Ultrasound cell treatment device and methods thereof
The ultrasound cell treatment device addresses the limitations of existing devices by controlling ultrasound parameters and managing heating, enhancing cellular functions and therapeutic outcomes.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/102362
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-06-20
- Filing Date
- 2025-06-20
- Publication Date
- 2025-12-26
AI Technical Summary
Existing ultrasound cell treatment devices lack the ability to control ultrasound intensity, frequency, and distribution effectively, and they often cause heating issues due to passive heating from coupling mediums, limiting their therapeutic efficacy.
A device comprising an ultrasound controller, a transducer, and a cell container, which allows for controlled ultrasound intensity, frequency, and distribution, with options for active heating and passive heating management, using piezoelectric materials to convert electrical signals into ultrasonic energy.
Enables precise ultrasound treatment of cells in vitro or in vivo, enhancing cellular functions such as proliferation, migration, cytokine secretion, and antibody production, while minimizing heating effects.
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Figure CN2025102362_26122025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
ULTRASOUND CELL TREATMENT DEVICE AND METHODS THEREOFPRIORITY
[0001] This PCT application claims the benefit of priority to US provisional application No. 63 / 662,152, filed on June 20, 2024, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.BACKGROUND
[0002] Devices for ultrasound cell treatment are described. Ultrasound waves are employed in medical situations for patient imaging, diagnostics, and procedure guidance. Ultrasound therapeutic treatment is employed to permeate human tissue in various procedures such as lithotripsy, cancer therapy, thrombolysis, and tissue repair.SUMMARY
[0003] Ultrasound cell therapy may be applied either in vivo or in vitro. In vivo therapy involves directing ultrasonic waves toward a human subject and allowing the waves to permeate the tissue of the subject for treatment to occur. In vitro therapy involves directing ultrasonic waves toward cells present outside of a human subject, likely present in a dish, container, or well.
[0004] Applicant has recognized an unmet need for new devices for ultrasound cell treatment. Devices of the present disclosure may be used to advance ultrasonic therapy by allowing a user to control ultrasound intensity, frequency, and distribution across a plurality of cells. Devices of the present disclosure may further be used to advance ultrasonic therapy by allowing a user to combat the present heating issue by allowing passive heating from the coupling medium to the cell containing vessel / tube and allowing active heating from the ultrasonic effect.
[0005] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a device for ultrasound cell treatment. The device comprises: an ultrasound controller configured to generate an electrical signal; a transducer coupled to the ultrasound controller and configured to generate an ultrasonic energy based at least in part on the electrical signal from the ultrasound controller; and a container configured to accommodate therein one or more cell containers containing cells therein, the transducer being coupled to the container.
[0006] In some embodiments, the ultrasound controller comprises a signal generator configured to generate the electrical signal and an amplifier coupled to the signal generator and configured to amplify at least one parameter of the electrical signal. In some embodiments, at least one parameter of the electronic signal is modulated by the amplifier. In some embodiments, the electronic signal has a frequency of up to 500 MHz. In some embodiments, the electronic signal has a pulse with a duty cycle and pulse repetition frequency. In some embodiments, the duty cycle is less than 100%. In some embodiments, the duty cycle is a non-zero percent. In some embodiments, the pulse repetition frequency is at least 0.01 Hz. In some embodiments, the pulse repetition frequency is up to 10 KHz.
[0007] In some embodiments, the electronic signal has a waveform. In some embodiments, the waveform is a sine wave. In some embodiments, the waveform is a square wave. In some embodiments, the waveform is a ramp wave. In some embodiments, the waveform is a triangle wave.
[0008] In some embodiments, the transducer comprising a piezoelectric material piece which converts the electronic signal to the ultrasound energy. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material piece is provided with as a sheet. In some embodiments, a material of the piezoelectric material piece is selected from hard piezoelectric material, soft piezoelectric material, PVDf piezoelectric material, composite piezoelectric material, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material piece is selected based on at least one of a piezoelectric charge constant, a dielectric constant, a mechanical quality factor and a curie point. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material piece has a thickness dependent upon the material selected. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material piece has a shape dependent upon the material selected. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material piece has a size dependent upon the material selected. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material piece has a fixation method dependent upon the material selected.
[0009] In some embodiments, the ultrasonic energy is projected to a plurality of cells through a coupling medium. In some embodiments, the coupling medium is selected from a liquid, a ultrasound gel, or a solid material. In some embodiments, the liquid is water. In some embodiments, the solid material is plastic, rubber, metal, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the transducer is coupled to an exterior of the container. In some embodiments, the cell container contains a cell suspension. In some embodiments, the cell container for cell suspension is selected from a bag, a tube, a flask, and a vessel. In some embodiments, the cell container contains adherent cells. In some embodiments, the cell container for adherent cells is selected from a cell culture dish, a well-plate, a culture flask, and a stack flask.
[0010] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a device for ultrasound cell treatment. The device comprises: an ultrasound controller configured to generate an electrical signal; a transducer coupled to the ultrasound controller and configured to generate a ultrasonic energy based at least in part on the electrical signal from the ultrasound controller; a container configured to accommodate therein one or more cell containers containing cells therein, the transducer being coupled to the container; and a housing.
[0011] In some embodiments, the device further comprises a sleeve. In some embodiments, the sleeve is stainless steel. In some embodiments, the transducer further comprises a piezoelectric material piece, attached to the bottom of the sleeve. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material piece is piezoceramic. In some embodiments, the sleeve is configured to fit a portion of a tube with an outer wall. In some embodiments, the tube has a volume of 15 milliliters.
[0012] In some embodiments, the tube further comprises a cell suspension. In some embodiments, the tube further comprises a cell culture medium. In some embodiments, the ultrasonic energy is projected through the sleeve, the wall, the cell culture medium, and the cell suspension. In some embodiments, the device further comprises dry coupling between the piezoelectric material and the cell container. In some embodiments, the housing encloses the sleeve when the device is in operation.
[0013] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a device for ultrasound cell treatment. The device comprises: an ultrasound controller configured to generate an electrical signal; a transducer coupled to the ultrasound controller and configured to generate a ultrasonic energy based at least in part on the electrical signal from the ultrasound controller; at least one cell container configured to accommodate therein one or more cell containers containing cells therein, the transducer being coupled to the container; and a housing.
[0014] In some embodiments, the device further comprises a tank. In some embodiments, the tank is stainless steel. In some embodiments, the tank is a cylinder. In some embodiments, the tank is a cube.
[0015] In some embodiments, the transducer further comprises at least one piezoelectric material piece attached to the tank. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material piece is attached to the bottom of the tank. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material piece is attached to the side walls of the tank. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material piece is circular. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material piece is square. In some embodiments, one piezoelectric material piece is present. In some embodiments, four piezoelectric material pieces are present. In some embodiments, eight piezoelectric material pieces are present. In some embodiments, twenty piezoelectric material pieces are present. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material piece is piezoceramic.
[0016] In some embodiments, the tank is configured to contain a cell container with an outer wall. In some embodiments, the cell container is a tube. In some embodiments, the cell container is a vessel. In some embodiments, the tank is configured to contain a plurality of tubes. In some embodiments, the plurality of tubes are identical. In some embodiments, the plurality of tubes vary in size.
[0017] In some embodiments, the tank is configured to contain a plurality of vessels. In some embodiments, the plurality of vessels are identical. In some embodiments, the plurality of vessels vary in size. In some embodiments, the cell container further comprises a cell suspension. In some embodiments, the cell container further comprises a cell culture medium. In some embodiments, the ultrasound wave is projected from the piezoelectric material through the tank, the wall, the cell culture medium, and the cell suspension. In some embodiments, the housing encloses the tank when the device is in operation. In some embodiments, the housing further comprises a cell container holder. In some embodiments, the cell container holder is configured dependent on the cell container selected.
[0018] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a device for ultrasound cell treatment. The device comprises: an ultrasound controller configured to generate an electrical signal; a transducer coupled to the ultrasound controller and configured to generate a ultrasonic energy based at least in part on the electrical signal from the ultrasound controller, wherein the transducer is removably connected to a holder; and at least one cell container configured to accommodate therein one or more cell containers containing cells therein, the transducer being coupled to the container, wherein the cell container is positioned on the holder.
[0019] In some embodiments, the transducer further comprises a piezoelectric material removably connected to the holder by a clamp. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material piece is piezoceramic. In some embodiments, the device further comprises a coupling medium. In some embodiments, the coupling medium is in direct contact with the piezoelectric material. In some embodiments, the cell container is a tube. In some embodiments, the cell container is a vessel. In some embodiments, the tank is configured to contain a plurality of tubes.
[0020] In some embodiments, the plurality of tubes are identical. In some embodiments, the plurality of tubes vary in size. In some embodiments, the tank is configured to contain a plurality of vessels. In some embodiments, the plurality of vessels are identical. In some embodiments, the plurality of vessels vary in size. In some embodiments, the cell container further comprises a cell suspension. In some embodiments, the cell container further comprises a cell culture medium. In some embodiments, the ultrasound wave is projected from the piezoelectric material through the tank, the wall, the cell culture medium, and the cell suspension. In some embodiments, the device further comprises a housing that encloses the device, in part or in whole.
[0021] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides an ultrasound device. In some embodiments, the ultrasound device comprises: a housing configured to accommodate therein a cell container containing a plurality of cells; and a transducer configured to propagate ultrasound waves through the container, wherein the ultrasound waves have a peak negative pressure of at most 0.2 megapascals (MPa) , resulting low cavitation levels; and wherein the ultrasound waves are distributed throughout the container to treat the cells.
[0022] In some embodiments, the housing is configured to contain a plurality of cell containers. In some embodiments, the plurality of cell containers comprise tubes. In some embodiments, the tubes comprise centrifuge tubes. In some embodiments, a coupling between the cell container and the housing has a tolerance spacing of about 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the cell container comprises a well plate. In some embodiments, the transducer comprises a piezoelectric material. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material is in a form of a disc. In some embodiments, the disc comprises a ceramic disc. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material comprises a plurality of discs. In some embodiments, the plurality of discs are positioned at different positions along the cell container. In some embodiments, the peak negative pressure is from about 0.01 to about 0.2 MPa. In some embodiments, the device further comprises a coupling medium. In some embodiments, the coupling medium comprises a solid gel. In some embodiments, the coupling medium is configured to reduce bubble formation. In some embodiments, the ultrasound device is configured to treat one or more genetic, reproductive, metabolic, inflammatory, or autoimmune disorders or diseases.
[0023] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides an ultrasound device. In some embodiments, the ultrasound device comprises: a housing configured to accommodate therein a cell container containing a plurality cells; and a transducer configured to propagate ultrasound waves through the container, wherein the ultrasound waves have a peak negative pressure of at most 0.2 megapascals (MPa) ; and wherein the ultrasound waves are configured to treat the plurality of cells to produce ultrasound-treated cells, wherein the ultrasound-treated cells are applied to a subject for treatment of a disease.
[0024] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of production of monoclonal antibodies. In some embodiment, the method comprises: treating a plurality of cells with an ultrasound cell treatment to produce a plurality of ultrasound-treated cells; extracting a plurality of monoclonal antibodies from the ultrasound-treated cells; wherein the ultrasound cell treatment is performed at a frequency greater than 1.6 MHz.
[0025] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of treatment of cancer. In some embodiments, the method comprises: treating a plurality of stem cells with an ultrasound cell treatment to produce a plurality of ultrasound-treated stem cells; and applying the plurality of ultrasound-treated stem cells to a subject with cancer.
[0026] In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell treatment is performed for five to twenty minutes at a time on two to seven consecutive days. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell treatment is performed using an ultrasound device having a cell vessel dry coupled thereto. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell treatment is performed using an ultrasound device having a cell vessel coupled thereto using a solid gel pad. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell treatment is performed at a frequency between 1.6 MHz and 3.5 MHz.
[0027] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of treatment of type 2 diabetes. In some embodiments, the method comprises: treating a plurality of stem cells with an ultrasound cell treatment to produce a plurality of ultrasound-treated stem cells; and applying the plurality of ultrasound-treated stem cells to a subject with type 2 diabetes.
[0028] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of treatment of infertility in a female subject. In some embodiments, the method comprises: treating a plurality of stem cells with an ultrasound cell treatment to produce a plurality of ultrasound-treated stem cells; and applying the plurality of ultrasound-treated stem cells to a female subject with infertility.
[0029] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of treatment of obesity. In some embodiments, the method comprises: treating a plurality of stem cells with an ultrasound cell treatment to produce a plurality of ultrasound-treated stem cells; and applying the plurality of ultrasound-treated stem cells to a subject with obesity.
[0030] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of treatment of atherosclerosis. In some embodiments, the method comprises: treating a plurality of stem cells with an ultrasound cell treatment to produce a plurality of ultrasound-treated stem cells; and applying the plurality of ultrasound-treated stem cells to a subject with atherosclerosis.
[0031] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of treatment of myositis. In some embodiments, the method comprises: treating a plurality of stem cells with an ultrasound cell treatment to produce a plurality of ultrasound-treated stem cells; and applying the plurality of ultrasound-treated stem cells to a subject with myositis.
[0032] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. In some embodiments, the method comprises: treating a plurality of stem cells with an ultrasound cell treatment to produce a plurality of ultrasound-treated stem cells; and applying the plurality of ultrasound-treated stem cells to a subject with inflammatory bowel disease. INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
[0033] All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0034] The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings (also “Figure” and “FIG. ” herein) , of which:
[0035] FIGs. 1A-C show examples of various application of ultrasound in accordance with various treatment plans
[0036] FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustration of an exemplary ultrasound cell device.
[0037] FIG. 3A is an illustration of an exemplary ultrasound cell device utilizing a stainless-steel sleeve attached to the piezoelectric material piece.
[0038] FIG. 3B is an illustration of the stainless-steel sleeve which is placed within the exemplary ultrasound cell device, with the piezoelectric material piece attached to its exterior base.
[0039] FIG. 4 is an illustration of an exploded view of an exemplary ultrasound cell device, wherein the cell device is configured with a first system (M1) .
[0040] FIG. 5A is an illustration of an exemplary ultrasound cell device utilizing a tank attached to the piezoelectric material piece.
[0041] FIG. 5B is an illustration of the tank which is placed within the exemplary ultrasound cell device, with the piezoelectric material piece attached to its exterior base.
[0042] FIG. 6A is an illustration of an exemplary tank configuration, fitted with eight piezoelectric material pieces.
[0043] FIG. 6B is an illustration of an exemplary tank configuration, fitted with twenty piezoelectric material pieces.
[0044] FIG. 6C is an illustration of an exemplary cube tank, fitted within a housing.
[0045] FIG. 6D is an illustration of an exemplary cube tank, fitted within a housing, configured to hold up to 42 tubes for ultrasonic cell therapy.
[0046] FIG. 7 is an illustration of an exploded view of an exemplary ultrasound cell device, wherein the cell device is configured with a second system (M2) .
[0047] FIG. 8 is an illustration of an exemplary ultrasound cell device utilizing a base with piezoelectric material where the cell container may be directly inserted.
[0048] FIGs. 9A-D illustrate a series of exemplary ultrasound cell devices utilizing a base configured to hold varying cell container sizes and amounts.
[0049] FIG. 10A and FIG. 10B illustrate exemplary ultrasound cell devices utilizing an adaptor piece allowing various sized cell containers to be fitted to the housing.
[0050] FIG. 11 is an illustration of an exploded view of an exemplary dry-coupled cell device.
[0051] FIG. 12 is an illustration of an exploded view of an exemplary ultrasound cell device for a single sample, wherein the cell device is configured with a third system (M4) .
[0052] FIG. 13 is an illustration of an exploded view of an exemplary ultrasound cell device for a single sample with adapters, wherein the cell device is configured with a third system (M4) .
[0053] FIG. 14 is an illustration of an exploded view of an exemplary three sample ultrasound cell device, wherein the cell device is configured with a third system (M4) .
[0054] FIG. 15A is an external illustration of an exemplary ultrasound cell device for six samples.
[0055] FIG. 15B is an illustration of the hardware assembly of the exemplary ultrasound cell device of FIG. 15A.
[0056] FIG. 15C is an illustration of a six well plate utilized in the exemplary ultrasound cell device of FIG. 15A.
[0057] FIG. 15D is an illustration of an upper casing for the six well plate utilized in the exemplary ultrasound cell device of FIG. 15A.
[0058] FIG. 15E is an illustration of a middle casing for the six well plate utilized in the exemplary ultrasound cell device of FIG. 15A.
[0059] FIG. 15F is an illustration of a lower casing for the six well plate utilized in the exemplary ultrasound cell device of FIG. 15A.
[0060] FIG. 15G is an illustration of a potentiometer utilized in the exemplary ultrasound cell device of FIG. 15A.
[0061] FIG. 15H is an illustration of a potentiometer adapter utilized in the exemplary ultrasound cell device of FIG. 15A.
[0062] FIG. 16 is an illustration of a first exemplary six well ultrasound cell device, wherein the samples are placed upon the device assembly.
[0063] FIG. 17 is an illustration of a second exemplary six well ultrasound cell device, wherein the sample are place upon the device assembly.
[0064] FIG. 18 shows an example of a process for treating cells using an ultrasonic cell treatment device.
[0065] FIG. 19 shows an ultrasound intensity distribution map for the M1 system.
[0066] FIG. 20 shows an ultrasound intensity distribution map for the M2 system.
[0067] FIG. 21 shows an ultrasound intensity distribution map for the M4 system.
[0068] FIG. 22 shows an ultrasound intensity pattern under the M4 system conditions for a first container type.
[0069] FIG. 23 shows an ultrasound intensity pattern under the M4 system conditions for a second container type.
[0070] FIG. 24 shows a schematic of the RNA sequencing workflow.
[0071] FIG. 25 shows a schematic of the steps performed on the non-directional library.
[0072] FIG. 26 shows a schematic of the steps performed on the directional library.
[0073] FIG. 27 shows a workflow for human / mouse mRNA sequencing bioinformatics analysis with a well-annotated reference genome.
[0074] FIG. 28 shows distributions of gene expression levels and FPKM of different samples.
[0075] FIG. 29 shows a heatmap of correlation coefficients between replicates.
[0076] FIG. 30 shows a PCA plot performed on the FPKM of all samples.
[0077] FIG. 31 shows a co-expression Venn diagram for control samples and high-intensity ultrasound samples.
[0078] FIG. 32 shows a co-expression Venn diagram for control samples and low-intensity ultrasound samples.
[0079] FIG. 33 shows the number of differentially expressed genes (upregulated, downregulated, and combined) for high-intensity ultrasound vs. control and low-intensity ultrasound vs. control.
[0080] FIG. 34 shows a volcano plot comparison of high-intensity ultrasound vs. control.
[0081] FIG. 35 shows a volcano plot comparison of low-intensity ultrasound vs. control.
[0082] FIG. 36 shows a Venn diagram comparing the shared differentially-expressed genes between the low-intensity ultrasound / control group and the high-intensity ultrasound / control group.
[0083] FIG. 37 shows clustering among samples, clustered using the log2 (FPKM+1) value.
[0084] FIG. 38 shows the 30 most significantly-enriched GO terms for high-intensity ultrasound vs. control. The x-axis shows each GO term, while the y-axis shows the significance of the enrichment.
[0085] FIG. 39 shows the 30 most significantly-enriched GO terms for low-intensity ultrasound vs. control. The x-axis shows each GO term, while the y-axis shows the significance of the enrichment
[0086] FIG. 40 shows the 30 most significantly-enriched GO terms for high-intensity ultrasound vs. control. The x-axis shows the ratio of the number of differential genes linked with the GO term to the total number of differential genes, and the y-axis shows each GO term.
[0087] FIG. 41 shows the 30 most significantly-enriched GO terms for low-intensity ultrasound vs. control. The x-axis shows the ratio of the number of differential genes linked with the GO term to the total number of differential genes, and the y-axis shows each GO term.
[0088] FIG. 42 shows the 20 most significant KEGG pathways for high-intensity ultrasound vs. control. The x-axis shows the KEGG pathway, and the y-axis shows the significant level of enrichment of that pathway.
[0089] FIG. 43 shows the 20 most significant KEGG pathways for low-intensity ultrasound vs. control. The x-axis shows the KEGG pathway, and the y-axis shows the significant level of enrichment of that pathway.
[0090] FIG. 44 shows the 20 most significant KEGG pathways for high-intensity ultrasound vs. control. The x-axis is the ratio of the number of differential genes linked with the KEGG pathway to the total number of differential genes, and the y-axis is the KEGG pathway.
[0091] FIG. 45 shows the 20 most significant KEGG pathways for low-intensity ultrasound vs. control. The x-axis is the ratio of the number of differential genes linked with the KEGG pathway to the total number of differential genes. The y-axis is the KEGG pathway.
[0092] FIG. 46 shows the 20 most significant Reactome pathways for high-intensity ultrasound vs. control. The x-axis is the Reactome pathway, and the y-axis is the significance level of the pathway enrichment.
[0093] FIG. 47 shows the 20 most significant Reactome pathways for low-intensity ultrasound vs. control. The x-axis is the Reactome pathway, and the y-axis is the significance level of the pathway enrichment.
[0094] FIG. 48 shows the 20 most significant Reactome pathways for high-intensity ultrasound vs. control. The x-axis is the ratio of the number of differential genes to the total number of differential genes, and the y-axis is the Reactome Pathway.
[0095] FIG. 49 shows the 20 most significant Reactome pathways for low-intensity ultrasound vs. control. The x-axis is the ratio of the number of differential genes to the total number of differential genes, and the y-axis is the Reactome Pathway.
[0096] FIG. 50 shows the 20 most significant DO terms for high-intensity ultrasound vs. control. The x-axis is the DO Term, and the y-axis is the significance level of the pathway enrichment.
[0097] FIG. 51 shows the 20 most significant DO terms for low-intensity ultrasound vs. control. The x-axis is the DO Term, and the y-axis is the significance level of the pathway enrichment.
[0098] FIG. 52 shows the 20 most significant DO terms for high-intensity ultrasound vs. control. The x-axis is the ratio of the number of differential genes linked with the DO pathway to the total number of differential genes, and the y-axis is the DO pathway.
[0099] FIG. 53 shows the 20 most significant DO terms for low-intensity ultrasound vs. control. The x-axis is the ratio of the number of differential genes linked with the DO pathway to the total number of differential genes, and the y-axis is the DO pathway.
[0100] FIG. 54 shows the 20 most significant DisGeNET terms for high-intensity ultrasound vs. control. The x-axis is the DisGeNET pathway, and the y-axis is the significance level of the pathway enrichment.
[0101] FIG. 55 shows the 20 most significant DisGeNET terms for low-intensity ultrasound vs. control. The x-axis is the DisGeNET pathway, and the y-axis is the significance level of the pathway enrichment.
[0102] FIG. 56 shows the 20 most significant DisGeNET terms for high-intensity ultrasound vs. control. The x-axis is the ratio of the number of differential genes linked with the DisGeNET pathway to the total number of differential genes, and the y-axis is DisGeNET Pathway.
[0103] FIG. 57 shows the most significant DisGeNET terms for low-intensity ultrasound vs. control. The x-axis is the ratio of the number of differential genes linked with the DisGeNET pathway to the total number of differential genes, and the y-axis is DisGeNET Pathway.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0104] The devices, methods, and systems described herein may be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description of specific aspects of the disclosed subject matter and the Examples included therein.
[0105] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present disclosure, suitable methods, and materials are described below.
[0106] Whenever the term “at least, ” “greater than, ” or “greater than or equal to” precedes the first numerical value in a series of two or more numerical values, the term “at least, ” “greater than” or “greater than or equal to” applies to each of the numerical values in that series of numerical values. For example, greater than or equal to 1, 2, or 3 is equivalent to greater than or equal to 1, greater than or equal to 2, or greater than or equal to 3.
[0107] Whenever the term “no more than, ” “less than, ” or “less than or equal to” precedes the first numerical value in a series of two or more numerical values, the term “no more than, ” “less than, ” or “less than or equal to” applies to each of the numerical values in that series of numerical values. For example, less than or equal to 3, 2, or 1 is equivalent to less than or equal to 3, less than or equal to 2, or less than or equal to 1.
[0108] Certain inventive embodiments herein contemplate numerical ranges. When ranges are present, the ranges include the range endpoints. Additionally, every sub range and value within the range is present as if explicitly written out.
[0109] The term “about” or “approximately” may mean within an acceptable error range for the particular value, which will depend in part on how the value is measured or determined, e.g., the limitations of the measurement system. For example, “about” may mean within 1 or more than 1 standard deviation, per the practice in the art. Alternatively, “about” may mean a range of up to 20%, up to 10%, up to 5%, or up to 1%of a given value. Where particular values are described in the application and claims, unless otherwise stated the term “about” meaning within an acceptable error range for the particular value may be assumed.
[0110] The terms “ultrasound” and “ultrasonic” are meant to mean the same and may be used interchangeably.
[0111] Disclosed herein are ultrasound cell treatment devices.
[0112] This disclosure provides a device for non-contact ultrasound cell therapy, stimulating the cells, modulating the cellular function, and stimulating the biological tissue. The device comprises an ultrasound controller, a transducer, and a cell container which receives the cells. In some embodiments, the cells are in vivo. In some embodiments, the cells are in vitro.
[0113] In some embodiments, the device described herein is used for the enhanced cellular stimulation. In some embodiments, the enhancement may be enhanced cellular proliferations. In some embodiments, the enhancement may be enhanced cellular migration. In some embodiments, the enhancement may be enhanced cytokine secretions. In some embodiments, the enhancement may be upregulated dopamine secretion. In some embodiments, the enhancement may be enhanced monoclonal antibody (mAb) and antigen-binding fragments (Fab) antibody production. ULTRASOUND CELL TREATMENT SYSTEMS AND DEVICE
[0114] The present disclosure provides a device for ultrasonic cell treatment. In some embodiments, the device may comprise an ultrasound controller. In some embodiments, the ultrasound controller may comprise a signal generator. In some embodiments, the ultrasound controller may further comprise an amplifier coupled to the signal generator. In some embodiments, the device may comprise a transducer. In some embodiments, the transducer may comprise a piezoelectric material. In some embodiments, the device may comprise a cell container.
[0115] In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may affect at least a property of the cells receiving the ultrasonic energy. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may enhance cellular proliferations. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may enhance cellular migration. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may enhance cytokine secretions. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may upregulate dopamine secretion. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may enhance mAb antibody production. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may enhance Fab antibody production. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may allow for enhancements to remain after cells are thawed after being kept in storage at low temperatures for a prolonged time. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may be configured to treat a disease. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device mat be configured to treat a disorder. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may be configured to treat a disease, such as a genetic, reproductive, metabolic, inflammatory, or autoimmune disorders or diseases. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may be configured to stimulate cell cultures. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may be configured to enhance biologic production.
[0116] In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may allow for treatment of cells without coming in direct contact with the cells. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may treat cells within a cell culture medium. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may treat cells in a medium other than a cell culture. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may treat cells in a biological tissue. In some embodiments, the biological tissue may be in vivo. In some embodiments, the biological tissue may be ex vivo. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may be advantageously fitted to commercially available cell containers. In some embodiments, the fitted system can advantageously generate homogenous ultrasonic intensity across the cell container. In some embodiments, the fitted system can advantageously generate homogenous ultrasonic intensity across the target biological tissue layer. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may be advantageously modulated to selectively upregulate cellular signal pathways. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may be advantageously modulated to selectively downregulate cellular signal pathways. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may be applied to various cells. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may be wearable to treat cells.
[0117] In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device comprises a material. In some examples, the material may be a metal, non-metal, or metalloid. In some examples, the material may be concrete. In some examples, the material may be steel. In some examples, the material may be stainless steel. In some examples, the material may be stone. In some examples, the material may be plastic. In some examples, the material may be organic material. In some examples, the material may be wood. In some examples, the material may be metal. In some examples, the material may comprise an alloy. In some examples, the alloys may comprise any suitable metal, including, but not limited to, Ag, Al, Au, Bi, C, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, and Zn. In some examples, the alloy may comprise a combination of the metals thereof. In some examples, the material may be polycarbonate. In some examples, the material may be a ceramic. In some examples, the material may be 3D printed. In some examples, the material may be 3D printed stainless steel. In some examples, the material may be 3D printed plastic. In some examples, the material may be a computer numerical control (CNC) material. In some examples, the material may be CNC stainless steel. In some examples, the material may be polycarbonate. In some examples, the material may be PVC. In some examples, the material may be PEG. In some examples, the material may be PLA. In some examples, the material may be polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) . In some examples, the material may be epoxy resin, wherein the epoxy resin is configured for water proofing. In some examples, the material may be a combination thereof.
[0118] In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may comprise components. In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise a cell container, wherein the cell container may be a tube. In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise an adapter housing, or outer housing. In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise a ceramic disc, wherein the ceramic disc may be piezoelectric. In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise disc holder. In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise an outer casing. In some examples, the outer casing may comprise a base. In some examples, the outer housing may comprise a lid. In some examples, the outer housing may comprise a plug. In some examples, the outer housing may comprise a body. In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise an inner mounting frame. In some examples, the inner mounting frame may be a ceramic mount. In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise a well plate. In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise a water tank. In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise a transducer. In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise a tube, or tube-to-tank, adapter. In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise an O-ring. In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise support structures, like a support plate. In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise a sensor, such as a temperature or infrared sensor. In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise a power controller, or power button. In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise a display, or display module. In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise a casing, such as an upper, middle, or lower casing. In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise an LED. In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise anti-slip components. In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise a stand. In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise a coupling medium. In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise a gel pad. In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise an electronics board. In some examples, the electronics board may comprise a potentiometer. In some examples, the electronics board may comprise a potentiometer adapter. In some examples, the electronics board may comprise a power switch. In some examples, the electronics board may comprise a power jack, such as a DC power jack. In some examples, the electronics board may comprise a voltage regulator. In some examples, the electronics board may comprise a printed circuit board (PCB) . In some examples, the electronics board may comprise fasteners, such as screws. In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise a user input. In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise fasteners, such as screws or heat inserts.
[0119] In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may have a total height. In some examples, the height may be from about 20 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 20 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 50 mm to about 100 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 100 mm to about 150 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 150 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the height may be about 26 mm. In some examples, the height may be about 54.23 mm.In some examples, the height may be about 92.8 mm. In some examples, the height may be about 139.5 mm. In some examples, the height may be about 149 mm. In some examples, the height may be about 155 mm. In some examples, the height may be about 156.34 mm. In some examples, the height may be about 160.8 mm. In some examples, the height may be about 163.3 mm. In some examples, the height may be about 179 mm. In some examples, the height may be about 180.5 mm.
[0120] In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may have width. In some examples, the width may be from about 20 mm to about 300 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 20 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 50 mm to about 100 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 100 mm to about 150 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 150 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 200 mm to about 250 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 250 mm to about 300 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 40 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 65.6 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 67.05 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 68.8 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 90 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 101.18 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 141.1 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 143.32 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 143.55 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 163.44 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 185 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 200 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 244 mm.
[0121] In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may have depth. In some examples, the depth may be from about 20 mm to about 300 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 20 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 50 mm to about 100 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 100 mm to about 150 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 150 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 200 mm to about 250 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 250 mm to about 300 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 40 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 65.6 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 67.05 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 68.8 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 90 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 101.18 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 141.1 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 143.32 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 143.55 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 163.44 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 185 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 200 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 244 mm.
[0122] In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise an adapter housing, wherein the adapter housing may be positioned around the cell container. In some examples, the adapter housing may be configured to hold a cell container. In some examples, the adapter housing may be configured to hold a cell container with a tolerance spacing. In some examples, the tolerance spacing may be from about 0.1 mm to about 5 cm. In some examples, the tolerance spacing may be from about 0.1 mm to about 1 cm. In some examples, the tolerance spacing may be from about 1 cm to about 5 cm. In some examples, the tolerance spacing may be from about 0.1 mm to about 0.5 mm. In some examples, the adapter housing may comprise a material, wherein the material may be the same as the ultrasound cell device material. In some examples, the adapter housing may comprise a material from which the ultrasound cell material may comprise. In some examples, the adapter housing may be cylindrical, cubical, cuboid, conical, spherical, or any suitable shape.
[0123] In some examples, the adapter housing may have a height. In some examples, the height may be from about 20 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 20 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 50 mm to about 100 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 100 mm to about 150 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 150 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the height may be about 81.5 mm.
[0124] In some examples, the adapter housing may have width. In some examples, the width may be from about 20 mm to about 150 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 20 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 50 mm to about 100 mm.In some examples, the width may be from about 100 mm to about 150 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 40 mm.
[0125] In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise an outer casing. In some examples, the outer casing may comprise a base, lid, plug, and / or body. In some examples, the outer casing may comprise a material, wherein the material may be the same as the ultrasound cell device material. In some examples, the outer casing may comprise a material from which the ultrasound cell material may comprise.
[0126] In some examples, the outer casing base may have a width. In some examples, the width may be from about 20 mm to about 150 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 20 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 50 mm to about 100 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 100 mm to about 150 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 40 mm. In some cases, the outer casing base may have a depth. In some examples, the depth may be from about 20 mm to about 150 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 20 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 50 mm to about 100 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 100 mm to about 150 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 40 mm.
[0127] In some examples, the outer casing may comprise a lid. In some examples, the lid may have a height. In some examples, the height may be from about 5 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 5 mm to about 25 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 25 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the height may be about 14 mm. In some examples, the height may be about 20.8 mm.
[0128] In some examples, the lid may have a width. In some examples, the width may be from about 20 mm to about 300 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 20 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 50 mm to about 100 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 100 mm to about 150 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 150 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 200 mm to about 250 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 250 mm to about 300 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 13.44 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 47.6 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 143.32 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 150 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 244 mm.
[0129] In some examples, the lid may have a depth. In some examples, the depth may be from about 20 mm to about 300 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 20 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 50 mm to about 100 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 100 mm to about 150 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 150 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 200 mm to about 250 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 250 mm to about 300 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 13.44 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 47.6 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 143.32 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 150 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 244 mm.
[0130] In some examples, the outer casing may have a plug. In some examples, the plug may have a height. In some examples, the height may be from about 5 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 5 mm to about 25 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 25 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the height may be about 11.5 mm.
[0131] In some examples, the plug may have a width. In some examples, the width may be from about 5 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 5 mm to about 25 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 25 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 14 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 38 mm.
[0132] In some examples, the plug may have a depth. In some examples, the depth may be from about 5 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 5 mm to about 25 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 25 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 14 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 38 mm.
[0133] In some examples, the outer casing may have a body. In some examples, the body may have a height. In some examples, the height may be from about 20 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 20 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 50 mm to about 100 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 100 mm to about 150 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 150 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the height may be about 150 mm. In some examples, the height may be about 155 mm.
[0134] In some examples, the body may have width. In some examples, the width may be from about 20 mm to about 300 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 20 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 50 mm to about 100 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 100 mm to about 150 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 150 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 200 mm to about 250 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 250 mm to about 300 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 40 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 244 mm.
[0135] In some examples, the body may have depth. In some examples, the depth may be from about 20 mm to about 300 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 20 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 50 mm to about 100 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 100 mm to about 150 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 150 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 200 mm to about 250 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 250 mm to about 300 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 40 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 244 mm.
[0136] In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise an inner mounting frame, wherein the inner mounting frame is positioned under the lid and within the water tank.
[0137] In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise a ceramic mount, wherein the ceramic mount is connected to the ceramic disc by fasteners to ensure that the ceramic disc remains within the cell device and in close proximity to the cell container. In some examples, the ceramic mount is fastened by mounting screws.
[0138] In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise a water tank. In some examples, the water tank may be positioned within the outer housing. In some examples, the water tank may be adorned with a plurality of ceramic discs. In some examples, the water tank may comprise a material, wherein the material may be the same as the ultrasound cell device material. In some examples, the water tank may comprise a material from which the ultrasound cell material may comprise. In some examples, the water tank may be cylindrical, cubical, cuboid, conical, spherical, or any suitable shape. In some examples, the water tank may be fastened to the device with mounting screws. In some examples, a tube holder may be configured to fit atop the water tank, holding the tube.
[0139] In some examples, the water tank may have a height. In some examples, the height may be from about 20 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 20 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 50 mm to about 100 mm.In some examples, the height may be from about 100 mm to about 150 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 150 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the height may be about 112.5 mm. In some examples, the height may be about 117.5 mm. In some examples, the height may be about 139.5 mm. In some examples, the height may be about 155 mm.In some examples, the height may be about 179 mm.
[0140] In some examples, the water tank may have width. In some examples, the width may be from about 20 mm to about 300 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 20 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 50 mm to about 100 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 100 mm to about 150 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 150 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 200 mm to about 250 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 250 mm to about 300 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 39.2 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 47.6 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 93.32 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 150 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 244 mm.
[0141] In some examples, the water tank may have depth. In some examples, the depth may be from about 20 mm to about 300 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 20 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 50 mm to about 100 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 100 mm to about 150 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 150 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 200 mm to about 250 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 250 mm to about 300 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 39.2 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 47.6 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 93.32 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 150 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 244 mm.
[0142] In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise a well plate. In some examples, the well plate may comprise a plurality of wells. In some examples, the well plate may comprise one well. In some examples, the well plate may comprise 6 wells. In some examples, the well plate may comprise a number of wells equal to the number of cell containers or samples.
[0143] In some examples, the well plates may have height. In some examples, the plug may have a height. In some examples, the height may be from about 5 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 5 mm to about 25 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 25 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the height may be about 20 mm. In some examples, the height may be about 26 mm.
[0144] In some examples, the well plate may have a width. In some examples, the width may be from about 20 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 20 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 50 mm to about 100 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 100 mm to about 150 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 150 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 85 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 101.18 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 127.5 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 143.55 mm.
[0145] In some examples, the well plate may have a depth. In some examples, the v may be from about 20 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 20 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 50 mm to about 100 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 100 mm to about 150 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 150 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 85 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 101.18 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 127.5 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 143.55 mm.
[0146] In some examples, the well plate may comprise wells, where the wells may have a diameter. In some examples, the diameter may be from about 5 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the diameter may be from about 5 mm to about 25 mm. In some examples, the diameter may be from about 25 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the diameter may be about 35 mm.
[0147] In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise a tube adapter. In some examples, the tube adapter may be configured to hold the tube within the water tank. In some examples, the tube adapter may comprise a material, wherein the material may be the same as the ultrasound cell device material. In some examples, the tube adapter may comprise a material from which the ultrasound cell material may comprise. In some examples, the tube adapter may be cylindrical, cubical, cuboid, conical, spherical, or any suitable shape.
[0148] In some examples, the tube adapter may comprise a height. In some examples, the height may be from about 1 mm to about 100 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 1 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 50 mm to about 100 mm. In some examples, the height may be marginal, or around 1 mm. In some examples, the height may be about 59.75 mm. In some examples, the height may be about 72.19 mm.
[0149] In some examples, the tube adapter may comprise a width. In some examples, the width may be from about 10 mm to about 100 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 10 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 50 mm to about 100 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 39.2 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 47.6 mm. In some examples, the width may vary throughout the adapter, as the adapter may be tapered.
[0150] In some examples, the tube adapter may comprise a depth. In some examples, the depth may be from about 10 mm to about 100 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 10 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 50 mm to about 100 mm.In some examples, the depth may be about 39.2 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 47.6 mm. In some examples, the depth may vary throughout the adapter, as the adapter may be tapered.
[0151] In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise an O-ring. In some examples, the O-ring may comprise silicone.
[0152] In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise a support plate. In some examples, the support plate may be configured to interface between the water tank and ceramic disc. In some examples, the support plate may be configured to be fastened to the water tank.
[0153] In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise a sensor. In some examples, the sensor may be a temperature sensor. In some examples, the sensor may be an infrared sensor. In some examples, the sensor may be positioned within the tube holder. In some examples, the sensors may be positioned within the water tank. In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise a power controller, or power button. In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise a display, or display module. In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise a casing, such as an upper, middle, or lower casing. In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise an LED. In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise a user input.
[0154] In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise a stand. In some examples, the stand may have a height. In some examples, the height may be from about 1 mm to about 100 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 1 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 50 mm to about 100 mm. In some examples, the height may be about 62 mm. In some examples, the height may be about 54.23 mm.
[0155] In some examples, the stand may have a width. In some examples, the width may be from about 20 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 20 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 50 mm to about 100 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 100 mm to about 150 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 150 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 90 mm. In some examples, the width may be 163.44 mm.
[0156] In some examples, the stand may have a depth. In some examples, the depth may be from about 20 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 20 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 50 mm to about 100 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 100 mm to about 150 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 150 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 90 mm. In some examples, the depth may be 163.44 mm.
[0157] In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise a casing, wherein the casing may comprise an upper casing, middle casing, and lower casing. In some examples, the upper casing may be configured to hold the well plate or cell container. In some examples, the upper casing may be configured to have components that hold the well plate into place or lock into the cell container.
[0158] In some examples, the upper casing may have a height. In some examples, the height may be from about 1 mm to about 10 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 1 mm to about 5 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 5 mm to about 10 mm. In some examples, the height may be about 3 mm.
[0159] In some examples, the upper casing may have a width. In some examples, the width may be from about 20 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 20 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 50 mm to about 100 mm.In some examples, the width may be from about 100 mm to about 150 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 150 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the width may be 118.5 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 178.5 mm.
[0160] In some examples, the upper casing may have a depth. In some examples, the depth may be from about 20 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 20 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 50 mm to about 100 mm.In some examples, the depth may be from about 100 mm to about 150 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 150 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the depth may be 118.5 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 178.5 mm.
[0161] In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise a middle casing. In some examples, the middle casing may provide potentiometer access. In some examples, the middle casing may provide power control access. In some examples, the middle casing may provide power connection access.
[0162] In some examples, the middle casing may have a height. In some examples, the height may be from about 1 mm to about 100 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 1 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 50 mm to about 100 mm.In some examples, the height may be about 62 mm. In some examples, the height may be about 63 mm.
[0163] In some examples, the middle casing may have a width. In some examples, the width may be from about 20 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 20 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 50 mm to about 100 mm.In some examples, the width may be from about 100 mm to about 150 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 150 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 90.63 mm. In some examples, the width may be 114 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 125 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 163 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 174 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 185 mm.
[0164] In some examples, the middle casing may have a depth. In some examples, the depth may be from about 20 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 20 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 50 mm to about 100 mm.In some examples, the depth may be from about 100 mm to about 150 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 150 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 90.63 mm. In some examples, the depth may be 114 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 125 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 163 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 174 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 185 mm.
[0165] In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise a lower casing. In some examples, the lower casing may have a height. In some examples, the height may be from about 1 mm to about 20 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 1 mm to about 10 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 10 mm to about 20 mm. In some examples, the height may be about 10.79 mm.
[0166] In some examples, the lower casing may have a width. In some examples, the width may be from about 20 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 20 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 50 mm to about 100 mm.In some examples, the width may be from about 100 mm to about 150 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 150 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the width may be 90.63 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 125 mm. In some examples, the width may be 163 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 185 mm.
[0167] In some examples, the lower casing may have a depth. In some examples, the depth may be from about 20 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 20 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 50 mm to about 100 mm.In some examples, the depth may be from about 100 mm to about 150 mm. In some examples, the depth may be from about 150 mm to about 200 mm. In some examples, the depth may be 90.63 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 125 mm. In some examples, the depth may be 163 mm. In some examples, the depth may be about 185 mm.
[0168] In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise an electronics control board. In some examples, the electronics control board may comprise a potentiometer, wherein the potentiometer may be, for example, a rotary potentiometer. In some examples, the electronics control board may comprise a potentiometer adapter. In some examples, the electronics control board may comprise a power switch. In some examples, the electronics control board may comprise a power jack, wherein the power jack may be AC or DC. In some examples, the electronics control board may comprise a voltage regulator. In some examples, the electronics control board may comprise a PCB, wherein the PCB may be, for example, a ceramic PCB.
[0169] In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise anti-slip components. In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise anti-slip feet. In some examples, the anti-slip feet may have a width. In some examples, the width may be from about 1 mm to about 20 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 1 mm to about 10 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 10 mm to about 20 mm. In some examples, the height may be about 15 mm.
[0170] In some examples, the ultrasound cell device may comprise fasteners. In some examples, the fasteners may be screws. In some examples, the fasteners may be heat inserts. In some examples, the fasteners may be mounting screws. In some examples, the fasteners may be countersunk screws. In some examples, the fasteners may be self-tapping screws. In some examples, the fasteners may be hex socket screws. In some examples, the fasteners may be 2.5 mm x 5 mm threaded inserts. In some examples, the fasteners may be 3 mm x 6 mm threaded inserts Ultrasound Controller
[0171] In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may comprise an ultrasound controller. In some embodiments, the ultrasound controller may comprise a signal generator. In some embodiments, the ultrasound controller may further comprise an amplifier coupled to the signal generator. In some embodiments, the amplifier and signal generator may be constructed in combination. In some embodiments, the amplifier and signal generator may be constructed as two separate components.
[0172] In some embodiments, the signal generator may generate electrical signals. The electrical signal may then be fed to the transducer to generate ultrasonic energy. A parameter (e.g., a waveform, a frequency, a duty cycle, etc. ) of the ultrasonic energy can be determined based at least in part on a parameter of the electrical signal. In some embodiments, the signal generator may generate periodic signals. In some embodiments, the signal generator may generate analog signals. In some embodiments, the signal generator may generate digital signals. In some embodiments, the signal generator may generate sampled signals. In some embodiments, the signal generator may generate quantizated signals. In some embodiments, the signal generator may generate aperiodic signals. In some embodiments, the signal generator may generate random aperiodic signals. In some embodiments, the signal generator may generate deterministic aperiodic signals. In some embodiments, the signal properties may be tunable. In some embodiments, the signal parameters may be tunable. In some embodiments, the signal properties may be automatically tunable. In some embodiments, the signal properties may be tunable by the user.
[0173] In some embodiments, the electrical signal may have a frequency. In some embodiments, the electrical signal may have a frequency range. In some embodiments, the electrical signal frequency range may be from about 20 kilohertz (KHz) to about 500 megahertz (MHz) . In some embodiments, the range may be from about 20 KHz to about 100 KHz. In some embodiments, the range may be from about 100 KHz to about 1 MHz. In some embodiments, the range may be from about 1 MHz to about 10 MHz. In some embodiments, the range may be from about 10 MHz to about 100 MHz. In some embodiments, the range may be from about 100 MHz to about 200 MHz. In some embodiments, the range may be from about 200 MHz to about 300 MHz. In some embodiments, the range may be from about 300 MHz to about 400 MHz. In some embodiments, the range may be from about 400 MHz to about 500 MHz. In some embodiments, the frequency may be greater than about 1.6 MHz.
[0174] The frequency (fs) of the generated acoustic waves may be selected based on a desired length of the acoustic waves, as determined by the equation below, wherein cs corresponds to the speed of light traveling through the medium (e.g., an electrode or an electrolyte of the energy device, or other components of the present disclosure) and λAW corresponds to a wavelength of the acoustic waves.
[0175] In some embodiments, the electrical signal may have a frequency. In some embodiments, the electrical signal frequency may be a single frequency. In some embodiments, the electrical signal frequency may have multiple frequencies. In some embodiments, the electrical signal frequency may have two frequencies. In some embodiments, the electrical signal frequency may have three frequencies. In some embodiments, the electrical signal frequency may have four frequencies. In some embodiments, the electrical signal frequency may have more than four frequencies. In some embodiments, the electrical signal multiple frequencies may be sequential. In some embodiments, the electrical signal multiple frequencies may be concurrent. In some embodiments, the electrical signal multiple frequencies may be alternate.
[0176] In some embodiments, the electrical signal may have a pulse duty cycle. In some embodiments, the duty cycle may be a percentage. In some embodiments, the duty cycle may be more than 0%. In some embodiments, the duty cycle may be less than 100%. In some embodiments, the duty cycle may be from about 0.01%to about 99.99%. In some embodiments, the duty cycle may be from about 0.01%to about 10%. In some embodiments, the duty cycle may be from about 10%to about 20%. In some embodiments, the duty cycle may be from about 20%to about 30%. In some embodiments, the duty cycle may be from about 30%to about 40%. In some embodiments, the duty cycle may be from about 40%to about 50%. In some embodiments, the duty cycle may be from about 50%to about 60%. In some embodiments, the duty cycle may be from about 60%to about 70%. In some embodiments, the duty cycle may be from about 70%to about 80%. In some embodiments, the duty cycle may be from about 80%to about 90%. In some embodiments, the duty cycle may be from about 90%to about 99.99%.
[0177] In some embodiments, the electrical signal may have a pulse repetition frequency. In some embodiments, the pulse repetition frequency may be from about 0.01 Hz to about 10 KHz. In some embodiments, the pulse repetition frequency may be from about 0.01 Hz to about 0.1 Hz.In some embodiments, the pulse repetition frequency may be from about 0.1 Hz to about 1 Hz. In some embodiments, the pulse repetition frequency may be from about 1 Hz to about 10 Hz. In some embodiments, the pulse repetition frequency may be from about 10 Hz to about 100 Hz. In some embodiments, the pulse repetition frequency may be from about 100 Hz to about 1 KHz. In some embodiments, the pulse repetition frequency may be from about 1 KHz to about 10 KHz. In some embodiments, the electrical signal may have a waveform. In some embodiments, the waveform may be a continuous wave. In some embodiments, the continuous wave may have a constant amplitude. In some embodiments, the continuous wave may have a constant frequency. In some embodiments, the pulse may be a modulated wave. In some embodiments, the waveform may be a periodic wave. In some embodiments, the waveform may be an aperiodic wave. In some embodiments, the waveform may be a sine wave. In some embodiments, the waveform may be a square wave. In some embodiments, the waveform may be a ramp wave. In some embodiments, the waveform may be a triangle wave. In some embodiments, the waveform may be a sawtooth wave. In some embodiments, the waveform may be a pulse wave.
[0178] In some embodiments, the waveform may act like an acoustic wave. The generated acoustic waves can permeate a medium, such as a fluid, to agitate the medium or particles within the medium.
[0179] The generated acoustic waves may propagate (e.g., stream) in a plurality of directions. Within an energy device, the acoustic waves may propagate along one axis, two axes, or three axes of the energy device. The acoustic wave generator can comprise a mechanism configured to generate acoustic waves, wherein the mechanism may be a piezoelectric material.
[0180] The energy of the acoustic waves may induce acoustic streaming in the energy device. Acoustic streaming may be a non-laminar and / or turbulent fluid flow, which may maximize the agitation of the cells and / or the homogenization of the distribution of the acoustic waves in the cells or medium. It should be appreciated that acoustic streaming may result from interplay between variations in a density of the medium and variations in a velocity of the cells under test. A frequency of the acoustic waves, an amplitude of the acoustic waves, and / or the viscosity of the medium may determine whether the acoustic waves are able to induce acoustic streaming in the cells. Acoustic streaming may be achieved at lower frequencies of the acoustic waves, for example, when the viscosity of the medium is between a certain range.
[0181] The acoustic waves can be surface acoustic waves (SAW) . The SAWs can comprise one or more wave types. The one or more wave types can comprise leaky SAW, love wave, Bleustein Gulyaev wave, surface skimming bulk wave, surface transverse waves, or any combination thereof. In some instances, the acoustic wave can comprise a bulk wave selected from the group consisting of thickness mode wave, thickness shear mode wave, longitudinal bulk wave, and any combination thereof.
[0182] In some embodiments, the ultrasound controller may be configured to produce ultrasound waves, resulting in a negative peak pressure. In some examples, the negative peak pressure may be from around 0.01 megapascals (MPa) to about 1 MPa. In some examples, the negative peak pressure may be from about 0.01 MPa to 0.5 MPa. In some examples, the negative peak pressure may be from about 0.5 MPa to about 1 MPa. In some examples, the negative peak pressure may be at most 0.2 MPa. In some examples, the negative peak pressure may be from about 0.01 MPa to 0.2 MPa. In some examples, the negative peak pressure may be from about 0.01 MPa to 0.18 MPa.
[0183] In some embodiments, the ultrasound controller may further comprise an amplifier. The amplifier may be coupled to the signal generator. In some embodiments, the amplifier may increase at least a parameter of the electrical signal. In some embodiments, the electrical signal increase may be of the signal voltage. In some embodiments, the electrical signal increase may be of the signal current. In some embodiments, the electrical signal increase may be of the signal power. In some embodiments, the electrical signal increase may be the signal’s amplification. In some embodiments, the amplification may be voltage amplification. In some embodiments, voltage amplification output signal may increase the voltage as compared to its input signal. In some embodiments, the amplification may be power amplification. In some embodiments, voltage amplification output signal may increase the power as compared to its input signal.
[0184] In some embodiments, the amplifier may operate independent from the input electrical signal. In some embodiments, the amplifier may operate in response to the input electrical signal. In some embodiments, the amplifier may track the input electrical signal frequency. In some embodiments, the amplifier may track the input electrical signal current. In some embodiments, the input electrical signal current may be an alternating current. In some embodiments, the input electrical signal current may be a direct current.
[0185] In some embodiments, the amplifier may be adjusted in response to tracking of the input electrical signal. In some embodiments, the amplifier adjustment may be made by a user. In some embodiments, the amplifier adjustments may be made automatically by the amplifier. In some embodiments, the automatic adjustment may increase the output voltage based on the input electrical signal frequency. In some embodiments, the automatic adjustment may increase the output voltage based on the input electrical signal current. In some embodiments, the automatic adjustment may increase the output power based on the input electrical signal frequency. In some embodiments, the automatic adjustment may increase the output power based on the input electrical signal current.
[0186] In some embodiments, the amplifier may perform impedance matching. In some embodiments, impedance matching may minimize signal reflection based on the source and load. In some embodiments, impedance matching may maximize power transfer based on the source and load. In some embodiments, the source and load may be equal. In some embodiments, the source and load may be unequal. In some embodiments, the source may be equal to the complex conjugate of the load.
[0187] In some embodiments, the amplifier may perform phase tracking. In some embodiments, the phase tracking may be of the input electrical signal. In some embodiments, the phase tracking may be of the input electrical signal voltage. In some embodiments, the phase tracking may be of the input electrical signal current. In some embodiments, the phase may be adjusted. In some embodiments, the phase may be adjusted in response to tracking of the input electrical signal. In some embodiments, the phase adjustment may be made by a user. In some embodiments, the phase adjustments may be made automatically by the amplifier.
[0188] FIG 1A-C show examples of various ultrasound applications in different treatment plans. FIG 1A shows examples of ultrasound that may be applied. The ultrasound may be delivered in pulses of on and off. The system may be operated in at least one application cycle. Each application cycle comprises at least one ultrasound emitting event with a time duration TA and a subsequent waiting period with a time duration TW. During the ultrasound emitting event, the ultrasound device is operated and during the waiting period, the ultrasound device is not operated.
[0189] In some embodiments, the system may be configured to control at least one parameter, preferably a subset, selected from the following list: the time duration (TA) of the ultrasound emitting event, the time duration (TW) of the wait period after the ultrasound emitting event, the number of application cycles, the intensity of the ultrasound emitting event, the central frequency of the ultrasound emitting event, the mechanical index of the ultrasound emitting system, and in case of a pulsed ultrasound emitting event: the repetition rate of the ultrasound emitting event and the duty cycle of the ultrasound emitting event.
[0190] In some embodiments, a number of application cycles may be provided. In some embodiments, a preset number of application cycles may be provided. In some embodiments, 1 to 5 application cycles are provided. In some embodiments, 5 to 10 application cycles are provided. In some embodiments, 10 to 15 application cycles are provided. In some embodiments, 15 to 20 application cycles are provided. In some embodiments, 20 to 30 application cycles are provided. In some embodiments, 30 to 40 application cycles are provided. In some embodiments, 40 to 50 application cycles are provided. In some embodiments, 50 to 75 application cycles are provided. In some embodiments, 75 to 100 application cycles are provided. In some embodiments, more than 100 application cycles are provided. In some embodiments, a preset duration for the application cycles to run may be provided. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 0.001 seconds (s) . In some embodiments, the duration may be around 0.005 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 0.01 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 0.05 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 0.1 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 0.5 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 1 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 3 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 5 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 10 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 15 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 20 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 30 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 45 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 60 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 90 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 120 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 150 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 180 s, 210 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 240 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 270 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 300 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 360 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 420 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 480 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 540 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 600 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 1000 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 2000 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 3000 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 6000 s.
[0191] FIG 1B shows an example of multiple application cycles that may be clustered together, in accordance with embodiments of the invention. In some embodiments, the clusters of cycles may be repeated. In some embodiments, the clusters of cycles may not be repeated. In some embodiments, a cluster may have a length of time (Tc. ) In some embodiments, the length of the application cycles may collectively measured (TE) . In some embodiments, the amount of time between the clusters may be a dormant period (TD) . In some embodiments, the clusters may repeat any number of times. In some embodiments, the clusters may repeat for a predetermined number of times. In some embodiments, the clusters may repeat 1 to 5 times. In some embodiments, the clusters may repeat 5 to 10 times. In some embodiments, the clusters may repeat 10 to 15 times. In some embodiments, the clusters may repeat 15 to 20 times. In some embodiments, the clusters may repeat 20 to 30 times. In some embodiments, the clusters may repeat 30 to 40 times. In some embodiments, the clusters may repeat 40 to 50 times. In some embodiments, the clusters may repeat 50 to 75 times. In some embodiments, the clusters may repeat 75 to 100 times. In some embodiments, the clusters may repeat more than 100 times. In some embodiments, the clusters may repeat during a preset duration. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 0.001 seconds (s) . In some embodiments, the duration may be around 0.005 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 0.01 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 0.05 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 0.1 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 0.5 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 1 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 3 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 5 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 10 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 15 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 20 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 30 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 45 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 60 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 90 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 120 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 150 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 180 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 210 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 240 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 270 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 300 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 360 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 420 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 480 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 540 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 600 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 1000 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 2000 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 3000 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 6000 s.
[0192] FIG 1C shows an example of how parameters P may be varied over time t. In some embodiments, regular application cycles may be present. In some embodiments, regular application cycles may not be present. In some embodiments, a series of application cycles with various characteristics may repeat. In some embodiments, a series of application cycles with various characteristics may not repeat. In some embodiments, an amount of time that the ultrasound is “On” may be fixed. In some embodiments, an amount of time that the ultrasound is “On” may be fixed may vary. In some embodiments, a waiting period Tw during which the ultrasound is “Off” may be fixed. In some embodiments, a waiting period Tw during which the ultrasound is “Off” may vary. In some embodiments, a cluster length TE may be fixed. In some embodiments, a cluster length TE may vary. In some embodiments, the time between clusters TD may be fixed. In some embodiments, the time between clusters TD may vary.
[0193] In some embodiments, one or more parameters may be fixed for a particular application cycle. In some embodiments, one or more parameters may be fixed for an entirety of a cluster. In some embodiments, one or more parameters may be varied during a cluster. In some embodiments, one or more parameters may be varied during an application cycle. In some embodiments, a parameter may be varied including, but not limited to, intensity of the ultrasound emitting event, the central frequency of the ultrasound emitting event, or the mechanical index of the ultrasound emitting system.
[0194] For any of the times (e.g., TA, TW, TC, TD, TE) , the amount of time may be on the order of microseconds, milliseconds, seconds, tens of seconds, minutes, or more. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 0.001 seconds (s) . In some embodiments, the duration may be around 0.005 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 0.01 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 0.05 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 0.1 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 0.5 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 1 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 3 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 5 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 10 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 15 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 20 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 30 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 45 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 60 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 90 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 120 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 150 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 180 s, 210 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 240 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 270 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 300 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 360 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 420 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 480 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 540 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 600 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 1000 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 2000 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 3000 s. In some embodiments, the duration may be around 6000 s. In some embodiments, ultrasound may be generated for a time duration greater than any of the values provided herein or within a range falling between any two of the values provided herein. In some embodiments, a wait time may be provided for a time duration less than or equal to any time duration provided herein. In some embodiments, a wait time may be greater than any time duration provided herein, or falling within a range between any time durations provided herein. In some embodiments, other times associated with the ultrasound treatment profile (e.g., TC, TD, TE) may have a time duration less than, greater than, or falling between any two of the time durations provided herein. In some embodiments, an entire treatment plan may span on the order of seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, or years. In some embodiments, a subject may receive ultrasound treatment at different points in time. Transducer
[0195] In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may comprise a transducer. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may comprise from around 1 transducer to around 100 transducers. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may comprise from around 1 transducer to around 10 transducers. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may comprise from around 10 transducers to around 20 transducers. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may comprise from around 20 transducers to around 30 transducers. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may comprise from around 30 transducers to around 40 transducers. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may comprise from around 40 transducers to around 50 transducers. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may comprise from around 50 transducers to around 60 transducers. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may comprise from around 60 transducers to around 70 transducers. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may comprise from around 70 transducers to around 80 transducers. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may comprise from around 80 transducers to around 90 transducers. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may comprise from around 90 transducers to around 100 transducers.
[0196] In some embodiments, the transducer may be independent of the device. In some embodiments, the transducer may be situated within a module. In some embodiments, the transducer module may have external walls. In some embodiments, the transducer module may be fitted on the external walls of the ultrasound cell device. In some embodiments, the transducer may be fitted on the external walls of a cell container. In some embodiments, the transducer may be fitted on the external walls of the bioreactor. In some embodiments, the transducer module may have internal walls. In some embodiments, the transducer module may be fitted on the internal walls of the ultrasound cell device. In some embodiments, the transducer may be fitted on the internal walls of a cell container. In some embodiments, the transducer may be fitted on the internal walls of the bioreactor.
[0197] In some embodiments, the transducer may be fitted in a wearable formfactor. In some embodiments, the wearable formfactor device may be designed for in vivo therapy. In some embodiments, the wearable formfactor device may be designed for in vivo biological tissue stimulation. In some embodiments, the in vivo therapy may be eye tissue stimulation. In some embodiments, the in vivo therapy may be deep organ stimulation. In some embodiments, the in vivo therapy may include additional therapies thereof. In some embodiments, the wearable formfactor device may wrapped around a user’s wrist. In some embodiments, the wearable formfactor device may be a watch. In some embodiments, the wearable formfactor device may be a wristband. In some embodiments, the wearable formfactor device may be placed around a user’s head. In some embodiments, the wearable formfactor device may be a headset. In some embodiments, the wearable formfactor device may be placed over a user’s face. In some embodiments, the wearable formfactor device may be a mask. In some embodiments, the wearable formfactor device may be glasses. In some embodiments, the wearable formfactor device may be attached to a user’s person. In some embodiments, the wearable formfactor device may be a clip. In some embodiments, the wearable formfactor device may be worn around a user’s neck or collar. In some embodiments, the wearable formfactor device may be a necklace. In some embodiments, the wearable formfactor device may be worn on a user’s finger. In some embodiments, the wearable formfactor device may be a ring. In some embodiments, the wearable formfactor device may be worn around a user’s waist. In some embodiments, the wearable formfactor device may be a belt. In some embodiments, the wearable formfactor device may be worn on a user’s skin. In some embodiments, the wearable formfactor device may be epidermal.
[0198] In some embodiments, the transducer may generate ultrasonic energy based on the input electrical signal from the ultrasound controller. In some embodiments, the transducer may be a transmitter. In some embodiments, the transducer may be a receiver. In some embodiments, the transducer may be a transceiver. In some embodiments, the transducer may generate electrical signals into ultrasound energy. In some embodiments, the transducer may convert ultrasound energy into electrical signals. In some embodiments, the transducer may convert alternating current into ultrasound energy. In some embodiments, the transducer may convert ultrasound energy to alternating current. In some embodiments, the transducer may operate in combination thereof.
[0199] In some embodiments, the transducer may implement a transduction material. In some embodiments, the transducer may be a capacitive transducer. In some embodiments, the capacitive transducer may comprise silicon. In some embodiments, the silicon may form a substrate within the transducer module. In some embodiments, the silicon may further comprise a cavity. In some embodiments, the silicon may further comprise a thin layer positioned on the cavity. In some embodiments, the thin layer may be a membrane. In some embodiments, a second layer may be positioned on the membrane. In some embodiments, the second layer may be a metallic layer. In some embodiments, the metallic layer may be metallized. In some embodiments, the metallic layer may act as an electrode. In some embodiments, the membrane layer may act as an electrode. In some embodiments, the capacitive transducer may generate ultrasound energy. In some embodiments, the capacitive transducer may receive ultrasound energy. In some embodiments, the capacitive transducer may be fabricated. In some embodiments, the capacitive transducer may be fabricated by surface micromachining. In some embodiments, the capacitive transducer may be fabricated by wafer bonding. In some embodiments, the capacitive transducer may be fabricated by fusion-bonding of wafers. In some embodiments, the capacitive transducer may be fabricated by anodic bonding of wafers. In some embodiments, the capacitive transducer may be fabricated by a top-down process. In some embodiments, the top-down process may be completed a low temperatures. In some embodiments, the capacitive transducer may integrate with existing electrical circuits.
[0200] The transducer may be of a low weight. For instance, the transducer may weigh less than l g, 5 g, 10 g, 20 g, 30 g, 40 g, 50 g, 60 g, 70 g, 80 g, 90 g, 100 g, 1 10 g, 120 g, 130 g, 150 g, 170 g, 200 g, 225 g, 250 g, 300 g, 350 g, 400 g, 500 g, 600 g, 700 g, 800 g, 1 kg, 2, kg, 3 kg, or 5 kg. The device may weigh less than any of these values while allowing the transducer to operate a frequency value as provided herein, or an intensity value as provided herein. In some embodiments, the weight may be greater than any of the values provided herein, or within a range falling between any two of the values provided herein.
[0201] The transducer may be of a small size. For instance, the ultrasound transducer may have a maximum dimension (e.g., length, width, height, diagonal, or diameter) of less than 1 mm, 3 mm, 5 mm, 7 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm, 15 mm, 17 mm, 20 mm, 22 mm, 25 mm, 27 mm, 30 mm, 35 mm, 40 mm, 45 mm, 50 mm, 60 mm, 70 mm, 80 mm, 90 mm, 100 mm, 120 mm, 150 mm, 175 mm, 200 mm, 250 mm, or 300 mm. The ultrasound may have a maximum dimension less than any of these values while allowing the ultrasound transducer to operate a frequency value as provided herein, or an intensity value as provided herein. In some embodiments, the maximum dimension may be greater than any of the values provided herein, or within a range falling between any two of the values provided herein.
[0202] In some embodiments, the transducer may have a volume of less than 0.1 cm3, 0.5 cm3, 1 cm3, 1.5 cm3, 2 cm3, 2.5 cm3, 3 cm3, 4 cm3, 5 cm3, 6 cm3, 7 cm3, 8 cm3, 9 cm3, 10 cm3, 12 cm3, 15 cm3, 17 cm3, 20 cm3, 25 cm3, 30 cm3, 35 cm3, 40 cm3, 50 cm3, 70 cm3, 100 cm3, 120 cm3, 150 cm3, 200 cm3, 250 cm3, 300 cm3, 400 cm3, 500 cm3, 750 cm3, or 1000 cm3. The device may have volume less than any of these values while allowing the transducer to operate a frequency value as provided herein, or an intensity value as provided herein. In some embodiments, the volume may be greater than any of the values provided herein, or within a range falling between any two of the values provided herein.
[0203] In some embodiments, the transducer may be a piezoelectric transducer. In some embodiments, a piezoelectric transducer may apply piezoelectricity to generate ultrasonic energy. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric transducer may utilize piezoelectric material. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be cut for a specific effect. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be cut to allow for a transverse effect. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be cut to allow for a longitudinal effect. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be cut to allow for a shear effect. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric transducer may generate ultrasound energy. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric transducer may receive ultrasound energy.
[0204] In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be attached to the transducer. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may comprise from around 1 piezoelectric material pieces to around 100 piezoelectric material pieces. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may comprise from around 1 piezoelectric material pieces to around 10 piezoelectric material pieces. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may comprise from around 10 piezoelectric material pieces to around 20 piezoelectric material pieces. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may comprise from around 20 piezoelectric material pieces to around 30 piezoelectric material pieces. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may comprise from around 30 piezoelectric material pieces to around 40 piezoelectric material pieces. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may comprise from around 40 piezoelectric material pieces to around 50 piezoelectric material pieces. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may comprise from around 50 piezoelectric material pieces to around 60 piezoelectric material pieces. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may comprise from around 60 piezoelectric material pieces to around 70 piezoelectric material pieces. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may comprise from around 70 piezoelectric material pieces to around 80 piezoelectric material pieces. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may comprise from around 80 piezoelectric material pieces to around 90 piezoelectric material pieces. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may comprise from around 90 piezoelectric material pieces to around 100 piezoelectric material pieces. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material piece may be coupled to the interior of a transducer tank. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be coupled to the exterior of a transducer tank. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be coupled to the side walls of the tank. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be coupled to the bottom of the tank.
[0205] In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be a piezoelectric crystal. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be a naturally occurring piezoelectric crystal. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric crystal may be quartz. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric crystal may be berlinite. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric crystal may be topaz. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric crystal may be tourmaline. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric crystal may be cane sugar. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric crystal may be Rochelle salt. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric crystal may be gallium orthophosphate. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric crystal may be Lanthanum gallium silicate (as known as langasite) .
[0206] In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be ceramic. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric ceramic may be barium titanate. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric ceramic may be lead titanate. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric ceramic may be lead zirconate titanate (PZT) . In some embodiments, the piezoelectric ceramic may be lithium niobate. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric ceramic may be lithium tantalite. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric ceramic may be potassium niobate. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric ceramic may be sodium tungstate. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be a ceramic disc. In some embodiments, the ceramic disc may have a hollow middle.
[0207] In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be a ceramic disc. In some examples, the ceramic disc may have a diameter. In some examples, the diameter may be from about 10 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the diameter may be from about 10 mm to about 30 mm. In some examples, the diameter may be from about 30 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the diameter may be about 30 mm. In some examples, the diameter may be about 40 mm.
[0208] In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be a ceramic disc. In some examples, the ceramic disc may have a height. In some examples, the height may be from about 1 mm to about 10 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 1 mm to about 5 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 5 mm to about 10 mm. In some examples, the height may be about 6 mm.
[0209] In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be a ceramic disc. In some examples, the ceramic disc may have a width. In some examples, the width may be from about 1 mm to about 10 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 1 mm to about 5 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 5 mm to about 10 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 4.05 mm.
[0210] In some examples, the ceramic disc may have an internal hollow radius, wherein the internal hollow radius may be the distance from the center of the disc to the ceramic disc, encompassing only the hollow region. In some examples, the internal hollow radius may be from about 1 mm to about 20 mm. In some examples, the internal hollow radius may be about 11 mm.
[0211] In some examples, the ceramic disc may have a small indentation along the edge of the disc. In some examples, the indentation along the circumference may be from about 1 mm to about 10 mm. In some examples, the indentation may be from about 1 mm to about 5 mm. In some examples, the indentation may be from about 5 mm to about 10 mm. In some examples, the indentation may be about 4 mm. In some examples, the small indentation may have an indentation depth. In some examples, the indentation depth may be from about 1 mm to about 5 mm. In some examples, the indentation depth may be from about 1 mm to about 2.5 mm. In some examples, the indentation depth may be from about 2.5 mm to about 5 mm. In some examples, the indentation depth may be about 1.4 mm.
[0212] In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be a ceramic disc and the ceramic disc may have a holder. In some examples, the ceramic disc holder may comprise a plurality of discs. In some examples, the ceramic disc holder may comprise one disc. In some examples, the ceramic disc holder may comprise 6 discs. In some examples, the ceramic disc holder may comprise a number of discs equal to the number of cell containers, or tubes.
[0213] In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be hard piezoelectric material. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be soft piezoelectric material. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be PVDF piezoelectric material. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be composite piezoelectric material. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be selected based on piezoelectric properties. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be selected based on piezoelectric charge constant. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be selected based on dielectric constant. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be selected based on mechanical quality factor. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be selected based on curie point. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be selected based on other piezoelectric properties.
[0214] In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be hard piezoelectric material. In some embodiments, hard piezoelectric material may be configured to be subjected to high electrical stress. In some embodiments, hard piezoelectric material may be configured to be subjected to high mechanical stress. In some embodiments, hard piezoelectric material may be configured to maintain its properties under stress. In some embodiments, hard piezoelectric material may be selected based on its high electromechanical coupling factor. In some embodiments, hard piezoelectric material may be selected based on its high quality factor. In some embodiments, hard piezoelectric material may be selected based on its good electromechanical stability. In some embodiments, hard piezoelectric material may be based on its high compressive strength.
[0215] In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be soft piezoelectric material. In some embodiments, soft piezoelectric material may be polarizable. In some embodiments, soft piezoelectric material may be polarized at low field strengths. In some embodiments, soft piezoelectric material may be selected based on its large piezoelectric charge coefficient. In some embodiments, soft piezoelectric material may be selected based on its moderate permittivity. In some embodiments, soft piezoelectric material may be selected based on its high coupling factor. In some embodiments, soft piezoelectric material may be selected based on its high dielectric constant. In some embodiments, soft piezoelectric material may be selected based on its large piezoelectric strain constant. In some embodiments, soft piezoelectric material may be selected based on its high Curie temperature.
[0216] In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be a piezoelectric polymer material. In some embodiments, the polymer piezoelectric material may expand in an electrical field. In some embodiments, the polymer piezoelectric material may contract in an electrical field. In some embodiments, the polymer piezoelectric material may generate an electrical charge. In some embodiments, the polymer piezoelectric material may generate an electrical charge when pressure is applied. In some embodiments, the polymer piezoelectric material may be selected based on its light weight. In some embodiments, the polymer piezoelectric material may be selected based on its cost efficiency. In some embodiments, the polymer piezoelectric material may be selected based on its flexibility. In some embodiments, the polymer piezoelectric material may be selected based on its processing ease. In some embodiments, the polymer piezoelectric material may be selected based on its high electric breakdown strength. In some embodiments, the polymer piezoelectric material may be a bulk polymer. In some embodiments, the polymer piezoelectric material may be a voided charged polymer. In some embodiments, the polymer piezoelectric material may be poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) . In some embodiments, the polymer piezoelectric material may be poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) . In some embodiments, the polymer piezoelectric material may be an epoxy resin.
[0217] In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be a composite material. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric composite material may be a polymer-based composite material. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric composite material may be a polymer-based smart composite material. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric composite material may be a nanocomposite material. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric composite material may comprise more than one constituent materials. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric composite material may comprise two constituent materials. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric composite material may comprise three constituent materials. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric composite material may comprise four constituent materials. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric composite material may comprise more than four constituent materials. In some embodiments, the constituent material may be piezoelectric ceramic. In some embodiments, the constituent material may be piezoelectric polymer. In some embodiments, the constituent material may be a polymer. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric composite material may be selected based on its large electromechanical coupling coefficient. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric composite material may be selected based on its large bandwidth. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric composite material may be selected based on its low acoustic impedance. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric composite material may be selected based on its interconnection with other piezoelectric materials.
[0218] In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may have a thickness. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material thickness may be material specific. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material thickness may be about 0.001 mm to about 1500 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material thickness may be about 0.001 mm to about 0.01 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material thickness may be about 0.01 mm to about 0.1 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material thickness may be about 0.1 mm to about 1 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material thickness may be about 1 mm to about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material thickness may be about 10 mm to about 100 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material thickness may be about 100 mm to about 500 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material thickness may be about 500 mm to about 1000 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material thickness may be about 1000 mm to about 1500 mm.
[0219] In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be a shape. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material shape may be material specific. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be a sheet. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be a film. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be a disc. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be a plate. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be a square plate. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be a rectangular plate. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be a ring. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be a tube. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be a hemisphere. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be a focal bowl. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be a stave. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be a tapered stave. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be a barrel stave. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may match the shape of a housing. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may match the shape of the transducer module. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may match the shape of the cell container.
[0220] In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be a disc. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric disc may have a diameter. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric diameter may be about 0.3 mm to about 3000 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric diameter may be about 0.3 mm to about 3 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric diameter may be about 3 mm to about 30 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric diameter may be about 30 mm to about 300 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric diameter may be about 300 mm to about 1000 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric diameter may be about 1000 mm to about 2000 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric diameter may be about 2000 mm to about 3000 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric diameter may be determine based on the material. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric diameter may be determine based on the specific ultrasound cell device.
[0221] In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be a plate. In some embodiments, the piezoelectrical plate may have a length. In some embodiments, the piezoelectrical length may be about 0.1 mm to about 1000 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectrical length may be about 0.1 mm to about 1 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectrical length may be about 1 mm to about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectrical length may be about 10 mm to about 100 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectrical length may be about 100 mm to about 500 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectrical length may be about 500 mm to about 1000 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric length may be determine based on the material. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric length may be determine based on the specific ultrasound cell device. In some embodiments, the piezoelectrical plate may have a width. In some embodiments, the piezoelectrical width may be about 0.1 mm to about 1000 mm.In some embodiments, the piezoelectrical width may be about 0.1 mm to about 1 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectrical width may be about 1 mm to about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectrical width may be about 10 mm to about 100 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectrical width may be about 100 mm to about 500 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectrical width may be about 500 mm to about 1000 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric width may be determine based on the material. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric width may be determine based on the specific ultrasound cell device.
[0222] In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be a ring. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric ring may have an inner diameter. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric inner diameter may be about 0.3 mm to about 3000 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric inner diameter may be about 0.3 mm to about 3 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric inner diameter may be about 3 mm to about 30 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric inner diameter may be about 30 mm to about 300 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric inner diameter may be about 300 mm to about 1000 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric inner diameter may be about 1000 mm to about 2000 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric inner diameter may be about 2000 mm to about 3000 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric inner diameter may be determine based on the material. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric inner diameter may be determine based on the specific ultrasound cell device. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric ring may have an outer diameter. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric outer diameter may be about 0.3 mm to about 3000 mm.In some embodiments, the piezoelectric outer diameter may be about 0.3 mm to about 3 mm.In some embodiments, the piezoelectric outer diameter may be about 3 mm to about 30 mm.In some embodiments, the piezoelectric outer diameter may be about 30 mm to about 300 mm.In some embodiments, the piezoelectric outer diameter may be about 300 mm to about 1000 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric outer diameter may be about 1000 mm to about 2000 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric outer diameter may be about 2000 mm to about 3000 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric outer diameter may be determine based on the material. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric outer diameter may be determine based on the specific ultrasound cell device. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric outer diameter may be longer than the inner diameter.
[0223] In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be a tube. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric tube may have an inner diameter. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric inner diameter may be about 0.3 mm to about 3000 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric inner diameter may be about 0.3 mm to about 3 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric inner diameter may be about 3 mm to about 30 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric inner diameter may be about 30 mm to about 300 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric inner diameter may be about 300 mm to about 1000 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric inner diameter may be about 1000 mm to about 2000 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric inner diameter may be about 2000 mm to about 3000 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric inner diameter may be determine based on the material. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric inner diameter may be determine based on the specific ultrasound cell device. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric tube may have an outer diameter. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric outer diameter may be about 0.3 mm to about 3000 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric outer diameter may be about 0.3 mm to about 3 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric outer diameter may be about 3 mm to about 30 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric outer diameter may be about 30 mm to about 300 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric outer diameter may be about 300 mm to about 1000 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric outer diameter may be about 1000 mm to about 2000 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric outer diameter may be about 2000 mm to about 3000 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric outer diameter may be determine based on the material. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric outer diameter may be determine based on the specific ultrasound cell device. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric outer diameter may be longer than the inner diameter. In some embodiments, the piezoelectrical tube may have a length. In some embodiments, the piezoelectrical length may be about 0.1 mm to about 1000 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectrical length may be about 0.1 mm to about 1 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectrical length may be about 1 mm to about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectrical length may be about 10 mm to about 100 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectrical length may be about 100 mm to about 500 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectrical length may be about 500 mm to about 1000 mm.In some embodiments, the piezoelectric length may be determine based on the material. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric length may be determine based on the specific ultrasound cell device.
[0224] In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be a hemisphere. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric hemisphere may have an outer diameter. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric outer diameter may be about 0.3 mm to about 3000 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric outer diameter may be about 0.3 mm to about 3 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric outer diameter may be about 3 mm to about 30 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric outer diameter may be about 30 mm to about 300 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric outer diameter may be about 300 mm to about 1000 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric outer diameter may be about 1000 mm to about 2000 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric outer diameter may be about 2000 mm to about 3000 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric outer diameter may be determine based on the material. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric outer diameter may be determine based on the specific ultrasound cell device. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric hemisphere may have a wall thickness. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric wall thickness may be about 0.1 mm to about 1000 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric wall thickness may be about 0.1 mm to about 1 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric wall thickness may be about 1 mm to about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric wall thickness may be about 10 mm to about 100 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric wall thickness may be about 100 mm to about 500 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric wall thickness may be about 500 mm to about 1000 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric wall thickness may be determine based on the material. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric wall thickness may be determine based on the specific ultrasound cell device.
[0225] In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be a focal bowl. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric focal bowl may have a diameter. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric diameter may be about 0.3 mm to about 3000 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric diameter may be about 0.3 mm to about 3 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric diameter may be about 3 mm to about 30 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric diameter may be about 30 mm to about 300 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric diameter may be about 300 mm to about 1000 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric diameter may be about 1000 mm to about 2000 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric diameter may be about 2000 mm to about 3000 mm. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric diameter may be determine based on the material. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric diameter may be determine based on the specific ultrasound cell device.
[0226] In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be a sheet or film. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric sheet or film may be cut. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric sheet or film may be trimmed. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric sheet or film may be cut to match an aforementioned shape, maintaining dimensions thereof. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric sheet or film may match the shape of a housing. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric sheet or film may match the shape of the transducer module. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric sheet or film may match the shape of the cell container.
[0227] In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be fixed to a transducer. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be removably connected to a transducer. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be bolted onto the transducer. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be clamped onto the transducer. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be connected to the transducer by an epoxy. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be connected to the transducer by riveting. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be connected to the transducer by soldering. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be connected to the transducer by brazing.
[0228] In some embodiments, the transducer may produce ultrasound energy. In some embodiments, the ultrasonic energy may be projected in the plane of the device. In some embodiments, the ultrasonic energy may be projected in a plurality of planes. In some embodiments, the ultrasonic energy may be projected in a scatter formation. In some embodiments, the ultrasonic energy may have an intensity. In some embodiments, the ultrasonic energy intensity may be homogenous. In some embodiments, the ultrasonic energy intensity may be heterogenous. In some embodiments, the ultrasound energy properties may be tunable. In some embodiments, the ultrasound energy parameters may be tunable. In some embodiments, the ultrasound energy properties may be automatically tunable. In some embodiments, the ultrasound energy properties may be tunable by the user. In some embodiments, the ultrasound energy properties may be tunable by turning a knob. In some embodiments, the ultrasound energy properties may be tunable by selection of a preferred frequency. In some embodiments, the ultrasound energy properties may be tunable by user programming. In some embodiments, the ultrasound energy properties may be tunable based on target. In some embodiments, the ultrasound energy properties may be tunable based on cell properties.
[0229] In some embodiments, the homogenous ultrasonic energy may have a spatial peak intensity. In some embodiments, the homogenous ultrasonic energy may be from about 60%to about 100%of the spatial peak intensity. In some embodiments, the homogenous ultrasonic energy may be about 60%of the spatial peak intensity. In some embodiments, the homogenous ultrasonic energy may be about 65%of the spatial peak intensity. In some embodiments, the homogenous ultrasonic energy may be about 70%of the spatial peak intensity. In some embodiments, the homogenous ultrasonic energy may be about 75%of the spatial peak intensity. In some embodiments, the homogenous ultrasonic energy may be about 80%of the spatial peak intensity. In some embodiments, the homogenous ultrasonic energy may be about 85%of the spatial peak intensity. In some embodiments, the homogenous ultrasonic energy may be about 90%of the spatial peak intensity. In some embodiments, the homogenous ultrasonic energy may be about 95%of the spatial peak intensity. In some embodiments, the homogenous ultrasonic energy may be about 100%of the spatial peak intensity.
[0230] In some embodiments, the homogenous ultrasonic energy may be applied across the target cells. In some embodiments, the homogenous ultrasonic energy may be directed across more than 50%of the cell volume. In some embodiments, the homogenous ultrasonic energy may be directed across about 50%to about 100%of the cell volume. In some embodiments, the homogenous ultrasonic energy may be directed across about 50%of the cell volume. In some embodiments, the homogenous ultrasonic energy may be directed across about 60%of the cell volume. In some embodiments, the homogenous ultrasonic energy may be directed across about 70%of the cell volume. In some embodiments, the homogenous ultrasonic energy may be directed across about 80%of the cell volume. In some embodiments, the homogenous ultrasonic energy may be directed across about 90%of the cell volume. In some embodiments, the homogenous ultrasonic energy may be directed across about 100%of the cell volume. In some embodiments, the homogenous ultrasonic energy may be directed across more than 50%of the cell area. In some embodiments, the homogenous ultrasonic energy may be directed across about 50%to about 100%of the cell area. In some embodiments, the homogenous ultrasonic energy may be directed across about 50%of the cell area. In some embodiments, the homogenous ultrasonic energy may be directed across about 60%of the cell area. In some embodiments, the homogenous ultrasonic energy may be directed across about 70%of the cell area. In some embodiments, the homogenous ultrasonic energy may be directed across about 80%of the cell area. In some embodiments, the homogenous ultrasonic energy may be directed across about 90%of the cell area. In some embodiments, the homogenous ultrasonic energy may be directed across about 100%of the cell area.
[0231] In some embodiments, no coupling medium may be present in the ultrasound cell device. In some embodiments, the ultrasonic energy may be directed from the transducer to the cells through a coupling medium. In some embodiments, one coupling medium may be present. In some embodiments, two coupling mediums may be present. In some embodiments, more than two coupling mediums may be present. In some embodiments, the coupling medium may comprise a liquid. In some embodiments, the coupling medium may comprise water. In some embodiments, the coupling medium may comprise an oil. In some embodiments, the coupling medium may comprise a cream. In some embodiments, the coupling medium may comprise a gel. In some embodiments, the coupling medium may comprise an ultrasound gel. In some embodiments, the coupling medium may comprise a solid gel pad. In some embodiments, the coupling medium may comprise a solid material. In some embodiments, the coupling medium may comprise plastic. In some embodiments, the coupling medium may comprise a rubber. In some embodiments, the coupling medium may comprise clay. In some embodiments, the coupling medium may comprise metal. In some embodiments, the coupling medium may be a solid gel pad / clay. In some embodiments, no coupling medium may be present. In some embodiments, the coupling medium may be dry coupling, where there is no physical medium between the cell container and the housing. In some embodiments, the dry coupling may be between the piezoelectric material and the cell container.
[0232] In some examples, the coupling medium may be selected based on properties of the medium. In some examples, the coupling medium may be selected due to the thickness of the medium. In some examples, the coupling medium may be selected due to the level of the medium. In some examples, the coupling medium may be selected due to the presence of bubbles, wherein bubbles may affect ultrasound transmission. In some examples, the coupling medium may be selected due to the size of bubbles, wherein bubbles may affect ultrasound transmission. In some examples, the coupling medium may be selected due to its ease of degassing. In some examples, the coupling medium may be selected due to the cost to obtain, maintain, or use. In some examples, the coupling medium may be selected due to its ease of clean. In some examples, the coupling medium may be selected due to its suitability for extended use. In some examples, the coupling medium may be selected due to its volume sensitivity. In some examples, the coupling medium may be selected due to its ease of cooling. In some examples, the coupling medium may be selected due to its requirement for cooling. In some examples, the coupling medium may be selected due top its ability for pre-casting. In some examples, the coupling medium may be selected due to its lack of spillage. In some examples, the coupling medium may be selected due to its good ultrasound compatibility. In some examples, the coupling medium may be selected due to its reduced cavitation level compared to another coupling medium, wherein the cavitation level is inversely correlated to the frequency and is affected by the gas content, viscosity, and temperature of the medium. Bubble cavitation is the formation and collapse of vapor-filled bubbles due to pressure fluctuations. For example, cavitation level may be increased when the coupling medium comprises a high vapor volume within the coupling medium (high number of bubbles or large bubbles) or intense bubble collapse. Here, a high level of cavitation would provide for a cell medium with bubbles, while a low cavitation level may minimize the amount of bubbles.
[0233] In some embodiments, cavitation level may be determined based on the peak negative pressure, where a low peak negative may minimize the bubble formation within the coupling medium. Here, the peak negative pressure is measured by a hydrophone positioned in relation to the coupling medium. In some examples, the negative peak pressure may be from around 0.01 megapascals (MPa) to about 1 MPa. In some examples, the negative peak pressure may be from about 0.01 MPa to 0.5 MPa. In some examples, the negative peak pressure may be from about 0.5 MPa to about 1 MPa. In some examples, the negative peak pressure may be at most 0.2 MPa. In some examples, the negative peak pressure may be from about 0.01 MPa to 0.2 MPa. In some examples, the negative peak pressure may be from about 0.01 MPa to 0.18 MPa. Cell Container
[0234] In some embodiments, the ultrasound energy may be transmitted toward a cell. In some embodiments, the target cells may be in vivo. In some embodiments, the target cells may be under the skin of a user. In some embodiments, the target cells may be on the skin surface of the user. In some embodiments, the target cells may be ex vivo. In some embodiments, the target cells may be within a cell culture medium. In some embodiments, the target cells may be outside of a cell culture.
[0235] In some embodiments, the target cells may be prokaryotic cells. In some embodiments, the target cells may be eukaryotic cells. In some embodiments, the target cells may be stem cells. In some embodiments, the target cells may be bone cells. In some embodiments, the target cells may be blood cells. In some embodiments, the target cells may be muscle cells. In some embodiments, the target cells may be reproductive cells. In some embodiments, the target cells may be fat cells. In some embodiments, the target cells may be nerve cells. In some embodiments, the target cells may be E. Coli cells. In some embodiments, the target cells may be CHO cell lines. In some embodiments, the target cells may be MLC cell lines. In some embodiments, the target cells may be neuron cells. In some embodiments, the target cells may be retina cells. In some embodiments, the target cells may be amacrine cells.
[0236] In some embodiments, the target cells may be present within a container. In some embodiments, the contained cells may be a cell suspension. In some embodiments, the contained cells may be an adherent cell culture. In some embodiments, the contained cells may be a fibroblast-like adherent cell culture. In some embodiments, the contained cells may be an epithelial-like adherent cell culture. In some embodiments, the contained cells may be an endothelial-like adherent cell culture. In some embodiments, the adherent cell culture may grow on the surface of an microcarrier. In some embodiments, the adherent cell culture may grown on a surface of the microcarrier. In some embodiments, the microcarrier can comprise microcarrier beads. In some embodiments, the adherent cell culture may have similar process to cell suspensions. In some embodiments, the adherent cell culture may have different process from that of cell suspensions.
[0237] In some embodiments, the contained cells may be a cell suspension. In some embodiments, the cell suspension may allow for cell multiplication. In some embodiments, the cell suspension may be agitated. In some embodiments, the cell suspension may be agitated by a shaker. In some embodiments, the cell suspension may be agitated by an internal shaker. In some embodiments, the cell suspension may be a batch culture. In some embodiments, the batch culture may provide a fixed amount of culture medium. In some embodiments, the batch culture may allow for variable cell multiplication. In some embodiments, the cell suspension may be a continuous culture. In some embodiments, the continuous culture may allow for constant cell growth. In some embodiments, the continuous culture may allow for culture medium addition.
[0238] In some embodiments, the cell culture may be within a cell container. In some embodiments, the cell container may be a cell culture dish. In some embodiments, the cell container may be a well-plate. In some embodiments, the cell container may be a culture flask. In some embodiments, the cell container may be a stack flask. In some embodiments, the cell container may be a tube. In some embodiments, the cell container may be a flask. In some embodiments, the cell container may be a vessel. In some embodiments, the cell container may be any other suitable container for said purpose.
[0239] In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may comprise a cell container, wherein the cell container may be a tube. In some examples, the cell container may be a centrifuge tube, or microcentrifuge tube. In some examples, the cell device may comprise a plurality of tubes. In some examples, the cell device may comprise from about 1 tube to about 50 tubes. In some examples, the cell device may comprise from about 1 tube to about 10 tubes. In some examples, the cell device may comprise from about 10 tubes to about 20 tubes. In some examples, the cell device may comprise from about 20 tubes to about 30 tubes. In some examples, the cell device may comprise from about 30 tubes to about 40 tubes. In some examples, the cell device may comprise from about 40 tubes to about 50 tubes. In some examples, the cell device may comprise 1 tube. In some examples, the cell device may comprise 2 tubes. In some examples, the cell device may comprise 3 tubes. In some examples, the cell device may comprise 4 tubes. In some examples, the cell device may comprise 5 tubes. In some examples, the cell device may comprise 6 tubes. In some examples, the cell device may comprise 7 tubes. In some examples, the cell device may comprise 8 tubes. In some examples, the cell device may comprise 9 tubes. In some examples, the cell device may comprise 10 tubes. In some examples, the cell device may comprise 12 tubes. In some examples, the cell device may comprise 18 tubes. In some examples, the cell device may comprise 24 tubes. In some examples, the cell device may comprise 30 tubes. In some examples, the cell device may comprise 36 tubes. In some examples, the cell device may comprise 42 tubes.
[0240] In some embodiments, the cell container may be a tube. In some examples, the tube may have a volume. In some examples, the tube volume may be from about 0.2 mL (milliliter) to about 20 mL. In some examples, the tube volume may be from about 0.2 mL to about 1 mL. In some examples, the tube volume may be from about 1 mL to about 2 mL. In some examples, the tube volume may be from about 2 mL to about 3 mL. In some examples, the tube volume may be from about 3 mL to about 4 mL. In some examples, the tube volume may be from about 4 mL to about 5 mL. In some examples, the tube volume may be from about 5 mL to about 10 mL. In some examples, the tube volume may be from about 10 mL to about 20 mL. In some examples, the tube volume may about 0.5 mL. In some examples, the tube volume may about 1 mL. In some examples, the tube volume may about 1.5 mL. In some examples, the tube volume may about 1.8 mL. In some examples, the tube volume may about 2 mL. In some examples, the tube volume may about 5 mL. In some examples, the tube volume may about 10 mL. In some examples, the tube volume may about 15 mL.
[0241] In some embodiments, the cell container may be a tube. In some examples, the tube may have a height. In some examples, the height may be from about 10 mm (millimeter) to about 100 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 10 mm to about 25 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 25 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 50 mm to about 75 mm. In some examples, the height may be from about 75 mm to about 100 mm. In some examples, the height may be about 67.5 mm.
[0242] In some embodiment, the cell container may be a tube. In some examples, the tube may have a width. In some examples, the tube width may be equal to the diameter of the tube. In some examples, the width may be from about 5 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 5 mm to about 10 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 10 mm to about 20 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 20 mm to about 30 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 30 mm to about 40 mm. In some examples, the width may be from about 40 mm to about 50 mm. In some examples, the width may be about 21.5 mm.
[0243] In some embodiments, the cell container may be a tube, wherein the tube comprises a material. In some examples, the tube material may be a metal, non-metal, or metalloid. In some examples, the tube material may be plastic. In some examples, the tube material may be a polymer. In some examples, the tube material may be polypropylene. In some examples, the tube material may be polycarbonate. In some examples, the tube material may be polyethylene. In some examples, the tube may be a mL External Threaded Polypropylene Cryogenic Vial, Self-Standing with Round Bottom. In some examples, the tube may be a NuncTM Biobanking and Cell Culture Cryogenic Tube. In some examples, the tube may be a Microcentrifuge tubes, 2 ml, PP, with attached cap, transparent, PCR QUALITY.
[0244] In some embodiments, the cell culture may be within a cell container. In some embodiments, one cell container may be present. In some embodiments, two cell containers may be present. In some embodiments, three cell containers may be present. In some embodiments, four cell containers may be present. In some embodiments, more than four cell containers may be present. In some embodiments, a plurality of cell containers may be present. In some embodiments, each of cell containers may be of identical material. In some embodiments, each of cell containers may be of distinct material. In some embodiments, each of cell containers may be of identical shape. In some embodiments, each of cell containers may be of distinct shape. In some embodiments, each of cell containers may be of identical size. In some embodiments, each of cell containers may be of distinct size. In some embodiments, each of the cell containers are selected based on an intended result.
[0245] In some embodiments, the adherent cell culture may be within a cell container. In some embodiments, the adherent cell container may be a cell culture dish. In some embodiments, the adherent cell container may be a well-plate. In some embodiments, the adherent cell container may be a culture flask. In some embodiments, the adherent cell container may be a stack flask. In some embodiments, the adherent cell container may be a tube. In some embodiments, the adherent cell container may be a flask. In some embodiments, the adherent cell container may be a vessel. In some embodiments, the adherent cell container may be a disposable bioreactor. In some embodiments, the adherent cell container may be a cell cube bioreactor. In some embodiments, the adherent cell container may be any other suitable container for said purpose.
[0246] In some embodiments, the cell suspension may be within a cell container. In some embodiments, the cell suspension container may be a tube. In some embodiments, the cell suspension container may be a flask. In some embodiments, the cell suspension container may be a vessel. In some embodiments, the cell suspension container may be a bag. In some embodiments, the cell suspension container may be a test tube. In some embodiments, the cell suspension container may be a boiling tube. In some embodiments, the cell suspension container may be a beaker. In some embodiments, the cell suspension container may be an Erlenmeyer flask. In some embodiments, the cell suspension container may be a volumetric flask. In some embodiments, the cell suspension container may be a Buchner flask. In some embodiments, the cell suspension container may be a graduated cylinder. In some embodiments, the cell suspension container may be a spinner flask. In some embodiments, the cell suspension container may be a hyper flask. In some embodiments, the cell suspension container may be a rocker cell culture bag. In some embodiments, the cell suspension container may be a roller bottle. In some embodiments, the cell suspension container may be a dish. In some embodiments, the cell suspension container may be a well. In some embodiments, the cell suspension container may be a culture flask. In some embodiments, the cell suspension container may be a stack flask. In some embodiments, the cell suspension container may be any other suitable container for said purpose.
[0247] In some embodiments, the cell container may have a diameter. In some embodiments, the diameter may be about 1 mm to about 2000 mm. In some embodiments, the diameter may be about 1 mm to about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the diameter may be about 10 mm to about 100 mm. In some embodiments, the diameter may be about 100 mm to about 500 mm. In some embodiments, the diameter may be about 500 mm to about 1000 mm. In some embodiments, the diameter may be about 1000 mm to about 1500 mm. In some embodiments, the diameter may be about 1500 mm to about 2000 mm.
[0248] In some embodiments, the cell container may have a height. In some embodiments, the height may be about 1 mm to about 2000 mm. In some embodiments, the height may be about 1 mm to about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the height may be about 10 mm to about 100 mm. In some embodiments, the height may be about 100 mm to about 500 mm.In some embodiments, the height may be about 500 mm to about 1000 mm. In some embodiments, the height may be about 1000 mm to about 1500 mm. In some embodiments, the height may be about 1500 mm to about 2000 mm.
[0249] In some embodiments, the cell container may have a length. In some embodiments, the length may be about 1 mm to about 2000 mm. In some embodiments, the length may be about 1 mm to about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the length may be about 10 mm to about 100 mm. In some embodiments, the length may be about 100 mm to about 500 mm.In some embodiments, the length may be about 500 mm to about 1000 mm. In some embodiments, the length may be about 1000 mm to about 1500 mm. In some embodiments, the length may be about 1500 mm to about 2000 mm.
[0250] In some embodiments, the cell container may have a width. In some embodiments, the width may be about 1 mm to about 2000 mm. In some embodiments, the width may be about 1 mm to about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the width may be about 10 mm to about 100 mm. In some embodiments, the width may be about 100 mm to about 500 mm.In some embodiments, the width may be about 500 mm to about 1000 mm. In some embodiments, the width may be about 1000 mm to about 1500 mm. In some embodiments, the width may be about 1500 mm to about 2000 mm.
[0251] In some embodiments, the cell container may comprise additional material other than a cell suspension or cell medium. In some embodiments, the additional material may be a liquid. In some embodiments, the additional material may be water. In some embodiments, the additional material may be air. In some embodiments, the additional material may be purified air. In some embodiments, the additional material may be a solid. In some embodiments, the additional material may be a polymer. In some embodiments, the additional material may be a metal. In some embodiments, the additional material may be an insulating material.
[0252] In some embodiments, the cell container may have temperature regulation functionality. In some embodiments, the temperature regulation may be electronically monitored. In some embodiments, the temperature regulation may be user monitored. In some embodiments, the temperature may be regulated by a circulation method. In some embodiments, the temperature may be regulated by a circulating water bath. In some embodiments, the temperature may be regulated by a non-circulating method. In some embodiments, the temperature may be regulated by a convection method. In some embodiments, the temperature may be regulated by shaking method.
[0253] In some embodiments, the target cells being treated with ultrasound energy may exhibit desired effects. In some embodiments, the target cells may exhibit enhanced cellular proliferation. In some embodiments, the target cells may exhibit enhanced cellular migration. In some embodiments, the target cells may exhibit enhanced cytokine secretions. In some embodiments, the target cells may exhibit upregulated dopamine secretion. In some embodiments, the target cells may exhibit enhanced mAb antibody production. In some embodiments, the target cells may exhibit enhanced Fab antibody production. In some embodiments, the target cells may exhibit enhancements even after the cells are thawed after being kept in frozen storage for a prolonged period of time. In some embodiments, the frozen storage temperature may be about -80℃.
[0254] In some embodiments, a housing may be configured to hold a plurality of cell containers. In some embodiments, the housing may be configured to hold a plurality of transducers. In some embodiments, the housing may be configured to hold a plurality of piezoelectric material pieces. In some embodiments, the housing may be configured to hold a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the housing may be configured to include a holder. In some embodiments, the holder may be placed on top of the housing. In some embodiments, the holder may be placed within the housing. In some embodiments, the holder may be configured for positioning of the cell container. In some embodiments, the holder may be configured for positioning of 1 cell container. In some embodiments, the holder may be configured for positioning of more than 1 cell containers. In some embodiments, the holder may be configured for positioning of 2 cell containers. In some embodiments, the holder may be configured for positioning of 4 cell containers. In some embodiments, the holder may be configured for positioning of 8 cell containers. In some embodiments, the holder may be configured for positioning of 16 cell containers. In some embodiments, the holder may be configured for positioning a plurality of containers. In some embodiments, the holder may be configured for positioning a plurality of identical containers. In some embodiments, the holder may be configured for positioning a plurality of distinct containers. In some embodiments, the holder may be configured for positioning the containers in a uniform order. In some embodiments, the holder may be configured for positioning the containers in a nonuniform order. In some embodiments, the holder may allow for various cell containers. In some embodiments, the holder may be permanently connected to the cell containers. In some embodiments, the holder is free from the cell container. In some embodiments, the holder may be aided by friction. In some embodiments, the holder may be grooves. In some embodiments, the holder may be a slot. In some embodiments, the holder may be a slit. In some embodiments, the holder may be a hole. In some embodiments, the holder may be a tightening component, like a pin. In some embodiments, the holder may be a clamp. In some embodiments, the holder may be a press. In some embodiments, the holder may be a fixing. In some embodiments, the holder may be adhesive.
[0255] In some embodiments, the housing may further comprise an adaptor. In some embodiments, the adaptor may be configured to allow for cell containers having various shape and / or volume to fit. In some embodiments, the adaptor may be configured to allow any appropriate cell container to fit within the housing. In some embodiments, the adaptor may be placed near an opening of the housing to hold the cell container. In some embodiments, the adaptor may be placed within the housing body to hold the cell container around its body. In some embodiments, the adaptor may be placed within the housing to hold the cell container near its base. In some embodiments, the holder may be adjusted in response to the cell container. In some embodiments, the holder may be adjusted in response to the cell container shape. In some embodiments, the holder may be adjusted in response to the cell container size. In some embodiments, the holder may be adjusted in response to the cell container volume. In some embodiments, the adaptor may be configured to allow for a 15 mL tube to be fit within the housing. In some embodiments, the adaptor may be configured to allow for a 1.8 mL tube to fit within the housing.
[0256] In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell devices disclosed may affect the ultrasound output. In some embodiments, the ultrasound output affected may be an increase in ultrasound intensity. In some embodiments, the ultrasound output affected may be a decrease in ultrasound intensity. In some embodiments, the ultrasound output affected may be an increase in ultrasound frequency. In some embodiments, the ultrasound output affected may be a decrease in ultrasound frequency. In some embodiments, the ultrasound output affected may be an increase in ultrasound distribution. In some embodiments, the ultrasound output affected may be a decrease in ultrasound distribution. In some embodiments, the ultrasound cell device may affect the heat of the device. In some embodiments, passive heating may be present from the coupling medium to the cell containing vessel. In some embodiments, passive heating may be present from the coupling medium to the cell containing tube. In some embodiments, active heating may be present from the effect of the ultrasound.
[0257] In some examples, the ultrasound cell devices disclosed may have a designed usage time. In some examples, the designed usage time may be from about 1 minute to about 60 minutes. In some examples, the designed usage time may be from about 1 minute to about 15 minutes. In some examples, the designed usage time may be from about 15 minutes to about 30 minutes. In some examples, the designed usage time may be from about 30 minute to about 45 minutes. In some examples, the designed usage time may be from about 45 minute to about 60 minutes. In some examples, the designed usage time may be from about 10 minute to about 15 minutes.
[0258] In some examples, the ultrasound cell devices disclosed may have a system. In some examples, the ultrasound cell device disclosed may have a system, wherein the system may be described by parameters. In some examples, the system may be defined by the ultrasound intensity produced. In some examples, the system may be defined by the ultrasound intensity distribution. In some examples, the system may be defined by the ultrasound intensity within the device. In some examples, the system may be defined by the ultrasound intensity within the cell container. In some examples, the system may be defined by the resultant temperature increase within the device.
[0259] In some examples, the devices disclosed may result in a temperature increase due to device use. In some examples, the resultant temperature may be mitigated by periodic use of the device. In some examples, the resultant temperature may be mitigated by periodic off time of the device. In some examples, the resultant temperature may be mitigated by emptying and refilling the water of an ultrasound device. In some examples, the resultant temperature may be mitigated by a cooling system. In some examples, the cooling system may be a heatsink. In some examples, the cooling system may be a cooling fan. In some examples, the cooling system may be a water cooling system. In some examples, the cooling system may be a piezoelectric cooling system. In some examples, the cooling system may be configured to control the temperature of the ultrasound cell device. In some examples, the cooling system may be configured to maintain the ultrasound cell device within its operational range.
[0260] In some examples, the ultrasound cell device disclosed may have an operational temperature range. In some examples, the operational temperature range may be maintained with constant ultrasound cell device operation. In some examples, the operational temperature range may be maintained with a cooling system. In some examples, the operational temperature range may be from about 0 ℃ to about 100 ℃. In some examples, the operational temperature range may be from about 0 ℃ to about 50 ℃. In some examples, the operational temperature range may be from about 50 ℃ to about 100 ℃. In some examples, the operational temperature range may be from about 0 ℃ to about 20 ℃. In some examples, the operational temperature range may be from about 20 ℃ to about 40 ℃. In some examples, the operational temperature range may be from about 40 ℃ to about 60 ℃. In some examples, the operational temperature range may be from about 60 ℃ to about 80 ℃. In some examples, the operational temperature range may be from about 80 ℃ to about 100 ℃. In some examples, the operational temperature range may be from about 0 ℃ to about 65 ℃.
[0261] In some examples, the ultrasound cell devices disclosed may have a system selected from a plurality of systems. In some examples, the ultrasound cell devices disclosed may be categorized within a system. In some examples, the system may be an M1 system. In some examples, the system may be an M2 system. In some examples, the system may be an M3 system. In some examples, the system may be an M4 system.
[0262] In some examples, the ultrasound cell devices disclosed may be an M1 system. In an M1 system, a resultant temperature change may be present as a result of device operation. In an M1 system, the resultant temperature increase may be present as a result of device operation. In an M1 system, the resultant temperature increase may result in a higher temperature than another system. In some examples, due to the resultant temperature increase, a cooling system may be utilized with the M1 system. In an M1 system, the coupling medium may be dry coupling.
[0263] In some examples, the ultrasound cell devices disclosed may be an M2 system. In an M2 system, a resultant temperature change may be present as a result of device operation. In an M2 system, a resultant temperature increase may be present as a result of device operation. In an M2 system, the resultant temperature increase may be lower than the resultant temperature increase of an M1 system. In an M2 system, the reduced resultant temperature increase may be the result of the water volume within the device. In an M2 system, the reduced resultant temperature increase may be the result of the coupling medium within the device.
[0264] In some examples, the ultrasound cell devices disclosed may be an M3 system.
[0265] In some examples, the ultrasound cell devices disclosed may be an M4 system. In an M4 system, the coupling medium may be solid gel pad / clay. In an M4 system, a resultant temperature change may be present as a result of device operation. In an M4 system, a resultant temperature increase may be present as a result of device operation. In an M4 system, the resultant temperature increase may be lower than the resultant temperature increase of an M1 system. In an M4 system, the resultant temperature may be maintained without significant heat increase. In an M4 system, the resultant temperature may be maintained in an operational temperature range without cooling required during designed usage time of the ultrasound device. In an M4 system, the resultant temperature may be maintained in an operational temperature range after 10-15 minutes of use. In an M4 system, the resultant temperature may be mitigated if the ultrasound cell device is used continuously over at least one hour. In some examples, the resultant temperature may be mitigated by emptying and refilling the water before further use. In some examples, the resultant temperature may be mitigated by use of a cooling system. METHOD OF USE
[0266] In some embodiments, the ultrasonic device may be used for cell treatment. In some embodiments, the ultrasonic signal generator may receive an electrical power and convert the electrical power to an electronic signal. The electrical signal may then be fed to the transducer to generate ultrasonic energy. A parameter (e.g., a waveform, a frequency, a duty cycle, etc. ) of the ultrasonic energy can be determined based at least in part on a parameter of the electrical signal. In some embodiments, the electronic signal may then be an input signal into the amplifier. In some embodiments, the amplifier may receive the input electrical signal and, depending on the input signal received, amplify the signal as an output signal. In some embodiments, the amplified output signal may then transmit to the transducer piezoelectric material piece. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material piece may convert the electric signal to an ultrasonic energy wave. In some embodiments, the ultrasonic energy wave may then transmit through a coupling medium between the transducer and the wall of the cell container. In some embodiments, the ultrasonic energy wave may not transmit through a coupling medium. In some embodiments, the ultrasonic energy wave may transmit through the wall of the cell container. In some embodiments, the ultrasonic energy wave may transmit through the cell culture medium. In some embodiments, the ultrasonic energy wave may transmit finally to the cell. In some embodiments, the ultrasonic energy wave may transmit directly from the transducer to the cell, in a wearable configuration designed for in vivo treatment. In some embodiments, the ultrasonic energy wave may transmit from the transducer through a coupling medium and then to the cell, in a wearable configuration designed for in vivo treatment.
[0267] FIG 18 shows an example of a process for treating cells using an ultrasonic cell treatment device. In some embodiments, a method of treating cells using ultrasonic energy 900 may comprise receiving electrical power and converting the power to an electronic signal 910 , amplifying the electronic signal 920, converting an amplified electronic signal to an ultrasonic energy wave 930, and transmitting the ultrasonic wave toward a cell or cell container 940.Bioinformatics Analysis:
[0268] In some cases, next-generation sequencing (NGS) may be used to analyze cell changes after treatment of cells with an ultrasonic cell treatment device. For example, metagenomic sequencing, whole transcriptome sequencing, targeted RNA sequencing, or targeted methyl sequencing may be used. Whole transcriptome or targeted RNA sequencing may allow for insights into changes in gene expression of cells due to ultrasonic treatment.
[0269] In RNA sequencing, a user may obtain one or more samples of interest. For example, samples for a condition (e.g., a tumor) may be compared with control or normal samples. RNAs may be isolated from these samples. Using this isolated RNA, the user can then generate cDNA, fragment this cDNA, select for specific sizes, and / or add linkers to the cDNA. This processed cDNA can then be sequenced using an NGS sequencer. For example, an Illumina sequencer, using a sequencing-by-synthesis method, may be used to sequence the samples. The sequencing data can then be processed in order to map the sequences to the genome and transcriptome, and to predict exon junctions.
[0270] In some cases, Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis may be used to analyze RNA sequencing data. In some cases, GO provides a system for hierarchically classifying genes or gene products into terms organized into a graph structure (e.g., ontology) . These terms may be grouped into three categories: Biological Process (BP) , Molecular Function (MF) , and Cellular Component (CC) . GO enrichment analysis may be used to functionally profile a set of genes obtained using bioinformatic analysis of RNA sequencing data. GO enrichment analysis may be used to determine which GO terms appear more frequently than would be expected by chance when examining the set of terms annotated to the input genes. For example, an experiment may compare gene expression in healthy cells compared to cancerous cells. Functional profiling may be used to elucidate the underlying cellular mechanisms associated with the cancerous condition. This also may be called term enrichment or term overrepresentation, as the user may test whether a GO term is statistically enriched for a given set of genes.
[0271] In some cases, the data may be analyzed to determine relevant Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. A KEGG pathway may comprise a pathway map containing a network of molecular interactions and reactions. The KEGG pathway may be designed to link genes in the genome to gene products (mostly proteins) in the pathway. The gene content in the genome may be compared with the KEGG PATHWAY database to examine which pathways and associated functions are likely to be encoded in the genome. KEGG pathways may represent knowledge of the molecular interaction, reaction, and relation networks for metabolism, genetic information processing, environmental information processing, cellular processes, organismal systems, human diseases, and / or drug development. EXEMPLARY CONFIGURATIONS
[0272] In FIG 2, one embodiment of a system for ultrasound cell treatment is shown. The system 200 may comprise an ultrasound controller 210, a transducer 220, and a cell container 240.
[0273] The ultrasound controller 210, the transducer 220, and the cell container 240 may be operationally interconnected by communication links. Communication links may comprise wired and wireless communications. Preferable communication mechanisms may include direct communication link, such as a Wi-Fi, infrared, optical, radio, or Bluetooth communication link. Preferable communication links may also comprise wired communications, such as any kind of bus connection. The cell container 240 may also be physically in contact with the transducer 230 without a wired connection created.
[0274] The ultrasound controller 210, the transducer 220, and the cell container 240 are preferably integrated together into a single housing and / or are optionally arranged into functional groups and integrated into a number of housings. A single housing may partially or completely enclose the ultrasound controller, the transducer, and the cell container. A housing may or may not comprise one or more internal spaces within which the ultrasound controller, the transducer, and the cell container may be provided. The ultrasound controller, the transducer, and the cell container may or may not share one or more internal spaces. In some instances, the components may be separated from one another. The housing may or may be fluid tight (e.g., airtight, watertight) . The housing may protect one or more components within from dust, particulates, light, or other external environmental conditions. Similarly, the housing may or may not prevent emissions (e.g., light) or substances from within the housing from leaving the housing.
[0275] The ultrasound controller, the transducer, and the cell container may share a common support. The common support may bear weight of the ultrasound controller, the transducer, and the cell container. The common support may permit the ultrasound controller, the transducer, and the cell container to move together. The common support may maintain a fixed position between the ultrasound controller, the transducer, and the cell container. The common support may or may not be a housing.
[0276] Optionally, the ultrasound controller, the transducer, and the cell container may be part of a housing that is formed as a handheld device. The various components may be integrated into various portions of the handheld device. The various components may or may not be removable or separable from the handheld device.
[0277] The ultrasound controller 210 may comprise a signal generator 212 and amplifier 214. The signal generator may be operationally connected to the amplifier. The signal generator and amplifier, as part of the ultrasound controller, are operationally connected to the transducer. In an embodiment, the signal generator may propagate the electrical signal in the device. In an embodiments, the amplifier may receive an input electrical signal and propagate an output signal distinct from the input signal.
[0278] The transducer may further comprise a piezoelectric material piece 225. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric piece may be within the transducer. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric material may be along the outside wall of the transducer. In some embodiments, the transducer may convert the electrical signal and create ultrasonic energy 230 to be directed towards the cell container 240.
[0279] In some embodiments, the transducer may project ultrasonic energy 230 toward a cell container 240. In some embodiments, the cell container 240 may contain a cell medium 241 and cells for treatment 242. In some embodiments, the cells 242 may be within a cell culture. In some embodiments, the cells may be within a cell suspension.
[0280] In FIG. 3A, an exemplary ultrasound cell device according to an embodiment of the disclosure is illustrated. In the exemplary ultrasound cell device, a tube is placed within a stainless-steel sleeve. The sleeve is constructed to be hollow and open on one end with the tube being closed on the opposite end, forming a bottom. A portion of the stainless-steel sleeve is located within an exterior housing, containing the remaining components of the ultrasound cell device. Along the bottom of the sleeve, one or more piezoelectric material pieces are attached, where the bottom of the tube is located close to the piezoelectric material. An optionally open end of the cell container is positioned near the open end of the tube, directed away from the piezoelectric material. Within the tube, a cell suspension may be present inside the sleeve and housing (not shown) .
[0281] In FIG. 3B, the stainless-steel sleeve placed within an embodiment of the disclosure is illustrated. In the exemplary ultrasound cell device, this stainless-steel sleeve is configured in the shape of a tube with an opening on an end and a closing on the other end, forming a bottom to the tube. The sleeve is fitted with a circular piezoelectric material piece on the exterior bottom of the sleeve, which converts to ultrasound energy. The tube is hollow from the closed bottom of the tube through the opening. Within this hollow body, the cell container is placed, where the container is positioned with a closed end near to the sleeve bottom and an optionally open end positioned outside of the sleeve opening.
[0282] In FIG. 4, an exploded view of an exemplary ultrasound cell device is shown 400. In the exemplary cell device, a centrifuge tube 410 is positioned within the cell device. Here, the centrifuge tube is a 15 mL conical centrifuge tube. The centrifuge tube 410 is positioned within an adapter housing 420. Here, the adapter housing is stainless steel. At the bottom of the adapter housing, a ceramic disc 430 is present. The ceramic disc comprises piezoelectric material. Around the outside of the ceramic disc and adapter housing, an outer casing 440 is provided.
[0283] In FIG 5A, another exemplary ultrasound cell device according to an embodiment of the disclosure is illustrated. In the exemplary ultrasound cell device, a tube is placed within a tank. In some embodiments, the tube may be held into position by an adaptor. In some embodiments, the tube may be held into position by a holder. The tank may be any suitable shape. Attached to the tank’s bottom, one or more piezoelectric material pieces are present. The tube is configured within the tank to allow for the tube to be in proximity to the piezoelectric material piece (s) . Within the tube, a cell suspension may be present inside the tank. A coupling medium may be added within the tank, such as water or gel (not shown) . In FIG 5B, an alternate angle of the tank is presented. The tank is shown to have 1 piezoelectric material piece fitted to the exterior bottom of the open tank. The tank is also shown to hold a single tube containing a cell suspension.
[0284] FIG 6A further illustrates an alternative tank configuration according to an embodiment of the disclosure, where 8 circular piezoelectric material pieces are fitted to the tank, with 1 piece on the external of each side wall and four pieces fitted on the external bottom. FIG 6B further illustrates another alternative tank configuration, where 20 piezoelectric material pieces are fitted to the tank, with pieces fitted on the external side walls and bottom. FIG 6C illustrates a cubic tank fitted within a cubic housing. FIG 6D further illustrates an exemplary configuration where a tube holder is placed on the top of the tank / housing, allowing for up to 42 tubes to be placed within a cell medium for ultrasonic cell treatment. The holder may be otherwise constructed to hold either 1 or more than 1 cell containers. FIGS 6A-D are designed to allow for varying cell containers to fit within the tank, either by the introduction of the adaptor or by the introduction of a container holder.
[0285] In FIG. 7, an exploded view of an exemplary ultrasound cell device is shown 700. In this exemplary ultrasound cell device, a single cell container, or tube 710, is positioned into the ultrasound cell device by placing the tube through the outer casing lid 721 and placing an outer casing plug 722 on top of the tube. Here, the centrifuge tube is a 15 mL conical centrifuge tube. The lid is placed upon an inner mounting frame 730, wherein the frame is configured for placement within the water tank 740. Here, the water tank is stainless steel with ceramic discs 750 positioned on the exterior of the tank. The water tank is positioned within an outer casing body 720.
[0286] FIG 8 illustrates an alternative ultrasound cell device configuration according to an embodiment of the disclosure. In this configuration, a cell suspension is situated directly within a tube. The tube is placed within a unit, which contains both the ultrasound controller and transducer. In the unit, the piezoelectric material is present, allowing ultrasound energy to be projected upward toward the cell suspension. A button is also present, allowing the unit to be manually turned on and off. FIG 9A-D provide further iterations of the FIG 8 configuration, allowing for varying cell suspension vessel shapes and numbers. These iterations allow for ultrasonic therapy across more than one cell suspension, enabling expanded research.
[0287] FIG 10A illustrates an exemplary ultrasound cell device according to an embodiment of the disclosure. A housing is provided, which contains the components of the device. A piezoelectric material piece is located near the base of the housing, where the ultrasonic energy is generated and projected through the device. Within the vertical section of the housing, a tube, containing a cell suspension, is present. A distal end of the tube faces the piezoelectric material piece and the proximal end of the tube faces away from the housing. Within the housing vertical, an adaptor is located, which allows varying tube sizes to fit within the housing. FIG 10A provides the adaptor for a 15 mL tube containing a cell suspension for ultrasonic therapy. FIG 10B illustrates an alternative adaptor, where the adaptor is configured to make contact with the cell container tube at the open end and along the length of the tube and housing. FIG 10B provides an adaptor configured to hold a 1.5 mL tube containing a cell suspension for ultrasonic therapy.
[0288] In FIG. 11, an exploded view of an exemplary ultrasound cell device is shown 1100. In this example, the cell device uses a dry-coupling method, where there is no coupling medium present. The tube 1110 is placed directly into an outer casing body 1120, where a transducer 1130, or piezoelectric ceramic disc, is positioned beneath the tube, and an outer casing base 1121 is configured to close the system underneath the ceramic disc. Here, the centrifuge tube is a 15 mL conical centrifuge tube.
[0289] In FIG. 12, an exploded view of an exemplary ultrasound cell device is shown 1200, where the cell device is intended for a single sample under the M4 system. Here, a tube 1210 is placed within a water tank 1230, with the assistance of a tube adapter 1220. Once positioned, an outer casing lid 1240 is placed on the tube. Mounting screws 1231 are then used to fasten the water tank to a support plate 1250, where a silicone O-ring 1260 is positioned in the water tank-support plate interface. On the underside of the support plate, a ceramic disc 1270 is positioned, connected to a ceramic mount frame 1280 by a second set of mounting screws 1281.
[0290] In FIG. 13, an exploded view of an exemplary ultrasound cell device is shown 1300, where the cell device is intended for a single sample with a tube adapter under the M4 system. Here, a tube 1310 is positioned into a two part tube adapter, where the tube adapter comprises an adapter 1320 that extends within the water tank 1330 and a holder 1321 at the bottom of the tank. Here, the centrifuge tube is a 1.8 mL conical centrifuge tube. Mounting screws 1331 are then used to fasten the water tank to a support plate 1340, where a silicone O-ring 1350 is positioned in the water tank-support plate interface. On the underside of the support plate, a ceramic disc 1360 is positioned, connected to a ceramic mount frame 1370 by a second set of mounting screws 1371.
[0291] In FIG. 14, an exploded view of an exemplary three sample ultrasound cell device is shown 1400. Here, a tube 1410 is placed within tube adapter / holder 1420, where a temperature sensor 1421 and infrared sensor 1422 are also positioned within the tube adapter / holder. The tube is then placed within a water tank 1430, where ceramic discs 1440 and a ceramic disc holder 1440 are positioned underneath the water tank. Around the tube / water tank configuration, an outer housing is positioned, where a middle casing 1450 and lid 1451 are present. Along the exterior of the middle casing, a display 1455 and user input 1456 are present. Within the ultrasound cell device, an LED 1460 and electronics board 1470 are positioned, with a lower casing 1452 underneath.
[0292] In FIG. 15A, an external illustration of an exemplary six sample ultrasound cell device is provided 1500. Here, a six well plate 1510 (FIG. 15C) is positioned on top of an upper casing 1530 (FIG. 15D) , where ceramic discs 1520 are positioned beneath each of the wells of the well plate. The upper casing is fastened to the middle casing 1531 (FIG. 15E) by fasteners 1540. Here, the fasteners are countersunk screws. On the bottom of the ultrasound cell device, anti-slip feet 1550 are placed to avoid device movement.
[0293] In FIG. 15B, an internal hardware assembly 1560 positioned within an ultrasound cell device is provided. The following components are illustrated: rotary potentiometer 1561 (FIG. 15G) , potentiometer adapter 1562 (FIG. 15H) , power switch 1563, DC power jack 1564, voltage regulator 1565, and ceramic PCB 1566. The hardware assembly is fixed to a lower casing 1532 (FIG. 15F) , where anti-slip feet 1550 are present. Fasteners and heat inserts 1570 are utilized throughout, such as self-tapping screws, 2.5mm threaded inserts, 3mm threaded inserts, and rex socket screws.
[0294] In FIG. 16, an exploded view of an exemplary six well ultrasound cell device is shown 1600, where the sample is place upon the device. Here, a six well cell holder 1610 is positioned within a plate holder, which also acts as a water tank here 1620. Ceramics discs 1630 are positioned under each of the wells of the well plate, where the number of discs is equal to the number of wells.
[0295] In FIG. 17, an exploded view of an exemplary six well ultrasound cell device 1700 with a stand is shown, where the sample is place upon the device. Here, a six well plate 1710 is positioned upon a gel pad, which also acts as a coupling medium here 1720. Beneath the six well plate, a disc holder 1740 is present, containing the ceramic discs 1730. A stand 1750 is positioned under the disc holder, where anti-slip feet 1760 are utilized to minimize movement. EXAMPLESExample 1: Ultrasound Intensity Distributions:
[0296] Table 1 below illustrates the ultrasound distribution profile inside a 15 mL tube within an ultrasound cell device represented by FIG 3A. At 0.5 mL of volume, intensity distribution was maintained for all trials within 80%peak intensity range. As volume increased to 5 mL and 10 mL, intensity distribution began to reduce. At 5 mL, the intensity distribution remained at 60-100%. At 10 mL, the intensity distribution was found to be 30-50%. Table 1 further shows the percentage of each volume where 60%or 80%peak intensity was achieved. Table 1 -Ultrasound Distribution Profile Inside a 15 mL Tube
[0297] Table 2 below illustrates the intensity across the tested frequency range at maximum input power within an ultrasound cell device represented by FIG 3A. The data shows the lowest ultrasound intensity tested and collected by the ultrasound cell device. The low ultrasound intensity provides for a broad operational frequency range. Table 2 –Intensity Across Frequency Range
[0298] Table 3 below illustrates the ultrasound distribution profile inside a 15 mL tube within an ultrasound cell device represented by FIGS 4 and 6. At 0.5 mL of volume, intensity distribution was maintained for all trials within 80%peak intensity range. As volume increased to 5 mL and 10 mL, intensity distribution began to reduce. At 5 mL, the intensity distribution remained at 60-100%. At 10 mL, the intensity distribution was found to be 50-80%. Table 3 further shows the percentage of each volume where 60%or 80%peak intensity was achieved. Table 3 -Ultrasound Distribution Profile Inside a 15 mL Tube
[0299] Table 4 below illustrates the intensity across the tested frequency range at maximum input power within an ultrasound cell device represented by FIGS 4 and 6. The data shows the medium ultrasound intensity tested and collected by the ultrasound cell device. The medium ultrasound intensity provides for a broad operational frequency range. Table 4 –Intensity Across Frequency Range
[0300] Table 5 below illustrates the ultrasound distribution profile inside a 15 mL tube within an ultrasound cell device represented by FIGS 8-10. At 10 mL in volume, the intensity distribution where 70-90%of the volume was treated within 60%peak intensity. Table 5 further shows the percentage of each volume where 60%or 80%peak intensity was achieved. Table 5 -Ultrasound Distribution Profile Inside a 15 mL Tube
[0301] Table 6 below illustrates the intensity across the tested frequency range at maximum input power within an ultrasound cell device represented by FIGS 8-10. The data shows the highest ultrasound intensity tested and collected by the ultrasound cell device. The high ultrasound intensity provides for a narrow resonant frequency operability. Table 6 –Intensity Across Frequency Range
[0302] Table 7 below illustrates a comparison between various coupling mediums. The comparison is between ultrasound gel, water, solid gel pad / clay, and no coupling medium (dry coupling) . The table below takes into account a number of properties considered when selecting a proper coupling medium. Table 7 –Comparison of Coupling Mediums
[0303] Table 8 below illustrates a comparison between different ultrasound cell device construction materials using the M1 system. The comparison was completed by testing each material at a number of different frequencies, ranging from 1 MHz (Megahertz) to 8 MHz. At each frequency, the sound pressure and acoustic intensity was measured. The sound pressure was measured in kilopascals (Kpa) and the acoustic intensity was measured in megawatts per centimeters squared (mW / cm2) . Table 8 –Comparison of Ultrasound Device Materials Example 2 -Ultrasound Distribution Testing of Different Systems
[0304] Further experimentation was conducted for each of systems M1, M2, and M4 to determine the metrics for calibration. Overall, three volumes were tested (0.5 mL, 5 mL, and 10 mL) , where a hydrophone was positioned at various locations along the device. Peak negative pressure was measured in MPa.
[0305] For M1, as shown in FIG. 19, lower ultrasound intensity insider the cell container was found, but the distribution of ultrasound intensity was even inside the tube. Higher ultrasound intensity may be achieved if cooling by an external cooling system is provided.
[0306] For M2, as shown in FIG. 20, a higher intensity was found as compared to M1 and good ultrasound distribution inside the tube was shown. Due to the size of the M2 system, potentially many tubes may be treated at the same time, as shown by the ultrasound distribution measured.
[0307] For M4, as shown in FIG. 21, a higher intensity was also found as compared to M1 and a good ultrasound intensity distribution was measured inside of the cell container. Example 3 -Effects of Cell Container Shape and Material on Ultrasound Distribution
[0308] Experimentation was completed using the M4 system to determine if different outcomes would result from using different cell containers. Here, the cell containers were all small tubes with a volume filled up toa maximum volume of 1.5 mL
[0309] In FIG. 21, a 2 mL tube was used. Specifically, the centrifuge tube used was a 2 mL External Threaded Polypropylene Cryogenic Vial, Self-Standing with Round Bottom. Various mV of energy were provided to three centrifuge tubes: 0.5 mL, 1.0 mL, and 1.5 mL of volume. Acoustic intensity was measured for each centrifuge volume used at energies from 50 mV to 300 mV, where acoustic intensity ranged from 0 mW / cm2 to 8, 500 mW / cm2.
[0310] In FIG. 22, a 1.8 mL tube was used. Specifically, the centrifuge tube used was a Microcentrifuge tubes, 2 ml, PP, with attached cap, transparent, PCR QUALITY. Various mV of energy were provided to three centrifuge tubes: 0.5 mL, 1.0 mL, and 1.5 mL of volume. Acoustic intensity was measured for each centrifuge volume used at energies from 100 mV to 600 mV, where acoustic intensity ranged from 0 mW / cm2 to 55,000 mW / cm2..Example 3: Increasing Production of Anti-IL-8 in CHO Cells
[0311] In this example, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) DP-12 cells were seeded on a 6-well tissue culture plate. Starting one day after cell seeding, ultrasound treatment was performed for 10 minutes on three consecutive days. Ultrasound treatments were performed at two different frequencies, 1.7 MHz and 3.0 MHz. After the final ultrasound treatment, the supernatant was collected and stored in a 65C freezer before analysis. The supernatant was analyzed for anti-IL-8 (antibodies targeting interleukin-8, a chemotactic factor that mediates inflammatory response) concentrations using a commercial ELISA assay. Results are given in Tables 9 and 10. Data is reported as an average of 3 wells per condition. Table 9: Anti-IL-8 concentrations measured in CHO DP-12 cells for 1.7 MHz ultrasound treatment. Measurements were performed at both low intensity (157 mW / cm2) and high intensity (247 mW / cm2) . Anti-IL-8 concentrations at low intensity ultrasound were 18.02%higher than the control (no ultrasound) . Anti-IL-8 concentrations at high intensity ultrasound were 7.07%higher than the control. Table 10: Anti-IL-8 concentrations measured in CHO DP-12 cells for 3.0 MHz ultrasound treatment. Measurements were performed at both low intensity (183 mW / cm2) and high intensity (428 mW / cm2) . Anti-IL-8 concentrations at low intensity ultrasound were 60.60%higher than the control (no ultrasound) . Anti-IL-8 concentrations at high intensity ultrasound were 6.14%lower than the control.
[0312] Comparing the anti-IL-8 concentrations at 1.7 MHz and 3.0 MHz, the low intensity treatment at 3.0 MHz resulted in the highest antibody concentration relative to the control. This is a surprising technical effect, since it may be expected that if the mechanism of increase in antibody production is purely due to increases in cell permeability, it may be expected that low frequency treatment would be better than high frequency treatment due to less energy loss and a stronger cavitation effect permeabilizing the cell membrane. Example 4: Effect of Ultrasound Treatment on Umbilical Cord Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Determined by RNA Sequencing
[0313] A schematic of the workflow of this example is shown in FIG. 24. First, umbilical cord human mesenchymal stem cells were seeded on a 6-well tissue culture plate. Starting one day after cell seeding, ultrasound treatment was performed for 10 minutes on three consecutive days. Ultrasound treatment was performed at 1.7 MHz. Ultrasound treatment was performed at both low intensity (157 mW / cm2) and high intensity (247 mW / cm2) .
[0314] After the last ultrasound treatment, cells were collected and lysed, and RNA was extracted using a commercial RNA extraction kit. Messenger RNA was purified from total RNA using poly-T oligo-attached magnetic beads. After fragmentation, the first strand cDNA was synthesized using random hexamer primers. Next, the second strand cDNA synthesis was performed using either dUTP for directional library or dTTP for non-directional library. End repair, A-tailing, adapter ligation, size selection, amplification, and purification were performed on the non-directional library (FIG. 25) . End repair, A-tailing, adapter ligation, size selection, USER enzyme digestion, amplification, and purification were performed on the directional library (FIG. 26) . The library was checked with Qubit. Real-time PCR was performed for quantification. A bioanalyzer was used for size distribution detection. Quantified libraries were pooled and sequenced on Illumina platforms, according to effective library concentration and data amount.
[0315] Bioinformatics analysis was then performed. The workflow for human / mouse mRNA sequencing data for a standard bioinformatics analysis with a well-annotated reference genome is given in FIG. 27.
[0316] First, raw fastq format reads were processed through in-house perl scripts. Clean reads were obtained by removing reads containing adapter, poly-N, and low-quality reads. Q20, Q30, and GC content of the clean data was calculated. All downstream analyses were based on the clean, high-quality data.
[0317] Reference genome and gene model annotation files were downloaded directly from the genome website. An index of the reference genome was built using Hisat2 v2.0.5. Paired-end clean reads were aligned to the reference genome using Hisat2 v2.0.5. Hisat2 was selected as the mapping tool because it can generate a database of splice junctions based on the gene model annotation file. Thus, it may produce a better mapping result than other non-splice mapping tools.
[0318] featureCounts v1.5.0-p3 was used to count read numbers mapped to each gene. FPKM (Fragments Per Kilobase of transcript sequence per Million base pairs sequenced) of each gene was calculated based on the length of the gene and read count mapped to the gene. FPKM may frequently be used to estimate gene expression levels.
[0319] The distribution of gene expression levels and FPKM of the different samples is given in FIG. 28 as boxplots. Control samples, high intensity ultrasound samples, and low intensity ultrasound samples are shown.
[0320] The Pearson correlation coefficient of biological replicate samples between groups, according to RPKM or FPKM, is calculated and drawn as a heatmap (FIG. 29) . The higher the correlation coefficient of the sample, the more similar the expression pattern. High correlation between replicates was desired for reliability and repeatability.
[0321] Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to evaluate intergroup differences and intragroup sample duplication. PCA analysis was performed on the gene expression values (FPKM) of all samples (FIG. 30) . Under ideal conditions, samples between groups should be dispersed and samples within groups should be clustered together. However, this is not what was observed.
[0322] A co-expression Venn diagram showing the number of genes uniquely expressed within each group / sample type, with the overlapping regions showing the number of genes co-expressed between the two sample types, is shown in FIG. 31 for control samples / high-intensity ultrasound samples. 185 genes were uniquely expressed in the control samples and 169 genes were uniquely expressed in the high-intensity ultrasound samples, with 10, 786 genes being co-expressed. A co-expression Venn diagram for control samples / low-intensity ultrasound samples is shown in FIG. 32.169 genes were uniquely expressed in the low-intensity ultrasound samples and 164 genes were uniquely expressed in the control samples, with 10, 807 genes being co-expressed.
[0323] Differential expression analysis between two conditions (two biological replicates per condition) was performed using the DESeq2R package (1.20.0) . DESeq2 may provide statistical routines for determining differential expression in digital gene expression data using a model based on the negative binomial distribution. The screening criteria used to determine the differentially-expressed genes was |log2 (FoldChange) | >= 1 &padj<= 0.05, a commonly-used empirical value. Genes with an adjusted P-value less than 0.05 according to DESeq2 were considered to be differentially expressed. Prior to differential gene expression analysis, for each sequenced library, the read counts were adjusted by the edgeR package through a scaling normalized factor. Differential expression analysis of two conditions was also performed using the edgeR R package (3.22.5) . The P values were adjusted using the Benjamini and Hochberg method. A corrected P-value of 0.05 and an absolute fold change of 2 was set as the threshold for significantly differential expression. A differential expression analysis between the high-intensity ultrasound samples and the control samples showed that the top 5 most differentially-expressed genes were EGR1 (early growth response 1) , U2AF1L5 (U2 small nuclear RNA auxiliary factor 1 like 5) , CYR61 (cysteine rich angiogenic inducer 61) , RPL18A (ribosomal protein L18A) and RPS15 (ribosomal protein S15) . The number of differentially expressed genes (upregulated, downregulated, and combined) for high-intensity ultrasound vs. control and low-intensity ultrasound vs. control is shown in FIG. 33.
[0324] Volcano plots were created to infer the overall distribution of the differentially-expressed genes. FIG. 34 shows the comparison of high-intensity ultrasound vs. control. FIG. 35 shows the comparison of low-intensity ultrasound vs. control. The x-axis shows the fold change in gene expression between different samples, and the y-axis shows the statistical significance of the differences. Both upregulated and downregulated genes are shown. The dashed line indicates the threshold for genes being considered differentially expressed.
[0325] FIG. 36 shows a Venn diagram comparing the shared differentially-expressed genes between the low-intensity ultrasound / control group and the high-intensity ultrasound / control group.
[0326] Next, all of the differentially-expressed genes in the comparison group were pooled as the differential gene set. For more than two groups of experiments, cluster analysis can be carried out on different gene sets, and genes with similar expression patterns can be clustered together. Mainstream hierarchical clustering was used to cluster the FPKM values of genes. Each row was homogenized by Z-score. The genes or samples with similar expression patterns in the heat map were gathered together. The color in each grid doesn’ t reflect the gene expression value, but rather the value obtained after homogenizing the expression data rows (generally to between -2 and 2) . Thus, the colors in the heat map can only be compared horizontally (the expression of the same gene in different samples) , but not vertically (different genes in the same sample) . There was not only inter-group clustering, but also inter-sample clustering. FIG. 37 shows the clustering among samples, clustered using the log2 (FPKM+1) value.
[0327] Next, the differential gene expression data was analyzed using the clusterProfiler software for enrichment analysis. The clusterProfiler software may include capacity to perform GO enrichment, DO enrichment, KEGG, and reactome database enrichment, among others.
[0328] First, GO enrichment analysis was performed. GO terms with padj < 0.05 were considered to be significantly enriched. Some of the GO terms that were found to be enriched were SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane (padj = 1.6e-12) , cotranslational protein targeting to membrane (padj = 3.1e-12) , protein targeting to ER (5.6e-15) , establishment of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum (padj = 1.2e-14) , and nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay (padj = 3.8e-13) .
[0329] FIG. 38 shows the 30 most significantly-enriched GO terms for high-intensity ultrasound vs. control. FIG. 39 shows the 30 most significantly-enriched GO terms for low-intensity ultrasound vs. control. The x-axis shows each GO term, while the y-axis shows the significance of the enrichment. Higher values on the y-axis correspond to higher significance. The three GO subclasses of Biological Process (BP) , Cellular Component (CC) , and Molecular Function (MF) are shown.
[0330] FIG. 40 shows the 30 most significantly-enriched GO terms for high-intensity ultrasound vs. control. FIG. 41 shows the 30 most significantly-enriched GO terms for low-intensity ultrasound vs. control. The x-axis is the ratio of the number of differential genes linked with the GO term to the total number of differential genes, and the y-axis shows each GO term. The size of a dot represents the number of genes annotated to a specific GO term. The shading represents the significance level of the enrichment.
[0331] For low-intensity ultrasound, the GO: 0003735 MF term (structural constituent of ribosome) was found to be upregulated. The GO: 0003735 term may be related to amyloid beta deposition in Alzheimer’s disease. In one paper (Feng et al. 2023, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) , the GO: 0003735 term was associated with the development of plaques in 6-month-old APP / PS1 double transgenic mice.
[0332] For low-intensity ultrasound, the GO: 0004559 MF term (alpha-mannosidase activity) , GO:0030544 MF term (Hsp70 protein binding) , and GO: 0044183 MF term (protein folding chaperone) were found to be downregulated.
[0333] The GO: 0004559 term (alpha-mannosidase activity) may be related to hydrolase activity. Hydrolase activity can include hydrolyzing O-glycosyl compounds or acting on glycosyl bonds. Alpha-mannosidase activity may be related to the disease alpha-mannosidosis, a rare genetic condition that may be characterized by an inability to properly break down certain groups of complex sugars in the body’s cells. The accumulation of sugars can affect many of the body’s organs and systems, including the central nervous system. The effects of the disease can vary significantly. Some children may have severe, rapidly progressive illness. Other children may have very few symptoms that may be mild in nature. Alpha-mannosidosis is one of about 50 diseases that may be classified as lysosomal storage disorders (LSD) . In LSD, a genetic variation may disrupt the normal activity of lysosomes in human cells.
[0334] The GO: 0030544 term (Hsp70 protein binding) may be related to 70-kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp70s) . Hsp70s can assist a wide range of folding processes. These folding processes may include the folding and assembly of newly synthesized proteins, refolding of misfolded and aggregated proteins, membrane translocation of organellar and secretory proteins, and control of the activity of regulatory proteins. Hsp70s may have housekeeping functions in the cell. Hsp70s may comprise built-in components of folding and signal transduction pathways. Hsp70s may comprise quality control functions, in which they may proofread the structure of proteins and may repair misfolded conformers.
[0335] The GO: 0044183 term (protein folding chaperone) may be related to molecular chaperones. Molecular chaperones may have key roles in protein quality control. Molecular chaperones may have roles in recovery from stress conditions. They may assist in folding and unfolding. They may prevent or reverse aggregation of a wide range of substrates. However, the actions performed by molecular chaperones may decline with age, which may lead to late onset misfolding diseases. The major chaperone systems of the cell (heat shock protein 60, heat shock protein 70, heat shock protein 90, and heat shock protein 100) may use the energy of ATP binding and hydrolysis to carry out their actions. These actions may include stabilizing non-native proteins, unfolding misfolded proteins, unfolding folded proteins targeted for proteolysis, and providing conditions that are favorable for folding.
[0336] For low-intensity ultrasound, the GO: 0022625 CC term (cytosolic large ribosomal subunit) was found to be upregulated. Ribosomes may comprise two different subunits, both of which may be required for translation. The small subunit ( “40S” in eukaryotes) may decode the genetic message. The large subunit ( “60S” in eukaryotes) may catalyze peptide bond formation. The biogenesis of the eukaryotic 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits may be a complex process. This process has been investigated most thoroughly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) . However, essential features of the ribosome may be largely conserved from yeast to humans, although humans may have significantly more complexity. Small and large ribosomal subunit deficiencies may lead to distinct gene expression signatures. These distinct gene expression signatures may reflect cellular growth rate.
[0337] For low-intensity ultrasound, the GO: 0006614 BP term (SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane) , GO: 0006006 BP term (glucose metabolic process) , GO: 0000184 BP term (nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated) , GO: 0006364 BP term (rRNA processing) , GO: 0006413 BP term (translational initiation) , and GO: 0007566 BP term (embryo implantation) were found to be upregulated.
[0338] The GO: 0006614 term (SRP-dependent co-translational protein targeting to membrane) may be related to the process during cotranslational membrane targeting wherein proteins can move across a membrane. SRP and its receptor may initiate the transfer of the nascent chain across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane.
[0339] The GO: 0006006 term (glucose metabolic process) may be implicated in a wide variety of processes, including, but not limited to, diabetes, upregulation of glycolytic enzymes in Alzheimer’s disease, and tumor progression in distal cholangiocarcinoma.
[0340] The GO: 0000184 term (nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense mediated) may be related to the nonsense-mediated decay pathway for nuclear-transcribed mRNAs. This pathway can degrade mRNAs in which an amino acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon. This can prevent the translation of such mRNAs into truncated, and potentially harmful, proteins. This may be related to negative regulation of gene expression. In human genetics, nonsense-mediated decay may also occasionally cause detrimental effects in specific genetic mutations. Nonsense-mediated decay may function to regulate numerous biological functions in a range of different cell types. Nonsense-mediated decay may regulate the synaptic plasticity of neurons. This may shape adult behavior.
[0341] The GO: 0006364 term (rRNA processing) may be involved in rRNA processing, e.g., any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules.
[0342] The GO: 0006413 term (translational initiation) may be involved in translational initiation, e.g., the process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This process can include the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, or circRNA.
[0343] The GO: 0007566 term (embryo implantation) may be involved in the attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine lining. In some cases, the methods and systems described herein may be used to increase the success rate of in vitro fertilization (IVF) . IVF frequently has low success rates, especially for women over age 35. For example, in 2019, the percentage of IVF treatments that resulted in a live birth was 32%for women under 35, 25%for women age 35 to 37, 19%for women age 38 to 39, 11%for women age 40 to 42, 5%for women age 43 to 44, and 4%for women over age 44.
[0344] For low-intensity ultrasound, the GO: 0051085 BP term (chaperone cofactor-dependent protein refolding) and GO: 0036498 BP term (IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response) were found to be downregulated.
[0345] The GO: 0051085 term (chaperone cofactor-dependent protein refolding) may be involved in the process of assisting in the correct posttranslational noncovalent assembly of proteins. This process may be dependent on additional protein cofactors. This process can occur over one or several cycles of nucleotide hydrolysis-dependent binding and release. Chaperones are a functionally related group of proteins that can assist protein folding in the cell under physiological and stress conditions. Chaperones may have the ability to recognize and bind non-native proteins, thus preventing unspecific aggregation. For example, chaperones in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) may be involved in the regulation of wound healing. In chronic wounds, upregulated levels of ER-resident chaperones may contribute to persistent inflammation. Therapies to downregulate chaperone levels may provide a tool to switch the imbalanced chronic wound microenvironment from inflammation to healing.
[0346] The GO: 0036498 term (IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response) may be involved in the series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase / endonuclease (IRE1) . This series may begin with activation of IRE1 in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The series may end with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g., transcription. One target of activated IRE1 may be the transcription factor HAC1 in yeast or XBP1 in mammals. IRE1 may cleave an intron of an mRNA coding for HAC1 / XBP1 to generate an activated HAC1 / XBP1 transcription factor. This transcription factor may control the upregulation of genes related to the unfolded protein response (UPR) . In mammals, IRE1 can also signal through other intracellular pathways including JNK and NF-κB.
[0347] The unfolded protein response (UPR) may be the cell’s way of maintaining the balance of protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum may be the section of the cell designated for folding proteins with specific destinations, such as other organelles or to be secreted. The UPR may be activated when unfolded proteins accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum. This accumulation may put a greater load on the molecules in charge of folding the proteins. The UPR may work to balance this by lowering the number of unfolded proteins present in the cell. This lowering may be done in multiple ways, such as lowering the number of proteins that need to be folded; increasing the folding ability of the endoplasmic reticulum; or removing some of the unfolded proteins that take longer to fold. If the UPR is successful at reducing the number of unfolded proteins, the UPR may be inactivated, and the cell’s protein folding balance may be returned to normal. However, if the UPR is unsuccessful, cell death may occur.
[0348] For high intensity ultrasound, the GO: 0004129 MF term (cytochrome-c oxidase activity) and GO: 0003735 MF term (structural constituent of ribosome) were found to be upregulated. Cytochrome-c oxidase activity may be related to proton transmembrane transporter activity. Cytochrome-c oxidase activity may be a metabolic checkpoint that can regulate cell fate decisions during T cell activation and differentiation (Tarasenko et al. 2017, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) . Also, inhibitory modulation of cytochrome-c oxidase activity with specific near-infrared light wavelengths may attenuate brain ischemia / reperfusion injury (Sanderson et al. 2018, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) .
[0349] For high intensity ultrasound, the GO: 0005201 MF term (extracellular matrix structural constituent) was found to be downregulated. This term may be related to a component of the extracellular matrix. This component may contribute to the structural integrity of the extracellular matrix.
[0350] For high intensity ultrasound, the GO: 0098554 CC term (cytoplasmic side of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane) , GO: 0000776 CC term (kinetochore) , GO: 0005746 CC term (obsolete mitochondrial respirasome) , GO: 0022625 CC term (cytosolic large ribosomal subunit) , and GO: 0022627 CC term (cytosolic small ribosomal subunit were found to be upregulated.
[0351] The GO: 0000776 term (kinetochore) may be related to the condensed chromosome centromeric region. The kinetochore may comprise a multi-subunit complex located at the centromeric region of DNA. The kinetochore may provide an attachment point for the spindle microtubules. In one example (Thiru et al. 2014, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) , human tissue samples were analyzed and core kinetochore gene expression appeared to correlate with the presumptive cell division frequency (mitotic index) of a given tissue. If these genes are up-regulated during the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, the increased expression observed in these samples may be due to an increased proportion of mitotic cells. Cancer may also generally have overexpressed kinetochore.
[0352] The GO: 0005746 term (obsolete mitochondrial respirasome) may be related to the protein complexes that form the mitochondrial electron transport system (the respiratory chain) , associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane. The respiratory chain complexes can transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor. These complexes may be associated with a proton pump that can create a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
[0353] The GO: 0022627 term (cytosolic small ribosomal subunit) , like the cytosolic large ribosomal subunit, may be a component of the cytosolic ribosome. Small and large ribosomal subunit deficiencies may lead to distinct gene expression signatures that reflect cellular growth rate (Cheng et al. 2019, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety) .
[0354] For high ultrasound, the GO: 0000184 BP term (nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay) , the GO: 0006123 BP term (mitochondrial electron transport, cytochrome c to oxygen) , the GO: 0006364 BP term (rRNA processing) , the GO: 0000028 BP term (ribosomal small subunit assembly) , and the GO: 0006614 BP term (SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane) were found to be upregulated.
[0355] The GO: 0006123 term may be involved in the transfer of electrons from cytochrome c to oxygen that may occur during oxidative phosphorylation. This may be mediated by the multisubunit enzyme complex IV. A consequence of electron transfer may be the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) . ROS may contribute to both homeostatic signaling and oxidative stress during pathology.
[0356] Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis was also performed. Atable of KEGG pathways found for this data at low intensity ultrasound is given in Table 11. Some of the KEGG pathways that were found to be enriched were rheumatoid arthritis (padj = 0.18) , RNA degradation (padj = 0.55) , legionellosis (padj = 0.55) , non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (padj = 0.63) , and bladder cancer (padj = 0.63) . Table 11: KEGG pathways found.
[0357] FIG. 42 shows the 20 most significant KEGG pathways for high-intensity ultrasound vs. control. FIG. 43 shows the 20 most significant KEGG pathways for low-intensity ultrasound vs. control. The x-axis shows the KEGG pathway, and the y-axis shows the significant level of enrichment of that pathway. Higher values correspond to higher significance.
[0358] FIG. 44 shows the 20 most significant KEGG pathways for high-intensity ultrasound vs. control. FIG. 45 shows the 20 most significant KEGG pathways for low-intensity ultrasound vs. control. In these figures, the x-axis is the ratio of the number of differential genes linked with the KEGG pathway to the total number of differential genes. The y-axis is the KEGG pathway. The size of a dot represents the number of genes annotated to a specific KEGG pathway. The shading represents the significance level of the enrichment.
[0359] At high ultrasound, the hsa05323 pathway (rheumatoid arthritis) was found. This pathway was found in 9 out of 283 samples. There was an adjusted P-value of 0.181.
[0360] For the hsa04141 pathway (protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum) an adjusted P-value of 0.019 was found. ER stress may induce an inflammatory response by activating UPR transcription factors. ER stress may play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. These diseases may include, but are not limited to, obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, myositis, and inflammatory bowel disease. The genes found to be upregulated in this pathway were EDEM3, HSPA1A, HSPA8, HSPH1, DNAJC5, CANX, SSR1, TRAM1, EDEM1, BAG2, PPP1R15A, MAPK8, DNAJC10, SEC23A, HSPA5, HSP90B1, MAN1A2, SSR4, SSR3, HYOU1, SEC62, UBQLN1, UBE2G2, and SEC13.
[0361] For the hsa04657 pathway (IL-17 signaling pathway) , an adjusted P-value of 0.179 was found. IL-17 is a highly versatile proinflammatory cytokine that may be necessary for vital processes. These processes may include, but are not limited to, host immune defenses, tissue repair, inflammatory disease pathogenesis, and cancer progression. The genes found to be upregulated in this pathway were CXCL1, JUND, FOSL1, CXCL5, CEBPB, MAPK8, HSP90B1, CASP8, TRAF4, CCL2, and IKBKGP1.
[0362] For the hsa04668 pathway (TNF signaling pathway) , an adjusted P-value of 0.179 was found. The TNF signaling pathway may play an important role in various physiological and pathological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and modulation of immune responses and induction of inflammation. TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor) may be a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine. It may have effects on lipid metabolism, coagulation, insulin resistance, and / or endothelial function. The genes found to be upregulated in this pathway were CXCL1, CXCL5, LIF, MMP14, CEBPB, MAPK8, CASP8, RPS6KA5, CCL2, BCL3, IKBKGP1, AKT3, CREB1, and TNFRSF1A.
[0363] For the hsa05417 pathway (lipid and atherosclerosis) , an adjusted P-value of 0.179 was found. The lipid and atherosclerosis pathway may be related to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease marked by a narrowing of the arteries from lipid-rich plaques present within the walls of arterial blood vessels. Atherosclerosis may represent the root cause of the majority of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and their complications. These conditions may include, but are not limited to, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke. An elevated level of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol may constitute a major risk factor for the genesis of atherosclerosis. LDL may accumulate within the blood vessel wall and undergo modification by oxidation. Oxidized LDL (oxLDL) can lead to endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial dysfunction may lead to expression of adhesion molecules and recruitment of monocytes in subendothelial space. The monocytes may proliferate, differentiate into macrophages, and take up lipoproteins, forming cholesterol-engorged “foam cells” . With time, the foam cells may die, leaving a “necrotic core” of crystalline cholesterol and cell debris. Smooth muscle cells may proliferate and migrate into the region, laying down a protective cap over the lesion. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) , which may mediate the recognition and internalization of oxLDL, may be involved in all of these events critical in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The genes found to be upregulated in this pathway were HSPA1A, HSPA8, CXCL1, ABCA1, RAP1A, MAPK8, HSPA5, HSP90B1, CASP8, MIB1, PPP3CA, CCL2, CYP2B6, HSPD1, IKBKGP1, AKT3, MYD88, TICAM1, TNFRSF1A, CYBA, and BAD.
[0364] For the hsa04625 pathway (C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway) , an adjusted P-value of 0.179 was found. C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) expressed by dendritic cells may be crucial for tailoring immune responses to pathogens. Following pathogen binding, CLRs may trigger distinct signaling pathways that can induce the expression of specific cytokines. These specific cytokines can determine T cell polarization fates. The genes found to be upregulated in this pathway were CBLB, MDM2, PTPN11, MAPK8, RELB, CASP8, PPP3CA, PLK3, BCL3, ITPR3, IKBKGP1, and AKT3.
[0365] For the hsa04550 pathway (signaling pathways regulating pluripotency of stem cells) , an adjusted P-value of 0.179 was found. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are basic cells that may have an indefinite self-renewal capacity. PSCs may have the potential to generate all the cell types of the three germinal layers. The types of PSCs known to date may include embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. ES cells may be derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of blastocyst-stage embryos. iPS cells may be generated by reprogramming somatic cells back to pluripotent state with defined reprogramming factors. These defined reprogramming factors may include Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. The defined reprogramming factors may also be known as Yamanaka factors. PSCs may be categorized into two groups by their morphology, gene expression profile, and external signal dependence. Conventional mouse-type ES / iPS cells may be called “naive state” cells. These may be mainly maintained under the control of LIF and BMP signaling. On the other hand, human-type ES / iPS cells, which may be in need of Activin and FGF signaling, may be termed “prime state” . These signaling pathways may converge toward the activation of a core transcriptional network similar in both groups. This transcriptional network may involve Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2. The three transcription factors and their downstream target genes may coordinate to promote self-renewal and pluripotency. The genes found to be upregulated in this pathway were FZD8, REST, ID1, TBX3, LIF, FGF2, IL6ST, ZFHX3, SKIL, TCF3, AKT3, WNT10B, BMPR2, and WNT16.
[0366] For the hsa04061 pathway (viral protein interaction with cytokine and cytokine receptor) , an adjusted P-value of 0.179 was found. Viruses may have diverse mechanisms to evade detection and destruction by the immune system. These mechanisms may include copying and repurposing host cytokine and cytokine receptor genes. Viral cytokines, cytokine receptors, and cytokine-binding or cytokine receptor-binding proteins may subvert and modulate host cytokine networks, mainly in large DNA viruses. The cytokine-binding or cytokine receptor-binding proteins may be structurally unique and soluble. Viral cytokines and cytokine receptor homologs, including other binding proteins, may activate or inhibit cytokine signaling. They may affect different aspects of immunity. The genes found to be upregulated in this pathway were CXCL6, CXCL1, CXCL5, AL162231.4, IL6ST, CCR10, CCL2, and TNFRSF1A.
[0367] For the hsa05418 pathway (fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis) , an adjusted P-value of 0.179 was found. Shear stress may play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic plaque. This may be especially true when blood flow is disturbed and / or non-laminar, or where flow conditions are disturbed with low or oscillatory shear stress (see, for example, Cunningham et al. 2005, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) . The genes found to be upregulated in this pathway were ACTG1, SQSTM1, ASS1, ITGAV, MAPK8, HSP90B1, GPC1, MMP2, ACTG1P10, CCL2, IKBKGP1, AKT3, RAC2, BMPR2, TNFRSF1A, and CYBA.
[0368] For the hsa04380 pathway (osteoclast differentiation) , an adjusted P-value of 0.179 was found. During osteoclast differentiation, an osteoclast may undergo various changes. These changes may include changes in gene expression patterns, morphology, and / or metabolic processes. The developmental progression of osteoclasts may generally be divided into roughly three phases: commitment, maturation, and resorption. The genes found to be upregulated in this pathway were SQSTM1, JUND, FOSL1, TNFRSF11B, MAPK8, RELB, PPP3CA, IKBKGP1, AKT3, CREB1, TNFRSF1A, and CYBA.
[0369] For the hsa05323 pathway (rheumatoid arthritis) , an adjusted P-value of 0.181 was found. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune joint disease where persistent inflammation may affect bone remodeling. This persistent inflammation can lead to progressive bone destruction. In RA, abnormal activation of the immune system can elevate pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines levels. This abnormal activation can promote synovial angiogenesis and leukocyte infiltration. The synovium may form a hyperplastic pannus with infiltrated macrophage-like and fibroblast-like synoviocytes. The synovium may invade joints by secreting proteinases and inducing osteoclast differentiation. The genes found to be upregulated in this pathway were CXCL1, MMP3, FOS, MMP1, IL11, CXCL2, CTSK, VEGFA, and CXCL3.
[0370] Reactome enrichment analysis was also performed. The Reactome database can bring together the various reactions and biological pathways of human model species. Reactome pathway enrichment was performed, with padj less than 0.05 as the threshold for significant enrichment. Some Reactome pathways that were found to be enriched were peptide chain elongation (padj = 2.0e-15) , viral mRNA translation (padj = 2.0e-15) , eukaryotic translation elongation (padj=2.6e-15) , selenocysteine synthesis (padj=2.6e-15) , and eukaryotic translation termination (padj=2.6e-15) .
[0371] FIG. 46 shows the 20 most significant Reactome pathways for high-intensity ultrasound vs. control. FIG. 47 shows the 20 most significant Reactome pathways for low-intensity ultrasound vs. control. In these figures, the x-axis is the Reactome pathway, and the y-axis is the significance level of the pathway enrichment. Higher values correspond to higher significance.
[0372] FIG. 48 shows the 20 most significant Reactome pathways for high-intensity ultrasound vs. control. FIG. 49 shows the 20 most significant Reactome pathways for low-intensity ultrasound vs. control. In these figures, the x-axis is the ratio of the number of differential genes to the total number of differential genes, and the y-axis is the Reactome Pathway. The size of a point represents the number of genes annotated to a specific Reactome pathway. The shading represents the significance level of the enrichment.
[0373] Human Disease Ontology (DO) enrichment analysis was also performed. DO is a community-driven standards-based ontology that can provide the disease interface between data resources through ongoing support (term review and integration) of disease terminology needs. Thes disease terminology needs may be associated with human disease and gene function. DO terms with padj < 0.05 were considered to be significantly enriched. Some of the DO terms that were found to be enriched were interstitial lung disease (padj=0.12) , pneumonia (padj = 0.12) , prostrate carcinoma (padj=0.12) , urinary system disease (padj = 0.12) , and idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (padj = 0.12) .
[0374] FIG. 50 shows the 20 most significant DO terms for high-intensity ultrasound vs. control. FIG. 51 shows the 20 most significant DO terms for low-intensity ultrasound vs. control. In the figures, the x-axis is the DO Term, and the y-axis is the significance level of the pathway enrichment. Higher values correspond to higher significance.
[0375] FIG. 52 shows the 20 most significant DO terms for high-intensity ultrasound vs. control. FIG. 53 shows the 20 most significant DO terms for low-intensity ultrasound vs. control. In the figures, the x-axis is the ratio of the number of differential genes linked with the DO pathway to the total number of differential genes, and the y-axis is the DO pathway. The size of a point represents the number of genes annotated to a specific DO pathway, and the shading represents the significant level of the enrichment.
[0376] DisGeNET Enrichment Analysis was also performed. The DisGeNET is a discovery platform containing one of the largest publicly-available collections of genes and variants associated with human diseases. DisGeNET pathways with padj < 0.05 were considered to be significantly enriched. Some of the DisGeNET pathways found to be enriched were helicobacter-associated gastritis (padj = 0.053) , graft occlusion, vascular (padj = 0.053) , polyarthritis (padj = 0.076) , anemia, diamond-blackfan (padj = 0.076) , and gastric ulcer (padj = 0.083) .
[0377] FIG. 54 shows the 20 most significant DisGeNET terms for high-intensity ultrasound vs. control. FIG. 55 shows the 20 most significant DisGeNET terms for low-intensity ultrasound vs. control. In the figures, the x-axis is the DisGeNET pathway, and the y-axis is the significance level of the pathway enrichment. Higher values correspond to higher significance.
[0378] FIG. 56 shows the 20 most significant DisGeNET terms for high-intensity ultrasound vs. control. FIG. 57 shows the 20 most significant DisGeNET terms for low-intensity ultrasound vs. control. In the figures, the x-axis is the ratio of the number of differential genes linked with the DisGeNET pathway to the total number of differential genes, and the y-axis is DisGeNET Pathway. The size of a point represents the number of genes annotated to a specific DisGeNET pathway. The shading represents the significant level of the enrichment.
[0379] GATK (v4.1.1.0) software was used to perform SNP calling. Raw vcf files were filtered with the GATK standard filter method and other parameters (cluster: 3; WindowSize: 35, QD < 2.0; FS > 30.0; DP < 10.
[0380] rMATS (4.1.0) software was used to analyze alternative splicing events.
[0381] PPI analysis of differentially-expressed genes was performed based on the STRING database, which is used to identify known and predicted protein-protein interactions.
[0382] Star-fusion software (1.9.0) was used to detect genes that were fused. Star-fusion can use fusion output results of STAR alignment to detect fusion transcripts. STAR-fusion. filter was used to correct the predicted results of Star-fusion to ensure the accuracy of the results.
[0383] A summary of potentially clinically significant pathways identified using enrichment analysis is presented in Table 12. Table 12: Summary of potentially clinically significant pathways found in RNA sequencing analysis of ultrasound-treated cells.
[0384] A table of potential indications for ultrasound treatment is given in Table 13. Table 13: Potential indications for ultrasound treatment.
[0385] Intracellularly-located Hsp70s may form an important part of the cell’s machinery for protein folding, performing chaperoning functions, and helping to protect cells from the adverse effects of physiological stresses. In this example, Hsp70 was found to be downregulated after ultrasound treatment. Potential benefits of upregulated Hsp70 include, but are not limited to: preventing damage due to stress; providing a survival advantage; protecting against cell death; protecting against tumor growth; and preventing aggregation of misfolded and mutated abnormal proteins. Potential benefits of downregulated Hsp70 include, but are not limited to, reduced viral infection and reduced cancer growth and fitness.
[0386] There are many examples of studies involving Hsp70. For example, the TRC051384 inducer of Hsp70 may exhibit protective effects against neuronal trauma via inhibition of necroptosis. TRC051384 may be used for research of ischemic stroke. Additionally, inhibition of Hsp70 may inhibit the growth of many tumor cells. Inhibition of Hsp70 may also significantly promote radiation-induced apoptosis. Radiation-induced apoptosis may increase the sensitivity of tumors to radiotherapy. In another example, Hsp70 recombined protein treatment protected against behavior alterations caused by 6-OHDA (aParkinson disease model) by preventing neuronal loss and neuroinflammation. In another example, cell-permeable Hsp70 protected neurons and astrocytes against cell death in rotenone-induced and familial models of Parkinson’s disease. In another example, Hsp70 protein positively regulated rabies virus infection. In another example, the administration of rhHsp70 was effective at increasing lifespan, delaying symptom onset, preserving motor function, and prolonging MN survival in an ALS mouse model. In another example, exogenous Hsp70 delayed senescence and improved cognitive function in aging mice. In this example, treatment with Hsp70 also increased mouse lifespan by approximately 100 days (equivalent to about 10 years in humans) . In another example, recombinant Hsp70 and mild heat shock stimulated growth of aged mesenchymal stem cells. In another example, subcutaneous injection of recombinant heat shock protein 70 ameliorated atopic dermatitis skin lesions in a mouse model. In another example, Hsp70, in combination with IL-15 and PD-1 blocker, interfered with the induction of cytotoxic NK cells in relapsed acute myeloid leukemia patients. In another example, heat shock proteins and PD-1 / PD-L1 were studied as potential therapeutic targets in myeloproliferative neoplasms. In another example, shikonin improved the effectiveness of PD-1 blockade in colorectal cancer by enhancing immunogenicity via Hsp70 upregulation.
[0387] α-Mannosidase (including EC 3.2.1.24, α-D-mannosidase, p-nitrophenyl-α-mannosidase, α-D-mannopyranosidase, 1, 2-α-mannosidase, 1, 2-α-D-mannosidase, exo-α-mannosidase) is an enzyme that may be involved in the cleavage of the α form of mannose. Lysosomal α-mannosidase is a major exoglycosidase that may be involved in the pathway of glycoprotein degradation. Multiple forms of α-mannosidases with different subcellular locations have been elucidated. Based on inhibition studies with pyranose and furanose analogs, α-mannosidases may be divided into two groups. Those that may be put into class I are (α1-2) -specific enzymes like Golgi M'ase-I. Those in class II may hydrolyze (α1-2) -, (α1-3) -and (α1-6) -mannosyl linkages. Lysosomal α-mannosidase may be placed into class II. Lyososomal α-mannosidase may shows a broad substrate specificity, hydrolyzing (α1-2) -, (α1-3) -and (α1-6) -mannosyl linkages found in high-mannose and hybrid-type glycans. Lyososomal α-mannosidase may present sequence similarity to the Golgi α-M'ase-II and the cytosolic / ER α-mannosidases. Lyososomal α-mannosidase may have characteristics of Zn2+ dependence and low pH optimum (pH 4.5) . Lyososomal α-mannosidase may be inhibited by swaisonine.
[0388] There are several examples of studies involving α-mannosidases. For example, upregulation of alpha-1, 2-mannosidase may improve regulatory T cells (Treg) , a subset of T lymphocytes that can suppress immune responses, control immune responsiveness to donor alloantigens, and have the potential to play a role in both inducing and maintaining transplant tolerance in vivo) function and improving allograft tolerance in Mice. N-link glycans may be important structure in T cell development, activation and function. α-mannosidase inhibitors may show anti-tumor activities, through direct and indirect effects. Mannosidase I inhibitors may show rescued effects in CART therapy. α-mannosidase-II deficiency may lead to production of N-glycans that may bear immune-stimulatory mannose-dependent ligands that promote autoimmune diseases similar to lupus.
[0389] Piezo 1 may comprise a receptor for exercise. Piezo 1 may be involved in insulin release from pancreatic beta cells. Piezo 1 may be involved in insulin resistances in adipocyte. Piezo 1 may prevent muscle atrophy. Piezo 1 potentially may reduce insulin resistant in muscle. Piezo 1 may reduce lipid / sugar accumulation and absorption. In combination, Piezo 1 may be useful for T2D and weight management.
[0390] Additionally, Piezo 1 may increase the rate of successful implantation in IVF.
Claims
A device for ultrasound cell treatment, the device comprising:a. an ultrasound controller configured to generate an electrical signal;b. a transducer coupled to the ultrasound controller and configured to generate a ultrasonic energy based at least in part on the electrical signal from the ultrasound controller; andc. a container configured to accommodate therein one or more cell containers containing cells therein, the transducer being coupled to the container.The device of claim 1, wherein the ultrasound controller comprises a signal generator configured to generate the electrical signal and an amplifier coupled to the signal generator and configured to amplify at least one parameter of the electrical signal.The device of claim 2, wherein at least one parameter of the electronic signal is modulated by the amplifier.The device of claim 1, wherein the electronic signal has a frequency of up to 500 MHz.The device of claim 1, wherein the electronic signal has a pulse with a duty cycle and pulse repetition frequency.The device of claim 5, wherein the duty cycle is less than 100%.The device of claim 5, wherein the duty cycle is a non-zero percent.The device of claim 5, wherein the pulse repetition frequency is at least 0.01 Hz.The device of claim 5, wherein the pulse repetition frequency is up to 10 KHz.The device of claim 1, wherein the electronic signal has a waveform.The device of claim 10, wherein the waveform is a sine wave.The device of claim 10, wherein the waveform is a square wave.The device of claim 10, wherein the waveform is a ramp wave.The device of claim 10, wherein the waveform is a triangle wave.The device of claim 1, wherein the transducer comprising a piezoelectric material piece which converts the electronic signal to the ultrasound energy.The device of claim 15, wherein the piezoelectric material piece is provided with as a sheet.The device of claim 15, wherein a material of the piezoelectric material piece is selected from hard piezoelectric material, soft piezoelectric material, PVDf piezoelectric material, composite piezoelectric material, or any combination thereof.The device of claim 17, wherein the piezoelectric material piece is selected based on at least one of a piezoelectric charge constant, a dielectric constant, a mechanical quality factor and a curie point.The device of claim 15, wherein the piezoelectric material piece has a thickness dependent upon the material selected.The device of claim 17, wherein the piezoelectric material piece has a shape dependent upon the material selected.The device of claim 17, wherein the piezoelectric material piece has a size dependent upon the material selected.The device of claim 17, wherein the piezoelectric material piece has a fixation method dependent upon the material selected.The device of claim 1, wherein the ultrasonic energy is projected to a plurality of cells through a coupling medium.The device of claim 23, wherein the coupling medium is selected from a liquid, a ultrasound gel, or a solid material.The device of claim 24, wherein the liquid is water.The device of claim 24, wherein the solid material is plastic, rubber, metal, or any combination thereof.The device of claim 26, wherein the transducer is coupled to an exterior of the container.The device of claim 1, wherein the cell container contains a cell suspension.The device of claim 28, wherein the cell container for cell suspension is selected from a bag, a tube, a flask, and a vessel.The device of claim 1, wherein the cell container contains adherent cells.The device of claim 30, wherein the cell container for adherent cells is selected from a cell culture dish, a well-plate, a culture flask, and a stack flask.A device for ultrasound cell treatment, the device comprising:a. an ultrasound controller configured to generate an electrical signal;b. a transducer coupled to the ultrasound controller and configured to generate a ultrasonic energy based at least in part on the electrical signal from the ultrasound controller;c. a container configured to accommodate therein one or more cell containers containing cells therein, the transducer being coupled to the container; andd. a housing.The device of claim 32, wherein the device further comprises a sleeve.The device of claim 33, wherein the sleeve is stainless steel.The device of claim 33, wherein the transducer further comprises a piezoelectric material piece, attached to the bottom of the sleeve.The device of claim 35, wherein the piezoelectric material piece is piezoceramic.The device of claim 33, wherein the sleeve is configured to fit a portion of a tube with an outer wall.The device of claim 37, wherein the tube has a volume of 15 milliliters.The device of claim 37, wherein the tube further comprises a cell suspension.The device of claim 37, wherein the tube further comprises a cell culture medium.The device of claim 40, wherein the ultrasonic energy is projected through the sleeve, the wall, the cell culture medium, and the cell suspension.The device of claim 32, wherein the device further comprises dry coupling between the piezoelectric material and the cell container.The device of claim 32, wherein the housing encloses the sleeve when the device is in operation.A device for ultrasound cell treatment, the device comprising:a. an ultrasound controller configured to generate an electrical signal;b. a transducer coupled to the ultrasound controller and configured to generate a ultrasonic energy based at least in part on the electrical signal from the ultrasound controller;c. at least one cell container configured to accommodate therein one or more cell containers containing cells therein, the transducer being coupled to the container; andd. a housing.The device of claim 44, wherein the device further comprises a tank.The device of claim 45, wherein the tank is stainless steel.The device of claim 45, wherein the tank is a cylinder.The device of claim 45, wherein the tank is a cube.The device of claim 45, wherein the transducer further comprises at least one piezoelectric material piece attached to the tank.The device of claim 49, wherein the piezoelectric material piece is attached to the bottom of the tank.The device of claim 49, wherein the piezoelectric material piece is attached to the side walls of the tank.The device of claim 44, wherein the piezoelectric material piece is circular.The device of claim 44, wherein the piezoelectric material piece is square.The device of claim 44, wherein one piezoelectric material piece is present.The device of claim 44, wherein four piezoelectric material pieces are present.The device of claim 44, wherein eight piezoelectric material pieces are present.The device of claim 44, wherein twenty piezoelectric material pieces are present.The device of claim 44, wherein the piezoelectric material piece is piezoceramic.The device of claim 45, wherein the tank is configured to contain a cell container with an outer wall.The device of claim 45, wherein the cell container is a tube.The device of claim 45, wherein the cell container is a vessel.The device of claim 45, wherein the tank is configured to contain a plurality of tubes.The device of claim 62, wherein the plurality of tubes are identical.The device of claim 62, wherein the plurality of tubes vary in size.The device of claim 45, wherein the tank is configured to contain a plurality of vessels.The device of claim 65, wherein the plurality of vessels are identical.The device of claim 65, wherein the plurality of vessels vary in size.The device of claim 59, wherein the cell container further comprises a cell suspension.The device of claim 59, wherein the cell container further comprises a cell culture medium.The device of claim 69, wherein the ultrasound wave is projected from the piezoelectric material through the tank, the wall, the cell culture medium, and the cell suspension.The device of claim 44, wherein the housing encloses the tank when the device is in operation.The device of claim 71, wherein the housing further comprises a cell container holder.The device of claim 72, wherein the cell container holder is configured dependent on the cell container selected.A device for ultrasound cell treatment, the device comprising:a. an ultrasound controller configured to generate an electrical signal;b. a transducer coupled to the ultrasound controller and configured to generate a ultrasonic energy based at least in part on the electrical signal from the ultrasound controller,i. wherein the transducer is removably connected to a holder; andc. at least one cell container configured to accommodate therein one or more cell containers containing cells therein, the transducer being coupled to the container, wherein the cell container is positioned on the holder.The device of claim 74, wherein the transducer further comprises a piezoelectric material removably connected to the holder by a clamp.The device of claim 75, wherein the piezoelectric material piece is piezoceramic.The device of claim 74, wherein the device further comprises a coupling medium.The device of claim 77, wherein the coupling medium is in direct contact with the piezoelectric material.The device of claim 74, wherein the cell container is a tube.The device of claim 74, wherein the cell container is a vessel.The device of claim 74, wherein the tank is configured to contain a plurality of tubes.The device of claim 81, wherein the plurality of tubes are identical.The device of claim 81, wherein the plurality of tubes vary in size.The device of claim 74, wherein the tank is configured to contain a plurality of vessels.The device of claim 65, wherein the plurality of vessels are identical.The device of claim 65, wherein the plurality of vessels vary in size.The device of claim 74, wherein the cell container further comprises a cell suspension.The device of claim 74, wherein the cell container further comprises a cell culture medium.The device of claim 88, wherein the ultrasound wave is projected from the piezoelectric material through the tank, the wall, the cell culture medium, and the cell suspension.The device of claim 74, wherein the device further comprises a housing that encloses the device, in part or in whole.An ultrasound device, comprising:a housing configured to accommodate therein a cell container containing a plurality of cells; anda transducer configured to propagate ultrasound waves through the container,wherein the ultrasound waves have a peak negative pressure of at most 0.2 megapascals (MPa) ; andwherein the ultrasound waves are distributed throughout the container to treat the cells.The device of claim 91, wherein the housing is configured to contain a plurality of cell containers.The device of claim 92, wherein the plurality of cell containers comprise tubes, or centrifuge tubes.The device of claim 93, wherein the tubes comprise centrifuge tubes.The device of claim 91, wherein a coupling between the cell container and the housing has a tolerance spacing of about 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm.The device of claim 91, wherein the cell container comprises a well plate.The device of claim 91, wherein the transducer comprises a piezoelectric material.The device of claim 97, wherein the piezoelectric material is in a form of a disc.The device of claim 98, wherein the disc comprises a ceramic disc.The device of claim 97, wherein the piezoelectric material comprises a plurality of discs.The device of claim 100, wherein the plurality of discs are positioned at different positions along the cell container.The device of claim 91, wherein the peak negative pressure is from about 0.01 MPa to about 0.2 MPa.The device of claim 91, wherein the device further comprises a coupling medium.The device of claim 103, wherein the coupling medium comprises a solid gel.The device of claim 91, wherein the coupling medium is configured to reduce bubble formation.The device of claim 91, wherein the ultrasound device is configured to treat one or more genetic, reproductive, metabolic, inflammatory, or autoimmune disorders or diseases.An ultrasound device, comprising:a housing configured to accommodate therein a cell container containing a plurality cells; anda transducer configured to propagate ultrasound waves through the container,wherein the ultrasound waves have a peak negative pressure of at most 0.2 megapascals (MPa) ; andwherein the ultrasound waves are configured to treat the plurality of cells to produce ultrasound-treated cells, wherein the ultrasound-treated cells are applied to a subject for treatment of a disease.A method of production of monoclonal antibodies, the method comprising:treating a plurality of cells with an ultrasound cell treatment to produce a plurality of ultrasound-treated cells;extracting a plurality of monoclonal antibodies from the ultrasound-treated cells;wherein the ultrasound cell treatment is performed at a frequency greater than 1.6 MHz.A method of treatment of cancer, the method comprising:treating a plurality of stem cells with an ultrasound cell treatment to produce a plurality of ultrasound-treated stem cells; andapplying the plurality of ultrasound-treated stem cells to a subject with cancer.The method of claim 108, wherein the ultrasound cell treatment is performed for five to twenty ten minutes at a time on two to seven consecutive days.The method of claim 108, wherein the ultrasound cell treatment is performed using an ultrasound device having a cell vessel dry coupled thereto.The method of claim 108, wherein the ultrasound cell treatment is performed using an ultrasound device having a cell vessel coupled thereto using a solid gel pad.The method of claim 108, wherein the ultrasound cell treatment is performed at a frequency between 1.6 MHz and 3.5 MHz.A method of treatment of type 2 diabetes, the method comprising:treating a plurality of stem cells with an ultrasound cell treatment to produce a plurality of ultrasound-treated stem cells; andapplying the plurality of ultrasound-treated stem cells to a subject with type 2 diabetes.A method of treatment of infertility in a female subject, the method comprising:treating a plurality of stem cells with an ultrasound cell treatment to produce a plurality of ultrasound-treated stem cells; andapplying the plurality of ultrasound-treated stem cells to a female subject with infertility.A method of treatment of obesity, the method comprising:treating a plurality of stem cells with an ultrasound cell treatment to produce a plurality of ultrasound-treated stem cells; andapplying the plurality of ultrasound-treated stem cells to a subject with obesity.A method of treatment of atherosclerosis, the method comprising:treating a plurality of stem cells with an ultrasound cell treatment to produce a plurality of ultrasound-treated stem cells; andapplying the plurality of ultrasound-treated stem cells to a subject with atherosclerosis.A method of treatment of myositis, the method comprising:treating a plurality of stem cells with an ultrasound cell treatment to produce a plurality of ultrasound-treated stem cells; andapplying the plurality of ultrasound-treated stem cells to a subject with myositis.A method of treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, the method comprising:treating a plurality of stem cells with an ultrasound cell treatment to produce a plurality of ultrasound-treated stem cells; andapplying the plurality of ultrasound-treated stem cells to a subject with inflammatory bowel disease.
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