Prodrugs of n-[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2(1 h)-isoquinolinyl)-2,6-dimethylphe NYL]-3,3-dimethyl- butanamide

Abstract

Provided herein are compounds, including compounds of any of the formulae described herein (e.g., Formula (I)), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, stereoisomers, tautomers, solvates, hydrates, and isotopically labeled derivatives thereof. Compounds provided herein can act as potentiators of voltage-gates potassium channels (e.g., Kv7 potassium channels such as Kv7.2 / Kv7.3) and are therefore useful in the treatment and / or prevention of diseases, disorders, and conditions (e.g., diseases, disorders, and conditions associated with Kv7 potassium channel dysfunction).

Description

[0001] PRODRUGS OF N-[4-(6-FLUORO-3,4-DIHYDRO-2(1 H)-ISOQUINOLINYL)-2,6-DIMETHYLPHE NYL]-3,3-DIMETHYL- BUTANAMIDE

[0002] RELATED APPLICATION

[0003]

[0001] This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) to United States Provisional Patent Application, U.S.S.N. 63 / 665,953, filed June 28, 2024, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0004] BACKGROUND

[0005]

[0002] Voltage-gated potassium channels, including the voltage-gated potassium channels Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 (Kv7.2 / Kv7.3), are important in controlling neuronal excitability. Kv7.2 / Kv7.3 underlie the neuronal “M-current,” named according to its initial characterization as a neuronal current decreased in response to muscarinic / cholinergic agonists (see Brown, D.A. et al., Nature (1980), 283:673-676). The M-current is a non-inactivating, hyperpolarizing current known to act as a brake on neuronal hyperexcitability. Consequently, a decrease in the Kv7.2-mediated M-current, for example through genetic loss-of-function, can cause neuronal depolarization and an increase in membrane and neuronal excitability that can lead to action potential bursts that manifest as, e.g., epileptic seizures. In contrast, an increase in the Kv7.2-mediated M-current can hyperpolarize the cell membrane and thereby reduce neuronal excitability and prevent the initiation and propagation of action potential bursts and the resultant seizures. Enhancing the open state of Kv7.2 / Kv7.3 channels in neurons favors a hyperpolarized resting state, which reduces rapid action potential spiking (z.e., burst firing). Such enhancement can provide a stabilizing effect on excitable, particularly hyper-excitable, neurons and can therefore be useful in treating certain seizure disorders. This enhancement has been clinically proven to be effective for treatment of seizure disorders, such as partial onset seizures in adults with epilepsy, with retigabine (ezogabine), a known Kv7.2 / Kv7.3 potentiator.

[0006]

[0003] While significant advances have been made in this field, there remains a substantial need for improved compounds and methods for potentiating voltage-gated potassium channels, including the voltage-gated potassium channels Kv7.2 / Kv7.3. Such compounds and methods can be used to treat diseases, disorders, and conditions in which potassium channel dysfunction is implicated.

[0007] SUMMARY

[0008]

[0004] Provided herein are compounds, including compounds of any of the formulae described herein (e.g., Formula (I)), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, stereoisomers, tautomers, solvates, hydrates, and isotopically labeled derivatives thereof. Compounds provided herein can act as potentiators of voltage-gated potassium channels e.g., Kv7 potassium channels such as Kv7.2 / Kv7.3) and are therefore useful in the treatment and / or prevention of diseases, disorders, and conditions (e.g., diseases, disorders, and conditions associated with Kv7 potassium channel dysfunction). Also provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds provided herein, and kits comprising the same. Additionally, the disclosure provides methods of preparing the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions described herein, and intermediates useful thereto.

[0005] In one aspect, provided herein are compounds of Formula (I): and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, stereoisomers, tautomers, solvates, and isotopically labeled derivatives thereof, wherein Rpis selected from one of the following formulae: and wherein R1, R2, R3, and R4are as defined herein.

[0009]

[0006] In certain embodiments, for example, a compound disclosed herein is selected from those recited in Table 1 (infra), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, stereoisomers, tautomers, solvates, and isotopically labeled derivatives thereof.

[0010]

[0007] In another aspect, provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, tautomer, solvate, or isotopically labeled derivative thereof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and / or excipients. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition provided herein comprises an effective amount (e.g., therapeutically effective amount) of a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, tautomer, solvate, or isotopically labeled derivative thereof.

[0011]

[0008] As described, compounds and pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can potentiate voltagegated potassium channels (e.g., Kv7.2 / Kv7.3 potassium channels) and are therefore useful for treating and / or preventing diseases, disorders, and conditions in a subject, including, e.g., indications in which Kv7 potassium channel dysfunction is implicated.

[0012]

[0009] In other aspects, provided herein are methods and uses of the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions provided herein, including, but not limited to, the following:

[0013] (a) Methods of potentiating a Kv7 potassium channel e.g., Kv7.2 / Kv7.3) in a subject comprising administering to the subject a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, tautomer, solvate, or isotopically labeled derivative thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.

[0014] (b) Methods of treating a disease, disorder, or condition associated with Kv7 potassium channel (e.g., Kv7.2 / Kv7.3) dysfunction in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, tautomer, solvate, or isotopically labeled derivative thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.

[0015] (c) Method of treating a seizure disorder, a depressive disorder, pain, or anhedonia in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, tautomer, solvate, or isotopically labeled derivative thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.

[0016] (d) Methods of potentiating a Kv7 potassium channel (e.g., Kv7.2 / Kv7.3) in a cell in vitro comprising contacting the cell with a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, tautomer, solvate, or isotopically labeled derivative thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.

[0017]

[0010] In another aspect, provided herein are compounds disclosed herein, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, stereoisomers, tautomers, solvates, and isotopically labeled derivatives thereof, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof, for use in any of the methods provided herein. In another aspect, provided herein are compounds disclosed herein, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, stereoisomers, tautomers, solvates, and isotopically labeled derivatives thereof, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof, for use as medicaments and / or in the preparation of medicaments.

[0018] [Oil] In another aspect, provided herein are kits comprising a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, tautomer, solvate, or isotopically labeled derivative thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. The kits described herein may include a single dose or multiple doses of the compound or pharmaceutical composition thereof. The kits described herein are useful in any method or use provided herein, and optionally further comprise instructions for using the kit (e.g., instructions for using the compound or composition included in the kit).

[0019]

[0012] Also provided herein are methods of preparing compounds disclosed herein, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, stereoisomers, tautomers, solvates, and isotopically labeled derivatives thereof, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof. Synthetic intermediates useful in the preparation of the compounds and compositions are also provided herein.

[0020]

[0013] The details of certain embodiments of the disclosure are set forth in the Detailed Description, as described below. Other embodiments of the disclosure will be apparent from the Definitions, Examples, Abstract, and Claims.

[0021] DEFINITIONS

[0022] Chemical Definitions

[0023]

[0014] Definitions of specific functional groups and chemical terms are described in more detail below. The chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75thEd., inside cover, and specific functional groups are generally defined as described therein. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry, as well as specific functional moieties and reactivity, are described in Thomas Sorrell, Organic Chemistry, University Science Books, Sausalito, 1999; Michael B. Smith, March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry, 7thEdition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2013; Richard C. Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2018; and Carruthers, Some Modem Methods of Organic Synthesis, 3rdEdition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987.

[0015] Compounds described herein can comprise one or more asymmetric centers, and thus can exist in various stereoisomeric forms, e.g., enantiomers and / or diastereomers. For example, the compounds described herein can be in the form of an individual enantiomer, diastereomer, or geometric isomer, or can be in the form of a mixture of stereoisomers, including racemic mixtures and mixtures enriched in one or more stereoisomer. Isomers can be isolated from mixtures by methods known to those skilled in the art, including chiral high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the formation and crystallization of chiral salts; or preferred isomers can be prepared by asymmetric syntheses. See, for example, Jacques et al., Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions (Wiley Interscience, New York, 1981); Wilen et al., Tetrahedron 33:2725 (1977); Eliel, E.L. Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds (McGraw- Hill, NY, 1962); and Wilen, S.H., Tables of Resolving Agents and Optical Resolutions p. 268 (E.L. Eliel, Ed., Univ, of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, IN 1972). The present disclosure additionally encompasses compounds as individual isomers substantially free of other isomers, and alternatively, as mixtures of various isomers.

[0024]

[0016] Unless otherwise provided, formulae and structures depicted herein include compounds that do not include isotopically enriched atoms, and also include compounds that include isotopically enriched atoms (“isotopically labeled derivatives”). For example, compounds having the present structures except for the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, replacement of19F with18F, or the replacement of a carbon by a13C- or14C-enriched carbon are within the scope of the disclosure. In certain embodiments, one or more hydrogen atoms of a compound are replaced by deuterium (“deuterated derivatives”).

[0025]

[0017] The term “isotopes” refers to variants of a particular chemical element such that, while all isotopes of a given element share the same number of protons in each atom of the element, those isotopes differ in the number of neutrons.

[0026]

[0018] When a range of values (“range”) is listed, it encompasses each value and sub-range within the range. A range is inclusive of the values at the two ends of the range unless otherwise provided. For example, “Ci-6 alkyl” encompasses, Ci, C2, C3, C4, C5, Ce, Ci-6, C1-5, Ci^t, C1-3, C1-2, C2-6, C2-5, C: 4. C2-3, C3-6, C3-5, C3 4, C4-6, C4-5, and C5-6 alkyl.

[0027]

[0019] Use of the phrase “at least one instance” refers to 1, 2, 3, 4, or more instances, but also encompasses a range, e.g., for example, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 3, from 1 to 2, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 3, or from 3 to 4 instances, inclusive.

[0028]

[0020] The term “aliphatic” refers to alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and carbocyclic groups. Likewise, the term “heteroaliphatic” refers to heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, and heterocyclic groups.

[0029]

[0021] The term “alkyl” refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched saturated hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms (“Ci-20 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 12 carbon atoms (“Ci-12 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 10 carbon atoms (“Ci-10 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 9 carbon atoms (“C1-9 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 8 carbon atoms (“Ci-8 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 7 carbon atoms (“C1-7 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 6 carbon atoms (“C1-6 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 5 carbon atoms (“C1-5 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 4 carbon atoms (“Ci^t alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 3 carbon atoms (“C1-3 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 2 carbon atoms (“C1-2 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 carbon atom (“Ci alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C2-6 alkyl”). Examples of Ci-6 alkyl groups include methyl (Ci), ethyl (C2), propyl (C3) (e.g., n-propyl, isopropyl), butyl (C4) (e.g., zz-butyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl), pentyl (C5) (e.g., n-pentyl, 3-pentanyl, amyl, neopentyl, 3-methyl-2-butanyl, tertamyl), and hexyl (Ce) (e.g., n-hexyl). Additional examples of alkyl groups include / z-hcpty 1 (C7), n-octyl (Cs), n-dodecyl (C12), and the like. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an alkyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkyl”) with one or more substituents (e.g., halogen, such as F). In certain embodiments, the alkyl group is an unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl (such as unsubstituted Ci-6 alkyl, e.g., -CH3 (Me), unsubstituted ethyl (Et), unsubstituted propyl (Pr, e.g., unsubstituted n-propyl (n-Pr), unsubstituted isopropyl (z'-Pr)), unsubstituted butyl (Bu, e.g., unsubstituted / / -butyl (n-Bu), unsubstituted tert-butyl (tert-Bu or t-Bu), unsubstituted .vec-butyl (sec- Bu or s-Bu), unsubstituted isobutyl (z'-Bu)). In certain embodiments, the alkyl group is a substituted Ci-12 alkyl (such as substituted Ci-6 alkyl, e.g., -CH2F, -CHF2, -CF3, -CH2CH2F, -CH2CHF2, -CH2CF3, or benzyl (Bn)).

[0030]

[0022] The term “haloalkyl” is a substituted alkyl group, wherein one or more of the hydrogen atoms are independently replaced by a halogen, e.g., fluoro, bromo, chloro, or iodo. “Perhaloalkyl” is a subset of haloalkyl and refers to an alkyl group wherein all of the hydrogen atoms are independently replaced by a halogen, e.g., fluoro, bromo, chloro, or iodo. In some embodiments, the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 20 carbon atoms (“Ci-20 haloalkyl”). In some embodiments, the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 10 carbon atoms (“Ci-10 haloalkyl”). In some embodiments, the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 9 carbon atoms (“C1-9 haloalkyl”). In some embodiments, the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 8 carbon atoms (“Ci-8 haloalkyl”). In some embodiments, the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 7 carbon atoms (“C1-7 haloalkyl”). In some embodiments, the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 6 carbon atoms (“Ci-6 haloalkyl”). In some embodiments, the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 5 carbon atoms (“C1-5 haloalkyl”). In some embodiments, the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 4 carbon atoms (“Ci^ haloalkyl”). In some embodiments, the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 3 carbon atoms (“C1-3 haloalkyl”). In some embodiments, the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 2 carbon atoms (“C1-2 haloalkyl”). In some embodiments, all of the haloalkyl hydrogen atoms are independently replaced with fluoro to provide a “perfluoroalkyl” group. In some embodiments, all of the haloalkyl hydrogen atoms are independently replaced with chloro to provide a “perchloroalkyl” group. Examples of haloalkyl groups include -CHF2, -CH2F, -CF3, -CH2CF3, -CF2CF3, -CF2CF2CF3, -CCI3, -CFQ2, -CF2CI, and the like.

[0031]

[0023] The term “heteroalkyl” refers to an alkyl group, which further includes at least one heteroatom (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms) selected from oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, boron, and phosphorous within e.g., inserted between adjacent carbon atoms of) and / or placed at one or more terminal position(s) of the parent chain. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkyl group is an alkyl group, which further includes at least one heteroatom (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms) selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur within (e.g., inserted between adjacent carbon atoms of) and / or placed at one or more terminal position(s) of the parent chain. In certain embodiments, a heteroalkyl group refers to a saturated group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“Ci-20 heteroalkyl”). In certain embodiments, a heteroalkyl group refers to a saturated group having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“Ci-12 heteroalkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 11 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“Ci-11 heteroalkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“Ci-10 heteroalkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 9 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“C1-9 heteroalkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“Ci-8 heteroalkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“C1-7 heteroalkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“Ci-6 heteroalkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“C1-5 heteroalkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“Ci^t heteroalkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms and 1 heteroatom within the parent chain (“C1-3 heteroalkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 2 carbon atoms and 1 heteroatom within the parent chain (“C1-2 heteroalkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 carbon atom and 1 heteroatom (“Ci heteroalkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“C2-6 heteroalkyl”). Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a heteroalkyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heteroalkyl”) or substituted (a “substituted heteroalkyl”) with one or more substituents.

[0032]

[0024] The term “alkenyl” refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms and one or more carbon-carbon double bonds (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 double bonds). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 20 carbon atoms (“C2-20 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 12 carbon atoms (“C2-12 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 11 carbon atoms (“C2-11 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 10 carbon atoms (“C2-10 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms (“C2-9 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms (“C2-8 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms (“C2-7 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C2-6 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms (“C2-5 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms (“C2-4 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms (“C2-3 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 carbon atom (“C2 alkenyl”). The one or more carbon-carbon double bonds can be internal (such as in 2-butenyl) or terminal (such as in 1-butenyl). Examples of C 4 alkenyl groups include ethenyl (C2), 1 -propenyl (C3), 2-propenyl (C3), 1-butenyl (C4), 2-butenyl (C4), butadienyl (C4), and the like. Examples of C2-6 alkenyl groups include the aforementioned C2-4 alkenyl groups as well as pentenyl (C5), pentadienyl (C5), hexenyl (Ce), and the like. Additional examples of alkenyl include heptenyl (C7), octenyl (Cs), octatrienyl (Cs), and the like. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an alkenyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkenyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkenyl”) with one or more substituents. In an alkenyl group, a C=C double bond for which the stereochemistry is not specified (e.g., -CH=CHCH3 or may be in the (£)- or (Z)- configuration.

[0033]

[0025] The term “heteroalkenyl” refers to an alkenyl group, which further includes at least one heteroatom (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms) selected from oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, boron, and phosphorous within (e.g., inserted between adjacent carbon atoms of) and / or placed at one or more terminal position(s) of the parent chain. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkenyl group is an alkenyl group, which further includes at least one heteroatom (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms) selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur within (e.g., inserted between adjacent carbon atoms of) and / or placed at one or more terminal position(s) of the parent chain. In certain embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group refers to a group having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“C2-20 heteroalkenyl”). In certain embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group refers to a group having from 2 to 12 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“C2-12 heteroalkenyl”). In certain embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group refers to a group having from 2 to 11 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“C2-11 heteroalkenyl”). In certain embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group refers to a group having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“C2-10 heteroalkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“C2-9 heteroalkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“C2-8 heteroalkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“C2-7 heteroalkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“C2-6 heteroalkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“C2-5 heteroalkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“C2- -4 heteroalkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 heteroatom within the parent chain (“C2-3 heteroalkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 heteroatom within the parent chain (“C2 heteroalkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“C2-6 heteroalkenyl”). Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a heteroalkenyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heteroalkenyl”) or substituted (a “substituted heteroalkenyl”) with one or more substituents.

[0034]

[0026] The term “alkynyl” refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms and one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 triple bonds) (“C2-20 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 10 carbon atoms (“C2 -10 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms (“C2 -9 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms (“C2-8 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms (“C2 -7 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C2-6 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms (“C2-5 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms (“C2-4 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms (“C2-3 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 carbon atoms (“C2 alkynyl”). The one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds can be internal (such as in 2- butynyl) or terminal (such as in 1-butynyl). Examples of C2-4 alkynyl groups include, without limitation, ethynyl (C2), 1-propynyl (C3), 2-propynyl (C3), 1-butynyl (C4), 2-butynyl (C4), and the like. Examples of C2-6 alkenyl groups include the aforementioned C2-4 alkynyl groups as well as pentynyl (C5), hexynyl (Ce), and the like. Additional examples of alkynyl include heptynyl (C7), octynyl (Cs), and the like. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an alkynyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkynyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkynyl”) with one or more substituents.

[0035]

[0027] The term “heteroalkynyl” refers to an alkynyl group, which further includes at least one heteroatom (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms) selected from oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, boron, and phosphorous within (e.g., inserted between adjacent carbon atoms of) and / or placed at one or more terminal position(s) of the parent chain. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkynyl group is an alkynyl group, which further includes at least one heteroatom (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms) selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur within (e.g., inserted between adjacent carbon atoms of) and / or placed at one or more terminal position(s) of the parent chain. In certain embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group refers to a group having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“C2-20 heteroalkynyl”). In certain embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group refers to a group having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“C2-10 heteroalkynyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“C2-9 heteroalkynyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“C2-8 heteroalkynyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“C2-7 heteroalkynyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“C2-6 heteroalkynyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“C2-5 heteroalkynyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and lor 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“C 4 heteroalkynyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 heteroatom within the parent chain (“C2-3 heteroalkynyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 heteroatom within the parent chain (“C2 heteroalkynyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“Ci-6 heteroalkynyl”). Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a heteroalkynyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heteroalkynyl”) or substituted (a “substituted heteroalkynyl”) with one or more substituents.

[0036]

[0028] The term “carbocyclyl” or “carbocyclic” refers to a radical of a non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon group having from 3 to 14 ring carbon atoms (“C3-14 carbocyclyl”) and zero heteroatoms in the non- aromatic ring system. In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 14 ring carbon atoms (“C3-14 carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 13 ring carbon atoms (“C3 -13 carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 12 ring carbon atoms (“C3-12 carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 11 ring carbon atoms (“C3 -11 carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C3 -10 carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms (“C3-8 carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 7 ring carbon atoms (“C3 -7 carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C3-6 carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 4 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C4-6 carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 5 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C5-6 carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 5 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C5-10 carbocyclyl”). Exemplary C3-6 carbocyclyl groups include cyclopropyl (C3), cyclopropenyl (C3), cyclobutyl (C4), cyclobutenyl (C4), cyclopentyl (C5), cyclopentenyl (C5), cyclohexyl (Ce), cyclohexenyl (Ce), cyclohexadienyl (Ce), and the like. Exemplary C3-8 carbocyclyl groups include the aforementioned C3-6 carbocyclyl groups as well as cycloheptyl (C7), cycloheptenyl (C7), cycloheptadienyl (C7), cycloheptatrienyl (C7), cyclooctyl (Cs), cyclooctenyl (Cs), bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl (C7), bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl (Cs), and the like. Exemplary C3-10 carbocyclyl groups include the aforementioned C3-8 carbocyclyl groups as well as cyclononyl (C9), cyclononenyl (C9), cyclodecyl (C10), cyclodecenyl (C10), octahydro- IH-indenyl (C9), decahydronaphthalenyl (C10), spiro[4.5]decanyl (C10), and the like. Exemplary C3-8 carbocyclyl groups include the aforementioned C3-10 carbocyclyl groups as well as cycloundecyl (Cn), spiro[5.5]undecanyl (Cn), cyclododecyl (C12), cyclododecenyl (C12), cyclotridecane (C13), cyclotetradecane (C14), and the like. As the foregoing examples illustrate, in certain embodiments, the carbocyclyl group is either monocyclic (“monocyclic carbocyclyl”) or polycyclic (e.g., containing a fused, bridged or spiro ring system such as a bicyclic system (“bicyclic carbocyclyl”) or tricyclic system (“bicyclic carbocyclyl”)) and can be saturated or can contain one or more carbon-carbon double or hiple bonds. “Carbocyclyl” also includes ring systems wherein the carbocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl or heteroaryl groups wherein the point of attachment is on the carbocyclyl ring, and in such instances, the number of carbons continue to designate the number of carbons in the carbocyclic ring system. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a carbocyclyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted carbocyclyl”) or substituted (a “substituted carbocyclyl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the carbocyclyl includes 0, 1, or 2 C=C double bonds in the carbocyclic ring system, as valency permits.

[0037]

[0029] “Cycloalkyl” refers to a saturated carbocyclyl group. In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has from 3 to 14 ring carbon atoms (“C3-14 cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C3-10 cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms (“C3-8 cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 7 ring carbon atoms (“C37 cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C3-6 cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 4 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C4-6 cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 5 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C5-6 cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 5 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C5-10 cycloalkyl”). Examples of C5-6 cycloalkyl groups include cyclopentyl (C5) and cyclohexyl (C5). Examples of C3-6 cycloalkyl groups include the aforementioned C5-6 cycloalkyl groups as well as cyclopropyl (C3) and cyclobutyl (C4). Examples of C3-8 cycloalkyl groups include the aforementioned C3-6 cycloalkyl groups as well as cycloheptyl (C7) and cyclooctyl (Cs). Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a cycloalkyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted cycloalkyl”) or substituted (a “substituted cycloalkyl”) with one or more substituents.

[0038]

[0030] The term “heterocyclyl” or “heterocyclic” refers to a radical of a 3- to 14-membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1 to 4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, silicon, boron, and phosphorous (“3-14 membered heterocyclyl”). In certain embodiments, the heterocyclyl group is a radical of a 3- to 14-membered non- aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1 to 4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. The point of attachment can be either to a ring carbon atom or a ring heteroatom of the heterocyclyl group, as valency permits. For example, in heterocyclyl groups that contain one or more nitrogen atoms, the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits. A heterocyclyl group can either be monocyclic (“monocyclic heterocyclyl”) or polycyclic (e.g., a fused, bridged or spiro ring system such as a bicyclic system (“bicyclic heterocyclyl”) or tricyclic system (“tricyclic heterocyclyl”)), and can be saturated or can contain one or more carbon-carbon double or triple bonds. Heterocyclyl polycyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings. “Heterocyclyl” also includes ring systems wherein the heterocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl groups wherein the point of attachment is either on the carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl ring, or ring systems wherein the heterocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl or heteroaryl groups, wherein the point of attachment is on the heterocyclyl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members continue to designate the number of ring members in the heterocyclyl ring system. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of heterocyclyl is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heterocyclyl”) or substituted (a “substituted heterocyclyl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the heterocyclyl is substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 8-membered, monocyclic heterocyclyl, wherein 1, 2, or 3 atoms in the heterocyclic ring system are independently oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur, as valency permits.

[0039]

[0031] In some embodiments, a heterocyclyl group is a 5-10 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-10 membered heterocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a heterocyclyl group is a 5-8 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-8 membered heterocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a heterocyclyl group is a 5-6 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-6 membered heterocyclyl”). In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has 1-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has 1-2 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has 1 ring heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.

[0040]

[0032] Exemplary 3-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include azirdinyl, oxiranyl, and thiiranyl. Exemplary 4-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include azetidinyl, oxetanyl, and thietanyl. Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, dihydrothiophenyl, pyrrolidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, and pyrrolyl-2, 5-dione. Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 2 heteroatoms include dioxolanyl, oxathiolanyl and dithiolanyl. Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 3 heteroatoms include triazolinyl, oxadiazolinyl, and thiadiazolinyl. Exemplary 6- membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyridinyl, and thianyl. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 2 heteroatoms include piperazinyl, morpholinyl, dithianyl, and dioxanyl. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 3 heteroatoms include triazinyl. Exemplary 7-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include azepanyl, oxepanyl and thiepanyl. Exemplary 8-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include azocanyl, oxecanyl and thiocanyl. Exemplary bicyclic heterocyclyl groups include indolinyl, isoindolinyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothienyl, tetrahydrobenzothienyl, tetrahydrobenzofuranyl, tetrahydroindolyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, decahydroisoquinolinyl, octahydrochromenyl, octahydroisochromenyl, decahydronaphthyridinyl, decahydro- 1,8-naphthyridinyl, octahydropyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole, indolinyl, phthalimidyl, naphthalimidyl, chromanyl, chromenyl, lH-benzo[e][l,4]diazepinyl, 1,4,5,7-tetrahydro- pyrano[3 ,4-b]pyrrolyl, 5 ,6-dihydro-4H-furo[3 ,2-b]pyrrolyl, 6,7 -dihydro-5H-furo[3 ,2-b]pyranyl, 5,7- dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-c]pyranyl, 2,3-dihydro-lH-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridinyl, 2,3-dihydrofuro[2,3- b]pyridinyl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-lH-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridinyl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrofuro[3,2-c]pyridinyl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-b]pyridinyl, l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-l,6-naphthyridinyl, and the like.

[0041]

[0033] The term “aryl” refers to a radical of a monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic or tricyclic) 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6, 10, or 14 7t electrons shared in a cyclic array) having 6-14 ring carbon atoms and zero heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system (“Ce -14 aryl”). In some embodiments, an aryl group has 6-10 ring carbon atoms (“Ce-io aryl”). In some embodiments, an aryl group has 6 ring carbon atoms (“Ce aryl”; e.g., phenyl). In some embodiments, an aryl group has 10 ring carbon atoms (“Cio aryl”; e.g., naphthyl such as 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl). In some embodiments, an aryl group has 14 ring carbon atoms (“Cu aryl”; e.g., anthracyl). “Aryl” also includes ring systems wherein the aryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the radical or point of attachment is on the aryl ring, and in such instances, the number of carbon atoms continue to designate the number of carbon atoms in the aryl ring system. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an aryl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted aryl”) or substituted (a “substituted aryl”) with one or more substituents.

[0042]

[0034] The term “heteroaryl” refers to a radical of a 5-14 membered monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic, tricyclic) 4n+2 aromatic ring system e.g., having 6, 10, or 14 71 electrons shared in a cyclic array) having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, silicon, boron, and phosphorous (“5-14 membered heteroaryl”). In certain embodiments, the heteroaryl group is a radical of a 5-14 membered monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic, tricyclic) 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6, 10, or 14 7t electrons shared in a cyclic array) having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. The point of attachment can be either to a ring carbon atom or a ring heteroatom of the heteroaryl group, as valency permits. For example, in heteroaryl groups that contain one or more nitrogen atoms, the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits. Heteroaryl polycyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings. “Heteroaryl” includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the point of attachment is on the heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members continue to designate the number of ring members in the heteroaryl ring system. “Heteroaryl” also includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl groups wherein the point of attachment is either on the aryl or heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members designates the number of ring members in the fused polycyclic (aryl / heteroaryl) ring system. Polycyclic heteroaryl groups wherein one ring does not contain a heteroatom (e.g., indolyl, quinolinyl, carbazolyl, and the like) the point of attachment can be on either ring, e.g., either the ring bearing a heteroatom (e.g., 2-indolyl) or the ring that does not contain a heteroatom (e.g., 5 -indolyl). In certain embodiments, the heteroaryl is substituted or unsubstituted, 5- or 6-membered, monocyclic heteroaryl, wherein 1, 2, 3, or 4 atoms in the heteroaryl ring system are independently oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. In certain embodiments, the heteroaryl is substituted or unsubstituted, 9- or 10-membered, bicyclic heteroaryl, wherein 1, 2, 3, or 4 atoms in the heteroaryl ring system are independently oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur.

[0043]

[0035] In some embodiments, a heteroaryl group is a 5-10 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-10 membered heteroaryl”). In some embodiments, a heteroaryl group is a 5-8 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-8 membered heteroaryl”). In some embodiments, a heteroaryl group is a 5-6 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-6 membered heteroaryl”). In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1-2 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1 ring heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a heteroaryl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heteroaryl”) or substituted (a “substituted heteroaryl”) with one or more substituents.

[0044]

[0036] Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing 1 heteroatom include pyrrolyl, furanyl, and thiophenyl. Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing 2 heteroatoms include imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, and isothiazolyl. Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing 3 heteroatoms include triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, and thiadiazolyl. Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing 4 heteroatoms include tetrazolyl. Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing 1 heteroatom include pyridinyl. Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing 2 heteroatoms include pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and pyrazinyl. Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing 3 or 4 heteroatoms include triazinyl and tetrazinyl, respectively. Exemplary 7-membered heteroaryl groups containing 1 heteroatom include azepinyl, oxepinyl, and thiepinyl. Exemplary 5,6- bicyclic heteroaryl groups include indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiophenyl, isobenzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, benzoisofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzthiadiazolyl, indolizinyl, and purinyl. Exemplary 6,6-bicyclic heteroaryl groups include naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, and quinazolinyl. Exemplary tricyclic heteroaryl groups include phenanthridinyl, dibenzofuranyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, and phenazinyl.

[0037] The term “acyl” refers to a group having the general formula -C(=O)Raa, -C(=O)ORaa, -C(=O)-O-C(=O)Raa, -C(=O)SRaa, -C(=O)N(Rbb)2, -C(=S)Raa, -C(=S)N(Rbb)2, -C(=S)S(Raa), -C(=NRbb)Raa, -C(=NRbb)ORaa, -C(=NRbb)SRaa, and -C(=NRbb)N(Rbb)2, wherein Raaand Rbbare as defined herein. Exemplary acyl groups include aldehydes (-CHO), carboxylic acids (-CO2H), ketones, acyl halides, esters, amides, imines, carbonates, carbamates, and ureas.

[0045]

[0038] The term “halo” or “halogen” refers to fluorine (fluoro, -F), chlorine (chloro, -Cl), bromine (bromo, -Br), or iodine (iodo, -I).

[0046]

[0039] The term “silyl” refers to the group -Si(Raa)2, wherein Raais as defined herein.

[0047]

[0040] A group is optionally substituted unless expressly provided otherwise. The term “optionally substituted” refers to being substituted or unsubstituted. In certain embodiments, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl groups are optionally substituted. “Optionally substituted” refers to a group which is substituted or unsubstituted (e.g., “substituted” or “unsubstituted” alkyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” alkenyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” alkynyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” heteroalkyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” heteroalkenyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” heteroalkynyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” carbocyclyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” heterocyclyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” aryl or “substituted” or “unsubstituted” heteroaryl group). In general, the term “substituted” means that at least one hydrogen present on a group is replaced with a permissible substituent, e.g., a substituent which upon substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., a compound which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, or other reaction. Unless otherwise indicated, a “substituted” group has a substituent at one or more substitutable positions of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure is substituted, the substituent is either the same or different at each position. The term “substituted” is contemplated to include substitution with all permissible substituents of organic compounds and includes any of the substituents described herein that results in the formation of a stable compound. The present disclosure contemplates any and all such combinations in order to arrive at a stable compound. For purposes of this disclosure, heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur may have hydrogen substituents and / or any suitable substituent as described herein which satisfy the valencies of the heteroatoms and results in the formation of a stable moiety. The embodiments described herein are not limited in any manner by the exemplary substituents described herein.

[0048]

[0041] Exemplary substituents (e.g., carbon atom substituents) include halogen, -CN, -NO2, -N3, -SO2H, -SO3H, -OH, -ORaa, -ON(Rbb)2, -N(Rbb)2, -N(Rbb)3+X-, -N(ORcc)Rbb, -SH, -SRaa, -SSRCC, -C(=O)Raa, -CO2H, -CHO, -C(ORCC)2, -CO2Raa, -OC(=O)Raa, -OCO2Raa, -C(=O)N(Rbb)2, -OC(=O)N(Rbb)2, -NRbbC(=O)Raa, -NRbbCO2Raa, -NRbbC(=O)N(Rbb)2, -C(=NRbb)Raa, -C(=NRbb)ORaa, -OC(=NRbb)Raa, -OC(=NRbb)ORaa, -C(=NRbb)N(Rbb)2, -OC(=NRbb)N(Rbb)2, -NRbbC(=NRbb)N(Rbb)2, -C(=O)NRbbSO2Raa, -NRbbSO2Raa, -SO2N(Rbb)2, -SO2Raa, -SO2ORaa, -OSO2Raa, -S(=O)Raa, -OS(=O)Raa, -Si(Raa)3, -OSi(Raa)3-C(=S)N(Rbb)2, -C(=O)SRaa, -C(=S)SRaa, -SC(=S)SRaa, -SC(=O)SRaa, -OC(=O)SRaa, -SC(=O)ORaa, -SC(=O)Raa, -P(=O)(Raa)2, -P(=O)(ORCC)2, -OP(=O)(Raa)2, -OP(=O)(ORCC)2, -P(=O)(N(Rbb)2)2, -OP(=O)(N(Rbb)2)2, -NRbbP(=O)(Raa)2, -NRbbP(=O)(ORcc)2, -NRbbP(=O)(N(Rbb)2)2, -P(RCC)2, -P(ORCC)2, -P(RCC)3+X-, -P(ORCC)3+X-, -P(RCC)4, -P(ORCC)4, -OP(RCC)2, -OP(RCC)3+X-, -OP(ORCC)2, -OP(ORCC)3+X-, -OP(RCC)4, -OP(ORCC)4, -B(Raa)2, -B(ORCC)2, -BRaa(ORcc), Ci-2o alkyl, Ci-2o perhaloalkyl, C2-2o alkenyl, C2-2o alkynyl, Ci-2o heteroalkyl, C2-2o heteroalkenyl, C2-2o heteroalkynyl, C3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, Ce i4aryl, and 5- 14 membered heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Rddgroups, and wherein X“ is a counterion; or two geminal hydrogens on a carbon atom are replaced with the group =O, =S, =NN(Rbb)2, =NNRbbC(=O)Raa, =NNRbbC(=O)0Raa, =NNRbbS(=O)2Raa, =NRbb, or =NORCC; wherein: each instance of Raais, independently, selected from Ci-20 alkyl, Ci-20 perhaloalkyl, C2-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, Ci-20 heteroalkyl, C2-20 heteroalkenyl, C2-20 heteroalkynyl, C3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, Ce-i4 aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two Raagroups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each of the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Rddgroups; each instance of Rbbis, independently, selected from hydrogen, -OH, -OR311, -N(RCC)2, -CN, -C(=O)R33, -C(=O)N(RCC)2, -CO2R33, -SO2Raa, -C(=NRcc)ORaa, -C(=NRCC)N(RCC)2, -SO2N(RCC)2, -SO2RCC, -SO2ORCC, -S0R33, -C(=S)N(RCC)2, -C(=O)SRCC, -C(=S)SRCC, -P(=O)(R33)2, -P(=O)(ORCC)2, -P(=O)(N(RCC)2)2, Ci-20 alkyl, Ci-20 perhaloalkyl, C2-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C 1-20 heteroalkyl, C2-20 heteroalkenyl, C2-20 heteroalkynyl, C3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, Ce-i4 aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two Rbbgroups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Rddgroups; each instance of Rccis, independently, selected from hydrogen, Ci-20 alkyl, Ci-20 perhaloalkyl, C2-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, Ci-20 heteroalkyl, C2-20 heteroalkenyl, C2-20 heteroalkynyl, C3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, Ce -14 aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two Rccgroups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Rddgroups; each instance of Rddis, independently, selected from halogen, -CN, -NO2, -N3, -SO2H, -SO3H, -OH, -ORee, -ON(Rff)2, -N(Rff)2, -N(Rff)3+X’, -N(ORee)Rff, -SH, -SRee, -SSRee, -C(=O)Ree, -CO2H, -CO2Ree, -OC(=O)Ree, -OCO2Ree, -C(=O)N(Rff)2, -OC(=O)N(Rff)2, -NRffC(=O)Ree, -NRffCO2Ree, -NRffC(=O)N(Rff)2, -C(=NRff)ORee, -OC(=NRff)Ree, -OC(=NRff)ORee, -C(=NRff)N(Rff)2, -OC(=NRff)N(Rff)2, -NRffC(=NRff)N(Rff)2, -NRffSO2Ree, -SO2N(Rff)2, -SO2Ree, -SO2ORee, -OSO2Ree, -S(=O)Ree, -Si(Ree)3, -OSi(Ree)3, -C(=S)N(Rff)2, -C(=O)SRee, -C(=S)SRee, -SC(=S)SRee, -P(=O)(ORee)2, -P(=O)(Ree)2, -OP(=O)(Ree)2, -OP(=O)(ORee)2, Ci-10 alkyl, Ci-10 perhaloalkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, C2-10 alkynyl, C 1-10 heteroalkyl, C2-10 heteroalkenyl, C2 10 heteroalkynyl, C3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, Ce 10 aryl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Rgggroups, or two geminal Rddsubstituents are joined to form =O or =S, and wherein X“ is a counterion; each instance of Reeis, independently, selected from Ci-10 alkyl, Ci-10 perhaloalkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, C2-10 alkynyl, C1-10 heteroalkyl, C2-10 heteroalkenyl, C2-10 heteroalkynyl, C3-10 carbocyclyl, Ce-io aryl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, and 3-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Rgggroups; each instance of Rffis, independently, selected from hydrogen, Ci-10 alkyl, Ci-10 perhaloalkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, C2-10 alkynyl, Ci-10 heteroalkyl, C2-10 heteroalkenyl, C2-10 heteroalkynyl, C3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, Ce-io aryl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl, or two Rffgroups are joined to form a 3-10 membered heterocyclyl or 5-10 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Rgggroups; each instance of Rggis, independently, halogen, -CN, -NO2, -N3, -SO2H, -SO3H, -OH, -OC1-6 alkyl, -ON(Ci-6 alkyl)2, -N(CI-6 alkyl)2, -N(CI-6 alkyl)3+X“, -NH(CI-6 alkyl)2+X“, -NH2(CI_6 alkyl)+X~. -NH3+X“, — NlOCi <, alkyl)(Ci-6 alkyl), -N(OH)(Ci^ alkyl), -NH(OH), -SH, -SCi^ alkyl, -SSlCiGalkyl), -C(=O)(Ci-6 alkyl), -CO2H, -CChlCiGalkyl), -OC(=O)(C1^ alkyl), -OCO2(CiGalkyl), -C(=O)NH2, -C(=O)N(CI-6 alkyl)2, -OC(=O)NH(CI_6alkyl), -NHC(=O)( Cwalkyl), -N(Ci^ alkyl)C(=O)( Cwalkyl), -NHCChlCiGalkyl), -NHC(=O)N(Ci-6 alkyl)2, -NHC(=O)NH(CI_6alkyl), -NHC(=O)NH2, -C(=NH)O(Ci^ alkyl), -OC(=NH)(Ci-6 alkyl), -OC(=NH)OC,6alkyl, -C(=NH)N(Ci^ alkyl)2, -C(=NH)NH(CI_6alkyl), -C(=NH)NH2, -OC(=NH)N(CI_6alkyl)2, — OC(NH)NH(CI-6 alkyl), -OC(NH)NH2, -NHC(NH)N(CI_6 alkyl)2, -NHC(=NH)NH2, -NHSO2(CI _6alkyl), -SChNlCiGalkyl)2, -SO2NH(CI_6 alkyl), -SO2NH2, -SO2C1Galkyl, -SO2OCiGalkyl, -OSO2C1Galkyl, -SOCi^ alkyl, -Si(Ci_6 alkyl)3, -OSi(Ci^ alkyl)3-C(=S)N(CI-6 alkyl)2, C(=S)NH(CI_6alkyl), C(=S)NH2, -C(=O)S(C1^ alkyl), -C(=S)SCi. _6alkyl, -SC(=S)SCiGalkyl, -P(=O)(OCi^ alkyl)2, -P(=O)(Ci_6 alkyl)2, -OP(=O)(C« alkyl)2, -OP(=O)(OC« alkyl)2, Ci-10 alkyl, Ci-10 perhaloalkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, C2-10 alkynyl, Ci-10 heteroalkyl, C2-10 heteroalkenyl, C2-10 heteroalkynyl, C3-10 carbocyclyl, Ce-io aryl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, or 5-10 membered heteroaryl; or two geminal Rggsubstituents can be joined to form =O or =S; and each X“ is a counterion.

[0049]

[0042] In certain embodiments, the molecular weight of a substituent (e.g., carbon atom substituent) is lower than 250, lower than 200, lower than 150, lower than 100, or lower than 50 g / mol. In certain embodiments, a substituent consists of carbon, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and / or silicon atoms. In certain embodiments, a substituent consists of carbon, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and / or nitrogen atoms. In certain embodiments, a substituent consists of carbon, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and / or iodine atoms. In certain embodiments, a substituent consists of carbon, hydrogen, fluorine, and / or chlorine atoms.

[0050]

[0043] In certain embodiments, exemplary substituents (e.g., carbon atom substituents) include halogen, -CN, -NO2, -N3, -SO2H, -SO3H, -OH, -ORaa, -N(Rbb)2, -N(Rbb)3+X“, -SH, -SRaa, -C(=O)Raa, -CO2H, -CHO, -CO2Raa, -OC(=O)Raa, -OCO2Raa, -C(=O)N(Rbb)2, -OC(=O)N(Rbb)2, -NRbbC(=O)Raa, -NRbbCO2Raa, -NRbbC(=O)N(Rbb)2, -NRbbSO2Raa, -SO2N(Rbb)2, -SO2Raa, -SO2ORaa, -OSO2Raa, -S(=O)Raa, -OS(=O)Raa, -Si(Raa)3, -OSi(Raa)3, -P(=O)(Raa)2, -P(=O)(ORCC)2, -OP(=O)(Raa)2, -OP(=O)(ORCC)2, -P(=O)(N(Rbb)2)2, -OP(=O)(N(Rbb)2)2, -NRbbP(=O)(Raa)2, -NRbbP(=O)(ORcc)2, -NRbbP(=O)(N(Rbb)2)2, -B(Raa)2, -B(ORCC)2, -BRaa(ORcc), CLIO alkyl, CLIO perhaloalkyl, CLIO alkenyl, C2-io alkynyl, CLIO heteroalkyl, C2-io heteroalkenyl, C2-io heteroalkynyl, C3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, Ce-i4 aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, wherein X“ is a counterion; or two geminal hydrogens on a carbon atom are replaced with the group =O, =S, =NN(Rbb)2, =NNRbbC(=O)Raa, =NNRbbC(=O)0Raa, =NNRbbS(=O)2Raa, =NRbb, or =NORCC; each instance of Raais, independently, selected from CLIO alkyl, CLIO perhaloalkyl, C2-io alkenyl, C2-io alkynyl, CLIO heteroalkyl, C2io heteroalkenyl, CLIO heteroalkynyl, C3-io carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, Ce-i4 aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two Raagroups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring; each instance of Rbbis, independently, selected from hydrogen, -OH, -0Raa, -N(RCC)2, -CN, -C(=O)Raa, -C(=O)N(RCC)2, -CO2Raa, -SO2Raa, -C(=NRcc)0Raa, -C(=NRCC)N(RCC)2, -SO2N(RCC)2, -SO2RCC, -SO2ORCC, -SORaa, -P(=O)(Raa)2, -P(=O)(ORCC)2, -P(=O)(N(RCC)2)2, CLIO alkyl, CLIO perhaloalkyl, C2-io alkenyl, C2-io alkynyl, CLIO heteroalkyl, C2io heteroalkenyl, C2-io heteroalkynyl, C3-io carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, Ce u aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two Rbbgroups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring; and each instance of Rccis, independently, selected from hydrogen, CLIO alkyl, CLIO perhaloalkyl, C2io alkenyl, C2-io alkynyl, CLIO heteroalkyl, C2-io heteroalkenyl, C2-io heteroalkynyl, C3-io carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, Ce u aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two Rccgroups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring.

[0051]

[0044] In certain embodiments, each carbon atom substituent is independently halogen, substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted Ci-6 alkyl, -OR311, -SRaa, -N(Rbb)2, -CN, -NO2, -C(=O)Raa, -CO2Raa, -C(=O)N(Rbb)2, -OC(=O)Raa, -OCO2Baa. -OC(=O)N(Rbb)2, -NRbbC(=O)Raa, -NRbbCO2Raa, or -NRbbC(=O)N(Rbb)2. In certain embodiments, each carbon atom substituent is independently halogen, substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted Ci-io alkyl, -ORaa, -SRaa, -N(Rbb)2, -CN, -NO2, -C(=O)Raa, -CO2Paa. -C(=O)N(Rbb)2, -OC(=O)Raa, -OCO2Raa, -OC(=O)N(Rbb)2, -NRbbC(=O)Raa, -NBbbCO2Paa. or -NRbbC(=O)N(Rbb)2, wherein Raais hydrogen, substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted Ci-6 alkyl, an oxygen protecting group (e.g., silyl, TBDPS, TBDMS, TIPS, TES, TMS, MOM, THP, t-Bu, Bn, allyl, acetyl, pivaloyl, or benzoyl) when attached to an oxygen atom, or a sulfur protecting group (e.g., acetamidomethyl, t-Bu, 3-nitro-2-pyridine sulfenyl, 2-pyridine-sulfenyl, or triphenylmethyl) when attached to a sulfur atom; and each Rbbis independently hydrogen, substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted Ci-6 alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group (e.g., Bn, Boc, Cbz, Fmoc, trifluoroacetyl, triphenylmethyl, acetyl, or Ts). In certain embodiments, each carbon atom substituent is independently halogen, substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted Ci-6 alkyl, -0Raa, -SRaa, -N(Rbb)2, -CN, or -NO2. In certain embodiments, each carbon atom substituent is independently halogen, substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen moieties) or unsubstituted C1-6 alkyl, -ORaa, -SRaa, -N(Rbb)2, -CN, -SCN, or -NO2, wherein Raais hydrogen, substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted Ci-6 alkyl, an oxygen protecting group (e.g., silyl, TBDPS, TBDMS, TIPS, TES, TMS, MOM, THP, t-Bu, Bn, allyl, acetyl, pivaloyl, or benzoyl) when attached to an oxygen atom, or a sulfur protecting group (e.g., acetamidomethyl, t-Bu, 3-nitro-2-pyridine sulfenyl, 2-pyridine-sulfenyl, or triphenylmethyl) when attached to a sulfur atom; and each Rbbis independently hydrogen, substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted Ci-10 alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group (e.g., Bn, Boc, Cbz, Fmoc, trifluoroacetyl, triphenylmethyl, acetyl, or Ts).

[0052]

[0045] In certain embodiments, each nitrogen atom substituent is independently substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted Ci-6 alkyl, -C(=O)Raa, -CC R^, -C(=O)N(Rbb)2, or a nitrogen protecting group. In certain embodiments, each nitrogen atom substituent is independently substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted Ci-6 alkyl, -C(=O)Raa, -CC R^, -C(=O)N(Rbb)2, or a nitrogen protecting group, wherein Raais hydrogen, substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted Ci-6 alkyl, or an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom; and each Rbbis independently hydrogen, substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted Ci-6 alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group. In certain embodiments, each nitrogen atom substituent is independently substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted Ci-6 alkyl or a nitrogen protecting group.

[0053]

[0046] In certain embodiments, the substituent present on the nitrogen atom is a nitrogen protecting group (also referred to herein as an “amino protecting group”). Nitrogen protecting groups include -OH, -OR33, -N(RCC)2, -C(=O)Raa, -C(=O)N(RCC)2, -CO2R33, -SO2Raa, -C(=NRcc)Raa, -C(=NRcc)ORaa, -C(=NRCC)N(RCC)2, -SO2N(RCC)2, -SO2RCC, -SO2ORCC, -SOFT. -C(=S)N(RCC)2, -C(=O)SRCC, -C(=S)SRCC, Ci-10 alkyl (e.g., aralkyl, heteroaralkyl), C2-20 alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, Ci-20 heteroalkyl, C2-20 heteroalkenyl, C2-20 heteroalkynyl, C3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, Ce u aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl groups, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aralkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Rddgroups, and wherein Raa, Rbb, Rccand Rddare as defined herein. Nitrogen protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3rdedition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, incorporated herein by reference.

[0054]

[0047] For example, in certain embodiments, at least one nitrogen protecting group is an amide group (e.g., a moiety that includes the nitrogen atom to which the nitrogen protecting groups (e.g., -C(=O)Raa) is directly attached). In certain such embodiments, each nitrogen protecting group, together with the nitrogen atom to which the nitrogen protecting group is attached, is independently selected from the group consisting of formamide, acetamide, chloroacetamide, trichloroacetamide, trifluoroacetamide, phenylacetamide, 3-phenylpropanamide, picolinamide, 3-pyridylcarboxamide, N-benzoylphenylalanyl derivatives, benzamide, p-phcnylbcnzamidc, o-nitophenylacetamide, o-nitrophenoxyacetamide, acetoacetamide, (A’ -dithiobenzyloxy acylamino) acetamide, 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propanamide, 3-(o- nitrophenyl)propanamide, 2-methyl-2-(o-nitrophenoxy)propanamide, 2-methyl-2-(o- phenylazophenoxy)propanamide, 4-chlorobutanamide, 3-methyl-3-nitrobutanamide, o-nitrocinnamide, A-acetyhnethionine derivatives, o-nitrobenzamide, and o-(benzoyloxymethyl)benzamide.

[0055]

[0048] In certain embodiments, at least one nitrogen protecting group is a carbamate group (e.g., a moiety that includes the nitrogen atom to which the nitrogen protecting groups (e.g., -C(=O)ORaa) is directly attached). In certain such embodiments, each nitrogen protecting group, together with the nitrogen atom to which the nitrogen protecting group is attached, is independently selected from the group consisting of methyl carbamate, ethyl carbamate, 9-fluorenylmethyl carbamate (Fmoc), 9-(2-sulfo)fluorenylmethyl carbamate, 9-(2,7 -dibromo)fluoroenylmethyl carbamate, 2,7 -di-t-butyl- [9-( 10, 10-dioxo- 10,10,10,10- tetrahydrothioxanthyl)] methyl carbamate (DBD-Tmoc), 4-methoxyphenacyl carbamate (Phenoc), 2,2,2- trichloroethyl carbamate (Troc), 2-trimethylsilylethyl carbamate (Teoc), 2-phenylethyl carbamate (hZ), l-(l-adamantyl)-l-methylethyl carbamate (Adpoc), l,l-dimethyl-2-haloethyl carbamate, 1,1-dimethyl- 2,2-dibromoethyl carbamate (DB-t-BOC), l,l-dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate (TCBOC), 1- methyl-l-(4-biphenylyl)ethyl carbamate (Bpoc), l-(3,5-di-t-butylphenyl)-l-methylethyl carbamate (t- Bumeoc), 2-(20- and 40-pyridyl)ethyl carbamate (Pyoc), 2-(N,N-dicyclohexylcarboxamido)ethyl carbamate, t-butyl carbamate (BOC or Boc), 1-adamantyl carbamate (Adoc), vinyl carbamate (Voc), allyl carbamate (Alloc), 1 -isopropylallyl carbamate (Ipaoc), cinnamyl carbamate (Coc), 4-nitrocinnamyl carbamate (Noc), 8-quinolyl carbamate, N-hydroxypiperidinyl carbamate, alkyldithio carbamate, benzyl carbamate (Cbz), p-methoxybenzyl carbamate (Moz), p-nitobenzyl carbamate, p-bromobenzyl carbamate, p-chlorobenzyl carbamate, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl carbamate, 4-methylsulfinylbenzyl carbamate (Msz), 9-anthrylmethyl carbamate, diphenylmethyl carbamate, 2-methylthioethyl carbamate, 2- methylsulfonylethyl carbamate, 2-(p-toluenesulfonyl)ethyl carbamate, [2-(l,3-dithianyl)]methyl carbamate (Dmoc), 4-methylthiophenyl carbamate (Mtpc), 2,4-dimethylthiophenyl carbamate (Bmpc), 2- phosphonioethyl carbamate (Peoc), 2-triphenylphosphonioisopropyl carbamate (Ppoc), 1,1 -dime thyl-2- cyanoethyl carbamate, m-chloro-p-acyloxybenzyl carbamate, p-(dihydroxyboryl)benzyl carbamate, 5- benzisoxazolylmethyl carbamate, 2-(trifluoromethyl)-6-chromonylmethyl carbamate (Tcroc), m- nitrophenyl carbamate, 3,5-dimethoxybenzyl carbamate, o-nitrobenzyl carbamate, 3,4-dimethoxy-6- nitrobenzyl carbamate, phenyl(o-nitrophenyl)methyl carbamate, t-amyl carbamate, S-benzyl thiocarbamate, p-cyanobenzyl carbamate, cyclobutyl carbamate, cyclohexyl carbamate, cyclopentyl carbamate, cyclopropylmethyl carbamate, p-decyloxybenzyl carbamate, 2,2-dimethoxyacylvinyl carbamate, o-(A,A-dimethylcarboxamido)benzyl carbamate, l,l-dimethyl-3-(A,A- dimethylcarboxamido)propyl carbamate, 1,1-dimethylpropynyl carbamate, di(2-pyridyl)methyl carbamate, 2-furanylmethyl carbamate, 2-iodoethyl carbamate, isoborynl carbamate, isobutyl carbamate, isonicotinyl carbamate, p-(p’-methoxyphenylazo)benzyl carbamate, 1 -methylcyclobutyl carbamate, 1- methylcyclohexyl carbamate, 1 -methyl- 1 -cyclopropylmethyl carbamate, l-methyl-l-(3,5- dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl carbamate, 1 -methyl- l-(p-phenylazophenyl)ethyl carbamate, 1 -methyl- 1- phenylethyl carbamate, 1 -methyl- l-(4-pyridyl)ethyl carbamate, phenyl carbamate, phenyl azo) benzyl carbamate, 2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl carbamate, 4-(trimethylammonium)benzyl carbamate, and 2,4,6- trimethylbenzyl carbamate.

[0056]

[0049] In certain embodiments, at least one nitrogen protecting group is a sulfonamide group (e.g., a moiety that includes the nitrogen atom to which the nitrogen protecting groups (e.g., -S(=O)2Raa) is directly attached). In certain such embodiments, each nitrogen protecting group, together with the nitrogen atom to which the nitrogen protecting group is attached, is independently selected from the group consisting of p-tohienesulfonamide (Ts), benzenesulfonamide, 2,3,6-trimethyl-4- methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mtr), 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mtb), 2,6-dimethyl-4- methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Pme), 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mte), 4- methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mbs), 2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonamide (Mts), 2,6-dimethoxy-4- methylbenzenesulfonamide (iMds), 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman-6-sulfonamide (Pmc), methanesulfonamide (Ms), P-trimethylsilylethanesulfonamide (SES), 9-anthracenesulfonamide, 4-(4',8'- dimethoxynaphthylmethyl)benzenesulfonamide (DNMB S) , benzylsulfonamide , trifluoromethylsulfonamide, and phenacylsulfonamide.

[0057]

[0050] In certain embodiments, each nitrogen protecting group, together with the nitrogen atom to which the nitrogen protecting group is attached, is independently selected from the group consisting of phenothiazinyl-(10)-acyl derivatives, A’-p-tohienesulfonylaminoacyl derivatives, N’- phenylaminothioacyl derivatives, A-benzoylphenylalanyl derivatives, A-acetylmethionine derivatives,

[0058] 4.5-diphenyl-3-oxazolin-2-one, A-phthalimidc, A-dithiasuccinimide (Dts), A-2,3-diphcnylmalcimidc, N-

[0059] 2.5-dimethylpyrrole, A-l ,1 ,4,4-tetramethyldisilylazacyclopentane adduct (STABASE), 5-substituted 1,3- dimethyl-l,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, 5-substituted l,3-dibenzyl-l,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, 1- substituted 3,5-dinitro-4-pyridone, A-methylamine, A-allylamine, A-[2- (trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methylamine (SEM), A-3-acetoxypropylamine, A-(l-isopropyl-4-nitro-2-oxo-3- pyroolin-3-yl)amine, quaternary ammonium salts, A-benzylamine, A-di(4-methoxyphenyl)methylamine, A-5-dibenzosuberylamine, A-triphenylmethylamine (Tr), A-[(4-methoxyphenyl)diphenylmethyl]amine (MMTr), A-9-phenylfluorenylamine (PhF), A-2,7-dichloro-9-fluorenylmethyleneamine, N- ferrocenylmethylamino (Fem), A-2-picolylamino A’-oxide, A- 1,1 -dimethylthiomethyleneamine, A- benzylideneamine, A-p-methoxybenzylideneamine, A-diphenylmethyleneamine, A-[(2- pyridyl)mesityl]methyleneamine, A-(A’,A’-dimethylaminomethylene)amine, A-p-nitrobenzylideneamine, A-salicylideneamine, A-5-chlorosalicylideneamine, A-(5-chloro-2- hydroxyphenyl)phenylmethyleneamine, A-cyclohexylideneamine, A-(5,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-l- cyclohexenyl) amine, A-borane derivatives, A-diphenylborinic acid derivatives, A- [phenyl(pentaacylchromium- or tungsten)acyl] amine, A-copper chelate, A-zinc chelate, A-nitroamine, A- nitrosoamine, amine A-oxide, diphenylphosphinamide (Dpp), dimethylthiophosphinamide (Mpt), diphenylthiophosphinamide (Ppt), dialkyl phosphoramidates, dibenzyl phosphoramidate, diphenyl phosphor amidate, benzenesulfenamide, o-nitrobenzenesulfenamide (Nps), 2,4- dinitrobenzenesulfenamide, pentachlorobenzenesulfenamide, 2-nitro-4-methoxybenzenesulfenamide, triphenylmethylsulfenamide, and 3 -nitropyridinesulf enamide (Npys). In some embodiments, two instances of a nitrogen protecting group together with the nitrogen atoms to which the nitrogen protecting groups are attached are A, ’-isopropylidenediamine.

[0060]

[0051] In certain embodiments, a nitrogen protecting group is benzyl (Bn), tert-butyloxycarbonyl (BOC), carbobenzyloxy (Cbz), 9-flurenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc), trifluoroacetyl, triphenylmethyl, acetyl (Ac), benzoyl (Bz), p-methoxybenzyl (PMB), 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl (DMPM), p-methoxyphenyl (PMP), 2,2,2-trichloroethyloxycarbonyl (Troc), triphenylmethyl (Tr), tosyl (Ts), brosyl (Bs), nosyl (Ns), mesyl (Ms), triflyl (Tf), or dansyl (Ds).

[0061]

[0052] In certain embodiments, at least one nitrogen protecting group is Bn, Boc, Cbz, Fmoc, trifluoroacetyl, triphenylmethyl, acetyl, or Ts.

[0062]

[0053] In certain embodiments, each oxygen atom substituent is independently substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted Ci-6 alkyl, -C(=O)Raa, -CC R^, -C(=O)N(Rbb)2, or an oxygen protecting group. In certain embodiments, each oxygen atom substituents is independently substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted Ci-6 alkyl, -C(=O)Raa, -CC R^, -C(=O)N(Rbb)2, or an oxygen protecting group, wherein Raais hydrogen, substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted Ci-6 alkyl, or an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom; and each Rbbis independently hydrogen, substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted Ci-6 alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group. In certain embodiments, each oxygen atom substituent is independently substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted Ci-6 alkyl or an oxygen protecting group.

[0063]

[0054] In certain embodiments, the substituent present on an oxygen atom is an oxygen protecting group (also referred to herein as an “hydroxyl protecting group”). Oxygen protecting groups include -Raa, -N(Rbb)2, -C(=O)SRaa, -C(=O)Raa, -CO2Raa, -C(=O)N(Rbb)2, -C(=NRbb)Raa, -C(=NRbb)ORaa, -C(=NRbb)N(Rbb)2, -S(=O)Raa, -SO2Raa, -S^R^s, -P(RCC)2, -P(RCC)3+X-, -P(ORCC)2, -P(ORCC)3+X-, -P(=O)(Raa)2, -P(=O)(ORCC)2, and -P(=O)(N(Rbb) 2)2, wherein X“, Raa, Rbb, and Rccare as defined herein. Oxygen protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3rdedition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, incorporated herein by reference.

[0064]

[0055] In certain embodiments, each oxygen protecting group, together with the oxygen atom to which the oxygen protecting group is attached, is selected from the group consisting of methoxy, methoxylmethyl (MOM), methylthiomethyl (MTM), t-butylthiomethyl, (phenyldimethylsilyl)methoxymethyl (SMOM), benzyloxymethyl (BOM), p-methoxybenzyloxymethyl (PMBM), (4-methoxyphenoxy)methyl (p-AOM), guaiacolmethyl (GUM), t-butoxymethyl, 4-pentenyloxymethyl (POM), siloxymethyl, 2- methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM), 2,2,2-trichloroethoxymethyl, bis(2-chloroethoxy)methyl, 2- (trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl (SEMOR), tetrahydropyranyl (THP), 3-bromotetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 1 -methoxycyclohexyl, 4-methoxytetrahydropyranyl (MTHP), 4- methoxytetrahydrothiopyranyl, 4-methoxytetrahydrothiopyranyl .S'..S'-dioxidc, l-[(2-chloro-4- methyl)phenyl]-4-methoxypiperidin-4-yl (CTMP), 1 ,4-dioxan-2-yl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiofuranyl, 2,3,3a,4,5,6,7,7a-octahydro-7,8,8-trimethyl-4,7-methanobenzofuran-2-yl, 1- ethoxy ethyl, l-(2-chloroethoxy)ethyl, 1 -methyl- 1 -methoxy ethyl, 1 -methyl- 1 -benzyloxy ethyl, 1 -methyl- 1- benzyloxy-2-fluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2-trimethylsilylethyl, 2-(phenylselenyl)ethyl, t-butyl, allyl, p-chlorophenyl, p-methoxyphenyl, 2,4-dinitrophenyl, benzyl (Bn), p-methoxybenzyl (PMB), 3,4- dimethoxybenzyl, o-nitrobenzyl, p-nitrobenzyl, p-halobenzyl, 2,6-dichlorobenzyl, p-cyanobenzyl, p- phenylbenzyl, 2-picolyl, 4-picolyl, 3-methyl-2-picolyl A-oxido, diphenylmethyl, p,p’-dinitrobenzhydryl, 5-dibenzosuberyl, triphenylmethyl, a-naphthyldiphenylmethyl, p-methoxyphenyldiphenylmethyl, di(p- methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl, tri(p-methoxyphenyl)methyl, 4-(4’ - bromophenacyloxyphenyl)diphenylmethyl, 4,4',4''-tris(4,5-dichlorophthalimidophenyl)methyl, 4,4' ,4"- tris(levulinoyloxyphenyl)methyl, 4,4',4"-tris(benzoyloxyphenyl)methyl, 4,4’-Dimethoxy-3"’-[N- (imidazolylmethyl) ]trityl Ether (IDTr-OR), 4,4'-Dimethoxy-3"’-[N-(imidazolylethyl)carbamoyl]trityl Ether (lETr-OR), l,l-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-r-pyrenylmethyl, 9-anthryl, 9-(9-phenyl)xanthenyl, 9-(9- phenyl-10-oxo)anthryl, l,3-benzodithiolan-2-yl, benzisothiazolyl S,S-dioxido, trimethylsilyl (TMS), triethylsilyl (TES), triisopropylsilyl (TIPS), dimethylisopropylsilyl (IPDMS), diethylisopropylsilyl (DEIPS), dimethylthexylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS), t-butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDPS), tribenzylsilyl, tri-p-xylylsilyl, triphenylsilyl, diphenylmethylsilyl (DPMS), t-butylmethoxyphenylsilyl (TBMPS), formate, benzoylformate, acetate, chloroacetate, dichloroacetate, trichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, methoxy acetate, triphenylmethoxy acetate, phenoxy acetate, p-chlorophenoxy acetate, 3- phenylpropionate, 4-oxopentanoate (levulinate), 4,4-(ethylenedithio)pentanoate (levulinoyldithioacetal), pivaloate, adamantoate, crotonate, 4-methoxycrotonate, benzoate, p-phenylbenzoate, 2,4,6- trimethylbenzoate (mesitoate), methyl carbonate, 9-fluorenylmethyl carbonate (Fmoc), ethyl carbonate, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbonate (Troc), 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl carbonate (TMSEC), 2-(phenylsulfonyl) ethyl carbonate (Psec), 2-(triphenylphosphonio) ethyl carbonate (Peoc), isobutyl carbonate, vinyl carbonate, allyl carbonate, t-butyl carbonate (BOC or Boc), p-nitrophenyl carbonate, benzyl carbonate, p- methoxybenzyl carbonate, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl carbonate, o-nitrobenzyl carbonate, p-nitrobenzyl carbonate, S-benzyl thiocarbonate, 4-ethoxy-l-napththyl carbonate, methyl dithiocarbonate, 2- iodobenzoate, 4-azidobutyrate, 4-nitro-4-methylpentanoate, o-(dibromomethyl)benzoate, 2- formylbenzenesulfonate, 2-(methylthiomethoxy)ethyl carbonate (MTMEC-OR), 4- (methylthiomethoxy)butyrate, 2-(methylthiomethoxymethyl)benzoate, 2,6-dichloro-4- methylphenoxy acetate, 2,6-dichloro-4-( 1 , 1 ,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenoxyacetate, 2,4-bis(l , 1 - dimethylpropyl)phenoxyacetate, chlorodiphenylacetate, isobutyrate, monosuccinoate, (E)-2-methyl-2- butenoate, o-(methoxyacyl)benzoate, a-naphthoate, nitrate, alkyl N,N,N’,N’- tetramethylphosphorodiamidate, alkyl A-phenylcarbamate, borate, dimethylphosphinothioyl, alkyl 2,4- dinitrophenylsulfenate, sulfate, methanesulfonate (mesylate), benzylsulfonate, and tosylate (Ts).

[0065]

[0056] In certain embodiments, an oxygen protecting group is silyl. In certain embodiments, an oxygen protecting group is t-butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDPS), t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS), triisoproylsilyl (TIPS), triphenylsilyl (TPS), triethylsilyl (TES), trimethylsilyl (TMS), triisopropylsiloxymethyl (TOM), acetyl (Ac), benzoyl (Bz), allyl carbonate, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbonate (Troc), 2-trimethylsilylethyl carbonate, methoxymethyl (MOM), 1-ethoxyethyl (EE), 2-methyoxy-2-propyl (MOP), 2,2,2-trichloroethoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM), 2-trimethylsilylethoxymethyl (SEM), methylthiomethyl (MTM), tetrahydropyranyl (THP), tetrahydrofuranyl (THF), p-methoxyphenyl (PMP), triphenylmethyl (Tr), methoxytrityl (MMT), dimethoxytrityl (DMT), allyl, p-methoxybenzyl (PMB), t-butyl, benzyl (Bn), allyl, or pivaloyl (Piv).

[0066]

[0057] In certain embodiments, at least one oxygen protecting group is silyl, TBDPS, TBDMS, TIPS, TES, TMS, MOM, THP, t-Bu, Bn, allyl, acetyl, pivaloyl, or benzoyl.

[0067]

[0058] In certain embodiments, each sulfur atom substituent is independently substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted Ci-6 alkyl, -C(=O)Raa, -CO2Raa, -C(=O)N(Rbb)2, or a sulfur protecting group. In certain embodiments, each sulfur atom substituent is independently substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted Ci-6 alkyl, -C(=O)Raa, -CO2Raa, -C(=O)N(Rbb)2, or a sulfur protecting group, wherein Raais hydrogen, substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted Ci-6 alkyl, or an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom; and each Rbbis independently hydrogen, substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted Ci-6 alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group. In certain embodiments, each sulfur atom substituent is independently substituted (e.g., substituted with one or more halogen) or unsubstituted Ci-6 alkyl or a sulfur protecting group.

[0068]

[0059] In certain embodiments, the substituent present on a sulfur atom is a sulfur protecting group (also referred to as a “thiol protecting group”). In some embodiments, each sulfur protecting group is selected from the group consisting of -Raa, -N(Rbb)2, -C(=O)SRaa, -C(=O)Raa, -CO2Raa, -C(=O)N(Rbb)2, -C(=NRbb)Raa, -C(=NRbb)ORaa, -C(=NRbb)N(Rbb)2, -S(=O)Raa, -SO2Raa, -Si(Raa)3, -P(RCC)2, -P(RCC)3+X-, -P(ORCC)2, -P(ORCC)3+X“, -P(=O)(Raa)2, -P(=O)(ORCC)2, and -P(=O)(N(Rbb) 2)2, wherein Raa, Rbb, and Rccare as defined herein. Sulfur protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3rdedition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, incorporated herein by reference.

[0069]

[0060] In certain embodiments, a sulfur protecting group is acetamidomethyl, t-Bu, 3-nitro-2-pyridine sulfenyl, 2-pyridine-sulfenyl, or triphenylmethyl.

[0070]

[0061] A “counterion” or “anionic counterion” is a negatively charged group associated with a positively charged group in order to maintain electronic neutrality. An anionic counterion may be monovalent (e.g., including one formal negative charge). An anionic counterion may also be multivalent (e.g., including more than one formal negative charge), such as divalent or trivalent. Exemplary counterions include halide ions (e.g., F", Cl", Br , I"), NO3, CIO4 , OH , H2PO4 , HCO3“, HSO4 , sulfonate ions (e.g., methansulfonate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, 10-camphor sulfonate, naphthalene-2-sulfonate, naphthalene- 1 -sulfonic acid-5-sulfonate, ethan-1 -sulfonic acid-2- sulfonate, and the like), carboxylate ions (e.g., acetate, propanoate, benzoate, glycerate, lactate, tartrate, glycolate, gluconate, and the like), BF4~, PF4 , PFe", AsFe", SbFe", B[3,5-(CF3)2CeH3]4] , B(C6F5)4-, BPtu , A1(OC(CF3)3)4-, and carborane anions (e.g., CBnHu or (HCBnMesBre) ). Exemplary counterions which may be multivalent include CO32-, HPOr2-, POr3-, B4O?2-, SOr2-, S2O32-, carboxylate anions (e.g., tartrate, citrate, fumarate, maleate, malate, malonate, gluconate, succinate, glutarate, adipate, pimelate, suberate, azelate, sebacate, salicylate, phthalates, aspartate, glutamate, and the like), and carboranes.

[0062] These and other exemplary substituents are described in more detail in the Detailed Description, Examples, and Claims. The embodiments provided herein are not limited in any manner by the above exemplary listing of substituents.

[0071] Other Definitions

[0072]

[0063] The following definitions are more general terms used throughout the present application.

[0064] As used herein, the term “salt” refers to any and all salts and encompasses pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Salts include ionic compounds that result from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base. A salt is composed of one or more cations (positively charged ions) and one or more anions (negative ions) so that the salt is electrically neutral (without a net charge). Salts of the compounds of the present disclosure include those derived from inorganic and organic acids and bases. Examples of acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and perchloric acid, or with organic acids, such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, or malonic acid or by using other methods known in the art such as ion exchange. Other salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2- hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, p-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate, hippurate, and the like. Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium and NACi 4 alky 1)4 salts. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like. Further salts include ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, lower alkyl sulfonate, and aryl sulfonate.

[0073]

[0065] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, Berge et al. describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1977, 66, 1-19, incorporated herein by reference. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the present disclosure include those derived from suitable inorganic and organic acids and bases. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and perchloric acid or with organic acids, such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, or malonic acid or by using other methods known in the art such as ion exchange. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, p- toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like. Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium, and N+(Ci-4 alkyl)4~ salts. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like. Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, lower alkyl sulfonate, and aryl sulfonate.

[0074]

[0066] Compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the nature or sequence of bonding of their atoms or the arrangement of their atoms in space are termed “isomers”. Isomers that differ in the arrangement of their atoms in space are termed “stereoisomers”.

[0075]

[0067] ‘ ‘Stereoisomers” that are not mirror images of one another are termed “diastereomers” and those that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other are termed “enantiomers”. When a compound has an asymmetric center, for example, it is bonded to four different groups, a pair of enantiomers is possible. An enantiomer can be characterized by the absolute configuration of its asymmetric center and is described by the R- and S-sequencing rules of Cahn and Prelog, or by the manner in which the molecule rotates the plane of polarized light and designated as dextrorotatory or levorotatory (i.e., as (+)- or (-)-isomers respectively). A chiral compound can exist as either individual enantiomer or as a mixture thereof. A mixture containing equal proportions of the enantiomers is called a “racemic mixture.”

[0068] The term “tautomers” or “tautomeric” refers to two or more interconvertible compounds resulting from at least one formal migration of a hydrogen atom and at least one change in valency (e.g., a single bond to a double bond, a triple bond to a single bond, or vice versa). The exact ratio of the tautomers depends on several factors, including temperature, solvent, and pH. Tautomerizations (i.e., the reaction providing a tautomeric pair) may catalyzed by acid or base. Exemplary tautomerizations include keto-to- enol, amide-to-imide, lactam-to-lactim, enamine-to-imine, and enamine-to-(a different enamine) tautomerizations .

[0076]

[0069] The term “solvate” refers to forms of a compound, including salts thereof, that are associated with a solvent, usually by a solvolysis reaction. This physical association may include hydrogen bonding. Conventional solvents include water, methanol, ethanol, acetic acid, DMSO, THF, diethyl ether, and the like. The compounds described herein may be prepared, e.g., in crystalline form, and may be solvated. Suitable solvates include pharmaceutically acceptable solvates and further include both stoichiometric solvates and non-stoichiometric solvates. In certain instances, the solvate will be capable of isolation, for example, when one or more solvent molecules are incorporated in the crystal lattice of a crystalline solid. “Solvate” encompasses both solution-phase and isolatable solvates. Representative solvates include hydrates, ethanolates, and methanolates.

[0077]

[0070] The term “hydrate” refers to a solvate wherein the compound is associated with water. Typically, the number of the water molecules contained in a hydrate of a compound is in a definite ratio to the number of the compound molecules in the hydrate. Therefore, a hydrate of a compound may be represented, for example, by the general formula Rxx H2O, wherein R is the compound, and x is a number greater than 0. A given compound may form more than one type of hydrate, including, e.g. , monohydrates (x is 1), lower hydrates (x is a number greater than 0 and smaller than 1, e.g., hemihydrates (Rx0.5 H2O)), and polyhydrates (x is a number greater than 1, e.g., dihydrates (Rx2 H2O) and hexahydrates (Rx6 H2O)).

[0078]

[0071] Throughout the present disclosure, references to “the compound” and “a compound” provided herein are intended to encompass the compound or group of compounds, and also pharmaceutically acceptable salts, stereoisomers, tautomers, solvates, and isotopically labeled derivatives thereof. Isotopically labeled derivatives are also included.

[0079]

[0072] The terms “composition” and “formulation” are used interchangeably.

[0080]

[0073] A “subject” to which administration is contemplated refers to a human (i.e., male or female of any age group, e.g., pediatric subject (e.g., infant, child, or adolescent) or adult subject e.g., young adult, middle-aged adult, or senior adult)) or non-human animal. In certain embodiments, the non-human animal is a mammal (e.g., primate (e.g., cynomolgus monkey or rhesus monkey), commercially relevant mammal (e.g., cattle, pig, horse, sheep, goat, cat, or dog), or bird (e.g., commercially relevant bird, such as chicken, duck, goose, or turkey)). In certain embodiments, the non-human animal is a fish, reptile, or amphibian. The non-human animal may be a male or female at any stage of development. The non- human animal may be a transgenic animal or genetically engineered animal. The term “patient” refers to a human subject in need of treatment of a disease, disorder, or condition.

[0081]

[0074] The term “administer,” “administering,” or “administration” refers to implanting, absorbing, ingesting, injecting, inhaling, providing or otherwise introducing a compound described herein, or a composition thereof, in, to or on a subject.

[0082]

[0075] The terms “treatment,” “treat,” and “treating” refer to reversing, alleviating, delaying the onset of, or inhibiting the progress of a disease described herein. In some embodiments, treatment may be administered after one or more signs or symptoms of the disease have developed or have been observed. In other embodiments, treatment may be administered in the absence of signs or symptoms of the disease. For example, treatment may be administered to a susceptible subject prior to the onset of symptoms (e.g., in light of a history of symptoms and / or in light of exposure to a pathogen). Treatment may also be continued after symptoms have resolved, for example, to delay or prevent recurrence.

[0083]

[0076] The term “prevent,” “preventing,” or “prevention” refers to a prophylactic treatment of a subject who is not and was not with a disease but is at risk of developing the disease or who was with a disease, is not with the disease, but is at risk of regression of the disease. In certain embodiments, the subject is at a higher risk of developing the disease or at a higher risk of regression of the disease than an average healthy member of a population.

[0084]

[0077] The terms “condition,” “disease,” and “disorder” are used interchangeably.

[0085]

[0078] An “effective amount” of a compound described herein refers to an amount sufficient to elicit the desired biological response. An effective amount of a compound described herein may vary depending on such factors as the desired biological endpoint, severity of side effects, disease, or disorder, the identity, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of the particular compound, the condition being treated, the mode, route, and desired or required frequency of administration, the species, age and health or general condition of the subject. In certain embodiments, an effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount. In certain embodiments, an effective amount is a prophylactic treatment. In certain embodiments, an effective amount is the amount of a compound described herein in a single dose. In certain embodiments, an effective amount is the combined amounts of a compound described herein in multiple doses. In certain embodiments, an effective amount is an amount sufficient for potentiating a Kv7 potassium channel (e.g., in a subject or in a cell in vitro).

[0086]

[0079] A “therapeutically effective amount” of a compound described herein is an amount sufficient to provide a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of a condition or to delay or minimize one or more symptoms associated with the condition. A therapeutically effective amount of a compound means an amount of therapeutic agent, alone or in combination with other therapies, which provides a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of the condition. The term “therapeutically effective amount” can encompass an amount that improves overall therapy, reduces or avoids symptoms, signs, or causes of the condition, and / or enhances the therapeutic efficacy of another therapeutic agent. In certain embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount is an amount sufficient for treating a disease, disorder, or condition (e.g., a disease, disorder, or condition associated with Kv7 potassium channel dysfunction) in a subject. In certain embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount is an amount sufficient for potentiating a Kv7 potassium channel in a subject.

[0087]

[0080] A “prophylactically effective amount” of a compound described herein is an amount sufficient to prevent a condition, or one or more symptoms associated with the condition or prevent its recurrence. A prophylactically effective amount of a compound means an amount of a therapeutic agent, alone or in combination with other agents, which provides a prophylactic benefit in the prevention of the condition. The term “prophylactically effective amount” can encompass an amount that improves overall prophylaxis or enhances the prophylactic efficacy of another prophylactic agent. In certain embodiments, a prophylactically effective amount is an amount sufficient for preventing a disease, disorder, or condition (e.g., a disease, disorder, or condition associated with Kv7 potassium channel dysfunction) in a subject. In certain embodiments, a prophylactically effective amount is an amount sufficient for potentiating a Kv7 potassium channel in a subject.

[0088]

[0081] “Voltage-gated potassium channels” (VGKCs) are transmembrane channels specific for potassium and sensitive to voltage changes in a cell’s membrane potential. During action potentials, they play an important role in returning the depolarized cell to a resting state. In VGKCs, alpha subunits form the actual conductance pore. Based on sequence homology of the hydrophobic transmembrane cores, the alpha subunits of voltage-gated potassium channels are grouped into 12 families (Kvl-12), of which Kv7 is one family. The Kv7 family of voltage-gated potassium channels consists of five members (Kv7.1-7.5) which are encoded for by the KCNQ1-5 genes, respectively. Of the five, Kv7.2 / Kv7.3 is the active heterotetramer that is the main active Kv7 current in neurons (M-current). A Kv7 potassium channel can be a member selected from Kv7.1, Kv7.2, Kv7.3, Kv7.4, and / or Kv7.5.

[0089]

[0082] “Potassium channel potentiator” and “potassium channel opener” are used interchangeably and refer to an agent that restores, enhances, or increases the activity of a potassium channel (e.g., voltagegated potassium channel, e.g., Kv7 potassium channel), for example, by facilitating ion transmission through the potassium channel. “Potentiating,” “potentiation,” and the like, for the purposes of this disclosure, refer to restoring, enhancing, or increasing the activity or effect of a potassium channel.

[0090] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS

[0091]

[0083] Provided herein are compounds, including compounds of any of the formulae described herein (e.g., Formula (I)), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, stereoisomers, tautomers, solvates, hydrates, and isotopically labeled derivatives thereof. Compounds provided herein can act as potentiators of voltage-gated potassium channels (e.g., Kv7 potassium channels such as Kv7.2 / Kv7.3) and can therefore be used in the treatment and / or prevention of diseases, disorders, and conditions (e.g., diseases, disorders, and conditions associated with Kv7 potassium channel dysfunction). Also provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds provided herein, and kits comprising the same. Additionally, the disclosure provides methods of preparing the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions described herein, and intermediates useful thereto.

[0092] Compounds

[0093]

[0084] Provided herein are compounds of Formula (I): and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, stereoisomers, tautomers, solvates, and isotopically labeled derivatives thereof, wherein:

[0094] Rpis selected from one of the following formulae: each R1is independently H, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, or C3-8 cycloalkyl, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, or cycloalkyl is optionally substituted;

[0095] R2is C1-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, Ce-io aryl, 3-8 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, -C(R5)2N(RN)2, -N(RN)2, -OR0, -OC(R')2OP(O)(OR3)2, or -OC(R')2O-L'- OP(O)(OR3)2, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted;

[0096] L1is C1-6 alkylene, Ci-6 haloalkylene, C3-8 cycloalkylene, Ce-io arylene, 3-8 membered heterocyclylene, or 5-10 membered heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, haloalkylene, cycloalkylene, arylene, heterocyclylene, or heteroarylene is optionally substituted; each instance of R3is independently H, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, Ce-io aryl, 3-8 membered heterocyclyl, or 5-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted;

[0097] R4is C1-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, Ce-io aryl, 3-8 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, or -C(R’)2C(N(RN)2)C(O)OR°, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted; each instance of R5is H or Ci-6 alkyl, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more instances of R5a, and each instance of R5ais independently selected from -OR0, -C(O)OR°, -N(RN)2, -C(O)N(RN)2, -N(RN)C(=NRN)N(RN)2, -SRS, C6-IO aryl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein the aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted; each instance of RNis independently H, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, Ce-io aryl, 3-8 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, -C(O)OR°, or a nitrogen protecting group, or two RNattached to the same nitrogen atom are joined together to form 3-7 membered heterocyclyl or 5-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted; each instance of R° is independently H, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, Ce-io aryl, 3-8 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, or an oxygen protecting group, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted; each instance of Rsis independently H, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, Ce-io aryl, 3-8 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, or a sulfur protecting group, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted.

[0098]

[0085] In certain embodiments, Rpis of formula (i) and the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-i): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, tautomer, solvate, or isotopically labeled derivative thereof.

[0099]

[0086] In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-i-a): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, tautomer, solvate, or isotopically labeled derivative thereof.

[0100]

[0087] In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (I-i-a) is of one of the following formulae: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, tautomer, solvate, or isotopically labeled derivative thereof.

[0101]

[0088] In certain embodiments, Rpis of formula (ii) and the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-ii): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, tautomer, solvate, or isotopically labeled derivative thereof.

[0102]

[0089] In certain embodiments, Rpis of formula (iii) and the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I- iii): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, tautomer, solvate, or isotopically labeled derivative thereof. or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, tautomer, solvate, or isotopically labeled derivative thereof.

[0103]

[0091] In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (I-iii-a) is of one of the following formulae: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, tautomer, solvate, or isotopically labeled derivative thereof.

[0104]

[0092] In certain embodiments, Rpis of formula (iv) and the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-iv): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, tautomer, solvate, or isotopically labeled derivative thereof.

[0105]

[0093] In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-iv-a): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, tautomer, solvate, or isotopically labeled derivative thereof.

[0094] In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (I-iv-a) is of one of the following formulae: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, tautomer, solvate, or isotopically labeled derivative thereof.

[0106]

[0095] In certain embodiments, a compound provided herein is a compound of Formula (I) or any subgenus or species thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, tautomer, or solvate thereof. In certain embodiments, a compound provided herein is a compound of Formula (I) or any subgenus or species thereof, or deuterated derivative thereof. In certain embodiments, a compound provided herein is a compound of Formula (I) or any subgenus or species thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof. In certain embodiments, a compound provided herein is a compound of Formula (I) or any subgenus or species thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, a compound provided herein is a compound of Formula (I) or any subgenus or species thereof, as a free base.

[0107]

[0096] In the various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein, express reference to a compound of Formula (I) is understood to alternatively refer to a compound of any disclosed subgenus or species thereof, for example, to a compound of Table 1.

[0108]

[0097] In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein is selected from the compounds recited in Table 1, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, stereoisomers, tautomers, solvates, and isotopically labeled derivatives thereof. In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein is selected from the compounds recited in Table 1, and deuterated derivatives thereof. In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein is selected from the compounds recited in Table 1, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, stereoisomers, and tautomers thereof. In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein is selected from the compounds recited in Table 1, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein is selected from the compounds recited in Table 1 (in free base form).

[0109]

[0110]

[0098] The following definitions and embodiments apply to all generic formulae comprising the relevant groups (e.g., Formula (I) or any subgeneric formula thereof) provided herein. The recitation of a listing of chemical groups in any definition of a variable herein includes definitions of that variable as any single group or combination of listed groups. The recitation of an embodiment for a variable herein includes that embodiment as any single embodiment or in combination with any other embodiments or portions thereof.

[0111]

[0099] As defined herein, Rpis selected from one of the following formulae:

[0112]

[0100] In certain embodiments, Rpis of formula (i).

[0101] In certain embodiments, Rpis of formula (i); and R2is Ci-6 alkyl, Ce-io aryl, or -OR0, wherein the alkyl or aryl is optionally substituted.

[0113]

[0102] In certain embodiments, Rpis of one of the following formulae:

[0114]

[0103] In certain embodiments, Rpis of formula (i); and R2is -C(R5)2N(RN)2-

[0115]

[0104] In certain embodiments, Rpis of formula (i-a):

[0116]

[0105] In certain embodiments, Rpis of one of the following formulae:

[0117]

[0106] In certain embodiments, Rpis of one of the following formulae:

[0118]

[0107] In certain embodiments, Rpis of formula (ii):

[0119]

[0108] In certain embodiments, Rpis of formula:

[0109] In certain embodiments, Rpis of formula (iii): (iii).

[0120] [HO] In certain embodiments, Rpis of formula (iii); and R2is Ci-6 alkyl, Ce-io aryl, or -OR0, wherein the alkyl or aryl is optionally substituted.

[0121] [Ill] In certain embodiments, Rpis of one of the following formulae:

[0122]

[0112] In certain embodiments, Rpis of formula (iii); and R2is -C(R5)2N(RN)2-

[0123]

[0113] In certain embodiments, Rpis of formula (iii-a): (iii-a).

[0124]

[0114] In certain embodiments, Rpis of one of the following formulae:

[0125]

[0115] In certain embodiments, Rpis of one of the following formulae:

[0126]

[0116] In certain embodiments, Rpis of formula (iii); and R2is -OC(R’)2OP(O)(OR3)2, or -OC(R1)2O-L1-OP(O)(OR3)2.

[0127]

[0117] In certain embodiments, Rpis of one of the following formulae:

[0128]

[0118] In certain embodiments, Rpis of formula (iv):

[0129]

[0119] In certain embodiments, Rpis of formula (iv); and R4is -C(R’)2C(N(RN)2)C(O)OR°.

[0120] In certain embodiments, Rpis of formula (iv-a):

[0130]

[0121] In certain embodiments, Rpis of one of the following formulae:

[0131]

[0122] In certain embodiments, Rpis of one of the following formulae:

[0132]

[0123] As defined herein, each R1is independently H, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, or C3-8 cycloalkyl, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, or cycloalkyl is optionally substituted.

[0133]

[0124] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R1is H. In certain embodiments, each instance of R1is H.

[0134]

[0125] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R1is optionally substituted Ci-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R1is unsubstituted Ci-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R1is optionally substituted Cm alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R1is unsubstituted C1-3 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R1is methyl.

[0135]

[0126] In certain embodiments, one R1is H and the other is methyl.

[0136]

[0127] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R1is optionally substituted Ci-6 haloalkyl.

[0137]

[0128] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R1is optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl.

[0138]

[0129] As defined herein, R2is Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, Ce-io aryl, 3-8 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, -C(R5)2N(RN)2, -N(RN)2, -OR0, -OC(R’)2OP(O)(OR3)2, or - OC(R’)2O-L’-OP(O)(OR3)2, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted.

[0139]

[0130] In certain embodiments, R2is optionally substituted Ci-6 alkyl. As defined herein, R2is optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl. As defined herein, R2is Ci-6 alkyl substituted with -C(=O)OH. In certain embodiments, R2is:

[0140]

[0131] As defined herein, R2is unsubstituted Ci-6 alkyl. As defined herein, R2is unsubstituted C1-3 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R2is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n- pentyl, or / z-hcxyl. In certain embodiments, R2is methyl, tert-butyl, or / z-hcxyl.

[0132] In certain embodiments, R2is optionally substituted Ci-6 haloalkyl.

[0141]

[0133] In certain embodiments, R2is optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl.

[0142]

[0134] In certain embodiments, R2is optionally substituted Ce-io aryl. In certain embodiments, R2is optionally substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R2is:

[0143]

[0135] In certain embodiments, R2is optionally substituted 3-8 membered heterocyclyl.

[0144]

[0136] In certain embodiments, R2is optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl.

[0145]

[0137] In certain embodiments, R2is -C(R5)2N(RN)2- In certain embodiments, R2is: jncertain embodiments, R2is:

[0146]

[0138] In certain embodiments, R2is of one of the following formulae: embodiments, R2is of one of the following formulae:

[0147]

[0139] In certain embodiments, R2is -N(RN)2-

[0148]

[0140] In certain embodiments, R2is -OR0.

[0149]

[0141] In certain embodiments, R2is -OR0; and R° is optionally substituted Ci-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R2is -OR0; and R° is Ci-6 alkyl substituted with In certain embodiments,

[0150] R2is:

[0151]

[0142] In certain embodiments, R2is -OR0; and R° is unsubstituted Ci-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R2is -OR0; and R° is unsubstituted Cm alkyl. In certain embodiments, R2is

[0152] -OMe. In certain embodiments, R2is -OEt.

[0153]

[0143] In certain embodiments, R2is -OC(R’)2OP(O)(OR3)2- In certain embodiments, R2is r°'p?o'0H

[0154] -OC(R’)2OP(O)(OH)2. In certain embodiments, R2is:

[0155]

[0144] In certain embodiments, R2is or -OC(R’)2O-L’-OP(O)(OR3)2. In certain embodiments, R2is or -

[0156] OC(R’)2O-L’-OP(O)(OH)2. In certain embodiments, R2is:

[0157]

[0145] As defined herein, L1is Ci-6 alkylene, Ci-6 haloalkylene, C3-8 cycloalkylene, Ce-io arylene, 3-8 membered heterocyclylene, or 5-10 membered heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, haloalkylene, cycloalkylene, arylene, heterocyclylene, or heteroarylene is optionally substituted.

[0158]

[0146] In certain embodiments, L1is optionally substituted Ci-6 alkylene.

[0159]

[0147] In certain embodiments, L1is optionally substituted Ci-6 haloalkylene.

[0160]

[0148] In certain embodiments, L1is optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkylene.

[0161]

[0149] In certain embodiments, L1is optionally substituted Ce-io arylene. In certain embodiments, L1is optionally substituted phenylene. In certain embodiments, L1is: . In certain embodiments,

[0162] L1is:

[0163]

[0150] In certain embodiments, L1is optionally substituted 3-8 membered heterocyclylene.

[0164]

[0151] In certain embodiments, L1is optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroarylene.

[0165]

[0152] As defined herein, each instance of R3is independently H, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, Ce-io aryl, 3-8 membered heterocyclyl, or 5-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted.

[0166]

[0153] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R3is H. In certain embodiments, each instance of R3is H.

[0167]

[0154] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R3is optionally substituted Ci-6 alkyl.

[0168]

[0155] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R3is optionally substituted Ci-6 haloalkyl.

[0169]

[0156] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R3is optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl.

[0170]

[0157] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R3is optionally substituted Ce-io aryl.

[0171]

[0158] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R3is optionally substituted 3-8 membered heterocyclyl.

[0172]

[0159] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R3is optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl.

[0173]

[0160] As defined herein, R4is Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, Ce-io aryl, 3-8 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, or -C(R’)2C(N(RN)2)C(O)OR°, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted.

[0174]

[0161] In certain embodiments, R4is optionally substituted Ci-6 alkyl.

[0162] In certain embodiments, R4is optionally substituted Ci-6 haloalkyl.

[0175]

[0163] In certain embodiments, R4is optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl.

[0176]

[0164] In certain embodiments, R4is optionally substituted Ce-io aryl.

[0177]

[0165] In certain embodiments, R4is optionally substituted 3-8 membered heterocyclyl.

[0178]

[0166] In certain embodiments, R4is optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl.

[0179]

[0167] In certain embodiments, R4is -C(R’)2C(N(RN)2)C(O)OR°. In certain embodiments, R4is of the

[0180]

[0168] In certain embodiments, R4is of one of the following formulae:

[0181] In certain embodiments, R4is:

[0182]

[0169] As defined herein, each instance of R5is H or Ci-6 alkyl, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more instances of R5a, and each instance of R5ais independently selected from -OR0, - C(O)OR°, -N(RN)2, -C(O)N(RN)2, -N(RN)C(=NRN)N(RN)2, -SRS, C6-IO aryl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein the aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted.

[0183]

[0170] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R5is H. In certain embodiments, each instance of R5is H.

[0184]

[0171] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R5is unsubstituted Ci-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R5is unsubstituted Ci-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R5is unsubstituted Ci-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R5is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, or / z-hcxyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R5is methyl or isopropyl.

[0185]

[0172] In certain embodiments, one instance of R5is H, and the other is methyl or isopropyl.

[0186]

[0173] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R5is Ci-6 alkyl substituted with one R5a, wherein R5ais -OR0, -N(RN)2, or -C(O)N(RN)2. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R5is Ci-6 alkyl substituted with one R5a, wherein R5ais -OH, -NH2, or -C(O)NH2. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R5is: certain embodiments, one instance of

[0187] R5is H, and the other is:

[0188]

[0174] As defined herein, each instance of RNis independently H, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, Ce-io aryl, 3-8 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, -C(O)OR°, or a nitrogen protecting group, or two RNattached to the same nitrogen atom are joined together to form 3-7 membered heterocyclyl or 5-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted.

[0189]

[0175] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of RNis H. In certain embodiments, each instance of RNis H.

[0190]

[0176] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of RNis optionally substituted Ci-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of RNis unsubstituted Ci-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of RNis optionally substituted C1-3 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of RNis unsubstituted C1-3 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of RNis methyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of RNis ethyl.

[0191]

[0177] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of RNis optionally substituted Ci-6 haloalkyl.

[0192]

[0178] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of RNis optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl.

[0193]

[0179] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of RNis optionally substituted Ce-io aryl.

[0194]

[0180] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of RNis optionally substituted 3-8 membered heterocyclyl.

[0195]

[0181] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of RNis optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl.

[0196]

[0182] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of RNis -C(O)OR°. In certain embodiments, at least one instance

[0197]

[0183] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of RNis a nitrogen protecting group

[0198]

[0184] In certain embodiments, two RNattached to the same nitrogen atom are joined together to form optionally substituted 3-7 membered heterocyclyl or optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl.

[0199]

[0185] As defined herein, each instance of R° is independently H, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, Ce-io aryl, 3-8 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, or an oxygen protecting group, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted.

[0200]

[0186] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R° is H.

[0201]

[0187] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R° is optionally substituted Ci-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R° is Ci-6 alkyl substituted with embodiments, at least one instance of R° is: In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R° is Ci-6 alkyl substituted with phenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R° is

[0202] -CH Ph (benzyl).

[0203]

[0188] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R° is unsubstituted Ci-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R° is unsubstituted Cm alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R° is methyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R° is ethyl.

[0204]

[0189] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R° is optionally substituted Ci-6 haloalkyl.

[0205]

[0190] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R° is optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl.

[0206]

[0191] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R° is optionally substituted Ce-io aryl.

[0207]

[0192] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R° is optionally substituted 3-8 membered heterocyclyl.

[0208]

[0193] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R° is optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl.

[0209]

[0194] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R° is an oxygen protecting group.

[0210]

[0195] As defined herein, instance of Rsis independently H, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, G> 10 aryl, 3-8 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, or a sulfur protecting group, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted.

[0211]

[0196] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of Rsis H.

[0212]

[0197] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of Rsis optionally substituted Ci-6 alkyl.

[0213]

[0198] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of Rsis optionally substituted Ci-6 haloalkyl.

[0214]

[0199] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of Rsis optionally substituted C3-8 cycloalkyl.

[0215]

[0200] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of Rsis optionally substituted Ce 10 aryl.

[0216]

[0201] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of Rsis optionally substituted 3-8 membered heterocyclyl.

[0217]

[0202] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of Rsis optionally substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl.

[0218]

[0203] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of Rsis a sulfur protecting group.

[0219] Pharmaceutical Compositions, Kits, and Administration

[0220]

[0204] The present disclosure provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound provided herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, tautomer, solvate, or isotopically labeled derivative thereof) and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and / or excipients. In certain embodiments, a compound described herein is provided in an effective amount in the pharmaceutical composition. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is a prophylactically effective amount.

[0221]

[0205] Pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be prepared by any method known in the art of pharmacology. In general, such preparatory methods include bringing the compound described herein (z.e., the “active ingredient”) into association with a carrier or excipient, and / or one or more other accessory ingredients, and then, if necessary and / or desirable, shaping, and / or packaging the product into a desired single- or multi-dose unit.

[0222]

[0206] Pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared, packaged, and / or sold in bulk, as a single unit dose, and / or as a plurality of single unit doses. A “unit dose” is a discrete amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising a predetermined amount of the active ingredient. The amount of the active ingredient is generally equal to the dosage of the active ingredient which would be administered to a subject and / or a convenient fraction of such a dosage, such as one-half or one-third of such a dosage.

[0223]

[0207] Relative amounts of the active ingredient, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient, and / or any additional ingredients in a pharmaceutical composition described herein will vary, depending upon the identity, size, and / or condition of the subject treated and further depending upon the route by which the composition is to be administered.

[0224]

[0208] Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers / excipients used in the manufacture of provided pharmaceutical compositions include inert diluents, solvents, dispersing and / or granulating agents, surface active agents and / or emulsifiers, disintegrating agents, binding agents, preservatives, buffering agents, lubricating agents, oils, butters, and / or waxes. Excipients such as coloring agents, coating agents, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, and fragrances may also be present in the composition.

[0225]

[0209] The compounds and compositions provided herein can be administered by any route, including enteral (e.g., oral), parenteral, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial, intramedullary, intrathecal, subcutaneous, intraventricular, transdermal, intradermal, rectal, intravaginal, intraperitoneal, topical (as by powders, ointments, creams, and / or drops), mucosal, nasal, buccal, sublingual; by intratracheal instillation, bronchial instillation, and / or inhalation; and / or as an oral spray, nasal spray, and / or aerosol. Specifically contemplated routes are oral administration, intravenous administration (e.g., systemic intravenous injection), regional administration via blood and / or lymph supply, and / or direct administration to an affected site. In general, the most appropriate route of administration will depend upon a variety of factors including the nature of the agent (e.g., its stability in the environment of the gastrointestinal tract), and / or the condition of the subject (e.g., whether the subject is able to tolerate oral administration).

[0226]

[0210] Although the descriptions of pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are principally directed to pharmaceutical compositions which are suitable for administration to humans, it will be understood by the skilled artisan that such compositions are generally suitable for administration to animals of all sorts. Modification of pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration to humans in order to render the compositions suitable for administration to various animals is well understood, and the ordinarily skilled veterinary pharmacologist can design and / or perform such modification with ordinary experimentation.

[0211] Compounds provided herein are typically formulated in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compositions described herein will be decided by a physician within the scope of sound medical judgment. The specific therapeutically effective dose level for any particular subject or organism will depend upon a variety of factors including the disease being treated and the severity of the disorder; the activity of the specific active ingredient employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex, and diet of the subject; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific active ingredient employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific active ingredient employed; and like factors well known in the medical arts.

[0227]

[0212] The exact amount of a compound required to achieve an effective amount will vary from subject to subject, depending, for example, on species, age, and general condition of a subject, severity of the side effects or disorder, identity of the particular compound, mode of administration, and the like. An effective amount may be included in a single dose (e.g., single oral dose) or multiple doses (e.g., multiple oral doses). In certain embodiments, when multiple doses are administered to a subject or applied to a tissue or cell, any two doses of the multiple doses include different or substantially the same amounts of a compound described herein.

[0228]

[0213] A compound or composition, as described herein, can be administered in combination with one or more additional pharmaceutical agents (e.g., therapeutically and / or prophy tactically active agents). The compounds or compositions can be administered in combination with additional pharmaceutical agents that improve their activity (e.g., activity (e.g., potency and / or efficacy) in treating a disease in a subject in need thereof, in preventing a disease in a subject in need thereof, in reducing the risk to develop a disease in a subject in need thereof), improve bioavailability, improve safety, reduce drug resistance, reduce and / or modify metabolism, inhibit excretion, and / or modify distribution in a subject or cell. It will also be appreciated that the therapy employed may achieve a desired effect for the same disorder, and / or it may achieve different effects.

[0229]

[0214] Also encompassed by the disclosure are kits (e.g., pharmaceutical packs). The kits provided may comprise a pharmaceutical composition or compound described herein and a container (e.g., a vial, ampule, bottle, syringe, and / or dispenser package, or other suitable container). In some embodiments, provided kits may optionally further include a second container comprising a pharmaceutical excipient for dilution or suspension of a pharmaceutical composition or compound described herein. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition or compound described herein provided in the first container and the second container are combined to form a single unit dosage form. Thus, in one aspect, provided are kits including a first container comprising a compound or pharmaceutical composition described herein. In certain embodiments, the kits are useful for treating and / or preventing a disease, disorder, or condition in a subject in need thereof.

[0230]

[0215] In certain embodiments, a kit described herein further includes instructions for using the kit. A kit described herein may also include information as required by a regulatory agency such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In certain embodiments, the information included in the kits is prescribing information. In certain embodiments, the kits provide instructions for treating a disease in a subject in need thereof. In certain embodiments, the kits provide instructions for preventing a disease in a subject in need thereof. A kit described herein may include one or more additional pharmaceutical agents described herein as a separate composition.

[0231] Methods of Treatment and Uses

[0232]

[0216] As described in some aspects, compounds provided herein can act as voltage-gated potassium channel potentiators (e.g., Kv7.2 / Kv7.3 potentiators) and are therefore useful, e.g., for the treatment of diseases, disorders, and conditions.

[0233]

[0217] In one aspect, provided herein are methods of potentiating a Kv7 potassium channel in a subject comprising administering to the subject a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, tautomer, solvate, or isotopically labeled derivative thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. In certain embodiments, the Kv7 potassium channel is Kv7.2, Kv7.3, Kv7.4, and / or Kv7.5. In certain embodiments, the Kv7 potassium channel is Kv7.2. In certain embodiments, the Kv7 potassium channel is Kv7.3. In certain embodiments, the Kv7 potassium channel is Kv7.2 / Kc7.3. In certain embodiments, the compound or composition is selective for one or more of Kv7.2-Kv7.5 over Kv7.1. In certain embodiments, the compound or composition is selective for one or more of Kv7.2 / Kv7.3 over Kv7.1.

[0234]

[0218] Also provided herein are compounds), and a pharmaceutically acceptable salts, stereoisomers, tautomers, solvates, and isotopically labeled derivatives thereof, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof, for use in potentiating a Kv7 potassium channel in a subject.

[0235]

[0219] In another aspect, provided herein are methods of treating a disease, disorder, or condition associated with Kv7 potassium channel dysfunction in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, tautomer, solvate, or isotopically labeled derivative thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. In certain embodiments, the disease, disorder, or condition is associated with Kv7.2, Kv7.3, Kv7.4, and / or Kv7.5 dysfunction. In certain embodiments, the disease, disorder, or condition is associated with Kv7.2 dysfunction. In certain embodiments, the disease, disorder, or condition is associated with Kv7.3 dysfunction. In certain embodiments, the disease, disorder, or condition is associated with Kv7.2 / Kc7.3 dysfunction.

[0236]

[0220] Also provided herein are compounds, and a pharmaceutically acceptable salts, stereoisomers, tautomers, solvates, and isotopically labeled derivatives thereof, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof, for use in treating a disease, disorder, or condition associated with Kv7 potassium channel dysfunction in a subject.

[0237]

[0221] In another aspect, provided herein are methods of treating a seizure disorder, a depressive disorder, pain, or anhedonia in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, tautomer, solvate, or isotopically labeled derivative thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.

[0238]

[0222] Also provided herein are compounds, and a pharmaceutically acceptable salts, stereoisomers, tautomers, solvates, and isotopically labeled derivatives thereof, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof, for use in treating a seizure disorder, a depressive disorder, pain, or anhedonia in a subject in need thereof.

[0239]

[0223] In certain embodiments, the disease, disorder, or condition is a seizure disorder. “Seizure disorders” refers to seizures and seizures associated with a disease, disorder, or condition (e.g., wherein seizures / epileptic episodes are symptoms of a disease, disorder, or condition) In certain embodiments, the seizure disorder is partial onset epilepsy (also known as focal onset epilepsy), photosensitive epilepsy, self-induced syncope, intractable epilepsy, seizures associated with Angelman syndrome, benign rolandic epilepsy, CDKL5 disorder, childhood and juvenile absence epilepsy, Dravet syndrome, frontal lobe epilepsy, Glutl deficiency syndrome, seizures associated with hypothalamic hamartoma, infantile spasms / West’s syndrome, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, Landau-Kleffner syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS), epilepsy with myoclonic-absences, Ohtahara syndrome, Panayiotopoulos syndrome, PCDH19 epilepsy, progressive myoclonic epilepsies, seizures associated with Rasmussen’s syndrome, ring chromosome 20 syndrome, reflex epilepsies, temporal lobe epilepsy, Lafora progressive myoclonus epilepsy, seizures associated with neurocutaneous syndromes, seizures associated with tuberous sclerosis complex, early infantile epileptic encephalopathy, early onset epileptic encephalopathy, generalized epilepsy, generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures, seizures associated with Rett syndrome, seizures associated with multiple sclerosis, seizures associated with Alzheimer’s disease, seizures associated with autism, seizures associated with ataxia, seizures associated with hypotonia, paroxysmal dyskinesia, generalized onset seizures, or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is focal onset epilepsy, photosensitive epilepsy, intractable epilepsy, benign rolandic epilepsy, childhood and juvenile absence epilepsy, Dravet syndrome, frontal lobe epilepsy, infantile spasms / West’s syndrome, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS), epilepsy with myoclonic-absences, Ohtahara syndrome, Panayiotopoulos syndrome, PCDH19 epilepsy, progressive myoclonic epilepsies, reflex epilepsies, temporal lobe epilepsy, Lafora progressive myoclonus epilepsy, early infantile epileptic encephalopathy, early onset epileptic encephalopathy, generalized epilepsy, generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures, generalized onset seizures, focal onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, or a combination.

[0240]

[0224] In certain embodiments, the seizure disorder refers to generalized onset seizures. In some embodiments, the generalized onset seizures are primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures.

[0241]

[0225] In certain embodiments, the term “seizure disorder” refers to focal onset epilepsy, also known as partial onset epilepsy. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is photosensitive epilepsy. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is self-induced syncope. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is intractable epilepsy. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is seizures associated with Angelman syndrome. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is benign rolandic epilepsy. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is CDKL5 disorder. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is childhood and juvenile absence epilepsy. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is Dravet syndrome. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is frontal lobe epilepsy. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is Glutl deficiency syndrome. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is seizures associated with hypothalamic hamartoma. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is infantile spasms / West’s syndrome. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is Landau-Kleffner syndrome. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS). In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is epilepsy with myoclonic-absences. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is Ohtahara syndrome. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is Panayiotopoulos syndrome. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is PCDH19 epilepsy. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is progressive myoclonic epilepsies. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is seizures associated with Rasmussen’s syndrome. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is ring chromosome 20 syndrome. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is reflex epilepsies. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is temporal lobe epilepsy. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is Lafora progressive myoclonus epilepsy. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is seizures associated with neurocutaneous syndromes. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is seizures associated with tuberous sclerosis complex. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is early infantile epileptic encephalopathy. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is early onset epileptic encephalopathy. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is generalized epilepsy. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is seizures associated with Rett syndrome. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is seizures associated with multiple sclerosis. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is seizures associated with Alzheimer’s disease. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is seizures associated with autism. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is seizures associated with ataxia. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is seizures associated with hypotonia. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is paroxysmal dyskinesia. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is generalized onset seizures. In some embodiments, the seizure disorder is focal onset seizures (also known as partial onset seizures).

[0242]

[0226] In certain embodiments, the disease, disorder, or condition is a depressive disorder. “Depressive disorders” are mood disorders characterized by depressed mood. In certain embodiments, the depressive disorder is major depressive disorder (MDD), disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, persistent depressive disorder, bipolar depression, postpartum depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), seasonal affective disorder (SAD), atypical depression, treatment-resistant depression (TRD), depression associated with agitation or anxiety, adjustment disorder with depressed mood, prolonged depressive reaction, or a combination thereof.

[0243]

[0227] In some embodiments, the depressive disorder is major depressive disorder (MDD). In some embodiments, the depressive disorder is disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. In some embodiments, the depressive disorder is persistent depressive disorder. In some embodiments, the depressive disorder is bipolar depression. In some embodiments, the depressive disorder is postpartum depression. In some embodiments, the depressive disorder is premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). In some embodiments, the depressive disorder is seasonal affective disorder (SAD). In some embodiments, the depressive disorder is atypical depression. In some embodiments, the depressive disorder is treatmentresistant depression (TRD). In some embodiments, the depressive disorder is depression associated with agitation or anxiety. In some embodiments, the depressive disorder is adjustment disorder with depressed mood. In some embodiments, the depressive disorder is prolonged depressive reaction.

[0244]

[0228] In some embodiments, the depressive disorder is bipolar depression (z.e., the depressive disorder is depression associated with bipolar disorder). In some embodiments, the bipolar disorder is treatmentresistant bipolar disorder, bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder, or bipolar disorder not otherwise specified. In some embodiments, the bipolar disorder is bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, or cyclothymic disorder. In certain embodiments, the depressive disorder is depression associated with bipolar I disorder and / or bipolar II disorder.

[0245]

[0229] Also contemplated by the disclosure is treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, social phobia, agoraphobia, agoraphobia with panic disorder, hypochondriasis, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), treatment-resistant bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, manic disorder, cyclothymic disorder and bipolar disorder not otherwise specified, dysthymic disorder, depressive disorder not otherwise specified, minor depression, recurrent brief depressive disorder, depressive-type psychosis, impulse-control disorders, schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder, Parkinson's disease, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Tourette's syndrome, aggression, and substance use and / or abuse, or a combination thereof.

[0246]

[0230] In certain embodiments, the disease, disorder, or condition is pain. “Pain” as used herein refers to all categories of pain and includes, but is not limited to, neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, nociceptive pain, nociplastic pain, idiopathic pain, neuralgic pain, orofacial pain, burn pain, burning mouth syndrome, somatic pain, visceral pain, myofacial pain, dental pain, cancer pain, chemotherapy pain, trauma pain, surgical pain, post-surgical pain, childbirth pain, labor pain, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, brachial plexus avulsion, neurogenic bladder, acute pain (e.g., musculoskeletal and post-operative pain), chronic pain, persistent pain, peripherally mediated pain, centrally mediated pain, chronic headache, migraine headache (e.g., with or without aura), hemiplegic migraine (e.g., familial hemiplegic migraine), conditions associated with cephalic pain, sinus headache, tension headache, phantom limb pain, peripheral nerve injury, pain following stroke, thalamic lesions, radiculopathy, HIV pain, post-herpetic pain, non-cardiac chest pain, irritable bowel syndrome, pain associated with bowel disorders and dyspepsia, osteoarthritis (OA) pain, chronic back pain, bone pain, soft tissue pain, and combinations thereof.

[0247]

[0231] In certain embodiments, the disease, disorder, or condition is anhedonia. “Anhedonia” as used herein refers to markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all activities. Anhedonia of mild degree is sometimes referred to as hypohedonia. Social anhedonia is a type of anhedonia. “Social anhedonia” as used herein refers to a disinterest in social contact and a lack of pleasure in social situations. Social anhedonia is characterized by social withdrawal and typically manifests as an indifference to social interactions with other people. This trait is considered to be a central characteristic, as well as a predictor, of schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

[0248]

[0232] In another aspect, provided herein are compounds, and a pharmaceutically acceptable salts, stereoisomers, tautomers, solvates, and isotopically labeled derivatives thereof, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof, for use as medicaments. In certain embodiments, the medicament is for treating a disease, disorder, or condition associated with Kv7 potassium channel dysfunction in a subject (e.g., Kv7.2, Kv7.3, Kv7.4, and / or Kv7.5 dysfunction, e.g., Kv7.2 / Kc7.3 dysfunction). In certain embodiments, the medicament is for treating a seizure disorder, a depressive disorder, pain, or anhedonia in a subject.

[0249]

[0233] Also provided herein are methods of potentiating a Kv7 potassium channel in a cell in vitro comprising contacting the cell with a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, tautomer, solvate, or isotopically labeled derivative thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. In certain embodiments, the Kv7 potassium channel is Kv7.2, Kv7.3, Kv7.4, and / or Kv7.5. In certain embodiments, the Kv7 potassium channel is Kv7.2. In certain embodiments, the Kv7 potassium channel is Kv7.3. In certain embodiments, the Kv7 potassium channel is Kv7.2 / Kc7.3. In certain embodiments, the compound or composition is selective for one or more of Kv7.2-Kv7.5 over Kv7.1. In certain embodiments, the compound or composition is selective for one or more of Kv7.2 / Kv7.3 over Kv7.1.

[0250]

[0234] Provided herein are methods of potentiating a Kv7 potassium channel (e.g., Kv7.2 / Kv7.3) in a subject or in a cell in vitro. In certain embodiments, the activity of the Kv7 potassium channel e.g., Kv7.2 / Kv7.3) is increased by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 100%, relative to control. In certain embodiments, the activity of the Kv7 potassium channel (e.g., Kv7.2 / Kv7.3) is increased by at least 1- fold, at least 2-fold, at least 3 -fold, at least 4-fold, at least 5 -fold, at least 10-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 30-fold, at least 40-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 100-fold, at least 200-fold, at least 300-fold, at least 400- fold, at least 500-fold, or at least 1000-fold, relative to control.

[0251] Additional Embodiments

[0252]

[0235] Additional embodiments are provided according to the following numbered Embodiments:

[0253] Embodiment 1. A compound of Formula (I): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein:

[0254] Rpis selected from one of the following formulae: each R1is independently H, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, or C3-8 cycloalkyl, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, or cycloalkyl is optionally substituted;

[0255] R2is C1-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, Ce-io aryl, 3-8 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, -C(R5)2N(RN)2, -N(RN)2, -OR0, -OC(R’)2OP(O)(OR3)2, or -OC(R’)2O-L’- OP(O)(OR3)2, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted;

[0256] L1is C1-6 alkylene, Ci-6 haloalkylene, C3-8 cycloalkylene, Ce-io arylene, 3-8 membered heterocyclylene, or 5-10 membered heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, haloalkylene, cycloalkylene, arylene, heterocyclylene, or heteroarylene is optionally substituted; each instance of R3is independently H, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, Ce-io aryl, 3-8 membered heterocyclyl, or 5-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted;

[0257] R4is C1-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, Ce-io aryl, 3-8 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, or -C(R’)2C(N(RN)2)C(O)OR°, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted; each instance of R5is H or Ci-6 alkyl, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more instances of R5a, and each instance of R5ais independently selected from -OR0, -C(O)OR°, -N(RN)2, -C(O)N(RN)2, -N(RN)C(=NRN)N(RN)2, -SRS, C6-IO aryl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein the aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted; each instance of RNis independently H, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, Ce-io aryl, 3-8 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, -C(O)OR°, or a nitrogen protecting group, or two RNattached to the same nitrogen atom are joined together to form 3-7 membered heterocyclyl or 5-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted; each instance of R° is independently H, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, Ce-io aryl, 3-8 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, or an oxygen protecting group, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted; each instance of Rsis independently H, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, Ce-io aryl, 3-8 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, or a sulfur protecting group, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted.

[0258] Embodiment 2. The compound of Embodiment 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Rpis of formula (i):

[0259] Embodiment 3. The compound of Embodiment 1 or 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Rpis of formula (i); and R2is Ci-6 alkyl, Ce-io aryl, or -OR0, wherein the alkyl or aryl is optionally substituted.

[0260] Embodiment 4. The compound of any one of Embodiments 1-3, wherein Rpis of one of the

[0261] Embodiment 5. The compound of Embodiment 1 or 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Rpis of formula (i); and R2is -C(R5)2N(RN)2-

[0262] Embodiment 6. The compound of any one of Embodiments 1, 2, and 5, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Rpis of formula (i-a):

[0263] Embodiment 7. The compound of any one of Embodiments 1, 2, 5, and 6, wherein Rpis of one of the following formulae:

[0264] Embodiment 8. The compound of Embodiment 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Rpis of formula (ii):

[0265] Embodiment 9. The compound of Embodiment 1 or 8, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Rpis of formula:

[0266] Embodiment 10. The compound of Embodiment 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Rpis of formula (iii):

[0267] Embodiment 11. The compound of Embodiment 1 or 10, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Rpis of formula (iii); and R2is Ci-6 alkyl, Ce-io aryl, or -OR0, wherein the alkyl or aryl is optionally substituted.

[0268] Embodiment 12. The compound of any one of Embodiments 1, 10, and 11, wherein Rpis of one of the following formulae:

[0269] Embodiment 13. The compound of 1 or 10, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Rpis of formula (iii); and R2is -C(R5)2N(RN)2-

[0270] Embodiment 14. The compound of any one of Embodiments 1, 10, and 13, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Rpis of formula (iii-a): (iii-a).

[0271] Embodiment 15. The compound of any one of Embodiments 1, 10, 13, and 14, wherein Rpis of one of the following formulae:

[0272] Embodiment 16. The compound of Embodiment 1 or 10, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Rpis of formula (iii); and R2is -OC(R’)2OP(O)(OR3)2, or -OC(R1)2O-L1-OP(O)(OR3)2-

[0273] Embodiment 17. The compound of any one of Embodiments 1, 10, and 16, wherein Rpis of one of the following formulae:

[0274] Embodiment 18. The compound of Embodiment 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Rpis of formula (iv):

[0275] Embodiment 19. The compound of Embodiment 1 or 18, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Rpis of formula (iv); and R4is -C(R’)2C(N(RN)2)C(O)OR°.

[0276] Embodiment 20. The compound of any one of Embodiments 1, 18, and 19, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Rpis of formula (iv-a):

[0277] Embodiment 21. The compound of any one of Embodiments 1, 18, 19, and 20, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Rpis of one of the following formulae:

[0278] Embodiment 22. The compound of Embodiment 1, wherein the compound is selected from those in Table 1, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

[0279] Embodiment 23. The compound of any one of the preceding Embodiments, as a free base.

[0280] Embodiment 24. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any one of the preceding Embodiments, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0281] Embodiment 25. A method of potentiating a Kv7 potassium channel in a subject comprising administering to the subject a compound of any one of Embodiments 1-23, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.

[0282] Embodiment 26. A method of treating a disease, disorder, or condition associated with Kv7 potassium channel dysfunction in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a compound of any one of Embodiments 1-23, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.

[0283] Embodiment 27. The method of Embodiment 25 or 26, wherein the method enhances opening of a Kv7 potassium channel.

[0284] Embodiment 28. The method of any one of Embodiments 25-27, wherein the Kv7 potassium channel is selected from one or more of Kv7.2, Kv7.3, Kv7.4, and Kv7.5.

[0285] Embodiment 29. The method of any one of Embodiments 25-28, wherein the Kv7 potassium channel is Kv7.2 / Kv7.3.

[0286] Embodiment 30. A method of treating a seizure disorder, a depressive disorder, pain, or anhedonia in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a compound of any one of Embodiments 1-23, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.

[0287] Embodiment 31. The method of any one of Embodiments 25-30, wherein the subject is a human.

[0288] Embodiment 32. A compound of any one of Embodiments 1-23, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, for use in potentiating a Kv7 potassium channel in a subject.

[0289] Embodiment 33. A compound of any one of Embodiments 1-23, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in treating a disease, disorder, or condition associated with Kv7 potassium channel dysfunction in a subject.

[0290] Embodiment 34. The compound for use of Embodiment 32 or 33, wherein the compound enhances opening of a Kv7 potassium channel.

[0291] Embodiment 35. The compound for use of any one of Embodiments 32-34, wherein the Kv7 potassium channel is selected from one or more of Kv7.2, Kv7.3, Kv7.4, and Kv7.5.

[0292] Embodiment 36. The compound for use of any one of Embodiments 32-35, wherein the Kv7 potassium channel is Kv7.2 / Kv7.3.

[0293] Embodiment 37. A compound of any one of Embodiments 1-23, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, for use in treating a seizure disorder, a depressive disorder, pain, or anhedonia in a subject.

[0294] Embodiment 38. The compound for use of any one of Embodiments 32-37, wherein the subject is a human.

[0295] Embodiment 39. A compound of any one of Embodiments 1-23, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, for use as a medicament.

[0296] EXAMPLES

[0297]

[0236] In order that the present disclosure may be more fully understood, the following examples are set forth. The synthetic and biological examples described in this application are offered to illustrate the compounds, pharmaceutical compositions, and methods provided herein and are not to be construed in any way as limiting in their scope.

[0298]

[0237] The examples provided below include procedures, intermediates, and characterization data useful, e.g., for the preparation of compounds provided herein. All synthetic steps, procedures, compounds (e.g., synthetic intermediates), reaction conditions, reaction mixtures, reagents, etc. are included herein as aspects of the present disclosure.

[0299] Synthesis of Compounds

[0300]

[0238] Compounds described herein can be prepared according to Scheme 1. Scheme 1

[0301] RLG= halogen or a leaving group

[0302] Biological Activity

[0303] Kv7.2 / Kv7.3 Potassium Channel Assay

[0304]

[0239] The potassium flux assay employs the cell-permeable, potassium-sensitive dye, IPG-2 AM, to quantify potassium ion flux through potassium channels. In general, TREX HEK 293 or HEK 293 cells were stably transfected with either an inducible or non-inducible expression vector containing the full- length cDNA coding for the desired human Kv7.2 / Kv7.3 or in combination with another full-length cDNA for a second desired human Kv7 potassium channel. Potassium channel-expressing cell lines were induced with tetracycline (1 pg / mL), if required, and plated on 384-well poly-D-lysine (PDL)-coated plates in culture media (DMEM, containing 10% FBS and 1% L-glutamine). After overnight incubation, culture media was removed and cells were loaded with 5 pM IPG-2 AM dye for 1 hour in Assay buffer (140 mM NaCl, 20 mM RbCl, 2 mM CaCh, 1 mM MgCh, 10 mM HEPES (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-l- piperazineethanesulfonic acid buffer), 10 mM glucose, adjusted with Tris to pH 7.4). Excess dye was removed, and cells incubated at room temperature for 20 minutes with or without test compound. A Hamamatsu FDSS pCell was used to perform a 1:1 addition of K challenge buffer (150 mM NaCl, 10 mM HEPES, 2 mM CaCh, 10 mM KC1, 1 mM MgCh, 10 mM glucose, adjusted with Tris to pH 7.4 for human Kv7.2 / Kv7.3, and simultaneously read plates at excitation wavelength of 530 nm and emission wavelength of 558 nm. Non-potassium channel-mediated potassium influx was determined in the presence of DMSO, and maximal influx was determined in the presence of a known Kv7.x channel modulator. For each test compound, a concentration response curve was generated with 16 concentrations points, 2-fold serial dilution starting at 30 pM and an EC50 value was determined.

[0305] EQUIVALENTS AND SCOPE

[0306]

[0240] In the claims, articles such as “a,” “an,” and “the” may mean one or more than one unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. Claims or descriptions that include “or” between one or more members of a group are considered satisfied if one, more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. The present disclosure includes embodiments in which exactly one member of the group is present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process. The present disclosure includes embodiments in which more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process.

[0241] Furthermore, the present disclosure encompasses all variations, combinations, and permutations in which one or more limitations, elements, clauses, and descriptive terms from one or more of the listed claims is introduced into another claim. For example, any claim that is dependent on another claim can be modified to include one or more limitations found in any other claim that is dependent on the same base claim. Where elements are presented as lists, e.g., in Markush group format, each subgroup of the elements is also disclosed, and any element(s) can be removed from the group. It should it be understood that, in general, where the present disclosure, or aspects of the present disclosure, is / are referred to as comprising particular elements and / or features, certain embodiments of the present disclosure or aspects of the present disclosure consist, or consist essentially of, such elements and / or features. For purposes of simplicity, those embodiments have not been specifically set forth in haec verba herein. It is also noted that the terms “comprising” and “containing” are intended to be open and permits the inclusion of additional elements or steps. Where ranges are given, endpoints are included. Furthermore, unless otherwise indicated or otherwise evident from the context and understanding of one of ordinary skill in the art, values that are expressed as ranges can assume any specific value or sub-range within the stated ranges in different embodiments of the present disclosure, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit of the range, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0307]

[0242] This application refers to various issued patents, published patent applications, journal articles, and other publications, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. If there is a conflict between any of the incorporated references and the instant specification, the specification shall control. In addition, any particular embodiment of the present disclosure that falls within the prior art may be explicitly excluded from any one or more of the claims. Because such embodiments are deemed to be known to one of ordinary skill in the art, they may be excluded even if the exclusion is not set forth explicitly herein. Any particular embodiment of the present disclosure can be excluded from any claim, for any reason, whether or not related to the existence of prior art.

[0308]

[0243] Those skilled in the art will recognize or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation many equivalents to the specific embodiments described herein. The scope of the present embodiments described herein is not intended to be limited to the above Description, but rather is as set forth in the appended claims. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that various changes and modifications to this description may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the present disclosure, as defined in the following claims.

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A compound of Formula (I) :or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein:Rpis selected from one of the following formulae:each R1is independently H, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, or C3-8 cycloalkyl, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, or cycloalkyl is optionally substituted;R2is C1-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, Ce-io aryl, 3-8 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, -C(R5)2N(RN)2, -N(RN)2, -OR0, -OC(R')2OP(O)(OR3)2, or -OC(R')2O-L'- OP(O)(OR3)2, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted;L1is C1-6 alkylene, Ci-6 haloalkylene, C3-8 cycloalkylene, Ce-io arylene, 3-8 membered heterocyclylene, or 5-10 membered heteroarylene, wherein the alkylene, haloalkylene, cycloalkylene, arylene, heterocyclylene, or heteroarylene is optionally substituted; each instance of R3is independently H, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, Ce-io aryl, 3-8 membered heterocyclyl, or 5-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted;R4is C1-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, Ce-io aryl, 3-8 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, or -C(R’)2C(N(RN)2)C(O)OR°, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted; each instance of R5is H or Ci-6 alkyl, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more instances of R5a, and each instance of R5ais independently selected from -OR0, -C(O)OR°, -N(RN)2, -C(O)N(RN)2, -N(RN)C(=NRN)N(RN)2, -SRS, C6-IO aryl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein the aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted; each instance of RNis independently H, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, Ce-io aryl, 3-8 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, -C(O)OR°, or a nitrogen protecting group, or two RNattached to the same nitrogen atom are joined together to form 3-7 membered heterocyclyl or 5-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted;each instance of R° is independently H, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, Ce-io aryl, 3-8 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, or an oxygen protecting group, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted; each instance of Rsis independently H, Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 haloalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, Ce-io aryl, 3-8 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, or a sulfur protecting group, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted.

2. The compound of claim 1 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:(a) Rpis of formula (i):(b) Rpis of formula (i), and R2is Ci-6 alkyl, Ce-io aryl, or -OR0, wherein the alkyl or aryl is optionally substituted;(c) Rpis of one of the following formulae:(d) Rpis of formula (i), and R2is -C(R5)2N(RN)2;(e) Rpis of formula (i-a):(f) Rpis of one of the following formulae:

3. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:(a) Rpis of formula (ii):(b) Rpis of formula:

4. The compound of claim 1 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:(a) Rpis of formula (iii):(iii);(b) Rpis of formula (iii), and R2is Ci-6 alkyl, Ce-io aryl, or -OR0, wherein the alkyl or aryl is optionally substituted;(c) Rpis of one of the following formulae:(d) Rpis of formula (iii), and R2is -C(R5)2N(RN)2;(e) Rpis of formula (iii- a):(f) Rpis of one of the following formulae:(g) Rpis of formula (iii), and R2is -OC(R’)2OP(O)(OR3)2, or -OC(R’)2O-L’-OP(O)(OR3)2; or(h) Rpis of one of the following formulae:

5. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:(a) Rpis of formula (iv):(b) Rpis of formula ((c) Rpis of formula (iv-a):(d) Rpis of one of the following formulae:

6. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from those in Table 1, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

7. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, as a free base.

8. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any one of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

9. A method of:(a) potentiating a Kv7 potassium channel in a subject; and / or(b) treating a disease, disorder, or condition associated with Kv7 potassium channel dysfunction in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a compound of any one of claims 1-7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the method enhances opening of a Kv7 potassium channel.

11. The method of claim 9 or 10, wherein the Kv7 potassium channel is selected from one or more of Kv7.2, Kv7.3, Kv7.4, and Kv7.5.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the Kv7 potassium channel is Kv7.2 / Kv7.3.

13. A method of treating a seizure disorder, a depressive disorder, pain, or anhedonia in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a compound of any one of claims 1-7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.

14. The method of any one of claims 9-13, wherein the subject is a human.

15. A compound of any one of claims 1-7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, for use in:(a) potentiating a Kv7 potassium channel in a subject; and / or(b) treating a disease, disorder, or condition associated with Kv7 potassium channel dysfunction in a subject.

16. The compound for use of claim 15, wherein the compound enhances opening of a Kv7 potassium channel.

17. The compound for use of claim 15 or 16, wherein the Kv7 potassium channel is selected from one or more of Kv7.2, Kv7.3, Kv7.4, and Kv7.5; optionally wherein the Kv7 potassium channel is Kv7.2 / Kv7.3.

18. A compound of any one of claims 1-7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, for use in treating a seizure disorder, a depressive disorder, pain, or anhedonia in a subject.

19. The compound for use of any one of claims 15-18, wherein the subject is a human.

20. A compound of any one of claims 1-7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, for use as a medicament.

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