or more channel qualities in the evaluation window, a failure prediction for the future time instance. The failure prediction may include one or more of a beam failure prediction or a radio link failure prediction. In some aspects, a UE performs one or more failure instance predictions in a prediction window based on an indication prediction periodicity; and generates, based on the one or more failure instance predictions, a failure prediction at a prediction time. The prediction window may be located after the prediction time, and the failure prediction may include one or more of a beam failure prediction or a radio link failure prediction.
[0039] Particular aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, by providing enhancements in beam management to leverage AI / ML technology to predict failures such as beam failure or radio link failure, the described techniques may be used to facilitate the transitions from reactive to proactive operations in resource management and failure detection, thereby improving the robustness and efficiency of wireless communication. In some aspects, by predicting when a handover should occur rather than reacting to degraded signals, the described techniques may be used to reduce the latency associated with traditional handover procedures, resulting in a smoother transition between cells and less likelihood of connection drops.
[0040] The detailed description set forth below in connection with the drawings describes various configurations and does not represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of various concepts. However, these concepts may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring such concepts.
[0041] Several aspects of telecommunication systems are presented with reference to various apparatus and methods. These apparatus and methods are described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, components, circuits, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as “elements” ) . These elements may be implemented using electronic hardware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
[0042] By way of example, an element, or any portion of an element, or any combination of elements may be implemented as a “processing system” that includes one or more processors. When multiple processors are implemented, the multiple processors may perform the functions individually or in combination. Examples of processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, graphics processing units (GPUs) , central processing units (CPUs) , application processors, digital signal processors (DSPs) , reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, systems on a chip (SoC) , baseband processors, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , programmable logic devices (PLDs) , state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functionality described throughout this disclosure. One or more processors in the processing system may execute software. Software, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise, shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software components, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, or any combination thereof.
[0043] Accordingly, in one or more example aspects, implementations, and / or use cases, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or encoded as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes computer storage media. Storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, such computer-readable media can include a random-access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, other magnetic storage devices, combinations of the types of computer-readable media, or any other medium that can be used to store computer executable code in the form of instructions or data structures that can be accessed by a computer.
[0044] While aspects, implementations, and / or use cases are described in this application by illustration to some examples, additional or different aspects, implementations and / or use cases may come about in many different arrangements and scenarios. Aspects, implementations, and / or use cases described herein may be implemented across many differing platform types, devices, systems, shapes, sizes, and packaging arrangements. For example, aspects, implementations, and / or use cases may come about via integrated chip implementations and other non-module-component based devices (e.g., end-user devices, vehicles, communication devices, computing devices, industrial equipment, retail / purchasing devices, medical devices, artificial intelligence (AI) -enabled devices, etc. ) . While some examples may or may not be specifically directed to use cases or applications, a wide assortment of applicability of described examples may occur. Aspects, implementations, and / or use cases may range a spectrum from chip-level or modular components to non-modular, non-chip-level implementations and further to aggregate, distributed, or original equipment manufacturer (OEM) devices or systems incorporating one or more techniques herein. In some practical settings, devices incorporating described aspects and features may also include additional components and features for implementation and practice of claimed and described aspect. For example, transmission and reception of wireless signals necessarily includes a number of components for analog and digital purposes (e.g., hardware components including antenna, RF-chains, power amplifiers, modulators, buffer, processor (s) , interleaver, adders / summers, etc. ) . Techniques described herein may be practiced in a wide variety of devices, chip-level components, systems, distributed arrangements, aggregated or disaggregated components, end-user devices, etc. of varying sizes, shapes, and constitution.
[0045] Deployment of communication systems, such as 5G NR systems, may be arranged in multiple manners with various components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR system, or network, a network node, a network entity, a mobility element of a network, a radio access network (RAN) node, a core network node, a network element, or a network equipment, such as a base station (BS) , or one or more units (or one or more components) performing base station functionality, may be implemented in an aggregated or disaggregated architecture. For example, a BS (such as a Node B (NB) , evolved NB (eNB) , NR BS, 5G NB, access point (AP) , a transmission reception point (TRP) , or a cell, etc. ) may be implemented as an aggregated base station (also known as a standalone BS or a monolithic BS) or a disaggregated base station.
[0046] An aggregated base station may be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. A disaggregated base station may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more units (such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs) , one or more distributed units (DUs) , or one or more radio units (RUs) ) . In some aspects, a CU may be implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs may be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, may be geographically or virtually distributed throughout one or multiple other RAN nodes. The DUs may be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU and RU can be implemented as virtual units, i.e., a virtual central unit (VCU) , a virtual distributed unit (VDU) , or a virtual radio unit (VRU) .
[0047] Base station operation or network design may consider aggregation characteristics of base station functionality. For example, disaggregated base stations may be utilized in an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open radio access network (O-RAN (such as the network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance) ) , or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN, also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN) ) . Disaggregation may include distributing functionality across two or more units at various physical locations, as well as distributing functionality for at least one unit virtually, which can enable flexibility in network design. The various units of the disaggregated base station, or disaggregated RAN architecture, can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit.
[0048] FIG. 1 is a diagram 100 illustrating an example of a wireless communications system and an access network. The illustrated wireless communications system includes a disaggregated base station architecture. The disaggregated base station architecture may include one or more CUs 110 that can communicate directly with a core network 120 via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 120 through one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 125 via an E2 link, or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC 115 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 105, or both) . A CU 110 may communicate with one or more DUs 130 via respective midhaul links, such as an F1 interface. The DUs 130 may communicate with one or more RUs 140 via respective fronthaul links. The RUs 140 may communicate with respective UEs 104 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 140.
[0049] Each of the units, i.e., the CUs 110, the DUs 130, the RUs 140, as well as the Near-RT RICs 125, the Non-RT RICs 115, and the SMO Framework 105, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or to transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communication interfaces of the units, can be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units can include a wired interface configured to receive or to transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units. Additionally, the units can include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter, or a transceiver (such as an RF transceiver) , configured to receive or to transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other units.
[0050] In some aspects, the CU 110 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include radio resource control (RRC) , packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) , service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) , or the like. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 110. The CU 110 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit –User Plane (CU-UP) ) , control plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit –Control Plane (CU-CP) ) , or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 110 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as an E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 110 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 130, as necessary, for network control and signaling.
[0051] The DU 130 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 140. In some aspects, the DU 130 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation, demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as those defined by 3GPP. In some aspects, the DU 130 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 130, or with the control functions hosted by the CU 110.
[0052] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 140. In some deployments, an RU 140, controlled by a DU 130, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT) , inverse FFT (iFFT) , digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like) , or both, based at least in part on the functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RU (s) 140 can be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 104. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communication with the RU (s) 140 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 130. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU (s) 130 and the CU 110 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.
[0053] The SMO Framework 105 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 105 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements that may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface) . For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 105 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 190) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface) . Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 110, DUs 130, RUs 140 and Near-RT RICs 125. In some implementations, the SMO Framework 105 can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 111, via an O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO Framework 105 can communicate directly with one or more RUs 140 via an O1 interface. The SMO Framework 105 also may include a Non-RT RIC 115 configured to support functionality of the SMO Framework 105.
[0054] The Non-RT RIC 115 may be configured to include a logical function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the Near-RT RIC 125. The Non-RT RIC 115 may be coupled to or communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the Near-RT RIC 125. The Near-RT RIC 125 may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 110, one or more DUs 130, or both, as well as an O-eNB, with the Near-RT RIC 125.
[0055] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 125, the Non-RT RIC 115 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 125 and may be received at the SMO Framework 105 or the Non-RT RIC 115 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 115 or the Near-RT RIC 125 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 115 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO Framework 105 (such as reconfiguration via O1) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 policies) .
[0056] At least one of the CU 110, the DU 130, and the RU 140 may be referred to as a base station 102. Accordingly, a base station 102 may include one or more of the CU 110, the DU 130, and the RU 140 (each component indicated with dotted lines to signify that each component may or may not be included in the base station 102) . The base station 102 provides an access point to the core network 120 for a UE 104. The base station 102 may include macrocells (high power cellular base station) and / or small cells (low power cellular base station) . The small cells include femtocells, picocells, and microcells. A network that includes both small cell and macrocells may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include Home Evolved Node Bs (eNBs) (HeNBs) , which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG) . The communication links between the RUs 140 and the UEs 104 may include uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to an RU 140 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from an RU 140 to a UE 104. The communication links may use multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication links may be through one or more carriers. The base station 102 / UEs 104 may use spectrum up to Y MHz (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 100, 400, etc. MHz) bandwidth per carrier allocated in a carrier aggregation of up to a total of Yx MHz (x component carriers) used for transmission in each direction. The carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated for DL than for UL) . The component carriers may include a primary component carrier and one or more secondary component carriers. A primary component carrier may be referred to as a primary cell (PCell) and a secondary component carrier may be referred to as a secondary cell (SCell) .
[0057] Certain UEs 104 may communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communication link 158. The D2D communication link 158 may use the DL / UL wireless wide area network (WWAN) spectrum. The D2D communication link 158 may use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) , a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH) , a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , and a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) . D2D communication may be through a variety of wireless D2D communications systems, such as for example, BluetoothTM (Bluetooth is a trademark of the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) ) , Wi-FiTM (Wi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance) based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standard, LTE, or NR.
[0058] The wireless communications system may further include a Wi-Fi AP 150 in communication with UEs 104 (also referred to as Wi-Fi stations (STAs) ) via communication link 154, e.g., in a 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum or the like. When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the UEs 104 / AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available.
[0059] The electromagnetic spectrum is often subdivided, based on frequency / wavelength, into various classes, bands, channels, etc. In 5G NR, two initial operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz –7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz –52.6 GHz) . Although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “sub-6 GHz” band in various documents and articles. A similar nomenclature issue sometimes occurs with regard to FR2, which is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” band in documents and articles, despite being different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz –300 GHz) which is identified by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) as a “millimeter wave” band.
[0060] The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR studies have identified an operating band for these mid-band frequencies as frequency range designation FR3 (7.125 GHz –24.25 GHz) . Frequency bands falling within FR3 may inherit FR1 characteristics and / or FR2 characteristics, and thus may effectively extend features of FR1 and / or FR2 into mid-band frequencies. In addition, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operation beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR2-2 (52.6 GHz –71 GHz) , FR4 (71 GHz –114.25 GHz) , and FR5 (114.25 GHz –300 GHz) . Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band.
[0061] With the above aspects in mind, unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “sub-6 GHz” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may be less than 6 GHz, may be within FR1, or may include mid-band frequencies. Further, unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “millimeter wave” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may include mid-band frequencies, may be within FR2, FR4, FR2-2, and / or FR5, or may be within the EHF band.
[0062] The base station 102 and the UE 104 may each include a plurality of antennas, such as antenna elements, antenna panels, and / or antenna arrays to facilitate beamforming. The base station 102 may transmit a beamformed signal 182 to the UE 104 in one or more transmit directions. The UE 104 may receive the beamformed signal from the base station 102 in one or more receive directions. The UE 104 may also transmit a beamformed signal 184 to the base station 102 in one or more transmit directions. The base station 102 may receive the beamformed signal from the UE 104 in one or more receive directions. The base station 102 / UE 104 may perform beam training to determine the best receive and transmit directions for each of the base station 102 / UE 104. The transmit and receive directions for the base station 102 may or may not be the same. The transmit and receive directions for the UE 104 may or may not be the same.
[0063] The base station 102 may include and / or be referred to as a gNB, Node B, eNB, an access point, a base transceiver station, a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a basic service set (BSS) , an extended service set (ESS) , a TRP, network node, network entity, network equipment, or some other suitable terminology. The base station 102 can be implemented as an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a relay node, a sidelink node, an aggregated (monolithic) base station with a baseband unit (BBU) (including a CU and a DU) and an RU, or as a disaggregated base station including one or more of a CU, a DU, and / or an RU. The set of base stations, which may include disaggregated base stations and / or aggregated base stations, may be referred to as next generation (NG) RAN (NG-RAN) .
[0064] The core network 120 may include an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 161, a Session Management Function (SMF) 162, a User Plane Function (UPF) 163, a Unified Data Management (UDM) 164, one or more location servers 168, and other functional entities. The AMF 161 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the core network 120. The AMF 161 supports registration management, connection management, mobility management, and other functions. The SMF 162 supports session management and other functions. The UPF 163 supports packet routing, packet forwarding, and other functions. The UDM 164 supports the generation of authentication and key agreement (AKA) credentials, user identification handling, access authorization, and subscription management. The one or more location servers 168 are illustrated as including a Gateway Mobile Location Center (GMLC) 165 and a Location Management Function (LMF) 166. However, generally, the one or more location servers 168 may include one or more location / positioning servers, which may include one or more of the GMLC 165, the LMF 166, a position determination entity (PDE) , a serving mobile location center (SMLC) , a mobile positioning center (MPC) , or the like. The GMLC 165 and the LMF 166 support UE location services. The GMLC 165 provides an interface for clients / applications (e.g., emergency services) for accessing UE positioning information. The LMF 166 receives measurements and assistance information from the NG-RAN and the UE 104 via the AMF 161 to compute the position of the UE 104. The NG-RAN may utilize one or more positioning methods in order to determine the position of the UE 104. Positioning the UE 104 may involve signal measurements, a position estimate, and an optional velocity computation based on the measurements. The signal measurements may be made by the UE 104 and / or the base station 102 serving the UE 104. The signals measured may be based on one or more of a satellite positioning system (SPS) 170 (e.g., one or more of a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) , global position system (GPS) , non-terrestrial network (NTN) , or other satellite position / location system) , LTE signals, wireless local area network (WLAN) signals, Bluetooth signals, a terrestrial beacon system (TBS) , sensor-based information (e.g., barometric pressure sensor, motion sensor) , NR enhanced cell ID (NR E-CID) methods, NR signals (e.g., multi-round trip time (Multi-RTT) , DL angle-of-departure (DL-AoD) , DL time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA) , UL time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA) , and UL angle-of-arrival (UL-AoA) positioning) , and / or other systems / signals / sensors.
[0065] Examples of UEs 104 include a cellular phone, a smart phone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a satellite radio, a global positioning system, a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player (e.g., MP3 player) , a camera, a game console, a tablet, a smart device, a wearable device, a vehicle, an electric meter, a gas pump, a large or small kitchen appliance, a healthcare device, an implant, a sensor / actuator, a display, or any other similar functioning device. Some of the UEs 104 may be referred to as IoT devices (e.g., parking meter, gas pump, toaster, vehicles, heart monitor, etc. ) . The UE 104 may also be referred to as a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communications device, a remote device, a mobile subscriber station, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, a user agent, a mobile client, a client, or some other suitable terminology. In some scenarios, the term UE may also apply to one or more companion devices such as in a device constellation arrangement. One or more of these devices may collectively access the network and / or individually access the network.
[0066] Referring again to FIG. 1, in certain aspects, the UE 104 may include a failure prediction component 198. In some aspects, the failure prediction component 198 may be configured to determine an evaluation window prior to a future time instance, where the evaluation window has a time duration greater than or equal to zero; and generate, based on a first predicted channel quality at the future time instance and one or more channel qualities in the evaluation window, a failure prediction for the future time instance. The failure prediction may include one or more of a beam failure prediction or a radio link failure prediction. In some aspects, the failure prediction component 198 may be configured to perform one or more failure instance predictions in a prediction window based on an indication prediction periodicity; and generate, based on the one or more failure instance predictions, a failure prediction at a prediction time. The prediction window may be located after the prediction time, and the failure prediction may include one or more of a beam failure prediction or a radio link failure prediction. In certain aspects, the base station 102 may include a failure prediction component 199. The failure prediction component 199 may be configured to transmit, to a UE, a prediction configuration including a periodicity and a time offset for a failure prediction at a prediction time, where the failure prediction includes one or more of a beam failure prediction or a radio link failure prediction, and the failure prediction is based on one or more failure instance predictions having an indication prediction periodicity in a prediction window located after the prediction time; and communicate with the UE based on the failure prediction. Although the following description may be focused on 5G NR, the concepts described herein may be applicable to other similar areas, such as LTE, LTE-A, CDMA, GSM, and other wireless technologies.
[0067] FIG. 2A is a diagram 200 illustrating an example of a first subframe within a 5G NR frame structure. FIG. 2B is a diagram 230 illustrating an example of DL channels within a 5G NR subframe. FIG. 2C is a diagram 250 illustrating an example of a second subframe within a 5G NR frame structure. FIG. 2D is a diagram 280 illustrating an example of UL channels within a 5G NR subframe. The 5G NR frame structure may be frequency division duplexed (FDD) in which for a particular set of subcarriers (carrier system bandwidth) , subframes within the set of subcarriers are dedicated for either DL or UL, or may be time division duplexed (TDD) in which for a particular set of subcarriers (carrier system bandwidth) , subframes within the set of subcarriers are dedicated for both DL and UL. In the examples provided by FIGs. 2A, 2C, the 5G NR frame structure is assumed to be TDD, with subframe 4 being configured with slot format 28 (with mostly DL) , where D is DL, U is UL, and F is flexible for use between DL / UL, and subframe 3 being configured with slot format 1 (with all UL) . While subframes 3, 4 are shown with slot formats 1, 28, respectively, any particular subframe may be configured with any of the various available slot formats 0-61. Slot formats 0, 1 are all DL, UL, respectively. Other slot formats 2-61 include a mix of DL, UL, and flexible symbols. UEs are configured with the slot format (dynamically through DL control information (DCI) , or semi-statically / statically through radio resource control (RRC) signaling) through a received slot format indicator (SFI) . Note that the description infra applies also to a 5G NR frame structure that is TDD.
[0068] FIGs. 2A-2D illustrate a frame structure, and the aspects of the present disclosure may be applicable to other wireless communication technologies, which may have a different frame structure and / or different channels. A frame (10 ms) may be divided into 10 equally sized subframes (1 ms) . Each subframe may include one or more time slots. Subframes may also include mini-slots, which may include 7, 4, or 2 symbols. Each slot may include 14 or 12 symbols, depending on whether the cyclic prefix (CP) is normal or extended. For normal CP, each slot may include 14 symbols, and for extended CP, each slot may include 12 symbols. The symbols on DL may be CP orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) (CP-OFDM) symbols. The symbols on UL may be CP-OFDM symbols (for high throughput scenarios) or discrete Fourier transform (DFT) spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) symbols (for power limited scenarios; limited to a single stream transmission) . The number of slots within a subframe is based on the CP and the numerology. The numerology defines the subcarrier spacing (SCS) (see Table 1) . The symbol length / duration may scale with 1 / SCS.
[0069] Table 1: Numerology, SCS, and CP
[0070] For normal CP (14 symbols / slot) , different numerologies μ 0 to 4 allow for 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 slots, respectively, per subframe. For extended CP, the numerology 2 allows for 4 slots per subframe. Accordingly, for normal CP and numerology μ, there are 14 symbols / slot and 2μ slots / subframe. The subcarrier spacing may be equal to 2μ*15 kHz, where μ is the numerology 0 to 4. As such, the numerology μ=0 has a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz and the numerology μ=4 has a subcarrier spacing of 240 kHz. The symbol length / duration is inversely related to the subcarrier spacing. FIGs. 2A-2D provide an example of normal CP with 14 symbols per slot and numerology μ=2 with 4 slots per subframe. The slot duration is 0.25 ms, the subcarrier spacing is 60 kHz, and the symbol duration is approximately 16.67 μs. Within a set of frames, there may be one or more different bandwidth parts (BWPs) (see FIG. 2B) that are frequency division multiplexed. Each BWP may have a particular numerology and CP (normal or extended) .
[0071] A resource grid may be used to represent the frame structure. Each time slot includes a resource block (RB) (also referred to as physical RBs (PRBs) ) that extends 12 consecutive subcarriers. The resource grid is divided into multiple resource elements (REs) . The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.
[0072] As illustrated in FIG. 2A, some of the REs carry reference (pilot) signals (RS) for the UE.The RS may include demodulation RS (DM-RS) (indicated as R for one particular configuration, but other DM-RS configurations are possible) and channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS) for channel estimation at the UE. The RS may also include beam measurement RS (BRS) , beam refinement RS (BRRS) , and phase tracking RS (PT-RS) .
[0073] FIG. 2B illustrates an example of various DL channels within a subframe of a frame. The physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) carries DCI within one or more control channel elements (CCEs) (e.g., 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 CCEs) , each CCE including six RE groups (REGs) , each REG including 12 consecutive REs in an OFDM symbol of an RB. A PDCCH within one BWP may be referred to as a control resource set (CORESET) . A UE is configured to monitor PDCCH candidates in a PDCCH search space (e.g., common search space, UE-specific search space) during PDCCH monitoring occasions on the CORESET, where the PDCCH candidates have different DCI formats and different aggregation levels. Additional BWPs may be located at greater and / or lower frequencies across the channel bandwidth. A primary synchronization signal (PSS) may be within symbol 2 of particular subframes of a frame. The PSS is used by a UE 104 to determine subframe / symbol timing and a physical layer identity. A secondary synchronization signal (SSS) may be within symbol 4 of particular subframes of a frame. The SSS is used by a UE to determine a physical layer cell identity group number and radio frame timing. Based on the physical layer identity and the physical layer cell identity group number, the UE can determine a physical cell identifier (PCI) . Based on the PCI, the UE can determine the locations of the DM-RS. The physical broadcast channel (PBCH) , which carries a master information block (MIB) , may be logically grouped with the PSS and SSS to form a synchronization signal (SS) / PBCH block (also referred to as SS block (SSB) ) . The MIB provides a number of RBs in the system bandwidth and a system frame number (SFN) . The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) carries user data, broadcast system information not transmitted through the PBCH such as system information blocks (SIBs) , and paging messages.
[0074] As illustrated in FIG. 2C, some of the REs carry DM-RS (indicated as R for one particular configuration, but other DM-RS configurations are possible) for channel estimation at the base station. The UE may transmit DM-RS for the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) and DM-RS for the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) . The PUSCH DM-RS may be transmitted in the first one or two symbols of the PUSCH. The PUCCH DM-RS may be transmitted in different configurations depending on whether short or long PUCCHs are transmitted and depending on the particular PUCCH format used. The UE may transmit sounding reference signals (SRS) . The SRS may be transmitted in the last symbol of a subframe. The SRS may have a comb structure, and a UE may transmit SRS on one of the combs. The SRS may be used by a base station for channel quality estimation to enable frequency-dependent scheduling on the UL.
[0075] FIG. 2D illustrates an example of various UL channels within a subframe of a frame. The PUCCH may be located as indicated in one configuration. The PUCCH carries uplink control information (UCI) , such as scheduling requests, a channel quality indicator (CQI) , a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) , a rank indicator (RI) , and hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) acknowledgment (ACK) (HARQ-ACK) feedback (i.e., one or more HARQ ACK bits indicating one or more ACK and / or negative ACK (NACK) ) . The PUSCH carries data, and may additionally be used to carry a buffer status report (BSR) , a power headroom report (PHR) , and / or UCI.
[0076] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a base station 310 in communication with a UE 350 in an access network. In the DL, Internet protocol (IP) packets may be provided to a controller / processor 375. The controller / processor 375 implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality. Layer 3 includes a radio resource control (RRC) layer, and layer 2 includes a service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer. The controller / processor 375 provides RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting of system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) , RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release) , inter radio access technology (RAT) mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification) , and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer packet data units (PDUs) , error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs) , re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs) , demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.
[0077] The transmit (TX) processor 316 and the receive (RX) processor 370 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1, which includes a physical (PHY) layer, may include error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding / decoding of the transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, modulation / demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. The TX processor 316 handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) , quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) , M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK) , M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) ) . The coded and modulated symbols may then be split into parallel streams. Each stream may then be mapped to an OFDM subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency domain, and then combined together using an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator 374 may be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate may be derived from a reference signal and / or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE 350. Each spatial stream may then be provided to a different antenna 320 via a separate transmitter 318Tx. Each transmitter 318Tx may modulate a radio frequency (RF) carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.
[0078] At the UE 350, each receiver 354Rx receives a signal through its respective antenna 352. Each receiver 354Rx recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the receive (RX) processor 356. The TX processor 368 and the RX processor 356 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The RX processor 356 may perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 350. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 350, they may be combined by the RX processor 356 into a single OFDM symbol stream. The RX processor 356 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time-domain to the frequency domain using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) . The frequency domain signal includes a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the base station 310. These soft decisions may be based on channel estimates computed by the channel estimator 358. The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted by the base station 310 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to the controller / processor 359, which implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality.
[0079] The controller / processor 359 can be associated with at least one memory 360 that stores program codes and data. The at least one memory 360 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 359 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets. The controller / processor 359 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.
[0080] Similar to the functionality described in connection with the DL transmission by the base station 310, the controller / processor 359 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) acquisition, RRC connections, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, and security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification) ; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto TBs, demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.
[0081] Channel estimates derived by a channel estimator 358 from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 310 may be used by the TX processor 368 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the TX processor 368 may be provided to different antenna 352 via separate transmitters 354Tx. Each transmitter 354Tx may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.
[0082] The UL transmission is processed at the base station 310 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE 350. Each receiver 318Rx receives a signal through its respective antenna 320. Each receiver 318Rx recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to a RX processor 370.
[0083] The controller / processor 375 can be associated with at least one memory 376 that stores program codes and data. The at least one memory 376 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 375 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets. The controller / processor 375 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.
[0084] At least one of the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller / processor 359 may be configured to perform aspects in connection with the failure prediction component 198 of FIG. 1.
[0085] At least one of the TX processor 316, the RX processor 370, and the controller / processor 375 may be configured to perform aspects in connection with the failure prediction component 199 of FIG. 1.
[0086] Some aspects and techniques as described herein may be implemented, at least in part, using an artificial intelligence (AI) program, such as a program that includes a machine learning (ML) or artificial neural network (ANN) model. An example ML model may include mathematical representations or define computing capabilities for making inferences from input data based on patterns or relationships identified in the input data. As used herein, the term “inferences” can include one or more decisions, predictions, determinations, or values, which may represent outputs of the ML model. The computing capabilities may be defined in terms of certain parameters of the ML model, such as weights and biases. Weights may indicate relationships between certain input data and certain outputs of the ML model, and biases are offsets that may indicate a starting point for the outputs of the ML model. An example ML model operating on input data may start at an initial output based on the biases and then update its output based on a combination of the input data and the weights.
[0087] In some aspects, an ML model may be configured to provide computing capabilities for wireless communications. Such an ML model may be configured with weights and biases to perform predictions regarding a set of resources (e.g., Set-A beams) based on measurements of another set of resources (e.g., Set-B beams) . Thus, during the operation of a device, the ML model may receive input data (such as measurements associated with the first set of resources (e.g., Set-B beam measurements) and make inferences (such as predictions for Set-A beams) based on the weights and biases. The ML model may be employed to assist in beam management or beam selection using a reduced set of measurements.
[0088] ML models may be deployed in one or more devices (for example, network entities and user equipment (UE) ) and may be configured to enhance various aspects of a wireless communication system. For example, an ML model may be trained to identify patterns or relationships in data corresponding to a network, a device, an air interface, or the like. An ML model may support operational decisions relating to one or more aspects associated with wireless communications devices, networks, or services. For example, an ML model may be utilized for supporting or improving aspects such as signal coding / decoding, network routing, energy conservation, transceiver circuitry controls, frequency synchronization, timing synchronization, channel state estimation, channel equalization, channel state feedback, modulation, demodulation, device positioning, beamforming, load balancing, operations and management functions, security, etc.
[0089] ML models may be characterized in terms of types of learning that generate specific types of learned models that perform specific types of tasks. For example, different types of machine learning include supervised learning, unsupervised learning, semi-supervised learning, reinforcement learning, deep learning, etc. ML models may be used to perform different tasks, such as classification or regression, where classification refers to determining one or more discrete output values from a set of predefined output values, and regression refers to determining continuous values that are not bounded by predefined output values. Some example ML models configured for performing such tasks include ANNs such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs) , transformers, diffusion models, regression analysis models (such as statistical models) , large language models (LLMs) , decision tree learning (such as predictive models) , support vector networks (SVMs) , and probabilistic graphical models (such as a Bayesian network) , etc.
[0090] The description herein illustrates, by way of some examples, how one or more tasks or problems in wireless communications may benefit from the application of one or more ML models for the prediction of one or more channel characteristics associated with a second set of resources using measurement of the aperiodic reference signal on a first set of resources based on a first mapping pattern. The first mapping pattern maps the first set of resources to the second set of resources, and the first mapping pattern and a second mapping pattern associated with an initial training meet one or more of a spatial domain consistency condition or a temporal domain consistency condition. To facilitate the discussion, an ML model configured using an ANN is used, but other types of ML models may be used instead of an ANN. Hence, unless expressly recited, subject matter regarding an ML model is not intended to be limited to an ANN solution. Unless otherwise specifically stated, terms such “AI / ML model, ” “ML model, ” “trained ML mode, ” “ANN, ” “model, ” “algorithm, ” or the like are intended to be interchangeable.
[0091] FIG. 4 is an illustrative block diagram of an example machine learning (ML) model represented by an artificial neural network (ANN) 400. ANN 400 may receive input data 406, which may include one or more bits of data A02, pre-processed data output from pre-processor 404 (optional) , or some combination thereof. Here, data 402 may include training data, verification data, application-related data, or the like, based, for example, on the stage of deployment of ANN 400. Pre-processor 404 may be included within ANN 400 in some other implementations. Pre-processor 404 may, for example, process all or a portion of data 402, which may result in some of data 402 being changed, replaced, deleted, etc. In some implementations, pre-processor 404 may add additional data to data 402. In some implementations, the pre-processor 404 may be an ML model, such as an ANN. As an example, the input may include measurements performed on Set-B beams.
[0092] The ANN 400 includes at least one first layer 408 of artificial neurons 410 to process input data 406 and provide resulting first layer data via connections or “edges” such as edges 412 to at least a portion of at least one second layer 414. Second layer 414 processes data received via edges 412 and provides second layer output data via edges 416 to at least a portion of at least one third layer 418. Third layer 418 processes data received via edges 416 and provides third layer output data via edges 420 to at least a portion of a final layer 422, including one or more neurons to provide output data 424. All or part of output data 424 may be further processed in some manner by (optional) post-processor 426. Thus, in certain examples, ANN 400 may provide output data 428 that is based on output data 424, post-processed data output from post-processor 426, or some combination thereof. As an example, the output may include a set of resource (e.g., beam) predictions for Set-A beams. A base station or UE may then select a beam for use in transmission and / or reception based on the beam predictions for the Set-Abeams output from the AI / ML model.
[0093] Post-processor 426 may be included within ANN 400 in some other implementations. Post-processor 426 may, for example, process all or a portion of output data 424, which may result in output data 428 being different, at least in part, from output data 424, as a result of data being changed, replaced, deleted, etc. In some implementations, post-processor 426 may be configured to add additional data to output data 424. In this example, second layer 414 and third layer 418 represent intermediate or hidden layers that may be arranged in a hierarchical or other like structure. Although not explicitly shown, there may be one or more further intermediate layers between the second layer 414 and the third layer 418. In some implementations, the post-processor 426 may be an ML model, such as an ANN.
[0094] The structure and training of artificial neurons 410 in the various layers may be tailored to the specific requirements of an application. Within a given layer, such as first layer 408, second layer 414, or third layer 418 of ANN 400, some or all of the neurons may be configured to process information provided to the layer and output corresponding transformed information from the layer. For example, transformed information from a layer may represent a weighted sum of the input information associated with or otherwise based on a non-linear activation function or other activation function used to “activate” the artificial neurons of the next layer. Artificial neurons in such a layer may be activated by or be responsive to parameters such as the previously described weights and biases of ANN 400. The weights and biases of ANN 400 may be adjusted during a training process or during operation of ANN 400. The weights of the various artificial neurons may control the strength of connections between layers or artificial neurons, while the biases may control the direction of connections between the layers or artificial neurons. An activation function may select or determine whether an artificial neuron transmits its output to the next layer or not in response to its received data.
[0095] Different activation functions may be used to model different types of non-linear relationships. By introducing non-linearity into an ML model, an activation function allows the configuration for the ML model to change in response to identifying or detecting complex patterns and relationships in the input data A06. Some non-exhaustive example activation functions include a sigmoid based activation function, a hyperbolic tangent (tanh) based activation function, a convolutional activation function, up-sampling, pooling, and a rectified linear unit (ReLU) based activation function.
[0096] Training of an ML model, such as ANN 400, may be conducted using training data. Training data may include one or more datasets that ANN 400 may use to identify patterns or relationships. Training data may represent various types of information, including written, visual, audio, environmental context, operational properties, etc. During training, the parameters (such as the weights and biases) of artificial neurons 410 may be changed, such as to minimize or otherwise reduce a loss function or a cost function. A training process may be repeated multiple times to fine-tune ANN 400 with each iteration.
[0097] Various ANN model structures are available for consideration. For example, in a feedforward ANN structure, each artificial neuron 410 in layer A14 receives information from the previous layer (such as one or more artificial neurons 410 in layer 408) and produces information for the next layer (such as one or more artificial neurons 410 in layer 418) . In a convolutional ANN structure, some layers may be organized into filters that extract features from data, such as the training data or the input data. In a recurrent ANN structure, some layers may have connections that allow for the processing of data across time, such as for processing information having a temporal structure, such as time series data forecasting.
[0098] In an autoencoder ANN structure, compact representations of data may be processed and the model trained to predict or potentially reconstruct original data from a reduced set of features. An autoencoder ANN structure may be useful for tasks related to dimensionality reduction and data compression.
[0099] A generative adversarial ANN structure may include a generator ANN and a discriminator ANN that are trained to compete with each other. Generative-adversarial networks (GANs) are ANN structures that may be useful for tasks relating to generating synthetic data or improving the performance of other models.
[0100] A transformer ANN structure makes use of attention mechanisms that may enable the model to process input sequences in a parallel and efficient manner. An attention mechanism allows the model to focus on different parts of the input sequence at different times. Attention mechanisms may be implemented using a series of layers known as attention layers to compute weighted sums of input features based on a similarity between different elements of the input sequence. A transformer ANN structure may include a series of feedforward ANN layers whose configurations may change in response to identifying non-linear relationships between the input and output sequences, which may also be referred to as a process of “learning” by the ANN layers. The output of a transformer ANN structure may be obtained by applying a linear transformation to the output of a final attention layer. A transformer ANN structure may be of particular use for tasks that involve sequence modeling, or other like processing.
[0101] Another example type of ANN structure is a model with one or more invertible layers. Models of this type may be inverted or “unwrapped” to reveal the input data that was used to generate the output of a layer. Other example types of ANN model structures include fully connected neural networks (FCNNs) and long short-term memory (LSTM) networks.
[0102] ANN 400 or other ML models may be implemented in various types of processing circuits along with memory and applicable instructions therein. For example, general-purpose hardware circuits, such as one or more central processing units (CPUs) , one or more graphics processing units (GPUs) , or suitable combinations thereof, may be employed to implement a model. In some implementations, one or more tensor processing units (TPUs) , neural processing units (NPUs) , or other special-purpose processors, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , or the like may also be employed. In some implementations, the ML model may be implemented by an NPU or a TPU embedded in a system on chip (SoC) along with other components, such as one or more CPUs, GPUs, etc. A SoC includes several components manufactured on a shared semiconductor substrate. The NPU or TPU may be controlled by the one or more CPUs by configuring the ML model implemented by the NPU or TPU with weights and biases, providing certain training data to the ML model to configure the ML model, or providing input data to the ML model to obtain related inferences. The one or more CPUs may also receive the inferences and be configured to perform certain actions based on the inferences produced by the ML model. The actions performed by the one or more CPUs may include sending commands to other components of the SoC or components external to the SoC to perform certain actions. For example, the CPU may send commands to an RF transceiver based on the outputs or inferences obtained from an ML model to cause the RF transceiver to operate on a wireless network in accordance with the ML model.
[0103] In some examples, an ML model may be trained prior to, or at some point following, operation of the ML model, such as ANN 400, on input data. When training the ML model, information in the form of applicable training data may be gathered or otherwise created for use in training an ANN accordingly. For example, training data may be gathered or otherwise created regarding information associated with received / transmitted signal strengths, interference, and resource usage data, as well as any other relevant data that might be useful for training a model to address one or more problems or issues in a communication system. In certain instances, all or part of the training data may originate in a user equipment (UE) or other device in a wireless communication system, or one or more network entities, or aggregated from multiple sources (such as a UE and a network entity / entities, one or more other UEs, the Internet, or the like) . For example, wireless network architectures, such as self-organizing networks (SON) or mobile drive test (MDT) networks, may be adapted to support the collection of data for ML model applications. In another example, training data may be generated or collected online, offline, or both online and offline by a UE, network entity, or other device (s) , and all or part of such training data may be transferred or shared (in real or near-real time) , such as through store and forward functions or the like.
[0104] Offline training may refer to creating and using a static training dataset, such as in a batched manner, whereas online training may refer to the real-time collection and use of training data. For example, an ML model at a network device (such as a UE) may be trained or fine-tuned using online or offline training. For offline training, data collection and training can occur in an offline manner at the network side (such as at a base station or other network entity) or at the UE side. For online training, the training of a UE-side ML model may be performed locally at the UE or by a server device (such as a server hosted by a UE vendor) in a real-time or near-real-time manner based on data provided to the server device from the UE. In certain instances, all or part of the training data may be shared within a wireless communication system or even shared (or obtained from) outside of the wireless communication system.
[0105] Once an ANN has been configured by setting parameters, including weights and biases, from training data, the ANN’s performance may be evaluated. In some scenarios, evaluation / verification tests may use a validation dataset, which may include data not in the training data, to compare the model’s performance to baseline or other benchmark information. The ANN configuration may be further refined, for example, by changing its architecture, retraining it on the data, or using different optimization techniques, etc.
[0106] As part of a training process, parameters affecting the functioning of the artificial neurons and layers may be adjusted. For example, backpropagation techniques may be used to train an ANN by iteratively adjusting weights or biases of certain artificial neurons associated with errors between a predicted output of the model and a desired output that may be known or otherwise deemed acceptable. Backpropagation may include a forward pass, a loss function, a backward pass, and a parameter update that may be performed in training iteration. The process may be repeated for a certain number of iterations for each set of training data until the weights of the artificial neurons / layers are adequately tuned.
[0107] Backpropagation techniques associated with a loss function may measure how well a model is able to predict a desired output for a given input. An optimization algorithm may be used during a training process to adjust weights and biases to reduce or minimize the loss function, which can improve the performance of the model. There are a variety of optimization algorithms that may be used along with backpropagation techniques or other training techniques. Some initial examples include a gradient descent based optimization algorithm and a stochastic gradient descent based optimization algorithm. A stochastic gradient descent technique may be used to adjust weights / biases in order to minimize or otherwise reduce a loss function. A mini-batch gradient descent technique, which is a variant of gradient descent, may involve updating weights / biases using a small batch of training data rather than the entire dataset. A momentum technique may accelerate an optimization process by adding a momentum term to update or otherwise affect certain weights / biases.
[0108] An adaptive learning rate technique may adjust the learning rate of an optimization algorithm associated with one or more characteristics of the training data. A batch normalization technique may be used to normalize inputs to a model in order to stabilize a training process and potentially improve the performance of the model. A “dropout” technique may be used to randomly drop out some of the artificial neurons from a model during a training process, for example, in order to reduce overfitting and potentially improve the generalization of the model. An “early stopping” technique may be used to stop an ongoing training process early, such as when a performance of the model using a validation dataset starts to degrade.
[0109] Another example technique includes data augmentation to generate additional training data by applying transformations to all or part of the training information. A transfer learning technique may be used which involves using a pre-trained model as a starting point for training a new model, which may be useful when training data is limited or when there are multiple tasks that are related to each other. A multi-task learning technique may be used which involves training a model to perform multiple tasks simultaneously to potentially improve the performance of the model on one or more of the tasks. Hyperparameters or the like may be input and applied during a training process in certain instances.
[0110] Another example technique that may be useful with regard to an ANN is a “pruning” technique. A pruning technique, which may be performed during a training process or after a model has been trained, involves the removal of unnecessary or less necessary, or possibly redundant features from a model. In certain instances, a pruning technique may reduce the complexity of a model or improve the efficiency of a model without undermining the intended performance of the model.
[0111] Pruning techniques may be particularly useful in the context of wireless communication, where the available resources (such as power and bandwidth) may be limited. Some example pruning techniques include a weight pruning technique, a neuron pruning technique, a layer pruning technique, a structural pruning technique, and a dynamic pruning technique. Pruning techniques may, for example, reduce the amount of data corresponding to a model that is transmitted or stored. Weight pruning techniques may involve removing some of the weights from a model. Neuron pruning techniques may involve removing some neurons from a model. Layer pruning techniques may involve removing some layers from a model. Structural pruning techniques may involve removing some connections between neurons in a model. Dynamic pruning techniques may involve adapting a pruning strategy of a model associated with one or more characteristics of the data or the environment. For example, in certain wireless communication devices, a dynamic pruning technique may more aggressively prune a model for use in a low-power or low-bandwidth environment and less aggressively prune the model for use in a high-power or high-bandwidth environment. In certain example implementations, pruning techniques may also be applied to training data, for example, to remove outliers. In some implementations, pre-processing techniques directed to all or part of a training dataset may improve model performance or promote faster convergence of a model. For example, training data may be pre-processed to change or remove unnecessary data, extraneous data, incorrect data, or otherwise identifiable data. Such pre-processed training data may, for example, lead to a reduction in potential overfitting or otherwise improve the performance of the trained model.
[0112] One or more of the example training techniques presented above may be employed as part of a training process. Some example training processes that may be used to train an ANN include supervised learning, unsupervised learning, semi-supervised learning, and reinforcement learning techniques. With supervised learning, a model is trained on a labeled training dataset, wherein the input data is accompanied by a correct or otherwise acceptable output. With unsupervised learning, a model is trained on an unlabeled training dataset, such that the model will learn to identify patterns and relationships in the data without the explicit guidance of a labeled training dataset. With semi-supervised learning, a model is trained using some combination of supervised and unsupervised learning processes, for example, when the amount of labeled data is somewhat limited. With reinforcement learning, a model may learn from interactions with its operation / environment, such as in the form of feedback akin to rewards or penalties. Reinforcement learning may be particularly beneficial when used to improve or attempt to optimize the behavior of a model deployed in a dynamically changing environment, such as a wireless communication network. Distributed, shared, or collaborative learning techniques may be used for the training process. For example, techniques such as federated learning may be used to decentralize the training process and rely on multiple devices, network entities, or organizations for training various versions or copies of an ML model without relying on a centralized training mechanism. Federated learning may be particularly useful in scenarios where data is sensitive or subject to privacy constraints, or where it is impractical, inefficient, or expensive to centralize data. In the context of wireless communication, for example, federated learning may be used to improve performance by allowing an ANN to be trained on data collected from a wide range of devices and environments. For example, an ANN may be trained on data collected from a large number of wireless devices in a network, such as distributed wireless communication nodes, smartphones, or internet-of-things (IoT) devices, to improve the network's performance and efficiency. With federated learning, a user equipment (UE) or other device may receive a copy of all or part of a global or shared model and perform local training on the local model using locally available training data. The UE may provide updated information regarding the locally trained model to one or more other devices (such as a network entity or a server) , where the updates from other-like devices (such as other UEs) may be aggregated and used to provide an update to the global or shared model. A federated learning process may be repeated iteratively until all or part of a model obtains a satisfactory level of performance. Federated learning may enable devices to protect the privacy and security of local data, while supporting collaboration regarding training and updating of all or part of a shared model.
[0113] In some implementations, one or more devices or services may support processes relating to an ML model’s usage, maintenance, activation, reporting, or the like. In certain instances, all or part of a dataset or model may be shared across multiple devices to provide or otherwise augment or improve processing. In some examples, signaling mechanisms may be utilized at various nodes of wireless networks to signal the capabilities for performing specific functions related to ML models, support for specific ML models, capabilities for gathering, creating, and transmitting training data, or other ML related capabilities. ML models in wireless communication systems may, for example, be employed to support decisions or improve performance relating to wireless resource allocation or selection, wireless channel condition estimation, interference mitigation, beam management, positioning accuracy, energy savings, or modulation or coding schemes, etc. In some implementations, model deployment may occur jointly or separately at various network levels, such as a UE, a network entity such as a base station, or a disaggregated network entity such as a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a radio unit (RU) , or the like.
[0114] FIG. 5 is an illustrative block diagram of an example ML architecture 500 that may be used for wireless communications in any of the various implementations, processes, environments, networks, or use cases listed above. As illustrated, architecture 500 includes multiple logical entities, such as model training host 502, model inference host 504, data source (s) 506, and agent 508. Model inference host 504 is configured to run an ML model based on inference data 512 provided by data source (s) 506. Model inference host 504 may produce output 514, which may include a prediction or inference, such as a discrete or continuous value based on inference data 512, which may then be provided as input to the agent 508.
[0115] Agent 508 may represent an element or an entity of a wireless communication system including, for example, a radio access network (RAN) , a wireless local area network, a device-to-device (D2D) communications system, etc. As an example, agent 508 may be a user equipment (such as UE 104, referring to FIG. 1, for example) , a base station (such as base station 102, referring to FIG. 1, for example) , or a disaggregated network entity (such as a CU 110, DU 130, or RU 140 in FIG. 1) , an access point, a wireless station, a RAN intelligent controller (RIC) in a cloud-based RAN, among some examples. Additionally, agent 508 may also be a type of agent that depends on the type of tasks performed by model inference host 504, the type of inference data 512 provided to model inference host 504, or the type of output 514 produced by model inference host 504. As an example, the input may be measurements associated with a set of resources (e.g., Set-B beams / resources) , and the output may include a set of predictions for a different set of resources (e.g., Set-A beams / resources) . A base station or UE may then select a beam for use in transmission and / or reception based on the beam predictions for the Set-A beams output from the AI / ML model.
[0116] Agent 508 may perform one or more actions associated with receiving output 514 from model inference host 504, e.g., selection, use, and / or reporting regarding the predictions made for the different set of resources (e.g., Set-A beams / resources) . Agent 508 may indicate the one or more actions performed to at least one subject of action 510. In some cases, agent 508 and the subject of action 510 are the same entity. Data can be collected from data sources 506, and may be used as training data 516 for training an ML model, or as inference data 512 for feeding an ML model inference operation. Data sources 506 may collect data from various subject of action 510 entities (such as the UE or the network entity) and provide the collected data to a model training host 502 for ML model training. In some examples, if output 514 provided to agent 508 is inaccurate (or the accuracy is below an accuracy threshold) , model training host 502 may provide feedback to model inference host 504 to modify or retrain the ML model used by model inference host 504, such as via an ML model deployment update.
[0117] Model training host 502 may be deployed at the same or a different entity than that in which model inference host 504 is deployed. For example, in order to offload model training processing, which can impact the performance of model inference host 504, model training host 502 may be deployed at a model server.
[0118] Example aspects presented herein provide methods and apparatus for redefining a time window for failure prediction, such as the beam failure detection (BFD) window, such that a set of occasions within the window may be used to evaluate the failure event, such as a beam failure event or a radio link failure event.
[0119] In wireless communication, AI / ML models or algorithms, which may be implemented in the UE side (e.g., as a UE-sided model) or the network side (e.g., as a network- sided model) , may be used for various applications, such as beam management, positioning accuracy enhancement, and channel state information (CSI) feedback enhancement. For example, the AI / ML model or algorithms may include any of the aspects described in connection with the ANN 400 or the ML architecture 500. For example, for beam management, AI / ML models or algorithms (e.g., both UE-sided and network-sided models) may be used for the downlink transmit beam prediction, which may include spatial-domain downlink transmit beam prediction where Set-Abeams is predicted based on the measurement results of Set-B beams (known as “BM-Case1. ” ) Additionally, AI / ML models or algorithms (e.g., both UE-sided and network-sided models) may be used for temporal downlink transmit beam prediction for Set-A, which relies on historical measurement results from Set-B beams (known as “BM-Case2. ” ) .
[0120] In some aspects, the applications of the AI / ML models or algorithms may include AI / ML-based radio resource management (RRM) and event prediction, such as the predictions for handover (HO) failure, radio link failure (RLF) , and other measurement events, in order to enhance mobility performance by minimizing link failures after the HO, ping-pong effects, and issues with early or late HOs. For example, AI / ML models or algorithms may facilitate transforming the reactive nature of traditional HO mechanisms into proactive schemes. For example, in conventional HO mechanisms, a network entity (e.g., a base station or gNB) may trigger a HO to a neighboring cell after receiving reports of degraded measurements (e.g., degraded reference signal received power (RSRP) measurements) . On the other hand, the proactive scheme may preemptively predict and manage such events to enhance overall mobility performance. In some aspects, the AI / ML model or algorithms may enhance the mobility performance for layer 1 / layer 2 (L1 / L2) triggered mobility (also known as lower-layer-triggered mobility or LTM) . The LTM may have reduced HO interruption times (compared to, for example, layer 3 (L3) mobility procedures) due to the usage of an L1-RSRP report via uplink control information (UCI) instead of an L3 RSRP report in RRC, the enablement of a random access channel (RACH) procedure to the neighboring cell for timing advance (TA) acquisition before LTM. Additionally, LTM allows the activation of the neighboring cell’s transmission control indicator (TCI) state and the subsequent LTM operations by maintaining RRC configurations at the UE, further reducing the HO interruption times.
[0121] Considering AI / ML-based enhancements for LTM, a proper beam may be selected from a candidate cell to ensure seamless service continuation after a HO, and the selected beam may maintain a good link quality for a certain period of time. In some examples, L1-RSRP predictions (both spatial and temporal) and corresponding reports may be used for beam management. However, these predictions may not effectively reflect the channel link quality predictions.
[0122] In some examples, the beam failure detection (BFD) operation may be used to allow the UE to monitor downlink channel quality of designated reference signals by estimating the hypothetical physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) block error rate (BLER) . In some examples, if the BFD prediction is performed by the UE and the prediction results are provided to the network (e.g., a base station or a gNB) , the network may choose the LTM candidate cell, decide on the TCI to be activated and the timing of the HO based on the prediction results. In some examples, activating the TCI state for a candidate cell before an LTM cell switch command may reduce the interruption delays. However, the UE may have a limited capability in the number of TCI states that can be activated across all candidate cells. Hence, the beam failure prediction report may help to avoid potential LTM failures or performance degradation after an LTM. Additionally, the beam failure prediction may be applied to conditional LTM scenarios, where the UE may independently determine the candidate cell, TCI state, among other parameters, without the LTM cell switch command from the network.
[0123] Example aspects presented herein provide methods and apparatus to enhance the failure prediction. For example, the failure prediction may include the beam failure prediction or the radio link failure (RLF) prediction. Some example aspects provide the beam failure prediction occasions and time window for BFD prediction. In some aspects, example aspects presented herein enable the BFD prediction to extend its application to both the neighboring cells and the serving cell, while traditional BFD operations may be limited to the active bandwidth part (BWP) of the serving cell. In some aspects, the traditional BFD operations, including the periodic beam failure instance (BFI) indications and the corresponding BFD examinations, may not be feasible in the BFD prediction due to the limited prediction capabilities of UE and the significant computational complexity and power consumption involved. In these scenarios, example aspects presented herein provide a new design for beam failure prediction occasions and the associated time window for BFD prediction.
[0124] The description below uses the beam failure prediction as an example, while the principles described are also applicable to other types of failure predictions, such as radio link failure prediction. In some aspects, for each beam failure prediction instance, a time window, which is referred to as the beam failure prediction window (WP) , may be established. During this time window, the beam failure instance predictions with an indication periodicity and the corresponding beam failure prediction may be performed. FIG. 6 is a diagram 600 illustrating an example beam failure prediction window for the beam failure prediction in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In FIG. 6, for the BFD prediction 602, the beam failure prediction window (WP) 610 may be provide. The beam failure instance predictions (e.g., beam failure instance predictions 612, 614, 616, etc. ) with an indication periodicity 604 and the corresponding beam failure prediction may be performed in this time window 610.
[0125] In some examples, the UE may determine of the time window (WP) 610 based on two the UE’s capability to perform temporal predictions, meaning the duration for which a reliable prediction can be made, and the indication prediction periodicity 604 used for the prediction.
[0126] In some aspects, the time occasions of the beam failure prediction operation may be defined in different ways. FIG. 7A is a diagram 700 illustrating an example of time occasions of the beam failure prediction operation in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In some examples, as shown in FIG. 7A, the time occasions of beam failure prediction may be periodic occasions. For example, a radio resource control (RRC) signal may define the time offset and the periodicity of the beam failure prediction occasions, along with the prediction-related configurations. The periodicity of the beam failure prediction occasions may be the time interval between adjacent beam failure predictions, such as the BFD prediction periodicity 742 between the BFD prediction occasions 702 and 704. The time offset refers to the interval between the temporal reference point and the prediction. For example, if the periodicity is 10 slots, the possible time offset may range from 0 to 9 slots. As an example, if the time offset is set to 2 slot, then slot 2, 12, 22, 32, and so forth would be the prediction occasions. A beam failure prediction window (WP) may be provided for each of the periodic BFD predictions. For example, the beam failure windows (WP) 710, 720, and 730 may be provided for BFD prediction occasions 702, 704, 706, respectively. In this scenario, the UE may perform the predictions (e.g., BFD prediction occasions 702, 704, 706) autonomously, without the need for additional signaling.
[0127] In some aspects, the time occasions of the beam failure prediction operation may be semi-persistent occasions. FIG. 7B is a diagram 750 illustrating another example of time occasions of the beam failure prediction operation in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 7B, an RRC signal may define the time offset and the periodicity of candidate beam failure prediction occasions (e.g., the time interval 792 between candidate beam failure prediction occasions 752 and 754) , along with the prediction-related configurations. For example, the candidate beam failure prediction occasions may include BFD prediction occasions 752, 754, 756. A beam failure prediction window (WP) may be provided for each of the candidate beam failure prediction occasions. For example, the beam failure windows (WP) 760, 770, and 780 may be provided for candidate beam failure prediction occasions 752, 754, 756, respectively. Additionally, the network (e.g., a gNB) may activate or deactivate these candidate occasions through an activation message (e.g., BFD prediction activation at 762) or a deactivation message (e.g., BFD prediction deactivation at 764) , respectively. The activation message or the deactivation message may be transmitted via a medium access control (MAC) -control element (MAC-CE) or downlink control information (DCI) . In some examples, the activation (e.g., BFD prediction activation at 762) or the deactivation (e.g., BFD prediction deactivation at 764) of the candidate occasions may be triggered by one or more events.
[0128] In some aspects, the time occasions of the beam failure prediction operation may be aperiodic occasions. For example, an RRC signal may define the configurations related to beam failure prediction. Unlike periodic settings that operate on a fixed schedule, the prediction under aperiodic occasions may be triggered by lower layer signaling, via DCI or a MAC-CE, as an example. FIG. 8 is a diagram 800 illustrating an example of aperiodic time occasions of the beam failure prediction operation in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 8, a beam failure prediction window (WP) may be provided for each of the BFD predictions. For example, the beam failure windows (WP) 810 and 820 may be provided for BFD predictions (e.g., at 802 and 804) , respectively. In this scenario, the BFD predictions (e.g., at 802 and 804) may triggered by lower layer signaling. For example, the BFD prediction (e.g., at 802) may be triggered by a BFD prediction request 812, and the BFD prediction (e.g., at 804) may be triggered by a BFD prediction request 822. The BFD prediction requests 812 and 822 may be transmitted via DCI or a MAC-CE.
[0129] In some examples, the BFD prediction occasions (e.g., the BFD prediction occasions 752, 754, 756) may be triggered by the occurrence of one or more events (which may be referred to as the “trigger events” ) . In some aspects, the network (e.g., a base station or gNB) may configure the trigger events. For example, the RRC may configured one or more event configurations, including parameters such as event index, event type, and event parameters for each trigger event. In this scenario, the UE may perform predictions (e.g., the BFD predictions at BFD prediction occasions 752, 754, 756) when the defined event conditions are met (e.g., when one or more trigger events have occurred) .
[0130] In some aspects, when the event condition is met (e.g., when one or more trigger events have occurred) , the UE may transmit either a priority-based single report (e.g., a single report including the highest-priority trigger event that has occurred) or multiple reports (e.g., reports that include multiple trigger events that have occurred) to the base station. In some examples, the event configurations might include information related to layer 1 (L1) or layer 3 (L3) measurements, such as measurement type, corresponding threshold of the measurements, hysteresis, offset (e.g., offset between different thresholds used for the measurements) , and the time interval between the occurrence of a trigger event to the time the prediction is performed. In some examples, the event configurations may further include information related to downlink channel conditions, such as the beam failure indicator (BFI) threshold and the block error rate (BLER) threshold.
[0131] In some aspects, the UE may determine the trigger events. For example, the UE may have the flexibility to choose from configuration models that may be used for the trigger events. In some examples, the configuration models may be pre-defined models. In some examples, the UE’s capability to determine the trigger events may be included in the UE capability message sent to the network.
[0132] In some aspects, the trigger events may be determined based on a combined effect from both the network and the UE. For example, the network may configure a first set of trigger events, and the UE may have access to the network-configured trigger events (e.g., the first set of trigger events) and the trigger events the UE determines on its own (e.g., the second set of trigger events) . From this pool of events, including the first set of trigger events and the second set of trigger events, the UE may select one or more trigger events. In some examples, the UE may further inform the selected trigger events to the network (e.g., a base station or a gNB) .
[0133] In some aspects, the beam failure prediction operation (e.g., the BFD predictions at the BFD prediction occasions 752, 754, 756, 802, 804) may be performed at occasions determined by any combination of the methods described above, including the periodic, semi-persistent, aperiodic, and event-triggered occasions. For example, the UE may determine a trigger event. When the triggered event is performed (e.g., has occurred) , the UE may report the occurrence of the trigger event to the network, and the network then may configure subsequent trigger events or apply a configuration (e.g., a semi-persistent configuration) to the beam failure prediction operation.
[0134] In some aspects, the trigger events may be based on various measurement metrics such as L1 or L3 RSRP, L1 or L3 reference signal received quality (RSRQ) , and L1 or L3 signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) on a reference signal or a demodulation reference signal (DM-RS) measurement of serving beams. In some aspects, these measurements may be associated with the serving cell. In some aspects, the trigger events may include the values of these measurements (e.g., L1 or L3 measurements or DM-RS measurements of serving beams) falling below a threshold, which may be defined or signaled by the network. The “serving beams” may refer to the beams associated with a subset of activated transmission control indicator (TCI) states and / or beam failure detection reference signals (BFD-RS) or radio link monitoring reference signals (RLM-RS) sets. In some aspects, the trigger events may include the measurements from neighboring cells are significantly better than the corresponding measurements from the serving cell. For example, the trigger events may include the measurement on a neighbor cell is better than a corresponding measurement on the serving cell by more than a quality offset. In some aspects, the quality offset may be defined or signaled by the network.
[0135] In some aspects, the trigger events may be associated with the downlink channel conditions. In some examples, the trigger events may include a percentage of reference signals in a set of reference signals (e.g., a set of BFD-RSs) having a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) block error rate (BLER) worse than a PDCCH threshold. In some examples, the trigger events may include the number of failure instance predictions (e.g., the beam failure indicator (BFI) counter) is higher than or equals to a counter threshold. For example, the counter threshold may be a different threshold from threshold beamFailureInstanceMaxCount and may be set to be lower value than threshold beamFailureInstanceMaxCount for BFD. In some examples, the trigger events may include a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) BLER is worse than a PDSCH threshold.
[0136] In some aspects, the trigger events may be associated with the LTM procedure. For example, the trigger events may include the activation of TCI states for one or more candidate cells of the LTM procedure.
[0137] In some aspects, when a beam failure prediction occasion (e.g., BFD prediction occasions 702, 704, and 706) is triggered by the occurrence of one or more trigger events, the triggered prediction may be set as a one-shot prediction event. For example, a timer, known as Tprohibit, which functions similarly to the SR prohibit timer, may be initiated. The duration of the timer may be defined or be signaled by the network. For example, the timer may start either when or immediately after the UE performs a beam failure prediction or when the one or more trigger events have occurred. In some examples, before the expiration of the timer Tprohibit, the UE may be restricted from (e.g., refrain from) performing another beam failure prediction operation. That is, the UE may perform another beam failure prediction after the timer Tprohibit has expired and another qualifying event (e.g., the trigger events) has occurred.
[0138] In some aspects, the UE may be configured to periodically perform beam failure predictions for a certain period of time window, referred to as WBFD_predict, after a trigger event has occurred. In some examples, the UE may inform the network (e.g., a base station or a gNB) the start and the end of BFD prediction operations (e.g., the start and the end of the time window WBFD_predict) through an uplink signal, such as a MAC-CE or UCI. FIG. 9A is a diagram 900 illustrating an example time window for the beam failure predictions in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 9A, after a trigger event has occurred at 942, the UE may periodically perform beam failure predictions (e.g., beam failure predictions 902, 904, 906) in the time window WBFD_predict 940 and stop at 944. In the example in FIG. 9A, the duration of the time window WBFD_predict 940 may be a constant value, which may be defined or signaled to the UE by the network. FIG. 9B is a diagram 950 illustrating another example time window for the beam failure predictions in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 9A, after a trigger event has occurred at 992, the UE may periodically perform beam failure predictions (e.g., beam failure predictions 952, 954, 956) in the time window WBFD_predict 990. In the example in FIG. 9B, the duration of the time window WBFD_predict 990 may be determined based on the time another event (e.g., a termination event) has occurred at 994. Hence, the duration of the time window WBFD_predict 990 is a variable.
[0139] In some examples, the events that determine the end of the time window WBFD_predict 990 (e.g., the termination events) may be provided to the UE by the network via a configuration (e.g., a termination configuration) . This configuration may be distinct from the configuration the network used to provide the trigger events for the BFD predictions. In some examples, the UE may be configured with a deviation value for the termination events relative to the corresponding trigger events. For example, if the trigger events include an L1 measurement (e.g., L1-RSRP) , such as the L1-RSRP being worse than a threshold, the UE may be configured with a deviation value on the L1 measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP) for the corresponding termination event. If the L1 measurements improve more than the deviation value, this improvement may be considered as a termination event, effectively marking the end of the time window WBFD_predict 990.
[0140] The description above uses the beam failure prediction as an example. The principles described may also be adapted for other predictions, such as radio link failure (RLF) prediction. For example, to apply these methods to RLF prediction, the beam failure detection (BFD) occasions (e.g., BFD prediction occasions 702, 704, 706, 752, 754, 756, 802, 804) may be replaced by RLF occasions. Similarly, the beam failure detection reference signal (BFD-RS) associated with the trigger events may be replaced by the radio link monitoring reference signal (RLM-RS) for the trigger events for the RLF prediction.
[0141] Example aspects presented herein further provide methods and apparatus for beam failure instance prediction mechanisms for beam failure detection (BFD) prediction.
[0142] In some examples, the UE may able to evaluate whether the downlink radio link quality on the configured SSB resource in set estimated over the last TEvaulate_BFD_SSB ms period becomes worse than the threshold Qout_LR_SSB within TEvaulate_BFD_SSB period. When the radio link quality on all the RS resources in set is worse than Qout_LR, layer 1 (L1) of the UE may send a beam failure instance indication to the higher layers. Two successive indications from layer 1 may be separated by at least TIndication_Interval_BFD.
[0143] In some examples, on each RLM-RS resource, the UE may estimate the downlink radio link quality and compare it to the thresholds Qout and Qin for the purpose of monitoring the downlink radio link quality of the cell. In some examples, the threshold Qout may be defined as the level at which the downlink radio link cannot be reliably received and shall correspond to the out-of-sync block error rate (BLEROUT) . The threshold Qin may be defined as the level at which the downlink radio quality can be received with significantly higher reliability than at Qout and shall correspond to the in-sync block error rate (BLERin) . In some examples, the UE may be able to evaluate whether the downlink radio link quality on the configured RLM-RS resource estimated over the last TEvaulate_out_SSB ms period becomes worse than the threshold Qout_SSB within TEvaulate_out_SSB evaluation period. In some examples, the UE may be able to evaluate whether the downlink radio link quality on the configured RLM-RS resource estimated over the last TEvaulate_in_SSB ms period becomes better than the threshold Qin_SSB within TEvaulate_in _SSB evaluation period. Two successive indications from layer 1 may be separated by at least TIndication_interval.
[0144] In some examples, the beam failure instances (BFIs) in the BFD may be based on the channel quality estimated over the last evaluation period. This method, however, is not directly applicable to the future BFI predictions, especially when the BFI prediction instance is further away in time, and the past evaluation data may not be available or relevant. To address these limitations, example aspects provide a new design for BFI predictions method for BFD prediction.
[0145] In some aspects, the beam failure instance prediction for a future time instance, denoted as T, may be determined in a binary format. For example, a prediction outcome is expressed as “0” for no beam failure or “1” for a beam failure, depending on the evaluated conditions. This determination of the beam failure instance prediction may be based on an aggregation of the predicted channel quality at the future time instance T, combined with one or more channel qualities over the last period of the evaluation window, defined by the time-window WE. FIG. 10 is a diagram 1000 illustrating an example evaluation window associated with a beam failure instance prediction in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In FIG. 10, the determination of the beam failure instance prediction at the future instance time T may be based on an aggregation of the predicted channel quality 1002 at the future time instance T and with one or more channel qualities over the last period of evaluation window 1010 (e.g., WE) .
[0146] In some aspects, the duration of the evaluation window (e.g., evaluation window 1010) may be set as a fixed duration. In some examples, the duration of the evaluation window (e.g., evaluation window 1010) may be defined or be signaled by the network, and the duration may be uniformly applied to every beam failure instance prediction. The use of a fixed duration means that predictions made close to the current time may use channel qualities measured in the recent past, whereas predictions performed at a future point may rely on predicted channel qualities. FIG. 11A is a diagram 1100 illustrating an example evaluation window for beam failure instance prediction in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In the example of FIG. 11A, the beam failure instance prediction (e.g., at the future time instance 1102) is made close to the current time, and the channel qualities in the evaluation window 1110 may include measured channel qualities, such as channel qualities measured at 1112, 1114, 1116, 1118. The channel qualities may have an indication predication periodicity 1120.
[0147] FIG. 11B is a diagram 1150 illustrating an example evaluation window for beam failure instance prediction in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In the example of FIG. 11B, the beam failure instance prediction is made farther away to the current time (at time 1152) . Hence, the channel qualities in the evaluation window 1160 may include measured channel qualities, such as channel qualities measured at 1162, and predicted channel qualities, such as channel qualities predicted at 1164, 1166, 1168. In some aspects, to enhance the reliability of predictions across these varying conditions, differential weighting could be applied to the channel qualities. For example, the measured channel qualities (e.g., channel qualities measured at 1112, 1114, 1116, 1118, 1162) may use a first weight, and the predicted channel qualities (e.g., channel qualities predicted at 1164, 1166, 1168) may use a second weight different from the first weight. In some examples, the weights for the measured and predicted channel qualities may be defined or be signaled by the network (e.g., a base station or a gNB) .
[0148] In some examples, the duration of the evaluation window WE may be zero. FIG. 12 is a diagram 1200 illustrating an example evaluation window with zero duration for beam failure instance prediction in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 12, due to zero duration of the evaluation window, any beam failure instance prediction (such as the beam failure instance prediction at 1212, 1214, 1216, 1218) may depend exclusively on the predicted channel quality at the exact time of interest.
[0149] In some aspects, the predicted indication of beam failure instance may be determined by the hypothetical physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) block error rate (BLER) and a corresponding threshold. For example, referring to FIG. 11A, the UE may estimate the hypothetical PDCCH BLER (e.g., p1) and then compare it to a predetermined threshold (e.g., Qout_LR_predict) to determine the beam failure instance prediction. The corresponding threshold for the hypothetical PDCCH BLER may be defined by specifications or signaled by the network.
[0150] In some aspects, the predicted indication of beam failure instance may be determined by L1 or L3 measurements and a corresponding threshold. For example, the L1 or L3 measurement may include L1-RSRP, L1-RSRQ, L1-SINR, L3-RSRP, L3-RSRQ, L3-SINR. For example, referring to FIG. 11A, the UE may use the L1 or L3 measurement (e.g., p2) and then compare it to a predetermined threshold to determine the beam failure instance prediction. The corresponding threshold for the L1 or L3 measurement may be defined by specifications or signaled by the network.
[0151] In some aspects, unlike using binary format to express the beam failure instance prediction, the predicted indication of beam failure instance may be expressed as a continuous value, which ranges from a minimum value to a maximum value. FIG. 13 is a diagram 1300 illustrating an example of a predicted beam failure instance using a continuous value in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In the examples of FIG. 13, the predicted indication of beam failure instance may be expressed as a continuous value, such as a value in the range of 0 to 1, with a higher value indicating a higher likelihood of beam failure. For example, a BFI value of 0.9 at 1312 indicates a higher likelihood than the BFI value of 0.8 at 1314.
[0152] In some aspects, the minimum and maximum values of this range, as well as the quantization level within this range, can be defined or be signaled by the network. In some aspects, the evaluation windows, such as the evaluation window with fixed duration for all cases may be used here to determine the predicted beam failure instance (e.g., at 1312, 1314) .
[0153] The description above uses the beam failure detection as an example. The principles described may also be adapted for other predictions, such as radio link failure (RLF) prediction. For example, to apply these methods to RLF prediction, the beam failure detection (BFD) occasions may be replaced by RLF occasions. In some examples, when the failure prediction includes the radio link failure prediction, and the radio link failure prediction may include one or more of: an out-of-synchronization (OOS) prediction, or an in-synchronization (IS) prediction, and the evaluation window may include an OOS window for the OOS prediction and an IS window for the IS prediction. In some examples, different thresholds may be used for OOS prediction and IS prediction for RLF.
[0154] FIG. 14 is a call flow diagram 1400 illustrating a method of wireless communication in accordance with various aspects of this present disclosure. Various aspects are described in connection with a UE 1402 and a base station 1404. The aspects may be performed by the UE 1402 or the base station 1404 in aggregation and / or by one or more components of a base station 1404 (e.g., a CU 110, a DU 130, and / or an RU 140) . The UE 1402 may include or be associated with an AI / ML model 1450. For example, the AI / ML model 1450 may include any of the aspects described in connection with the ANN 400 or the ML architecture 500.
[0155] As shown in FIG. 14, at 1406, the UE 1402 may receive, from the base station 1404, a prediction configuration. The prediction configuration may include a periodicity for a failure prediction (e.g., the failure prediction at 1432) and a time offset. The time offset refers to the time interval between a temporal reference point and the prediction. For example, if the periodicity for the failure prediction is 10 slots, the possible time offset may range from 0 to 9 slots. As an example, if the time offset is set to 2 slot, then slot 2, 12, 22, 32, and so forth would be the occasions for the failure prediction. In some aspects, the failure prediction (e.g., the failure prediction at 1432) may include a beam failure prediction or a radio link failure prediction and may be performed by the AI / ML model 1450.
[0156] At 1408, the UE 1402 may receive, from the base station 1404, via a MAC-CE or DCI, an activation message activating the failure prediction (e.g., the failure prediction at 1432) . In some aspects, the UE 1402 may generate the failure prediction (e.g., at 1432) upon receiving the activating message. For example, referring to FIG. 7B, the UE may receive an activation message activating the failure prediction at 762, and the UE may generate the failure prediction (e.g., at 752, 754, 756) upon receiving the activating message at 762.
[0157] At 1410, the UE 1402 may receive, via a MAC-CE or DCI, a failure prediction request. In some aspects, the UE 1402 may generate the failure prediction (e.g., at 1432) upon receiving the failure prediction request. For example, referring to FIG. 8, the UE may receive a failure prediction request at 812, 822, and the UE may generate the failure prediction (e.g., at 802, 804) upon receiving the failure prediction request at 812, 822.
[0158] The failure prediction (e.g., the failure prediction at 1432) may be generated at a future time instance, and, at 1412, the UE 1402 may determine an evaluation window prior to the future time instance. The evaluation window may have the time duration greater than or equal to zero. For example, referring to FIG. 10, the failure prediction may be generated at a future time instance T, and the UE may determine an evaluation window 1010 prior to the future time instance T. The evaluation window 1010 may have the time duration greater than or equal to zero.
[0159] At 1414, the UE 1402 may determine a prediction window, in which the UE 1402 may perform one or more failure instance predictions (e.g., at 1426) based on an indication prediction periodicity. In some aspects, the UE 1402 may determine this prediction window based on one or more of: the UE capability in a temporal prediction, or the indication prediction periodicity. For example, referring to FIG. 6, the UE may determine a prediction window 610, in which the UE may perform one or more failure instance predictions (e.g., at 612, 614, 616) based on an indication prediction periodicity 604.
[0160] At 1416, the UE 1402 may receive, from the base station 1404, an offset configuration indicative of a quality offset. In some aspects, when the failure prediction (e.g., the failure prediction at 1432) is triggered by one or more trigger events, the trigger events may include a neighbor cell measurement being better than a corresponding measurement for the serving cell by more than the quality offset.
[0161] At 1418, the UE 1402 may receive, from the base station 1404, an event configuration. The event configuration may include a set of trigger events (e.g., a first set of trigger events) . In some aspects, the UE 1402 may generate the failure prediction (e.g., at 1432) when one or more trigger events in the set of trigger events (e.g., the first set of trigger events) have occurred. For example, referring to FIG. 9A, the UE may generate the failure prediction (e.g., at 902, 904, 906) when one or more trigger events in the set of trigger events have occurred (e.g., at 942) .
[0162] At 1420, the UE 1402 may determine a set of trigger events (e.g., a second set of trigger events) . In some aspects, the UE 1402 may generate the failure prediction (e.g., at 1432) when one or more trigger events in the set of trigger events (e.g., the second set of trigger events) have occurred.
[0163] At 1422, the UE 1402 may select the one or more trigger events from the first set of trigger events and the second set of trigger events. In some aspects, the UE 1402 may generate the failure prediction (e.g., at 1432) when one or more trigger events in the selected trigger events have occurred.
[0164] At 1424, the UE 1402 may transmit, for the base station 1404, one or more reports indicating the one or more trigger events triggering the failure prediction.
[0165] At 1426, the UE 1402 may perform one or more failure instance predictions in a prediction window (e.g., the prediction windows determined at 1414) based on an indication prediction periodicity. For example, the one or more failure instance predictions may be performed by the AI / ML model 1450. For example, the AI / ML model 1450 may include any of the aspects described in connection with the ANN 400 or the ML architecture 500. Referring to FIG. 6, the UE may perform one or more failure instance predictions (e.g., at 612, 614, 616) in a prediction window 610 based on an indication prediction periodicity 604.
[0166] At 1428, the UE 1402 may receive, from the base station 1404, a prohibit configuration for a duration of a prohibit timer.
[0167] At 1430, the UE 1402 may start the prohibit timer in response to the occurrence of the one or more trigger events. After the UE 1402 generate the failure prediction (e.g., at 1432) , the UE 1402 may refrain from generating a second failure prediction before an expiration of the prohibit timer.
[0168] At 1432, the UE 1402 may generate a failure prediction at the prediction time. In some aspects, the failure prediction may be generated based on the one or more failure instance predictions (e.g., the failure instance predictions at 1426) in the prediction window. The prediction window may be located after the prediction time. In some aspects, the failure prediction may include one or more of a beam failure prediction or a radio link failure prediction. For example, the failure prediction may be generated by the AI / ML model 1450. For example, the AI / ML model 1450 may include any of the aspects described in connection with the ANN 400 or the ML architecture 500. Referring to FIG. 7A, the prediction window 710 may be located after the prediction time (e.g., at 702) , and the prediction window 720 may be located after the prediction time (e.g., at 704) .
[0169] At 1434, the UE 1402 may receive, from the base station 1404, a deactivation message deactivating the failure prediction. The UE 1402 may terminate the failure prediction (e.g., at 1438) upon receiving the deactivation message.
[0170] At 1436, the UE 1402 may receive, from the base station 1404, a termination configuration indicative of one or more termination events. The UE 1402 may terminate the failure prediction (e.g., at 1438) when one of the termination events has occurred. For example, referring to FIG. 9B, the UE may terminate the failure prediction when one of the termination events has occurred at 994.
[0171] At 1438, the UE 1402 may terminate the failure prediction. For example, the UE 1402 may terminate the failure prediction when one of the termination events (e.g., the termination events received at 1436) has occurred, or when a deactivation message has been received (e.g., at 1434) . Referring to FIG. 9B, the UE may terminate the failure prediction when one of the termination events has occurred at 994. Referring to FIG. 7B, the UE may terminate the failure prediction when a deactivation message has been received at 764.
[0172] At 1440, the UE 1402 may communicate with the base station 1404 based on the failure prediction (e.g., the failure prediction at 1432) . For example, based on the failure prediction, the UE may perform a HO to switch the serving cell if a beam failure is predicted for the current serving cell.
[0173] FIG. 15 is a flowchart 1500 illustrating methods of wireless communication at a UE in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The method may be performed by a UE. The UE may be the UE 104, 350, 1402, or the apparatus 2004 in the hardware implementation of FIG. 20. In some aspects, by providing enhancements in beam management to leverage AI / ML technology to predict failures such as beam failure or radio link failure, the methods facilitate the transitions from reactive to proactive operations in resource management and failure detection, thereby improving the robustness and efficiency of wireless communication. In some aspects, by predicting when a handover should occur rather than reacting to degraded signals, the methods reduce the latency associated with the handover procedures, resulting in a smoother transition between cells and less likelihood of connection drops.
[0174] As shown in FIG. 15, at 1502, the UE may determine an evaluation window prior to a future time instance. The evaluation window has a time duration greater than or equal to zero. FIG. 6, FIG. 7A, FIG. 7B, FIG. 8, FIG. 9A, FIG. 9B, FIG. 10, FIG. 11A, FIG. 11B, FIG. 12, FIG. 13, and FIG. 14 illustrate various aspects of the steps in connection with flowchart 1500. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the UE 1402 may, at 1412, determine an evaluation window prior to a future time instance. The evaluation window has a time duration greater than or equal to zero. Referring to FIG. 10, the UE may determine an evaluation window 1010 prior to the future time instance T. In some aspects, 1502 may be performed by the failure prediction component 198.
[0175] At 1504, the UE may generate, based on a first predicted channel quality at the future time instance and one or more channel qualities in the evaluation window, a failure prediction for the future time instance. The failure prediction includes one or more of a beam failure prediction or a radio link failure prediction. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the UE 1402 may, at 1432, generate a failure prediction. Referring to FIG. 11A, the UE may generate, based on a first predicted channel quality at the future time instance 1102 and one or more channel qualities (e.g., at 1112, 1114, 1116, 1118) in the evaluation window 1110, a failure prediction for the future time instance 1102. In some aspects, 1504 may be performed by the failure prediction component 198.
[0176] FIG. 16 is a flowchart 1600 illustrating methods of wireless communication at a UE in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The method may be performed by a UE. The UE may be the UE 104, 350, 1402, or the apparatus 2004 in the hardware implementation of FIG. 20. In some aspects, by providing enhancements in beam management to leverage AI / ML technology to predict failures such as beam failure or radio link failure, the methods facilitate the transitions from reactive to proactive operations in resource management and failure detection, thereby improving the robustness and efficiency of wireless communication. In some aspects, by predicting when a handover should occur rather than reacting to degraded signals, the methods reduce the latency associated with the handover procedures, resulting in a smoother transition between cells and less likelihood of connection drops.
[0177] As shown in FIG. 16, at 1602, the UE may determine an evaluation window prior to a future time instance. The evaluation window has a time duration greater than or equal to zero. FIG. 6, FIG. 7A, FIG. 7B, FIG. 8, FIG. 9A, FIG. 9B, FIG. 10, FIG. 11A, FIG. 11B, FIG. 12, FIG. 13, and FIG. 14 illustrate various aspects of the steps in connection with flowchart 1600. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the UE 1402 may, at 1412, determine an evaluation window prior to a future time instance. The evaluation window has a time duration greater than or equal to zero. Referring to FIG. 10, the UE may determine an evaluation window 1010 prior to the future time instance T. In some aspects, 1502 may be performed by the failure prediction component 198.
[0178] At 1604, the UE may generate, based on a first predicted channel quality at the future time instance and one or more channel qualities in the evaluation window, a failure prediction for the future time instance. The failure prediction includes one or more of a beam failure prediction or a radio link failure prediction. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the UE 1402 may, at 1432, generate a failure prediction. Referring to FIG. 11A, the UE may generate, based on a first predicted channel quality at the future time instance 1102 and one or more channel qualities (e.g., at 1112, 1114, 1116, 1118) in the evaluation window 1110, a failure prediction for the future time instance 1102. In some aspects, 1604 may be performed by the failure prediction component 198.
[0179] In some aspects, the one or more channel qualities in the evaluation window may have an indication prediction periodicity in a time domain. For example, referring to FIG. 11A, the one or more channel qualities (e.g., 1112, 1114, 1116, 1118) in the evaluation window 1110 may have an indication prediction periodicity 1120 in a time domain.
[0180] In some aspects, the time duration of the evaluation window may be defined or may be based on a duration configuration from a network entity. The network entity may be a base station, or a component of a base station, in the access network of FIG. 1 or a core network component (e.g., base station 102, 310, 1404; or the network entity 2002 in the hardware implementation of FIG. 20) . For example, referring to FIG. 14, the time duration of the evaluation window (e.g., the evaluation window 1110) may be defined or may be based on a duration configuration from a network entity (base station 1404) .
[0181] In some aspects, at 1612, the failure prediction may include a binary value indicating the existence or the non-existence of a beam failure or a radio failure. For example, referring to FIG. 11A, the failure prediction (e.g., at future time instance 1102) may include a binary value indicating the existence or the non-existence of a beam failure or a radio failure.
[0182] In some aspects, at 1614, the failure prediction may include a quality value within a range indicating a likelihood of the beam failure or the radio failure. For example, referring to FIG. 13, the failure prediction may include a quality value (e.g., BFI of 0.8 at 1314, and BFI of 0.9 at 1312) within a range indicating a likelihood of the beam failure or the radio failure.
[0183] In some aspects, when the failure prediction includes the quality value within the range, the minimum value of the range, the maximum value of the range, and the quantization level for the range may be defined or may be based on a range configuration from the network entity.
[0184] In some aspects, the one or more channel qualities in the evaluation window may include one or more of a measured channel quality or a predicted channel quality in the evaluation window. For example, referring to FIG. 11B, the one or more channel qualities in the evaluation window 1160 may include one or more of a measured channel quality (e.g., at 1162) or a predicted channel quality (e.g., at 164, 1166, 1168) in the evaluation window 1160.
[0185] In some aspects, the one or more channel qualities in the evaluation window may include at least one measured channel quality and at least one predicted channel quality. To generate the failure prediction for the future time instance (at 1604) , the UE may generate the failure prediction based on the first predicted channel quality at the future time instance and the one or more channel qualities with corresponding weights in the evaluation window, and a first weight for the at least one measured channel quality may be different from a second weight for the at least one predicted channel quality. For example, referring to FIG. 11B, the one or more channel qualities in the evaluation window 1160 may include at least one measured channel quality (e.g., at 1162) and at least one predicted channel quality (e.g., at 1164, 1166, 1168) . The UE may generate the failure prediction (e.g., at 1152) based on the first predicted channel quality at the future time instance (e.g., at 1152) and the one or more channel qualities with corresponding weights in the evaluation window. The first weight for the at least one measured channel quality (e.g., at 1162) may be different from a second weight for the at least one predicted channel quality (e.g., at 1164, 1166, 1168) .
[0186] In some aspects, the time duration of the evaluation window may be zero, and the UE may generate the failure prediction based on the first predicted channel quality at the future time instance. For example, referring to FIG. 12, the time duration of the evaluation window may be zero, and the UE may generate the failure prediction based on the first predicted channel quality at the future time instance (e.g., the predicted channel quality at 1212, 1214, 1216, 1218, respectively) .
[0187] In some aspects, each channel quality of the one or more channel qualities in the evaluation window may a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) block error rate (BLER) . To generate the failure prediction (at 1604) , the UE may generate, based on a comparison of the PDCCH BLER and a first threshold, the failure prediction, and the first threshold may be defined or may be configured by the network entity. For example, referring to FIG. 11A, the UE may generate the failure prediction based on the comparison of the PDCCH BLER (e.g., p1) and a first threshold (e.g., Qout_LR_predict) .
[0188] In some aspects, each channel quality of the one or more channel qualities in the evaluation window may include one or more of a layer 1 (L1) measurement or a layer 3 (L3) measurement. To generate the failure prediction (at 1604) , the UE may generate the failure prediction based on a comparison of the L1 measurement or the L3 measurement with a second threshold, and the second threshold may be defined or may be configured by the network entity. For example, referring to FIG. 11A, the UE may generate the failure prediction based on a comparison of the L1 measurement or the L3 measurement (e.g., p2) with a second threshold, and the second threshold may be defined or may be configured by the network entity.
[0189] In some aspects, the L1 measurement may include one or more of: an L1-RSRP (at 1620) , an L1-RSRQ (at 1622) , or an L1-SINR (at 1624) . For example, referring to FIG. 11A, the L1 measurement may include one or more of: an L1-RSRP, an L1-RSRQ, or an L1-SINR.
[0190] In some aspects, the L3 measurement may include one or more of: an L3-RSRP (at 1626) , an L3-RSRQ (at 1628) , or an L3-SINR (at 1630) . For example, referring to FIG. 11A, the L3 measurement may include one or more of: an L3-RSRP, an L3-RSRQ, or an L3-SINR.
[0191] In some aspects, when the failure prediction (at 1604) includes the radio link failure prediction, and the radio link failure prediction may include one or more of: an out-of-synchronization (OOS) prediction, or an in-synchronization (IS) prediction. For example, referring to FIG. 14, when the failure prediction (at 1432) includes the radio link failure prediction, and the radio link failure prediction may include one or more of:an OOS prediction, or an IS prediction.
[0192] In some aspects, the evaluation window may include an OOS window for the OOS prediction and an IS window for the IS prediction. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the evaluation window (at 1412) may include an OOS window for the OOS prediction and an IS window for the IS prediction.
[0193] FIG. 17 is a flowchart 1700 illustrating methods of wireless communication at a UE in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The method may be performed by a UE. The UE may be the UE 104, 350, 1402, or the apparatus 2004 in the hardware implementation of FIG. 20. In some aspects, by providing enhancements in beam management to leverage AI / ML technology to predict failures such as beam failure or radio link failure, the methods facilitate the transitions from reactive to proactive operations in resource management and failure detection, thereby improving the robustness and efficiency of wireless communication. In some aspects, by predicting when a handover should occur rather than reacting to degraded signals, the methods reduce the latency associated with the handover procedures, resulting in a smoother transition between cells and less likelihood of connection drops.
[0194] As shown in FIG. 17, at 1702, the UE may perform one or more failure instance predictions in a prediction window based on an indication prediction periodicity. FIG. 6, FIG. 7A, FIG. 7B, FIG. 8, FIG. 9A, FIG. 9B, FIG. 10, FIG. 11A, FIG. 11B, FIG. 12, FIG. 13, and FIG. 14 illustrate various aspects of the steps in connection with flowchart 1700. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the UE 1402 may, at 1426, perform one or more failure instance predictions in a prediction window based on an indication prediction periodicity. Referring to FIG. 6, the UE may perform one or more failure instance predictions (e.g., at 612, 614, 616) in a prediction window 610 based on an indication prediction periodicity 604. In some aspects, 1702 may be performed by the failure prediction component 198.
[0195] At 1704, the UE may generate, based on the one or more failure instance predictions, a failure prediction at a prediction time. The prediction window may be located after the prediction time, and the failure prediction may include one or more of a beam failure prediction or a radio link failure prediction. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the UE 1402 may, at 1432 generate, based on the one or more failure instance predictions, a failure prediction at a prediction time. Referring to FIG. 7A, the prediction window 710 may be located after the prediction time (e.g., at 702) , and the failure prediction may include one or more of a beam failure prediction or a radio link failure prediction. In some aspects, 1704 may be performed by the failure prediction component 198.
[0196] FIG. 18 is a flowchart 1800 illustrating methods of wireless communication at a UE in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The method may be performed by a UE. The UE may be the UE 104, 350, 1402, or the apparatus 2004 in the hardware implementation of FIG. 20. In some aspects, by providing enhancements in beam management to leverage AI / ML technology to predict failures such as beam failure or radio link failure, the methods facilitate the transitions from reactive to proactive operations in resource management and failure detection, thereby improving the robustness and efficiency of wireless communication. In some aspects, by predicting when a handover should occur rather than reacting to degraded signals, the methods reduce the latency associated with the handover procedures, resulting in a smoother transition between cells and less likelihood of connection drops.
[0197] As shown in FIG. 18, at 1820, the UE may perform one or more failure instance predictions in a prediction window based on an indication prediction periodicity. FIG. 6, FIG. 7A, FIG. 7B, FIG. 8, FIG. 9A, FIG. 9B, FIG. 10, FIG. 11A, FIG. 11B, FIG. 12, FIG. 13, and FIG. 14 illustrate various aspects of the steps in connection with flowchart 1800. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the UE 1402 may, at 1426, perform one or more failure instance predictions in a prediction window based on an indication prediction periodicity. Referring to FIG. 6, the UE may perform one or more failure instance predictions (e.g., at 612, 614, 616) in a prediction window 610 based on an indication prediction periodicity 604. In some aspects, 1820 may be performed by the failure prediction component 198.
[0198] At 1826, the UE may generate, based on the one or more failure instance predictions, a failure prediction at a prediction time. The prediction window may be located after the prediction time, and the failure prediction may include one or more of a beam failure prediction or a radio link failure prediction. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the UE 1402 may, at 1432 generate, based on the one or more failure instance predictions, a failure prediction at a prediction time. Referring to FIG. 7A, the prediction window 710 may be located after the prediction time (e.g., at 702) , and the failure prediction may include one or more of a beam failure prediction or a radio link failure prediction. In some aspects, 1826 may be performed by the failure prediction component 198.
[0199] In some aspects, at 1808, the UE may determine the prediction window based on one or more of: the UE capability in the temporal prediction or the indication prediction periodicity. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the UE 1402 may determine, at 1414, the prediction window based on one or more of: the UE capability in the temporal prediction or the indication prediction periodicity. In some aspects, 1808 may be performed by the failure prediction component 198.
[0200] In some aspects, the UE may, at 1826, generate the failure prediction periodically based on a periodicity. For example, referring to FIG. 7A, the UE may generate the failure prediction periodically (e.g., at 702, 704, 706) based on a periodicity (e.g., BFD prediction periodicity 742) .
[0201] In some aspects, at 1802, the UE may receive, from a network entity, a prediction configuration including the periodicity and a time offset. The time offset refers to the time interval between a temporal reference point and the prediction. For example, if the periodicity is 10 slots, the possible time offset may range from 0 to 9 slots. The UE may generate, based on the periodicity and the time offset, the failure prediction periodically (at 1826) . For example, referring to FIG. 14, the UE 1402 may, at 1406, receive, from a network entity (base station 1404) , a prediction configuration. In some examples, the prediction configuration may include the periodicity (e.g., the BFD prediction periodicity 742) and the time offset. In some aspects, 1802 may be performed by the failure prediction component 198.
[0202] In some aspects, at 1804, the UE may receive, from the network entity, via a medium access control (MAC) –control element (MAC-CE) or downlink control information (DCI) , an activation message activating the failure prediction. The UE may generate the failure prediction periodically (at 1826) upon receiving the activation message. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the UE 1402 may, at 1408, receive, from the network entity (base station 1404) , via a MAC-CE or DCI, an activation message activating the failure prediction. In FIG. 7B, the UE may generate the failure prediction periodically (e.g., at 752, 754, 756) upon receiving the activation message (e.g., at 762) . In some aspects, 1804 may be performed by the failure prediction component 198.
[0203] In some aspects, at 1828, the UE may receive, from the network entity, a deactivation message deactivating the failure prediction. At 1832, the UE may terminate the failure prediction upon receiving the deactivation message. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the UE 1402 may, at 1434, receive, from the network entity (base station 1404) , a deactivation message deactivating the failure prediction. In FIG. 7B, the UE may terminate the failure prediction upon receiving the deactivation message (e.g., at 764) . In some aspects, 1828 and 1832 may be performed by the failure prediction component 198.
[0204] In some aspects, the UE may, at 1806, receive, via a MAC-CE or DCI, a failure prediction request, and the UE may generate the failure prediction (at 1826) in response to the failure prediction request. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the UE 1402 may, at 1410, receive a failure prediction request. In FIG. 8, the UE may generate the failure prediction (at 1826) in response to the failure prediction request (e.g., at 812) . In some aspects, 1806 may be performed by the failure prediction component 198.
[0205] In some aspects, the UE may generate the failure prediction (at 1826) in response to the occurrence of one or more trigger events. For example, referring to FIG. 9B, the UE may generate the failure prediction (e.g., at 952, 954, 956) in response to the occurrence of one or more trigger events (e.g., at 992) .
[0206] In some aspects, at 1812, the UE may receive, from the network entity, an event configuration. The event configuration may include the one or more trigger events and event parameters associated with each trigger event of the one or more trigger events. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the UE 1402 may receive, at 1418, from the network entity (base station 1404) , an event configuration. In some aspects, 1812 may be performed by the failure prediction component 198.
[0207] In some aspects, the event parameters associated with the trigger event include one or more of: an event index of the trigger event, an event type of the trigger event, a measurement type associated with the trigger event, a measurement threshold associated with the trigger event, a hysteresis associated with the trigger event, an offset associated with the trigger event, a time interval between the trigger event and the failure prediction, a beam failure indication threshold associated with the trigger event, or a block error rate (BLER) threshold associated with the trigger event. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the event parameters associated with the trigger event (included in the event configuration at 1418) may include one or more of: an event index of the trigger event, an event type of the trigger event, a measurement type associated with the trigger event, a measurement threshold associated with the trigger event, a hysteresis associated with the trigger event, an offset associated with the trigger event, a time interval between the trigger event and the failure prediction, a beam failure indication threshold associated with the trigger event, or a block error rate (BLER) threshold associated with the trigger event.
[0208] In some aspects, after one or more trigger events have occurred, the UE may, at 1818, transmit, for the network entity, one or more reports indicating the one or more trigger events triggering the failure prediction. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the UE 1402 may, at 1424, transmit, for the network entity (base station 1404) , one or more reports indicating the one or more trigger events triggering the failure prediction. In some aspects, 1818 may be performed by the failure prediction component 198.
[0209] In some aspects, at 1814, the UE may determine the one or more trigger events. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the UE 1402 may, at 1420, determine the one or more trigger events. In some aspects, 1814 may be performed by the failure prediction component 198.
[0210] In some aspects, the UE may, at 1816, select the one or more trigger events based on the configuration from the network entity and the trigger events determined by the UE.For example, the UE may receive an event configuration (at 1812) from the network entity. The event configuration may include a first set of trigger events. The UE may further, at 1814, determine a second set of trigger events, and, at 1816, select the one or more trigger events from the first set of trigger events and the second set of trigger events. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the UE 1402 may, at 1422, select the one or more trigger events based on the configuration from the network entity (at 1418) and the trigger events determined by the UE 1402 (e.g., at 1420) . In some aspects, 1816 may be performed by the failure prediction component 198.
[0211] In some aspects, the one or more trigger events include one or more of: a serving cell measurement being worse than a quality threshold or a neighbor cell measurement being better than a corresponding measurement for the serving cell by more than a quality offset. The serving cell measurement may include one or more of: an RSRP for the serving cell, an RSRQ for the serving cell, an SINR for the serving cell, or a demodulation reference signal (DM-RS) measurement. The neighbor cell measurement may include one or more of: the RSRP for the neighbor cell, the RSRQ for the neighbor cell, or the SINR for the neighbor cell. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the one or more trigger events (e.g., at 1422) may include one or more of: a serving cell measurement being worse than a quality threshold or a neighbor cell measurement being better than a corresponding measurement for the serving cell by more than a quality offset. The serving cell measurement may include one or more of: an RSRP for the serving cell, an RSRQ for the serving cell, an SINR for the serving cell, or a demodulation reference signal (DM-RS) measurement. The neighbor cell measurement may include one or more of: the RSRP for the neighbor cell, the RSRQ for the neighbor cell, or the SINR for the neighbor cell.
[0212] In some aspects, at 1810, the UE may receive, from the network entity, an offset configuration indicative of the quality offset. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the UE 1402 may receive, at 1416, from the network entity (base station 1404) , an offset configuration indicative of the quality offset. In some aspects, 1810 may be performed by the failure prediction component 198.
[0213] In some aspects, the one or more trigger events may include one or more of: a percentage of reference signals in a set of reference signals having a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) block error rate (BLER) worse than a PDCCH threshold, a number of failure instance predictions is higher than or equals to a counter threshold, or a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) BLER is worse than a PDSCH threshold. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the one or more trigger events (e.g., at 1422) may include one or more of: a percentage of reference signals in a set of reference signals having a PDCCH BLER worse than a PDCCH threshold, a number of failure instance predictions is higher than or equals to a counter threshold, or a PDSCH BLER is worse than a PDSCH threshold.
[0214] In some aspects, the one or more trigger events may include: one or more transmission configuration indicator (TCI) states for a candidate cell being activated. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the one or more trigger events (e.g., at 1422) may include: one or more TCI states for a candidate cell being activated.
[0215] In some aspects, the failure prediction may be a first failure prediction, and the UE may, at 1824, start a prohibit timer in response to the occurrence of the one or more trigger events, and refrain from generating a second failure prediction after the first failure prediction before an expiration of the prohibit timer. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the UE 1402 may, at 1430, start a prohibit timer in response to the occurrence of the one or more trigger events, and refrain from generating a second failure prediction after the first failure prediction before an expiration of the prohibit timer. In some aspects, 1824 may be performed by the failure prediction component 198.
[0216] In some aspects, the UE may, at 1822, receive, from the network entity, a prohibit configuration for a duration of the prohibit timer. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the UE 1402 may, at 1428, receive, from the network entity (base station 1404) , a prohibit configuration for a duration of the prohibit timer. In some aspects, 1822 may be performed by the failure prediction component 198.
[0217] In some aspects, the UE may generate the failure prediction (at 1826) periodically for a prediction time window. For example, referring to FIG. 9A, the UE may generate the failure prediction periodically (e.g., at 902, 904, 906) for a prediction time window (e.g., the time window WBFD_predict 940) .
[0218] In some aspects, the UE may indicate, to a network entity, via a MAC-CE or DCI, one or more of: a start time of the prediction time window or an end time of the prediction time window. For example, referring to FIG. 9A, the UE may indicate, to a network entity, via a MAC-CE or DCI, one or more of: a start time of the prediction time window (e.g., the time window WBFD_predict 940) or an end time of the prediction time window (e.g., at 944) .
[0219] In some aspects, the duration of the prediction time window is defined or is configured by a network entity. For example, referring to FIG. 9A, the duration of the prediction time window (e.g., the time window WBFD_predict 940) may be defined or may be configured by a network entity.
[0220] In some aspects, at 1832, when terminating the failure prediction, the UE may terminate the failure prediction in response to the occurrence of one or more termination events. For example, referring to FIG. 9B, the UE may terminate the failure prediction in response to the occurrence of one or more termination events (e.g., at 994) .
[0221] In some aspects, at 1830, the UE may receive, from the network entity, a termination configuration indicative of the one or more termination events. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the UE 1402 may receive, at 1436, from the network entity (base station 1404) , a termination configuration indicative of the one or more termination events. In some aspects, 1830 may be performed by the failure prediction component 198.
[0222] In some aspects, the one or more termination events may respectively correspond to the one or more trigger events (at 1816) , and the one or more termination events may differ from the one or more trigger events by a deviation value in a corresponding threshold. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the one or more termination events (e.g., termination events received at 1436) may respectively correspond to the one or more trigger events (e.g., at 1422) , and the one or more termination events may differ from the one or more trigger events by a deviation value in a corresponding threshold.
[0223] FIG. 19 is a flowchart 1900 illustrating methods of wireless communication at a network entity in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The method may be performed by a network entity. The network entity may be a base station, or a component of a base station, in the access network of FIG. 1 or a core network component (e.g., base station 102, 310, 1404; or the network entity 2002 in the hardware implementation of FIG. 20) . In some aspects, by providing enhancements in beam management to leverage AI / ML technology to predict failures such as beam failure or radio link failure, the methods facilitate the transitions from reactive to proactive operations in resource management and failure detection, thereby improving the robustness and efficiency of wireless communication. In some aspects, by predicting when a handover should occur rather than reacting to degraded signals, the methods reduce the latency associated with the handover procedures, resulting in a smoother transition between cells and less likelihood of connection drops.
[0224] As shown in FIG. 19, at 1902, the network entity may transmit, to a UE, a prediction configuration including a periodicity and a time offset for a failure prediction at a prediction time. The failure prediction may include one or more of a beam failure prediction or a radio link failure prediction, and the failure prediction may be based on one or more failure instance predictions having an indication prediction periodicity in a prediction window located after the prediction time. The UE may be the UE 104, 350, 1402, or the apparatus 2004 in the hardware implementation of FIG. 20. FIG. 6, FIG. 7A, FIG. 7B, FIG. 8, FIG. 9A, FIG. 9B, FIG. 10, FIG. 11A, FIG. 11B, FIG. 12, FIG. 13, and FIG. 14 illustrate various aspects of the steps in connection with flowchart 1900. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the network entity (base station 1404) may transmit, at 1406, to a UE 1402, a prediction configuration including a periodicity and a time offset for a failure prediction at a prediction time. The failure prediction may include one or more of a beam failure prediction or a radio link failure prediction, and the failure prediction may be based on one or more failure instance predictions having an indication prediction periodicity in a prediction window located after the prediction time. In some aspects, 1902 may be performed by the failure prediction component 199.
[0225] At 1904, the network entity may communicate with the UE based on the failure prediction. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the network entity (base station 1404) may, at 1440, communicate with the UE 1402 based on the failure prediction (e.g., at 1432) . In some aspects, 1904 may be performed by the failure prediction component 199.
[0226] FIG. 20 is a diagram 2000 illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an apparatus 2004. The apparatus 2004 may be a UE, a component of a UE, or may implement UE functionality. In some aspects, the apparatus 2004 may include at least one cellular baseband processor (or processing circuitry) 2024 (also referred to as a modem) coupled to one or more transceivers 2022 (e.g., cellular RF transceiver) . The cellular baseband processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2024 may include at least one on-chip memory (or memory circuitry) 2024'. In some aspects, the apparatus 2004 may further include one or more subscriber identity modules (SIM) cards 2020 and at least one application processor (or processing circuitry) 2006 coupled to a secure digital (SD) card 2008 and a screen 2010. The application processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2006 may include on-chip memory (or memory circuitry) 2006'. In some aspects, the apparatus 2004 may further include a Bluetooth module 2012, a WLAN module 2014, an SPS module 2016 (e.g., GNSS module) , one or more sensor modules 2018 (e.g., barometric pressure sensor / altimeter; motion sensor such as inertial measurement unit (IMU) , gyroscope, and / or accelerometer (s) ; light detection and ranging (LIDAR) , radio assisted detection and ranging (RADAR) , sound navigation and ranging (SONAR) , magnetometer, audio and / or other technologies used for positioning) , additional memory modules 2026, a power supply 2030, and / or a camera 2032. The Bluetooth module 2012, the WLAN module 2014, and the SPS module 2016 may include an on-chip transceiver (TRX) (or in some cases, just a receiver (RX) ) . The Bluetooth module 2012, the WLAN module 2014, and the SPS module 2016 may include their own dedicated antennas and / or utilize the antennas 2080 for communication. The cellular baseband processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2024 communicates through the transceiver (s) 2022 via one or more antennas 2080 with the UE 104 and / or with an RU associated with a network entity 2002. The cellular baseband processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2024 and the application processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2006 may each include a computer-readable medium / memory (or memory circuitry) 2024', 2006', respectively. The additional memory modules 2026 may also be considered a computer-readable medium / memory (or memory circuitry) . Each computer-readable medium / memory (or memory circuitry) 2024', 2006', 2026 may be non-transitory. The cellular baseband processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2024 and the application processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2006 are each responsible for general processing, including the execution of software stored on the computer-readable medium / memory (or memory circuitry) . The software, when executed by the cellular baseband processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2024 / application processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2006, causes the cellular baseband processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2024 / application processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2006 to perform the various functions described supra. The cellular baseband processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2024 and the application processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2006 are configured to perform the various functions described supra based at least in part of the information stored in the memory (or memory circuitry) . That is, the cellular baseband processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2024 and the application processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2006 may be configured to perform a first subset of the various functions described supra without information stored in the memory and may be configured to perform a second subset of the various functions described supra based on the information stored in the memory. The computer-readable medium / memory (or memory circuitry) may also be used for storing data that is manipulated by the cellular baseband processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2024 / application processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2006 when executing software. The cellular baseband processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2024 / application processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2006 may be a component of the UE 350 and may include the at least one memory 360 and / or at least one of the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller / processor 359. In one configuration, the apparatus 2004 may be at least one processor chip (modem and / or application) and include just the cellular baseband processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2024 and / or the application processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2006, and in another configuration, the apparatus 2004 may be the entire UE (e.g., see UE 350 of FIG. 3) and include the additional modules of the apparatus 2004.
[0227] As discussed supra, in some aspects, the component 198 may be configured to determine an evaluation window prior to a future time instance, where the evaluation window has a time duration greater than or equal to zero; and generate, based on a first predicted channel quality at the future time instance and one or more channel qualities in the evaluation window, a failure prediction for the future time instance, where the failure prediction includes one or more of a beam failure prediction or a radio link failure prediction. In some aspects, the component 198 may be configured to perform one or more failure instance predictions in a prediction window based on an indication prediction periodicity; and generate, based on the one or more failure instance predictions, a failure prediction at a prediction time, where the prediction window is located after the prediction time, and the failure prediction includes one or more of a beam failure prediction or a radio link failure prediction. The component 198 may be further configured to perform any of the aspects described in connection with the flowcharts in FIG. 15, FIG. 16, FIG. 17, and FIG. 18 and / or performed by the UE 1402 in FIG. 14. The component 198 may be within the cellular baseband processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2024, the application processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2006, or both the cellular baseband processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2024 and the application processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2006. The component 198 may be one or more hardware components specifically configured to carry out the stated processes / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the stated processes / algorithm, stored within a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors, or some combination thereof. When multiple processors are implemented, the multiple processors may perform the stated processes / algorithm individually or in combination. As shown, the apparatus 2004 may include a variety of components configured for various functions. In one configuration, the apparatus 2004, and in particular the cellular baseband processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2024 and / or the application processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2006, includes means for determining an evaluation window prior to a future time instance, where the evaluation window has a time duration greater than or equal to zero; and means for generating, based on a first predicted channel quality at the future time instance and one or more channel qualities in the evaluation window, a failure prediction for the future time instance, where the failure prediction includes one or more of a beam failure prediction or a radio link failure prediction. In one configuration, the apparatus 2004, and in particular the cellular baseband processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2024 and / or the application processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2006, includes means for performing one or more failure instance predictions in a prediction window based on an indication prediction periodicity; and means for generating, based on the one or more failure instance predictions, a failure prediction at a prediction time, where the prediction window is located after the prediction time, and the failure prediction includes one or more of a beam failure prediction or a radio link failure prediction. The apparatus 2004 may further include means for performing any of the aspects described in connection with the flowcharts in FIG. 15, FIG. 16, FIG. 17, and FIG. 18, and / or aspects performed by the UE 1402 in FIG. 14. The means may be the component 198 of the apparatus 2004 configured to perform the functions recited by the means. As described supra, the apparatus 2004 may include the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller / processor 359. As such, in one configuration, the means may be the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and / or the controller / processor 359 configured to perform the functions recited by the means.
[0228] FIG. 21 is a diagram 2100 illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for a network entity 2102. The network entity 2102 may be a BS, a component of a BS, or may implement BS functionality. The network entity 2102 may include at least one of a CU 2110, a DU 2130, or an RU 2140. For example, depending on the layer functionality handled by the component 199, the network entity 2102 may include the CU 2110; both the CU 2110 and the DU 2130; each of the CU 2110, the DU 2130, and the RU 2140; the DU 2130; both the DU 2130 and the RU 2140; or the RU 2140. The CU 2110 may include at least one CU processor (or processing circuitry) 2112. The CU processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2112 may include on-chip memory (or memory circuitry) 2112'. In some aspects, the CU 2110 may further include additional memory modules 2114 and a communications interface 2118. The CU 2110 communicates with the DU 2130 through a midhaul link, such as an F1 interface. The DU 2130 may include at least one DU processor (or processing circuitry) 2132. The DU processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2132 may include on-chip memory (or memory circuitry) 2132'. In some aspects, the DU 2130 may further include additional memory modules 2134 and a communications interface 2138. The DU 2130 communicates with the RU 2140 through a fronthaul link. The RU 2140 may include at least one RU processor (or processing circuitry) 2142. The RU processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2142 may include on-chip memory (or memory circuitry) 2142'. In some aspects, the RU 2140 may further include additional memory modules 2144, one or more transceivers 2146, antennas 2180, and a communications interface 2148. The RU 2140 communicates with the UE 104. The on-chip memory (or memory circuitry) 2112', 2132', 2142' and the additional memory modules 2114, 2134, 2144 may each be considered a computer-readable medium / memory (or memory circuitry) . Each computer-readable medium / memory (or memory circuitry) may be non-transitory. Each of the processors (or processing circuitry) 2112, 2132, 2142 is responsible for general processing, including the execution of software stored on the computer-readable medium / memory (or memory circuitry) . The software, when executed by the corresponding processor (s) (or processing circuitry) causes the processor (s) (or processing circuitry) to perform the various functions described supra. The computer-readable medium / memory (or memory circuitry) may also be used for storing data that is manipulated by the processor (s) (or processing circuitry) when executing software.
[0229] As discussed supra, the component 199 may be configured to transmit, to a UE, a prediction configuration including a periodicity and a time offset for a failure prediction at a prediction time, where the failure prediction includes one or more of a beam failure prediction or a radio link failure prediction, and the failure prediction is based on one or more failure instance predictions having an indication prediction periodicity in a prediction window located after the prediction time; and communicate with the UE based on the failure prediction. The component 199 may be further configured to perform any of the aspects described in connection with the flowchart in FIG. 19 and / or performed by the base station 1404 in FIG. 14. The component 199 may be within one or more processors (or processing circuitry) of one or more of the CU 2110, DU 2130, and the RU 2140. The component 199 may be one or more hardware components specifically configured to carry out the stated processes / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the stated processes / algorithm, stored within a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors, or some combination thereof. When multiple processors are implemented, the multiple processors may perform the stated processes / algorithm individually or in combination. The network entity 2102 may include a variety of components configured for various functions. In one configuration, the network entity 2102 includes means for transmitting, to a UE, a prediction configuration including a periodicity and a time offset for a failure prediction at a prediction time, where the failure prediction includes one or more of a beam failure prediction or a radio link failure prediction, and the failure prediction is based on one or more failure instance predictions having an indication prediction periodicity in a prediction window located after the prediction time; and means for communicating with the UE based on the failure prediction. The network entity 2102 may further include means for performing any of the aspects described in connection with the flowchart in FIG. 19 and / or aspects performed by the base station 1404 in FIG. 14. The means may be the component 199 of the network entity 2102 configured to perform the functions recited by the means. As described supra, the network entity 2102 may include the TX processor 316, the RX processor 370, and the controller / processor 375. As such, in one configuration, the means may be the TX processor 316, the RX processor 370, and / or the controller / processor 375 configured to perform the functions recited by the means.
[0230] This disclosure provides a method for wireless communication at a UE. The method may include determining an evaluation window prior to a future time instance, where the evaluation window has a time duration greater than or equal to zero; and generating, based on a first predicted channel quality at the future time instance and one or more channel qualities in the evaluation window, a failure prediction for the future time instance. The failure prediction may include one or more of a beam failure prediction or a radio link failure prediction. In some aspects, by providing enhancements in beam management to leverage AI / ML technology to predict failures such as beam failure or radio link failure, the methods facilitate the transitions from reactive to proactive operations in resource management and failure detection, thereby improving the robustness and efficiency of wireless communication. In some aspects, by predicting when a handover should occur rather than reacting to degraded signals, the methods reduce the latency associated with the handover procedures, resulting in a smoother transition between cells and less likelihood of connection drops.
[0231] It is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes / flowcharts disclosed is an illustration of example approaches. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes / flowcharts may be rearranged. Further, some blocks may be combined or omitted. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various blocks in a sample order, and are not limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.
[0232] The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not limited to the aspects described herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language claims. Reference to an element in the singular does not mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more. ” Terms such as “if, ” “when, ” and “while” do not imply an immediate temporal relationship or reaction. That is, these phrases, e.g., “when, ” do not imply an immediate action in response to or during the occurrence of an action, but simply imply that if a condition is met then an action will occur, but without requiring a specific or immediate time constraint for the action to occur. The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration. ” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. Combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C, ” “one or more of A, B, or C, ” “at least one of A, B, and C, ” “one or more of A, B, and C, ” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” include any combination of A, B, and / or C, and may include multiples of A, multiples of B, or multiples of C. Specifically, combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C, ” “one or more of A, B, or C, ” “at least one of A, B, and C, ” “one or more of A, B, and C, ” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” may be A only, B only, C only, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C, where any such combinations may contain one or more member or members of A, B, or C. Sets should be interpreted as a set of elements where the elements number one or more. Accordingly, for a set of X, X would include one or more elements. When at least one processor is configured to perform a set of functions, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to perform the set of functions. Accordingly, each processor of the at least one processor may be configured to perform a particular subset of the set of functions, where the subset is the full set, a proper subset of the set, or an empty subset of the set. A processor may be referred to as processor circuitry. A memory / memory module may be referred to as memory circuitry. If a first apparatus receives data from or transmits data to a second apparatus, the data may be received / transmitted directly between the first and second apparatuses, or indirectly between the first and second apparatuses through a set of apparatuses. A device configured to “output” data or “provide” data, such as a transmission, signal, or message, may transmit the data, for example with a transceiver, or may send the data to a device that transmits the data. A device configured to “obtain” data, such as a transmission, signal, or message, may receive, for example with a transceiver, or may obtain the data from a device that receives the data. Information stored in a memory includes instructions and / or data. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. The words “module, ” “mechanism, ” “element, ” “device, ” and the like may not be a substitute for the word “means. ” As such, no claim element is to be construed as a means plus function unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for. ”
[0233] As used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of information, one or more conditions, one or more factors, or the like. In other words, the phrase “based on A” (where “A” may be information, a condition, a factor, or the like) shall be construed as “based at least on A” unless specifically recited differently.
[0234] The following aspects are illustrative only and may be combined with other aspects or teachings described herein, without limitation.
[0235] Aspect 1 is a method of wireless communication at a UE. The method includes determining an evaluation window prior to a future time instance, wherein the evaluation window has a time duration greater than or equal to zero; and generating, based on a first predicted channel quality at the future time instance and one or more channel qualities in the evaluation window, a failure prediction for the future time instance, wherein the failure prediction includes one or more of a beam failure prediction or a radio link failure prediction.
[0236] Aspect 2 is the method of aspect 1, wherein the one or more channel qualities in the evaluation window have an indication prediction periodicity in a time domain.
[0237] Aspect 3 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 2, wherein the time duration of the evaluation window is defined or is based on a duration configuration from a network entity.
[0238] Aspect 4 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 3, wherein the failure prediction includes one of: a binary value indicating an existence or a non-existence of a beam failure or a radio failure or a quality value within a range indicating a likelihood of the beam failure or the radio failure.
[0239] Aspect 5 is the method of aspect 4, wherein the failure prediction includes the quality value within the range, and wherein the minimum value of the range, the maximum value of the range, and the quantization level for the range are defined or are based on a range configuration from a network entity.
[0240] Aspect 6 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 5, wherein the one or more channel qualities in the evaluation window include one or more of a measured channel quality or a predicted channel quality in the evaluation window.
[0241] Aspect 7 is the method of aspect 6, wherein the one or more channel qualities in the evaluation windows include at least one measured channel quality and at least one predicted channel quality, and wherein generating the failure prediction for the future time instance comprises: generating the failure prediction based on the first predicted channel quality at the future time instance and the one or more channel qualities with corresponding weights in the evaluation window, wherein a first weight for the at least one measured channel quality is different from a second weight for the at least one predicted channel quality.
[0242] Aspect 8 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 7, wherein the time duration of the evaluation window equals to zero, and wherein generating the failure prediction for the future time instance comprises: generating the failure prediction based on the first predicted channel quality at the future time instance.
[0243] Aspect 9 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 8, wherein each channel quality of the one or more channel qualities in the evaluation window comprises a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) block error rate (BLER) , and wherein generating the failure prediction comprises: generating, based on a comparison of the PDCCH BLER and a first threshold, the failure prediction, wherein the first threshold is defined or is configured by a network entity.
[0244] Aspect 10 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 8, wherein each channel quality of the one or more channel qualities in the evaluation window comprises one or more of a layer 1 (L1) measurement or a layer 3 (L3) measurement, and wherein generating the failure prediction comprises: generating, based on a comparison of the L1 measurement or the L3 measurement with a second threshold, the failure prediction, wherein the second threshold is defined or is configured by a network entity.
[0245] Aspect 11 is the method of aspect 10, wherein the L1 measurement includes one or more of: the L1-reference signal received power (L1-RSRP) , the L1-reference signal received quality (L1-RSRQ) , or the L1-signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (L1-SINR) .
[0246] Aspect 12 is the method of aspect 10, wherein the L3 measurement includes one or more of: the L3-reference signal received power (L3-RSRP) , the L3-reference signal received quality (L3-RSRQ) , or the L3-signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (L3-SINR) .
[0247] Aspect 13 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 12, wherein the failure prediction includes the radio link failure prediction, and wherein the radio link failure prediction includes one or more of: an out-of-synchronization (OOS) prediction, or an in-synchronization (IS) prediction.
[0248] Aspect 14 is the method of aspect 13, wherein the evaluation window includes an OOS window for the OOS prediction and an IS window for the IS prediction.
[0249] Aspect 15 is an apparatus for wireless communication at a UE, comprising: a processing system that includes processor circuitry and memory circuitry that stores code and is coupled with the processor circuitry, the processing system configured to cause the UE to perform the method of one or more of aspects 1-14.
[0250] Aspect 16 is an apparatus for wireless communication at a UE, comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and, where the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to perform the method of any of aspects 1-14.
[0251] Aspect 17 is the apparatus for wireless communication at a UE, comprising means for performing each step in the method of any of aspects 1-14.
[0252] Aspect 18 is an apparatus of any of aspects 15-17, further comprising a transceiver configured to receive or to transmit in association with the method of any of aspects 1-14.
[0253] Aspect 19 is a computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable medium) storing computer executable code at a UE, the code when executed by at least one processor causes the at least one processor to, individually or in any combination, perform the method of any of aspects 1-14.
[0254] Aspect 20 is a method of wireless communication at a UE. The method includes performing one or more failure instance predictions in a prediction window based on an indication prediction periodicity; and generating, based on the one or more failure instance predictions, a failure prediction at a prediction time, wherein the prediction window is located after the prediction time, and wherein the failure prediction includes one or more of a beam failure prediction or a radio link failure prediction.
[0255] Aspect 21 is the method of aspect 20, wherein the method further includes determining the prediction window based on one or more of: a UE capability in a temporal prediction, or the indication prediction periodicity.
[0256] Aspect 22 is the method of any of aspects 20 to 21, wherein generating the failure prediction comprises generating, based on a periodicity, the failure prediction periodically.
[0257] Aspect 23 is the method of aspect 22, where the method further includes receiving, from a network entity, a prediction configuration comprising the periodicity and a time offset, and wherein generating the failure prediction periodically comprises: generating, based on the periodicity and the time offset, the failure prediction periodically.
[0258] Aspect 24 is the method of aspect 23, where the method further includes receiving, from the network entity, via a medium access control (MAC) –control element (MAC-CE) or downlink control information (DCI) , an activation message activating the failure prediction, and wherein generating the failure prediction periodically comprises: generating the failure prediction periodically upon receiving the activation message.
[0259] Aspect 25 is the method of aspect 24, where the method further includes receiving, from the network entity, a deactivation message deactivating the failure prediction; and terminating the failure prediction upon receiving the deactivation message.
[0260] Aspect 26 is the method of aspect 23, where the method further includes receiving, via a medium access control (MAC) –control element (MAC-CE) or downlink control information (DCI) , a failure prediction request, and wherein generating the failure prediction comprises: generating, in response to the failure prediction request, the failure prediction.
[0261] Aspect 27 is the method of aspect 20, wherein generating the failure prediction comprises: generating, in response to the first occurrence of one or more trigger events, the failure prediction.
[0262] Aspect 28 is the method of aspect 27, where the method further includes receiving, from a network entity, an event configuration, wherein the event configuration includes the one or more trigger events and event parameters associated with each trigger event of the one or more trigger events.
[0263] Aspect 29 is the method of aspect 28, wherein the event parameters associated with the trigger event include one or more of: the event index of the trigger event, the event type of the trigger event, the measurement type associated with the trigger event, the measurement threshold associated with the trigger event, the hysteresis associated with the trigger event, the offset associated with the trigger event, the time interval between the trigger event and the failure prediction, the beam failure indication threshold associated with the trigger event, or the block error rate (BLER) threshold associated with the trigger event.
[0264] Aspect 30 is the method of any of aspects 27 to 29, where the method further includes transmitting, for a network entity, one or more reports indicating the one or more trigger events triggering the failure prediction.
[0265] Aspect 31 is the method of aspect 27, where the method further includes determining, by the UE, the one or more trigger events.
[0266] Aspect 32 is the method of aspect 27, where the method further includes receiving, from a network entity, an event configuration, wherein the event configuration includes a first set of trigger events; determining, by the UE, a second set of trigger events; and selecting, the one or more trigger events from the first set of trigger events and the second set of trigger events.
[0267] Aspect 33 is the method of aspect 27, wherein the one or more trigger events include one or more of: a serving cell measurement being worse than a quality threshold, wherein the serving cell measurement includes one or more of: the reference signal received power (RSRP) for a serving cell, the reference signal received quality (RSRQ) for the serving cell, the signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) for the serving cell, or a demodulation reference signal (DM-RS) measurement, or a neighbor cell measurement being better than a corresponding measurement for the serving cell by more than a quality offset, wherein the neighbor cell measurement includes one or more of: the RSRP for the neighbor cell, the RSRQ for the neighbor cell, or the SINR for the neighbor cell.
[0268] Aspect 34 is the method of aspect 33, where the method further includes receiving, from a network entity, an offset configuration indicative of the quality offset.
[0269] Aspect 35 is the method of aspect 27, wherein the one or more trigger events include one or more of: a percentage of reference signals in a set of reference signals having a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) block error rate (BLER) worse than a PDCCH threshold, a number of failure instance predictions is higher than or equals to a counter threshold, or a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) BLER is worse than a PDSCH threshold.
[0270] Aspect 36 is the method of aspect 27, wherein the one or more trigger events include: one or more transmission configuration indicator (TCI) states for a candidate cell being activated.
[0271] Aspect 37 is the method of aspect 27, wherein the failure prediction is a first failure prediction, and wherein the method further comprises: starting a prohibit timer in response to the first occurrence of the one or more trigger events, and refraining from performing a second failure prediction after the first failure prediction before an expiration of the prohibit timer.
[0272] Aspect 38 is the method of aspect 37, where the method further includes receiving, from a network entity, a prohibit configuration for a duration of the prohibit timer.
[0273] Aspect 39 is the method of aspect 27, where the method further includes generating the failure prediction periodically for a prediction time window.
[0274] Aspect 40 is the method of aspect 39, where the method further includes indicating, to a network entity, via a medium access control (MAC) –control element (MAC- CE) or downlink control information (DCI) , one or more of: the start time of the prediction time window, or the end time of the prediction time window.
[0275] Aspect 41 is the method of any of aspects 39 to 40, wherein the duration of the prediction time window is defined or is configured by a network entity.
[0276] Aspect 42 is the method of any of aspects 39 to 41, where the method further includes terminating the failure prediction in response to the second occurrence of one or more termination events.
[0277] Aspect 43 is the method of aspect 42, where the method further includes receiving, from a network entity, a termination configuration indicative of the one or more termination events.
[0278] Aspect 44 is the method of aspect 42, wherein the one or more termination events respectively correspond to the one or more trigger events, and wherein the one or more termination events differ from the one or more trigger events by a deviation value in a corresponding threshold.
[0279] Aspect 45 is an apparatus for wireless communication at a UE, comprising: a processing system that includes processor circuitry and memory circuitry that stores code and is coupled with the processor circuitry, the processing system configured to cause the UE to perform the method of one or more of aspects 20-44.
[0280] Aspect 46 is an apparatus for wireless communication at a UE, comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and, where the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to perform the method of any of aspects 20-44.
[0281] Aspect 47 is the apparatus for wireless communication at a UE, comprising means for performing each step in the method of any of aspects 20-44.
[0282] Aspect 48 is an apparatus of any of aspects 45-47, further comprising a transceiver configured to receive or to transmit in association with the method of any of aspects 20-44.
[0283] Aspect 49 is a computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable medium) storing computer executable code at a UE, the code when executed by at least one processor causes the at least one processor to, individually or in any combination, perform the method of any of aspects 20-44.
[0284] Aspect 50 is a method of wireless communication at a network entity. The method includes transmitting, to a user equipment (UE) , a prediction configuration comprising a periodicity and a time offset for a failure prediction at a prediction time, wherein the failure prediction includes one or more of a beam failure prediction or a radio link failure prediction, and the failure prediction is based on one or more failure instance predictions having an indication prediction periodicity in a prediction window located after the prediction time; and communicating with the UE based on the failure prediction.
[0285] Aspect 51 is an apparatus for wireless communication at a network entity, comprising: a processing system that includes processor circuitry and memory circuitry that stores code and is coupled with the processor circuitry, the processing system configured to cause the network entity to perform the method of aspect 50.
[0286] Aspect 52 is an apparatus for wireless communication at a network entity, comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and, where the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to perform the method of aspect 50.
[0287] Aspect 53 is the apparatus for wireless communication at a network entity, comprising means for performing each step in the method of aspect 50.
[0288] Aspect 54 is an apparatus of any of aspects 51-53, further comprising a transceiver configured to receive or to transmit in association with the method of aspect 50.
[0289] Aspect 55 is a computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable medium) storing computer executable code at a network entity, the code when executed by at least one processor causes the at least one processor to, individually or in any combination, perform the method of aspect 50.
Claims
1.An apparatus for wireless communication at a user equipment (UE) , comprising:at least one memory; andat least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and, based at least in part on information stored in the at least one memory, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the UE to:determine an evaluation window prior to a future time instance, wherein the evaluation window has a time duration greater than or equal to zero; andgenerate, based on a first predicted channel quality at the future time instance and one or more channel qualities in the evaluation window, a failure prediction for the future time instance, wherein the failure prediction includes one or more of a beam failure prediction or a radio link failure prediction.2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more channel qualities in the evaluation window have an indication prediction periodicity in a time domain.3.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the time duration of the evaluation window is defined or is based on a duration configuration from a network entity.4.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the failure prediction includes one of:a binary value indicating an existence or a non-existence of a beam failure or a radio failure, ora quality value within a range indicating a likelihood of the beam failure or the radio failure.5.The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the failure prediction includes the quality value within the range, and wherein a minimum value of the range, a maximum value of the range, and a quantization level for the range are defined or are based on a range configuration from a network entity.6.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more channel qualities in the evaluation window include one or more of a measured channel quality or a predicted channel quality in the evaluation window.7.The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the one or more channel qualities in the evaluation windows include at least one measured channel quality and at least one predicted channel quality, and wherein to generate the failure prediction for the future time instance, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the UE to:generate the failure prediction based on the first predicted channel quality at the future time instance and the one or more channel qualities with corresponding weights in the evaluation window, wherein a first weight for the at least one measured channel quality is different from a second weight for the at least one predicted channel quality.8.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the time duration of the evaluation window equals to zero, and wherein to generate the failure prediction for the future time instance, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the UE to:generate the failure prediction based on the first predicted channel quality at the future time instance.9.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each channel quality of the one or more channel qualities in the evaluation window comprises a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) block error rate (BLER) , and wherein to generate the failure prediction, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the UE to:generate, based on a comparison of the PDCCH BLER and a first threshold, the failure prediction, wherein the first threshold is defined or is configured by a network entity.10.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each channel quality of the one or more channel qualities in the evaluation window comprises one or more of a layer 1 (L1) measurement or a layer 3 (L3) measurement, and wherein to generate the failure prediction, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the UE to:generate, based on a comparison of the L1 measurement or the L3 measurement with a second threshold, the failure prediction, wherein the second threshold is defined or is configured by a network entity.11.The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the L1 measurement includes one or more of:an L1-reference signal received power (L1-RSRP) ,an L1-reference signal received quality (L1-RSRQ) , oran L1-signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (L1-SINR) .12.The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the L3 measurement includes one or more of:an L3-reference signal received power (L3-RSRP) ,an L3-reference signal received quality (L3-RSRQ) , oran L3-signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (L3-SINR) .13.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the failure prediction includes the radio link failure prediction, and wherein the radio link failure prediction includes one or more of:an out-of-synchronization (OOS) prediction, oran in-synchronization (IS) prediction.14.The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the evaluation window includes an OOS window for the OOS prediction and an IS window for the IS prediction.15.An apparatus for wireless communication at a user equipment (UE) , comprising:at least one memory; andat least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and, based at least in part on information stored in the at least one memory, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the UE to:perform one or more failure instance predictions in a prediction window based on an indication prediction periodicity; andgenerate, based on the one or more failure instance predictions, a failure prediction at a prediction time, wherein the prediction window is located after the prediction time, and wherein the failure prediction includes one or more of a beam failure prediction or a radio link failure prediction.16.The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is further configured to cause the UE to:determine the prediction window based on one or more of:a UE capability in a temporal prediction, orthe indication prediction periodicity.17.The apparatus of claim 15, wherein to generate the failure prediction, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the UE to:generate, based on a periodicity, the failure prediction periodically.18.The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is further configured to cause the UE to:receive, from a network entity, a prediction configuration comprising the periodicity and a time offset, and wherein to generate the failure prediction periodically, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the UE to:generate, based on the periodicity and the time offset, the failure prediction periodically.19.The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the UE to:receive, from the network entity, via a medium access control (MAC) –control element (MAC-CE) or downlink control information (DCI) , an activation message activating the failure prediction, and wherein to generate the failure prediction periodically, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the UE to:generate the failure prediction periodically upon receiving the activation message.20.The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is further configured to cause the UE to:receive, from the network entity, a deactivation message deactivating the failure prediction; andterminate the failure prediction upon receiving the deactivation message.21.The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is further configured to cause the UE to:receive, via a medium access control (MAC) –control element (MAC-CE) or downlink control information (DCI) , a failure prediction request, and wherein to generate the failure prediction, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the UE to:generate, in response to the failure prediction request, the failure prediction.22.The apparatus of claim 15, wherein to generate the failure prediction, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the UE to:generate, in response to a first occurrence of one or more trigger events, the failure prediction.23.The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is further configured to cause the UE to:receive, from a network entity, an event configuration, wherein the event configuration includes the one or more trigger events and event parameters associated with each trigger event of the one or more trigger events.24.The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the event parameters associated with the trigger event include one or more of:an event index of the trigger event,an event type of the trigger event,a measurement type associated with the trigger event,a measurement threshold associated with the trigger event,a hysteresis associated with the trigger event,an offset associated with the trigger event,a time interval between the trigger event and the failure prediction,a beam failure indication threshold associated with the trigger event, ora block error rate (BLER) threshold associated with the trigger event.25.The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is further configured to cause the UE to:transmit, for a network entity, one or more reports indicating the one or more trigger events triggering the failure prediction.26.The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is further configured to cause the UE to:determine, by the UE, the one or more trigger events.27.The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is further configured to cause the UE to:receive, from a network entity, an event configuration, wherein the event configuration includes a first set of trigger events;determine, by the UE, a second set of trigger events; andselect the one or more trigger events from the first set of trigger events and the second set of trigger events.28.The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the one or more trigger events include one or more of:a serving cell measurement being worse than a quality threshold, wherein the serving cell measurement includes one or more of:a reference signal received power (RSRP) for a serving cell,a reference signal received quality (RSRQ) for the serving cell,a signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) for the serving cell, ora demodulation reference signal (DM-RS) measurement, ora neighbor cell measurement being better than a corresponding measurement for the serving cell by more than a quality offset, wherein the neighbor cell measurement includes one or more of:the RSRP for the neighbor cell,the RSRQ for the neighbor cell, orthe SINR for the neighbor cell.29.The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is further configured to cause the UE to:receive, from a network entity, an offset configuration indicative of the quality offset.30.The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the one or more trigger events include one or more of:a percentage of reference signals in a set of reference signals having a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) block error rate (BLER) worse than a PDCCH threshold,a number of failure instance predictions is higher than or equals to a counter threshold, ora physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) BLER is worse than a PDSCH threshold.31.The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the one or more trigger events include:one or more transmission configuration indicator (TCI) states for a candidate cell being activated.32.The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the failure prediction is a first failure prediction, and wherein the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is further configured to cause the UE to:start a prohibit timer in response to the first occurrence of the one or more trigger events, andrefrain from generating a second failure prediction after the first failure prediction before an expiration of the prohibit timer.33.The apparatus of claim 32, wherein the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is further configured to cause the UE to:receive, from a network entity, a prohibit configuration for a duration of the prohibit timer.34.The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is further configured to cause the UE to:generate the failure prediction periodically for a prediction time window.35.The apparatus of claim 34, wherein the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is further configured to cause the UE to:indicate, to a network entity, via a medium access control (MAC) –control element (MAC-CE) or downlink control information (DCI) , one or more of:a start time of the prediction time window, oran end time of the prediction time window.36.The apparatus of claim 34, wherein a duration of the prediction time window is defined or is configured by a network entity.37.The apparatus of claim 34, wherein the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is further configured to cause the UE to:terminate the failure prediction in response to a second occurrence of one or more termination events.38.The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is further configured to cause the UE to:receive, from a network entity, a termination configuration indicative of the one or more termination events.39.The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the one or more termination events respectively correspond to the one or more trigger events, and wherein the one or more termination events differ from the one or more trigger events by a deviation value in a corresponding threshold.40.An apparatus for wireless communication at a network entity, comprising:at least one memory; andat least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and, based at least in part on information stored in the at least one memory, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the network entity to:transmit, to a user equipment (UE) , a prediction configuration comprising a periodicity and a time offset for a failure prediction at a prediction time, wherein the failure prediction includes one or more of a beam failure prediction or a radio link failure prediction, and the failure prediction is based on one or more failure instance predictions having an indication prediction periodicity in a prediction window located after the prediction time; andcommunicate with the UE based on the failure prediction.
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