Pretreatment of thermosetting spectacle lens wastes for recycling
By delicately controlling grinding parameters and incorporating additional steps, the pretreatment method addresses inefficiencies in recycling thermosetting spectacle lens wastes, resulting in a high-quality material suitable for recycling processes.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/103773
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-07-05
- Publication Date
- 2026-01-08
AI Technical Summary
Current recycling methods for thermosetting spectacle lens wastes are inefficient due to differences in chemical and physical properties, leading to uncontrolled pretreatment processes that introduce impurities and complicate subsequent recycling, making them unsuitable for direct recycling or upcycling into spectacle lens materials.
A method for pretreating spectacle lens wastes by carefully controlling grinding parameters such as feeding rate, average volume equivalent diameter, rotation speed, and temperature, along with optional steps like degassing and using inert gases or antioxidants, to produce a material suitable for subsequent recycling processes.
The pretreated material exhibits reduced impurities and improved properties, simplifying subsequent recycling processes and enhancing the quality of the resulting products for upcycling into spectacle lens materials.
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Figure PCTCN2024103773-FTAPPB-I100001 
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Figure PCTCN2024103773-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
Pretreatment of thermosetting spectacle lens wastes for recycling
[0001] The present invention relates to a method suitable for a pretreatment of spectacle lens wastes comprising thermosetting materials for recycling the spectacle material wastes.
[0002] Diverse plastic materials are used in the optical industry today, particularly in the manufacture of spectacle lenses. The plastic materials used in the optical industry can be largely categorized into thermosetting materials and thermoplastic materials.
[0003] During the production of the final optical articles, various types of mixed material waste are produced at different points in the manufacturing process, which are nowadays mainly incinerated or sent to landfill. This waste occurs in different formulations, qualities, and quantities. This mainly includes scrap lenses, lens fragments as well as milling and grinding wastes. The above-mentioned types of disposals have a negative impact both ecologically and economically.
[0004] Currently, direct recycling, either mechanical or chemical recycling, of plastic waste resulted during the production of spectacle lenses or from disposal of spectacle lenses by the customer is not possible. This is due to difference in terms of chemical and physical properties between different materials included in the waste, and the inappropriate size and unwanted impurity of wastes. Therefore, pretreatment is required to shape the waste resin into the desired status.
[0005] The state of the art describes various recycling processes of the above-mentioned materials, and here a distinction should be made between thermoplastics and thermosets.
[0006] Thermoplastics, such as polycarbonate, polyacrylate (e.g., PMMA) , polyamide, poly-cyclic-olefin (COC, COP) , are soluble under appropriate conditions, but can also be melted and processed into new products. For example, physical recycling of poly-cyclic-olefin as an optical resin is described in WO 2023 / 190013 A1. US 2021197421 A, CN 117468107 A and US 2013 / 0055926 A1 also disclose a method for pretreating and processing thermoplastic materials, however, this cannot be applied to thermoset optical resins having properties different from thermoplastics.
[0007] Unlike thermoplastics, thermosets are insoluble and cannot be melted. This is why the method for pretreating and processing thermoplastic materials disclosed in US 2021197421 A, CN 117468107 A and US 2013 / 0055926 A1 cannot be applied to thermoset optical resins having properties different from thermoplastics. Therefore, an approach different from thermoplastics should be taken. For this polymer class, chemical recycling processes which degrade polymers to recover monomers or oligomers or vitrimerization processes are the main options, and the physical methods such as those outlined in WO 2023 / 190013 A1 above are not applicable for thermosets. WO 2021 / 157701A1 discloses a method for recycling a polythiourethane lenses. Although this method goes through a pretreatment of the reactants, the pretreatment here does not control the parameters governing the condition of the pretreatment process. Therefore, considerably high amount of impurities can be introduced during the pretreatment which attributes to uncontrolled and harsh process conditions. These unwanted impurities will further complicate or even make the subsequent separation process useless. Further, uncontrolled pretreatment process makes the subsequent processes cumbersome and application of the process very limited.
[0008] CN 117757216 A provides a pretreatment of thermoset waste from wind turbine blade, which grinds, processes with PVC, and adds coupling agent and additive. However, this is not applicable to recycling spectacle lens wastes into spectacle lens materials, which needs to meet the specific conditions required for spectacle lens materials (yellowness, haze, transmittance, etc. ) .
[0009] Starting from WO 2021 / 157701 A1, it is an objective of the present invention to pretreat a spectacle lens waste comprising thermosetting spectacle lens materials so that the pretreated waste becomes suitable for a subsequent recycling processes. In other words, the pretreated material of the present invention is suitable for any subsequent recycling options such as chemical recycling or vitrimerization which is applicable for thermosets, but also for physical recycling which is in principle not feasible to be directly applied to thermosets. Further, the present inventors found that by delicately pretreating the spectacle lens wastes before subjecting the wastes to a subsequent recycling process; additional filtration, separation, purification, etc. during the recycling process can be significantly simplified, and the property of the resulted products is enhanced. Furthermore, additional steps such as sorting, rinsing and drying, magnetic separation, and / or sieving can be significantly simplified by delicately performing grinding step, thereby providing easy and efficient pretreatment method for the purpose of recycling of thermosetting spectacle lens wastes.
[0010] The present inventors found out that among the pretreating process, grinding affects the properties of resulted materials the most. That is, the parameters of grinding play an important role in properties of the resulted product. In particular, among the grinding parameters, a feeding rate of an inlet waste, an average volume equivalent diameter of the inlet waste, an average volume equivalent diameter of an outlet waste, a rotation speed of a grinder, and a temperature during grinding have been observed to be critical for the properties of the resulted pretreated materials. Based on this, the present invention provides a method suitable for pretreating a spectacle lens waste comprising thermosetting materials, wherein pretreating comprises grinding the spectacle lens waste, and grinding is conducted by determining a feeding rate of an inlet waste, an average volume equivalent diameter of the inlet waste, an average volume equivalent diameter of an outlet waste, a rotation speed of grinding (or grinder) , and a temperature during grinding (or of a grinder) .
[0011] The term "spectacle lens" refers to an ophthalmic lens worn in front of, but not in contact with, the eyeball (ISO 13666: 2019 (E) , section 3.5.2) , where an ophthalmic lens is a lens intended to be used for purposes of measurement, correction and / or protection of the eye, or for changing its appearance (ISO 13666: 2019 (E) , section 3.5.1) .
[0012] The term “spectacle lens material” refers to a material that is used for manufacturing of a spectacle lens, e.g., the material of the spectacle lens substrate. The thermosetting spectacle lens material can be any spectacle lens material acts as a thermoset. For example, the thermosetting spectacle lens material can be, but not limited to, polyallylcarbonates such as polyallyl diglycol carbonates (PADC; e.g., CR39, CR330, CR607, CR630, RAV 700) , polydiallylisophthalate (e.g. KOC400) , polyurethanes (PUR) , polyurethanes / polyureas (PUR / PUA; e.g., Trivex, RAVolution) , polythiourethanes (PTU; e.g., MR6, MR7, MR8, MR10) and polyepisulfides (e.g., MR174, MGC 1.76) , etc. Typical thermoplastic materials are polycarbonates (PC) , polyacrylates (PMMA; e.g., Luxexel Pritoptical, SOLA Spectralite) , polyamides (PA) , and polycyclicolefin (COC, COP) .
[0013] The term "spectacle lens substrate" refers to a piece of optical material that is used during the manufacturing process of a spectacle lens, i.e. precursors of a finished lens (ISO 13666: 2019 (E) , section 3.8.7) , an uncut lens (ISO 13666: 2019 (E) , section 3.8.8) or an edged lens (ISO 13666: 2019 (E) , section 3.8.9) . Suitable precursors of the finished lens are for example semi-finished lens blanks, wherein the term "semi-finished lens blank" refers to a piece of optical material with one optically finished surface for the making of a spectacle lens (ISO 13666: 2019 (E) , section 3.8.1) .
[0014] The term “spectacle lens material” refers to a material that is used for manufacturing of a spectacle lens, e.g., the material of the spectacle lens substrate.
[0015] The term “waste” refers to materials, substrates, substances, semi-products, by-products or finished products to be eliminated or discarded as no longer useful or required. The term “spectacle lens waste” refers to any materials, substrates, substances, semi-products, by-products or finished products, etc. to be discarded which are generated during the lifecycle of spectacle lens or lens materials. Spectacle lens waste may include scrap lenses, swarfs, and / or manufacturing residues such as edging, grinding and milling residues. Spectacle lens waste may include spectacle lenses which are no longer needed, for example, due to damage or altered ophthalmic conditions of a user. The spectacle lens waste of the present invention comprises, preferably consists of, thermosetting spectacle lens materials, for example and not limited thereto polyallylcarbonates such as polyallyl diglycol carbonates (PADC; e.g., CR39, CR330, CR607, CR630, RAV 700) , polydiallylisophthalate (e.g. KOC400) , polyurethanes (PUR) , polyurethanes / polyureas (PUR / PUA; e.g., Trivex, RAVolution) , polythiourethanes (PTU; e.g., MR6, MR7, MR8, MR10) and polyepisulfides (e.g., MR174, MGC 1.76) , etc.
[0016] The term “comprising” means various compositions, compounds, steps and the like can be conjointly employed in the present invention. Accordingly, the term “comprising” encompasses the more restrictive terms “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of” . The terms “comprising” and “containing” may be used synonymously.
[0017] The term “inlet waste” refers to a spectacle lens waste used as a starting material of a pretreatment process, particularly a grinding process, and first incorporated into the process. The term “outlet waste” is a resulted material of a pretreatment process, particularly a grinding process, and the material obtained from the process, i.e., the pretreated material.
[0018] The term “grinding” means reducing a material to small particles or powder by crushing it using grinding system or grinder. It may also refer to pulverizing or milling a material. Grinding can be done by any conventional means or apparatuses known in the art such as grinder or mill. For example, cryomill, ball mill or machine mill including tooth mill, hammer mill, knife mill, turbo mill, press-grind mill can be used. The term “grinder system” refers to open or closed system with a grinder.
[0019] A feeding rate (Q) of an inlet waste means a rate of an inlet waste being fed into a grinding process or a grinder, and defined by a unit kg / min.
[0020] An average volume equivalent diameter (D) is the diameter for a sphere with the same volume as the particle size under consideration, and defined by a unit meter (m) . An average volume equivalent diameter can be calculated by the following equation, wherein average volume per particle can be measured by any know method, including ………
[0021] For example, an average volume per particle can be calculated by the following equation:
[0022] For extremely small particle, microscopy can be used to directly observe and measure the dimension of particles, and calculate the (average) volume of particles.
[0023] Based on the calculated average volume per particle, an average volume equivalent diameter (D) can be measured by any know method, including the following equation:
[0024] A rotation speed of a grinder (V) is a rate of rotation of a grinder, and defined by a unit revolution per minute (rpm) .
[0025] Notwithstanding that the parameters of grinding are determined to obtain proper properties for subsequent recycling process, it was observed that pretreatment under uncontrolled or roughly controlled condition sometimes leads to increased impurity, and results in a resulted product which is not suitable for use as a spectacle lens material. For example, uncontrolled conditions such as high temperature and strong sheer stress may cause side chemical reaction or physical changes due to unwanted oxidation, degradation etc., and lead to increased impurity or undesired properties of the resulted products, making the resulted material difficult or impossible to be recycled as a spectacle lens material. The present inventors recognized that the conditions of the pretreatment need to be more delicately adjusted and holistically controlled in consideration of other relevant factors as a whole in order to obtain a proper resulted material having desirable properties for a subsequent recycling process, in particular, upcycling, i.e., to manufacture a spectacle lens material.
[0026] Through numerous attempts and various set-ups of the grinding conditions, it has been discovered that by setting a feeding rate of an inlet waste, an average volume equivalent diameter of the inlet waste, an average volume equivalent diameter of an outlet waste, a rotation speed of a grinder, and a temperature during grinding to meet a specific condition; side reaction during the pretreatment can be significantly reduced, process compatibility, i.e., compatibility with the following recycling process such as chemical recycling or vitrimerziation, can be improved, and the property of the resulted product can be enhanced to fit for subsequent recycling process. Based on this finding, the present invention further provides a method suitable for pretreating a spectacle lens waste comprising thermosetting spectacle lens material for a recycling process, characterized in that pretreating comprises grinding the spectacle lens waste to meet the following equation:
[0027] wherein
[0028] Q is a feeding rate of an inlet waste,
[0029] Din is an average volume equivalent diameter of the inlet waste,
[0030] Dout is an average volume equivalent diameter of an outlet waste, and
[0031] V is a rotation speed of a grinder.
[0032] The technical significance that lies in the above equation is maintaining the balance between grinding intensity required and the grinding intensity provided, which is largely governed by three factors, Q, V and Din / Dout, to provide a pretreated material suitable for a subsequent recycling process.
[0033] For instance, the higher the Q, the more intensive grinding is needed (more material input) ; the higher the V, the more intensive grinding will be provided (more collision and shear will occur) . D indicates the relationship between the intensity of grinding required and the size of input and output materials. More simply put, the higher Din and the lower Dout, the more intensive grinding is needed. In other words, grinding larger particles into smaller particles requires higher grinding intensity. All these three parameters are independent variables in the above equation, and this embodiment is based on the finding that the combination of the variables satisfying the above range in the equation would lead to the properties of thermoset spectacle lens waste desirable and suitable for a subsequent recycling process. The numerical range of each of the parameters neither is specifically limited or can be specifically limited as they can be differently and flexibly set depending on type of equipment, composition of starting material, other factors, etc. based on a common knowledge of a skilled person as long as the above equation is met.
[0034] It turned out that the spectacle lens waste comprising thermosetting spectacle lens material pretreated by the present method and satisfies the above equation is not only applicable for various subsequent recycling processes but also shows lowered impurity, which leads to reduced complexity, increased quality of the resulted material which will be subject to subsequent recycling processes. For example, purification, separation, filtration processes, etc. which are very complicated and time-consuming for the conventional technology can be significantly simplified or even can be reduced to a minimal degree.
[0035] The resulted value of Equation I can be between 150 to 45,000, preferably 1,500 to 20,000. If the value is too high, the grinding intensity provided will be lower than the grinding intensity required, thereby breaking the balance between the grinding intensity provided and the grinding intensity required. The grinded material may get stuck and clogged in the grinder, resulting in machinery issue thereby preventing homogenous heat transfer inside the grinder. This would result in unwanted temperature increase and side reaction which increases impurities. On the other hand, if the value is too low, the grinding intensity provided will be greater than the grinding intensity required. In such a case, the materials are over-grinded and side reaction may happen.
[0036] Feeding rate (Q) of an inlet waste affects the grinding intensity required. The higher the feeding rate, the higher the required grinding intensity becomes. In the present invention, the feeding rate should be determined in consideration of other parameters to meet Equation I. For example, if the feeding rate is too high in view of other parameters, the grinding intensity required would outweigh the grinding intensity provided, thereby causing impurities and side reactions. It is not limited, however, in one embodiment, the feeding rate can be between 1 and 100 kg / min, preferably between 2 to 50 kg / min, most preferably 2 to 30 kg / min.
[0037] Average volume equivalent diameter of the inlet waste (Din) and / or outlet waste (Dout) affects the grinding intensity required. In the present invention, an average volume equivalent diameter of the inlet waste should be determined in consideration of other parameters to meet Equation I. For example, if the average volume equivalent diameter of the inlet waste is too large or the difference between the average volume equivalent diameter of the inlet waste and the outlet waste is too big in view of other parameters, the grinding intensity required would outweigh the grinding intensity provided; and causes impurities and side reactions. Too large average volume equivalent diameter of inlet waste compared to that of outlet waste, additionally in the consideration of other parameters, is disadvantageous as it leads to material jam in the grinder and prevent the heat transfer, resulting in machinery problem and heating of the materials. On the other hand, if the average volume equivalent diameter is too small, very strong shear stress can be given during grinding.
[0038] Not limited thereto, but in one embodiment, the average volume equivalent diameter of the inlet waste is 0.5 m or smaller, preferably 0.2 m or smaller, more preferably 0.1 m or smaller, most preferably between 0.01 m or greater and 0.1 m or smaller. In one embodiment, the average volume equivalent diameter of the outlet waste is between 0.0001 m and 0.2 m, preferably between 0.0001 m and 0.1 m, more preferably between 0.0005 m and 0.01 m, and most preferably between 0.0005 m and 0.002 m.
[0039] Rotation speed (V) of a grinder or of grinding affects the grinding intensity provided. In the present invention, a rotation speed should be determined in consideration of other parameters to meet Equation I. For instance, if the rotation speed is too high in view of other parameters, the grinding intensity provided would outweigh the grinding intensity needed and break the balance. In such a case, the waste is over-grinded. In an opposite case where the rotation speed is too low, the grinded material may get stuck and be clogged in the grinder, resulting in machinery issue thereby preventing homogenous heat transfer inside the grinder.
[0040] Not limited thereto but in one embodiment, the rotation speed is set between 100 and 30,000 rpm, preferably between 100 and 10,000 rpm, more preferably 200 and 2,000 rpm.
[0041] It has been further observed that temperature during the grinding process greatly influences the property of the resulted product such as impurity content, etc. By using the critical parameters in Equation I so that Equation I is within the defined range above, temperature control becomes much easier. In the conventional process, temperature of grinding is often not considered as a critical factor or not controlled delicately. However, for spectacle lens wastes, it is particularly advantageous to delicately control the temperature during grinding or the temperature of the grinder. In one embodiment, the temperature during grinding or the temperature of the grinder or the temperature of the grinding system should at most be 120℃ or lower; 100℃or lower; or 80℃ or lower. If the temperature is higher than said specified range, unwanted side reactions such as oxidation, depolymerization and repolymerization may occur. Optionally, grinding system or grinder can be equipped with refrigeration to lower the reaction temperature. A coolant for refrigeration is not limited but can be liquid nitrogen, dry ice, gas (direct cooling) or water (indirect cooling) .
[0042] In another embodiment, the pretreatment method of the present invention additionally comprises at least one steps selected from the group consisting of:
[0043] (i) degassing active gas from the inlet waste before grinding
[0044] (ii) grinding the inlet waste with inert gas,
[0045] (iii) grinding the inlet waste with dry ice or liquid nitrogen,
[0046] (iv) grinding the inlet waste under vacuum, and
[0047] (v) grinding the inlet waste with an antioxidant.
[0048] With these steps, unwanted side reactions which can lead to impurities or contaminants can be avoided.
[0049] The spectacle lens waste can be degassed at elevated temperature before grinding to completely remove water and active gas such as oxygen.
[0050] In one embodiment, degassing is conducted with an intensity of the following formula:
[0051] wherein
[0052] p is a pressure during degassing (mbar) ,
[0053] t is time for degassing (hour) , and
[0054] T is a temperature (℃) .
[0055] The present inventors found that it is important to maintain the degassing intensity calculated within the specific range through the three parameters above (p, t and T) and these parameters are closely correlated to reach the preferred degassing intensity.
[0056] Degassing with a degassing intensity (Tt / p) below 80 led to insufficient removal of active gas and water thereby showing substantially no improvement of the quality of the pretreated (grinded) product. Degassing with a higher degassing intensity (Tt / p) would be more efficient. Although not limited thereto, in one embodiment, the degassing intensity (Tt / p) can be 400 or less. Specific range for each of the parameters is less meaningful than the range given for the equation. Nonetheless, the role of each parameter and illustrative range will be provided for a better understanding. It is however evident that the present invention is not limited thereto.
[0057] The pressure during degassing provides the driving force for the gas in the grinding system and is lower than the atmospheric pressure. The pressure can be, for example, between 1 and 150 mbar, preferably between 1 and 50 mbar.
[0058] Time for degassing should be controlled to achieve another equilibrium. Generally, a long degassing time can be beneficial, but the effect will be marginal after a certain time. A shorter degassing time indicates insufficient removal of the reactive gas, limiting the effect of degassing.
[0059] Temperature for degassing provides additional driving force for degassing. The higher the temperature, the more flexible the polymer chain becomes, and thus it will be easier to degas the gases. For example, the temperature is between 20 and 120℃. A temperature above 120℃ may cause unwanted degradation of polymer chain and increase the impurity, whereas a temperature below room temperature leads to frozen polymer chain and harsher condition, e.g., longer reaction time or higher vacuum.
[0060] In another embodiment, the spectacle lens waste can be grinded under vacuum for similar purpose as degassing. A preferred vacuum pressure can be less than 2 mbar.
[0061] In a further embodiment, the spectacle lens waste can be grinded with inert gas such as nitrogen, argon, etc. to achieve similar results. In a preferred embodiment, the inlet waste is grinded with dry ice or liquid nitrogen to produce an outlet waste with low impurities suitable for manufacturing a spectacle lens material. Dry ice or liquid nitrogen is particularly preferred as it also has additional effect of lowering the grinding temperature. In another further embodiment, the spectacle lens waste is grinded with an antioxidant. Antioxidant can be any commercially available products, for example but not limited thereto, phenolic compounds. The amount of antioxidant can be between 0.1%to 0.5%by weight. If the amount is too high, it may adversely affect the quality of the resulted pretreated product.
[0062] The above steps (i) to (v) can be implemented alone or in combination with any one of the other steps depending on desired quality, properties of waste, grinding conditions, type of grinder, configuration of grinder, etc.
[0063] The present method optionally comprises a step confirming an amount of impurities in the pretreated material, i.e., the outlet waste from grinding step. The impurities in the waste (outlet waste) can be detected by any known methods in the field, for example, by FTIR, XPS, NMR, etc. The impurities in the pretreated (or grinded) material should be in an amount which allows the material to be recycled and used as a spectacle lens material exhibiting desired properties such as proper yellowness index, etc.
[0064] In one embodiment, increase of impurities of the pretreated material (outlet waste) can be confirmed using the change of yellowness index. Yellowness index can be calculated using standard methods in the industry, i.e., the methods described in ISO 17223: 2014: Plastics: Determination of yellowness index and change in yellowness index; ASTM E313-20: Standard Practice for Calculating Yellowness and Whiteness Indices from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates.
[0065] The pretreated material produced according to the present invention showed an increase of yellowness index lower than 5 compared to the inlet waste. Pretreatment of spectacle lens waste inevitably leads to yellowness index of the resulted material. If the change in yellowness index of the pretreated material is 5 or greater, the pretreated material would be difficult to be uprecycled and used as a spectacle lens material. In other words, the amount of impurities is determined to be suitable for the subsequent recycling process for manufacturing a spectacle lens material when a change in a yellowness index of the inlet waste and the outlet waste is less than 5.
[0066] In another embodiment, increase of impurities of the pretreated material (outlet waste) can be confirmed using Raman spectroscopy. The spectacle lens waste pretreated with the method according to the present invention shows impurity content suitable for subsequent recycling process. The present inventors found that the pretreated material suitable for subsequent recycling process for producing a spectacle lens material show a specific peak increase at the specific peak range. In case of the spectacle lens waste comprising polythiourethane, the pretreated materials (outlet waste) having the desired properties showed a peak height ratio at 1220.5 cm-1 in relation to 1206.5 cm-1 is increased by less than 4.5%compared to that of the inlet waste.
[0067] The material pretreated according to the present invention, i.e., the outlet waste, turned out to be suitable for a wide range of recycling processes, including chemical recycling and vitrimerization. It was found that the pretreated material of the present invention is particularly suitable for a subsequent chemical recycling method of polythiourethane. In one embodiment, the spectacle lens waste comprising polythiourethane pretreated by the present method is subsequently subject to aminolysis and / or alcoholysis for recycling. For example, a degrading agent such as compound with active hydrogen (amine or alcohol or thiol) is (excessively) added to the pretreated waste to release a free thiol, and urea or urethane or thiouretane therefrom; and then the released free thiol is separated, purified, and recycled with high purity and yellowness suitable for a spectacle lens material. In a further embodiment, the urethane or the urea or the thiourethane obtained from the above embodiment is degraded by an additional active amine to produce a free amine, and new urea or new urethane or thiourethane, and then the free amine is separated, purified, phosgenated and recycled as isocyanate.
[0068] Hereinafter, the embodiments of the present invention will be described in further detail. It should be understood, however, that the following examples are only for illustrative purposes and do not in any way restrict the present invention.
[0069] Example 1
[0070] Mixed scrap and edging chips from spectacle lens waste with average volume equivalent diameter of 0.03 m (hereinafter referred to as the “waste” ) were collected without any treatment. The waste comprises polythiourethane, polyepisulfide, and polyallyldiglycol carbonate. The waste was grinded into small particles with average volume equivalent diameter of 0.002 m by a grinder, a knife mill, in a grinding system with a feeding rate of 10 kg / min at a rotation speed of 300 rpm, and produced the outlet waste. The temperature of the grinding system was measured by a temperature sensor inside the grinding system, giving a value of 45.6℃. The change of yellowness index and peak height ratio in Raman spectrum between the inlet waste and the outlet waste produced as powder were measured by the aforementioned method. The change of yellowness index from the inlet waste to the outlet waste was 2.2 and the change of peak ratio in Raman spectrum from the inlet waste to the outlet waste was 3.1%.
[0071] The spectra were acquired via a confocal Raman microscope (XploRA Plus, Horiba Scientific) equipped with an integrated microscope (BX43, Olympus) and a motorized XYZ stage. A 100× objective (MPIanN, NA 0.9, WD 0.21 mm, Olympus) was utilized for sample detection and spectral acquisition. Raman scattering was excited with a 785 nm laser diode and detected with a -60℃ air-cooled charge-coupled detector. Raman measurements with grating 1200 l / mm resulted in a spectral resolution of ~0.5 cm-1 over spectral range from 200 to 3400 cm-1. The laser power was about 10 mW. All spectra were obtained using 8 s acquisition time. The same method was used in the following examples and comparative examples.
[0072] The outlet waste of Example 1 turned out to be proper to be used for subsequent recycling processes for producing spectacle lens material.
[0073] Comparative Example 1
[0074] The same waste as Example 1 was grinded by the same grinder to the same size with same feeding rate at a reduced rotation speed of 100 rpm. The grinding parameters of Example 2 do not meet Equation 1. Mainly due to the incompatibility between rotation speed and feeding rate, the grinding capability is limited, thereby causing obstruction and machinery issues. The temperature sensor inside grinding system shows that the temperature has been elevated to 92.4℃. As a result, the change of yellowness index from the inlet waste to the outlet waste was 5.2 and the change of peak ratio in Raman spectrum from the inlet waste to the outlet waste was 4.8%, which show that the outlet waste is not proper to be recycled as a spectacle lens material.
[0075] Comparative Example 2
[0076] The same waste as Example 1 was grinded by the same grinder to the same size at the same rotation speed with an increased feeding rate of 30 kg / min. The grinding parameters of Comparative Example 2 fail to meet Equation 1. Incapability of grinding similar to that in Comparative Example 1 has been observed, resulting in the temperature increase to 93.8 ℃. As a result, the change of yellowness index from the inlet waste to the outlet waste is 5.4, and the change of peak ratio in Raman spectrum from the inlet waste to the outlet waste is 5.3%, which show that the outlet waste is not proper to be recycled as a spectacle lens material.
[0077] Comparative Example 3
[0078] The same waste as Example 1 but with a different average volume equivalent diameter of 0.05 m was grinded with the same feeding rate at an increased rotation speed of 2500 rpm. The inlet waste was grinded into the outlet waste with an average volume equivalent diameter of 0.01 m. The grinding parameters of Comparative Example 3 fail to meet Equation 1. Due to intensive sheer stress at high rotation speed, the grinding system was not able to hold the temperature within the desired range. The temperature of the grinding system was elevated to 102.7℃. The grinding parameters of Comparative Example 3 fail to meet Equation 1. In addition to the importance of delicately controlling grinding parameters supported by Example 1, Comparative Example 1, Comparative Example 2, particularly poor result of Comparative Example 3 reflects that temperature is one of the key factors of the pretreatment.
[0079] As a result, the change of yellowness index from the inlet waste to the outlet waste is 9.2, and the change of peak ratio in Raman spectrum from the inlet waste to the outlet waste is 10.3%, which show that the outlet waste is not proper to be recycled as a spectacle lens material.
[0080] Example 2
[0081] Before grinding, the same waste as Example 1 was degassed in a pressure of 10 mbar at 80℃ for 24 h. The degassing intensity according to Equation 2 was 192.
[0082] The inlet waste which was degassed was then immediately grinded under the same grinding condition as Example 1. The temperature of the grinding system was measured by a temperature sensor inside the grinding room, giving a value of 44.8℃. This shows that the degassing step slightly lowered the temperature of the grinding system, which advantageous for enhancing purity of the resulted product.
[0083] The change of yellowness index from the inlet waste to the outlet waste was 1.7 and the change of peak ratio in Raman spectrum from the inlet waste to the outlet waste was 2.6%. Compared to Example 1, both the change of yellowness index and the change of peak ration have been decreased. It is confirmed that the degassing step contributes to the enhanced purity of the pretreated material.
[0084] Example 3
[0085] The waste the same as Example 1 was grinded under the same grinding condition as Example 1 while adding 15%by weight of dry ice divided by 15 times (1%per addition) . The temperature of the grinding system was 21.5℃, which is much lower compared to Example 1.
[0086] The temperature lowered by the dry ice leads to less side reactions, which often take place at higher temperatures, and thus lowered impurities. Furthermore, the sublimation of dry ice provides inert gas atmosphere inside the grinder system or grinder, limiting the unwanted chemical reaction.
[0087] The change of yellowness index from the inlet waste to the outlet waste was 0.7 and the change of peak ratio in Raman spectrum from the inlet waste to the outlet waste was 1.1%. This is the lowest among all the examples. Based on this, it is confirmed that using dry ice during the pretreatment process is particularly advantageous in terms of reducing impurities.
[0088] Example 4
[0089] The waste the same as Example 1 was mixed with 0.25%by weight of 4, 4'-thio-bis (6-tert-butyl-m-methyl phenol) as an antioxidant before grinding.
[0090] The thus-prepared inlet waste is then grinded under the same grinding condition as Example 1. The temperature of the grinding system was 46.6℃.
[0091] The change of yellowness index from the inlet waste to the outlet waste was 1.9 and the change of peak ratio in Raman spectrum from the inlet waste to the outlet waste was 2.8%. In comparison with Example 1, it is clear that antioxidant contributed to lowering impurities in the pretreated material. It is assumed that the antioxidant contributed to decreasing impurities by removing reactant or adding more reactive compound to predominantly react with O2 to prevent the oxidation of the spectacle lens waste.
[0092] The results of the examples are summarized in the table below.
[0093] Table 1. Results of Examples and Comparative Examples
Claims
1.A method suitable for pretreating for a subsequent recycling process a spectacle lens waste comprising thermosetting spectacle lens materials,wherein pretreating comprises grinding the spectacle lens waste and the spectacle lens waste is an inlet waste,characterized in that grinding is conducted by determining a feeding rate of the inlet waste, an average volume equivalent diameter of the inlet waste, an average volume equivalent diameter of an outlet waste, a rotation speed of a grinder, and a temperature during grinding.2.The method according to claim 1,characterized in that grinding is conducted to meet Equation I below:whereinQ is a feeding rate of the inlet waste (kg / min) ,Din is an average volume equivalent diameter of the inlet waste (m) ,Dout is an average volume equivalent diameter of the outlet waste (m) , andV is a rotation speed of the grinder (rpm) .3.The method according to claim 1 or 2,characterized in that the temperature during grinding is maintained 120 ℃ or lower; 100 ℃ or lower; or 80℃ or lower.4.The method according to any one of the preceding claims,characterized in that Din is 0.5 m or lower, or 0.2 m or lower, or 0.1 m or lower, or 0.01 m or greater and 0.1 m or lower.5.The method according to any one of the preceding claims,characterized in that Dout is between 0.0001 m and 0.2 m, or 0.0001 m and 0.1 m, or 0.0005 m and 0.01 m, or 0.0005 m and 0.002 m.6.The method according to any one of the preceding claims,characterized by comprising at least one of the steps selected from the group consisting of:(i) degassing active gas from the inlet waste before grinding(ii) grinding the inlet waste with inert gas,(iii) grinding the inlet waste with dry ice or liquid nitrogen,(iv) grinding the inlet waste under vacuum, and(v) grinding the inlet waste with an antioxidant.7.The method according to any one of the preceding claims,characterized in that grinding is conducted with dry ice.8.The method according to claim 6,characterized by degassing with an intensity of Equation II below:whereinp is a pressure during degassing (mbar) ,t is time for degassing (hour) , andT is a degassing temperature (℃) .9.The method according to claim 6 or 8,characterized in that the degassing temperature is in a range of 20℃ to 120℃, or 25℃ to 100℃, or 40℃ to 80℃.10.The method according to any one of the preceding claims,characterized by further comprising a step of confirming an amount of impurities in the outlet waste, wherein the amount of impurities is determined to be suitable for the subsequent recycling process for manufacturing a spectacle lens material when a change in a yellowness index of the inlet waste and the outlet waste is less than 5.11.The method according to claim 10,characterized in that the spectacle lens waste comprises polythiourethane, and the amount of impurities is determined to be suitable for the subsequent recycling process for manufacturing a spectacle lens material when a peak height ratio at 1220.5 cm-1 in relation to 1206.5 cm-1 of the outlet waste is increased by less than 4.5%compared to that of the inlet waste.12.A method suitable for manufacturing a spectacle lens material,characterized by using in a recycling process of a spectacle lens waste the outlet waste pretreated according to any one of the preceding claims.13.The method according to claim 12,characterized in that the spectacle lens waste comprises polythiourethane, and the method comprises recycling the outlet waste by any one method selected from the group consisting of vitrimerization, aminolysis, alcoholysis and thiolysis.14.The method according to any one of the preceding claims,characterized in that the spectacle lens waste comprises polythiourethane.
Citation Information
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