Inkjet printable ultraviolet light curable composition with thermal shock resistance
A UV-curable composition with specific components and additives addresses viscosity and thermal shock resistance challenges, achieving optimal performance for OLED displays without sulfur-containing monomers or solvents.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/104719
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-07-10
- Publication Date
- 2026-01-15
AI Technical Summary
Existing UV-curable compositions for OLED displays face challenges in achieving a viscosity of 10 to 25 mPa*s at 25°C with 10 wt% inorganic nanoparticles, maintaining optical clarity, and passing thermal shock resistance without using sulfur-containing monomers or solvents.
A solvent-free, UV-curable composition comprising aromatic (meth)acrylate, difunctional methacrylate, inorganic nanoparticles, and a thermal shock additive, with specific ratios and additives to achieve a viscosity of 10 to 25 mPa*s, refractive index of 1.630, and thermal shock resistance up to 100 cycles.
The composition achieves a viscosity of 10 to 25 mPa*s, a refractive index of 1.630, and withstands 100 thermal shock cycles without delamination or defects, while being free of sulfur-containing monomers and solvents.
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Figure CN2024104719_15012026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
INKJET PRINTABLE ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT CURABLE COMPOSITION WITH THERMAL SHOCK RESISTANCEFIELD
[0001] The present invention relates to an inkjet printable ultraviolet light curable composition that is substantially free of solvent. The composition comprises aromatic (meth) acrylate compounds and difunctional methacrylate compounds.
[0002] INTRODUCTION
[0003] Organic light emitting diode (OLED) technology is replacing liquid crystal display (LCD) technology in the display market. However, the requirements for suitable OLED materials for the complex optical designs of current displays places challenging demands on OLED materials. For example, light extracting microlens designs of OLED displays require a UV-curable and inkjet printable composition that cures to a coating that is optically clear and that has a high refractive index (RI) of at least 1.630 with 633 nanometer wavelength of light. Requirements can even be more demanding so as to require thermal shock resistance, meaning that the cured coating can cycle 30 times or more, preferably 100 times or more through a thermal shock cycling of exposure to -40 degrees Celsius (℃) for 30 minutes to immediate exposure to 85 ℃ for 30 minutes for one cycle.
[0004] One way to increase RI for a composition is to include inorganic nanoparticles, as discussed in US2020 / 0216697 ( ‘697) . ‘697 provides a curable high refractive index composition that is also inkjet printable. As noted in ‘697, challenges with adding inorganic nanoparticles include increasing viscosity to the extent the composition no longer is inkjet printable and also reducing optical clarity of the resulting cured composition. ‘697 uses inorganic nanoparticles that are treated with silane surface modifiers and attributes an ability to obtain low viscosity and clarity to those surface modifiers. However, ‘697 has a target viscosity for inkjet printing of less than 30 millipascals*second (mPa*s) in a range of room temperature to 60 degrees Celsius (℃) . A more desirable, but demanding, viscosity target for inkjet printing is 10 to 25 mPa*sat a temperature of 25 ℃. The examples in ‘697 that contain more than 10 weight-percent (wt%) inorganic nanoparticles (see IE 13 and IE31 in ‘697) have viscosity values well above the more difficult target of 10-to 25 mPa*s. It is desirable to provide a curable high refractive index composition that has a viscosity in a range of 10 to less than 25 mPa*sat 25 ℃ and that also contains more than 10 wt%inorganic nanoparticles. Moreover, it is desirable to also achieve the thermal shock resistance performance noted herein above, which ‘697 does not address.
[0005] Some references such as WO2018122748 and CN109952663 disclose photocurable compositions that requires sulfur-containing photocurable monomers. It can be desirable and would advance the art to avoid a need to use sulfur-containing photocurable monomers. It is also desirable to minimize or eliminate the presence of solvent in the photocurable composition in order to reduce or eliminate volatile organic compounds during processing. Moreover, it is desirable to also achieve the thermal shock resistance performance noted herein above and which these references do not address.SUMMARY
[0006] The present invention provides a substantially solvent-free, inkjet-printable ultraviolet light curable composition that solves a challenge with simultaneously achieving a viscosity in a range of 10 to less than 25 millipascals*seconds (mPa*s) at 25 degrees Celsius (℃) , contains 20 weight-percent (wt%) or more inorganic nanoparticles, is substantially free of sulfur-containing photocurable monomers and that cures to a composition having a RI value of at least 1.630, preferably at least 1.640 using 633 nm wavelength light and has an aged average percent transmittance (%T) through a 20 micrometer thick film of at least 95%over a wavelength range of 380 to 780 nm, even after aging 500 hours at 85 ℃ and 85%relative humidity. The composition is substantially free, even completely free of sulfur-containing photocurable monomers. Moreover, the composition of the present invention cures to a coating that can pass 30 cycles or more ofa thermal shock test cycle involving exposure to -40 ℃ for 30 minutes followed immediately by exposure to 85 ℃ for 30 minutes without delamination or defect formation (for example, cracks and bubbles) .
[0007] The present invention is a result of discovering that a recently discovered composition for achieving the RI target performance was insufficient to achieve the thermal shock test cycle testing. However, investigation into how to improve the composition to achieve thermal shock cycle testing found that including a particular thermal shock additive surprisingly enables the composition to cure to a coating that pass 30 or more cycles of the thermal shock test. Moreover, it was discovered that further including a (meth) acrylate-functional surfactant in addition to the thermal shock additive enables the composition to cure to coating that passes 100 cycles of the thermal shock test.
[0008] In a first aspect, the present invention is a composition is substantially free of solvent, is ultraviolet light curable and has a viscosity in a range of 10 to less than 25 millipascals*seconds at 25 degrees Celsius, wherein the composition comprises: (a) an aromatic (meth) acrylate-based material having the following structure (I) : H2C=C (R1) C (O) OR2CH2R (I) where R is a biphenyl or naphthyl group; R1 is a hydrogen or methyl group; R2 is selected from a group consisting of a single bond, a divalent hydrocarbon having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethylene oxide having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, and a polypropylene oxide having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms; (b) a difunctional methylacrylate having the following structure (II) :
[0009] H2C=C (CH3) C (O) OR3OC (O) C (CH3) =CH2 (II) where R3 is selected from a group consisting of a single bond, a divalent hydrocarbon having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethylene oxide having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, and a polypropylene oxide having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms; (c) inorganic nanoparticles having an average particle size in a range of one to 20 nanometers as determined by dynamic light scattering and are present at a concentration of 20 weight-percent or more provided that the concentration of the zirconium dioxide nanoparticles in the composition is in a weight-percent range bounded by: (i) . 23 [weight-percent difunctional methylacrylate (b) + weight-percent thermal shock additive (g) ] + 2.94 weight-percent; and (ii) . 09 [weight-percent difunctional methylacrylate (b) + weight-percent thermal shock additive (g) ] + 35.00 weight-percent; (d) 0.1 to 6.0 weight-percent of a photo initiator; (e) zero to 6.0 weight-percent of trifunctional methyl acrylate; (f) zero to 1.0 weight-percent of surfactant; and (g) a thermal shock additive that is one or any combination of more than one compound selected from those having the following structure (III) : CH2=CR4C (=O) O (CH2) aR5 (III) , where R4 is selected from hydrogen and methyl; subscript a is the number of-CH2-groups associate with the subscript and has a value in a range of 0 to 12; Rs is selected from a group consisting of methyl, phenyl, and groups having the following structure (IV) :
[0010] where: the dashed line is where the group connects to the rest of the molecule; X is selected from -CH2-, oxygen, and nitrogen; R6, R7 and R8 are independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl groups having from one to 4 carbon atoms that are bound to carbon atoms in the cyclic structure; and subscript n is the number of-CH2-groups in the bracket associated with the subscript and is a value in a range of zero to 5; and where the combined concentration of difunctional methylacrylate (b) and thermal shock additive (g) is in a range of 1 0 to 22 weight-percent and the weight ratio of difunctional methacrylate (b) to thermal shock additive (g) is 1 9 or lower; where weight-percent values are relative to the sum of the concentration of components (a) - (g) and contains less than 5 wt%sulfur-containing photocurable monomers.
[0011] In a second aspect, the present invention is a method for applying the composition of the first aspect, the method comprising depositing by ink-jet deposition the composition of the first onto a substrate.
[0012] The composition of the present invention is suitable for use as a component in microlens structures for light extraction in OLED layer structures.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0013] Test methods refer to the most recent test method as of the priority date of this document when a date is not indicated with the test method number.
[0014] Products identified by their tradename refer to the compositions available under those tradenames on the priority date of this document.
[0015] “Multiple” means two or more. “And / or” means “and, or as an alternative” . All ranges include endpoints unless otherwise indicated.
[0016] Designations of the type Cx-y refers to having from x to y number of carbon atoms.
[0017] “Substantially free” means containing less than 5 weight-percent (wt%) , preferably less than 4 wt%, more preferably less than 3 wt%, less than 2 wt%, less than one wt%, less than 0.5 wt%, with wt%relative to composition weight. “Substantially free” can be completely free of the designated component.
[0018] Weight-percent (wt%) herein is relative to the combined weight of component (a) through (g) unless otherwise stated.
[0019] “Solvent” refers to a non-polymerizable organic material having a boiling point of 120 C or lower at 101 kiloPascals pressure.
[0020] “ (Meth) acrylate” refers to acrylate and / or methacrylate.
[0021] In a first aspect, the present invention is a composition that is substantially free of solvent and substantially free of sulfur-containing photocurable monomers, is ultraviolet light curable and has a viscosity in a range of 10 to less than 25 millipascals*seconds at 25 degrees Celsius.
[0022] “Substantially free of solvent” means the composition contains less than 5 wt%, preferably less than 4 wt%, more preferably less than 3 wt%, less than 2 wt%, less than one wt%, less than 0.5 wt%, and can be free of non-polymerizable organic materials that have a boiling point of 120 ℃ or lower at 101 kiloPascals pressure.
[0023] “Ultraviolet light curable” means that the components in the composition undergo a crosslinking reaction when exposed to ultraviolet light. It is desirably to achieve greater than 90%, preferably 95%or more cure after exposure to 365 nm light with a dosage of 2 Joules per square centimeter.
[0024] Viscosity, with respect to the composition, refers to the viscosity of the composition prior to curing. Determine viscosity of the composition using an AR2000ex rheometer from TA Instruments using a 40 millimeter aluminum plate, a shear viscosity of 100 s-1, temperature range of 20 to 50 ℃ and a temperature ramp rate of 3 ℃ per minute. Viscosity values herein correspond to the viscosity at 25 ℃ unless otherwise stated.
[0025] The composition of the present invention comprises: (a) an aromatic (meth) acrylate-based material; (b) a difunctional methacrylate; (c) inorganic nanoparticles; (d) photo initiator; optionally (e) trifunctional methyl acrylate; optionally (f) surfactant; and (g) a thermal shock additive. Desirably, the composition of the present invention is substantially free of, preferably free of, sulfur-containing photocurable components. The composition can be free of sulfur-containing materials altogether.
[0026] (a) Aromatic (Meth) acrylate-based Material
[0027] The aromatic (meth) acrylate-based material has chemical structure (I) :
[0028] H2C=C (R1) C (O) OR2CH2R (I)
[0029] where: R is a biphenyl or naphthyl group; R1 is a hydrogen or methyl group; R2 is selected from a group consisting of a single bond, a C1-10 divalent hydrocarbon, a C2-10 polyethylene oxide, and a C3-10 polypropylene oxide. R2 is desirably a divalent hydrocarbon with one, two or three carbon atoms.
[0030] For example, the aromatic (meth) acrylate-based material can be any one or both of 4-biphenylmethyl acrylate and napthalen-1-ylmethyl acrylate. The composition can be free of alpha-naphthyl acrylate.
[0031] Typically, the concentration of the aromatic (meth) acrylate-based material is 70 wt%or less, and can be 60 wt%or less, 50 wt%or less, 45 wt%or less, even 40 wt%or less while at the same time is typically 25 wt%or more, preferably 30 wt%or more, and can be 35 wt%or more, 40 wt%or more, even 50 wt%or more.
[0032] (b) Difunctional Methacrylate
[0033] The difunctional methacrylate has chemical composition (II) :
[0034] H2C=C (CH3) C (O) OR3OC (O) C (CH3) =CH2 (II)
[0035] where: R3 is selected from a group consisting of a single bond, a divalent hydrocarbon having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethylene oxide having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, and a polypropylene oxide having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms. One example of a suitable difunctional methacrylate is ethylene glycol dimethacrylate.
[0036] The concentration of difunctional methacrylate is typically 10 wt%or more, preferably 12 wt%or more, and can be 15 wt%or more, 17 wt%or more, even 20 wt%or more while at the same time is typically 25 wt%or less, and can be 22 wt%or less, 20 wt%or less, even 18 wt%or less.
[0037] (c) Inorganic Nanoparticles
[0038] The inorganic nanoparticles have an average particle size of one nanometer (nm) or more, preferably 2 nm or more, 3 nm or more, 4 nm or more, 5 nm or more, 6 nm or more, 7 nm or more, even 8 nm or more, 9 nm or more, even 10 nm or more while at the same time are typically 20 nm or less, 18 nm or less, 16 nm or less, 14 nm or less, 12 nm or less, even 10 nm or less as determined by dynamic light scattering. In general, the inorganic nanoparticles can be of any shape, but are desirably spherical.
[0039] The inorganic nanoparticles are desirably zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles.
[0040] The concentration of inorganic nanoparticles in the composition is 20 wt%or more and can be 30 wt%or more, 35 wt%or more, even 40 wt%or more while at the same time is typically 50 wt%or less, and can be 45 wt%less, 40 wt%or less, 35 wt%or less, even 30 wt%or less; provided that the concentration of inorganic nanoparticles are in the range bounded by:
[0041] (i) 1.23 [wt%difunctional methylacrylate (b) + wt%thermal shock additive (g) ] + 2.94 wt%; and
[0042] (ii) 1.09 [wt%difunctional methylacrylate (b) + wt%thermal shock additive (g) ] + 35.00 wt%;
[0043] and preferably the range is bounded by:
[0044] (i) 1.11 [wt%difunctional methylacrylate (b) + wt%thermal shock additive (g) ] + 19.58 wt%; and
[0045] (ii) 1.09 [wt%difunctional methylacrylate (b) + wt%thermal shock additive (g) ] + 26.02 wt%.
[0046] When the concentration of inorganic nanoparticles exceeds 1.09 [wt%difunctional methylacrylate (b) + wt%thermal shock additive (g) ] + 35.00 wt%then the viscosity of the composition tends to be greater than 25 mPa*s. When the concentration of inorganic nanoparticles is less than 1.23 [wt%difunctional methylacrylate (b) + wt%thermal shock additive (g) ] + 2.94 wt%then the refractive index of the composition tends to be below 1.63.
[0047] (d) Photo Initiator
[0048] In the broadest scope of the invention, the photo initiator can be any one or any combination or more than one photo initiator useful in curing using ultraviolet light.
[0049] The photo initiator can be, for example, any one or combination of more than one component selected from a group consisting ofbenzophenone and benzophenone derivatives, acetophenone and acetophenone derivatives, benzoin and its alkyl esters, phosphine oxide derivatives, xanthone derivatives, oxime ester derivatives, and camphor quinone. Suitable commercially available photoinitiator include any one or any combination of more than one selected from 2, 6-bis (4-azido benzylidene) cyclohexanone; 2, 6-bis (4-azido benzylidene) -4-methylcyclohexanone; 1-hydroxyl-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone (available under the name OMNIRADTM 184) ; 2-methyl-1 [4- (methylthio) phenyl] -2-morpholinopropane-1 -one (available under the name OMNIRAD 907) ; 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-l-phenyl-propane-1-one (available under the name OMNIRAD 1173) ; 2-hydroxy-1- [4- (2-hydroxyethoxy) phenyl] -2-methyl-1-propanone (available under the name OMNIRAD 2959) ; methylbenzoylformate (available under the name OMNIRAD MBF) ; alpha, alpha-dimethoxy-alpha phenylacetophenone (available under the name OMNIRAD 651) ; 2-benzyl-2- (dimethylamino) -l- [4- (4-morpholinyl) phenyl] -l-butanone (available under the name OMNIRAD 369) ; diphenyl (2, 4, 6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (available under the name OMNIRAD TPO) ; ethyl (2, 4, 6-trimethylbenzoyl) phenyl phosphinate (available under the name OMNIRAD TPO-L) ; oxime ester compounds (available as products N-1919, NCI-831, NCI-930, NCI-730 and NCI-100 from Adeka Corporation) , 12-hioxanthene-9-one; 10-methylpehenothiazine; isopropyl-9H-thioxanthen-9-one; 2, 4-diethyl-9H-thoxanthen-9-one; 2-chlorothioxanthen-9-one; 1-chloro-4-propoxy-9H-thioxanthen-9-one; 2-methyl-4'- (methylthio) -2-morpholinopropiophenone; 2-isopropylthioxanthone; 1- [4- (Phenylthio) phenyl] -1,2-octanedione 2- (o-benzoyloxime) ; and 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone. OMNIRAD is a trademark of IGM Group B.V.
[0050] The concentration of photo initiator in the composition is typically 0.1 wt%or more, and can be 0.2 wt%or more, 0.3 wt%or more, 0.4 wt%or more, 0.5 wt%or more, 0.6 wt%or more, 0.8 wt%or more, 0.9 wt%or more, 1.0 wt%or more, 1.2 wt%or more, 1.4 wt%or more, 1.6 wt%or more, 1.8 wt%or more, 2.0 wt%or more, 2.5 wt%or more, 3.0 wt%or more, 3.5 wt%or more, 4.0 wt%or more, 4.5 wt%or more, even 5.0 wt%or more while at the same time is typically 6.0 wt%or less, and can be 5.0 wt%or less, 4.0 wt%or less, 3.0 wt%or less, 2.0 wt%or less, 1.5 wt%or less, 1.0 wt%or less, even 0.9 wt%or less.
[0051] e) Trifunctional Methyl Acrylate
[0052] The composition can comprise one or more than one trifunctional methyl acrylate. Trifunctional methyl acrylate can increase the curing rate while keeping viscosity low for the composition. One example of a suitable trifunctional methyl acrylate is trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate. The concentration of trifunctional methyl acrylate is zero wt%or more, and can be 0.5 wt%or more, 1.0 wt%or more, 1.5 wt%or more, 2.0 wt%or more, 3.0 wt%or more, 4.0 wt%or more, even 5.0 wt%or more while at the same time is typically 6.0 wt%or less, and can be 5.0 wt%or less, 4.0 wt%or less, 3.0 wt%or less, 2.0 wt%or less, even 1.0 wt%or less.
[0053] (f) Surfactant
[0054] The composition can, and typically does, comprise one or any combination of more than one surfactant. Surfactant is useful to increase film-forming and leveling performance of the composition on a substrate. The surfactant can have a (meth) acrylate end group. Desirably, the surfactant is selected from a group consisting of silicone polyether surfactants and (meth) acrylate modified silicone surfactants. The (meth) acrylate modified silicone surfactants are typically (meth) acrylate modified silicone polyether surfactants. (Meth) acrylate modified silicone polyether surfactants have a (meth) acrylate end group. Examples of suitable surfactants include those commercially available as BYK-378 and BYK-UV 3575 from BYK as well as AFCONA-3835 from Afcona. Desirably, the surfactant is a silicone polyether with at least on (meth) acrylate, preferably acrylate, end group such as those available under the names BYK-UV 3575 and AFCONA-3835. The silicone polyether surfactants in combination with the thermal shock additive (g) result in a composition that surprisingly has greater thermal shock resistance than a formulation with just the surfactant or just the thermal shock additive. In fact, formulations with a combination of silicone polyether surfactants with (meth) acrylate end groups in combination with thermal shock additive (g) can achieve 100 cycles in the thermal shock test described herein, below.
[0055] The concentration of surfactant is zero wt%or more, and can be 0.001 wt%or more, 0.005 wt%or more, 0.01 wt%or more, 0.05 wt%or more, 0.1 wt%or more, 0.2 wt%or more, 0.3 wt%or more, 0.4 wt%or more, 0.5 wt%or more, 0.6 wt%or more, 0.7 wt%or more, 0.8 wt%or more, even 0.9 wt%or more while at the same time is typically 1.0 wt%or less, and can be 0.9 wt%or less, 0.8 wt%or less, 0.7 wt%or less, 0.6 wt%or less, 0.5 wt%or less, 0.4 wt%or less, 0.3 wt%or less, 0.2 wt%or less, or even 0.1 wt%or less.
[0056] (g) Thermal Shock Additive
[0057] The composition of the present invention contains a thermal shock additive that, when included in the formulation, enables the formulation to cure to a coating that can resist 30 or more cycles of the thermal shock test described herein below without cracking or delaminating. When combined with a silicone polyether surfactant having a (meth) acrylate end group the composition can achieve 100 cycles of the thermal shock test without cracking or delaminating.
[0058] The impact of the thermal shock additive on the thermal shock performance of the cured composition is surprising, particularly considering the similarity the thermal shock additive can have to the aromatic (meth) acrylate-based material (b) described above. Yet, the thermal shock additive can have a phenyl end group but the aromatic (meth) acrylate-based material must have a biphenyl or naphthyl end group. This slight difference proves important in achieving thermal shock resistance as the examples and comparative examples herein below illustrate. Just using aromatic (meth) acrylate-based material without the thermal shock additive does not pass 30 cycles of the thermal shock test, but adding a thermal shock additive, even the ones having a similar structure but with phenyl end groups, results in passing 30 cycles or more of the thermal shock test.
[0059] The thermal shock additive is one or any combination of more than one compound selected from those having the following structure (III) :
[0060] CH2=CR4C (O) O (CH2) aR5 (III)
[0061] where:
[0062] R4 is selected from hydrogen and methyl;
[0063] subscript a is the number of-CH2-groups associate with the subscript and has a value in a range of 0 to 12, and can be zero or more, one or more, 2 or more, 3 or more, 4 or more, 5 or more, 6 or more, 7 or more, 8 or more, 9 or more, 10 or more, even 11 or more, while at the same time is typically 12 or less, and can be 11 or less, 10 or less, 9 or less, 8 or less, 7 or less, 6 or less, 5 or less, 4 or less, 3 or less, 2 or less, or even one or less;
[0064] Rs is selected from a group consisting of methyl, phenyl, and groups having the following structure:
[0065] where:
[0066] the dashed line is where the group connects to the rest of the molecule;
[0067] X is selected from -CH2-, oxygen, and nitrogen, but it preferably -CH2-;
[0068] R6, R7 and R8 are independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl groups having from one to 4 carbon atoms that are bound to carbon atoms in the cyclic structure, and are preferably selected from hydrogen and methyl groups; and
[0069] subscript n is the number of-CH2-groups in the bracket associated with subscript n and is a value in a range of zero to 5, and can be zero or more, one or more, 2 or more, 3 or more, even 4 or more, while at the same time is typically 5 or less, and can be 4 or less, 3 or less, 2 or less, even one or less; subscript n is desirably one.
[0070] Desirable thermal shock additives have structure (III) where subscript “a” is in a range of zero to 5; X is a -CH2-group, subscript “n” has a value of one, and R6, R7 and R8 are independently selected from hydrogen and methyl groups.
[0071] When Rs is methyl, subscript a is desirably a value of one or more, and can be 2 or more, 3 or more, 4 or more, even 5 or more, while at the same time is typically 12 or less, 10 or less, 8 or less, or even 6 or less.
[0072] When Rs is phenyl, subscript a is desirably a value of one or more, and can be 2 or more while at the same time is typically 6 or less, 5 or less, 4 or less, 3 or less, even 2 or less.
[0073] When Rs has structure (IV) , subscript a is desirably zero, but can be greater than zero as taught herein above.
[0074] Examples of suitable thermal shock additive include any one or combination of more than one selected from a group consisting of n-hexyl acrylate; 2-phenylethyl acrylate, benzyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate, and 3, 3, 5-trimethylcyclohexyl acrylate.
[0075] The combined concentration of methacrylate (b) and thermal shock additive (g) is desirably in a range of 10 to 22 wt%, and can be 10 wt%or more, 12 wt%or more 14 wt%or more, 16 wt%or more, 18 wt%or more, even 20 wt%or more, while at the same time is typically 22 wt%or less, and can be 20 wt%or less, 19 wt%or less, 18 wt%or less, 16 wt%or less, 14 wt%or less, or even 12 wt%or less.
[0076] At the same time, the weight ratio of difunctional methacrylate (b) to thermal shock additive (g) is desirably 19 or lower, more desirably 5 or lower, and can be 4 or lower, 3 or lower, even 2 or lower, while at the same time is typically 0.05 or higher, and can be 0.1 or higher, even 0.2 or higher, 0.3 or higher, 0.5 or higher, 1.0 or higher, or 2 or higher.
[0077] In a second aspect, the present invention is a method for use in the composition of the first aspect of the present invention. The method of the present invention is a method for applying the composition of the present invention by disposing by ink-jet deposition (ink-jet printing) the composition onto a substrate. The method can further comprise curing the composition on the substrate by exposing the composition on the substrate to ultraviolet light.
[0078] EXAMPLES
[0079] Table 1 lists the components for use in preparing the examples that follow.
[0080] Table 1
[0081] PixClear is a trademark of Pt SPE Subco, LLC.
[0082] Isolation of ZrO2 Nanoparticles
[0083] Isolate ZrO2 nanoparticle from the ethyl acetate they come dispersed in as PCPB-2-50-ETA by removing the ethyl acetate under vacuum for 20-30 minutes.
[0084] Preparation and Characterization of Samples of Curable Composition
[0085] Tables 2 and 3, below, identify the compositions for the Examples (Ex) and Comparative Examples (CE) , with amounts of each component Tables 2 and 3 also provide characterization results for the Exs and CEs.
[0086] To prepare samples, first isolate the ZrO2 nanoparticles from ethyl acetate and weigh out the specified amount for the sample. Combine with the ZrO2 particle the (a) , (b) and (g) components and shake vigorously to obtain a clear and transparent liquid. Add (d) and (f) components and shake gain to mix.
[0087] Prepare cured samples of the compositions by first spin coating the curable composition onto either bare glass at a rate of 400 revolutions per minute (RPM) for 20 seconds or onto a single crystal silicon wafer at a rate of 6000 RPM for 20 seconds. Then, expose the spin-coated samples to 365 nm light with a dosage of 2 Joules per square centimeter to cure the composition.
[0088] Characterize the resulting samples by the following methods:
[0089] (i) Viscosity at 25 ℃
[0090] Determine the viscosity of the sample composition prior to curing using an AR20000ex rheometer from TA Instrument (Geometry: 40 millimeter aluminum plate0 with a shear rate of 100 s-1. Determine the viscosity at 25 ℃. A viscosity of less than 25 mPa*s, preferably in a range of 10 to less than 25 mPa*sis acceptable.
[0091] (ii) UV Curing Capability
[0092] Determine ability to cure using ultraviolet (UV) light by curing spin coated films of the samples as describe above and then determining the extent of curing. To have satisfactory curing greater than 90%of the composition needs to cure. Evaluate extent of curing by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) using a Perkin Elmer Spectrum Frontier equipped with Diamond ATR. Place the sample being analyzed on Diamond / ZnSe crystal, apply sufficient pressure to acquire contact and then collect an ATR-FTIR spectrum over 400 to 650 wavenumbers. Scan each sample 8 times and average the spectra. FTIR settings are: 4.0 wavenumber resolution, “strong” apodization, 0.20 centimeters per second scan speed and MIR TGS detector.
[0093] The peak in the range of 1644-1627 wavenumbers is C=C. The peak in the range of 1766-1658 wavenumbers is C=O. Calculate peak areas using FTIR software with a range of 1646-1625 wavenumbers and 1768-1654 wavenumbers as baselines for C=C and C=O respectively. The ratio of peak areas for C=C and C=O provide an indication of percent curing because C=C group signal decreased during UV curing while C=O group signal will not change. So the % Cure can be calculated by dividing the peak areas for C=C by the peak area for C=O and multiplying by 100.
[0094] Report UV Curing Capability as a %Cure. A %Cure of greater than 90% is acceptable.
[0095] (iii) Refractive Index with 633 nm light
[0096] The spin coating and curing should result in a cured film having a thickness of approximately 20 micrometers. Determine thickness by examining a cross-section of a cured film using a Hitachi S-34000N Scanning Electron Microscope. Determine the film thickness using the scanning electron microscope's operation software.
[0097] Determine refractive index (RI) using an UVISEL Plus ellipsometer from HORIBA using 633 nm light. An RI value of at least 1.63 or more, preferably 1.630 or more, is acceptable.
[0098] (iv) %Transmittance.
[0099] Determine %Transmittance (%T) for spin-coated cured samples having a thickness of 20 micrometers after aging the samples at 85 ℃ and 85%relative humidity for 500 hours. Measure the %T through the aged samples over a wavelength range of 350 to 800 nm using an UV3600 spectrophotometer from Shimadzu. Average the %T over 380 to 780 nm wavelength light and report that as the %T for the sample. An %T of greater than 95%is acceptable.
[0100] (v) Thermal Shock Test
[0101] Use a TSE-12-A thermal shock chamber (espec) for testing thermal shock. Subject the cured films on their substrates to cycles of thermal temperature change, where each cycle involves placing cured films on their substrate at a low temperature of-40 ℃ for 30 minutes and then immediately switching them to a high temperature of 85 ℃ for another 30 minutes. Evaluate each sample after 30 cycles and after 100 cycles as indicated in Tables 2 and 3. A sample “passes” the thermal shock test if after the specified number of cycles there is no visible delamination or defects (such as cracks or bubbles) in the sample. If there is visible delamination or defects then the sample fails the thermal shock test.
[0102] Results
[0103] Table 2 and 3 present the formulations for the curable composition samples with amounts of each component in wt% (relative to combined weight of components (a) - (g) ) . Tables 2 and 3 also present results for characterization of the samples.
[0104] The results reveal the importance of including the thermal shock additive (g) in order to pass 30 cycles in the thermal shock test. CE A and CE B do not include any thermal shock additive (g) and fail 30 cycles in the thermal shock test while each of Ex 1-Ex 12 pass 30 cycles in the thermal shock test. CE B explores reduction of the difunctional methacrylate component and increase in the aromatic (meth) acrylate -based materials (a) so see if that would help with the thermal shock test, but it did not.
[0105] CE C and CE D explore additives similar in structure to the claimed thermal shock additive (g) of the present invention, but fail to result in passing 30 cycles in the thermal shock test. Similarly, CE A and CE B explored biphenyl or naphthyl functional aromatic (meth) acrylate-based materials, which are component (a) , and these were unable to pass 30 cycles in the thermal shock test. These samples affirm the importance of the claimed structure for the thermal shock additive.
[0106] CE E has a weight ratio of component (b) to component (g) that is 29, which is higher than the upper limit 19 of the present invention and CE E fails 30 cycles in the thermal shock test.
[0107] CE F contains a sum of components (b) and (g) that is 6.67 wt%, which is lower than the requisite 10 wt%or higher, CE F fails 30 cycles of the thermal shock test.
[0108] CE G contains a combination of (c) that is out of scope of the present invention and CE G has a higher viscosity than the requisite upper limit of 14 mPa*s.
[0109] IE 8-IE 12 illustrate that when the formulation contains a (meth) acrylate functional surfactant then the cured formulation passes 100 cycles of the thermal shock test.
Claims
1.A composition is substantially free of solvent, is ultraviolet light curable and has a viscosity in a range of 10 to less than 25 millipascals*seconds at 25 degrees Celsius, wherein the composition comprises:(a) an aromatic (meth) acrylate-based material having the following structure (I) :H2C=C (R1) C (O) OR2CH2R (I)where:R is a biphenyl or naphthyl group;R1 is a hydrogen or methyl group;R2 is selected from a group consisting of a single bond, a divalent hydrocarbon having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethylene oxide having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, and a polypropylene oxide having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms;(b) difunctional methylacrylate having the following structure (II) :H2C=C (CH3) C (O) OR3OC (O) C (CH3) =CH2 (II)where:R3 is selected from a group consisting of a single bond, a divalent hydrocarbon having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, a polyethylene oxide having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, and a polypropylene oxide having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms;(c) inorganic nanoparticles having an average particle size in a range of one to 20 nanometers as determined by dynamic light scattering and are present at a concentration of 20 weight-percent or more provided that the concentration of the zirconium dioxide nanoparticles in the composition is in a weight-percent range bounded by:(i) 1.23 [weight-percent difunctional methylacrylate (b) + weight-percent thermal shock additive (g) ] + 2.94 weight-percent; and(ii) 1.09 [weight-percent difunctional methylacrylate (b) + weight-percent thermal shock additive (g) ] + 35.00 weight-percent;(d) 0.1 to 6.0 weight-percent of a photo initiator;(e) zero to 6.0 weight-percent of trifunctional methyl acrylate;(f) zero to 1.0 weight-percent of surfactant; and(g) a thermal shock additive that is one or any combination of more than one compound selected from those having the following structure (III) :CH2=CR4C (=O) O (CH2) aR5 (III)where:R4 is selected from hydrogen and methyl;subscript a is the number of -CH2-groups associate with the subscript and has a value in a range of 0 to 12;R5 is selected from a group consisting of methyl, phenyl, and groups having the following structure (IV) :where:the dashed line is where the group connects to the rest of the molecule;X is selected from -CH2-, oxygen, and nitrogen;R6, R7 and R8 are independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl groups having from one to 4 carbon atoms that are bound to carbon atoms in the cyclic structure; andsubscript n is the number of -CH2-groups in the bracket associated with the subscript and is a value in a range of zero to 5; andwhere the combined concentration of difunctional methylacrylate (b) and thermal shock additive (g) is in a range of 10 to 22 weight-percent and the weight ratio of difunctional methacrylate (b) to thermal shock additive (g) is 19 or lower;where weight-percent values are relative to the sum of the concentration of components (a) -(g) and contains less than 5 weight-percent sulfur-containing photocurable monomers.2.The composition of claim 1, where structure (III) has a value of subscript “a” that is in a range of zero to 5; X is a -CH2-group, subscript “n” has a value of one, and R6, R7 and R8 are independently selected from hydrogen and methyl groups.3.The composition of any one previous claim, where the thermal shock additive is one or more than one materials selected from a group consisting of: n-hexyl arylate; 2- phenylethyl acrylate; benzyl methacrylate; cyclohexyl arylate; and 3, 3, 5 trimethylcyclohexyl acrylate.4.The composition of any one previous claim, wherein the composition comprises a surfactant.5.The composition of claim 4, wherein the surfactant has a (meth) acrylate end group.6.The composition of claim 5, wherein the surfactant is a silicone polyether with a (meth) acrylate end group.7.The composition of any one previous claim, wherein the difunctional methyl acrylate is ethylene glycol dimethacrylate.8.The composition of any one previous claim, wherein the nanoparticles are zirconium dioxide nanoparticles and have an average size in a range of one to 10 nanometers as determined by dynamic light scattering.9.The composition of any one previous claim, wherein the aromatic (meth) acrylate-based material is selected from 4-biphenylmethyl acrylate and naphalen-1-ylmethyl acrylate.10.A method for applying the composition of any one previous claim, the method comprising depositing by ink-jet deposition the composition of any one previous claim onto a substrate.