Transmission power control for sensing signal

Abstract

An embodiment of the present disclosure provides a method for performing communication by a UE. The method comprises the steps of: transmitting, by a user equipment (UE), a first sensing signal with a transmission power; attempting, by the UE, to detect the first sensing signal reflected from an object; increasing, by the UE, the transmission power by a specific value; and skipping, by the UE, the step of increasing the transmission power by the specific value on the basis of the success of the detection, and transmitting, by the UE, a second sensing signal with the increased transmission power on the basis of the failure of the detection.

Description

Transmission power control of sensing signals

[0001] This specification relates to mobile communications.

[0002] 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) LTE (Long-Term Evolution) is a technology designed to enable high-speed packet communications. Numerous approaches have been proposed to achieve LTE's goals of reducing costs for users and operators, improving service quality, expanding coverage, and increasing system capacity. 3GPP LTE's high-level requirements include reduced cost per bit, improved service availability, flexible use of frequency bands, a simple architecture, open interfaces, and adequate power consumption for terminals.

[0003] The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and 3GPP have begun work on developing requirements and specifications for new radio (NR) systems. 3GPP must identify and develop the technical components necessary to successfully standardize NR in a timely manner, meeting both urgent market needs and the longer-term requirements outlined by the ITU-R (ITU radio communication sector) International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT)-2020 process. NR must also be able to utilize any spectrum band up to at least 100 GHz, ensuring that it remains available for wireless communications well into the future.

[0004] NR aims to be a single technology framework that addresses all deployment scenarios, usage scenarios, and requirements, including enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine type communications (mMTC), and ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC). NR must be inherently forward-compatible.

[0005] The transmission power of the sensing signal for detection is determined based on whether detection of the object is successful.

[0006] Figure 1 illustrates an example of a communication system to which the implementation of this specification is applied.

[0007] Figure 2 illustrates an example of a wireless device to which the implementation of the present specification is applied.

[0008] Figure 3 shows an example of a UE to which the implementation of this specification is applied.

[0009] Figure 4 is a diagram showing an example of a communication structure that can be provided in a 6G system.

[0010] Figure 5 shows an example of an electromagnetic spectrum.

[0011] Figure 6 illustrates an example of subframe types in NR.

[0012] Figure 7 is an example diagram showing an example of SSB in NR.

[0013] Figure 8 is an exemplary diagram showing an example of beam sweeping in NR.

[0014] Figure 9 shows an example of gNB monostatic sensing of ISAC.

[0015] Figure 10 shows an example of UE monostatic sensing of ISAC.

[0016] Figure 11 shows an example of gNB bistatic sensing of ISAC.

[0017] Figure 12 shows an example of UE bistatic sensing of ISAC.

[0018] Figure 13 shows an example of gNB-UE bistatic sensing of ISAC.

[0019] Figure 14 shows an example of UE-gNB bistatic sensing of ISAC.

[0020] Figure 15 shows an example of sensing signal transmission power according to the disclosure of the present specification.

[0021] FIG. 16 illustrates another example of sensing signal transmission power according to the disclosure of the present specification.

[0022] FIG. 17 illustrates an example of a method for changing transmission power in a recognition step and a tracking step according to the disclosure of the present specification.

[0023] Fig. 18 shows an example of a flowchart of a method for controlling transmission power in a tracking step according to the disclosure of the present specification.

[0024] Figure 19 shows an example of a change in reception power according to a method of controlling transmission power in a tracking step according to the disclosure of the present specification.

[0025] FIG. 20 illustrates an example of tracking an object according to the disclosure of this specification.

[0026] FIG. 21 illustrates an example of tracking multiple objects according to the disclosure of this specification.

[0027] Figure 22 illustrates an example of a report by an event according to the disclosure of this specification.

[0028] Figure 23 illustrates a procedure of a UE according to the disclosure of this specification.

[0029] The following techniques, devices, and systems can be applied to various wireless multiple access systems. Examples of multiple access systems include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and multicarrier frequency division multiple access (MC-FDMA) systems. CDMA can be implemented via wireless technologies such as universal terrestrial radio access (UTRA) or CDMA2000. TDMA can be implemented via wireless technologies such as global system for mobile communications (GSM), general packet radio service (GPRS), or enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE). OFDMA can be implemented using wireless technologies such as IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, or E-UTRA (evolved UTRA). UTRA is part of UMTS (universal mobile telecommunications system). 3GPP (3rd generation partnership project) LTE (long-term evolution) is part of E-UMTS (evolved UMTS) that uses E-UTRA.3GPP LTE uses OFDMA in the downlink (DL) and SC-FDMA in the uplink (UL). Evolution of 3GPP LTE includes LTE-A (advanced), LTE-A Pro, and / or 5G NR (new radio).

[0030] For convenience of explanation, the implementation of this specification is primarily described in relation to a 3GPP-based wireless communication system. However, the technical features of this specification are not limited thereto. For example, the following detailed description is provided based on a mobile communication system corresponding to a 3GPP-based wireless communication system. However, aspects of this specification that are not limited to a 3GPP-based wireless communication system can be applied to other mobile communication systems.

[0031] For terms and technologies used in this specification that are not specifically described, reference may be made to wireless communication standard documents published prior to this specification.

[0032] As used herein, "A or B" can mean "only A," "only B," or "both A and B." Alternatively, as used herein, "A or B" can be interpreted as "A and / or B." For example, as used herein, "A, B or C" can mean "only A," "only B," "only C," or "any combination of A, B and C."

[0033] As used herein, a slash ( / ) or a comma can mean "and / or." For example, "A / B" can mean "A and / or B." Accordingly, "A / B" can mean "only A," "only B," or "both A and B." For example, "A, B, C" can mean "A, B, or C."

[0034] In this specification, “at least one of A and B” may mean “only A,” “only B,” or “both A and B.” Additionally, in this specification, the expressions “at least one of A or B” or “at least one of A and / or B” may be interpreted identically to “at least one of A and B.”

[0035] Additionally, in this specification, “at least one of A, B and C” can mean “only A”, “only B”, “only C”, or “any combination of A, B and C”. Additionally, “at least one of A, B or C” or “at least one of A, B and / or C” can mean “at least one of A, B and C”.

[0036] Additionally, parentheses used herein may mean "for example." Specifically, when indicated as "control information (PDCCH)", "PDCCH" may be proposed as an example of "control information." In other words, "control information" in this specification is not limited to "PDCCH," and "PDCCH" may be proposed as an example of "control information." Furthermore, even when indicated as "control information (i.e., PDCCH)", "PDCCH" may be proposed as an example of "control information."

[0037] Technical features individually described in a single drawing in this specification may be implemented individually or simultaneously.

[0038] Although not limited thereto, the various descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein may be applied to various fields requiring wireless communication and / or connectivity between devices (e.g., 5G).

[0039] Hereinafter, the present specification will be described in more detail with reference to the drawings. In the following drawings and / or description, the same reference numbers may refer to the same or corresponding hardware blocks, software blocks, and / or functional blocks, unless otherwise indicated.

[0040] Figure 1 illustrates an example of a communication system to which the implementation of this specification is applied.

[0041] The 5G usage scenario shown in FIG. 1 is only an example, and the technical features of this specification can be applied to other 5G usage scenarios not shown in FIG. 1.

[0042] The three main requirement categories for 5G are (1) enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), (2) massive machine type communication (mMTC), and (3) ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC).

[0043] Referring to FIG. 1, a communication system (1) includes wireless devices (100a to 100f), a base station (BS; 200), and a network (300). FIG. 1 illustrates a 5G network as an example of a network of the communication system (1), but the implementation of the present disclosure is not limited to a 5G system and can be applied to future communication systems beyond the 5G system.

[0044] The base station (200) and the network (300) may be implemented as wireless devices, and a particular wireless device may operate as a base station / network node in relation to other wireless devices.

[0045] Wireless devices (100a to 100f) refer to devices that perform communication using radio access technology (RAT) (e.g., 5G NR or LTE) and may also be referred to as communication / wireless / 5G devices. Wireless devices (100a to 100f) may include, but are not limited to, robots (100a), vehicles (100b-1 and 100b-2), extended reality (XR) devices (100c), portable devices (100d), home appliances (100e), IoT devices (100f), and artificial intelligence (AI) devices / servers (400). For example, vehicles may include vehicles having wireless communication capabilities, autonomous vehicles, and vehicles capable of performing vehicle-to-vehicle communication. Vehicles may include unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) (e.g., drones). XR devices may include AR / VR / mixed reality (MR) devices, and may be implemented in the form of head-mounted devices (HMDs) and heads-up displays (HUDs) mounted on vehicles, televisions, smartphones, computers, wearable devices, home appliances, digital signs, vehicles, robots, etc. Portable devices may include smartphones, smart pads, wearable devices (e.g., smart watches or smart glasses), and computers (e.g., laptops). Home appliances may include TVs, refrigerators, and washing machines. IoT devices may include sensors and smart meters.

[0046] In this specification, wireless devices (100a to 100f) may be referred to as user equipment (UE). The UE may include, for example, a mobile phone, a smartphone, a laptop computer, a digital broadcasting terminal, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a portable multimedia player (PMP), a navigation system, a slate PC, a tablet PC, an ultrabook, a vehicle, a vehicle with autonomous driving functions, a connected car, a UAV, an AI module, a robot, an AR device, a VR device, an MR device, a holographic device, a public safety device, an MTC device, an IoT device, a medical device, a fintech device (or a financial device), a security device, a weather / environmental device, a 5G service-related device, or a 4th industrial revolution-related device.

[0047] For example, a UAV may be an aircraft that is unmanned and navigated by radio control signals.

[0048] For example, a VR device may include a device for implementing objects or backgrounds in a virtual environment. For example, an AR device may include a device that implements objects or backgrounds in a virtual world by connecting them to objects or backgrounds in the real world. For example, an MR device may include a device that implements objects or backgrounds in a virtual world by merging them with objects or backgrounds in the real world. For example, a holographic device may include a device that implements 360-degree stereoscopic images by recording and reproducing three-dimensional information using the light interference phenomenon that occurs when two laser lights, called holograms, meet.

[0049] For example, a public safety device may include an image relay device or imaging device that can be worn on the user's body.

[0050] For example, MTC devices and IoT devices may be devices that do not require direct human intervention or manipulation. Examples include smart meters, vending machines, thermometers, smart light bulbs, door locks, or various sensors.

[0051] For example, a medical device may be a device used for the purpose of diagnosing, treating, alleviating, curing, or preventing a disease. For example, a medical device may be a device used for diagnosing, treating, alleviating, or correcting an injury or damage. For example, a medical device may be a device used for the purpose of examining, replacing, or modifying a structure or function. For example, a medical device may be a device used for the purpose of regulating pregnancy. For example, a medical device may include a therapeutic device, a driving device, an (in vitro) diagnostic device, a hearing aid, or a surgical device.

[0052] For example, a security device may be a device installed to prevent potential hazards and maintain safety. For example, a security device may be a camera, closed-circuit television (CCTV), a recorder, or a black box.

[0053] For example, a fintech device may be a device capable of providing financial services, such as mobile payments. For example, a fintech device may include a payment device or a point-of-sale system.

[0054] For example, a weather / environment device may include a device that monitors or predicts the weather / environment.

[0055] Wireless devices (100a to 100f) can be connected to a network (300) via a base station (200). AI technology can be applied to the wireless devices (100a to 100f), and the wireless devices (100a to 100f) can be connected to an AI server (400) via the network (300). The network (300) can be configured using a 3G network, a 4G (e.g., LTE) network, a 5G (e.g., NR) network, and a network after 5G. The wireless devices (100a to 100f) can communicate with each other via the base station (200) / network (300), but can also communicate directly (e.g., sidelink communication) without going through the base station (200) / network (300). For example, vehicles (100b-1, 100b-2) can communicate directly (e.g., vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) / vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication). Additionally, IoT devices (e.g., sensors) can communicate directly with other IoT devices (e.g., sensors) or other wireless devices (100a to 100f).

[0056] Wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c) can be established between wireless devices (100a to 100f) and / or between wireless devices (100a to 100f) and a base station (200) and / or between base stations (200). Here, the wireless communication / connection can be established through various RATs (e.g., 5G NR), such as uplink / downlink communication (150a), sidelink communication (150b) (or, device-to-device (D2D) communication), and base station-to-base station communication (150c) (e.g., relay, integrated access and backhaul (IAB)). Through the wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c), the wireless devices (100a to 100f) and the base station (200) can transmit / receive wireless signals to / from each other. For example, wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c) can transmit / receive signals through various physical channels. To this end, at least some of the various configuration information setting processes for transmitting / receiving wireless signals, various signal processing processes (e.g., channel encoding / decoding, modulation / demodulation, resource mapping / demapping, etc.), and resource allocation processes can be performed based on various proposals of the present specification.

[0057] AI is the study of artificial intelligence or the methodologies for creating it, while machine learning (ML) defines various problems in the field of AI and studies the methodologies for solving them. Machine learning is also defined as an algorithm that improves performance on a task through consistent experience.

[0058] A robot can be defined as a machine that automatically processes or operates a given task based on its own capabilities. Specifically, a robot capable of perceiving its environment, making decisions, and performing actions on its own can be called an intelligent robot. Robots can be categorized into industrial, medical, household, and military applications based on their intended use or field. Robots are equipped with a drive unit, including an actuator or motor, enabling them to perform various physical actions, such as moving robot joints. Furthermore, mobile robots include wheels, brakes, and propellers in their drive unit, enabling them to drive on the ground or fly in the air.

[0059] Autonomous driving refers to the technology of driving on one's own, while autonomous vehicles refer to vehicles that drive without, or with minimal, user intervention. For example, autonomous driving can include technologies such as lane keeping, automatic speed control like adaptive cruise control, autonomous driving along a set route, and autonomous driving based on a set destination. Vehicles encompass all types of vehicles: those with internal combustion engines, hybrid vehicles with both internal combustion engines and electric motors, and electric vehicles with only electric motors. These vehicles can include not only cars but also trains and motorcycles. Autonomous vehicles can be viewed as robots with autonomous driving capabilities.

[0060] Extended reality is a general term for VR, AR, and MR. VR technology provides real-world objects and backgrounds as CG images only, AR technology provides virtual CG images over images of real objects, and MR technology is a CG technology that mixes and combines virtual objects with the real world. MR technology is similar to AR in that it displays real and virtual objects together. However, there is a difference: while AR uses virtual objects to complement real objects, MR uses virtual and real objects equally.

[0061] NR supports multiple numerologies, or subcarrier spacing (SCS), to support diverse 5G services. For example, an SCS of 15 kHz supports wide areas in traditional cellular bands; an SCS of 30 kHz / 60 kHz supports dense urban areas, lower latency, and wider carrier bandwidth; and an SCS of 60 kHz or higher supports bandwidths greater than 24.25 GHz to overcome phase noise.

[0062] The NR frequency band can be defined by two types of frequency ranges (FR1 and FR2). The numerical values ​​of the frequency ranges can be changed. For example, the two types of frequency ranges (FR1 and FR2) can be as shown in Table 1 below. For convenience of explanation, among the frequency ranges used in NR systems, FR1 can mean the "sub-6GHz range," and FR2 can mean the "above 6GHz range," which can be referred to as millimeter wave (mmW).

[0063] Frequency Range DefinitionFrequency RangeSubcarrier SpacingFR1450MHz - 6000MHz15, 30, 60kHzFR224250MHz - 52600MHz60, 120, 240kHz

[0064] As described above, the numerical value of the frequency range of the NR system can be changed. For example, FR1 may include a band from 410 MHz to 7125 MHz, as shown in Table 2 below. That is, FR1 may include frequency bands above 6 GHz (or 5850, 5900, 5925 MHz, etc.). For example, the frequency bands above 6 GHz (or 5850, 5900, 5925 MHz, etc.) included within FR1 may include unlicensed bands. Unlicensed bands can be used for various purposes, such as for communications for vehicles (e.g., autonomous driving).

[0065] Frequency Range DefinitionFrequency RangeSubcarrier SpacingFR1410MHz - 7125MHz15, 30, 60kHzFR224250MHz - 52600MHz60, 120, 240kHz

[0066] Here, the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless device of the present specification may include not only LTE, NR, and 6G, but also narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) for low-power communication. For example, NB-IoT technology may be an example of LPWAN (low power wide area network) technology and may be implemented with standards such as LTE Cat NB1 and / or LTE Cat NB2, and is not limited to the above-described names. Additionally or alternatively, the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless device of the present specification may perform communication based on LTE-M technology. For example, LTE-M technology may be an example of LPWAN technology and may be called by various names such as eMTC (enhanced MTC). For example, LTE-M technology can be implemented by at least one of various standards such as 1) LTE CAT 0, 2) LTE Cat M1, 3) LTE Cat M2, 4) LTE non-BL (non-bandwidth limited), 5) LTE-MTC, 6) LTE MTC, and / or 7) LTE M, and is not limited to the above-described names. Additionally or alternatively, the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless device of the present specification can include at least one of ZigBee, Bluetooth, and / or LPWAN considering low-power communication, and is not limited to the above-described names. For example, ZigBee technology can create PAN (personal area networks) related to small / low-power digital communication based on various standards such as IEEE 802.15.4, and can be called by various names.

[0067] Figure 2 illustrates an example of a wireless device to which the implementation of the present specification is applied.

[0068] In FIG. 2, the first wireless device (100) and / or the second wireless device (200) may be implemented in various forms depending on the use case / service. For example, {the first wireless device (100) and the second wireless device (200)} may correspond to at least one of {the wireless devices (100a to 100f) and the base station (200)}, {the wireless devices (100a to 100f) and the wireless devices (100a to 100f)}, and / or {the base station (200) and the base station (200)} of FIG. 1. The first wireless device (100) and / or the second wireless device (200) may be configured by various components, devices / parts, and / or modules.

[0069] The first wireless device (100) may include at least one transceiver, such as a transceiver (106), at least one processing chip, such as a processing chip (101), and / or one or more antennas (108).

[0070] The processing chip (101) may include at least one processor, such as a processor (102), and at least one memory, such as a memory (104). Additionally and / or alternatively, the memory (104) may be located external to the processing chip (101).

[0071] The processor (102) may control the memory (104) and / or the transceiver (106) and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the processor (102) may process information in the memory (104) to generate first information / signal and transmit a wireless signal including the first information / signal via the transceiver (106). The processor (102) may receive a wireless signal including second information / signal via the transceiver (106) and store information obtained by processing the second information / signal in the memory (104).

[0072] A memory (104) may be operatively connected to the processor (102). The memory (104) may store various types of information and / or instructions. The memory (104) may store firmware and / or software code (105) that implements code, instructions and / or sets of instructions that, when executed by the processor (102), perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the firmware and / or software code (105) may implement instructions that, when executed by the processor (102), perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the firmware and / or software code (105) may control the processor (102) to perform one or more protocols. For example, the firmware and / or software code (105) may control the processor (102) to perform one or more air interface protocol layers.

[0073] Here, the processor (102) and memory (104) may be part of a communication modem / circuit / chip designed to implement a RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). A transceiver (106) may be connected to the processor (102) and may transmit and / or receive wireless signals via one or more antennas (108). Each transceiver (106) may include a transmitter and / or a receiver. The transceiver (106) may be used interchangeably with an RF (radio frequency) unit. In the present specification, the first wireless device (100) may represent a communication modem / circuit / chip.

[0074] The second wireless device (200) may include at least one transceiver, such as a transceiver (206), at least one processing chip, such as a processing chip (201), and / or one or more antennas (208).

[0075] The processing chip (201) may include at least one processor, such as a processor (202), and at least one memory, such as a memory (204). Additionally and / or alternatively, the memory (204) may be located external to the processing chip (201).

[0076] The processor (202) may control the memory (204) and / or the transceiver (206) and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the processor (202) may process information in the memory (204) to generate third information / signal and transmit a wireless signal including the third information / signal via the transceiver (206). The processor (202) may receive a wireless signal including fourth information / signal via the transceiver (206) and store information obtained by processing the fourth information / signal in the memory (204).

[0077] A memory (204) may be operatively connected to the processor (202). The memory (204) may store various types of information and / or instructions. The memory (204) may store firmware and / or software code (205) that implements instruction codes, commands and / or sets of instructions that, when executed by the processor (202), perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the firmware and / or software code (205) may implement instructions that, when executed by the processor (202), perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the firmware and / or software code (205) may control the processor (202) to perform one or more protocols. For example, the firmware and / or software code (205) may control the processor (202) to perform one or more air interface protocol layers.

[0078] Here, the processor (202) and memory (204) may be part of a communication modem / circuit / chip designed to implement a RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). A transceiver (206) may be connected to the processor (202) and may transmit and / or receive wireless signals via one or more antennas (208). Each transceiver (206) may include a transmitter and / or a receiver. The transceiver (206) may be used interchangeably with the RF unit. In the present specification, the second wireless device (200) may represent a communication modem / circuit / chip.

[0079] Hereinafter, hardware elements of the wireless device (100, 200) will be described in more detail. Although not limited thereto, one or more protocol layers may be implemented by one or more processors (102, 202). For example, one or more processors (102, 202) may implement one or more layers (e.g., functional layers such as a physical (PHY) layer, a media access control (MAC) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio resource control (RRC) layer, and a service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer). One or more processors (102, 202) may generate one or more protocol data units (PDUs), one or more service data units (SDUs), messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. One or more processors (102, 202) can generate signals (e.g., baseband signals) including PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein and provide the signals to one or more transceivers (106, 206). One or more processors (102, 202) can receive signals (e.g., baseband signals) from one or more transceivers (106, 206) and obtain PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein.

[0080] The one or more processors (102, 202) may be referred to as a controller, a microcontroller, a microprocessor, and / or a microcomputer. The one or more processors (102, 202) may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software, and / or a combination thereof. For example, one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), one or more digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), one or more programmable logic devices (PLDs), and / or one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) may be included in the one or more processors (102, 202). For example, the one or more processors (102, 202) may be configured by a set of a communication control processor, an application processor (AP), an electronic control unit (ECU), a central processing unit (CPU), a graphic processing unit (GPU), and a memory control processor.

[0081] One or more memories (104, 204) may be coupled to one or more processors (102, 202) and may store various forms of data, signals, messages, information, programs, codes, instructions, and / or commands. The one or more memories (104, 204) may be configured as random access memory (RAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), flash memory, volatile memory, nonvolatile memory, hard drive, register, cache memory, computer-readable storage media, and / or combinations thereof. The one or more memories (104, 204) may be located internally and / or externally to the one or more processors (102, 202). Additionally, the one or more memories (104, 204) may be coupled to the one or more processors (102, 202) via various technologies, such as wired or wireless connections.

[0082] One or more transceivers (106, 206) can transmit user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., referred to in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or flowcharts disclosed herein to one or more other devices. One or more transceivers (106, 206) can receive user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., referred to in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or flowcharts disclosed herein from one or more other devices. For example, one or more transceivers (106, 206) can be coupled to one or more processors (102, 202) and can transmit and receive wireless signals. For example, one or more processors (102, 202) can control one or more transceivers (106, 206) to transmit user data, control information, wireless signals, etc., to one or more other devices. Additionally, one or more processors (102, 202) may control one or more transceivers (106, 206) to receive user data, control information, wireless signals, etc. from one or more other devices.

[0083] One or more transceivers (106, 206) may be coupled to one or more antennas (108, 208). Additionally and / or alternatively, one or more transceivers (106, 206) may include one or more antennas (108, 208). One or more transceivers (106, 206) may be configured to transmit and receive user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., as described in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein via one or more antennas (108, 208). In the present specification, one or more antennas (108, 208) may be multiple physical antennas or multiple logical antennas (e.g., antenna ports).

[0084] One or more transceivers (106, 206) may convert received user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. from RF band signals to baseband signals in order to process the received user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. using one or more processors (102, 202). One or more transceivers (106, 206) may convert processed user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. from baseband signals to RF band signals using one or more processors (102, 202). For this purpose, one or more transceivers (106, 206) may include an (analog) oscillator and / or a filter. For example, one or more transceivers (106, 206) may up-convert an OFDM baseband signal to an OFDM signal via an (analog) oscillator and / or filter under the control of one or more processors (102, 202) and transmit the up-converted OFDM signal at a carrier frequency. One or more transceivers (106, 206) may receive an OFDM signal at a carrier frequency and down-convert the OFDM signal to an OFDM baseband signal via an (analog) oscillator and / or filter under the control of one or more processors (102, 202).

[0085] Although not illustrated in FIG. 2, the wireless device (100, 200) may further include additional components. The additional components (140) may be configured in various ways depending on the type of the wireless device (100, 200). For example, the additional components (140) may include at least one of a power unit / battery, an input / output (I / O) device (e.g., an audio I / O port, a video I / O port), a driving device, and a computing device. The additional components (140) may be connected to one or more processors (102, 202) via various technologies, such as a wired or wireless connection.

[0086] In the implementation of the present specification, a UE can operate as a transmitter in the uplink (UL) and as a receiver in the downlink (DL). In the implementation of the present specification, a base station can operate as a receiver in the UL and as a transmitter in the DL. For the sake of convenience of description, it is mainly assumed below that the first wireless device (100) operates as a UE and the second wireless device (200) operates as a base station. For example, a processor (102) connected to, mounted on, or released in the first wireless device (100) can be configured to perform UE operations according to the implementation of the present specification or to control a transceiver (106) to perform UE operations according to the implementation of the present specification. A processor (202) connected to, mounted on, or released in the second wireless device (200) can be configured to perform base station operations according to the implementation of the present specification or to control a transceiver (206) to perform base station operations according to the implementation of the present specification.

[0087] In this specification, a base station may be referred to as a Node B, an eNode B (eNB), or a gNB.

[0088] Figure 3 shows an example of a UE to which the implementation of this specification is applied.

[0089] Referring to FIG. 3, the UE (100) can correspond to the first wireless device (100) of FIG. 2.

[0090] The UE (100) includes a processor (102), memory (104), a transceiver (106), one or more antennas (108), a power management module (141), a battery (142), a display (143), a keypad (144), a SIM (Subscriber Identification Module) card (145), a speaker (146), and a microphone (147).

[0091] The processor (102) may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or flowcharts disclosed herein. The processor (102) may be configured to control one or more other components of the UE (100) to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or flowcharts disclosed herein. A layer of a radio interface protocol may be implemented in the processor (102). The processor (102) may include an ASIC, other chipsets, logic circuits and / or data processing devices. The processor (102) may be an application processor. The processor (102) may include at least one of a DSP, a CPU (Central Processing Unit), a GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), and a modem (modulator and demodulator). An example of the processor (102) is the SNAPDRAGON manufactured by Qualcomm®. TM Series processors, EXYNOS made by Samsung® TM Series processors, A-series processors made by Apple®, HELIO made by MediaTek® TM ATOM series processors made by Intel® TM It can be found in the series processors or the corresponding next-generation processors.

[0092] Memory (104) is operatively coupled to the processor (102) and stores various information for operating the processor (102). Memory (104) may include ROM, RAM, flash memory, memory cards, storage media, and / or other storage devices. When the implementation is implemented in software, the techniques described herein may be implemented using modules (e.g., procedures, functions, etc.) that perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods, and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. The modules may be stored in memory (104) and executed by the processor (102). Memory (104) may be implemented within the processor (102) or external to the processor (102), in which case it may be communicatively coupled to the processor (102) via various methods known in the art.

[0093] A transceiver (106) is operably coupled to the processor (102) and transmits and / or receives a radio signal. The transceiver (106) includes a transmitter and a receiver. The transceiver (106) may include a baseband circuit for processing a radio frequency signal. The transceiver (106) controls one or more antennas (108) to transmit and / or receive a radio signal.

[0094] The power management module (141) manages the power of the processor (102) and / or the transceiver (106). The battery (142) supplies power to the power management module (141).

[0095] The display (143) outputs the results processed by the processor (102). The keypad (144) receives input to be used by the processor (102). The keypad (144) can be displayed on the display (143).

[0096] A SIM card (145) is an integrated circuit that securely stores an International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) and associated keys, and is used to identify and authenticate subscribers in mobile devices such as mobile phones and computers. Additionally, many SIM cards can store contact information.

[0097] The speaker (146) outputs sound-related results processed by the processor (102). The microphone (147) receives sound-related input to be used by the processor (102).

[0098] <6G System General>

[0099] The 6G (wireless) system aims to achieve (i) very high data rates per device, (ii) a very large number of connected devices, (iii) global connectivity, (iv) very low latency, (v) reduced energy consumption for battery-free IoT devices, (vi) ultra-reliable connectivity, and (vii) connected intelligence with machine learning capabilities. The vision of a 6G system can be divided into four aspects: intelligent connectivity, deep connectivity, holographic connectivity, and ubiquitous connectivity, and a 6G system can satisfy the requirements shown in Table 1 below. The following is an example of the requirements of a 6G system:

[0100] -Per device peak data rate: 1 Tbps

[0101] - E2E latency: 1 ms

[0102] - Maximum spectral efficiency: 100bps / Hz

[0103] - Mobility support: Up to 1000km / hr

[0104] - Satellite integration: Fully

[0105] - AI: Fully

[0106] - Autonomous vehicle: Fully

[0107] - XR: Fully

[0108] - Haptic Communication: Fully

[0109] 6G systems can have key factors such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC), massive machine-type communication (mMTC), AI integrated communication, tactile internet, high throughput, high network capacity, high energy efficiency, low backhaul and access network congestion, and enhanced data security.

[0110] Figure 4 is a diagram showing an example of a communication structure that can be provided in a 6G system.

[0111] 6G systems are expected to have 50 times the simultaneous wireless connectivity of 5G systems. URLLC, a key feature of 5G, will become even more crucial in 6G communications by providing end-to-end latency of less than 1 ms. 6G systems will have significantly higher volumetric spectral efficiency, compared to the commonly used area spectral efficiency. 6G systems can offer extremely long battery life and advanced battery technologies for energy harvesting, eliminating the need for separate charging for mobile devices in 6G systems. New network characteristics in 6G may include:

[0112] - Satellite integrated network: 6G is expected to integrate with satellites to provide a global mobile network. The integration of terrestrial, satellite, and airborne networks into a single wireless communications system is crucial for 6G.

[0113] - Connected intelligence: Unlike previous generations of wireless communication systems, 6G is revolutionary and will update the wireless evolution from “connected things” to “connected intelligence.” AI can be applied at each stage of the communication process (or at each stage of signal processing, as described below).

[0114] - Seamless integration of wireless information and energy transfer: 6G wireless networks will transfer power to charge the batteries of devices such as smartphones and sensors. Therefore, wireless information and energy transfer (WIET) will be integrated.

[0115] - Ubiquitous super 3D connectivity: Access to networks and core network functions of drones and very low Earth orbit satellites will create super 3D connectivity in 6G ubiquitous.

[0116] Some general requirements for the new network characteristics of 6G, such as the above, may be as follows:

[0117] - Small cell networks: The concept of small cell networks was introduced to improve received signal quality in cellular systems by increasing throughput, energy efficiency, and spectral efficiency. Consequently, small cell networks are essential for 5G and beyond-5G (5GB) communication systems. Accordingly, 6G communication systems also adopt the characteristics of small cell networks.

[0118] Ultra-dense heterogeneous networks: Ultra-dense heterogeneous networks will be another key feature of 6G communication systems. Multi-tier networks comprised of heterogeneous networks improve overall QoS and reduce costs.

[0119] High-capacity backhaul: Backhaul connections are characterized by high-capacity backhaul networks to support high-volume traffic. High-speed fiber optics and free-space optics (FSO) systems may be potential solutions to this problem.

[0120] - Radar technology integrated with mobile technology: High-precision localization (or location-based services) through communications is a key feature of 6G wireless communication systems. Therefore, radar systems will be integrated with 6G networks.

[0121] - Softwarization and virtualization: Softwarization and virtualization are two critical features that form the foundation of the design process for 5GB networks to ensure flexibility, reconfigurability, and programmability. Furthermore, billions of devices can be shared on a shared physical infrastructure.

[0122] <Key implementation technologies for 6G systems>

[0123] Artificial Intelligence

[0124] The most crucial and newly introduced technology for 6G systems is AI. 4G systems did not involve AI. 5G systems will support partial or very limited AI. However, 6G systems will fully support AI for automation. Advances in machine learning will create more intelligent networks for real-time communications in 6G. Incorporating AI into communications can streamline and improve real-time data transmission. AI can use numerous analyses to determine how complex target tasks should be performed. In other words, AI can increase efficiency and reduce processing delays.

[0125] Time-consuming tasks such as handover, network selection, and resource scheduling can be performed instantly using AI. AI can also play a crucial role in machine-to-machine (M2M), machine-to-human, and human-to-machine communications. Furthermore, AI can facilitate rapid communication in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). AI-based communication systems can be supported by metamaterials, intelligent structures, intelligent networks, intelligent devices, intelligent cognitive radios, self-sustaining wireless networks, and machine learning.

[0126] Recent attempts to integrate AI into wireless communication systems have focused on the application layer, network layer, and especially deep learning in wireless resource management and allocation. However, this research is increasingly evolving to the MAC layer and physical layer, with attempts to combine deep learning with wireless transmission, particularly at the physical layer. AI-based physical layer transmission refers to the application of AI-driven signal processing and communication mechanisms, rather than traditional communication frameworks, in the fundamental signal processing and communication mechanisms. Examples include deep learning-based channel coding and decoding, deep learning-based signal estimation and detection, deep learning-based MIMO mechanisms, and AI-based resource scheduling and allocation.

[0127] Machine learning can be used for channel estimation and channel tracking, as well as for power allocation and interference cancellation in the physical layer of the downlink (DL). Furthermore, machine learning can be used for antenna selection, power control, and symbol detection in MIMO systems.

[0128] Machine learning refers to a series of operations that train machines to perform tasks that humans can or cannot perform. Machine learning requires data and a learning model. In machine learning, data learning methods can be broadly categorized into three types: supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning.

[0129] Neural network training aims to minimize output errors. It involves repeatedly inputting training data into a neural network, calculating the neural network output and target error for the training data, and backpropagating the neural network error from the output layer to the input layer to update the weights of each node in the neural network to reduce the error.

[0130] Supervised learning uses labeled training data, while unsupervised learning may not have labeled training data. For example, in the case of supervised learning for data classification, the training data may be data in which each training data category is labeled. Labeled training data is input to a neural network, and the error can be calculated by comparing the output (categories) of the neural network with the training data labels. The calculated error is backpropagated through the neural network in the backward direction (i.e., from the output layer to the input layer), and the connection weights of each node in each layer of the neural network can be updated through backpropagation. The amount of change in the connection weights of each updated node can be determined by the learning rate. The neural network's calculation of the input data and the backpropagation of the error can constitute a learning cycle (epoch). The learning rate can be applied differently depending on the number of iterations of the neural network's learning cycle. For example, in the early stages of training a neural network, a high learning rate can be used to quickly allow the network to reach a certain level of performance, thereby improving efficiency. In the later stages of training, a low learning rate can be used to improve accuracy.

[0131] Learning methods may vary depending on the characteristics of the data. For example, if the goal is to accurately predict data transmitted by a transmitter in a communication system, supervised learning is preferable to unsupervised learning or reinforcement learning.

[0132] The learning model corresponds to the human brain, and the most basic linear model can be thought of, but the machine learning paradigm that uses highly complex neural network structures, such as artificial neural networks, as learning models is called deep learning.

[0133] The neural network cores used in learning methods are mainly divided into deep neural networks (DNN), convolutional deep neural networks (CNN), recurrent Boltzmann machines (RNN), and spiking neural networks (SNN).

[0134] Terahertz Communication

[0135] Data rates can be increased by increasing bandwidth. This can be achieved by utilizing sub-THz communications with wide bandwidths and applying advanced massive MIMO technology. THz waves, also known as sub-millimeter waves, typically refer to the frequency range between 0.1 THz and 10 THz, with corresponding wavelengths ranging from 0.03 mm to 3 mm. The 100 GHz to 300 GHz band (sub-THz band) is considered a key part of the THz spectrum for cellular communications. Adding the sub-THz band to the mmWave band will increase 6G cellular communication capacity. Among the defined THz bands, 300 GHz to 3 THz lies in the far infrared (IR) frequency band. While part of the optical band, the 300 GHz to 3 THz band lies at the boundary of the optical band, immediately following the RF band. Therefore, this 300 GHz to 3 THz band exhibits similarities to RF.

[0136] Figure 5 shows an example of an electromagnetic spectrum.

[0137] Key characteristics of THz communications include (i) the widely available bandwidth to support very high data rates and (ii) the high path loss that occurs at high frequencies (requiring highly directional antennas). The narrow beamwidths generated by highly directional antennas reduce interference. The small wavelength of THz signals allows for a significantly larger number of antenna elements to be integrated into devices and base stations operating in this band. This enables the use of advanced adaptive array technologies to overcome range limitations.

[0138] Large-scale MIMO

[0139] One of the key technologies for improving spectral efficiency is the application of MIMO technology. As MIMO technology improves, spectral efficiency also improves. Therefore, massive MIMO technology will be crucial in 6G systems. Because MIMO technology utilizes multiple paths, multiplexing technology must be considered to ensure that data signals can be transmitted along more than one path, as well as beam generation and operation technologies suitable for the THz band.

[0140] Hologram Beam Forming (HBF)

[0141] Beamforming is a signal processing procedure that adjusts an antenna array to transmit a wireless signal in a specific direction. It is a subset of smart antennas or advanced antenna systems. Beamforming technology offers several advantages, including high signal-to-noise ratio, interference avoidance and rejection, and high network efficiency. Holographic beamforming (HBF) is a novel beamforming method that differs significantly from MIMO systems because it uses software-defined antennas. HBF will be a highly effective approach for efficient and flexible signal transmission and reception in multi-antenna communication devices in 6G.

[0142] Optical wireless technology

[0143] Optical wireless communication (OWC) is a form of optical communication that uses visible light, infrared (IR), or ultraviolet (UV) light to transmit signals. OWC operating in the visible light band (e.g., 390–750 nm) is commonly referred to as visible light communication (VLC). Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can be utilized to implement VLC. VLC can be used in a variety of applications, including wireless local area networks (WLANs), wireless personal area networks (WPANs), and vehicular networks.

[0144] VLC offers the following advantages over RF-based technologies. First, the spectrum occupied by VLC is unlicensed and can provide a wide bandwidth (up to THz). Second, VLC causes minimal significant interference with other electromagnetic devices. Therefore, VLC can be applied to sensitive electromagnetic interference applications such as aircraft and hospitals. Third, VLC offers advantages in communication security and privacy. Visible light, the transmission medium of VLC-based networks, cannot penetrate walls and other opaque obstacles. Therefore, VLC's transmission range can be limited to indoor areas, protecting users' privacy and sensitive information. Fourth, VLC can utilize lighting sources as base stations, eliminating the need for expensive base stations.

[0145] Free-space optical communication (FSO) is an optical communication technology that uses light propagating in free space, such as air, outer space, or a vacuum, to wirelessly transmit data for communication or computer networking. FSO can be used as a point-to-point optical wireless communication (OWC) system on the ground. FSO can operate in the near-infrared frequency range (750-1600 nm). Laser transmitters can be used to implement FSO, and it offers high data rates (e.g., 10 Gbit / s), potentially offering a solution to backhaul bottlenecks.

[0146] These OWC technologies are designed for 6G communications, in addition to RF-based communications for all possible device-to-access networks. These networks connect to network-to-backhaul / fronthaul networks. OWC technologies have already been used since 4G communication systems, but they will be used more widely to meet the demands of 6G communication systems. OWC technologies such as light fidelity, visible light communication, optical camera communication, and optical band-based FSO communication are already well-known. Communications based on optical wireless technology can provide very high data rates, low latency, and secure communications.

[0147] LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) can also be used for ultra-high-resolution 3D mapping in 6G communications based on its wide bandwidth. LiDAR is a remote sensing method that illuminates a target using near-infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light, detecting the reflected light with a light sensor to measure distance. LiDAR can be used for fully autonomous driving in automobiles.

[0148] FSO Backhaul Network

[0149] The transmitter and receiver characteristics of an FSO system are similar to those of a fiber-optic network. Therefore, data transmission in an FSO system is similar to that of a fiber-optic system. Therefore, FSO can be a promising technology for providing backhaul connectivity in 6G systems, in conjunction with fiber-optic networks. Using FSO, ultra-long-distance communications are possible, even over distances exceeding 10,000 km. FSO supports high-capacity backhaul connectivity for remote and non-remote areas, such as the ocean, space, underwater, and isolated islands. FSO also supports cellular base station (BS) connections.

[0150] Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN)

[0151] 6G systems integrate terrestrial and airborne networks to support vertically expanded user communications. 3D BSs will be provided via low-Earth orbit satellites and UAVs. Adding a new dimension in altitude and associated degrees of freedom significantly differentiates 3D connectivity from existing 2D networks. NR considers Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) as one approach to achieving this. NTNs are networks or network segments that utilize RF resources onboard satellites (or UAS platforms). Common NTN scenarios, which provide access to user equipment, include transparent payloads and regenerative payloads. The following are the basic elements of NTNs.

[0152] - One or more sat-gateways connecting the NTN to the public data network.

[0153] - GEO satellites are served by one or more satellite gateways deployed across the satellite's target coverage area (e.g., regional or continental coverage). We assume that a UE in a cell is served by only one sat-gateway.

[0154] Non-GEO satellites that provide continuous service from one or more satellite gateways at a time. The system ensures service and feeder link continuity between consecutively serving satellite gateways with sufficient time duration to allow for mobile anchoring and handover.

[0155] - Feeder link or wireless link between the satellite gateway and the satellite (or UAS platform).

[0156] - Service link or wireless link between user equipment and satellite (or UAS platform).

[0157] A satellite (or UAS platform) capable of implementing transparent or regenerative (including onboard processing) payloads. The satellite (or UAS platform) typically generates multiple beams for a designated service area, depending on its field of view. The beam's footprint is typically elliptical. The satellite's (or UAS platform's) field of view varies depending on the onboard antenna diagram and minimum elevation angle.

[0158] - Transparent payload: Radio frequency filtering, frequency conversion, and amplification. Therefore, the waveform signal repeated by the payload remains unchanged.

[0159] - Replay payload: radio frequency filtering, frequency conversion and amplification, demodulation / decoding, switching and / or routing, and coding / modulation. This is essentially equivalent to embedding all or part of a base station function (e.g., gNB) on a satellite (or UAS platform).

[0160] - Optionally, for satellite constellations, inter-satellite link (ISL) is available. This requires a regenerative payload on the satellite. ISL can operate in RF or wideband.

[0161] - User equipment is serviced by satellites (or UAS platforms) within the target service area.

[0162] Typically, GEO satellites and UAS are used to provide continental, regional or local services.

[0163] Typically, LEO and MEO constellations are used to provide services in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. In some cases, constellations can even provide global coverage, including polar regions. This requires appropriate orbital inclination, sufficient beam generation, and inter-satellite links.

[0164] Quantum Communication

[0165] Quantum communication is a next-generation communication technology that applies quantum mechanical properties to the field of information and communication, overcoming limitations of existing information and communication technologies, such as security and ultra-high-speed computation. Quantum communication provides a means to generate, transmit, process, and store information that cannot be expressed in the binary bits of 0 and 1 used in existing communication technologies, or that are difficult to express. Unlike existing communication technologies that use wavelength or amplitude to transmit information between a transmitter and a receiver, quantum communication utilizes photons, the smallest unit of light, to transmit information between the transmitter and receiver. In particular, quantum communication can utilize quantum uncertainty and quantum irreversibility regarding the polarization or phase difference of photons (light), enabling communication with perfect security. Furthermore, under certain conditions, quantum communication may also enable ultra-high-speed communication by exploiting quantum entanglement.

[0166] Cell-free Communication

[0167] Tight integration of multiple frequencies and heterogeneous communication technologies is crucial for 6G systems. As a result, users can seamlessly move from one network to another without requiring any manual configuration on their devices. The best network is automatically selected from available communication technologies. This will break the limitations of the cell concept in wireless communications. Currently, user movement from one cell to another in dense networks results in excessive handovers, resulting in handover failures, handover delays, data loss, and the ping-pong effect. 6G cell-free communications will overcome all of these challenges and provide improved QoS.

[0168] Cell-free communication is defined as "a system in which multiple geographically distributed antennas (APs) cooperatively serve a small number of terminals using the same time / frequency resources, assisted by a fronthaul network and CPU." A single terminal is served by a collection of APs, called an AP cluster. There are several methods for forming AP clusters. Among them, a cluster composed of APs that can significantly improve terminal reception performance is called terminal-centric clustering, and this method dynamically updates the cluster configuration as the terminal moves. By introducing this terminal-centric AP clustering technique, the terminal is always located at the center of the AP cluster, thereby avoiding inter-cluster interference that can occur when the terminal is located at the edge of the AP cluster. This cell-free communication will be achieved through multi-connectivity and multi-tier hybrid technologies and heterogeneous radios in the devices.

[0169] Integration of Wireless Information and Energy Transfer (WIET)

[0170] WIET uses the same fields and waves as wireless communication systems. Specifically, sensors and smartphones will be charged using wireless power transfer during communication. WIET is a promising technology for extending the life of battery-powered wireless systems. Therefore, battery-less devices will be supported by 6G communications.

[0171] Integration of Wireless Communication and Sensing

[0172] Autonomous wireless networks are capable of continuously sensing dynamically changing environmental conditions and exchanging information between different nodes. In 6G, sensing will be tightly integrated with communications to support autonomous systems.

[0173] Integrated Access and Backhaul Network

[0174] In 6G, the density of access networks will be enormous. Each access network will be connected to backhaul connections, such as fiber optics and FSO networks. To accommodate the massive number of access networks, there will be tight integration between access and backhaul networks.

[0175] Big Data Analysis

[0176] Big data analytics is a complex process for analyzing diverse, large-scale data sets, or "big data." This process uncovers hidden data, unknown correlations, and customer trends, ensuring complete data management. Big data is collected from various sources, such as video, social networks, images, and sensors. This technology is widely used to process massive amounts of data in 6G systems.

[0177] Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface

[0178] Many studies have been conducted that consider the wireless environment as an optimization target variable along with the transmitter and receiver. The wireless environment created using this approach is called a Smart Radio Environment (SRE) or Intelligent Radio Environment (IRE) to emphasize its fundamental difference from past design and optimization standards. Various terms have been proposed for reconfigurable intelligent antenna (or intelligent reconfigurable antenna) technologies that enable SRE, including Reconfigurable Metasurfaces, Smart Large Intelligent Surfaces (SLIS), Large Intelligent Surfaces (LIS), Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS), and Intelligent Reflecting Surface (IRS).

[0179] THz band signals have strong linearity, which can create many shadow areas due to obstacles. RIS technology, which enables expanded communication coverage, enhanced communication stability, and additional value-added services by installing RIS near these shadow areas, is becoming increasingly important. RIS is an artificial surface made of electromagnetic materials that can alter the propagation of incoming and outgoing radio waves. While RIS may appear to be an extension of massive MIMO, it differs from massive MIMO in its array structure and operating mechanism. Furthermore, RIS operates as a reconfigurable reflector with passive elements, meaning it passively reflects signals without using active RF chains, which offers the advantage of low power consumption. Furthermore, because each passive reflector in RIS must independently adjust the phase shift of the incoming signal, this can be advantageous for wireless communication channels. By appropriately adjusting the phase shift via the RIS controller, the reflected signal can be collected at the target receiver to boost the received signal power.

[0180] In addition to reflecting wireless signals, RISs also exist that can control transmission and refraction characteristics. These RISs are primarily used for outdoor-to-indoor (O2I) applications. Recently, STAR-RIS (Simultaneous Transmission and Reflection RIS), which provides both reflection and transmission, has also been actively researched.

[0181] Metaverse

[0182] The metaverse is a portmanteau of "meta," meaning "virtual" or "transcendent," and "universe," meaning "cosmos." Generally, the metaverse is used to mean "a three-dimensional virtual space where social and economic activities similar to those in the real world are facilitated."

[0183] Extended Reality (XR), a key technology enabling the metaverse, can expand real-world experiences and deliver exceptional immersion by merging the virtual and real. The high bandwidth and low latency of 6G networks enable users to experience even more immersive virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR).

[0184] Autonomous Driving (Self-driving)

[0185] For fully autonomous driving, vehicles must communicate with each other to inform each other of dangerous situations, and vehicles must communicate with infrastructure such as parking lots and traffic lights to confirm information such as parking location and signal change times. V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything), a key element in building autonomous driving infrastructure, is a technology that allows cars to communicate and share with various elements on the road for autonomous driving, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) wireless communication.

[0186] To maximize autonomous driving performance and ensure high safety, fast transmission speeds and low-latency technologies are essential. Furthermore, as autonomous driving moves beyond simply providing warnings or guidance messages to drivers, actively intervening in driving and directly controlling the vehicle in dangerous situations requires a vast amount of information to be transmitted and received, 6G is expected to maximize autonomous driving with faster transmission speeds and lower latency than 5G.

[0187] Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)

[0188] Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), or drones, will be a key element in 6G wireless communications. In most cases, high-speed wireless connections will be provided using UAV technology. BS entities are installed on UAVs to provide cellular connectivity. UAVs offer specific capabilities not found in fixed BS infrastructure, such as easy deployment, robust line-of-sight links, and controlled mobility. During emergencies such as natural disasters, deploying terrestrial communication infrastructure is not economically feasible, and sometimes, volatile environments make it impossible to provide services. UAVs can easily handle these situations. UAVs will become a new paradigm in wireless communications. This technology facilitates three fundamental requirements for wireless networks: enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), URLLC, and mMTC. UAVs can also support various purposes, such as enhancing network connectivity, fire detection, disaster emergency services, security and surveillance, pollution monitoring, parking monitoring, and accident monitoring. Therefore, UAV technology is recognized as one of the most important technologies for 6G communications.

[0189] Blockchain

[0190] Blockchain will become a crucial technology for managing massive amounts of data in future communication systems. Blockchain is a form of distributed ledger technology. A distributed ledger is a database distributed across numerous nodes or computing devices. Each node replicates and stores an identical copy of the ledger. Blockchains are managed by a peer-to-peer network and can exist without being managed by a central authority or server. Data on a blockchain is collected and organized into blocks. Blocks are linked together and protected using cryptography. Blockchain perfectly complements large-scale IoT with its inherently enhanced interoperability, security, privacy, reliability, and scalability. Therefore, blockchain technology offers several features, such as interoperability between devices, traceability of large amounts of data, autonomous interaction with other IoT systems, and the massive connectivity stability of 6G communication systems.

[0191] Figure 6 illustrates an example of subframe types in NR.

[0192] The transmission time interval (TTI) illustrated in FIG. 6 may be referred to as a subframe or slot for NR (or new RAT). The subframe (or slot) of FIG. 6 may be used in a TDD system of NR (or new RAT) to minimize data transmission delay. As illustrated in FIG. 4, the subframe (or slot) includes 14 symbols, similar to the current subframe. The symbols in the front of the subframe (or slot) may be used for a DL control channel, and the symbols in the back of the subframe (or slot) may be used for an UL control channel. The remaining symbols may be used for DL ​​data transmission or UL data transmission. According to this subframe (or slot) structure, downlink transmission and uplink transmission may be sequentially performed in one subframe (or slot). Therefore, downlink data may be received within a subframe (or slot), and an uplink acknowledgment (ACK / NACK) may be transmitted within the subframe (or slot). This subframe (or slot) structure can be referred to as a self-contained subframe (or slot). Using this subframe (or slot) structure has the advantage of minimizing the final data transmission latency by reducing the time required to retransmit data with reception errors. In this self-contained subframe (or slot) structure, a time gap may be required during the transition from transmission mode to reception mode or from reception mode to transmission mode. To this end, some OFDM symbols during the transition from DL to UL in the subframe structure can be designated as a guard period (GP).

[0193] <NR에서 SS 블록>

[0194] The SS block (SS / PBCH Block: SSB) includes the PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel) containing the Master Information Block (MIB), which is the information required for the terminal to perform initial access in 5G NR, and the synchronization signal (SS) (including PSS and SSS).

[0195] Furthermore, multiple SSBs can be grouped together to define an SS burst, and multiple SS bursts can be grouped together to define an SS burst set. Each SSB is assumed to be beamformed in a specific direction, and the multiple SSBs within an SS burst set are designed to support terminals located in different directions.

[0196] Figure 7 is an example diagram showing an example of SSB in NR.

[0197] Referring to Figure 7, SS bursts are transmitted at predetermined periods. Accordingly, the terminal receives SSBs and performs cell detection and measurement.

[0198] Meanwhile, beam sweeping is performed for SSB in 5G NR. This will be described with reference to Fig. 8.

[0199] Figure 8 is an exemplary diagram showing an example of beam sweeping in NR.

[0200] The base station transmits each SSB within an SS burst by beam-sweeping it over time. At this time, multiple SSBs within an SS burst set are transmitted to support terminals located in different directions.

[0201] ISAC (Integrated Sensor And Communication) integrates sensing and communication and can be applied to various cases.

[0202] Existing sensing technologies are based on radar technology.

[0203] Radar technology can measure the distance and speed of objects. Furthermore, when radar technology is used in high-frequency bands, the physical properties of target objects can also be analyzed.

[0204] NR radio waves can be applied in ISAC.

[0205] ISAC sensing can encompass outdoor / indoor sensing, sensing of moving objects, and sensing in various situations. ISAC can create synergy between sensing and communication.

[0206] In this specification, a method for power control to minimize interference in communication in relation to ISAC can be proposed.

[0207] In this specification, an optimization method for power control can be proposed in relation to ISAC.

[0208] In this specification, tolerance requirements for power control can be proposed in relation to ISAC.

[0209] Figure 9 shows an example of gNB monostatic sensing of ISAC.

[0210] Figure 10 shows an example of UE monostatic sensing of ISAC.

[0211] Figure 11 shows an example of gNB bistatic sensing of ISAC.

[0212] Figure 12 shows an example of UE bistatic sensing of ISAC.

[0213] Figure 13 shows an example of gNB-UE bistatic sensing of ISAC.

[0214] Figure 14 shows an example of UE-gNB bistatic sensing of ISAC.

[0215] Six cases, as shown in Figs. 9 to 14, can be considered.

[0216] In the case of bi-static, since the transmitting end of the sensing signal and the receiving end of the sensing signal reflected from the object are different, there is a disadvantage in that it is not easy to measure the distance to the sensing object if the synchronization between the transmitting end and the receiving end is not accurate.

[0217] In the case of mono-static, since the transmitter and receiver of the sensing signal are the same entity, there is a challenge of solving the full-duplex problem.

[0218] The method proposed in this specification is described based on the assumption that the entity performing sensing is a terminal. However, in the method proposed in this specification, the entity performing sensing may be a base station (e.g., gNB).

[0219] Sensing can be composed of a detection phase, a recognition phase, and a tracking phase.

[0220] In the detection phase, the device can detect the presence of an object in the area being monitored. In the recognition phase, the device can determine whether the object detected in the detection phase is the object being sought (target object). If the object is determined to be the object being sought, the device can track the object (tracking phase).

[0221] For example, a terminal can detect an object. The terminal can recognize the detected object. The terminal can track the recognized object.

[0222] In the detection, recognition, and tracking phases, the device can transmit sensing signals. The device can receive sensing signals reflected by objects. For example, the device can detect, recognize, or track objects by receiving the sensing signals.

[0223] In the detection phase, the device may detect the object in one shot. Alternatively, the device may determine that the object has been detected when the power of the sensing signal reflected from the object exceeds a threshold (Th0) n consecutive times.

[0224] The setting of the transmission power of the sensing signal may be different for each step.

[0225] 1. Detection phase

[0226] During the detection phase, the terminal may not know whether an object exists, its size, distance, etc.

[0227] The transmission power of the sensing signal transmitted by the terminal can be determined in three ways, as described below.

[0228] The terminal can determine the transmission power of the sensing signal by one of the three methods described below (or a combination of two or more methods).

[0229] The terminal can decide which of the three methods described below to use.

[0230] (1) UE Configuration

[0231] The terminal may have a transmission power of the sensing signal set in advance (e.g., the initial transmission power of the sensing signal). The terminal may transmit the sensing signal at the set transmission power.

[0232] The preset transmission power can be determined according to the power class of the terminal.

[0233] The preset transmission power can be determined based on the UL transmission power level of the terminal.

[0234] Depending on the case, the preset transmission power may be set by the upper layer.

[0235] The preset transmission power cannot exceed the maximum power according to the power class of the terminal.

[0236] (2) Ramp-up power control

[0237] The terminal can determine the initial power (e.g., minimum power).

[0238] The terminal can transmit a sensing signal with an initial power (e.g., minimum power). Afterward, the terminal can transmit the sensing signal by gradually increasing the power in specific increments ('powerRampingStepForSensing') until an object is detected.

[0239] For example, the terminal may transmit a sensing signal at an initial power. If the terminal does not detect an object for a certain period of time, the terminal may transmit a sensing signal at a power increased by a specific unit ('powerRampingStepForSensing') from the initial power. If the terminal does not detect an object for a certain period of time, the terminal may transmit a sensing signal at a power increased by a specific unit ('powerRampingStepForSensing') from the previous sensing signal transmission power. This operation may be repeated. However, the transmission power may not exceed the maximum transmission power of the terminal.

[0240] If the terminal detects an object, the terminal may stop increasing the transmission power.

[0241] The transmission power of the sensing signal for detection is determined based on whether detection of the object is successful.

[0242] For example, the transmit power may be increased only if detection fails. The increase in transmit power may no longer be performed if detection is successful.

[0243] The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific examples of the present specification. The names of specific devices and the names of specific signals / messages / fields depicted in the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the drawings.

[0244] Figure 15 shows an example of sensing signal transmission power according to the disclosure of the present specification.

[0245] The increased transmission power over time cannot exceed the terminal's maximum power (e.g., power class max power). For example, if an object continues to go undetected, the transmission power of the sensing signal transmitted by the terminal may not exceed the terminal's maximum power.

[0246] The terminal can transmit a sensing signal at a specific power. If the terminal fails to detect an object for a certain period of time, the terminal can increase the transmission power by a specific unit ('powerRampingStepForSensing') from the previous sensing signal transmission power.

[0247] However, if the power increased by a specific unit ('powerRampingStepForSensing') from the previous sensing signal transmission power exceeds the maximum power of the terminal (e.g., power class max power), the terminal can retransmit the sensing signal with the previous sensing signal transmission power.

[0248] Alternatively, if the power increased by a specific unit ('powerRampingStepForSensing') from the previous sensing signal transmission power exceeds the maximum power of the terminal (e.g., power class max power), the terminal may transmit the sensing signal at the maximum power of the terminal (e.g., power class max power).

[0249] The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific examples of the present specification. The names of specific devices and the names of specific signals / messages / fields depicted in the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the drawings.

[0250] FIG. 16 illustrates another example of sensing signal transmission power according to the disclosure of the present specification.

[0251] The terminal can transmit a sensing signal at an initial power level. If the terminal fails to detect an object for a certain period of time, the terminal can transmit a sensing signal at a power level increased by a specific unit ('powerRampingStepForSensing') from the initial power level. This process can be repeated.

[0252] If the terminal detects an object, the terminal may stop increasing the transmission power.

[0253] The initial power (e.g., minimum power) of the sensing signal can be determined based on a value preset in the terminal and / or a value set from the network.

[0254] For example, the initial power (e.g., minimum power) may be determined as the higher value between a value preset in the terminal and a value set from the network.

[0255] On a case-by-case basis, sensing power can be determined assuming that the object is definitely present.

[0256] The specific unit ('powerRampingStepForSensing') can be a value pre-set / defined in the terminal. The specific unit ('powerRampingStepForSensing') can be 1dB, 2dB, 3dB, or 6dB.

[0257] A specific unit ('powerRampingStepForSensing') can be configured via RRC Configuration from the network.

[0258] (3) Network configuration

[0259] The network can set the sensing power of the terminal (e.g., the initial transmission power of the sensing signal) to the terminal.

[0260] The above-described methods can be performed in combination.

[0261] For example, the sensing power (e.g., the initial transmission power of the sensing signal) may be determined as the higher value between a value preset in the terminal and a value set from the network.

[0262] For example, the sensing power (e.g., the initial transmission power of the sensing signal) may be determined as the lower value between a value preset in the terminal and a value set from the network.

[0263] 2. Recognition and Tracking Phases

[0264] If the detection step is performed and an object is detected, a recognition step or a tracking step may be performed.

[0265] The terminal can determine the transmission power of the sensing signal for recognition or tracking.

[0266] Through the detection phase, the terminal can briefly determine the distance to the object and / or the power level reflected from the object and received. Based on this, the terminal can determine an appropriate transmission power for the sensing signal for recognition or tracking. Alternatively, the transmission power can be determined through another method.

[0267] The following is described below:

[0268] - Method for determining the transmission power of a sensing signal for recognition or tracking

[0269] - How to adjust to the appropriate transmission power

[0270] (1) Method of modifying the initial power of the recognition / tracking stage to an appropriate transmission power.

[0271] The terminal can determine an appropriate transmission power (as described later in 2-(2)). The terminal can adjust the transmission power to the determined transmission power.

[0272] A method in which the terminal is set to an appropriate transmission power at once (one-step) or a method in which it is changed in multiple steps (multi-step) can be used.

[0273] Alternatively, the terminal can transmit the sensing signal using power from the detection phase.

[0274] If the recognition step fails, the terminal can increase the transmission power of the sensing signal in steps. This method can be applied to the ramp-up power control method described above.

[0275] The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific examples of the present specification. The names of specific devices and the names of specific signals / messages / fields depicted in the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the drawings.

[0276] FIG. 17 illustrates an example of a method for changing transmission power in a recognition step and a tracking step according to the disclosure of the present specification.

[0277] 1) one-step

[0278] The terminal can simultaneously modify (or determine) the transmission power of the sensing signal from the transmission power in the detection phase to an appropriate transmission power. The terminal can transmit the sensing signal with the modified (or determined) transmission power.

[0279] For example, an operation may be performed in which the transmission power is changed from the transmission power at the detection stage to an appropriate transmission power at once.

[0280] 2) multi-step

[0281] The terminal can modify (or determine) the transmission power of the sensing signal from the transmission power in the detection step to an appropriate transmission power in multiple steps. The terminal can transmit the sensing signal with the modified (or determined) transmission power.

[0282] For example, an operation may be performed in which the transmission power is modified from the transmission power at the detection stage to an appropriate transmission power over multiple stages.

[0283] The terminal can modify (or determine) the transmission power by subtracting a specific unit ('powerDownStepForSensing') from the transmission power during the detection phase. The terminal can transmit a sensing signal with the modified (or determined) transmission power. After a certain period of time, the terminal can modify (or determine) the transmission power by subtracting a specific unit ('powerDownStepForSensing') from the previous transmission power. These steps can be repeated until the transmission power reaches the appropriate transmission power described above.

[0284] The specific unit ('powerDownStepForSensing') can be 1, 2 or 3 dB.

[0285] (2) Method for determining appropriate transmission power

[0286] The terminal can determine an appropriate transmission power. Based on this, the method for modifying the transmission power described in 2-(1) can be performed.

[0287] Two methods can be used to determine the appropriate transmission power, as described below.

[0288] 1) In the detection stage, the terminal determines based on the reception power of the sensing signal received.

[0289] The terminal transmits the sensing signal at the detection stage with power P detection The object was detected by transmitting it to .

[0290] The terminal can receive a sensing signal reflected by an object at a reception power A0 during the detection phase.

[0291] The threshold value of the terminal's reception power may be Th0. For example, if the terminal receives a sensing signal with a reception power greater than Th0, the terminal can detect the object.

[0292] A0 can be greater than Th0.

[0293] The terminal transmits the sensing signal for the recognition / tracking phase by the existing power P of the detection phase. detection It can be determined by subtracting G0(=A0-Th0) from . In this case, the reception power of the sensing signal reflected by the object and received at the terminal can be at the Th0 level.

[0294] Margin M0 may apply.

[0295] In the recognition / tracking phase, the transmission power of the sensing signal is equal to the existing power P of the detection phase. detection The contrast can be determined / set to a power as low as 'G0 - M0'.

[0296] In the recognition / tracking phase, the transmission power (P) of the sensing signal Tracking ) can be determined as follows:

[0297] - P Tracking =min(P Detection - G0 + M0, maxTxPowerUE), or

[0298] - P Tracking =min(P Detection - G0 + M0, maxTxPowerUE, maxTxpowerNW)

[0299] maxTxPowerUE may be the maximum transmission power according to the power class of the terminal or the maximum transmission power set by the terminal.

[0300] maxTxpowerNW may be the maximum transmission power of the terminal set by the network to the terminal.

[0301] PTracking may be the transmission power of the sensing signal recently transmitted in the detection phase.

[0302] 2) Determine the path loss by calculating it based on the distance to the object detected in the detection stage.

[0303] In the detection phase, the terminal can estimate the distance to the detected object.

[0304] Based on the estimated distance, the line loss PL0 can be determined / calculated.

[0305] The power loss caused by the sensing signal being reflected by an object can be L0.

[0306] In the recognition / tracking phase, the transmission power (P) of the sensing signal Tracking ) can be determined as follows:

[0307] - P Tracking = min(Th0 + M0 + 2*PL0 + L0, maxTxPowerUE), or

[0308] - P Tracking = min (Th0 + M0 + 2*PL0 + L0, LatestDetectionStateTxPwr), or

[0309] - P Tracking = min (Th0 + M0 + 2*PL0 + L0, maxTxPowerUE, maxTxpowerNW), or

[0310] - P Tracking = min(Th0 + M0 + 2PL0 + L0, LatestDetectionStateTxPwr, maxTxPowerUE, maxTxpowerNW)

[0311] maxTxPowerUE may be the maximum transmission power according to the power class of the terminal.

[0312] maxTxpowerNW may be the maximum transmission power of the terminal set by the network to the terminal.

[0313] LatestDetectionStateTxPwr may be the transmission power of the sensing signal most recently transmitted during the detection phase.

[0314] Th0 may be the object detection threshold.

[0315] M0 can be a margin value.

[0316] (3) A method for controlling / adjusting the transmission power after transmitting the sensing signal with the initial power in the tracking stage.

[0317] The terminal can transmit a sensing signal by determining the initial power of the tracking phase as described above. Thereafter, the terminal can appropriately control / adjust the transmission power. The control / adjustment method is described below.

[0318] This method can be applied at the recognition stage.

[0319] For example, in the tracking phase, if the power at which the terminal receives a sensing signal reflected from an object (reception power) decreases, the terminal can increase the transmission power of the sensing signal.

[0320] For example, in the tracking phase, if the power at which the terminal receives a sensing signal reflected from an object (reception power) increases, the terminal can reduce the transmission power of the sensing signal.

[0321] The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific examples of the present specification. The names of specific devices and the names of specific signals / messages / fields depicted in the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the drawings.

[0322] Fig. 18 shows an example of a flowchart of a method for controlling transmission power in a tracking step according to the disclosure of the present specification.

[0323] S0 may be a power control step. S0 may be an allowable range of the transmitted power.

[0324] MeasRxPwr can be a measurement of the received power for the object being tracked.

[0325] CurrTxPwr may be the transmit power of the currently set sensing signal.

[0326] WantedRxPwr may be the reception power at which the terminal receives the sensing signal reflected from the object. WantedRxPwr may be set to the desired reception power level as the reception power of the terminal. WantedRxPwr may be a variable that stores the reception power initially reflected from the object, which is set to CurrTxPwr.

[0327] The terminal can measure the reception power of the sensing signal.

[0328] If the measurement result (MeasRxPwr) exceeds 'WantedRxPwr + S0', CurrTxPwr (transmit power) can be adjusted to a value that reduces S0 from the existing CurrTxPwr.

[0329] If the measurement result (MeasRxPwr) is less than 'WantedRxPwr - S0', CurrTxPwr (transmit power) can be adjusted to a value that increases S0 from the existing CurrTxPwr.

[0330] The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific examples of the present specification. The names of specific devices and the names of specific signals / messages / fields depicted in the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the drawings.

[0331] Figure 19 shows an example of a change in reception power according to a method of controlling transmission power in a tracking step according to the disclosure of the present specification.

[0332] According to Fig. 18, the reception power of the terminal may not deviate from 'WantedRxPwr + S0' and 'WantedRxPwr - S0' as in Fig. 18.

[0333] (4) Tracking one or more objects

[0334] The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific examples of the present specification. The names of specific devices and the names of specific signals / messages / fields depicted in the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the drawings.

[0335] FIG. 20 illustrates an example of tracking an object according to the disclosure of this specification.

[0336] FIG. 21 illustrates an example of tracking multiple objects according to the disclosure of this specification.

[0337] P1 may be the transmission cycle of the sensing signal in the detection phase.

[0338] P2 may be the transmission cycle of the sensing signal in the recognition stage.

[0339] P3 may be the transmission cycle of the sensing signal in the tracking phase.

[0340] The terminal can determine the transmission power of the sensing signal for the detection step.

[0341] The terminal can transmit a sensing signal at a determined transmission power in a P1 cycle.

[0342] In the case of tracking a single object, once the object is detected, the terminal can stop transmitting sensing signals for detection.

[0343] In contrast, when tracking multiple objects, the terminal can continue to transmit sensing signals for detection even if one (or more) objects are detected. For example, regardless of whether an object is detected, the terminal can continue (periodically) transmitting sensing signals for detection in the background. Based on this, the terminal can continuously (periodically) perform detection of sensing signals for detection.

[0344] When an object is detected, the terminal can determine the transmission power of the sensing signal for the recognition / tracking step.

[0345] The timing of transmitting sensing signals for the detection phase and the timing of transmitting sensing signals for the recognition / tracking phase may overlap. In this case, the higher of the transmission powers determined for the detection phase and the recognition / tracking phase may be determined as the transmission power. The terminal may transmit the sensing signal at the determined transmission power.

[0346] For example, if the transmission time of the sensing signal for the detection step and the transmission time of the sensing signal for the tracking step overlap / match, the terminal can transmit the sensing signal based on the step corresponding to the higher power.

[0347] 3. Other

[0348] (1) UE Capability

[0349] The method of modifying / controlling the aforementioned transmission power can be performed by a terminal having the corresponding capability.

[0350] The capability of a terminal to modify / control the transmission power for a sensing signal can be defined as follows:

[0351] - Sensing signal power control non-capable UE

[0352] - Sensing signal power control capable UE

[0353] (2) Priority of communication and sensing

[0354] When communication and sensing are performed simultaneously, the priority of communication and sensing can be determined based on priority. Power corresponding to a higher priority is allocated first, allowing the corresponding operation to be performed. Afterwards, power corresponding to a lower priority is allocated, allowing the corresponding operation to be performed.

[0355] (3) UE power control tolerance requirement

[0356] A terminal with the aforementioned capability may have a UE power control tolerance requirement set.

[0357] Table 3 shows examples of absolute power tolerance.

[0358] ConditionsToleranceNormal[±9.0 dB]

[0359] Table 4 shows examples of relative power tolerance. Relative power tolerance can be a comparison with previously transmitted transmission power.

[0360] Power step deltaP (up or down) (dB)Sensing signal tolerancedeltaP < 2[±2.0 dB]2 <= deltaP < 3[±2.5 dB]3 <= deltaP < 4[±3.0 dB]4 <= deltaP < 10[±3.5 dB]10 <= deltaP < 15[±4.0 dB]15 < deltaP[±5.0 [dB]

[0361] deltaP can be the difference between the current transmission power and the previously transmitted transmission power.

[0362] The figures in Tables 3 and 4 are examples and may be adjusted based on further discussion.

[0363] To test for these conditions, the transmission power of the sensed signal reflected from the TE (Test Equipment) to the DUT (Device Under Test) can be gradually increased or decreased to check whether the relative power tolerance condition is satisfied.

[0364] To test for these conditions, it is easy to check whether the absolute power tolerance condition is satisfied by comparing the actual transmitted power with the transmission power set by the DUT.

[0365] 4. Applicable examples

[0366] An example of the use of power control for the transmission power of sensing signals in ISAC is described.

[0367] The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific examples of the present specification. The names of specific devices and the names of specific signals / messages / fields depicted in the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the drawings.

[0368] Figure 22 illustrates an example of a report by an event according to the disclosure of this specification.

[0369] Sensing can be performed periodically. If the results of sensing are abnormal, a report can be made.

[0370] (1) Patient sleep monitoring

[0371] 1) Scenario

[0372] In a hospital, a patient is lying in bed and an ISAC-enabled terminal may be installed on the ceiling above the bed to monitor the patient's sleep state.

[0373] When an app for monitoring patient sleep status is run on the UE, the UE reports the patient's sleep monitoring results to the network at 10-minute intervals, and if an abnormal sleep status is measured, an action is performed to report immediately instead of at 10-minute intervals.

[0374] 2) Procedure (power control perspective)

[0375] i. step 1

[0376] The transmission power of the sensing signal in the detection phase can be controlled using a ramp-up power control method. 'powerRampingStepForSensing' can be 2 dB.

[0377] The power control method to be applied can be determined at the detection stage in the application.

[0378] For patient sleep monitoring, a ramp-up power control method was applied to minimize interference with the surroundings and radio waves transmitted to the patient without assuming an emergency situation during the detection phase.

[0379] As the initial transmission power increased from -20 dBm in 2 dB increments, the terminal transmitted a sensing signal and detected the sensing signal when it was transmitted at -8 dBm.

[0380] ii. Step 2

[0381] Even during the recognition phase, the transmission power of the sensing signal can be maintained at -8 dB. For example, the sensing signal can be transmitted at a transmission power of -8 dB.

[0382] iii. Step 3

[0383] Even in tracking mode, since the patient is still lying down, the reception power according to the transmission power of -8dB can be maintained with little change within -S0 to +S0 based on the WantedRxPwr standard.

[0384] (2) Intruder recognition

[0385] 1) Scenario

[0386] For long-term travel, the homeowner installed a terminal with ISAC functionality at home.

[0387] The homeowner went on a trip after running an intruder detection application.

[0388] Considering the time the homeowner leaves the house, the intruder detection application can wait 10 minutes from the time it is launched. After 10 minutes, the intruder detection application can monitor the house for intruders.

[0389] In the event of an intruder, the intruder detection application can be set up to notify the homeowner and automatically contact the police.

[0390] 2) Procedure (power control perspective)

[0391] i. step 1

[0392] The transmission power of the sensing signal in the detection phase can be selected and used as either the UE configured power or the network configured power. The transmission power can be high enough to sufficiently sense the indoor environment.

[0393] ii. Step 2

[0394] In the stage where an intruder is detected and recognized, the multi-step method described above can be utilized.

[0395] For example, the terminal can perform the recognition step by reducing the transmission power in stages rather than reducing it all at once from the transmission power in the detection step.

[0396] iii. Step 3

[0397] In intruder detection cases, the tracking step may not be necessary.

[0398] (3) Street pedestrian detection

[0399] 1) Scenario

[0400] In areas with a high incidence of pedestrian accidents, gNBs or terminals supporting ISAC functionality can be installed as part of the transportation infrastructure. These terminals (or gNBs) can detect pedestrians and send warning messages to surrounding vehicles in dangerous situations.

[0401] Detection of pedestrians, recognition to confirm that they are pedestrians, and tracking of the pedestrians can be performed.

[0402] To support tracking of multiple pedestrians, the detection phase can be continuously performed in the background. For example, the transmission of sensing signals for detection can continue regardless of whether a pedestrian is being detected.

[0403] 2) Procedure (power control perspective)

[0404] i. step 1

[0405] The terminal can transmit the sensing signal by selecting the transmission power of the sensing signal in the detection phase as the UE configured power (or network configured power).

[0406] When the gNB transmits a sensing signal, the sensing signal may be transmitted at the maximum power allowed for sensing signal transmission.

[0407] ii. Step 2

[0408] If a new object is detected during the detection phase, the existing detection phase can continue to operate.

[0409] If a new object is detected during the detection phase, a recognition phase for the detected object can be performed.

[0410] At this time, the transmission power of the sensing signal for the recognition step can be applied in a one-step or multi-step manner.

[0411] If the transmission time of the sensing signal for the recognition step overlaps with the transmission time of the sensing signal for the detection step performed in the background, the sensing signal may be transmitted with a higher transmission power among the two.

[0412] iii. Step 3

[0413] In tracking mode, the transmission power can be increased or decreased in units of S0 so that the reception power of the reflected signal exists in the range of -S0 to S0 of WantedRxPwr according to the movement of the pedestrian.

[0414] The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific examples of the present specification. The names of specific devices and the names of specific signals / messages / fields depicted in the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the drawings.

[0415] Figure 23 illustrates a procedure of a UE according to the disclosure of this specification.

[0416] 1. The UE (User Equipment) can transmit the first sensing signal with transmission power.

[0417] 2. The UE may attempt to detect the first sensing signal reflected from an object.

[0418] 3. The UE can increase the transmission power by a specific value.

[0419] Based on the success of the above detection, the UE may skip the step of increasing the transmission power by a specific value.

[0420] 4. Based on the above detection failure, the UE can transmit a second sensing signal with the increased transmission power.

[0421] The step of the UE increasing the transmission power by a specific value may be: based on the fact that the value of the transmission power increased by the specific value exceeds the maximum transmission power according to the power class of the UE, the UE may skip the step of increasing the transmission power by the specific value.

[0422] The step of the UE transmitting the second sensing signal includes: the UE can transmit the second sensing signal with the transmission power.

[0423] The step of attempting the detection may include: the step of the UE receiving the first sensing signal reflected from the object; and the step of the UE determining whether the power at which the first sensing signal is received exceeds a threshold value.

[0424] The detection may be successful based on the power at which the UE receives the first sensing signal exceeding a threshold.

[0425] The detection may be failed based on the power at which the UE receives the first sensing signal not exceeding a threshold.

[0426] The above UE can select one of power by UE setting, power by network setting, and power by ramping.

[0427] Based on the above selection, the UE can determine the transmission power.

[0428] The step of the UE transmitting the first sensing signal with the transmission power may be performed based on the determined transmission power.

[0429] Based on the success of the above detection, the UE can determine the recognition transmission power for recognition.

[0430] The above UE can transmit a sensing signal for recognition at the above transmission power.

[0431] The above UE can determine whether the object is a target object.

[0432] The step of determining the above recognition transmission power is: the UE can determine the recognition transmission power based on the above transmission power.

[0433] The step of determining the above recognition transmission power is: the UE can determine the recognition transmission power based on the distance to the object.

[0434] Based on determining that the object is a target object, the UE can track the object.

[0435] The step of the UE tracking the object may further include: the step of the UE transmitting a tracking sensing signal for the tracking with a tracking transmission power; and the step of the UE receiving the tracking sensing signal reflected from the object.

[0436] The step of the UE tracking the object may further include: a step in which the UE determines to reduce the tracking transmission power by a specific value based on the fact that the reception power of the tracking sensing signal received by the UE is greater than an ideal reception power plus a specific value; a step in which the UE determines to increase the tracking transmission power by a specific value based on the fact that the reception power of the tracking sensing signal received by the UE is less than a value in which the ideal reception power minus a specific value; a step in which the UE transmits a new tracking sensing signal for the tracking with the determined tracking transmission power; and a step in which the UE receives the new tracking sensing signal reflected from the object.

[0437] After the above detection is successful, the UE can transmit a detection sensing signal with the above transmission power and period T.

[0438] After the above detection is successful, the UE may attempt to detect the detection sensing signal reflected from another object with a period T.

[0439] The above UE can transmit capability information indicating that it is capable of controlling the power of a sensing signal to the network.

[0440] Hereinafter, a device for performing communication according to some embodiments of the present specification will be described.

[0441] For example, a device may include a processor, a transceiver, and memory.

[0442] For example, a processor may be configured to be operatively coupled with memory and a processor.

[0443] The operations performed by the processor may include: a step of a UE (User Equipment) transmitting a first sensing signal with a transmission power; a step of the UE attempting to detect the first sensing signal reflected from an object; a step of the UE increasing the transmission power by a specific value; and a step of the UE skipping the step of increasing the transmission power by the specific value based on the detection being successful, and a step of the UE transmitting a second sensing signal with the increased transmission power based on the detection being unsuccessful.

[0444] Below, a processor of a device for providing communication according to some embodiments of the present specification is described.

[0445] The operations performed by the processor may include: a step of a UE (User Equipment) transmitting a first sensing signal with a transmission power; a step of the UE attempting to detect the first sensing signal reflected from an object; a step of the UE increasing the transmission power by a specific value; and a step of the UE skipping the step of increasing the transmission power by the specific value based on the detection being successful, and a step of the UE transmitting a second sensing signal with the increased transmission power based on the detection being unsuccessful.

[0446] Hereinafter, a non-volatile computer-readable medium storing one or more commands for providing mobile communication according to some embodiments of the present specification is described.

[0447] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the technical features of the present disclosure may be implemented directly in hardware, software executed by a processor, or a combination of the two. For example, a method performed by a wireless device in wireless communication may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. For example, the software may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, a hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or other storage media.

[0448] Some examples of storage media are coupled to the processor, allowing the processor to read information from the storage media. Alternatively, the storage media may be integrated into the processor. The processor and storage media may reside in an ASIC. In other examples, the processor and storage media may reside as separate components.

[0449] Computer-readable media may include tangible and non-volatile computer-readable storage media.

[0450] For example, nonvolatile computer-readable media may include random access memory (RAM), such as synchronized dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), read-only memory (ROM), non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM), read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, magnetic or optical data storage media, or any other media that can be used to store instructions or data structures. Nonvolatile computer-readable media may also include combinations of the above.

[0451] Additionally, the methods described herein can be realized at least in part by a computer-readable communication medium that carries or transmits code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed, read, and / or executed by a computer.

[0452] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a non-transitory computer-readable medium has one or more instructions stored thereon. The one or more stored instructions can be executed by a processor of a base station.

[0453] The one or more stored instructions may include: a step of a UE (User Equipment) transmitting a first sensing signal at a transmission power; a step of the UE attempting to detect the first sensing signal reflected from an object; a step of the UE increasing the transmission power by a specific value; and a step of the UE skipping the step of increasing the transmission power by the specific value based on a success of the detection, and a step of the UE transmitting a second sensing signal at the increased transmission power based on a failure of the detection.

[0454] Specifications can have a variety of effects.

[0455] For example, the terminal can transmit a sensing signal with an appropriate transmit power.

[0456] The effects that can be achieved through specific examples of this specification are not limited to the effects listed above. For example, a person with ordinary skill in the relevant technical field may understand or derive various technical effects from this specification. Accordingly, the specific effects of this specification are not limited to those explicitly described herein, but may include various effects that can be understood or derived from the technical features of this specification.

[0457] The claims set forth in this specification may be combined in various ways. For example, the technical features of the method claims of this specification may be combined to implement a device, and the technical features of the device claims of this specification may be combined to implement a method. Furthermore, the technical features of the method claims and the technical features of the device claims of this specification may be combined to implement a device, and the technical features of the method claims and the technical features of the device claims of this specification may be combined to implement a method. Other implementations are within the scope of the claims.

Claims

1. As a method, A step in which a UE (User Equipment) transmits a first sensing signal with transmission power; A step in which the UE attempts to detect the first sensing signal reflected from an object; A step in which the UE increases the transmission power by a specific value; Based on the success of the above detection, the UE skips the step of increasing the transmission power by a certain value, A method comprising the step of the UE transmitting a second sensing signal with the increased transmission power based on the failure of the above detection.

2. In paragraph 1, The step of the UE increasing the transmission power by a specific value is: Based on the fact that the value of increasing the transmission power by a specific value exceeds the maximum transmission power by the power class of the UE, the UE skips the step of increasing the transmission power by a specific value, The step of the UE transmitting the second sensing signal is: a method in which the UE transmits the second sensing signal with the transmission power.

3. In paragraph 1, The steps to attempt the above detection are: A step in which the UE receives the first sensing signal reflected from the object; The UE comprises a step of determining whether the power at which the first sensing signal is received exceeds a threshold value, The detection is successful based on the power at which the UE receives the first sensing signal exceeding a threshold value, A method wherein the detection is failed based on the power at which the UE receives the first sensing signal not exceeding a threshold.

4. In paragraph 1, A step in which the UE selects one of power by UE settings, power by network settings, and power by ramping; Based on the above selection, the UE further includes a step of determining the transmission power, The step of transmitting the first sensing signal with the transmission power by the UE is: a method performed based on the determined transmission power.

5. In paragraph 1, A step of determining a recognition transmission power for recognition by the UE based on the success of the above detection; A step in which the UE transmits a sensing signal for recognition at the transmission power; A method further comprising the step of the UE determining whether the object is a target object.

6. In paragraph 5, The step of determining the above recognition transmission power is: a method in which the UE determines the recognition transmission power based on the above transmission power.

7. In paragraph 5, The step of determining the above recognition transmission power is: a method in which the UE determines the recognition transmission power based on the distance to the object.

8. In paragraph 5, Based on the determination that the object is a target object, the UE further includes a step of tracking the object, The steps of the UE tracking the object are: A step in which the UE transmits a tracking sensing signal for the tracking at a tracking transmission power; A method further comprising the step of the UE receiving the tracking sensing signal reflected from the object.

9. In paragraph 8, The steps of the UE tracking the object are: A step of determining that the UE reduces the tracking transmission power by the specific value based on the fact that the reception power of the tracking sensing signal received by the UE is greater than the ideal reception power plus a specific value; A step of determining that the UE increases the tracking transmission power by the specific value based on the fact that the reception power of the tracking sensing signal received by the UE is less than a value obtained by subtracting a specific value from the ideal reception power; A step in which the UE transmits a new tracking sensing signal for the tracking with the determined tracking transmission power; A method further comprising the step of the UE receiving the new tracking sensing signal reflected from the object.

10. In paragraph 5, After the above detection is successful, the UE transmits a detection sensing signal with the transmission power and period T; A method further comprising, after the above detection is successful, a step of the UE attempting to detect the detection sensing signal reflected from another object with a period T.

11. In paragraph 1, A method further comprising the step of transmitting capability information indicating that the UE is capable of power control of a sensing signal to the network.

12. As a UE (User Equipment) performing communication, At least one transmitter and receiver; Contains at least one processor, A UE wherein the operation performed by at least one processor is a method according to any one of claims 1 to 11.

13. As an apparatus in mobile communication, at least one processor; and At least one memory storing instructions and being operably electrically connected to at least one processor, A device wherein the operation performed based on the command being executed by at least one processor is a method according to any one of claims 1 to 11.

14. A non-volatile computer-readable storage medium that records commands, A non-volatile computer-readable storage medium, wherein the instructions, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform an operation according to any one of claims 1 to 11.

Images