Anatomical model for endoscopic exploration of a hollow organ with microvascularised mucosa

Abstract

The invention relates to an anatomical model comprising, at least on the inner surface (15, 16) of its wall, a polychrome representation (32) of a microvascularisation network produced by additive manufacturing. This polychrome representation may advantageously include a pattern (35) simulating a disease resulting in a localised change in the appearance of the microvascularisation network. The anatomical model is, for example, the reproduction of a bladder (6), a urethra (5), two kidneys (8) and two ureters (7).

Description

DESCRIPTION Anatomical model for endoscopic exploration of a hollow organ with microvascularized mucosa TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention relates to an anatomical model for simulating endoscopic examination of a hollow organ, for example a bladder and kidneys.

[0002] More specifically, the invention relates to an anatomical model for endoscopic exploration simulating a hollow organ, which is an additive manufacturing product and which includes a visual representation of a mucosa with a realistic micro-vascular network.

[0003] It also relates to a manufacturing process for such an anatomical model using additive manufacturing.

[0004] The invention finds applications particularly for the training of students and practitioners using the endoscopy technique, as well as for the development or demonstration of endoscopic equipment. TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0005] In the medical field, several types of surgical training simulators are known, relating to different organs of the human or animal body.

[0006] Some are virtual and take the form of a digital simulation of the organ displayed on a screen, combined with a physical training interface on which the user interacts. The user's movements are analyzed by the system and used to influence the digital simulation displayed on the screen, in order to simulate the course and conditions of a surgical procedure.

[0007] However, these simulators are particularly complex to develop. Indeed, it is very difficult to synchronize and make the digital simulation displayed on the screen coincide exactly with the simplified physical interface on which the user interacts, as the visual rendering displayed on the screen must correspond exactly to the user's movements.

[0008] Furthermore, even though this physical interface is equipped with haptic feedback, users do not experience the same sensations as during a surgical procedure or diagnostic endoscopic examination, because virtual simulators do not reproduce the spatial constraints of anatomical components. Consequently, they do not realistically convey the difficulties of exploring and moving within a confined or inaccessible surgical field, often filled with fluid, and they do not allow for the adequate simulation of all surgical or exploratory techniques. Moreover, it is not possible for the user to train with endoscopic tools identical to those that will later be used for actual procedures.

[0009] On the other hand, these virtual simulators are extremely expensive, bulky, and difficult to transport. They are complicated to use and generally require prior training on how their software works. All of this significantly limits their potential applications.

[0010] We also know of physical simulators for surgical training. These are physical anatomical models, for example made of plastic or silicone, which are much simpler.

[0011] These models typically consist of several parts representing different anatomical components, such as organs, tissues, ducts, and bones, which are manufactured separately from different materials—varying in hardness, flexibility, and elasticity—to reproduce as faithfully as possible the natural mechanical properties of the anatomical component being replicated. Each part is manufactured individually, then positioned and assembled with the other elements to form the complete simulator. The user can then practice surgical procedures within this simulator.

[0012] The objective of this type of simulator is to reproduce as faithfully as possible the shape, size, texture (i.e., surface relief) and mechanical behavior of the simulated organs and tissues, so that the user can experience, through training, sensations close to those felt during a real surgical procedure.

[0013] However, while these physical simulators are simpler to use and less expensive than virtual simulators, they are not entirely satisfactory either.

[0014] Indeed, this type of anatomical model focuses solely on haptic perception, that is, the user's sense of touch, in order to reproduce the practitioner's surgical sensations. However, during an endoscopic exploration of hollow organs, for example for diagnostic purposes, pre-surgical localization, or even during endoscopic surgery, visual perception is far more important than haptic perception. In fact, it is through this sense that the practitioner first perceives most of the useful information, without resorting to touch or even before it. It would therefore be very useful for them to be able to train themselves to visually orient themselves within the organ, as well as to visually detect and identify the various pathologies they may encounter.

[0015] However, existing physical anatomical models are entirely unsuitable for this purpose. The visual appearance of the internal and external surfaces of the simulated organs is either not represented at all or is represented in an extremely simplistic way. These anatomical models are generally made of a monochrome material, without any visual pattern. At best, the different constituent parts of the model may each be a different color depending on the nature of the simulated anatomical components (organs, tissues, bones, veins, or arteries, etc.). However, none of them provide a realistic representation of the visual appearance of the surfaces of these anatomical components. Therefore, the visual observations of a user exploring this type of anatomical model endoscopically are completely different from those experienced under real anatomical conditions during a surgical or diagnostic procedure.

[0016] There is therefore an unmet need for a training simulator for endoscopic exploration and endoscopic surgical intervention, which realistically reproduces the surface visual appearance of anatomical components, while remaining simple, practical and inexpensive. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0017] The invention aims to solve this problem by proposing a physical anatomical model for endoscopic exploration of a hollow organ, which includes a realistic representation of the visual appearance of the internal, and possibly also external, surface of this hollow organ.

[0018] To this end, a first aspect of the invention teaches an anatomical model for endoscopic exploration comprising an anatomical assembly which is a physical reproduction of at least one hollow organ and which includes a cavity delimited by a wall with an inner face and an outer face, this anatomical assembly being a product of additive manufacturing.

[0019] In addition, this anatomical model includes, on at least said inner face, a polychrome representation of a micro-vascular network, comprising a polychrome surface pattern extending over said inner face and which is a product of additive manufacturing.

[0020] Thanks to its polychrome representation, the anatomical model allows for a highly realistic visual simulation of a hollow organ whose wall is lined with a microvascularized mucosa, as is the case for many organs in the body (bladder, kidneys, stomach, lungs, uterus, etc.). It reproduces the surface appearance of these organs with great realism and is therefore much more suitable for training in endoscopic exploration and endoscopic surgery than models from the prior art.

[0021] Furthermore, since this polychrome representation is an additive manufacturing product, it can be produced simply and economically. Additive manufacturing makes it technically possible, at an acceptable cost, to create an extremely complex, dense, and detailed multicolor surface pattern (i.e., a pattern extending across the surface of the wall, which is two-dimensional if the surface is flat), such as a microvascular network, which would not be technically and / or economically feasible by molding or by creating a surface design after the organ has been manufactured.

[0022] Furthermore, with this additive manufacturing process, the polychrome representation is imprinted into the mass of the reproduced organ. It is therefore much less susceptible to wear and fading than a design drawn on the surface of the reproduced organ.

[0023] Advantageously, the polychrome representation can also extend into the thickness of the wall.

[0024] Since the polychrome representation is produced by additive manufacturing, it can easily be printed in the thickness of the wall, at least in a part of that thickness and preferably in the entire thickness of the wall.

[0025] It is therefore much more resistant to wear and fading than if it were simply present on the surface of the wall. Indeed, even if the top surface layer degrades and gradually disappears due to friction or wear, the polychrome representation remains visible because it is imprinted deep within the thickness of the wall, and the layer of the wall beneath the surface also contains this polychrome representation.

[0026] This characteristic is all the more advantageous given that the anatomical assembly is designed to contain a liquid during use. The polychrome representation will therefore often be in contact with a liquid capable of accelerating the fading and degradation of the wall surface.

[0027] Advantageously, said polychrome representation may include a pattern simulating a pathology resulting in a localized change in the appearance of the micro-vascular network, including swelling of venules or redness symptomatic of an endophytic tumor, an exophytic tumor or a flat tumor of the carcinoma in situ type.

[0028] It is therefore possible to simulate pathologies or physiological characteristics that do not result in a raised surface, but only in a modification of the visual appearance of the internal surface of the organ. Such pathologies or physiological characteristics cannot therefore be simulated in the physical anatomical models of the prior art, which are concerned only with the raised surface and the haptic sensation experienced by the user.

[0029] Thanks to the anatomical model of the invention, the user can train to visually detect and locate such pathologies or physiological characteristics by endoscopy.

[0030] Advantageously, the anatomical assembly may include a removable part which, when removed, provides access to said cavity.

[0031] It is therefore possible and easy to place a removable item, such as a reproduction, into the cavity, which is accessible when the removable part is removed. of tumor, lithiasis or any other prominent pathological element likely to be found in the cavity of the anatomical assembly.

[0032] This replica can be easily positioned and repositioned anywhere within the cavity, for example by a teacher. It is then concealed when the removable part is replaced and can only be detected endoscopically. The user can thus practice detecting this replica endoscopically, as they cannot see it directly and its position is unknown in advance.

[0033] Advantageously, the anatomical assembly is preferably an additively manufactured product made from a single piece of plastic, and is monolithic except for the removable part when the anatomical assembly includes one. The anatomical assembly is thus more economical and simpler to manufacture and use.

[0034] Advantageously, the model may further include a container having a housing in which the anatomical assembly is housed.

[0035] The anatomical assembly is thus held securely and correctly positioned for endoscopic examination. Furthermore, it is protected during transport and storage. Additionally, this allows the anatomical assembly to be immersed in liquid if the housing is filled with liquid.

[0036] Advantageously, said housing and the cavity of the anatomical assembly can be filled with liquid.

[0037] The fluid contained in the cavity allows for the simulation of real physiological conditions. The user can thus practice the difficulties of visualizing and moving the endoscope within an exploratory field filled with physiological fluid.

[0038] The fluid contained within the pocket ensures that the entire anatomical assembly is completely filled and immersed. Even if the anatomical assembly is porous or was initially improperly filled, its immersion within the pocket guarantees that all its hollow parts are filled with fluid at the time of endoscopic examination.

[0039] Advantageously, the container may include a removable lid which provides access to the housing when removed and which conceals the anatomical assembly when in place.

[0040] When removed, this cover provides access to the housing, allowing easy installation of the anatomical assembly or filling with liquid.

[0041] When in place, this cover closes the compartment and conceals its contents. The entire anatomical assembly can thus be hidden from the user's view, except for the opening for inserting the endoscope.

[0042] Advantageously, the anatomical model can include the physical representation of a bladder, a urethra, two kidneys, and two ureters. This allows for practice in performing all urological examinations under endoscopy, including cystoscopies and ureteroscopies.

[0043] However, the anatomical model can simulate other organs with a visual reproduction of other mucous membranes. It can therefore be used in medical specialties other than urology, including otolaryngology, pulmonology, gastroenterology, and gynecology.

[0044] A second aspect of the invention relates to a method for manufacturing an anatomical model as described above, which comprises the following steps: a) generating a polychrome pattern of a random microvascular network using graphics software and applying at least one filter to said pattern to increase the density effect, b) creating from the pattern obtained in step a) a digital instruction file for 3D printing an anatomical assembly comprising, at least on the inner face of its wall, a polychrome representation of a microvascular network corresponding to the pattern obtained in step a), and c) 3D printing from the instructions obtained in step b) an anatomical assembly comprising, at least on the inner face of its wall, a polychrome representation of a microvascular network corresponding to the pattern obtained in step a).

[0045] This process allows for the simple and economical manufacture of an anatomical assembly comprising a visual reproduction of a mucous membrane with a realistic micro-vascular network.

[0046] The invention and its various applications will be better understood by reading the following description and examining the accompanying figures. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0047] The figures are presented for illustrative purposes only and are in no way limiting to the invention.

[0048] [Fig. 1] and [Fig. 2] are perspective views, respectively from above and from the front, of the anatomical assembly of a first example of an anatomical model for endoscopic exploration according to the invention.

[0049] [Fig. 3] and [Fig. 3bis] are respectively a schematic perspective view and a black and white photograph of an anatomical assembly of a second example of an anatomical model for endoscopic exploration according to the invention.

[0050] [Fig. 4] is an enlargement of the framed area in figure 3bis.

[0051] [Fig. 5] and [Fig. 5bis] are photographs, respectively in color and in black and white, of a portion of the polychrome representation of the microvascular network of the anatomical ensemble of figures 3 and 3bis.

[0052] [Fig. 6] is a perspective top view of an example of an anatomical model according to the invention in which the anatomical assembly is housed in a container.

[0053] [Fig. 7] is a perspective top view of the anatomical model example in Figure 6 in which the container is closed by a removable lid and placed in a case.

[0054] [Fig. 8] is a side perspective view of the anatomical model example in Figure 7 in which the casing further contains a liquid reservoir. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0055] Unless otherwise specified, the same element appearing on different figures has a unique reference.

[0056] The figures show several examples of an anatomical model for endoscopic exploration 1 according to the invention.

[0057] These anatomical models for endoscopic exploration 1 include an anatomical set 2 which is the physical reproduction of one or more organs 3 or other anatomical elements 4, at least one of which is hollow so that it can be explored by endoscopy.

[0058] Figures 1 to 3bis show two examples of anatomical assembly 2 in isolation. In both cases, this anatomical assembly 2 is the physical representation of a portion of a urethra 5, a bladder 6, two ureters 7, and two kidneys 8.

[0059] Of course, anatomical set 2 is not limited to these particular organs and anatomical elements, but can be the physical reproduction of any organ and / or anatomical element that can be explored by endoscopy and includes a microvascularized mucosa.

[0060] Thus, the invention is not limited to urology, and many other medical specialties could be affected, for example, pulmonology, gastroenterology, gynecology, or otolaryngology. The anatomical model could then include, for example, the reproduction of a lung, stomach, uterus, ear, nose, or throat.

[0061] In order to be as realistic as possible, the organs and anatomical elements represented have a shape and size comparable to those of real organs and anatomical elements.

[0062] Thus, the bladder 6 is connected on one side to the portion of the urethra 5 and on the other to the two ureters 7 which each connect it to a kidney 8.

[0063] The reproductions of the bladder 6 and the kidneys 8 are hollow pieces, each containing a cavity 9, 10 respectively, delimited by a wall 11, 12 respectively, of which only the outer face 13, 14 respectively is visible on the figures 1 and 2, but whose inner face 15, 16 respectively is visible in figures 3 and 3bis.

[0064] The cavities 10 reproduce the entire pyelocaliceal cavity of the kidney and thus include a renal pelvis (pyelon) and calyces with representation of the renal papillae.

[0065] The reproduction of the urethra 5 is a hollow tubular conduit 19, which is delimited by a wall 20. It opens on one side through an opening 21 to the outside of the anatomical assembly 2, and on the other through an orifice 22 into the cavity 9 of the reproduction of the bladder 6.

[0066] Similarly, the ureter reproductions 7 are hollow tubular conduits 23, delimited by a wall 24, which open on one side through an orifice 25 into the cavity 9 of the bladder reproduction 6 and on the other through an orifice 26 into the cavity 10 of the kidney reproductions 8.

[0067] The hollow parts of the ducts 19, 23 and the cavities 9, 10 are therefore in communication. It is thus possible to insert an endoscope through the opening 21 and move it throughout the entire anatomical assembly 2, in order to explore the ducts 19, 23 and the cavities 9, 10 and to visualize the inner surface 15, 16 of all the walls 11, 12, 20 and 24 of the anatomical assembly 2.

[0068] Anatomical set 2 shown is a set produced by 3D printing (also called three-dimensional printing or additive manufacturing) in a rigid or flexible plastic material depending on the variants.

[0069] For example, an Agilus30™ type resin marketed by Stratasys can be used to print a flexible anatomical set 2 and a Vero™ type resin marketed by Stratasys can be used to print a rigid anatomical set 2.

[0070] If the reproductions of ureter 7 are made of a rigid material, the conduit 23 may advantageously have an internal diameter slightly greater than that of real ureters, which are normally flexible and deformable, in order to allow the passage of an endoscope.

[0071] In all cases, the user can advantageously practice performing a retroversion of the free end of the endoscope by bracing themselves against the bottom of the cavities 9 and 10, as in real conditions. By this movement, he can visualize by endoscopy the entire inner surface 15, 16 of the walls 11, 12 of the reproduced organs.

[0072] In the example shown in Figures 1 and 2, the anatomical assembly 2 is entirely monolithic (i.e., made of a single piece). Alternatively, it can also be made in several assembleable parts to simplify printing or storage.

[0073] In the example of figures 3 and 3bis, the reproduction of bladder 6 and the reproductions of kidneys 8 are made in two parts: a base part 27, 28 respectively and a cover 29, 30 respectively, which is removable and shown removed in figure 3. With the exception of these covers 29, 30, the rest of the anatomical assembly 2 is monobloc.

[0074] These covers 29, 30 are removably retained on the corresponding base part 27, 28 by means of any suitable fastening device, for example a clip system or a device based on magnets and counter-magnets.

[0075] When the covers 29, 30 are removed, the cavities 9, 10 are accessible and it is easy to place a removable element 31, such as a reproduction of a tumor, lithiasis (calculus) or any other protruding pathological element likely to be found in the ducts 19, 23 or the cavities 9, 10 of the anatomical set 2, at any location. Such a removable element 31 is, for example, magnetized or self-adhesive so that it can be held in the place where it has been positioned.

[0076] Once one or more removable elements 31 have been placed at any chosen location inside the cavities 9, 10 or the conduits 19, 23 the covers 29, 30 are closed and cover the removable elements 31. These removable elements 31 must then be detected by endoscopy, which allows training for a user who does not know in advance their positioning which is modifiable at each session.

[0077] Advantageously, the anatomical assembly 2 includes a polychrome representation 32, that is, multicolored, of a microvascular network. The polychrome representation 32 includes a motif 33 comprising several shades of red on a lighter background 34, preferably flesh-colored. This motif 33 represents a microvascular network, that is, a set of Venules and arterioles intertwine in a dense network. The presence of several shades of red advantageously creates an effect of density and depth within pattern 33, making the representation of the microvascular network more visually realistic.

[0078] An example of polychrome representation 32 according to the invention has been shown in color in Figure 5 and in black and white in Figure 5bis.

[0079] In the example of figures 1 and 2, the polychrome representation 32 extends only on the inner faces 15, 16 of the walls 11, 12, 20, 24. It is therefore not visible in these figures.

[0080] In the example of figures 3 and 3bis, the polychrome representation 32 extends over the inner faces 15, 16 and over the outer faces 13, 14 of the walls 11, 12, 20, 24, and covers both the base parts 27, 28 and the lids 29, 30.

[0081] This polychrome representation 32 thus makes it possible to simulate in a visually realistic way the urinary mucosa which is composed of an epithelium and a richly vascularized chorion and which lines the entire urinary excretory pathway, from the pyelocaliceal cavities 10 of the kidneys 8 to the urethra 7. This polychrome representation 32 makes it possible to considerably improve the visual realism of the anatomical model 1 according to the invention, because the micro-vascularized urinary mucosa is the part which is visible during endoscopic explorations of the urinary system (cystoscopy, ureteroscopy...).

[0082] Since this polychrome representation 32 is produced by 3D printing, it does not simply cover the surface of the walls 1 1 , 12, 20, 24, but is printed in depth preferably throughout the thickness of said walls 1 1 , 12, 20, 24.

[0083] Advantageously, for greater realism, the pattern 33 representing the micro-vascular network can be different depending on the altitude at which it is imprinted in the thickness of the walls 1 1 , 12, 20, 24. The differences in micro-vascularization according to the depth within the mucosa can thus be transcribed.

[0084] In addition, the polychrome representation 32 may include one or more motifs simulating a pathology 35 and resulting in a localized modification of the appearance of the micro-vascular network represented.

[0085] An example of such a pattern simulating pathology 35 is shown in Figures 3, 3bis, and 4. The example consists of a localized group of venules that are larger and a darker red than in the rest of the polychrome representation 32, this group being surrounded by a lighter red halo. This example thus reproduces the swelling of the venules and the redness symptomatic of a flat tumor such as carcinoma in situ.

[0086] Of course, the pattern simulating pathology 35 may have a different appearance depending on the nature of the simulated pathology, which may be, for example, an endophytic tumor, an exophytic tumor, an inflammatory lesion, a trabeculation, or even a diverticulum.

[0087] Figures 6 to 8 depict a more complete anatomical model for endoscopic exploration 1, which includes additional elements beyond the anatomical assembly 2 described above. This is obviously a non-limiting example; these additional elements may vary depending on the specific model.

[0088] Figure 6 shows a container 36 which has a hollow housing 37 with an open upper face, in which the anatomical assembly 2 has been placed.

[0089] Housing 37 has essentially the same shape, but is slightly larger than the anatomical assembly 2 it is designed to house. Anatomical assembly 2 can therefore be easily placed in housing 37 and held securely there.

[0090] The retention of the anatomical assembly 2 is completed by a set of removable fixing clips 38 which immobilize the anatomical assembly 2 at the bottom of the housing 37. Additional openings or reliefs may preferentially be provided in the housing 37 in order to cooperate with these clips 38.

[0091] Housing 37 is preferably sealed and designed to contain a liquid. Anatomical assembly 2 can thus be advantageously filled and immersed in a liquid to better simulate real exploratory conditions, with the fixing clips 38 ensuring complete immersion of anatomical assembly 2. The liquid used to fill housing 37, as well as cavities 9, 10 and conduits 19, 23 of anatomical assembly 2, is, for example, a mixture of physiological saline and dyes. The difficulties in visualizing and moving the endoscope, related to the The presence of physiological fluid in the exploratory field is thus faithfully reproduced.

[0092] The container 36 may advantageously include a pouring spout 39 to facilitate emptying and recovery of the used liquid. Furthermore, it preferably includes a handle-shaped protrusion 40 to facilitate carrying.

[0093] In Figure 7, a removable cover 41 has been positioned on the container 36 so as to close the compartment 37 and conceal its contents. The anatomical assembly 2 is thus hidden from the user's view, with the exception of the free end of the urethral reproduction 5 and its opening 21, which remains accessible to allow the insertion of an endoscope.

[0094] Conversely, when cover 41 is removed, the anatomical assembly 2 and the housing 37 are fully accessible and can be easily filled with liquid. If anatomical assembly 2 allows, covers 29, 30 can also be opened to place one or more removable elements 31 into cavities 9, 10.

[0095] Advantageously, the removable lid 41 has a flat upper face 42 surrounded by a peripheral rim 43. It can thus serve as a tray for placing, for example, the tools necessary for endoscopy.

[0096] The removable lid 41 also has an opening 44 through which the handle-shaped protrusion 40 of the container 36 protrudes.

[0097] On its underside, the removable lid 41 may advantageously have ribs which cooperate with the edges of the container 36 and its housing 37, to wedge the lid 41 onto the container 36.

[0098] The assembly is placed in a case 45, which in the example shown is a rigid container. Alternatively, this case 45 can be a carrying case.

[0099] In Figure 8, the endoscopic exploration anatomical model 1 further includes a reservoir 46 designed to hold the liquid to be poured into the housing 37 and the anatomical assembly 2. This reservoir 46 is a container shaped to fit the external form of the container 36 and its removable lid 41. which it relies on, as well as the internal shape of the 45 case in which it is housed and secured.

[0100] This reservoir 46 is equipped with a neck closed by a cap 47 and preferably has a thick upper rim 48 facilitating its grip.

Claims

DEMANDS

1. Anatomical model (1) for endoscopic exploration comprising an anatomical assembly (2) which is a physical reproduction of at least one hollow organ (3) and which includes a cavity (9, 10) delimited by a wall (11, 12) with an inner face (15, 16) and an outer face (13, 14), anatomical model (1) characterized in that the anatomical assembly (2) is an additive manufacturing product, and in that it comprises, on at least said inner face (15, 16), a polychrome representation (32) of a micro-vascular network, comprising a polychrome surface pattern extending over said inner face (15, 16), and which is an additive manufacturing product.

2. Anatomical model (1) according to claim 1 characterized in that said polychrome representation (32) extends into the thickness of said wall (11, 12). [Claims] Anatomical model (1) according to any one of the preceding claims characterized in that said polychrome representation (32) includes a pattern simulating a pathology (35) resulting in a localized modification of the appearance of the micro-vascular network.

4. Anatomical model (1) according to any one of the preceding claims characterized in that the anatomical assembly (2) comprises a removable part (29, 30) which, when removed, gives access to said cavity (9, 10). [Claims] Anatomical model (1) according to any one of the preceding claims characterized in that the anatomical assembly (2) is an additively manufactured product composed of a single plastic material, and which is monobloc except for the removable part (29, 30) when the model (1) depends on claim 4.

6. Anatomical model (1) according to any one of the preceding claims characterized in that it further comprises a container (36) having a housing (37) in which the anatomical assembly (2) is housed.

7. Anatomical model (1) according to the preceding claim characterized in that said housing (37) and the cavity (9, 10) of the anatomical assembly (2) are filled with liquid.

8. Anatomical model (1) according to claim 6 or 7 characterized in that the container (36) has a removable cover (41) which gives access to the housing (37) when removed and which hides the anatomical assembly (2) when in place.

9. Anatomical model (1) according to any one of the preceding claims characterized in that the anatomical assembly (2) comprises the physical representation of a bladder (6), a urethra (5), two kidneys (8) and two ureters (7).

10. A method for manufacturing an anatomical model (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises the following steps: a) generating a polychrome pattern (33) of a random microvascular network using graphics software and applying at least one filter to said pattern (33) to enhance the density effect, b) creating from the pattern (33) obtained in step a) a digital instruction file for 3D printing an anatomical assembly (2) comprising, at least on the inner face (15, 16) of its wall (11, 12), a polychrome representation (32) of a microvascular network corresponding to the pattern (33) obtained in step a), and c) 3D printing from the instructions obtained in step b) an anatomical assembly (2) comprising, at least on the inner face (15, 16) of its wall (1 1 , 12),a polychrome representation (32) of a micro-vascular network corresponding to the motif (33) obtained in step a).

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