Smart heat battery systems and solar energy rechargeable chemical compositions thereof

Abstract

Smart Heat Battery Technology provides sustainable and safe heating solutions by a solar energy rechargeable fuel to generate heat without emitting greenhouse gases. This innovative energy storage is environmentally friendly both before and after use. The thermal battery, designed for easy recycling with a QR code scanning on user's device, offering cashback incentives for responsible disposal. This technology features a thermal battery equipped with an innovative premixed fuel system, designed for both mechanical and electrical activation. smart features such as IoT capability, USB Type C, and wireless charging options provide connection to smart appliances, making the system highly user-friendly and adaptable to modern needs. Moreover, the integration design featured robustly connecting the thermal battery to its container, and an augmented design with an aluminum jar holder facilitates easy handling. The system is equipped with an auto shutoff feature that employs a spring mechanism to halt the reaction in case of overheating. This product can be placed within or removed from various appliances to heat items like food, beverages, delivery bags, and more, making it a versatile solution for everyday needs. After use, it can be returned to the producer for solar recharging, promoting a cycle of sustainable energy use. This technology not only meets current heating demands but also aligns with eco-friendly practices, offering significant advancements in the field of clean energy.

Description

SMART HEAT BATTERY SYSTEMS AND SOLAR ENERGY RECHARGEABLE CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS THEREOF

[0001] The present disclosure claims priority from PCT application number PCT / IB2021 / 062323 filed on December 27, 2021, entitled “Sustainable solar energy carrier”.TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The utility model concerns a zero-emission heat-generating mechanism utilizing a pre- mixed fuel that produces significant energy without emitting greenhouse gases. This fuel is designed for diverse applications, particularly in remote or energy-inaccessible settings. It is applicable for heating various needs such as buildings, tents, clothing, or food and beverage containers. This system, which can be solar recharged, features a portable design with mechanical or electrical activation allowing for controlled heat generation over adjustable durations within enclosed or semi-enclosed spaces.BACKGROUND ART

[0003] Zero-emission fuels generate substantial energy rapidly without releasing gases, suitable for various applications including energy storage, electricity generation, and mobility enhancements. These fuels are specifically adapted for Self-Heating technology to provide heating solutions for food and beverages in diverse settings. These fuels are formulated to be adaptable for various applications, ensuring they are compact, lightweight, and portable for extensive use. They are designed to be safe, odorless, and non-toxic, suitable for food and beverage heating. Additionally, they feature customizable operational durations — short for immediate use or extended for prolonged energy release — and are environmentally friendly with long shelf lives for energy storage applications.

[0004] The importance of these fuel features has grown, particularly for food and beverage packaging, a burgeoning market driven by modern lifestyle demands for convenience and rapid meal preparation. Traditional self-heating technologies, often bulky, heavy, and unsafe, struggled in cold weather and involved soluble reactions that caused issues. Notably, these reactions could boil water in confined spaces, leading to blasts, and freeze in cold conditions, rendering the technology ineffective when most needed.

[0005] The background of this technology involves two primary concepts: soluble reactions and solid-state reactions. Soluble reactions are further divided into three types: 1) Quicklime and water reactions, as detailed in patents EP1749465, US4559921, US4793323, and EP828700773, which occupy about half the package volume and are ineffective in cold weather; 2) Oxidationreduction reactions between an acid and an alkali, described in US5935486, which are hinderedby high costs, unreliability, and explosion risks; 3) Oxidation-reduction reactions between a metal and a metal oxide, highlighted in US3874504, which share similar issues such as inefficiency and safety concerns. These examples demonstrate the limitations inherent in the soluble reaction concept.

[0006] Solid-state reactions have been the focus of numerous patents, yet no successful products employing this technology have reached the market at a reasonable price. This technology, while free from the challenges of soluble reactions, faces its own hurdles in achieving safe and efficient formulations. The reaction must release no gases within closed spaces, maintain eco-friendly properties pre- and post-reaction, and avoid being bulky, heavy, explosive, or costly. Most patents in this field have utilized nanoparticles, significantly increased production costs and introducing safety risks. Additionally, controlling nano reactants often requires the inclusion of substantial volumes of diluents or nano clay materials, consequently enlarging the heater's volume within the packaging.

[0007] In addition to previously mentioned challenges, solid-state reactions require substantial activation energy, preventing unintended activation but complicating the design of the activator. Early patents employed matches or lighters, generating fumes and odors, and inconvenient for users. Additionally, issues like wick or fuse holes allowed leakage of solid-state reactant powders, while storing byproducts in limited packaging space proved problematic. These patents faced significant risks of overheating and potential explosions, often controlled by complex shutdown mechanisms that could fail under stress. Moreover, integrating heaters into existing packaging required costly and difficult modifications to production lines. Therefore, there is a pressing need for a new approach to develop sustainable, safe, cost-effective, and efficient self-heating technologies that can be easily implemented and integrated within food and beverage packaging.SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0008] This summary provides an overview of the subject matter and does not intend to define the scope of the claimed implementations or reveal all key elements. The proper scope of this disclosure should be determined from the claims that follow, considered in conjunction with the detailed description and accompanying drawings.

[0009] This disclosure pertains to a zero-emission fuel designed to heat various items according to one or more exemplary embodiments. The premixed fuel, suitable for use in closed or semi-closed containers, can heat food or beverage packaging or food delivery bags. It comprises oxidizable substances, oxidizing agents, materials that regulate the heatproduction and consumption rate. This premixed fuel can be activated mechanically or electrically, depending on the application needs.

[0010] The exemplary container, housing the premixed fuel, activator and sometimes auto shutoff technology, transfers heat to other items via conduction, convection, and radiation. This container can be incorporated within food or beverage packaging, food delivery bags, or attached externally. For instance, it may connect to conventional beverage cans or food packaging. Additionally, the product could be placed in a food delivery box to maintain warmth during transport by couriers. It might also be integrated into a smart thermos capable of boiling water for fresh coffee, tea, or herbal tea. Alternatively, it could be used in a baby bottle, facilitating the preparation of infant formula outside the home, either directly or by transferring from the thermos to feed a child.

[0011] The exemplary premixed fuel comprises four main groups of substances: those generating oxygen, those burning with oxygen, those controlling the heat production rate, and those managing the heat consumption rate. Substances releasing oxygen are temperature-sensitive and decompose between 100 to 300 Celsius degrees to produce oxygen. The groups controlling heat production and consumption rates remain inert during the reaction to prevent overheating. The exemplary container includes an exemplary activator, either internal or external. The exemplary mechanical activator incorporates an aluminum empty toothpaste tube that can be ruptured by a needle or nail, effectively triggering the exposure of the fuel to the chemical starter for a spontaneous, self-sustaining reaction. Alternatively, the exemplary electrical activator features a thermal wire, such as a nickel-chrome wire, powered by a battery to heat and ignite the chemical starter, initiating a controlled reaction path through the premixed fuel. This process efficiently heats various items, such as food and beverage packaging and clothing.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] New features believed to characterize the present disclosure in terms of structure, organization, use, and operation method, along with its objectives and advantages, are better understood through the accompanying drawings. These illustrations depict preferred embodiments of the current disclosure and are intended solely for descriptive purposes. It is emphasized that the drawings are not meant to define the limits of the disclosure. The present disclosure is now elucidated, for example, with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0013] FIG. 1 illustrates a thermal battery system, consistent with some of the exemplaryembodiments of the present disclosure.

[0014] FIG. 2A illustrates a perspective view of a thermal battery system with a mechanical activator, consistent with some of the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0015] FIG. 2B illustrates a sectional side view of a thermal battery system with a mechanical activator in a passive state consistent with some of the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0016] FIG. 2C illustrates a sectional side view of a thermal battery system with a mechanical activator in an activated state, consistent with some of the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0017] FIG. 2D illustrates a perspective view of a mechanical activator of a thermal battery system in a passive state, consistent with some of the exemplary embodiments ofthe present disclosure.

[0018] FIG. 2E illustrates a perspective view of a mechanical activator of a thermal battery system in an activated state, consistent with some of the exemplary embodiments ofthe present disclosure.

[0019] FIG. 2F illustrates a perspective view of a thermal battery system with an electrical activator, consistent with some of the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0020] FIG. 3 illustrates a perspective view of a thermal batteries in packaging, consistent with some of the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0021] FIG. 4A Illustrates two sectional side views of an auto shutoff system featuring a compressed spring: one view with the presence of water and the other in dry mode, consistent with some of the exemplaryembodiments of the present disclosure.

[0022] FIG. 4B Illustrates two sectional side views of an auto shutoff system featuring a extended spring: one view with the presence of water and the other in dry mode, consistent with some of the exemplaryembodiments of the present disclosure.

[0023] FIG. 5A illustrates two sectional side views of an aluminum can thermal battery in a passive state, one with a filter and the other one with a balloon for the potential released gasses, consistent with some of the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0024] FIG. 5B illustrates two sectional side views of an aluminum can thermal battery in an activated state, one with a filter and the other one with a balloon for the potential released gasses, consistent with some of the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0025] FIG. 5C illustrates two sectional side views of an aluminum can thermal battery in a passive state, one with a filter and the other one with a balloon for the potential releasedgasses, consistent with some of the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0026]

[0026] FIG. 5D illustrates two sectional side views of an aluminum can thermal battery in an activated state, one with a filter and the other one with a balloon for the potential released gasses, consistent with some of the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0027] FIG. 6A illustrates two sectional side views of a smart thermos thermal battery with a mechanical activator in a passive state, one with a filter and the other one with a balloon for the potential released gasses, consistent with some of the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0028] FIG. 6B illustrates two sectional side views of a smart thermos thermal battery with a mechanical activator in an activated state, one with a filter and the other one with a balloon for the potential released gasses, consistent with some of the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0029] FIG. 6C illustrates a sectional side view of a smart thermos thermal battery with an electrical activator, consistent with some of the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0030] FIG. 7A illustrates two sectional side views of a disposable cup thermal battery with a mechanical activator in a passive state, one with a filter and the other one with a balloon for the potential released gasses, consistent with some of the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0031] FIG. 7B illustrates two sectional side views of a disposable cup thermal battery with a mechanical activator in an activated state, one with a filter and the other one with a balloon for the potential released gasses, consistent with some of the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0032] FIG. 8A illustrates a sectional side view of a mug with a mechanical activator in a passive state, consistent with some of the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0033] FIG. 8B illustrates a sectional side view of a mug with a mechanical activator in an activated state, consistent with some of the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0034] FIG. 8C illustrates a sectional side view of a mug with an electrical activator, consistent with some of the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0035] FIG. 8D illustrates a sectional side view of a mug with an electrical activator, consistent with some of the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0036] FIG. 8E illustrates a sectional side view of an electric kettle with an electrical activator, consistent with some of the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0037] FIG. 9 illustrates a sectional side view of a daily dish heater with two thermal battery systems and mechanical activators, consistent with some of the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0038] FIG. 10A illustrates a sectional side view of a multi-purpose thermal battery with a mechanical activator in a passive state, consistent with some of the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, and

[0039] FIG. 10B illustrates a sectional side view of a multi-purpose thermal battery with a mechanical activator in an activated state, consistent with some of the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0040] FIG. 11 illustrates a perspective view of a thermal ignitor with a mechanical activator, consistent with some of the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS s0041] The new features believed to characterize the current disclosure, including its structure, organization, use, and method of operation, along with its objectives and benefits, are better understood from the ensuing discussion.

[0042] The present disclosure introduces exemplary embodiments of a container equipped with fuel and an activation mechanism, suitable for Self-Heating products such as single-use food and beverage packaging and multi-use items like thermoses, mugs, and daily meal dishes or food delivery heater. The exemplary premixed fuel includes groups of substances: oxidizable materials, oxidizing agents that produce oxygen, materials that control heat production, and substances that manage heat consumption. These groups are activated by either a mechanical or electrical activator. The mechanical activator uses a needle or nail to puncture a membrane in a toothpaste tube, initiating a chemical reaction with the premixed fuel, resulting in a spontaneous and self-sustaining reaction. The electrical activator, possibly integrated with IOT for connectivity to smart devices, utilizes a nickel-chrome wire heated by a battery to ignite the chemical starter, similarly triggering a self-sustaining reaction within the premixed fuel.

[0043] The exemplary embodiment of the container, housing the premixed fuel and activator, is designed in various shapes and sizes to accommodate different applications. These include food and beverage packaging, heaters for food delivery bags, clothing, tents, blankets, and even heating solutions for off grid buildings or on-grid buildings for compensating lack of electricity or high price of electricity in peak hours or where electricity is unavailable or in other specific situations.

[0044] The exemplary premixed fuel comprises four main groups of substances formulatedto generate oxygen, burn with oxygen, control the heat production rate, and manage the heat consumption rate. This fuel is compactly positioned within an exemplary container to significantly reduce the volume occupied, enhancing portability. In exemplary embodiments, the fuel remains completely inert until activated by a substantial amount of energy generated through the interaction between the chemical starter and the premixed fuel or by the electrical activation mechanism. This high activation energy threshold serves as a safety feature, preventing inadvertent combustion during transportation, storage, or when being carried by individuals in challenging environments such as mountainous areas or within food delivery systems.

[0045] The exemplary container is equipped with either a mechanical or electrical activator alongside the premixed fuel, which is strategically positioned along a predetermined reaction path shaped by walls or tubes to ensure continuous and controlled reaction, thereby preventing overheating. Due to the potential for the container to become extremely hot upon activation, it must either be in direct contact with the food or beverage contents or utilize an intermediate fluid to transfer heat effectively and prevent overheating issues leading to the sublimation of premixed fuel materials, which could release fumes, smoke, and odors. For applications involving non-liquid items like dry foods, clothing, shoes, tents, or closed spaces, the intermediate fluid, ideally with a high specific heat capacity, quickly absorbs heat from the container and retains it for extended periods. A Phase Change Material (PCM) is particularly effective for storing and transferring this heat.

[0046] When the exemplary activator is triggered and activates the premixed fuel, an exemplary oxidizing material produces oxygen, allowing an exemplary oxidizable material to burn efficiently. The selected oxidizable group comprises high energy density substances, capable of releasing substantial energy rapidly without generating gas. This combustion utilizes the oxygen generated from the oxidizing materials in such a manner that it produces minimal or no gas emissions. The formulation employs a high mass density group of oxidizable substances instead of lower molar energy density. This selection reduces the need for diluents to control overheating, thereby lowering material costs and allowing for a smaller container design. For instance, metals or metal alloys, which oxidize to form solid-state metal oxides without gaseous emissions, release significant energy during combustion. Opting for high mass density metals or metal alloys yields more energy per unit weight compared to other materials, enhancing efficiency. The exemplary group of oxidizable materials includes metals or metal alloys with high mass density. A key feature of the exemplary group of oxidizing materials is their composition of food-grade metals or metal alloys, which are compact, require low activation energy, and maintain a prolonged reaction time with oxygen.

[0047] The exemplary group of oxidizable materials consists of substances selected for their moderate combustion rates to prevent overheating and reduce explosion risks, while also ensuring the reaction is swift enough to be convenient for consumers. The choice of metals or metal alloys and the adjustment of their particle sizes are critical in fine-tuning the combustion time suitable for various applications of this exemplary fuel. Larger particle sizes require more activation energy, leading to a controlled reaction pace. Conversely, smaller particle sizes, while potentially speeding up the reaction, increase the cost of the fuel material and necessitate more diluent to moderate the reaction rate effectively. For this reason, smaller particle sizes have been employed in the activation area and bigger ones have been used in other parts.

[0048] To meet the aforementioned characteristics, the exemplary group of oxidizable materials may include a combination, mixture, or alloy of Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, Aluminum, Manganese, Iron, and Titanium. These materials combust in an oxygen atmosphere, forming metal oxides or oxide forms of the elements, which are solid-state materials and generally do not release gases, except for a minimal amount of sublimed solids. Furthermore, this exemplary group of oxidizable materials is food-grade, meaning small quantities can be ingested without harmful effects. These materials can be employed in varying particle sizes, mixed in different ratios, and utilized with varying degrees of compactness to suit a wide range of applications for this exemplary zero-emission fuel. Given the different activation energies of the materials listed, they can be strategically placed within different parts of the container to optimize the required activation energy. For instance, Sodium and Magnesium, which have lower activation energies, can be positioned near the activator to quickly generate high energy. This initial burst of energy can then provide the necessary activation energy to ignite Aluminum, Manganese, and Iron in the fuel mix. Additionally, particle sizes and the degree of compactness can vary within the premixed fuel in the container, ensuring that activation energy thresholds are met and facilitating a continuous reaction process.

[0049] The exemplary premixed fuel includes an exemplary group of oxidizer materials designed to produce the necessary oxygen for burning the previously mentioned group of oxidizable materials within a closed or semi-closed space. These oxidizer materials, such as metal oxides or peroxide forms of elements, release a substantial amount of oxygen through a decomposition reaction triggered by increasing the temperature to the desired level. This allows for the controlled release of oxygen in different parts of the exemplary container by adjusting the type and amount of oxidizer substance used in each section. On one hand, if the decomposition temperature is set too low, it might lead to anoverproduction of oxygen, which can increase the reaction rate, causing overheating and potential production of sublimed gases. Conversely, setting the decomposition temperature too high may require greater activation energy, leading to more gas production from the increased combustion of the chemical starter, whether triggered mechanically or electrically. Therefore, it is crucial that the exemplary group of oxidizer materials contains compounds that decompose within a specific temperature range, ideally set above the product's operating temperature of approximately 75 Celsius degrees but not exceeding 200 Celsius degrees to reduce the risk of hazards associated with higher temperatures.

[0050] To meet the previously described characteristics, the exemplary group of oxidizer materials can consist of one or more of the following, either individually or in combination: calcium permanganate, magnesium peroxide, sodium permanganate, Manganese dioxide, potassium permanganate, silver permanganate, sodium manganate, and potassium manganate. Additionally, in the exemplary premixed fuel, the decomposition temperature of these oxidizer materials can be fine-tuned by modifying the particle sizes of the selected oxidizers. This adjustment allows for precise control over the rate and safety of the oxygen release process.

[0051] In an exemplary embodiment, sublimed solids from the combustion of oxidizable materials may either stay within a closed container or escape from a semi-closed one. Managing these emissions is crucial to prevent safety hazards and avoid unpleasant odors or fumes for users. Therefore, specific materials that regulate both heat production and consumption are used within the premixed fuel to control gas production and mitigate overheating, enhancing both safety and user experience.

[0052] The exemplary premixed fuel incorporates materials specifically tailored to manage heat consumption. These materials efficiently absorb and redistribute heat within the container, ensuring that hot regions do not lead to overheating. This redistribution not only accelerates the heating of other areas, enhancing the reaction process but also acts as a thermal buffer to ensure the reaction continues smoothly. Chosen for their high heat transfer coefficients and low heat capacities, these substances are cost-effective, food-grade, and have high melting and boiling points. Importantly, they are designed not to chemically interact with other materials in the fuel and to transfer absorbed heat effectively without retaining it excessively.

[0053] To meet the specified characteristics, the exemplary group of materials designed to control heat consumption includes metal oxides known for their high melting points and food-grade properties. This group may consist of one or more, or a combination of, metaloxides such as ferric oxide, manganese dioxide, calcium oxide, aluminum oxide, chromium oxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, nickel oxide, and copper oxide. These materials are selected for their ability to efficiently manage thermal energy within the system.

[0054] In addition to the previously outlined groups, the exemplary premixed fuel incorporates materials designed to absorb excess heat and regulate temperature and oxygen production from oxidizer decomposition. This group, similar to the heat consumption controllers but with a higher heat capacity, includes materials like FeO (Iron(II) oxide), ZnO (Zinc Oxide), Mn02 (Manganese dioxide), CuO (Copper Oxide), and A12O3 (Aluminum oxide) to effectively manage heat production.

[0055] As depicted in FIG. 1, In the heater system 10, the present disclosure encompasses essential elements housed within a combustion chamber 12. This chamber contains a thermal battery 17 alongside an activator 19. The thermal battery 17 is composed of premixed fuel encased in a thin metal foil 13. The activator 19, situated close to the thermal battery, includes a chemical starter 16 or electrical activator linked to an initiator 18, which may operate mechanically or electrically.

[0056] In an exemplary embodiment, operationally, activation occurs when the initiator 18, engages the chemical starter 16 located near the thermal battery 17 or electrically warms it up to initiate the reaction. This action initiates an exothermic reaction within the premixed fuel 14, producing the necessary energy to surpass the high activation energy barrier of the fuel. This design ensures that the premixed fuel 14 remains stable and safe during transportation, only becoming active when sufficient energy is provided by the activator 19.

[0057] In an exemplary embodiment, the combustion chamber 12 is constructed from a lightweight yet durable material that provides a high heat-transfer coefficient, capable of withstanding elevated temperatures without rusting or eroding when in contact with liquid food or beverages. In this embodiment, depicted in FIG. 1, the combustion chamber 12 is designed in a tall cylindrical shape to optimize the boundary surface area while minimizing the surface area of the unused bottom portion, enhancing heat transfer efficiency. However, it is important to note that other shapes and sizes of combustion chamber 12 can be utilized, depending on the specific requirements of the application to maximize heat transfer as needed.

[0058] In the exemplary embodiment detailed previously, the oxidizable materials may comprise a combination, mixture, or alloy of Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, Aluminum, Manganese, Iron, and Titanium. Specifically, in a preferred embodiment, the formulation includes 0.03 to 0.07 wt.% Lithium, 0.08 to 0.12 wt.% Sodium,0.03 to 0.11 wt.% Potassium, 0.24 to 0.76 wt.% Magnesium, 0.24 to 0.46 wt.% Calcium, 11 to 24 wt.% Aluminum, 2 to 12 wt.% Manganese, 14 to 35 wt.% Iron, and 1 to 3 wt.% Titanium. Additionally, the average particle size of these materials is targeted to be between 10 and 150 microns, optimizing the chemical reactivity and thermal performance for various applications.

[0059] In an exemplary embodiment, the oxidizable materials may consist of a combination, mixture, or alloy including at least one of Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, Aluminum, Manganese, Iron, and Titanium. This formulation is designed such that the auto-ignition temperature ranges from 100 °C to 320 °C, adjusted according to the proximity to the activator. Additionally, these materials are configured with a density ranging from 2 g / cmA3 to 10 g / cmA3, tailoring the physical properties to enhance the system’s performance and safety.

[0060] In an exemplary embodiment involving oxidizable materials, varying the average particle size can influence the activation energy required for the reaction. Consequently, different particle sizes are strategically placed within the thermal battery 17: smaller particles are positioned close to the activator 19 to facilitate quick initiation, while larger particles are located in areas where controlling the reaction rate and temperature are crucial. This arrangement results in varying densities of the premixed fuel 14 across different sections of the thermal battery. To maintain the intended distribution of particle sizes during transportation, the premixed fuel 14 is methodically compressed in multiple stages as it is filled into the exemplary thin metal foil 13, ensuring stability and consistency in the structure of the fuel.

[0061] The high activation energy required for the exemplary premixed fuel 14 ensures its stability within the thermal battery 17, preventing inadvertent activation during shipping and handling. This safety feature is a key advantage for secure storage and transportation.

[0062] In an exemplary embodiment, the reaction rate is directly tied to the rate of oxygen production. Insufficient oxygen can slow down or even halt the reaction, while an excess of oxygen can accelerate the reaction rate and potentially lead to an explosion.

[0063] In an exemplary embodiment, the group of oxidizer materials may include oxidizer compounds with a specific decomposition temperature in a range of 75 °C to 200 °C. In an exemplary embodiment, the group of oxidizer materials may include at least one of or a combination or mixture of calcium permanganate, magnesium peroxide, sodium permanganate, Manganese dioxide, potassium permanganate, silver permanganate, sodium manganate, and potassium manganate. In an exemplary embodiment, the average particlesize of the exemplary group of oxidizer materials may be between 40 and 420 microns based on their distance to the activator. In an exemplary embodiment, the oxidizing agent may include 1 to 10 wt.% calcium permanganate, 2 to 12 wt.% magnesium peroxide, 13 to 30 wt.% sodium permanganate, 15 to 25 wt.% Manganese dioxide, 45 to 75 wt.% potassium permanganate, 3 to 4 wt.% silver permanganate, 23 to 39 wt.% sodium manganate, and 13 to 36 wt.% of potassium manganate, based on the total weight of the premixed fuel 14.

[0064] In an exemplary embodiment, the materials chosen to control heat consumption include one or more of the following: ferric oxide, manganese dioxide, calcium oxide, aluminum oxide, chromium oxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, nickel oxide, and copper oxide. The specific weight percentages of these materials in the premixed fuel 14 are as follows: ferric oxide 9 to 12 wt.%, manganese dioxide 6 to 19 wt.%, calcium oxide 2 to 3 wt.%, aluminum oxide 8 to 29 wt.%, chromium oxide 2 to 10 wt.%, zinc oxide 2 to 5 wt.%, magnesium oxide 11 to 17 wt.%, nickel oxide 1 to 5 wt.%, and copper oxide 4 to 6 wt.%. These materials are selected for their high melting points above 1975 °C and a heat capacity ofwhich is approximately 80 J / (mol K), ensuring effective heat management within the system.

[0065] In an exemplary embodiment, the materials designated to control heat production include FeO (Iron(II) oxide), ZnO (Zinc Oxide), Mn02 (Manganese dioxide), CuO (Copper Oxide), and A12O3 (Aluminum oxide). The specific weight percentages of these materials within the premixed fuel 14 are as follows: FeO at 4 to 8 wt.%, ZnO at 6 to 18 wt.%, Mn02 at 1 to 15 wt.%, CuO at 3 to 17 wt.%, and A12O3 at 12 to 25 wt.%. These components are chosen for their properties that effectively manage and modulate the production of heat within the system.

[0066] In an exemplary embodiment, premixed fuel 14 includes oxidizer, oxidizable, heat production controlling, and heat consumption controlling materials, as outlined earlier. While the core components are mixed based on stoichiometric ratios, the proportions of additional materials can vary to optimize cost, compactness, and volume, ensuring adaptability for specific applications.

[0067] In an exemplary embodiment, activator 19 can be either mechanical or electrical, depending on the intended use of the heater. Mechanical activators are typically used in single-use products like aluminum or tin cans and paper cups, while electrical activators are suited for multi-use items such as mugs, thermoses, daily dishes, or even food delivery heaters which can be activated in a restaurant by electricity. In case of chemical one, it is incorporated a chemical starter 16 connected to an initiator 18 mechanism. Themechanical activator is activated by a simple user movement that brings the chemical starter into contact with the premixed fuel 14, triggering a spontaneous reaction that provides the necessary activation energy. Common chemical starters for mechanical activators include propylene glycol, glycerol, hydrogen peroxide, methanol, and sulfuric acid, which perform well even in freezing conditions. The electrical activator, on the other hand, is triggered by a wired or wireless command, activating a heating element or thermal wire that warms and ignites the chemical starter 16. Suitable starters for electrical activators include red phosphorous, calcium carbide, cellulose, cotton or wood pulp fiber, sulfur, zinc powder, magnesium, and aluminum. This action generates an intense hot spot that provides the required activation energy.

[0068] FIG. 2A presents a perspective view of an exemplary heater system 20 featuring a mechanical activator. FIG. 2B displays the heater system 20 in a sectional side view with the mechanical activator in a passive state, while FIG. 2C shows the same system with the mechanical activator in an active state. FIG. 2D and FIG. 2E illustrate the mechanical activator 19 in perspective views, showing passive and activated states, respectively. FIG. 2F depicts the heater system 20 with an electrical activator in a perspective view. In all depicted embodiments from FIGs. 2A to 2F, heater system 20 includes a combustion chamber 12, similar to that in FIG. 1. This combustion chamber 12 houses an activator 19, which may be either mechanical or electrical, each equipped with a chemical starter 16 and an initiator 18. In an exemplary embodiment, the premixed fuel 14, encased in a thin metal foil 13, is positioned in the combustion chamber 12, with the activator 19 located beside it.

[0069] As depicted in FIGs. 2A-2F, an exemplary embodiment features the chemical starter 16 absorbed into a fiber 21. This fiber 21 is strategically positioned within a hole on a circular surface 22 and is fully sealed by a thin layer 23 of toothpaste aluminum tube, which could be composed of aluminum or brass. This arrangement prevents any mixing of the premixed fuel 14 with the chemical starter 16, effectively safeguarding against inadvertent activation during the transportation and storage of heater system 20.

[0070] In the mechanical activator setup, as depicted in FIGs. 2A-2E, the activation mechanism involves a toothpaste aluminum tube with a thin layer 23 sealing the hole containing the chemical starter 16. This thin layer 23 is designed to be ruptured by a needle or nail 24. Upon user activation, the needle or nail 24 punctures the thin layer 23, enabling the liquid chemical starter 16 within the tube to come into contact with the premixed fuel 14, thus initiating a reaction. This design ensures that the chemical starter is securely contained, preventing leakage or evaporation until activation occurs, effectively switchingthe system from a passive to an active state.

[0071] In the electrical activator setup illustrated in FIG. 2F, the activation mechanism involves a nickel-chrome wire 26 that heats and provides the necessary activation energy for combustion of the premixed fuel 14, initiating the reaction. In this exemplary embodiment, the nickel-chrome wire 26 is powered by a battery 211 by a USB Type C connector 222 and its connection 223. Activation is controlled by the user pressing a button 212 or a wireless or Bluetooth module such as HC-05 215, which connects the battery to the wire, switching the product from a passive to an active state.

[0072] In an exemplary embodiment, the chemical starter 16 varies between the mechanical and electrical activators, as shown in FIGs. 2A-2E and FIG. 2F, respectively. The mechanical activator's needle or nail 24 moves through a hollow bolt 28 that aligns and guides it precisely into the thin layer 23 on the toothpaste tube to initiate the reaction. This hollow bolt 28 not only ensures accurate positioning, facilitating the needle's penetration and activation of the chemical starter but also connects the whole thermal battery to the container or can or lid of cups, etc. The needle extends through the lid 15 of the combustion chamber 12, making it accessible for user operation. For the electrical activator, as illustrated in FIG. 2F, the nickel-chrome wire 26 is held in place by a similar hollow bolt 28, ensuring it is correctly positioned. Upon user activation via button 212 or wireless switch 215, the wire heats up, directly contacting and igniting the chemical starter 16 to switch the system from a passive to an active state. In order to ensure that the nickel-chrome wire 26 is connected properly to the button 212 or wireless switch 215 and both of its sides are not connected together, an insulating tube 245 is also placed inside the hollow bolt 28. This insulating tube can be made from high temperature resistant materials except for metals and in this case can be possibly made of quartz.

[0073] As depicted in FIGs. 2A-F, the exemplary heater system 10, akin to that of FIG. 1, includes integration with a washer 27 designed to seal the heater system and connect it to various containers. This system can heat contents such as liquids, beverages, foods, or intermediate fluids in the connected container. The washer 27, being in contact with consumable items at high temperatures, is made from a food-grade material capable of withstanding such conditions. To reduce the exposure of the washer 27 to high temperatures, it is strategically positioned at a lower elevation than the premixed fuel 14, maintaining a sufficient distance to ensure the temperature does not exceed 100 °C. This placement not only enhances the product's safety and efficacy but also reduces costs and facilitates easy integration with different types of containers.

[0074] FIG. 3 illustrates the packaging of the thermal batteries 17 in a perspective view. In this exemplary embodiment, the thermal battery 17 is optionally shaped into a cylinder using a thin metal foil 13, designed to be sold individually or in a packaging. The thermal battery 17 can be purchased separately in retail locations, packaged in sets within a package 31 that may contain one or several units. This package 31 allows the thermal batteries to be sold independently of other products detailed in this disclosure, facilitating easy removal and replacement by users.

[0075] In an exemplary embodiment, the metal foil 13 enhances the usability of the thermal battery 17, facilitating its easy insertion and removal from the combustion chamber 12. The slipperiness and flexibility of the metal mesh 11 contribute to this convenience. Users can purchase thermal batteries 17 in packages 31 and can be returned to the original packaging 31 and sent back to the manufacturer through the battery recycling bins mostly in front of supermarkets or deposit system for recycling and recharging using solar energy. This process not only minimizes environmental impact but also contributes to reducing global warming by utilizing solar energy to heat food, beverages, and other items.

[0076] In an exemplary embodiment, As it is illustrated in FIG. 4A and 4B the heater system 10 may include an optional extinguisher system 41 or auto shut off technology designed to halt the reaction within the thermal battery 17 by obstructing the reaction path. This feature becomes particularly crucial in scenarios such as accidents or cases of production flaws where the system might activate inadvertently. The extinguisher system 41 is depicted in FIG. 4A, designed to function independently of the product's orientation relative to gravity, ensuring it can effectively block the reaction pathway under any conditions. This extinguisher system 41 is engineered to operate reliably in any position, enhancing safety by ensuring it can suppress or extinguish combustion in all scenarios. Specifically, the system includes a strut 42 with a melting point between 250 °C and 650 °C which is built form Zink, Tin, or Aluminum or an alloy form their combinations. Should the surrounding area of the combustion chamber 11 lack sufficient heat dissipation by not existing water around the thermal battery, leading to an internal temperature rise, the strut 42 will melt upon reaching 250 °C to 650 °C, and the spring 49 blocks the reaction path and thereby halt the reaction. This mechanism ensures that the heater system remains safe under various operational circumstances. As it is shown in FIG. 4A, in the left drawing, which is inactivated extinguisher system 41, the strut 42 is hindering the spring 49 to be extended and when the temperature goes higher than a specific number, for example 500°C, the strut 42 is melted and the spring 49 can be extended and the disk 410 which is placed under the spring 49, canbe moved to close the reaction pass by filling the central gap of the washer 411. However, since the material is compressed, the spring cannot provide the required force to further compress the materials, therefore, a hollow space 46, which is covered by a thin layer 47, is designed in the middle of the fuel material 14 in order to provide the possibility of moving the fuel material 14 instead of compressing it.

[0077] FIG. 4B illustrates another type of extinguisher system 41 which utilizes extended spring 49 instead of the compressed one. In this case, instead of embedding a chamber like the hollow space 46 in FIG. 4A, the space which was for occupying the chemical starter 16 is used to occupy the fuel 14 and facilitating the spring to move the materials 14 instead of compressing them.

[0078] In an exemplary embodiment, the hollow bolt 28 along with washer 27 facilitates the integration of the heater system 10 into various products with minimal modifications required to the existing product or its production line. This feature offers significant advantages to food and beverage producers, packaging companies, and other potential partners by allowing easy incorporation of the heater system with minimal disruption. The hollow bolt 28 washer 27 enables this integration simply by sealing the hole created on any surface of the product. The process involves placing the hollow bolt 28 and washer 10 into the prepared hole, after which the combustion chamber 12 can be smoothly connected through the hollow bolt 28 and washer 27. This design allows for straightforward assembly and enhances the adaptability of the heater system 10 to a wide range of products, making it a versatile solution for heating applications.

[0079] FIGs 5A and 5C depict sectional side views of an aluminum can heater 50 with a mechanical activator in a passive state. In this exemplary embodiment, the heater system 10 is seamlessly integrated into a regular aluminum can 51 to heat its contents 59, demonstrating a practical application of this disclosure. Aluminum and tin cans are staples in the food and beverage industry and are commonly utilized in self-heating technologies. Unlike most existing self -heating products that require significant alterations to the design and production lines, the present disclosure offers an advantage by allowing the heater system 10 to be easily incorporated into other products without necessitating changes to their design or manufacturing processes. The integration of the heater system 10 with the can 51 is facilitated by a hollow bolt 28 and a washer 27, which not only seals the system but also prevents leakage of the can's contents, maintaining the integrity and functionality of the original product design.

[0080] In an exemplary embodiment, the can 51 is placed inside a protective layer 52 toshield the user from the heat generated after activating the heater system 10. The protective layer 52 acts as a thermal barrier, preventing direct contact with the hot parts of the can, thereby reducing the risk of burns. Although the fumes produced are minimal due to the efficient design of the combustion chamber 12, which maximizes surface area contact for optimal heat transfer and minimizes chamber temperatures, any escaping fumes or odors can still be bothersome. To address this, a filter 53 is incorporated to trap sublimed materials, fumes, and odors. Alternatively, the filter can be replaced by a small balloon 54 which can contain all the sublimed materials, fumes, and odors.

[0081] In an exemplary embodiment, the can 51 is placed inside protective layer 52 to insulate its bottom, while a cup 55 covers the top, serving as a lid and drinking vessel. After activating the heater, users can safely pour the hot contents of the can 51 into the cup 55 for easier consumption, avoiding direct contact with the heated can. This setup enhances safety and convenience for the user.

[0082] FIGs. 5B and 5D illustrate sectional side views of a can heater 50 with a mechanical activator in its activated state. To activate the product, the user just opens the can lid upward like always. This upward movement causes the rod 24 to traverse through the hole in the circular surface 22, puncturing the thin layer 23 and activating the heater. This action may involve a rotational movement around the vertical axis in a tube 590, converted into directional movement vice versa via a thread 510 mechanism. To prevent the can 51 from bursting due to pressure buildup from boiling contents, it is crucial to open the lid 56 before activation. This allows the steam and pressure to escape safely and by this design the user always opens up the lid of the can to activate the thermal battery.

[0083] FIG 6A presents a sectional side view of a smart thermos heater 60 with a mechanical activator in a passive state, incorporating various aspects of this disclosure. The heater system 10 can be integrated into any type of thermos 61 to heat its contents 69. Thermoses are essential in everyday life, especially for users who spend extended periods away from home and need to keep their beverages warm. This feature is particularly valuable for parents who need to prepare warm meals or beverages for their children while outside or late nights. The smart thermos 60 allows for the preparation of infant formula using self-heating technology, after which the formula can be transferred directly into a baby bottle. In this exemplary embodiment, the integration of the heater system 10 with the thermos 61 is facilitated by a hollow bolt 28 and washer 27, which seals the thermos to prevent any leakage of contents.

[0084] In an exemplary embodiment, the smart thermos 61 features a jar 62 designed tocontain any fumes produced during the heating process. This prevents the fumes or their odors from being a nuisance to the user. Additionally, fumes can be effectively filtered through a filter 63 or balloon 64. This filter is securely attached to the jar 62 using glue or another form of adhesive, ensuring it stays in place to perform its function efficiently.

[0085] In an exemplary embodiment, the smart thermos 60 is equipped with a thermometer 611 located on the hottest area due to convection within the contents 69. The thermometer 611 is integrated with a touch screen display that provides users with real-time temperature readings inside the thermos. This feature not only enhances the aesthetic appeal of the thermos, making it more engaging for users, but also offers practical benefits, particularly for parents. It allows mothers to easily monitor and ensure the temperature is safe and suitable for their children’s needs.

[0086] FIG. 6B depicts a sectional side view of a smart thermos heater 60 with a mechanical activator in its activated state. To activate the heater, the user either pushes or twists the needle or nail 24 coming out from the jar 62, causing the needle or nail 24 to puncture the thin layer on the toothpaste tube through the hole in the circular surface 22.

[0087] FIG. 6C presents a sectional side view of a smart thermos heater 60 with an electrical activator. In this setup, the user activates the heater connecting the USB connector 223 to a power bank or a smartphone or a battery. This can connect battery 211 to the nickel-chrome wire 26 which is located beside a thin layer of paper 29 for reducing the activation energy by burning this paper.

[0088] In an exemplary embodiment, the multi-use thermos 61 features a jar 62 that is connected to the thermal battery’s lid 15 which can be opened to easily remove and replace the thermal battery 17. As detailed in FIG. 3, the thermal battery after activation can be recycled through battery recycling bins or deposit system and any residual material from the premixed fuel 14 which typically solidifies due to the high reaction temperature can be removed from the combustion chamber 12 and returned to the producer in the package 31. It can be recycled and recharged using solar energy, enhancing the system's sustainability and environmental friendliness.

[0089] In an exemplary embodiment, residual materials from the used thermal batteries 17, primarily composed of metal oxides, are returned to the company for recycling and recharging. These materials are melted using solar energy, facilitated by a solar concentrator that generates the high temperatures needed for this process. As the materials melt, their differing densities allow them to stratify vertically within the molten furnace, aiding in the separation of the various metals. Once separated, these metals are then ground into powderand recombined with new oxidizers and other materials to recreate the premixed fuel 14. This recycling process occurs at the producer's facility or a partner location, utilizing battery recycling bins or deposit system devices typically found in supermarkets in developed countries. This system not only supports environmental sustainability but also offers consumers financial incentives by a QR code on the thermal battery’s body. Users benefit from cash-back rewards provided by the deposit system when they return used packaging, which they can apply as discounts towards future purchases of new thermal battery packs.

[0090] FIG 7A illustrates a sectional side view of a disposable cup heater 70, which could also be applied to mugs or paper packaging, featuring a mechanical activator in a passive state. The heater system 10 is designed to be integrated with any type of disposable cup 71 to warm its contents 79. Disposable cups are commonly used daily and providing them with self-heating capabilities could enhance convenience while promoting environmental sustainability. In this exemplary embodiment, the heater system 10 is seamlessly integrated into the disposable cup 71 using a hollow bolt 28 and a washer 27. This washer effectively seals the space between the heater system and the cup, ensuring that the contents remain contained without any leakage. This integration facilitates the practical use of self -heating technology in a disposable format, offering a more environmentally friendly option at a reasonable cost.

[0091] In an exemplary embodiment, the disposable cup 71 may be covered by an insulated layer 72 in order to prevent the user’s hand to be burnt In an exemplary embodiment, the fumes may be filtered out by a filter 73 or balloon 64.

[0092] FIG. 7B illustrates a sectional side view of a disposable cup heater 70, including mugs or paper packaging, in an activated state. Activation occurs when the user pulls a handle 77, connected to needle or nail 24, puncturing the thin layer to start the heating process. This can also be connected to a lever or pulley to change the direction of the force in order to prevent inadvertent activation. The handle 77 is linked to the lid 76, sealing the cup to prevent leaks.

[0093] FIG 8A presents a sectional side view of a mug 80 or tea brewer, featuring a mechanical activator in a passive state. In this exemplary embodiment, the heater system 10 is integrated with a jar 82 and thermal battery designed to heat its contents 89, which could include fresh coffee or tea. Since it can also boil the content 89, this system allows users to enjoy freshly brewed beverages on demand, providing an alternative to reheating previously brewed drinks. The integration of the heater system 10 into the vessel 81 is facilitated by a hollow bolt 28 and washer 27, which seals the assembly to prevent any leakage of thecontents. This setup is ideal for coffee and tea enthusiasts who value freshness and convenience.

[0094] In an exemplary embodiment, the mug 81 has a jar 82 contain any potential fumes. Additionally, fumes that do escape are captured by a filter 83 or a balloon 84. This balloon 84 is securely attached to the jar 82 using glue or another form of adhesive, ensuring it remains in place to effectively filter out any unwanted odors or emissions. This setup enhances safety and user comfort by mitigating heat and controlling fumes.

[0093] In an exemplary embodiment, the exemplary mug 81 may have a lid which prevents the lips place from dirtiness and also prevents the activation handle or thread 87 to be exposed and unsafe. This activation thread 87 is embedded for example inside the balloon 84 making sure that there is no fume escaping from the jar 82 or thermal battery.

[0095] FIG. 8B illustrates a sectional side view of a fresh-brewed coffee mug 80 with a mechanical activator in an activated state. The activation involves the user pushing, pulling, or twisting the cover 85, which eventually moves the needle or nail 24 through the hole in the circular surface 22, puncturing the thin layer 23 to start the heating process as mentioned above. Once activated, the heater system 10 boils the content 89, brewing the coffee or tea.

[0096] FIG. 8C displays a sectional side view of a fresh-brewed coffee mug 80 with an electrical activator. Activation occurs when the user either pushes button or twists cover 85, connecting the battery 211 to the electric motor 820, which is connected to the needle or nail 824 which has been made in a rack and pinion mechanism shape or is integrated with a Rack and Pinion steering system. When the needle or nail 824 is moved by the electric motor 820, the nail 24 through the hole in the circular surface 22, puncturing the thin layer 23 to start the heating process mirroring the mechanism described for the heater system 10. The design and function of this electrically activated coffee mug 80 are similar to those of the mechanically activated version, but it includes modifications such as a specially designed cover that accommodates the battery 211 and button 212. This setup allows for seamless integration of the electrical components without compromising the functionality and convenience offered by the fresh-brewed coffee mug. In an exemplary embodiment, activation is controlled by the user pressing a button 212 or a wireless or Bluetooth module such as HC-05 215, which connects the battery 211 to the electric motor 820, switching the product from a passive to an active state. In an exemplary embodiment, there is also a water level sensor 825 which is circuited between the button 212 and a wireless module 215 and the electrical motor 820 preventing activation without any content 89. In other words, when there is a lack of content 89 in the mug 80, there is a danger of burning the thermal batterywhich may cause malfunction of the thermal battery in the future and the water level sensor 825 is designed to prevent this. In FIGs. 8A-C, the heater system 10 risks exposure to dry conditions as the contents 89 boil off, potentially damaging the combustion chamber 12 and altering the taste of the contents. To counter this, a tube 815 within the combustion chamber surrounding the premixed fuel 14, preventing the aluminum tube to be overheated. This configuration enhances safety by preventing the burning of aluminum tube in dry conditions and preserves the quality of the beverage.

[0097] FIG. 8D shows a sectional side view of a mug 80 with an electrical activator. Activation occurs when the user connects the USB 223 to a battery, power bank, or smartphone. This action connects the thermal wire 863 such as a nickel chrome wire to the battery through the phase wire and neutral wire 860 and 861. One of these wires is connected through the conductivity of the hollow bolt 28 and aluminum jar 62 and the other one is passed through a metal tube 888 which is insulated by a non-conductive tube or high temperature resistant tape 862 which is placed inside the hollow bolt 28 and goes inside the thermal battery 17. In an exemplary embodiment, inside the thermal battery 17, near the cap, there is the thermal wire 863, which is attached to a glass tube 864 with a paper tape 865. When the wire 861 is connected to one end of the thermal wire 863, the other end of the thermal wire 863 is connected to the thermal battery 17 and the circuit will be connected to the battery, therefore, the thermal wire 863 burns the paper 865 and activates the fuel 14 which warms up the content 89 of the mug or thermos 81. The thermal battery 17 is connected to the aluminum jar 62 just by a screw top if it and threated hole of the aluminum jar to facilitate the removing and adding processes by the user. There is also an O-ring washer 866 to seal the thermal battery 17 with the aluminum jar 62 which is connected to the mug or thermos surface by the hollow bolt 28. The mug or thermos 81 may have a thermometer 611. In an exemplary embodiment, the assembling process can be conducted by the end-use through a Do It Yourself (DIY) process. In this case, the user can assemble all the components of the product according a user manual inside the packaging.

[0098] FIG. 8E shows a sectional side view of an electrical kettle 80 with an electrical activator. There are two or more thermal batteries 17 to provide the user with the choice of either warm the content up by activating one of them or boil the content by activating both. One of the wires is connected through the conductivity of the hollow bolt 28 and aluminum jar 62 and the other one is connected to the fitting plate 899 which holds two screws 898 which are going through the thermal batteries.

[0099] FIG. 9 displays a sectional side view of an exemplary embodiments of daily dishheater 90 equipped with two heater systems 10, where one is in a passive state and the other in an activated state. This setup is ideal for employees, students, or workers in remote locations who lack the time or means to warm up their meals. The heater systems 10 heat an intermediate fluid 900 housed in a heat transfer tank 901, which then evenly distributes the heat to the dish's contents 99, preventing direct heat damage. The intermediate fluid 900, potentially a Phase Change Material (PCM), is chosen for its high boiling point, low melting point, efficient heat transfer properties, and low specific heat capacity. This design ensures efficient heat management and uniform warming of the food. Each heater system 10 integrates seamlessly into the dish 91 via a hollow bolt 28 and a washer 27, which seals the system to prevent any leakage of the intermediate contents, enhancing both functionality and safety of the daily dish heater.

[0100] In an exemplary embodiment, the daily dish 91 features two containers 92 and 901. Fumes are captured by a filter 93, which is affixed to the container 92 glue or other adhesives, ensuring efficient filtration and enhanced user comfort.

[0101] In an exemplary embodiment, the daily dish heater 90 includes two independent heater systems 10, providing increased heating power for warming food. Users can activate one or both systems as needed, and each can be individually replaced. The heater systems can be operated using either mechanical or electrical activators, offering flexibility and convenience in usage.

[0102] In an exemplary embodiment, activating the daily dish heater 90 involves pushing or twisting the cover 95, which moves a needle or nail 24 through a hole in the circular surface 22 to puncture a thin layer, starting the heater. Additionally, the heater is designed with two layers to enhance insulation, minimizing heat loss and creating extra space to safely.

[0103] FIG. 10A depicts a sectional side view of a multi-purpose heater 1000 with a mechanical activator in a passive state. The heater system 10 heats an intermediate fluid 1001 contained within a heat transfer tank 1002, effectively warming a connected closed space 109. This setup ensures that items within the space, such as food, medicines, or clothing, are not exposed to direct heat but are kept warm or heated through the controlled release of heat from the intermediate fluid. The intermediate fluid 1001, possibly a Phase Change Material (PCM), is chosen for its high boiling point, low melting point, excellent heat transfer properties, and low specific heat capacity. This configuration allows the multipurpose heater 1000 to efficiently manage temperature in various applications, from delivery bags to clothing intended for cold environments, without risking damage from intense heat. The heater system 10 is securely integrated with the heat transfer tank 1002 via a hollow bolt28 and a washer 27 to prevent any leakage of the intermediate fluid.

[0104] In an exemplary embodiment, the multi-purpose heater 1000 includes a cover 1003 designed to protect the user's hands from burns. This prevents discomfort from heat and annoyance from odors. Additionally, any emitted fumes are effectively filtered through a filter 1004 or balloon 1005. This filter is securely attached to the cover 1003 using glue or another suitable adhesive, ensuring it remains in place to efficiently clean the air.

[0105] In an exemplary embodiment, the multi-purpose heater 1000 features a lid with a flexible handle 1006, making it easy to attach to various items, such as food packages used by restaurants for delivery. This handle enhances the portability and versatility of the heater, allowing for seamless integration into food delivery systems. The multi-purpose heater 1000 can be packaged for use within food delivery packaging and is designed for either single -use or multi-use applications. A single -use version can be placed inside paper food packaging by restaurants, transported in a delivery bag by couriers, and then returned via a deposit system by customers after use. Conversely, a multi-use version can be provided by a food delivery service to keep multiple food items warm within a delivery bag. This heater can be repeatedly used, removed, replaced, and returned by the courier through a deposit system. The construction materials and manufacturing quality of the heater vary depending on whether it is intended for single or multiple uses. Additionally, the activation mechanism of the heater can be designed to operate either mechanically or electrically, catering to different operational preferences and requirements.

[0106] FIG. 10B depicts a sectional side view of the multi-purpose heater 1000 with an electrical activation where the USB type C 223 connector can be connected to a charger for example in a restaurant and the electricity comes to the thermal wire such as a nickel chrome wire and start the reaction. The cover 1003 is designed not only to protect the user's hands from the heat, thereby preventing burns, but also to provide extra space that contains any fumes produced during operation. This design ensures safety and comfort for the user while the heater is active.

[0107] In an exemplary embodiment, to extend the reaction time and thereby keep food warm for longer periods within a delivery bag, pairs of plates 1007 are strategically placed inside the combustion chamber 12 amidst the premixed fuel 14. Upon activation by the user, the reaction commences and progresses up through the first set of tubes 1007, reaching its peak before traveling down through a second layer of tubes. It then continues between this second layer of tubes and the outer walls of the combustion chamber 12. This configuration effectively prolongs the reaction duration, allowing for sustained heat production. Thematerials used for the premixed fuel 14 and the number and arrangement of the tubes 1007 can be varied to adjust the reaction time to meet specific thermal requirements. This design flexibility ensures optimal heating performance tailored to the needs of the heated contents.

[0108] FIG. 11 illustrates a perspective view of a thermal ignitor 1100 with a mechanical activator 115. In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the fuel 14 may be used as a associate for setting fire in a cold or humid situation for campers, mountaineers, or others. Since the body 116 of the thermal ignitor is made of aluminum foil, it will be completely burned upon the activation and the user can easily set a fire. Since the liquid chemical starter 16 has freezing point of approximately -50 degrees Celsius, this thermal ignitor 1100 can be used for setting a fire either for rescue or warming up foods in any situation even on the top of the mountains or south pole.

[0109] The detailed descriptions of specific embodiments herein aim to fully reveal the general nature of this disclosure, equipping those skilled in the art to readily adapt and apply this knowledge across various applications. Such adaptations and modifications, achievable without undue experimentation, should fall within the scope of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments, guided by the teachings of this document. It is crucial to understand that the terminology and phraseology used are for descriptive purposes only and not for limitation; they should be interpreted by the skilled artisan in the context of the provided teachings. Importantly, the scope of this disclosure should not be limited to the described exemplary embodiments but should be defined by the subsequent claims and their equivalents, ensuring the disclosure remains broadly interpretable and applicable in accordance with the underlying principles and innovations.

[0110] Throughout this specification and the claims that follow, unless the context dictates otherwise, the word "comprise" and its variations such as "comprises" or "comprising" are used to indicate the inclusion of a stated element, integer, or step, or group of elements, integers, or steps, but not the exclusion of any other element, integer, or step, or group of elements, integers, or steps. Additionally, the use of relative terms such as “vertical,” “horizontal,” “up,” “down,” and “side-to-side” should be understood in a relative sense, pertaining to the normal orientation of the described apparatus.

Claims

Smart Heat Battery Technology provides sustainable and safe heating solutions by a solar energy rechargeable fuel to generate heat without emitting GHGs. The thermal battery, designed for easy recycling with a QR code scanning on user’s device, offering cashback incentives for responsible disposal. This technology features a thermal battery equipped with an innovative premixed fuel system, designed for both mechanical and electrical activation with smart features such as loT capability for highly user-friendliness and adaptablity to modern needs. Moreover, the integration design featured robustly connecting the thermal battery to its container. The system is equipped with an auto shutoff feature that employs a spring mechanism to halt the reaction in case of overheating. This product can be placed within or removed from various appliances to heat items. This technology not only meets current heating demands but also aligns with eco-friendly practices, offering significant advancements in the field of clean energy.

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