Offloading method using GNSS function

Abstract

An embodiment of the present disclosure provides a method by which a user equipment (UE) communicates. The method comprises the steps of: receiving, by a UE, a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) on command from a base station; turning, by the UE, a GNSS on, on the basis of the GNSS on command; measuring, by the UE, a non-terrestrial network (NTN) satellite; and performing, by the UE, handover to the NTN satellite on the basis of a result of the measurement.

Description

Offloading method using GNSS function

[0001] This specification relates to mobile communications.

[0002] 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) LTE (Long-Term Evolution) is a technology designed to enable high-speed packet communications. Numerous approaches have been proposed to achieve LTE's goals of reducing costs for users and operators, improving service quality, expanding coverage, and increasing system capacity. 3GPP LTE's high-level requirements include reduced cost per bit, improved service availability, flexible use of frequency bands, a simple architecture, open interfaces, and adequate power consumption for terminals.

[0003] The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and 3GPP have begun work on developing requirements and specifications for new radio (NR) systems. 3GPP must identify and develop the technical components necessary to successfully standardize NR in a timely manner, meeting both urgent market needs and the longer-term requirements outlined by the ITU-R (ITU radio communication sector) International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT)-2020 process. NR must also be able to utilize any spectrum band up to at least 100 GHz, ensuring that it remains available for wireless communications well into the future.

[0004] NR aims to be a single technology framework that addresses all deployment scenarios, usage scenarios, and requirements, including enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine type communications (mMTC), and ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC). NR must be inherently forward-compatible.

[0005] The terminal receives the GNSS on command and performs an operation for offloading.

[0006] Figure 1 illustrates an example of a communication system to which the implementation of this specification is applied.

[0007] Figure 2 illustrates an example of a wireless device to which the implementation of the present specification is applied.

[0008] Figure 3 shows an example of a UE to which the implementation of this specification is applied.

[0009] Figure 4 is a diagram showing an example of a communication structure that can be provided in a 6G system.

[0010] Figure 5 shows an example of an electromagnetic spectrum.

[0011] Figure 6 illustrates an example of subframe types in NR.

[0012] Figure 7 is an example diagram showing an example of SSB in NR.

[0013] Figure 8 is an exemplary diagram showing an example of beam sweeping in NR.

[0014] Figure 9 is an example diagram showing an example of NTN.

[0015] Figure 10 shows an example of service coverage of an NGSO satellite.

[0016] Figure 11 shows examples of NTN coverage and NT coverage.

[0017] Figure 12 illustrates an example of a GNSS status request and response according to the disclosure of this specification.

[0018] Figure 13 illustrates an example of a GNSS command according to the disclosure of this specification.

[0019] Figure 14 illustrates an example of a procedure according to the disclosure of this specification.

[0020] Figure 15 illustrates the UE's procedure for disclosure of this specification.

[0021] Figure 16 illustrates the base station's procedure for the disclosure of this specification.

[0022] The following techniques, devices, and systems can be applied to various wireless multiple access systems. Examples of multiple access systems include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and multicarrier frequency division multiple access (MC-FDMA) systems. CDMA can be implemented via wireless technologies such as universal terrestrial radio access (UTRA) or CDMA2000. TDMA can be implemented via wireless technologies such as global system for mobile communications (GSM), general packet radio service (GPRS), or enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE). OFDMA can be implemented using wireless technologies such as IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, or E-UTRA (evolved UTRA). UTRA is part of UMTS (universal mobile telecommunications system). 3GPP (3rd generation partnership project) LTE (long-term evolution) is part of E-UMTS (evolved UMTS) that uses E-UTRA.3GPP LTE uses OFDMA in the downlink (DL) and SC-FDMA in the uplink (UL). Evolution of 3GPP LTE includes LTE-A (advanced), LTE-A Pro, and / or 5G NR (new radio).

[0023] For convenience of explanation, the implementation of this specification is primarily described in relation to a 3GPP-based wireless communication system. However, the technical features of this specification are not limited thereto. For example, the following detailed description is provided based on a mobile communication system corresponding to a 3GPP-based wireless communication system. However, aspects of this specification that are not limited to a 3GPP-based wireless communication system can be applied to other mobile communication systems.

[0024] For terms and technologies used in this specification that are not specifically described, reference may be made to wireless communication standard documents published prior to this specification.

[0025] As used herein, "A or B" can mean "only A," "only B," or "both A and B." Alternatively, as used herein, "A or B" can be interpreted as "A and / or B." For example, as used herein, "A, B or C" can mean "only A," "only B," "only C," or "any combination of A, B and C."

[0026] As used herein, a slash ( / ) or a comma can mean "and / or." For example, "A / B" can mean "A and / or B." Accordingly, "A / B" can mean "only A," "only B," or "both A and B." For example, "A, B, C" can mean "A, B, or C."

[0027] In this specification, “at least one of A and B” may mean “only A,” “only B,” or “both A and B.” Additionally, in this specification, the expressions “at least one of A or B” or “at least one of A and / or B” may be interpreted identically to “at least one of A and B.”

[0028] Additionally, in this specification, “at least one of A, B and C” can mean “only A”, “only B”, “only C”, or “any combination of A, B and C”. Additionally, “at least one of A, B or C” or “at least one of A, B and / or C” can mean “at least one of A, B and C”.

[0029] Additionally, parentheses used herein may mean "for example." Specifically, when indicated as "control information (PDCCH)", "PDCCH" may be proposed as an example of "control information." In other words, "control information" in this specification is not limited to "PDCCH," and "PDCCH" may be proposed as an example of "control information." Furthermore, even when indicated as "control information (i.e., PDCCH)", "PDCCH" may be proposed as an example of "control information."

[0030] Technical features individually described in a single drawing in this specification may be implemented individually or simultaneously.

[0031] Although not limited thereto, the various descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein may be applied to various fields requiring wireless communication and / or connectivity between devices (e.g., 5G).

[0032] Hereinafter, the present specification will be described in more detail with reference to the drawings. In the following drawings and / or description, the same reference numbers may refer to the same or corresponding hardware blocks, software blocks, and / or functional blocks, unless otherwise indicated.

[0033] Figure 1 illustrates an example of a communication system to which the implementation of this specification is applied.

[0034] The 5G usage scenario shown in FIG. 1 is only an example, and the technical features of this specification can be applied to other 5G usage scenarios not shown in FIG. 1.

[0035] The three main requirement categories for 5G are (1) enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), (2) massive machine type communication (mMTC), and (3) ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC).

[0036] Referring to FIG. 1, a communication system (1) includes wireless devices (100a to 100f), a base station (BS; 200), and a network (300). FIG. 1 illustrates a 5G network as an example of a network of the communication system (1), but the implementation of the present disclosure is not limited to a 5G system and can be applied to future communication systems beyond the 5G system.

[0037] The base station (200) and the network (300) may be implemented as wireless devices, and a particular wireless device may operate as a base station / network node in relation to other wireless devices.

[0038] Wireless devices (100a to 100f) refer to devices that perform communication using radio access technology (RAT) (e.g., 5G NR or LTE) and may also be referred to as communication / wireless / 5G devices. Wireless devices (100a to 100f) may include, but are not limited to, robots (100a), vehicles (100b-1 and 100b-2), extended reality (XR) devices (100c), portable devices (100d), home appliances (100e), IoT devices (100f), and artificial intelligence (AI) devices / servers (400). For example, vehicles may include vehicles having wireless communication capabilities, autonomous vehicles, and vehicles capable of performing vehicle-to-vehicle communication. Vehicles may include unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) (e.g., drones). XR devices may include AR / VR / mixed reality (MR) devices, and may be implemented in the form of head-mounted devices (HMDs) and heads-up displays (HUDs) mounted on vehicles, televisions, smartphones, computers, wearable devices, home appliances, digital signs, vehicles, robots, etc. Portable devices may include smartphones, smart pads, wearable devices (e.g., smart watches or smart glasses), and computers (e.g., laptops). Home appliances may include TVs, refrigerators, and washing machines. IoT devices may include sensors and smart meters.

[0039] In this specification, wireless devices (100a to 100f) may be referred to as user equipment (UE). The UE may include, for example, a mobile phone, a smartphone, a laptop computer, a digital broadcasting terminal, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a portable multimedia player (PMP), a navigation system, a slate PC, a tablet PC, an ultrabook, a vehicle, a vehicle with autonomous driving functions, a connected car, a UAV, an AI module, a robot, an AR device, a VR device, an MR device, a holographic device, a public safety device, an MTC device, an IoT device, a medical device, a fintech device (or a financial device), a security device, a weather / environmental device, a 5G service-related device, or a 4th industrial revolution-related device.

[0040] For example, a UAV may be an aircraft that is unmanned and navigated by radio control signals.

[0041] For example, a VR device may include a device for implementing objects or backgrounds in a virtual environment. For example, an AR device may include a device that implements objects or backgrounds in a virtual world by connecting them to objects or backgrounds in the real world. For example, an MR device may include a device that implements objects or backgrounds in a virtual world by merging them with objects or backgrounds in the real world. For example, a holographic device may include a device that implements 360-degree stereoscopic images by recording and reproducing three-dimensional information using the light interference phenomenon that occurs when two laser lights, called holograms, meet.

[0042] For example, a public safety device may include an image relay device or imaging device that can be worn on the user's body.

[0043] For example, MTC devices and IoT devices may be devices that do not require direct human intervention or manipulation. Examples include smart meters, vending machines, thermometers, smart light bulbs, door locks, or various sensors.

[0044] For example, a medical device may be a device used for the purpose of diagnosing, treating, alleviating, curing, or preventing a disease. For example, a medical device may be a device used for diagnosing, treating, alleviating, or correcting an injury or damage. For example, a medical device may be a device used for the purpose of examining, replacing, or modifying a structure or function. For example, a medical device may be a device used for the purpose of regulating pregnancy. For example, a medical device may include a therapeutic device, a driving device, an (in vitro) diagnostic device, a hearing aid, or a surgical device.

[0045] For example, a security device may be a device installed to prevent potential hazards and maintain safety. For example, a security device may be a camera, closed-circuit television (CCTV), a recorder, or a black box.

[0046] For example, a fintech device may be a device capable of providing financial services, such as mobile payments. For example, a fintech device may include a payment device or a point-of-sale system.

[0047] For example, a weather / environment device may include a device that monitors or predicts the weather / environment.

[0048] Wireless devices (100a to 100f) can be connected to a network (300) via a base station (200). AI technology can be applied to the wireless devices (100a to 100f), and the wireless devices (100a to 100f) can be connected to an AI server (400) via the network (300). The network (300) can be configured using a 3G network, a 4G (e.g., LTE) network, a 5G (e.g., NR) network, and a network after 5G. The wireless devices (100a to 100f) can communicate with each other via the base station (200) / network (300), but can also communicate directly (e.g., sidelink communication) without going through the base station (200) / network (300). For example, vehicles (100b-1, 100b-2) can communicate directly (e.g., vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) / vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication). Additionally, IoT devices (e.g., sensors) can communicate directly with other IoT devices (e.g., sensors) or other wireless devices (100a to 100f).

[0049] Wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c) can be established between wireless devices (100a to 100f) and / or between wireless devices (100a to 100f) and a base station (200) and / or between base stations (200). Here, the wireless communication / connection can be established through various RATs (e.g., 5G NR), such as uplink / downlink communication (150a), sidelink communication (150b) (or, device-to-device (D2D) communication), and base station-to-base station communication (150c) (e.g., relay, integrated access and backhaul (IAB)). Through the wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c), the wireless devices (100a to 100f) and the base station (200) can transmit / receive wireless signals to / from each other. For example, wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c) can transmit / receive signals through various physical channels. To this end, at least some of the various configuration information setting processes for transmitting / receiving wireless signals, various signal processing processes (e.g., channel encoding / decoding, modulation / demodulation, resource mapping / demapping, etc.), and resource allocation processes can be performed based on various proposals of the present specification.

[0050] AI is the study of artificial intelligence or the methodologies for creating it, while machine learning (ML) defines various problems in the field of AI and studies the methodologies for solving them. Machine learning is also defined as an algorithm that improves performance on a task through consistent experience.

[0051] A robot can be defined as a machine that automatically processes or operates a given task based on its own capabilities. Specifically, a robot capable of perceiving its environment, making decisions, and performing actions on its own can be called an intelligent robot. Robots can be categorized into industrial, medical, household, and military applications based on their intended use or field. Robots are equipped with a drive unit, including an actuator or motor, enabling them to perform various physical actions, such as moving robot joints. Furthermore, mobile robots include wheels, brakes, and propellers in their drive unit, enabling them to drive on the ground or fly in the air.

[0052] Autonomous driving refers to the technology of driving on one's own, while autonomous vehicles refer to vehicles that drive without, or with minimal, user intervention. For example, autonomous driving can include technologies such as lane keeping, automatic speed control like adaptive cruise control, autonomous driving along a set route, and autonomous driving based on a set destination. Vehicles encompass all types of vehicles: those with internal combustion engines, hybrid vehicles with both internal combustion engines and electric motors, and electric vehicles with only electric motors. These vehicles can include not only cars but also trains and motorcycles. Autonomous vehicles can be viewed as robots with autonomous driving capabilities.

[0053] Extended reality is a general term for VR, AR, and MR. VR technology provides real-world objects and backgrounds as CG images only, AR technology provides virtual CG images over images of real objects, and MR technology is a CG technology that mixes and combines virtual objects with the real world. MR technology is similar to AR in that it displays real and virtual objects together. However, there is a difference: while AR uses virtual objects to complement real objects, MR uses virtual and real objects equally.

[0054] NR supports multiple numerologies, or subcarrier spacing (SCS), to support diverse 5G services. For example, an SCS of 15 kHz supports wide areas in traditional cellular bands; an SCS of 30 kHz / 60 kHz supports dense urban areas, lower latency, and wider carrier bandwidth; and an SCS of 60 kHz or higher supports bandwidths greater than 24.25 GHz to overcome phase noise.

[0055] The NR frequency band can be defined by two types of frequency ranges (FR1 and FR2). The numerical values ​​of the frequency ranges can be changed. For example, the two types of frequency ranges (FR1 and FR2) can be as shown in Table 1 below. For convenience of explanation, among the frequency ranges used in NR systems, FR1 can mean the "sub-6GHz range," and FR2 can mean the "above 6GHz range," which can be referred to as millimeter wave (mmW).

[0056] Frequency Range DefinitionFrequency RangeSubcarrier SpacingFR1450MHz - 6000MHz15, 30, 60kHzFR224250MHz - 52600MHz60, 120, 240kHz

[0057] As described above, the numerical value of the frequency range of the NR system can be changed. For example, FR1 may include a band from 410 MHz to 7125 MHz, as shown in Table 2 below. That is, FR1 may include frequency bands above 6 GHz (or 5850, 5900, 5925 MHz, etc.). For example, the frequency bands above 6 GHz (or 5850, 5900, 5925 MHz, etc.) included within FR1 may include unlicensed bands. Unlicensed bands can be used for various purposes, such as for communications for vehicles (e.g., autonomous driving).

[0058] Frequency Range DefinitionFrequency RangeSubcarrier SpacingFR1410MHz - 7125MHz15, 30, 60kHzFR224250MHz - 52600MHz60, 120, 240kHz

[0059] Here, the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless device of the present specification may include not only LTE, NR, and 6G, but also narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) for low-power communication. For example, NB-IoT technology may be an example of LPWAN (low power wide area network) technology and may be implemented with standards such as LTE Cat NB1 and / or LTE Cat NB2, and is not limited to the above-described names. Additionally or alternatively, the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless device of the present specification may perform communication based on LTE-M technology. For example, LTE-M technology may be an example of LPWAN technology and may be called by various names such as eMTC (enhanced MTC). For example, LTE-M technology can be implemented by at least one of various standards such as 1) LTE CAT 0, 2) LTE Cat M1, 3) LTE Cat M2, 4) LTE non-BL (non-bandwidth limited), 5) LTE-MTC, 6) LTE MTC, and / or 7) LTE M, and is not limited to the above-described names. Additionally or alternatively, the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless device of the present specification can include at least one of ZigBee, Bluetooth, and / or LPWAN considering low-power communication, and is not limited to the above-described names. For example, ZigBee technology can create PAN (personal area networks) related to small / low-power digital communication based on various standards such as IEEE 802.15.4, and can be called by various names.

[0060] Figure 2 illustrates an example of a wireless device to which the implementation of the present specification is applied.

[0061] In FIG. 2, the first wireless device (100) and / or the second wireless device (200) may be implemented in various forms depending on the use case / service. For example, {the first wireless device (100) and the second wireless device (200)} may correspond to at least one of {the wireless devices (100a to 100f) and the base station (200)}, {the wireless devices (100a to 100f) and the wireless devices (100a to 100f)}, and / or {the base station (200) and the base station (200)} of FIG. 1. The first wireless device (100) and / or the second wireless device (200) may be configured by various components, devices / parts, and / or modules.

[0062] The first wireless device (100) may include at least one transceiver, such as a transceiver (106), at least one processing chip, such as a processing chip (101), and / or one or more antennas (108).

[0063] The processing chip (101) may include at least one processor, such as a processor (102), and at least one memory, such as a memory (104). Additionally and / or alternatively, the memory (104) may be located external to the processing chip (101).

[0064] The processor (102) may control the memory (104) and / or the transceiver (106) and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the processor (102) may process information in the memory (104) to generate first information / signal and transmit a wireless signal including the first information / signal via the transceiver (106). The processor (102) may receive a wireless signal including second information / signal via the transceiver (106) and store information obtained by processing the second information / signal in the memory (104).

[0065] A memory (104) may be operatively connected to the processor (102). The memory (104) may store various types of information and / or instructions. The memory (104) may store firmware and / or software code (105) that implements code, instructions and / or sets of instructions that, when executed by the processor (102), perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the firmware and / or software code (105) may implement instructions that, when executed by the processor (102), perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the firmware and / or software code (105) may control the processor (102) to perform one or more protocols. For example, the firmware and / or software code (105) may control the processor (102) to perform one or more air interface protocol layers.

[0066] Here, the processor (102) and memory (104) may be part of a communication modem / circuit / chip designed to implement a RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). A transceiver (106) may be connected to the processor (102) and may transmit and / or receive wireless signals via one or more antennas (108). Each transceiver (106) may include a transmitter and / or a receiver. The transceiver (106) may be used interchangeably with an RF (radio frequency) unit. In the present specification, the first wireless device (100) may represent a communication modem / circuit / chip.

[0067] The second wireless device (200) may include at least one transceiver, such as a transceiver (206), at least one processing chip, such as a processing chip (201), and / or one or more antennas (208).

[0068] The processing chip (201) may include at least one processor, such as a processor (202), and at least one memory, such as a memory (204). Additionally and / or alternatively, the memory (204) may be located external to the processing chip (201).

[0069] The processor (202) may control the memory (204) and / or the transceiver (206) and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the processor (202) may process information in the memory (204) to generate third information / signal and transmit a wireless signal including the third information / signal via the transceiver (206). The processor (202) may receive a wireless signal including fourth information / signal via the transceiver (206) and store information obtained by processing the fourth information / signal in the memory (204).

[0070] A memory (204) may be operatively connected to the processor (202). The memory (204) may store various types of information and / or instructions. The memory (204) may store firmware and / or software code (205) that implements instruction codes, commands and / or sets of instructions that, when executed by the processor (202), perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the firmware and / or software code (205) may implement instructions that, when executed by the processor (202), perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the firmware and / or software code (205) may control the processor (202) to perform one or more protocols. For example, the firmware and / or software code (205) may control the processor (202) to perform one or more air interface protocol layers.

[0071] Here, the processor (202) and memory (204) may be part of a communication modem / circuit / chip designed to implement a RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). A transceiver (206) may be connected to the processor (202) and may transmit and / or receive wireless signals via one or more antennas (208). Each transceiver (206) may include a transmitter and / or a receiver. The transceiver (206) may be used interchangeably with the RF unit. In the present specification, the second wireless device (200) may represent a communication modem / circuit / chip.

[0072] Hereinafter, hardware elements of the wireless device (100, 200) will be described in more detail. Although not limited thereto, one or more protocol layers may be implemented by one or more processors (102, 202). For example, one or more processors (102, 202) may implement one or more layers (e.g., functional layers such as a physical (PHY) layer, a media access control (MAC) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio resource control (RRC) layer, and a service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer). One or more processors (102, 202) may generate one or more protocol data units (PDUs), one or more service data units (SDUs), messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. One or more processors (102, 202) can generate signals (e.g., baseband signals) including PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein and provide the signals to one or more transceivers (106, 206). One or more processors (102, 202) can receive signals (e.g., baseband signals) from one or more transceivers (106, 206) and obtain PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein.

[0073] The one or more processors (102, 202) may be referred to as a controller, a microcontroller, a microprocessor, and / or a microcomputer. The one or more processors (102, 202) may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software, and / or a combination thereof. For example, one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), one or more digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), one or more programmable logic devices (PLDs), and / or one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) may be included in the one or more processors (102, 202). For example, the one or more processors (102, 202) may be configured by a set of a communication control processor, an application processor (AP), an electronic control unit (ECU), a central processing unit (CPU), a graphic processing unit (GPU), and a memory control processor.

[0074] One or more memories (104, 204) may be coupled to one or more processors (102, 202) and may store various forms of data, signals, messages, information, programs, codes, instructions, and / or commands. The one or more memories (104, 204) may be configured as random access memory (RAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), flash memory, volatile memory, nonvolatile memory, hard drive, register, cache memory, computer-readable storage media, and / or combinations thereof. The one or more memories (104, 204) may be located internally and / or externally to the one or more processors (102, 202). Additionally, the one or more memories (104, 204) may be coupled to the one or more processors (102, 202) via various technologies, such as wired or wireless connections.

[0075] One or more transceivers (106, 206) can transmit user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., referred to in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or flowcharts disclosed herein to one or more other devices. One or more transceivers (106, 206) can receive user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., referred to in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or flowcharts disclosed herein from one or more other devices. For example, one or more transceivers (106, 206) can be coupled to one or more processors (102, 202) and can transmit and receive wireless signals. For example, one or more processors (102, 202) can control one or more transceivers (106, 206) to transmit user data, control information, wireless signals, etc., to one or more other devices. Additionally, one or more processors (102, 202) may control one or more transceivers (106, 206) to receive user data, control information, wireless signals, etc. from one or more other devices.

[0076] One or more transceivers (106, 206) may be coupled to one or more antennas (108, 208). Additionally and / or alternatively, one or more transceivers (106, 206) may include one or more antennas (108, 208). One or more transceivers (106, 206) may be configured to transmit and receive user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., as described in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein via one or more antennas (108, 208). In the present specification, one or more antennas (108, 208) may be multiple physical antennas or multiple logical antennas (e.g., antenna ports).

[0077] One or more transceivers (106, 206) may convert received user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. from RF band signals to baseband signals in order to process the received user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. using one or more processors (102, 202). One or more transceivers (106, 206) may convert processed user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. from baseband signals to RF band signals using one or more processors (102, 202). For this purpose, one or more transceivers (106, 206) may include an (analog) oscillator and / or a filter. For example, one or more transceivers (106, 206) may up-convert an OFDM baseband signal to an OFDM signal via an (analog) oscillator and / or filter under the control of one or more processors (102, 202) and transmit the up-converted OFDM signal at a carrier frequency. One or more transceivers (106, 206) may receive an OFDM signal at a carrier frequency and down-convert the OFDM signal to an OFDM baseband signal via an (analog) oscillator and / or filter under the control of one or more processors (102, 202).

[0078] Although not illustrated in FIG. 2, the wireless device (100, 200) may further include additional components. The additional components (140) may be configured in various ways depending on the type of the wireless device (100, 200). For example, the additional components (140) may include at least one of a power unit / battery, an input / output (I / O) device (e.g., an audio I / O port, a video I / O port), a driving device, and a computing device. The additional components (140) may be connected to one or more processors (102, 202) via various technologies, such as a wired or wireless connection.

[0079] In the implementation of the present specification, a UE can operate as a transmitter in the uplink (UL) and as a receiver in the downlink (DL). In the implementation of the present specification, a base station can operate as a receiver in the UL and as a transmitter in the DL. For the sake of convenience of description, it is mainly assumed below that the first wireless device (100) operates as a UE and the second wireless device (200) operates as a base station. For example, a processor (102) connected to, mounted on, or released in the first wireless device (100) can be configured to perform UE operations according to the implementation of the present specification or to control a transceiver (106) to perform UE operations according to the implementation of the present specification. A processor (202) connected to, mounted on, or released in the second wireless device (200) can be configured to perform base station operations according to the implementation of the present specification or to control a transceiver (206) to perform base station operations according to the implementation of the present specification.

[0080] In this specification, a base station may be referred to as a Node B, an eNode B (eNB), or a gNB.

[0081] Figure 3 shows an example of a UE to which the implementation of this specification is applied.

[0082] Referring to FIG. 3, the UE (100) can correspond to the first wireless device (100) of FIG. 2.

[0083] The UE (100) includes a processor (102), memory (104), a transceiver (106), one or more antennas (108), a power management module (141), a battery (142), a display (143), a keypad (144), a SIM (Subscriber Identification Module) card (145), a speaker (146), and a microphone (147).

[0084] The processor (102) may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or flowcharts disclosed herein. The processor (102) may be configured to control one or more other components of the UE (100) to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or flowcharts disclosed herein. A layer of a radio interface protocol may be implemented in the processor (102). The processor (102) may include an ASIC, other chipsets, logic circuits and / or data processing devices. The processor (102) may be an application processor. The processor (102) may include at least one of a DSP, a CPU (Central Processing Unit), a GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), and a modem (modulator and demodulator). An example of the processor (102) is the SNAPDRAGON manufactured by Qualcomm®. TM Series processors, EXYNOS made by Samsung® TM Series processors, A-series processors made by Apple®, HELIO made by MediaTek® TM ATOM series processors made by Intel® TM It can be found in the series processors or the corresponding next-generation processors.

[0085] Memory (104) is operatively coupled to the processor (102) and stores various information for operating the processor (102). Memory (104) may include ROM, RAM, flash memory, memory cards, storage media, and / or other storage devices. When the implementation is implemented in software, the techniques described herein may be implemented using modules (e.g., procedures, functions, etc.) that perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods, and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. The modules may be stored in memory (104) and executed by the processor (102). Memory (104) may be implemented within the processor (102) or external to the processor (102), in which case it may be communicatively coupled to the processor (102) via various methods known in the art.

[0086] A transceiver (106) is operably coupled to the processor (102) and transmits and / or receives a radio signal. The transceiver (106) includes a transmitter and a receiver. The transceiver (106) may include a baseband circuit for processing a radio frequency signal. The transceiver (106) controls one or more antennas (108) to transmit and / or receive a radio signal.

[0087] The power management module (141) manages the power of the processor (102) and / or the transceiver (106). The battery (142) supplies power to the power management module (141).

[0088] The display (143) outputs the results processed by the processor (102). The keypad (144) receives input to be used by the processor (102). The keypad (144) can be displayed on the display (143).

[0089] A SIM card (145) is an integrated circuit that securely stores an International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) and associated keys, and is used to identify and authenticate subscribers in mobile devices such as mobile phones and computers. Additionally, many SIM cards can store contact information.

[0090] The speaker (146) outputs sound-related results processed by the processor (102). The microphone (147) receives sound-related input to be used by the processor (102).

[0091] <6G System General>

[0092] The 6G (wireless communication) system aims to achieve (i) very high data rates per device, (ii) a very large number of connected devices, (iii) global connectivity, (iv) very low latency, (v) low energy consumption for battery-free IoT devices, (vi) ultra-reliable connectivity, and (vii) connected intelligence with machine learning capabilities. The vision of the 6G system can be divided into four aspects: intelligent connectivity, deep connectivity, holographic connectivity, and ubiquitous connectivity, and the 6G system can satisfy the requirements as shown in Table 1 below. In other words, Table 1 is a table showing an example of the requirements of a 6G system.

[0093] Per device peak data rate1 TbpsE2E latency1 msMaximum spectral efficiency100bps / HzMobility supportUp to 1000km / hrSatellite integrationFullyAIFullyAutonomous vehicleFullyXRFullyHaptic CommunicationFully

[0094] 6G systems can have key factors such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC), massive machine-type communication (mMTC), AI integrated communication, tactile internet, high throughput, high network capacity, high energy efficiency, low backhaul and access network congestion, and enhanced data security.

[0095] Figure 4 is a diagram showing an example of a communication structure that can be provided in a 6G system.

[0096] 6G systems are expected to have 50 times the simultaneous wireless connectivity of 5G systems. URLLC, a key feature of 5G, will become even more crucial in 6G communications by providing end-to-end latency of less than 1 ms. 6G systems will have significantly higher volumetric spectral efficiency, compared to the commonly used area spectral efficiency. 6G systems can offer extremely long battery life and advanced battery technologies for energy harvesting, eliminating the need for separate charging for mobile devices in 6G systems. New network characteristics in 6G may include:

[0097] - Satellite integrated network: 6G is expected to integrate with satellites to provide a global mobile network. The integration of terrestrial, satellite, and airborne networks into a single wireless communications system is crucial for 6G.

[0098] - Connected intelligence: Unlike previous generations of wireless communication systems, 6G is revolutionary and will update the wireless evolution from “connected things” to “connected intelligence.” AI can be applied at each stage of the communication process (or at each stage of signal processing, as described below).

[0099] - Seamless integration of wireless information and energy transfer: 6G wireless networks will transfer power to charge the batteries of devices such as smartphones and sensors. Therefore, wireless information and energy transfer (WIET) will be integrated.

[0100] - Ubiquitous super 3D connectivity: Access to networks and core network functions of drones and very low Earth orbit satellites will create super 3D connectivity in 6G ubiquitous.

[0101] Some general requirements for the new network characteristics of 6G, such as the above, may be as follows:

[0102] - Small cell networks: The concept of small cell networks was introduced to improve received signal quality in cellular systems by increasing throughput, energy efficiency, and spectral efficiency. Consequently, small cell networks are essential for 5G and beyond-5G (5GB) communication systems. Accordingly, 6G communication systems also adopt the characteristics of small cell networks.

[0103] Ultra-dense heterogeneous networks: Ultra-dense heterogeneous networks will be another key feature of 6G communication systems. Multi-tier networks comprised of heterogeneous networks improve overall QoS and reduce costs.

[0104] High-capacity backhaul: Backhaul connections are characterized by high-capacity backhaul networks to support high-volume traffic. High-speed fiber optics and free-space optics (FSO) systems may be potential solutions to this problem.

[0105] - Radar technology integrated with mobile technology: High-precision localization (or location-based services) through communications is a key feature of 6G wireless communication systems. Therefore, radar systems will be integrated with 6G networks.

[0106] - Softwarization and virtualization: Softwarization and virtualization are two critical features that form the foundation of the design process for 5GB networks to ensure flexibility, reconfigurability, and programmability. Furthermore, billions of devices can be shared on a shared physical infrastructure.

[0107] <Key implementation technologies for 6G systems>

[0108] Artificial Intelligence

[0109] The most crucial and newly introduced technology for 6G systems is AI. 4G systems did not involve AI. 5G systems will support partial or very limited AI. However, 6G systems will fully support AI for automation. Advances in machine learning will create more intelligent networks for real-time communications in 6G. Incorporating AI into communications can streamline and improve real-time data transmission. AI can use numerous analyses to determine how complex target tasks should be performed. In other words, AI can increase efficiency and reduce processing delays.

[0110] Time-consuming tasks such as handover, network selection, and resource scheduling can be performed instantly using AI. AI can also play a crucial role in machine-to-machine (M2M), machine-to-human, and human-to-machine communications. Furthermore, AI can facilitate rapid communication in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). AI-based communication systems can be supported by metamaterials, intelligent structures, intelligent networks, intelligent devices, intelligent cognitive radios, self-sustaining wireless networks, and machine learning.

[0111] Recent attempts to integrate AI into wireless communication systems have focused on the application layer, network layer, and especially deep learning in wireless resource management and allocation. However, this research is increasingly evolving to the MAC layer and physical layer, with attempts to combine deep learning with wireless transmission, particularly at the physical layer. AI-based physical layer transmission refers to the application of AI-driven signal processing and communication mechanisms, rather than traditional communication frameworks, in the fundamental signal processing and communication mechanisms. Examples include deep learning-based channel coding and decoding, deep learning-based signal estimation and detection, deep learning-based MIMO mechanisms, and AI-based resource scheduling and allocation.

[0112] Machine learning can be used for channel estimation and channel tracking, as well as for power allocation and interference cancellation in the physical layer of the downlink (DL). Furthermore, machine learning can be used for antenna selection, power control, and symbol detection in MIMO systems.

[0113] Machine learning refers to a series of operations that train machines to perform tasks that humans can or cannot perform. Machine learning requires data and a learning model. In machine learning, data learning methods can be broadly categorized into three types: supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning.

[0114] Neural network training aims to minimize output errors. It involves repeatedly inputting training data into a neural network, calculating the neural network output and target error for the training data, and backpropagating the neural network error from the output layer to the input layer to update the weights of each node in the neural network to reduce the error.

[0115] Supervised learning uses labeled training data, while unsupervised learning may not have labeled training data. For example, in the case of supervised learning for data classification, the training data may be data in which each training data category is labeled. Labeled training data is input to a neural network, and the error can be calculated by comparing the output (categories) of the neural network with the training data labels. The calculated error is backpropagated through the neural network in the backward direction (i.e., from the output layer to the input layer), and the connection weights of each node in each layer of the neural network can be updated through backpropagation. The amount of change in the connection weights of each updated node can be determined by the learning rate. The neural network's calculation of the input data and the backpropagation of the error can constitute a learning cycle (epoch). The learning rate can be applied differently depending on the number of iterations of the neural network's learning cycle. For example, in the early stages of training a neural network, a high learning rate can be used to quickly allow the network to reach a certain level of performance, thereby improving efficiency. In the later stages of training, a low learning rate can be used to improve accuracy.

[0116] Learning methods may vary depending on the characteristics of the data. For example, if the goal is to accurately predict data transmitted by a transmitter in a communication system, supervised learning is preferable to unsupervised learning or reinforcement learning.

[0117] The learning model corresponds to the human brain, and the most basic linear model can be thought of, but the machine learning paradigm that uses highly complex neural network structures, such as artificial neural networks, as learning models is called deep learning.

[0118] The neural network cores used in learning methods are mainly divided into deep neural networks (DNN), convolutional deep neural networks (CNN), recurrent Boltzmann machines (RNN), and spiking neural networks (SNN).

[0119] Terahertz Communication

[0120] Data rates can be increased by increasing bandwidth. This can be achieved by utilizing sub-THz communications with wide bandwidths and applying advanced massive MIMO technology. THz waves, also known as sub-millimeter waves, typically refer to the frequency range between 0.1 THz and 10 THz, with corresponding wavelengths ranging from 0.03 mm to 3 mm. The 100 GHz to 300 GHz band (sub-THz band) is considered a key part of the THz spectrum for cellular communications. Adding the sub-THz band to the mmWave band will increase 6G cellular communication capacity. Among the defined THz bands, 300 GHz to 3 THz lies in the far infrared (IR) frequency band. While part of the optical band, the 300 GHz to 3 THz band lies at the boundary of the optical band, immediately following the RF band. Therefore, this 300 GHz to 3 THz band exhibits similarities to RF.

[0121] Figure 5 shows an example of an electromagnetic spectrum.

[0122] Key characteristics of THz communications include (i) the widely available bandwidth to support very high data rates and (ii) the high path loss that occurs at high frequencies (requiring highly directional antennas). The narrow beamwidths generated by highly directional antennas reduce interference. The small wavelength of THz signals allows for a significantly larger number of antenna elements to be integrated into devices and base stations operating in this band. This enables the use of advanced adaptive array technologies to overcome range limitations.

[0123] Large-scale MIMO

[0124] One of the key technologies for improving spectral efficiency is the application of MIMO technology. As MIMO technology improves, spectral efficiency also improves. Therefore, massive MIMO technology will be crucial in 6G systems. Because MIMO technology utilizes multiple paths, multiplexing technology must be considered to ensure that data signals can be transmitted along more than one path, as well as beam generation and operation technologies suitable for the THz band.

[0125] Hologram Beam Forming (HBF)

[0126] Beamforming is a signal processing procedure that adjusts an antenna array to transmit a wireless signal in a specific direction. It is a subset of smart antennas or advanced antenna systems. Beamforming technology offers several advantages, including high signal-to-noise ratio, interference avoidance and rejection, and high network efficiency. Holographic beamforming (HBF) is a novel beamforming method that differs significantly from MIMO systems because it uses software-defined antennas. HBF will be a highly effective approach for efficient and flexible signal transmission and reception in multi-antenna communication devices in 6G.

[0127] Optical wireless technology

[0128] Optical wireless communication (OWC) is a form of optical communication that uses visible light, infrared (IR), or ultraviolet (UV) light to transmit signals. OWC operating in the visible light band (e.g., 390–750 nm) is commonly referred to as visible light communication (VLC). Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can be utilized to implement VLC. VLC can be used in a variety of applications, including wireless local area networks (WLANs), wireless personal area networks (WPANs), and vehicular networks.

[0129] VLC offers the following advantages over RF-based technologies. First, the spectrum occupied by VLC is unlicensed and can provide a wide bandwidth (up to THz). Second, VLC causes minimal significant interference with other electromagnetic devices. Therefore, VLC can be applied to sensitive electromagnetic interference applications such as aircraft and hospitals. Third, VLC offers advantages in communication security and privacy. Visible light, the transmission medium of VLC-based networks, cannot penetrate walls and other opaque obstacles. Therefore, VLC's transmission range can be limited to indoor areas, protecting users' privacy and sensitive information. Fourth, VLC can utilize lighting sources as base stations, eliminating the need for expensive base stations.

[0130] Free-space optical communication (FSO) is an optical communication technology that uses light propagating in free space, such as air, outer space, or a vacuum, to wirelessly transmit data for communication or computer networking. FSO can be used as a point-to-point optical wireless communication (OWC) system on the ground. FSO can operate in the near-infrared frequency range (750-1600 nm). Laser transmitters can be used to implement FSO, and it offers high data rates (e.g., 10 Gbit / s), potentially offering a solution to backhaul bottlenecks.

[0131] These OWC technologies are designed for 6G communications, in addition to RF-based communications for all possible device-to-access networks. These networks connect to network-to-backhaul / fronthaul networks. OWC technologies have already been used since 4G communication systems, but they will be used more widely to meet the demands of 6G communication systems. OWC technologies such as light fidelity, visible light communication, optical camera communication, and optical band-based FSO communication are already well-known. Communications based on optical wireless technology can provide very high data rates, low latency, and secure communications.

[0132] LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) can also be used for ultra-high-resolution 3D mapping in 6G communications based on its wide bandwidth. LiDAR is a remote sensing method that illuminates a target using near-infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light, detecting the reflected light with a light sensor to measure distance. LiDAR can be used for fully autonomous driving in automobiles.

[0133] FSO Backhaul Network

[0134] The transmitter and receiver characteristics of an FSO system are similar to those of a fiber-optic network. Therefore, data transmission in an FSO system is similar to that of a fiber-optic system. Therefore, FSO can be a promising technology for providing backhaul connectivity in 6G systems, in conjunction with fiber-optic networks. Using FSO, ultra-long-distance communications are possible, even over distances exceeding 10,000 km. FSO supports high-capacity backhaul connectivity for remote and non-remote areas, such as the ocean, space, underwater, and isolated islands. FSO also supports cellular base station (BS) connections.

[0135] Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN)

[0136] 6G systems integrate terrestrial and airborne networks to support vertically expanded user communications. 3D BSs will be provided via low-Earth orbit satellites and UAVs. Adding a new dimension in altitude and associated degrees of freedom significantly differentiates 3D connectivity from existing 2D networks. NR considers Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) as one approach to achieving this. NTNs are networks or network segments that utilize RF resources onboard satellites (or UAS platforms). Common NTN scenarios, which provide access to user equipment, include transparent payloads and regenerative payloads. The following are the basic elements of NTNs.

[0137] - One or more sat-gateways connecting the NTN to the public data network.

[0138] - GEO satellites are served by one or more satellite gateways deployed across the satellite's target coverage area (e.g., regional or continental coverage). We assume that a UE in a cell is served by only one sat-gateway.

[0139] Non-GEO satellites that provide continuous service from one or more satellite gateways at a time. The system ensures service and feeder link continuity between consecutively serving satellite gateways with sufficient time duration to allow for mobile anchoring and handover.

[0140] - Feeder link or wireless link between the satellite gateway and the satellite (or UAS platform).

[0141] - Service link or wireless link between user equipment and satellite (or UAS platform).

[0142] A satellite (or UAS platform) capable of implementing transparent or regenerative (including onboard processing) payloads. The satellite (or UAS platform) typically generates multiple beams for a designated service area, depending on its field of view. The beam's footprint is typically elliptical. The satellite's (or UAS platform's) field of view varies depending on the onboard antenna diagram and minimum elevation angle.

[0143] - Transparent payload: Radio frequency filtering, frequency conversion, and amplification. Therefore, the waveform signal repeated by the payload remains unchanged.

[0144] - Replay payload: radio frequency filtering, frequency conversion and amplification, demodulation / decoding, switching and / or routing, and coding / modulation. This is essentially equivalent to embedding all or part of a base station function (e.g., gNB) on a satellite (or UAS platform).

[0145] - Optionally, for satellite constellations, inter-satellite link (ISL) is available. This requires a regenerative payload on the satellite. ISL can operate in RF or wideband.

[0146] - User equipment is serviced by satellites (or UAS platforms) within the target service area.

[0147] Typically, GEO satellites and UAS are used to provide continental, regional or local services.

[0148] Typically, LEO and MEO constellations are used to provide services in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. In some cases, constellations can even provide global coverage, including polar regions. This requires appropriate orbital inclination, sufficient beam generation, and inter-satellite links.

[0149] Quantum Communication

[0150] Quantum communication is a next-generation communication technology that applies quantum mechanical properties to the field of information and communication, overcoming limitations of existing information and communication technologies, such as security and ultra-high-speed computation. Quantum communication provides a means to generate, transmit, process, and store information that cannot be expressed in the binary bits of 0 and 1 used in existing communication technologies, or that are difficult to express. Unlike existing communication technologies that use wavelength or amplitude to transmit information between a transmitter and a receiver, quantum communication utilizes photons, the smallest unit of light, to transmit information between the transmitter and receiver. In particular, quantum communication can utilize quantum uncertainty and quantum irreversibility regarding the polarization or phase difference of photons (light), enabling communication with perfect security. Furthermore, under certain conditions, quantum communication may also enable ultra-high-speed communication by exploiting quantum entanglement.

[0151] Cell-free Communication

[0152] Tight integration of multiple frequencies and heterogeneous communication technologies is crucial for 6G systems. As a result, users can seamlessly move from one network to another without requiring any manual configuration on their devices. The best network is automatically selected from available communication technologies. This will break the limitations of the cell concept in wireless communications. Currently, user movement from one cell to another in dense networks results in excessive handovers, resulting in handover failures, handover delays, data loss, and the ping-pong effect. 6G cell-free communications will overcome all of these challenges and provide improved QoS.

[0153] Cell-free communication is defined as "a system in which multiple geographically distributed antennas (APs) cooperatively serve a small number of terminals using the same time / frequency resources, assisted by a fronthaul network and CPU." A single terminal is served by a collection of APs, called an AP cluster. There are several methods for forming AP clusters. Among them, a cluster composed of APs that can significantly improve terminal reception performance is called terminal-centric clustering, and this method dynamically updates the cluster configuration as the terminal moves. By introducing this terminal-centric AP clustering technique, the terminal is always located at the center of the AP cluster, thereby avoiding inter-cluster interference that can occur when the terminal is located at the edge of the AP cluster. This cell-free communication will be achieved through multi-connectivity and multi-tier hybrid technologies and heterogeneous radios in the devices.

[0154] Integration of Wireless Information and Energy Transfer (WIET)

[0155] WIET uses the same fields and waves as wireless communication systems. Specifically, sensors and smartphones will be charged using wireless power transfer during communication. WIET is a promising technology for extending the life of battery-powered wireless systems. Therefore, battery-less devices will be supported by 6G communications.

[0156] Integration of Wireless Communication and Sensing

[0157] Autonomous wireless networks are capable of continuously sensing dynamically changing environmental conditions and exchanging information between different nodes. In 6G, sensing will be tightly integrated with communications to support autonomous systems.

[0158] Integrated Access and Backhaul Network

[0159] In 6G, the density of access networks will be enormous. Each access network will be connected to backhaul connections, such as fiber optics and FSO networks. To accommodate the massive number of access networks, there will be tight integration between access and backhaul networks.

[0160] Big Data Analysis

[0161] Big data analytics is a complex process for analyzing diverse, large-scale data sets, or "big data." This process uncovers hidden data, unknown correlations, and customer trends, ensuring complete data management. Big data is collected from various sources, such as video, social networks, images, and sensors. This technology is widely used to process massive amounts of data in 6G systems.

[0162] Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface

[0163] Many studies have been conducted that consider the wireless environment as an optimization target variable along with the transmitter and receiver. The wireless environment created using this approach is called a Smart Radio Environment (SRE) or Intelligent Radio Environment (IRE) to emphasize its fundamental difference from past design and optimization standards. Various terms have been proposed for reconfigurable intelligent antenna (or intelligent reconfigurable antenna) technologies that enable SRE, including Reconfigurable Metasurfaces, Smart Large Intelligent Surfaces (SLIS), Large Intelligent Surfaces (LIS), Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS), and Intelligent Reflecting Surface (IRS).

[0164] THz band signals have strong linearity, which can create many shadow areas due to obstacles. RIS technology, which enables expanded communication coverage, enhanced communication stability, and additional value-added services by installing RIS near these shadow areas, is becoming increasingly important. RIS is an artificial surface made of electromagnetic materials that can alter the propagation of incoming and outgoing radio waves. While RIS may appear to be an extension of massive MIMO, it differs from massive MIMO in its array structure and operating mechanism. Furthermore, RIS operates as a reconfigurable reflector with passive elements, meaning it passively reflects signals without using active RF chains, which offers the advantage of low power consumption. Furthermore, because each passive reflector in RIS must independently adjust the phase shift of the incoming signal, this can be advantageous for wireless communication channels. By appropriately adjusting the phase shift via the RIS controller, the reflected signal can be collected at the target receiver to boost the received signal power.

[0165] In addition to reflecting wireless signals, RISs also exist that can control transmission and refraction characteristics. These RISs are primarily used for outdoor-to-indoor (O2I) applications. Recently, STAR-RIS (Simultaneous Transmission and Reflection RIS), which provides both reflection and transmission, has also been actively researched.

[0166] Metaverse

[0167] The metaverse is a portmanteau of "meta," meaning "virtual" or "transcendent," and "universe," meaning "cosmos." Generally, the metaverse is used to mean "a three-dimensional virtual space where social and economic activities similar to those in the real world are facilitated."

[0168] Extended Reality (XR), a key technology enabling the metaverse, can expand real-world experiences and deliver exceptional immersion by merging the virtual and real. The high bandwidth and low latency of 6G networks enable users to experience even more immersive virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR).

[0169] Autonomous Driving (Self-driving)

[0170] For fully autonomous driving, vehicles must communicate with each other to inform each other of dangerous situations, and vehicles must communicate with infrastructure such as parking lots and traffic lights to confirm information such as parking location and signal change times. V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything), a key element in building autonomous driving infrastructure, is a technology that allows cars to communicate and share with various elements on the road for autonomous driving, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) wireless communication.

[0171] To maximize autonomous driving performance and ensure high safety, fast transmission speeds and low-latency technologies are essential. Furthermore, as autonomous driving moves beyond simply providing warnings or guidance messages to drivers, actively intervening in driving and directly controlling the vehicle in dangerous situations requires a vast amount of information to be transmitted and received, 6G is expected to maximize autonomous driving with faster transmission speeds and lower latency than 5G.

[0172] Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)

[0173] Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), or drones, will be a key element in 6G wireless communications. In most cases, high-speed wireless connections will be provided using UAV technology. BS entities are installed on UAVs to provide cellular connectivity. UAVs offer specific capabilities not found in fixed BS infrastructure, such as easy deployment, robust line-of-sight links, and controlled mobility. During emergencies such as natural disasters, deploying terrestrial communication infrastructure is not economically feasible, and sometimes, volatile environments make it impossible to provide services. UAVs can easily handle these situations. UAVs will become a new paradigm in wireless communications. This technology facilitates three fundamental requirements for wireless networks: enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), URLLC, and mMTC. UAVs can also support various purposes, such as enhancing network connectivity, fire detection, disaster emergency services, security and surveillance, pollution monitoring, parking monitoring, and accident monitoring. Therefore, UAV technology is recognized as one of the most important technologies for 6G communications.

[0174] Blockchain

[0175] Blockchain will become a crucial technology for managing massive amounts of data in future communication systems. Blockchain is a form of distributed ledger technology. A distributed ledger is a database distributed across numerous nodes or computing devices. Each node replicates and stores an identical copy of the ledger. Blockchains are managed by a peer-to-peer network and can exist without being managed by a central authority or server. Data on a blockchain is collected and organized into blocks. Blocks are linked together and protected using cryptography. Blockchain perfectly complements large-scale IoT with its inherently enhanced interoperability, security, privacy, reliability, and scalability. Therefore, blockchain technology offers several features, such as interoperability between devices, traceability of large amounts of data, autonomous interaction with other IoT systems, and the massive connectivity stability of 6G communication systems.

[0176] Figure 6 illustrates an example of subframe types in NR.

[0177] The transmission time interval (TTI) illustrated in FIG. 6 may be referred to as a subframe or slot for NR (or new RAT). The subframe (or slot) of FIG. 6 may be used in a TDD system of NR (or new RAT) to minimize data transmission delay. As illustrated in FIG. 4, the subframe (or slot) includes 14 symbols, similar to the current subframe. The symbols in the front of the subframe (or slot) may be used for a DL control channel, and the symbols in the back of the subframe (or slot) may be used for an UL control channel. The remaining symbols may be used for DL ​​data transmission or UL data transmission. According to this subframe (or slot) structure, downlink transmission and uplink transmission may be sequentially performed in one subframe (or slot). Therefore, downlink data may be received within a subframe (or slot), and an uplink acknowledgment (ACK / NACK) may be transmitted within the subframe (or slot). This subframe (or slot) structure can be referred to as a self-contained subframe (or slot). Using this subframe (or slot) structure has the advantage of minimizing the final data transmission latency by reducing the time required to retransmit data with reception errors. In this self-contained subframe (or slot) structure, a time gap may be required during the transition from transmission mode to reception mode or from reception mode to transmission mode. To this end, some OFDM symbols during the transition from DL to UL in the subframe structure can be designated as a guard period (GP).

[0178] <NR에서 SS 블록>

[0179] The SS block (SS / PBCH Block: SSB) includes the PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel) containing the Master Information Block (MIB), which is the information required for the terminal to perform initial access in 5G NR, and the synchronization signal (SS) (including PSS and SSS).

[0180] Furthermore, multiple SSBs can be grouped together to define an SS burst, and multiple SS bursts can be grouped together to define an SS burst set. Each SSB is assumed to be beamformed in a specific direction, and the multiple SSBs within an SS burst set are designed to support terminals located in different directions.

[0181] Figure 7 is an example diagram showing an example of SSB in NR.

[0182] Referring to Figure 7, SS bursts are transmitted at predetermined periods. Accordingly, the terminal receives SSBs and performs cell detection and measurement.

[0183] Meanwhile, beam sweeping is performed for SSB in 5G NR. This will be described with reference to Fig. 8.

[0184] Figure 8 is an exemplary diagram showing an example of beam sweeping in NR.

[0185] The base station transmits each SSB within an SS burst by beam-sweeping it over time. At this time, multiple SSBs within an SS burst set are transmitted to support terminals located in different directions.

[0186] <Non-Terrestrial Networks >

[0187] NTN (Non-Terrestrial Network) refers to a network or network segment that uses RF resources mounted on satellites (or UAS platforms).

[0188] There are two common scenarios for NTNs that provide access to user equipment: transparent payload and regenerative payload.

[0189] NTNs are typically characterized by the following elements:

[0190] - One or more sat-gateways connecting the NTN to the public data network.

[0191] - GEO satellites are served by one or more satellite gateways deployed across the satellite's target coverage area (e.g., regional or continental coverage). We assume that a UE in a cell is served by only one sat-gateway.

[0192] Non-GEO satellites that provide continuous service from one or more satellite gateways at a time. The system ensures service and feeder link continuity between consecutively serving satellite gateways with sufficient time duration to allow for mobile anchoring and handover.

[0193] - Feeder link or wireless link between the satellite gateway and the satellite (or UAS platform).

[0194] - Service link or wireless link between user equipment and satellite (or UAS platform).

[0195] A satellite (or UAS platform) capable of implementing transparent or regenerative (including onboard processing) payloads. The satellite (or UAS platform) typically generates multiple beams for a designated service area, depending on its field of view. The beam's footprint is typically elliptical. The satellite's (or UAS platform's) field of view varies depending on the onboard antenna diagram and minimum elevation angle.

[0196] - Transparent payload: Radio frequency filtering, frequency conversion, and amplification. Therefore, the waveform signal repeated by the payload remains unchanged.

[0197] - Replay payload: radio frequency filtering, frequency conversion and amplification, demodulation / decoding, switching and / or routing, and coding / modulation. This is essentially equivalent to embedding all or part of a base station function (e.g., gNB) on a satellite (or UAS platform).

[0198] - Optionally, for satellite constellations, inter-satellite link (ISL) is available. This requires a regenerative payload on the satellite. ISL can operate in RF or wideband.

[0199] - User equipment is serviced by satellites (or UAS platforms) within the target service area.

[0200] Table 4 shows the types of NTN.

[0201] PlatformsAltitude rangeOrbitTypical beam footprint sizeLow-Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite300 - 1500 kmCircular around the earth100 - 1000 kmMedium-Earth Orbit (MEO) satellite7000 - 25000 km100 - 1000 kmGeostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellite35 786 kmnotional station keeping position fixed in terms of elevation / azimuth with respect to a given earth point200 - 3500 kmUAS platform (including HAPS)8 - 50 km (20 km for HAPS)5 - 200 kmHigh Elliptical Orbit (HEO) satellite400 - 50000 kmElliptical around the earth200 - 3500 km

[0202] Generally, GEO satellites and UAS are used to provide continental, regional, or local services. Constellations in LEO and MEO are typically used to provide services in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. In some cases, constellations can even provide global coverage, including polar regions. This requires appropriate orbital inclination, sufficient beam generation, and inter-satellite links.

[0203] Figure 9 is an example diagram showing an example of NTN.

[0204] NR-based NTN (non-terrestrial network) communication was introduced as a method to efficiently provide communication services to areas where terrestrial network services are not provided via satellites (geostationary satellite GEO, low-orbit satellite LEO, etc.), as shown in Fig. 9. In the case of transparent satellites, the satellite amplifies the signal transmitted from the ground base station (gNB-NTN gateway) and transmits the signal to the terminal, and in the case of regenerative satellites, in addition to signal amplification, it performs the functions of the ground base station, such as routing, coding, modulation, and decoding demodulation.

[0205] NTN terminals have GPS functionality and can periodically receive location, time, and speed information about NTN satellites.

[0206] Figure 10 shows an example of service coverage of an NGSO satellite.

[0207] NGSO (Non-geostationary) satellites move in a certain orbit and can establish links with TN base stations (NTN gateways) and NTN terminals.

[0208] In terms of service coverage, satellites can be considered as earth fixed beam type and earth moving beam type.

[0209] If the satellite is an Earth-fixed beam type, service coverage can be maintained for a certain period of time even if the satellite (e.g., LEO satellite) moves to a certain orbit.

[0210] If the satellite is an Earth-moving beam type, as the satellite (e.g., LEO satellite) moves to a certain orbit, the service coverage may also move.

[0211] Figure 11 shows examples of NTN coverage and NT coverage.

[0212] NTN networks and TN networks can be used in an integrated manner.

[0213] There may be multiple TN cells within NTN coverage.

[0214] When a terminal supports both TN and NTN, a TN base station (gNB) can offload / switch (e.g., handover) services to NTN for terminals within TN coverage (e.g., all terminals or some terminals).

[0215] For example, a TN base station may perform a power-off operation according to an energy-saving operation. In this case, the TN base station may offload / switch (e.g., handover) service of terminals within the TN coverage to the NTN.

[0216] For example, when data overhead increases due to events, etc., the TN base station can offload / switch (e.g., handover) services for terminals within the TN coverage to the NTN.

[0217] For example, when a terminal requests intercontinental service, the TN base station can offload / switch (e.g., handover) the terminal within the TN coverage to the NTN.

[0218] In this specification, network and terminal operations may be proposed to support data / service offloading / switching from a TN network to an NTN network.

[0219] The base station can transmit satellite location information (e.g., ephemeris information) to the terminal.

[0220] The terminal can obtain its own location information by turning on the GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) (or GPS (Global Positioning System) function.

[0221] Based on the terminal's location information and satellite location information (e.g., ephemeris information), the terminal can calculate / determine propagation delay and report it to the base station. Based on this, the base station can set the SMTC (e.g., SMTC offset) for the terminal. Based on this, the terminal can measure signals from the NTN (e.g., SSB-based RSRP).

[0222] In order for the terminal to measure signals from the NTN, the terminal's GNSS (or GPS) may be required to be on.

[0223] Even if the terminal supports NTN, the terminal may keep the GNSS (or GPS) function turned off to save power.

[0224] When a TN base station instructs a terminal with GNSS (or GPS) off to perform offloading (e.g., handover), the terminal may turn on the GNSS (or GPS) function to obtain location information for NTN access. Turning on the GNSS (or GPS) function may take time. This may result in a service interruption from the TN to the NTN for a certain period of time.

[0225] Methods to prevent these problems are described below.

[0226] The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific examples of the present specification. The names of specific devices and the names of specific signals / messages / fields depicted in the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the drawings.

[0227] Figure 12 illustrates an example of a GNSS status request and response according to the disclosure of this specification.

[0228] A TN base station can request information from a terminal regarding the on / off status of its GNSS (or GPS) function. Based on this, the terminal can report its GNSS (or GPS) status (on or off) to the TN base station.

[0229] When the terminal reports GNSS on status, the TN base station can instruct the terminal to measure for target satellites that support NTN.

[0230] If the terminal reports a GNSS off state, the TN base station can instruct the terminal to turn on GNSS. Based on this, the terminal can turn on GNSS (or change GNSS to on). If necessary, the terminal can send information about the performance / completion of the GNSS on operation to the TN base station in response.

[0231] For example, a terminal can transmit information to the TN base station that it has not performed a GNSS on operation. Based on this, the TN base station can exclude offloading (e.g., handover) to the NTN for the terminal.

[0232] For example, if a terminal cannot perform GNSS on operation for some reason (e.g., power saving, etc.), the TN base station may exclude offloading (e.g., handover) to the NTN for that terminal.

[0233] If the terminal reports a GNSS off state, the procedure of FIG. 13 described below may be performed.

[0234] If the terminal is always GNSS-on (GNSS always on), the terminal can transmit this information to the base station as a "capability." This operation can be performed before the TN base station decides to offload the terminal (e.g., handover).

[0235] The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific examples of the present specification. The names of specific devices and the names of specific signals / messages / fields depicted in the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the drawings.

[0236] Figure 13 illustrates an example of a GNSS command according to the disclosure of this specification.

[0237] A TN base station can transmit a GNSS on command to a terminal. Based on this, the terminal can change (or maintain) GNSS to the on state.

[0238] For example, a TN base station may recognize / anticipate that a terminal is moving out of TN coverage. In this case, if the terminal's TN-based signal strength (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, etc.) is weakened, the TN base station may transmit a GNSS on command to the terminal for offloading to the NTN (e.g., handover).

[0239] Additionally, the terminal can transmit an ACK / NACK response to the GNSS on command to the TN base station.

[0240] After the procedure of FIG. 12 is performed, the procedure of FIG. 13 may be performed. Alternatively, the procedure of FIG. 13 may be performed without the procedure of FIG. 12.

[0241] When a terminal switches its GNSS status to on, it may take time for stabilization. This time may vary depending on the terminal's implementation.

[0242] Therefore, the TN base station can transmit a GNSS on command to the terminal a certain amount of time before offloading to the NTN is to be performed.

[0243] The terminal can transmit a response to the GNSS on command to the TN base station.

[0244] A TN base station can instruct a terminal to perform measurements (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, etc.) for a target NTN satellite.

[0245] For measurements (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, etc.) of the target NTN satellite of the terminal, the TM base station can provide information about the NTN satellite (e.g., ephemeris information, common TA, validity timer information, epoch time of ephemeris information, etc.) to the terminal.

[0246] Measurements of the terminal's target NTN satellite (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, etc.) may be for offloading to the NTN while ensuring link quality.

[0247] Offloading to NTN may be for load balancing or power saving of TN base stations.

[0248] The terminal can transmit the results of measurements (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, etc.) for the target NTN satellite to the TN base station.

[0249] If the measurement results (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, etc.) for the target NTN satellite exceed a threshold, the TN base station can instruct the terminal to offload to the NTN (e.g., handover). Based on this, the terminal can initiate switching to the NTN (e.g., handover).

[0250] Offloading / switching to NTN (e.g., handover) can be performed when the terminal leaves TN coverage.

[0251] As a first example of the process by which offloading / switching (e.g., handover) to NTN is determined, the following procedure may be performed:

[0252] - i) The TN base station can be configured to report measurements for the target NTN satellite to the terminal.

[0253] - ii) The terminal can report the measurement values ​​for the target NTN satellite to the TN base station.

[0254] - iii) The TN base station can compare the measurement value for the reported target NTN satellite with the TN-based signal measurement value to determine offloading to the NTN (e.g., handover). The TN-based signal measurement value may be a value measured by the terminal and transmitted to the TN base station.

[0255] - iv) Based on the decision, the TN base station can instruct the terminal to offload (e.g., handover) to the NTN.

[0256] - v) The terminal can initiate switching (e.g., handover) to NTN.

[0257] As a second example of the process by which offloading / switching (e.g., handover) to NTN is determined, the following procedure may be performed:

[0258] - i) The TN base station can set a first threshold for TN-based measurements and / or a second threshold for NTN-based measurements to the terminal.

[0259] - ii) The terminal can perform measurements on TN-based signals (e.g., TN base stations).

[0260] - iii) The terminal can perform measurements on NTN-based signals (e.g., NTN satellites).

[0261] - iv) If the measurement value for the TN-based signal is less than the first threshold and / or the measurement value for the NTN-based signal is greater than the second threshold, a handover to the NTN may be performed.

[0262] Regarding the second example, the TN base station can set a specific time for the terminal (e.g., time T1 (msec) for TN measurement, time T2 for NTN measurement). If the measurement value for the TN-based signal remains greater than the first threshold for T1, a handover to the NTN can be performed. Alternatively, if the measurement value for the NTN-based signal remains greater than the second threshold for T2, a handover to the NTN can be performed.

[0263] If the target NTN satellite is an NGSO, the service time of the target NTN satellite (or distance from the reference location of TN coverage) may be a condition for offloading / switching (e.g., handover) to the NTN satellite.

[0264] For example, based on measurements of NTN-based signals (and / or measurements of TN-based signals) and the service time of the target NTN satellite (or distance from the reference position), it can be determined whether a handover to the NTN is to be performed.

[0265] For example, based on the link quality of the NTN satellite and the service time (or distance from the reference position) of the target NTN satellite, it can be determined whether a handover to the NTN is to be performed.

[0266] For example, if the service time of the NTN satellite is longer than a certain amount of time (or the terminal is longer than a certain distance from the reference location of the TN coverage), the TN base station can instruct the terminal to offload / switch (e.g., handover) to the NTN satellite.

[0267] When a terminal receives an instruction (e.g., command) for offloading / switching (e.g., handover) from a TN base station to an NTN satellite, the terminal can perform switching (e.g., handover) to the target NTN satellite. Depending on the terminal's capability, transmission and reception operations with the NTN satellite can be performed without a RACH (Random Access) procedure.

[0268] From the time the terminal receives an instruction (e.g., command) for offloading / switching (e.g., handover) until the time the terminal transmits a RACH (or uplink) to the NTN satellite, signal transmission and reception between the terminal and the TN base station may be restricted.

[0269] The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific examples of the present specification. The names of specific devices and the names of specific signals / messages / fields depicted in the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the drawings.

[0270] Figure 14 illustrates an example of a procedure according to the disclosure of this specification.

[0271] 1) Step 1

[0272] The TN base station can check the terminal's GNSS on / off status.

[0273] A TN base station can request information about the terminal's GNSS on / off status from the terminal.

[0274] Based on this, the terminal can transmit information about its GNSS on / off status to the TN base station.

[0275] 2) Step 2

[0276] If the terminal's GNSS status is off, the TN base station can send a command to the terminal to change the GNSS status to on. Based on this, the terminal can change the GNSS status to on.

[0277] In contrast, the terminal can change the GNSS status to on by itself without a command from the aforementioned TN base station.

[0278] 3) Step 3

[0279] When the terminal's GNSS status is on, the TN base station can instruct the terminal to measure for NTN satellites.

[0280] When the GNSS status of the terminal is on, the terminal can calculate the propagation delay based on its own location information (information obtained through GNSS) and the location information of the NTN satellite and transmit it to the base station. Based on this, the base station can determine the SMTC offset for the NTN (or determine the offset and apply the determined offset to the SMTC) for the terminal. The base station can transmit the determined offset to the terminal. Alternatively, the base station can transmit SMTC information with the determined offset applied to the terminal. Based on the information received by the terminal (offset information or SMTC information with the applied offset), the terminal can perform measurements for the NTN satellite.

[0281] The terminal can perform measurements on NTN satellites.

[0282] The terminal can report / transmit the results of measurements on NTN satellites to the TN base station.

[0283] 4) Step 4

[0284] The TN base station can determine whether the result of the measurement for the NTN satellite received from the terminal exceeds a threshold.

[0285] Alternatively, the terminal can determine on its own whether the results of a measurement on an NTN satellite exceed a threshold.

[0286] If the measurement results for the NTN satellite do not exceed the threshold, step 3 described above can be performed again.

[0287] 5) Step 5

[0288] If the result of the measurement for the NTN satellite exceeds a threshold, switching of the terminal to the NTN network (e.g., handover) may be performed.

[0289] For example, if the measurement results for an NTN satellite exceed a threshold, the TN base station can decide to switch the terminal to the NTN network (e.g., handover). Based on this, the TN base station can transmit a command to the terminal to switch to the NTN network (e.g., handover). Based on this, the terminal can perform a switch to the NTN network (e.g., handover).

[0290] For example, if the measurement results for an NTN satellite exceed a threshold, the terminal may decide to switch to the NTN network (e.g., handover). Based on this, the terminal may perform a switch to the NTN network (e.g., handover).

[0291] When a TN base station instructs a terminal to measure an NTN satellite for the purpose of offloading to an NTN, the terminal may receive a separate SMTC setting to measure the NTN satellite.

[0292] The above separate SMTC may have a certain offset from the SMTC of the TN base station depending on the propagation delay of the terminal and the NTN satellite.

[0293] To this end, the terminal can report / transmit propagation delay information for the NTN satellite to the TN base station. Based on this, the TN base station can set an offset for the SMTC (separate SMTC) for the NTN satellite for the terminal. Based on the SMTC with the set offset applied, the terminal can perform measurements for the NTN satellite.

[0294] Alternatively, the terminal can adjust the offset of the SMTC (separate SMTC) for the NTN satellite on its own. Based on the SMTC with the adjusted offset, the terminal can perform measurements for the NTN satellite.

[0295] If the terminal adjusts the SMTC offset for the NTN satellite on its own and a Measurement Gap (MG) is set for the terminal, the terminal can also adjust the offset for the MG by the corresponding offset. The terminal can notify the TN base station that it has adjusted the offset for the MF.

[0296] Alternatively, if the terminal adjusts the SMTC offset for the NTN satellite on its own and a Measurement Gap (MG) is configured for the terminal, the terminal can transmit information about the offset to the TN base station. Based on this, the TN base station can reset the MG with the applied offset and notify the terminal.

[0297] If the terminal has an RF chain for an NTN satellite, the operation of turning the RF chain on / off for measurements on the NTN satellite may cause interruption in signal transmission and reception between the terminal and the TN base station (e.g., serving cell).

[0298] Interruptions may occur in signal transmission and reception between the terminal and the TN base station (e.g., serving cell) at each measurement cycle for the NTN satellite.

[0299] If SMTC for TN and SMTC for NTN overlap (e.g., if the offset of SMTC for NTN is adjusted to overlap), SMTC for NTN may have a higher priority than SMTC for TN. For example, a terminal may perform measurements for NTN satellites during the overlapping period. In this case, the terminal may not perform measurements for TN during the overlapping period.

[0300] Alternatively, depending on the link quality of the TN serving cell, the measurement ratios for the TN and NTN satellites in the overlapping section can be set differently. For example, if the link quality (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, etc.) of the TN serving cell is greater than a certain threshold (e.g., STN_th), the terminal can perform measurements by giving priority to the SMTC of the NTN. If the link quality (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, etc.) of the TN serving cell is less than a certain threshold (e.g., STN_th), the SMTC measurement ratios of the TN and NTN can be set to 'x:y' and measurements can be performed (e.g., x=50%, y=50%). This method can be equally applied to the overlap of SMTC for TN and MG for NTN.

[0301] Measurement times for NTN satellites for offloading to NTN can be defined as in Table 5 and / or Table 6. Table 5 and / or Table 6 can be equally applied to intra-frequency measurement / detection, etc.

[0302] Table 5 shows an example of MG-less inter-frequency measurements for NTN for offloading from TN to NTN.

[0303] DRX cycleTSSB_measurement_period_interNo DRXmax(200ms, ceil( 5 x K p x K p_TN ) x SMTC period) Note 1 x CSSF inter x K_satelliteDRX cycle≤ 320msmax(200ms, ceil(1.5x 5 x K p x K p_TN ) x max(SMTC period,DRX cycle)) x CSSF inter x K_satelliteDRX cycle>320msceil (5 x K p x Kp_TN ) x DRX cycle x CSSF inter x K_satelliteNOTE 1: SMTC period is the SMTC period in SMTC configuration which is associated with the target cell to be measured configured in SSB-MTC4List-r17.

[0304] Table 6 shows an example of inter-frequency measurements with MG for NTN for offloading from TN to NTN.

[0305] Condition NOTE1 TSSB_measurement_period_interNo DRXMax(200ms, Ceil(8 x K gap ) x K p_TN x Max(MGRP, SMTC period NOTE2 )) x CSSF inter x K_satelliteDRX cycle ≤ 320msMax(200ms, Ceil(8 x 1.5 x K gap x K p_TN ) x Max(MGRP, SMTC period, DRX cycle)) x CSSF inter x K_satelliteDRX cycle > 320msCeil (8 x K gap x K p_TN ) x DRX cycle x CSSF interx K_satelliteNOTE 1: DRX or non DRX requirements apply according to the conditions described in clause 3.6.1 of TS38.133 v18.5.0NOTE 2: SMTC period is the SMTC period in SMTC configuration which is associated with the target cell to be measured configured in SSB-MTC4List-r17.

[0306] When the SMTC of TN and the SMTC of NTN overlap, when the SMTC of TN and the MG of NTN overlap, or when multiple MGs overlap, a scaling factor K that increases the measurement period of the NTN satellite by a certain ratio p_TN can be applied.

[0307] At this time, if NTN satellite measurement operation always has priority, K p_TN can be 1.

[0308] Considering the link quality of the TN serving cell, if the measurement ratio of TN and NTN is considered as '50:50', K p_TN can be 2. K p_TN The value may be set differently depending on the measurement ratio of TN and NTN.

[0309] The offloading operation from a TN base station to an NTN satellite proposed in this specification can be equally applied to the switching operation from an NTN satellite to a TN base station. For example, if the serving cell of a terminal is an NTN satellite-based cell, the offloading operation from a TN base station to an NTN satellite proposed in this specification can be equally applied.

[0310] Even when NTN is set to SCell or PSCell, the offloading operation from the TN base station to the NTN satellite proposed in this specification can be applied equally.

[0311] When a terminal connected to a TN requests switching to an NTN, the terminal can maintain the GNSS on state upon request. The TN serving cell can transmit information about the NTN satellite (e.g., ephemeris information, common TA, validity timer information, epoch time of the ephemeris information, etc.) to the terminal and configure the SMTC (or MG). After this, the measurement and switching method for the NTN can be applied in the same way as the offloading operation from the TN base station to the NTN satellite described above.

[0312] The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific examples of the present specification. The names of specific devices and the names of specific signals / messages / fields depicted in the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the drawings.

[0313] Figure 15 illustrates the UE's procedure for disclosure of this specification.

[0314] 1. A step in which a UE (User Equipment) receives a GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) on command from a base station;

[0315] 2. Based on the above GNSS on command, the UE can perform GNSS on.

[0316] 3. The above UE can perform measurements on NTN (Non-terrestrial networks) satellites.

[0317] 4. Based on the results of the above measurement, the UE can perform handover to the NTN satellite.

[0318] The UE can receive information about the NTN satellite from the base station.

[0319] Based on the UE performing GNSS on, the UE can determine the propagation delay for the NTN satellite using the location information via GNSS and information about the NTN satellite.

[0320] The UE can transmit information about the propagation delay to the base station.

[0321] Based on the UE transmitting information about the propagation delay, the UE can receive information about SMTC (Synchronization Signal Block-based Measurement Timing Configuration) from the base station.

[0322] The step of the above UE performing measurements on the NTN satellite may be performed based on information about the SMTC.

[0323] The UE can receive measurement instructions for the NTN satellite from the base station.

[0324] The step of the above UE performing measurements on the NTN satellite may be performed based on the above measurement instruction.

[0325] The UE may receive a request for information on GNSS status from the base station.

[0326] The UE can transmit information about its GNSS status to the base station.

[0327] The step of the UE performing GNSS on may include: a step of the UE changing the GNSS from an off state to an on state based on the GNSS of the UE being in an off state; and a step of the UE maintaining the GNSS in an on state based on the GNSS of the UE being in an on state.

[0328] The step of the UE performing a measurement for the NTN satellite may include: the step of the UE measuring a Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) or a Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) for the NTN satellite.

[0329] The UE can report the results of the measurement to the base station.

[0330] Based on the above report, the UE can receive a handover instruction from the base station to the NTN satellite.

[0331] The step of the UE performing a handover to the NTN satellite may be performed based on the handover instruction.

[0332] The UE can determine whether the result of the measurement exceeds a threshold.

[0333] The step of the UE performing a handover to the NTN satellite may be performed based on the result of the measurement exceeding a threshold value.

[0334] The UE can receive time T from the base station.

[0335] The UE can determine whether the result of the measurement exceeds a threshold.

[0336] The step of the UE performing a handover to the NTN satellite may be performed based on the time that the result of the measurement exceeds the threshold value being maintained for the period of T.

[0337] The above UE can perform measurements on the above base station.

[0338] The step of the UE performing a handover to the NTN satellite may be performed based on the results of measurements for the base station.

[0339] The step of the UE performing a handover to the NTN satellite may be performed based on the distance between the reference location of the UE and the base station and the service time of the NTN satellite.

[0340] The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific examples of the present specification. The names of specific devices and the names of specific signals / messages / fields depicted in the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the drawings.

[0341] Figure 16 illustrates the base station's procedure for the disclosure of this specification.

[0342] 1. The base station can transmit a GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) on command to the UE (User Equipment).

[0343] 2. The base station can transmit a measurement instruction for the NTN satellite to the UE.

[0344] 3. Based on the above measurement instructions, the base station can receive the results of measurements for the NTN satellite from the UE.

[0345] 4. Based on the results of the above measurement, the base station can decide to handover the UE to the NTN satellite.

[0346] 5. Based on the above decision, the base station can transmit a handover instruction to the NTN satellite to the UE.

[0347] The step of the base station determining handover of the UE to the NTN satellite may be performed based on the result of the measurement exceeding a threshold value.

[0348] The base station can transmit information about the NTN satellite to the UE.

[0349] Based on the information about the NTN satellite and the GNSS on command, the base station can receive information about the propagation delay for the NTN satellite determined by the UE from the UE.

[0350] Based on the information about the above propagation delay, the base station can determine the SMTC for the NTN satellite.

[0351] The base station can transmit information about the SMTC to the UE.

[0352] Measurements for the above NTN satellites may be based on the above SMTC.

[0353] The base station may transmit a request for information on GNSS status to the UE.

[0354] The base station can receive information about the GNSS status of the UE from the UE.

[0355] The step of the above base station transmitting the GNSS on command may be performed based on the information about the GNSS status being in the GNSS off state.

[0356] The result of the above measurement may be Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) or Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ).

[0357] Hereinafter, a device for performing communication according to some embodiments of the present specification will be described.

[0358] For example, a device may include a processor, a transceiver, and memory.

[0359] For example, a processor may be configured to be operatively coupled with memory and a processor.

[0360] The operations performed by the processor may include: a step in which a UE (User Equipment) receives a GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) on command from a base station; a step in which the UE turns on GNSS based on the GNSS on command; a step in which the UE performs measurement for an NTN (Non-terrestrial networks) satellite; and a step in which the UE performs handover to the NTN satellite based on a result of the measurement.

[0361] Below, a processor of a UE for providing communication according to some embodiments of the present specification is described.

[0362] The operations performed by the processor may include: a step in which a UE (User Equipment) receives a GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) on command from a base station; a step in which the UE turns on GNSS based on the GNSS on command; a step in which the UE performs measurement for an NTN (Non-terrestrial networks) satellite; and a step in which the UE performs handover to the NTN satellite based on a result of the measurement.

[0363] Hereinafter, a non-volatile computer-readable medium storing one or more commands for providing mobile communication according to some embodiments of the present specification is described.

[0364] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the technical features of the present disclosure may be implemented directly in hardware, software executed by a processor, or a combination of the two. For example, a method performed by a wireless device in wireless communication may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. For example, the software may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, a hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or other storage media.

[0365] Some examples of storage media are coupled to the processor, allowing the processor to read information from the storage media. Alternatively, the storage media may be integrated into the processor. The processor and storage media may reside in an ASIC. In other examples, the processor and storage media may reside as separate components.

[0366] Computer-readable media may include tangible and non-volatile computer-readable storage media.

[0367] For example, nonvolatile computer-readable media may include random access memory (RAM), such as synchronized dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), read-only memory (ROM), non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM), read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, magnetic or optical data storage media, or any other media that can be used to store instructions or data structures. Nonvolatile computer-readable media may also include combinations of the above.

[0368] Additionally, the methods described herein can be realized at least in part by a computer-readable communication medium that carries or transmits code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed, read, and / or executed by a computer.

[0369] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a non-transitory computer-readable medium has one or more instructions stored thereon. The one or more stored instructions can be executed by a processor of a base station.

[0370] The one or more stored commands may include: a step in which a user equipment (UE) receives a GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) on command from a base station; a step in which the UE turns on GNSS based on the GNSS on command; a step in which the UE performs measurement for a non-terrestrial networks (NTN) satellite; and a step in which the UE performs a handover to the NTN satellite based on a result of the measurement.

[0371] Specifications can have a variety of effects.

[0372] For example, offloading can be performed through GNSS on the terminal.

[0373] The effects that can be achieved through specific examples of this specification are not limited to the effects listed above. For example, a person with ordinary skill in the relevant technical field may understand or derive various technical effects from this specification. Accordingly, the specific effects of this specification are not limited to those explicitly described herein, but may include various effects that can be understood or derived from the technical features of this specification.

[0374] The claims set forth in this specification may be combined in various ways. For example, the technical features of the method claims of this specification may be combined to implement a device, and the technical features of the device claims of this specification may be combined to implement a method. Furthermore, the technical features of the method claims and the technical features of the device claims of this specification may be combined to implement a device, and the technical features of the method claims and the technical features of the device claims of this specification may be combined to implement a method. Other implementations are within the scope of the claims.

Claims

1. As a method, A step in which a UE (User Equipment) receives a GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) on command from a base station; A step in which the UE performs GNSS on based on the GNSS on command; A step in which the UE performs measurements on a NTN (Non-terrestrial networks) satellite; A method comprising a step of the UE performing a handover to the NTN satellite based on the results of the above measurement.

2. In paragraph 1, A step in which the UE receives information about the NTN satellite from the base station; A step of determining a propagation delay for the NTN satellite by using location information via GNSS and information about the NTN satellite based on the UE performing GNSS on; A step in which the UE transmits information about the propagation delay to the base station; Based on the UE transmitting information about the propagation delay, the UE further includes a step of receiving information about SMTC (Synchronization Signal Block-based Measurement Timing Configuration) from the base station. The step of the above UE performing measurements on the NTN satellite is: a method performed based on information about the SMTC.

3. In paragraph 1 The UE further comprises a step of receiving a measurement instruction for the NTN satellite from the base station, The step of the above UE performing measurements on the NTN satellite is: a method performed based on the above measurement instruction.

4. In paragraph 1, A step in which the UE receives a request for information on GNSS status from the base station; A method further comprising the step of the UE transmitting information about its GNSS status to the base station.

5. In paragraph 1, The steps for the above UE to perform GNSS on are: A step of changing the GNSS of the UE from an off state to an on state based on the GNSS of the UE being in an off state; and A method comprising a step of maintaining the GNSS of the UE in an on state based on the GNSS of the UE being in an on state.

6. In paragraph 1, A method wherein the step of the UE performing a measurement for the NTN satellite comprises: a step of the UE measuring a Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) or a Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) for the NTN satellite.

7. In paragraph 1, A step in which the UE reports the results of the measurement to the base station; Based on the above report, the UE further includes a step of receiving a handover instruction from the base station to the NTN satellite, The step of the UE performing a handover to the NTN satellite is: a method performed based on the handover instruction.

8. In paragraph 1, The UE further comprises a step of determining whether the result of the measurement exceeds a threshold value, The step of the UE performing a handover to the NTN satellite is: a method performed based on the result of the measurement exceeding a threshold value.

9. In paragraph 1, A step in which the UE receives time T from the base station; The UE further comprises a step of determining whether the result of the measurement exceeds a threshold value, The step of the UE performing a handover to the NTN satellite is performed based on the time that the result of the measurement exceeds the threshold value being maintained for the period of T.

10. In paragraph 1, The UE further comprises a step of performing measurements on the base station, The step of the UE performing a handover to the NTN satellite is: a method performed based on the results of measurements for the base station.

11. In paragraph 1, The step of the UE performing a handover to the NTN satellite is: a method performed based on the distance between the reference location of the UE and the base station and the service time of the NTN satellite.

12. As a method, A step in which a base station transmits a GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) on command to a UE (User Equipment); A step in which the base station transmits a measurement instruction for the NTN satellite to the UE; A step in which the base station receives the result of measurement for the NTN satellite from the UE based on the measurement instruction; Based on the results of the above measurement, the base station determines handover of the UE to the NTN satellite; A method comprising the step of the base station transmitting a handover instruction to the NTN satellite to the UE based on the above decision.

13. In paragraph 12, The step of the base station determining the handover of the UE to the NTN satellite is: A method performed based on the result of the above measurement exceeding a threshold value.

14. In paragraph 12, A step in which the base station transmits information about the NTN satellite to the UE; A step in which the base station receives information about a propagation delay for the NTN satellite determined by the UE from the UE based on information about the NTN satellite and the GNSS on command; A step in which the base station determines SMTC for the NTN satellite based on information about the propagation delay; The base station further comprises a step of transmitting information about the SMTC to the UE, Measurements for the above NTN satellites are based on the above SMTC method.

15. In paragraph 12, A step in which the base station transmits a request for information on GNSS status to the UE; A method further comprising the step of the base station receiving information about the GNSS status of the UE from the UE.

16. In paragraph 15, The steps for the above base station to transmit the GNSS on command are: A method performed based on the information about the above GNSS status being in a GNSS off state.

17. In paragraph 12, The result of the above measurement is RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power) or RSRQ (Reference Signal Received Quality).

18. As a UE (User Equipment) performing communication, At least one transmitter and receiver; Contains at least one processor, A UE wherein the operation performed by at least one processor is a method according to any one of claims 1 to 11.

19. As a base station performing communication, At least one transmitter and receiver; Contains at least one processor, A base station, wherein the operation performed by at least one processor is a method according to any one of claims 12 to 17.

20. As an apparatus in mobile communication, at least one processor; and At least one memory storing instructions and being operably electrically connected to at least one processor, A device wherein the operation performed based on the command being executed by at least one processor is a method according to any one of claims 1 to 11.

21. A non-volatile computer-readable storage medium that records commands, A non-volatile computer-readable storage medium, wherein the instructions, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform an operation according to any one of claims 1 to 11.

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