Devices and methods for communication
By determining coding information with repetition numbers and schemes for IoT devices, the communication efficiency and coverage for battery-less or low-energy IoT devices are enhanced, addressing the limitations of existing technologies in ambient IoT communication.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/107390
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-07-24
- Publication Date
- 2026-01-29
AI Technical Summary
Existing technologies struggle to efficiently support battery-less or low-energy storage IoT devices by providing effective communication solutions that do not require manual recharging, especially in scenarios where energy harvesting is necessary.
A communication device determines coding information for messages to be transmitted to IoT devices, incorporating repetition numbers and coding schemes applied based on the order of repetitions, and includes additional signals between repetitions to enhance transmission efficiency.
This approach improves the communication efficiency and coverage for battery-less or low-energy IoT devices by optimizing message transmission through flexible repetition and coding schemes, enhancing the reliability and effectiveness of ambient IoT communication.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024107390_29012026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
DEVICES AND METHODS FOR COMMUNICATION
[0001] FIELDS
[0002] Example embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to the field of communication techniques and in particular, to devices and methods for transmission for ambient Internet of Things (IoT) device.BACKGROUND
[0003] In recent years, IoT has attracted much attention in the wireless communication world. IoT technologies are expected to drastically change landscape of various industries. The automation and digitalization of various industries open numbers of new markets requiring new IoT technologies of supporting battery-less devices with no energy storage capability or devices with energy storage that do not need to be replaced or recharged manually. Thus, ambient IoT (AIoT) is proposed, which is a promising field in some communication systems such as the 5th generation mobile communication technology (5G) new radio (NR) . The ambient IoT refers to the IoT without power and energy sources. Specifically, the ambient IoT terminal node, which is also referred to as an ambient IoT device or tag, obtains energy from the environment. For example, an ambient IoT device may capture and collect energy by collecting radio waves to complete data collection, transmission and distributed computing, etc.SUMMARY
[0004] In general, embodiments of the present disclosure provide methods, devices and computer storage medium for transmission for ambient IoT device.
[0005] In a first aspect, there is provided a first communication device. The first communication device comprises: a processor configured to cause the first communication device to: determine coding information of a message to a second communication device, the coding information comprising a repetition number of a plurality of repetitions of the message, the coding information further comprising at least one of: at least two coding schemes of the plurality of repetitions, or a first signal added between the plurality of repetitions, the at least two coding schemes being applied to the plurality of repetitions based on an order of the plurality of repetitions; generate the message based on the coding information; and transmit the message to the second communication device.
[0006] In a second aspect, there is provided a first communication device. The first communication device comprises: a processor configured to cause the first communication device to: transmit, to a second communication device, at least one transmitted message being associated with at least one transmission flag; and receive, from the second communication device, at least one received message being associated with at least one reception flag, the at least one reception flag being mapped to the at least one transmission flag, wherein a transmission flag or a reception flag comprises at least one of: a preamble, a midamble, a postamble, or an index associated with a corresponding transmitted message or received message.
[0007] In a third aspect, there is provided a second communication device. The second communication device comprises: a processor configured to cause the second communication device to: receive, from a first communication device, a message, the message being generated based on coding information of the message, wherein the coding information comprising a repetition number of a plurality of repetitions of the message, the coding information further comprising at least one of: at least two coding schemes of the plurality of repetitions, or a first signal added between the plurality of repetitions, the at least two coding schemes being applied to the plurality of repetitions based on an order of the plurality of repetitions.
[0008] In a fourth aspect, there is provided a second communication device. The second communication device comprises: a processor configured to cause the second communication device to: receive, from a first communication device, at least one received message being associated with at least one reception flag; and transmit, to the first communication device, at least one transmitted message being associated with at least one transmission flag, the at least one reception flag being mapped to the at least one transmission flag, wherein a transmission flag or a reception flag comprises at least one of:a preamble, a midamble, a postamble, or an index associated with a corresponding transmitted message or received message.
[0009] In a fifth aspect, there is provided a communication method performed by a first communication device. The method comprises: determining coding information of a message to a second communication device, the coding information comprising a repetition number of a plurality of repetitions of the message, the coding information further comprising at least one of: at least two coding schemes of the plurality of repetitions, or a first signal added between the plurality of repetitions, the at least two coding schemes being applied to the plurality of repetitions based on an order of the plurality of repetitions; generating the message based on the coding information; and transmitting the message to the second communication device.
[0010] In a sixth aspect, there is provided a communication method performed by a first communication device. The method comprises: transmitting, to a second communication device, at least one transmitted message being associated with at least one transmission flag; and receiving, from the second communication device, at least one received message being associated with at least one reception flag, the at least one reception flag being mapped to the at least one transmission flag, wherein a transmission flag or a reception flag comprises at least one of: a preamble, a midamble, a postamble, or an index associated with a corresponding transmitted message or received message.
[0011] In a seventh aspect, there is provided a communication method performed by a second communication device. The method comprises: receiving, from a first communication device, a message, the message being generated based on coding information of the message, wherein the coding information comprising a repetition number of a plurality of repetitions of the message, the coding information further comprising at least one of: at least two coding schemes of the plurality of repetitions, or a first signal added between the plurality of repetitions, the at least two coding schemes being applied to the plurality of repetitions based on an order of the plurality of repetitions.
[0012] In an eighth aspect, there is provided a communication method performed by a second communication device. The method comprises: receiving, from a first communication device, at least one received message being associated with at least one reception flag; and transmitting, to the first communication device, at least one transmitted message being associated with at least one transmission flag, the at least one reception flag being mapped to the at least one transmission flag, wherein a transmission flag or a reception flag comprises at least one of: a preamble, a midamble, a postamble, or an index associated with a corresponding transmitted message or received message.
[0013] In a ninth aspect, there is provided a computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to carry out the method according to the fifth, sixth, seventh, or eighth aspect.
[0014] Other features of the present disclosure will become easily comprehensible through the following description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0015] Through the more detailed description of some example embodiments of the present disclosure in the accompanying drawings, the above and other objects, features and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent, wherein:
[0016] FIG. 1A illustrates an example communication environment in which example embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented;
[0017] FIG. 1B illustrates another example communication environment in which example embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented;
[0018] FIG. 2 illustrates a signaling flow of transmission of the ambient IoT device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0019] FIG. 3 illustrates a flowchart for generating a message to be transmitted in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0020] FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B illustrate examples of coding schemes in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, respectively;
[0021] FIG. 5 illustrates a further example of coding scheme in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0022] FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B illustrate further examples of coding schemes in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, respectively;
[0023] FIG. 7 illustrates another flowchart for generating a message to be transmitted in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0024] FIG. 8 illustrates another flowchart for generating a message to be transmitted in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0025] FIG. 9 illustrates a signal frame structure of a generated message in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0026] FIG. 10 illustrates another signaling flow of transmission of the ambient IoT device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0027] FIG. 11 illustrates another signaling flow of transmission of the ambient IoT device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0028] FIG. 12 illustrates an example diagram showing a plurality of transmissions and receptions between a first communication device and a second communication device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0029] FIG. 13 illustrates another example diagram showing a plurality of transmissions and receptions between a first communication device and a second communication device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0030] FIG. 14 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented at a first communication device according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0031] FIG. 15 illustrates another flowchart of a method implemented at a first communication device according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0032] FIG. 16 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented at a second communication device according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0033] FIG. 17 illustrates another flowchart of a method implemented at a second communication device according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure; and
[0034] FIG. 18 illustrates a simplified block diagram of an apparatus that is suitable for implementing example embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0035] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar element.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0036] Principle of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some example embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. Embodiments described herein can be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0037] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0038] As used herein, the term ‘terminal device’ refers to any device having wireless or wired communication capabilities. Examples of the terminal device include, but not limited to, user equipment (UE) , personal computers, desktops, mobile phones, cellular phones, smart phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) , portable computers, tablets, wearable devices, internet of things (IoT) devices, Ultra-reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC) devices, Internet of Everything (IoE) devices, machine type communication (MTC) devices, devices on vehicle for V2X communication where X means pedestrian, vehicle, or infrastructure / network, devices for Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) , Space borne vehicles or Air borne vehicles in Non-terrestrial networks (NTN) including Satellites and High Altitude Platforms (HAPs) encompassing Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) , eXtended Reality (XR) devices including different types of realities such as Augmented Reality (AR) , Mixed Reality (MR) and Virtual Reality (VR) , the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) commonly known as a drone which is an aircraft without any human pilot, devices on high speed train (HST) , or image capture devices such as digital cameras, sensors, gaming devices, music storage and playback appliances, or Internet appliances enabling wireless or wired Internet access and browsing and the like. The ‘terminal device’ can further have ‘multicast / broadcast’ feature, to support public safety and mission critical, V2X applications, transparent IPv4 / IPv6 multicast delivery, IPTV, smart TV, radio services, software delivery over wireless, group communications and IoT applications. It may also incorporate one or multiple Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) as known as Multi-SIM. The term “terminal device” can be used interchangeably with a UE, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile terminal, a user terminal or a wireless device.
[0039] The term “network device” refers to a device which is capable of providing or hosting a cell or coverage where terminal devices can communicate. Examples of a network device include, but not limited to, a Node B (NodeB or NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a next generation NodeB (gNB) , a transmission reception point (TRP) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , a radio head (RH) , a remote radio head (RRH) , an IAB node, a low power node such as a femto node, a pico node, a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) , and the like.
[0040] The terminal device or the network device may have Artificial intelligence (AI) or Machine learning capability. It generally includes a model which has been trained from numerous collected data for a specific function, and can be used to predict some information.
[0041] The terminal or the network device may work on several frequency ranges, e.g., FR1 (e.g., 450 MHz to 6000 MHz) , FR2 (e.g., 24.25GHz to 52.6GHz) , frequency band larger than 100 GHz as well as Tera Hertz (THz) . It can further work on licensed / unlicensed / shared spectrum. The terminal device may have more than one connection with the network devices under Multi-Radio Dual Connectivity (MR-DC) application scenario. The terminal device or the network device can work on full duplex, flexible duplex and cross division duplex modes.
[0042] The embodiments of the present disclosure may be performed in test equipment, e.g., signal generator, signal analyzer, spectrum analyzer, network analyzer, test terminal device, test network device, channel emulator. In some embodiments, the terminal device may be connected with a first network device and a second network device. One of the first network device and the second network device may be a master node and the other one may be a secondary node. The first network device and the second network device may use different radio access technologies (RATs) . In some embodiments, the first network device may be a first RAT device and the second network device may be a second RAT device. In some embodiments, the first RAT device is eNB and the second RAT device is gNB. Information related with different RATs may be transmitted to the terminal device from at least one of the first network device or the second network device. In some embodiments, first information may be transmitted to the terminal device from the first network device and second information may be transmitted to the terminal device from the second network device directly or via the first network device. In some embodiments, information related with configuration for the terminal device configured by the second network device may be transmitted from the second network device via the first network device. Information related with reconfiguration for the terminal device configured by the second network device may be transmitted to the terminal device from the second network device directly or via the first network device.
[0043] As used herein, the singular forms ‘a’ , ‘an’ and ‘the’ are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The term ‘includes’ and its variants are to be read as open terms that mean ‘includes, but is not limited to. ’ The term ‘based on’is to be read as ‘at least in part based on. ’ The term ‘one embodiment’ and ‘an embodiment’ are to be read as ‘at least one embodiment. ’ The term ‘another embodiment’ is to be read as ‘at least one other embodiment. ’ The terms ‘first, ’ ‘second, ’ and the like may refer to different or same objects. Other definitions, explicit and implicit, may be included below.
[0044] In some examples, values, procedures, or apparatus are referred to as ‘best, ’ ‘lowest, ’ ‘highest, ’ ‘minimum, ’ ‘maximum, ’ or the like. It will be appreciated that such descriptions are intended to indicate that a selection among many used functional alternatives can be made, and such selections need not be better, smaller, higher, or otherwise preferable to other selections.
[0045] As used herein, the term “resource, ” “transmission resource, ” “uplink resource, ” or “downlink resource” may refer to any resource for performing a communication, such as a resource in time domain, a resource in frequency domain, a resource in space domain, a resource in code domain, or any other resource enabling a communication, and the like. In the following, unless explicitly stated, a resource in both frequency domain and time domain will be used as an example of a transmission resource for describing some example embodiments of the present disclosure. It is noted that example embodiments of the present disclosure are equally applicable to other resources in other domains.
[0046] As used herein, the term “traffic” may be referred to as “data traffic” or “data” . The term “traffic type” may be referred to as “data traffic type” or “data type” .
[0047] FIG. 1A illustrates a schematic diagram of an example communication environment 100 in which example embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented. In the communication environment 100, a first communication device 110 communicates with a second communication device 120. The second communication device 120 may be a battery-less device, an energy storage disabled device, or a device with limited energy storage capability, such as an ambient IoT device.
[0048] As used herein, the term “ambient IoT device” may be referred to as a “passive device” , “passive IoT” , “IoT device” , “A-IoT device” , “AIoT device” or the like. Examples of the ambient IoT device may include but not limited to tags, sensors, radio frequency (RF) components, or the like. The ambient IoT device may not necessarily be able to generate signals independently, and may have very low or even no energy storage capacity. The energy for the ambient IoT device may be provided through the harvesting of radio waves, light, motion, heat, or any other power source that could be seen suitable.
[0049] In some embodiments, the second communication device 120 has no energy storage, no independent signal generation or amplification. The second communication device 120 may support a backscattering transmission. Such second communication device 120 may be referred to as “Device A” or “Device type A” or “Device 1” . Alternatively, in some embodiments, the second communication device 120 supporting the backscattering transmission may has energy storage, but no independent signal generation. Such second communication device 120 may be referred to as “Device B” or “Device type B” or “Device 2a” . Alternatively, in some embodiments, the second communication device 120 supporting signal transmission may has energy storage, and independent signal generation. Such second communication device 120 may be referred to as “Device 2b” . In some following embodiments, the second communication device 120 may be a Device A or a Device B or Device 1 or Device 2a or Device 2b.
[0050] In FIG. 1A, the first communication device 110 may transmit an ambient IoT signal to the second communication device 120. The first communication device 110 may be a network device such as a base station, a relay, or an IAB device, a terminal device such as UE, or any other suitable device. The second communication device 120 may perform a backscattering transmission or independent generated signal transmission based on the ambient IoT signal. For example, the second communication device 120 may collect or harvest energy from the ambient IoT signal and use the collected energy to transmit the backscattering or the independent generated signal transmission. As used herein, the term “ambient IoT signal” may be referred to as an “ambient IoT data” , “ambient IoT signaling” , “harvesting signal” , “carrier wave (CW) ” , “inventory signal” , or “command” . The ambient IoT signal may be a physical layer (PHY) signal.
[0051] In embodiments where the first communication device 110 being a network device such as a base station, the second communication device 120 may directly and bidirectionally communicate with the base station. The topology of the second communication device 120 and the first communication device 110 shown in FIG. 1A may be referred to as a “Topology 1” . In Topology 1, gNB may perform as the reader, and communicate with the ambient IoT device directly.
[0052] FIG. 1B illustrates a schematic diagram of another example communication environment 150 in which example embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented. Similar to FIG. 1A, in the communication environment 150, the first communication device 110 communicates with the second communication device 120. For example, the first communication device 110 may transmit an ambient IoT signal to the second communication device 120, and receive a backscattering transmission or independent generated signal from the second communication device 120.
[0053] Different from FIG. 1A, in FIG. 1B, the first communication device 110 may be an intermediate device (also referred to as an intermediate node) which communicates with a further communicate device such as a third communication device 160 for example via Uu interface. The third communication device 160 may be a network device such as a base station or a terminal device. The third communication device 160 may serve the first communication device 110. That is, the first communication device 110 such as UE may perform as a reader for the second communication device 120, and the communication between the first communication device 110 and the second communication device 120 is controlled by the third communication device 160 such as gNB.
[0054] By way of example, the third communication device 160 may transmit a signal to the first communication device 110. The first communication device 110 may transmit the ambient IoT signal to the second communication device 120 based on the signal from the third communication device 160. The first communication device 110 may receive a backscattering transmission or independent generated signal from the second communication device 120 and forward the received signal to the third communication device 160. In some embodiments, the first communication device 110 may decode the received signal directly according to indication from the third communication device 160.
[0055] In this way, the second communication device 120 such as an ambient IoT may communicate bidirectionally with the immediate node between the ambient IoT device and the third communication device such as the base station. The topology of the second communication device 120, the first communication device 110 and the third communication device 160 shown in FIG. 1B may be referred to as a “Topology 2” . In Topology 2, UE may perform as the reader, and the communication between UE and ambient IoT device may be controlled by gNB.
[0056] As used herein, the first communication device 110 in FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B may also be referred to as a “ambient IoT device reader” , “passive device reader” , “IoT device reader” “reader” , “reader for the second communication device 120” . The first communication device 110 may support one or more ambient IoT device (s) . The second communication device 120 may operate as a UE and be referred to as “UE reader” , or may operate as a radio access network (RAN) node and be referred to as an ambient RAN (A-RAN) , or an A-RAN reader. The third communication device 160 in FIG. 1B may also be referred to as an A-RAN node or an A-RAN node serving the reader. It is to be understood that the number of devices as shown in FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B is for purpose of illustration without any limitation. In embodiments of the present disclosure, there may be more or less devices.
[0057] Several device types are supported. That is, the second communication device 120 may be of different device types. A first device type of the second communication device 120 (referred to as Device 1) may support about 1 μW peak power consumption, have energy storage, initial sampling frequency offset (SFO) up to 10X ppm, neither DL nor UL amplification in the device. The device’s UL transmission is backscattered on a carrier wave provided externally.
[0058] A second device type of the second communication device 120 (referred to as Device 2a) may support less than or equal to a few hundred μW peak power consumption, have energy storage, initial SFO up to 10X ppm, both DL and / or UL amplification in the device. The device’s UL transmission is backscattered on a carrier wave provided externally.
[0059] A third device type of the second communication device 120 (referred to as Device 2b) may support less than or equal to a few hundred μW peak power consumption, have energy storage, initial SFO up to 10X ppm, both DL and / or UL amplification in the device. The device’s UL transmission is generated internally by the device.
[0060] In some example embodiments, the second communication device 120 may support or provide a functionality, such as inventory or command. As used herein, the term “functionality” of the second communication device 120 may also be referred to as an “application” or “service” of the second communication device 120, or an “ambient IoT functionality” , “ambient IoT application” , or “ambient IoT service” .
[0061] In some example embodiments, a link from the first communication device 110 to the second communication device 120 is referred to as a downlink (DL) , while a link from the second communication device 120 to the first communication device 110 is referred to as an uplink (UL) . In DL, the first communication device 110 is a transmitting (TX) device (or a transmitter) and the second communication device 120 is a receiving (RX) device (or a receiver) . In UL, the second communication device 120 is a TX device (or a transmitter) and the first communication device 110 is a RX device (or a receiver) .
[0062] The communications in the communication environment 100 may conform to any suitable standards including, but not limited to, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) , Long Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Evolution, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , New Radio (NR) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , GSM EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN) , Machine Type Communication (MTC) and the like. The embodiments of the present disclosure may be performed according to any generation communication protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Examples of the communication protocols include, but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the fifth generation (5G) communication protocols, 5.5G, 5G-Advanced networks, or the sixth generation (6G) networks.
[0063] In the communication environ 100 or the communication environment 150, several use cases on ambient IoT are supported. An example use case may be a use case of indoor inventory such as a use case on ambient IoT on automated warehousing. Specifically, for such use case, when the goods are placed on shelves in the warehouse and have been stored for a certain period of time, the management platform starts the indoor inventory task periodically for double check of the goods (total goods or per different batch / group) , and generates a list of tags to be inventoried, sends the list to the 5G network. The 5G network receives the list and sends large-scale / specified inventory signals. The Ambient IoT device in the 5G network coverage may establish communication with the network. The 5G network may interact with the corresponding devices according to the inventory requirements to obtain goods information. The 5G network may send the acquired goods information to the management platform. During these procedures, the read operation may involve device-originated (DO) device-terminated triggered (DTT) traffic.
[0064] Another use case may be for indoor command, such as a use case on online modification of medical instruments status. In such use case, through 5G network and the IoT device, the medical instrument information (such as the serial number of the instrument, usage status, usage records, years of use, integrity, or the like) may be remotely read, modified and written by the medical instrument management platform. During these procedures, the write or modifying operation may involve a device-terminated (DT) traffic, and the read operation may involve a DO-DTT traffic.
[0065] It is to be understood that these described use cases are only for purpose of illustration, without suggesting any limitation. Any suitable use case may be supported by embodiments of the present disclosure. Scope of the present disclosure is not limited here.
[0066] In some mechanisms, A-IoT is introduced as a study item in release (Rel) -19 with the following objects: for the Ambient IoT DL and UL: frame structure, synchronization and timing, random access; numerologies, bandwidths, and multiple access; waveforms and modulations; channel coding; downlink channel / signal aspects; uplink channel / signal aspects; or scheduling and timing relationships.
[0067] Necessary characteristics of carrier-wave waveform for a carrier wave provided externally to the Ambient IoT device are studied, including for interference handling at Ambient IoT UL receiver, and at NR base station. It is proposed that for Topology 2, no difference in physical layer design from Topology 1.
[0068] In recent years, IoT has attracted much attention in the wireless communication world. More ‘things’a re expected to be interconnected for improving productivity efficiency and increasing comforts of life. Further reduction of size, complexity, and power consumption of IoT devices can enable the deployment of tens or even hundreds of billion IoT devices for various applications and provide added value across the entire value chain. It is impossible to power all the IoT devices by battery that needs to be replaced or recharged manually, which leads to high maintenance cost, serious environmental issues, and even safety hazards for some use cases (e.g., wireless sensor in electric power and petroleum industry) .
[0069] In some mechanisms, it is proposed to capture use cases, traffic scenarios, device constraints of ambient power-enabled Internet of Things and identify new potential service requirements as well as new key performance indicators (KPIs) . It is considered devices being either battery-less or with limited energy storage capability (i.e., using a capacitor) and the energy is provided through the harvesting of radio waves, light, motion, heat, or any other power source that could be seen suitable.
[0070] Considering the limited size and complexity required by practical applications for batteryless devices with no energy storage capability or devices with limited energy storage that do not need to be replaced or recharged manually, the output power of energy harvester is typically from 1μW to a few hundreds of μW. Existing cellular devices may not work well with energy harvesting due to their peak power consumption of higher than 10mW.
[0071] In some mechanisms, it provides a terminological and scoping framework for future discussions of Ambient IoT. This has defined representative use cases, deployment scenarios, connectivity topologies, Ambient IoT devices, design targets, and required functionalities; it also conducted a preliminary feasibility assessment, and gave recommendations for down-selection in setting the scope of a further study.
[0072] However, since existing technologies cannot meet all the requirements of target use cases, a new IoT technology is recommended to open new markets within 3GPP systems, whose number of connections and / or device density can be orders of magnitude higher than existing 3GPP IoT technologies. The new IoT technology shall provide complexity and power consumption orders of magnitude lower than the existing 3GPP low power wide area (LPWA) technologies (e.g. narrow band (NB) -IoT and enhanced machine-type communication (eMTC) ) , and shall address use cases and scenarios that cannot otherwise be fulfilled based on existing 3GPP LPWA IoT technologies.
[0073] In some mechanisms, repetition is proposed for A-IoT reader-to-device (R2D) and device-to-reader (D2R) transmission for coverage enhancement. For example, gain was observed in simulation results with repetition. The repetition may be indicated in control information. However, how to design or configure the repetition to enhance the coverage efficiently is a concerning problem.
[0074] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution for transmissions for ambient IoT device. In a solution, a first communication device such as a reader for an ambient IoT device determines coding information of a message to a second communication device such as the ambient IoT device. The coding information includes a repetition number of a plurality of repetitions of the message. The coding information further includes at least two coding schemes of the plurality of repetitions, and / or a first signal added between the plurality of repetitions. The at least two coding schemes are applied to the plurality of repetitions based on an order of the plurality of repetitions. The plurality of repetitions may include a plurality of block level repetitions and / or a plurality of bit level repetitions. The first communication device generates the message based on the coding information and transmits the message to the second communication device. In this way, the message transmitted to the second communication device may be generated based on the determined coding information. For example, the message may be generated by using the at least two coding schemes for the repetitions. Alternatively, or in addition, a first signal such as a special signal may be added between repetitions. In this way, different repetitions may be distinguished by different coding schemes or the special signal. Such flexible repetition and coding scheme may increase the repetition efficiency for different scenarios.
[0075] Principles and implementations of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the figures.
[0076] Reference is made to FIG. 2, which illustrates a signaling flow 200 of transmission for ambient IoT device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purposes of discussion, the signaling flow 200 will be discussed with reference to FIG. 1A and / or FIG. 1B.
[0077] In operation, the first communication device 110 determines (210) coding information of a message to be transmitted to the second communication device 120. The coding information includes a repetition number of a plurality of repetitions of the message. That is, the repetition number of repetitions may be applied to the message. The coding information further includes at least two coding schemes of the plurality of repetitions, and / or a first signal added between the plurality of repetitions. For example, the at least two coding schemes are applied to the repetitions based on an order of the repetitions. As used herein, the term “coding scheme” refers to how to code the message or signal such as bits into logic level transition. Several example coding schemes may be described in detail with respect to FIG. 4A to FIG. 6B.
[0078] In some embodiments, a plurality of repetition types may be supported. The plurality of repetitions may include a plurality of block level repetitions and / or bit level repetitions. As used herein, the term “block level repetition” means that the signal may be repeated in a unit of “block” . For example, all the bits received from higher layers and / or physical layer (according to what is present) after CRC attachment (if used) are block-wise repeated Rblock times, where Rblock denotes the repetition number for the block level repetition. Assuming a block such as “X0” after the CRC attachment is “101111010001... ” , the block level repetition result such as “X1” will be “101111010001... 101111010001... 101111010001... 101111010001... ” with the repetition number being 4.
[0079] As used herein, the term “bit level repetition” means that the signal may be repeated in a unit of “bit” . In an example (referred to as bit level type 1) , each bit after a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) attachment (if used) is repeated Rbit times, where Rbit denotes the repetition number of bit level repetition. In another example (referred to as bit level type 2) , each bit after both CRC attachment (if used) and forward error correction (FEC) (if used) is repeated Rbit times. Taking the message being “101111010001... ” as an example, the bit level repeated signal may be “1111 0000 1111 1111 1111 1111 0000 1111 0000 0000 0000 1111... ” with repetition number being 4.
[0080] It is to be understood that these examples of repetition type are only for the purpose of illustration, without suggesting any limitation. Any suitable repetition type may be applied. It is also to be understood that those example repetition number, example messages or messages with repetitions are only for the purpose of illustration, without suggesting any limitation. Any suitable repetition number may be applied. Scope of the present disclosure is not limited in this regard.
[0081] The first communication device 110 generates (230) the message based on the determined coding information. The first communication device 110 transmits (230) the message to the generated second communication device 120. The second communication device 120 receives (240) the message.
[0082] FIG. 3 illustrates a flowchart of a message generation process 300 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The process 300 may be implemented by the first communication device 110. In the process 300, it is assumed that the plurality of repetitions of the message are block level repetitions.
[0083] As illustrated, an original message signal may include a plurality of bits 302. The bits 302 may be the bits received from higher layers and / or physical layer. At block 310, a CRC attachment may be applied to the bits 302. The bits with CRC attachment may be denoted as “X0” . Next, at block 320, the first communication device 110 applies a block-level repetition to X0, to obtain the message with repetitions (denoted as “X1” ) . The repetition number for the block level repetition may be predefined, configured or determined by the first communication device 110. Assuming “X0” after the CRC attachment is “101111010001... ” , then “X1” will be “101111010001... 101111010001... 101111010001... 101111010001... ” with the repetition number being 4.
[0084] At block 330, the first communication device 110 codes X1 based on the coding information, to obtain coded message (denoted as “X2” ) . At block 340, a modulation or on-off keying (OOK) may be applied to X2, to obtain the final message to be transmitted. For example, the final message may be physical D2R channel (PDRCH) or physical R2D channel (PRDCH) message 342.
[0085] In embodiments where the coding information comprising at least two coding schemes, at block 330, the first communication device 110 may code the message or bits based on the at least two coding schemes (for example, line coding schemes) and an order of the block level repetitions. The order or sequence of the block level repetitions may be represented by indices of the block level repetitions. For example, the smaller the index, , the earlier the corresponding bit or bits of the repetition. That is, the first communication device 110 may code the bits based on the at least two coding schemes and indices of the block level repetitions.
[0086] By way of example, the at least two coding schemes may include a first coding scheme and a second coding scheme different from the first coding scheme. The first coding scheme and the second coding scheme are applied to a plurality of block level repetitions of the message based on indices of the plurality of block level repetitions. That is, the coding scheme or information may be changed if the repetition index is changed.
[0087] FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B illustrate examples of coding schemes in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 4A shows a diagram 400 of Manchester coding scheme#1, where bit 0 is mapped to chip {10} and bit 1 is mapped to chip
[0001] . FIG. 4B shows a diagram 410 of Manchester coding scheme#2, where bit 0 is mapped to {01} , and bit 1 is mapped to chip {10} . In some embodiments, for repetition #2 and repetition #4, the Manchester coding scheme#1 is applied, that is, bit 0 is mapped to chip {10} , and bit 1 is mapped to chip {01} . For repetition #1 and repetition #3, the Manchester coding scheme #2 is used, that is, bit 0 is mapped to {01} , and bit 1 is mapped to chip {10} .
[0088] As a higher power level may have a higher successfully detecting probability. By using different coding schemes, the probability for successfully detecting between bit 0 and bit 1 may be balanced.
[0089] In another example embodiment, for repetition#0 and repetition#2, normal frequency modulation code zero (FM0) coding such as bi-phase spacing coding is applied, while for repetition#1 and repetition#3, the coding signal for bit 0 and bit 1 are exchanged. FIG. 5 illustrates an example of the normal FM0 coding scheme. As shown, a diagram 510 shows a power level for a first state, a diagram 520 shows a power level for a second state, a diagram 530 shows a power level for a third state, and a diagram 540 shows a power level for a fourth state. FIG. 6A illustrates an example diagram 600 showing the state transitions between these states in the normal FM0 coding scheme shown in FIG. 5.
[0090] For repetition#0 and repetition#2, normal FM0 coding shown in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6A is applied. For repetition#1 and repetition#3, the coding signal for bit 0 and bit 1 are exchanged. That is, another FM0 scheme may be applied. FIG. 6B shows an example diagram showing the state transitions for the other FM0 coding scheme for repetition#1 and repetition#3.
[0091] Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, the first coding scheme may include a first type of FM0 or polarity independent (PIE) coding, and the second coding scheme may include a second type of FM0 coding or PIE coding. For example, for repetition#0 (that is, the original message) , Manchester coding may be applied, while for other repetitions, a coding scheme different with Manchester is applied, such as FM0, PIE, ... In addition, for those repetitions, different types of FM0 or PIE coding scheme may be applied. In this case, the coding type may be indicated to the second communication device 120. In some embodiments, if more than one coding type are supported by both the first communication device 110 and the second communication device 120, the coding type may be indicated even without repetition.
[0092] It is to be understood the process 300 is only for the purpose of illustration, without suggesting any limitation. The process 300 may include more or less blocks. For example, the block 310 may be not performed in some cases. For another example, a block for forward error correction (FEC) may be applied after the block 310.
[0093] In some embodiments, the plurality of repetitions includes a plurality of bit level repetitions. A first coded representation of a first bit level repetition and a second coded representation of a second bit level repetition may be flipped. The flipping may be applied based on indices of the plurality of bit level repetitions. For example, flipping may be used for the 2nd, 4th, 6th, ... repetitions. Such bit level repetition may be referred to as bit level repetition with flipping. For example, bit 0 may be flipped to bit 1, and bit 1 may be flipped to bit 0.
[0094] FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of a message generation process 700 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The process 700 may be implemented by the first communication device 110. In the process 700, the bit level repetition with flipping is applied.
[0095] As illustrated, the plurality of bits 302 may be the bits received from higher layers and / or physical layer. At block 310, a CRC attachment may be applied to the bits 302. The bits with CRC attachment may be denoted as “X0” . Next, at block 720, the first communication device 110 applies a bit level repetition with flipping to X0, to obtain the message with repetitions (denoted as “X1” ) . The repetition number for the bit level repetition may be predefined, configured or determined by the first communication device 110. Assuming “X0” after the CRC attachment is “101111010001.... 1001” , then “X1” will be “1010 0101 1010 1010 1010 1010 0101 1010 0101 0101 0101 1010.... 1010 0101 0101 1010” with the repetition number being 4.
[0096] At block 330, the first communication device 110 codes X1, to obtain coded message (denoted as “X2” ) . At block 340, a modulation or OOK may be applied to X2, to obtain the final message to be transmitted. For example, the final message may be PDRCH or PRDCH message 742.
[0097] As a higher power level may have a higher successfully detecting probability. By using different coding schemes, by flipping the bit level repetitions, the probability for successfully detecting between bit 0 and bit 1 may be balanced.
[0098] In some embodiments, different devices may apply different repetition schemes. For example, a first device or reader such as UE1 may apply the bit level flipping for the repetitions with even indices or otherwise odd indices. A second device or reader such as UE2 may apply no flipping.
[0099] It is to be understood that although the bit level repetition with flipping is shown in block 720, in some embodiments, the flipping may be applied to other repetition scheme such as the block level repetition. For example, the block 720 may be replaced by block level repetition with flipping. Assuming “X0” after the CRC attachment is “101111010001.... 1001” , then “X1” after the block level repetition with flipping will be “101111010001.... 1001, 010000101110.... 0110, 101111010001.... 1001, 010000101110.... 0110” with the repetition number being 4. By using block level repetition with flipping, a single coding scheme instead of a plurality of coding schemes may be applied for the block level repetitions.
[0100] Referring back to FIG. 2, in some embodiments, the coding information of the message indicating of adding the first signal (or special signal) between edges of the plurality of repetitions of the message, such as edges between block level repetitions. The special signal addition may be applied after the modulation or OOK. The first signal may be an amble, such as preamble, midamble or postamble, or any other suitable special signal.
[0101] As used herein, a whole transmission may be divided into at least one separate part, also referred to as at least one sub data transmission. The signal frame structure may include at least one of: a preamble at a beginning of the transmission or reception, at least one midamble between two of the at least one part, a postamble at an end of the transmission or reception, or at least one gap for energy harvesting or collision handling. As used herein, the preamble may indicate a start of a signal transmission. The midamble may indicate a start of a part of data transmission except the first one, and / or indicate an end of a part of data transmission except the last one, the midamble may be used for channel estimation (for D2R) and / or synchronization. The postamble may indicate an end of the signal transmission.
[0102] FIG. 8 illustrates a flowchart of a message generation process 800 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The process 800 may be implemented by the first communication device 110. The process 800 is similar to the process 300. The difference is that after the block 340, at block 810, the first communication device 110 may add an amble or special signal between the block level repetitions, to obtain the final message such as final PDRCH or PRDCH message 812. In this way, special ambles or signals may be added after the modulation or OOK to distinguish the edge of the repetitions.
[0103] In some embodiments, the length of the added first signal may be one or more orthogonal frequence division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols, or one or more chip durations. The first communication device 110 may determine the length of the first signal based on the number of bits in a block level repetition of the message and a threshold length. The threshold length may be a maximum length limitation, such as 4 OFDM symbols or other predefined or configured length. The more bits, a longer first signal within the maximum length may be determined. The first signal may be differently located at edge of different repetitions.
[0104] In some embodiments, the first signal may include a plurality of parts, such as a first part (referred to as start signal) , a second part (referred to as sequence signal) and a third part (referred to as end signal) . The first part may indicate a beginning of the first signal, and / or an end of a repetition. The third part may indicate an end of the first signal and / or a beginning of a repetition. The second part may indicate an index or order of an associated block level repetition of the message.
[0105] In some embodiments, the first part and the third part may be a same signal, to reduce the detection complexity for the second communication device 120. The first or third part of the signal may be used for the receiving device to distinguish whether the receiving signal is data or special signals between repetitions. For example, a start part or end part of preamble or postamble may be reused as special signal (s) .
[0106] In some embodiments, the second part of the first signal may be generated based on a bit sequence with high auto-correlation or Walsh code, and a length of the second part is determined based on the repetition number of block level repetitions of the message. That is, the second part or sequence signal may be generated based on a bit sequence with high auto-correlation or Walsh code.
[0107] Different cyclic shift or different code may be applied for the bit sequence for the special signal with different repetition index. By way of example, the number of chip durations occupied by the sequence is larger than the number of repetitions-1, such as 2^(ceil (log2 (N-1) ) ) , wherein N is the number of repetitions.
[0108] FIG. 9 illustrates a signal frame structure 900 of a generated message in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In the example of FIG. 9, it is assumed that the block level repetition with the repetition number being 4 is applied. As illustrated, a preamble 910 is added at the beginning of repetition #0 (that is, the original message) , a special signal 920-1 is added at the end of repetition #1 and before the repetition #1. A special signal 920-2 is added between the repetition #1 and the repetition #2. A special signal 920-3 is added between the repetition #2 and the repetition #3. A postamble 930 is added at the end of the repetition #3. As used herein, the special signal 920-1, 920-2, and 920-3 may be collectively or individually referred to as the special signal (s) 920.
[0109] In the example of FIG. 4, the bit sequence length for the special signal may be 4 if the number of repetitions is 4 and if Walsh code is used. By way of example, the bit sequence for the special signal 920-1 may be +1 +1 +1 +1; the bit sequence for special signal 920-2 may be +1 -1 +1 -1; and the bit sequence for special signal 920-3 may be +1 +1 -1 -1. In some embodiments, the bit sequence may be coded and / or modulated for generating the second part of the special signal. It is to be understood that these example sequences signals or signal frame structure shown in FIG. 9 are only for the purpose of illustration, without suggesting any limitation. With the signal frame structure 900, the edge of repetitions can be easily distinguished.
[0110] Referring back to FIG. 2, in some embodiments, the first communication device 110 transmits (230) the message to the second communication device 120. In response to receiving (240) the message, the second communication device 120 may transmit a response of the message such as an acknowledgement (ACK) or negative acknowledgement (NACK) of the message to the first communication device 110. The first communication device 110 may determine whether to increase or decrease the repetition number of the message based on the received response or any other conditions.
[0111] As an example, if a first condition that no response of the message is received from the second communication device 120 is satisfied, the first communication device 110 may increase the repetition number of the repetitions or transmissions.
[0112] As another example, if a second condition that a negative acknowledgement message or a wrong response is received from the second communication device 120 is satisfied, the first communication device 110 may increase the repetition number of the repetitions or transmissions.
[0113] As a further example, if a third condition that the first communication device 110 fails to decode the received response is satisfied, the first communication device 110 may increase the repetition number of the repetitions or transmissions. For example, if the demodulation result is wrong, the first communication device 110 may increase the repetition number of the repetitions or transmissions.
[0114] As a still further example, if a fourth condition that a signal quality such as reference signal received power (RSRP) or other signal quality indicator of the received response is less than a threshold is satisfied, the first communication device 110 may increase the repetition number of the repetitions or transmissions. The threshold may be predefined or configured.
[0115] In some embodiments, if the first communication device 110 receives no response, NACK likely response, or a wrong response signal, the first communication device 110 may increase the repetition number by a predefined or configured value such as one or a value mapped to a level for R2D transmission. If the first communication device 110 fails to decode the received signal successfully or the RSRP of the received signal is less than a threshold, the first communication device 110 may increase the repetition number by a predefined value such as one or a value mapped to a level for D2R transmission.
[0116] In some embodiments, the first communication device 110 may transmit, to the second communication device 120, an indication indicating the increased repetition number. Alternatively, in some embodiments, if an indication is necessary, the first communication device 110 may indicate the second communication device 120 an increase of the repetition number instead of the accurate repetition number.
[0117] Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, if an ACK of the message is received from the second communication device 120, the first communication device 110 may decrease the repetition number of the repetitions of the message or remain the repetition number. In some embodiments, if a consecutive number of received ACKs of the message is larger than a predefined or configured threshold number, the first communication device 110 may decrease the repetition number of the repetitions of the message. The first communication device 110 may transmit, to the second communication device 120, an indication indicating the decreased repetition number, and / or a decrease of the repetition number.
[0118] The repetition number may be not larger than a predefined or preconfigured maximum value during the adjustment. The repetition number may be not smaller than a predefined or preconfigured minimum value during the adjustment. For example, the maximum value may be 8, the minimum value may be 1 when the first transmission is counted.
[0119] It is to be understood that these example conditions are only for the purpose of illustration, without suggesting any limitation. Any suitable condition may be used for determining to increase or decrease the repetition number.
[0120] In some embodiments, at least one of a value for increasing the repetition number (referred to as an increased step) or a value for decreasing the repetition number (referred to as a decreased step) is predefined. In an example, the increased step may be predefined based on the increasing order, uniquely or un-uniquely. For example, assuming the repetition number is one of {1, 3, 5, 7} , steps for each increasing may be 2. For example, assuming the repetition number is one of {1, 2, 4, 8} , steps for each increasing may be {1, 2, 4} based on the repetition numbers being {1, 2, 4} respectively.. Assuming that the repetition number is one of {1, 3, 7, 15} , steps for each increasing may be {2, 4, 8} f based on the repetition numbers being {1, 3, 7} respectively. That is, the repetition number after increasing are 3, 7, 15 respectively.
[0121] It is to be understood that these example repetition numbers and increasing steps are only for the purpose of illustration, without suggesting any limitation. Any suitable numbers or steps may be used for increasing or decreasing the repetition number.
[0122] FIG. 10 illustrates another signaling flow 1000 of transmission of the ambient IoT device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purposes of discussion, the signaling flow 1000 will be discussed with reference to FIG. 1A and / or FIG. 1B.
[0123] In operation, the first communication device transmits (1010) a data transmission without repetition to the second communication device 120. The second communication device 120 may miss (1015) the signal detection. The second communication device 120 may determine (1020) the response based on the received signal. The second communication device 120 may determine to transmit a response of a NACK-like signal or no response signal within a predefined or configured time duration or time window. For example, the second communication device 120 may transmit (1025) a NACK-like signal to the first communication device 110. The NACK-like signal is used to indicate at least one error case, for example, fail to decode the received signal successfully.
[0124] In response to receiving the NACK-like signal, the first communication device 110 may increase (1030) the repetition for example by one or by one level or predefined increasing step. The first communication device 110 retransmits (1035) the data with repetitions for example two repetitions. The second communication device 120 may determine (1040) the response based on the received signal. For example, with receiving the two repetitions, the second communication device 120 may transmit (1045) an ACK-like signal to the first communication device 110 in some cases. For another example, the second communication device 120 may transmit (1050) a NACK-like signal to the first communication device 110 in other cases.
[0125] In some embodiments, if the second communication device 120 successfully receives and decodes the data from the first communication device 110, the second communication device 120 may transmit (1055) a required response corresponding to a service type associated with the data transmission from the first communication device 110. For example, the required response may include device identifier (ID) , command ID, command type, or the like.
[0126] The first communication device 110 may determine (1060) to increase or decrease the repetition number based on the response from the second communication device 120. If the response is NACK-like or no response is received, then the first communication device 110 may increase the repetition number by a predefined value such as one or a predefined increasing step corresponding to the current repetition number. The first communication device 110 may retransmit the signal further based on the increased repetition number.
[0127] If the response is ACK-like and the consecutive number of ACK is larger than a predefined value, the first communication device 110 may decrease the repetition number, and transmit a new signal further to the second communication device 120. That is, the first communication device 110 may transmit the new signal to the second communication device 120 using the decreased repetition number.
[0128] In some embodiments, if the NACK-like signal or wrong response is detected, the repetition number may increase with a factor A0. If the ACK-like signal or a right response is detected, the repetition number may be decreased by a factor A1. A0 may be larger than A1. For example, A0 may be 1, and A1 may be 0.1. The repetition number may increase 1 if the NACK-like signal is detected. The repetition number will decrease 1 if 10 consecutive ACK-like signals are detected. Decreasing the repetition number will help to reduce the signaling overhead.
[0129] By increasing and / or decreasing the repetition number based on the received signal, a more flexible transmission solution is achieved. Adaptive number of repetitions with flexible coding schemes can be used for the signal transmission. The repetition efficiency may be increased based on the actual scenarios. It is to be understood that the increasing or decreasing of the repetition number may be performed for a plurality of signals. For example, if the first signal is received by the second communication device 120 with a first repetition number (that is, the first communication device 110 receives an ACK-like signal) , the first communication device 110 may use a second repetition number less than or equal to the first repetition number for a second signal after the first signal. If the second signal is not successfully received or decoded by the second communication device 120, the first communication device 110 may increase the second repetition number. The first communication device 110 may use the increased second repetition number for a retransmission of the second signal.
[0130] In some cases, a plurality of data transmissions or response transmission is transmitted consecutively. The plurality of response transmissions may be overlapped. It may be difficult to distinguish these response transmissions. Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution for transmission for ambient IoT device. In a solution, a first communication device such as a reader for an ambient IoT device transmits, to a second communication device such as the ambient IoT device, at least one transmitted message being associated with at least one transmission flag. The first communication device receives, from the second communication device, at least one received message being associated with at least one reception flag, the at least one reception flag being mapped to the at least one transmission flag. A transmission flag or a reception flag comprises at least one of: a preamble, a midamble, a postamble, or an index associated with a corresponding transmitted message or received message. In this way, the association between transmitted messages and received messages may be obtained by the corresponding flags.
[0131] FIG. 11 illustrates another signaling flow 1100 of transmission of the ambient IoT device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purposes of discussion, the signaling flow 1100 will be discussed with reference to FIG. 1A and / or FIG. 1B.
[0132] In operation, the first communication device 110 transmits (1110) , to the second communication device 120, at least one first message being associated with at least one first transmission flag. The second communication device 120 receives (1120) the at least one first message. The second communication device 120 transmits (1130) at least one second message being associated with at least one second transmission flag to the first communication device 110. The first communication device 110 receives (1140) the at least one second message. The at least one second transmission flag is mapped to the at least one first transmission flag. A first transmission flag or a second transmission flag includes at least one of: a preamble, a midamble, a postamble, or an index associated with a corresponding first message or second message.
[0133] As used herein, the term “the second message to the first communication device 110” may also be referred to as a “transmitted message to the first communication device 110” , a “received message from the second communication device 120” or “D2R message or transmission” or “UL message or transmission” or “PDRCH transmission” . The term “first message to the second communication device 120” may also be referred to as a “received message from the first communication device 110” , a “transmitted message to the second communication device 120” , or “R2D transmission or message” or “DL transmission or message” or “PRDCH transmission” .
[0134] In some embodiments, the at least one first message comprises a first message associated with a first transmission flag, and the at least one second message comprises a second message corresponding to the first message, the second message being associated with a second transmission flag. An association between the first message and the second message is based on the first transmission flag and the second transmission flag.
[0135] As used herein, two messages being associated with each other means that one of the two messages is a response to the other one of the two messages.
[0136] In some embodiments, a time gap between the associated first message and second message may be within a time range. The time range may be predefined or configured. By way of example, a maximum time between R2D transmission and the corresponding D2R transmission, referred to as TR2D_max, may be predefined or configured. Alternatively, or in addition, a minimum time between the R2D transmission and the corresponding D2R transmission, referred to as TR2D_min, may also be predefined or configured. That is, the corresponding D2R transmission may be transmitted within [TR2D_min, TR2D_max] since receiving a R2D transmission. The time range, minimum time and / or maximum time may be common for a plurality of AIoT devices or different for the plurality of AIoT devices. In some embodiments, the time range, minimum time and / or maximum time may be common or different for different traffic types / command types (e.g. DT or DO-DTT) and / or different use case (e.g., Inventory or Command) .
[0137] In some embodiments, the corresponding D2R transmission timing TR2D following an R2D transmission may be determined based on the control information in the R2D transmission, where TR2D ≥ TR2D_min. A maximum value (s) may be predefined or configured for TR2D.
[0138] In some embodiments, the R2D transmission in response to the first transmission such as a D2R transmission is expected for the second communication device 120. In such cases, a maximum time TD2R_max between the D2R transmission and the expected R2D transmission following it may be predefined or configured. For example, the second communication device 120 may expect to receive the corresponding R2D transmission be within [TD2R_min, TD2R_max] after a D2R transmission.
[0139] FIG. 12 illustrates an example diagram 1200 showing a plurality of transmissions and receptions between the first communication device 110 and the second communication device 120 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, R2D transmission #1 and D2R transmission #1 are associated with each other. D2R transmission#1 may be a corresponding response signal for R2D transmission #1. R2D transmission #2 and D2R transmission #2 are associated with each other. D2R transmission#2 may be a corresponding response signal for R2D transmission #2.
[0140] A time gap between the associated R2D transmission #1 and D2R transmission #1 may be within a predefined or configured range, such as range [Tmin, Tmax] . Tmin and Tmax may refer the predefined or configured minimum time and maximum time for response signal transmission, respectively. As shown, the time gap between the R2D transmission #1 1210 and the D2R transmission #1 1215 is larger than Tmin and less than Tmax.
[0141] However, in some cases, due to capability or other limitations, the D2R transmission #1 and / or the D2R transmission #2 may not transmitted within the time duration defined or configured for the response. For example, if energy is insufficient for decoding received signal and / or encoding the response signal in time, the D2R transmission #1 may not be transmitted in the corresponding time duration for the response of R2D transmission #1. In such cases, the second communication device 120 may reuse the transmission opportunity of D2R transmission #2 to transmit the D2R transmission #1.
[0142] FIG. 12 illustrates an example of reusing the D2R transmission #2 to transmit the D2R transmission #1. As shown, the R2D transmission #2 1220 is associated with the D2R transmission #2 1225. The D2R transmission #1 1230 which corresponds to the R2D transmission #1 is also located in the range of [Tmin, Tmax] after the R2D transmission #2 1220. That is, both the D2R transmission #1 1230 and the D2R transmission #2 1225 are within the time duration for a response of the R2D transmission #2 1220. In such situations, the association between these transmissions such as a mapping between the R2D transmission #2 1220 and the D2R transmission #2 1225 may be obtained based on corresponding flags associated with these transmissions. In this way, by applying flags together with the response signals, which message or command the response is mapped or responses to may be indicated.
[0143] In some embodiments, the at least one first transmission flag comprises at least one first amble, for example a first preamble, a first midamble, or a first postamble. The at least one second transmission flag comprises at least one second amble corresponding to the at least one first amble. The amble signal may be changed with time, and the ambles for D2R transmission is associated with the ambles for R2D transmission, or the mapping relationship between the ambles for R2D transmission and ambles for D2R transmission is one to one.
[0144] In some embodiments, the first communication device 110 may determine an identifier (also referred to as a sequence identifier) based on at least one of: an identifier of the second communication device 120, a command type of the at least one transmitted message, or a scenario of the at least one transmitted message. The first communication device 110 may determine at least one sub-identifier (also referred to as sub-sequence identifier) based on at least one time order of the at least one transmitted message. The first communication device 110 may determine the at least one first amble based on the sequence identifier and the at least one sub-sequence identifier.
[0145] By way of example, sub-sequence ID may be defined with sequence ID, where sequence ID may be used to distinguish devices / command / scenarios, and sub-sequence ID may be used to distinguish the time order for the command. For example, the sequence ID may be in a range of 0-3 or a range of 0-7, or any other suitable range. The sub-sequence ID may be in a range of 0-3 or any other suitable range.
[0146] In some embodiments, the at least one first transmission flag comprises at least one index for the at least one first message, and the at least one second transmission flag comprises the at least one index for the at least one second message. In some embodiments, the at least one second transmission flag is same as the at least one first transmission flag. In some embodiments, the at least one index for the at least one first message may be based on at least one time order of the at least one first message.
[0147] By way of example, the index may be defined for each transmission in time domain, and the index is one of the control information or one of the data transmitted to the ambient IoT devices. The same index may be carried on the D2R transmission. The index of the i-th transmission may be mod (i, i-max) , where i-max is the maximum number of transmissions may be distinguished for the transmission and the corresponding response. The index value set may be 0-7 (that is, i-max is equal to 8) or 0-15 (that is, i-max is equal to 16) or any other suitable set of integers.
[0148] In some embodiments, the at least one first message comprises two first messages such as a first R2D message and a second R2D message. A time duration between the first R2D message and the second R2D message is less than a first time threshold for a response of the first R2D message, and an ending time of the second R2D message is earlier than a time corresponding to a second time threshold for the response. An association between the first R2D message and a response of the first R2D message (referred to as a first D2R message) may be based on a first transmission flag associated with the first R2D message and a second transmission flag associated with the first D2R message.
[0149] FIG. 13 illustrates an example diagram showing such R2D and / or D2R messages. As shown, D2R transmission #1 is a response to R2D transmission #1, and D2R transmission #2 is a response of R2D transmission #2. The D2R transmission #1 1315 is within a range [Tmin, Tmax] after the R2D transmission #1 1310. However, the starting time of R2D transmission #2 1320 is earlier than the time corresponding to a first time threshold for the response of the D2R transmission #1 such as Tmin. That is, the time duration between R2D transmission #1 1310 and the R2D transmission #2 1320 is less than the minimum time duration defined or configured for the response signal transmission. The ending time of R2D transmission #2 1320 may be earlier than the time corresponding to a second time threshold for the response, such as Tmax. That is, the ending time for R2D transmission #2 1320 is earlier than the latest time for response signal transmission. D2R transmission #2 1330 may be transmitted in a range [Tmin, Tmax] after the R2D transmission #2 1320.
[0150] An association between the D2R transmission#1 and R2D transmission #1 and an association between the D2R transmission #2 and R2D transmission #2 may be based on the transmission flags and reception flags corresponding to these transmissions. For example, a special signal may be added between the two transmissions if the time gap is 0, and the special signal is used to determine the edges of the two transmissions.
[0151] In some embodiments, the first transmitted message comprises control information for the second transmitted message, and the second transmitted message comprises a data transmission. For example, R2D transmission #1 may be control information for R2D transmission #2, while R2D transmission #2 may be the normal data transmission.
[0152] In some embodiments, if a first message received at the second communication device 120 is decoded and a second message is received before a time point for the response signal associated with the first message, the second communication device 120 may discard a second response message to be transmitted to the first communication device 110 corresponding to the second received message within a time duration associated with the second received message. For example, in FIG. 13, if the second communication device 120 decodes the R2D transmission #1 1310 and detects the R2D transmission #2 1320 successfully, and the R2D transmission #2 is received before the starting time point of the time range for the D2R transmission #1, the second communication device 120 may discard or give up the D2R transmission #2 1330 during the corresponding time range.
[0153] In some embodiments, if a second message received by the second communication device 120 after a first message received by the second communication device 120 is decoded, the second communication device 120 may transmit, to the first communication device 110 within a time duration for a response of the second message, one of: a response corresponding to the first message, or a response signal to the second message. That is, if the second communication device 120 decodes R2D transmission #2 1320 successfully, the second communication device 120 may transmit the D2R transmission #2 1330 corresponding to the R2D transmission #2 1320 within the related time duration. Alternatively, if the second communication device 120 decodes R2D transmission #2 1320 successfully, the second communication device 120 may transmit the D2R transmission #1 1340 corresponding to the R2D transmission #1 1310 within the time duration defined or configured for the D2R transmission #2. The flag may be applied together with the response message or signal to indicate which message or command this response is mapped to. The flag may be an amble or index described above.
[0154] In this way, the confusion on the response signal when a plurality of transmissions is transmitted consecutively can be addressed. The relationship between different R2D transmissions and D2R transmissions may be indicated by the flags such as ambles or indices.
[0155] It is to be understood that although a single second communication device 120 and a single first communication device 110 is shown in FIG. 2, FIG. 10 and FIG. 11, there may be a plurality of first communication devices and / or a plurality of second communication devices 120 in some embodiments. It is to be understood that these signaling flows 200, 1000 and / or 1100 may be applied separately, or in combination. With these embodiments, the transmission between the ambient IoT device and the reader can be enhanced.
[0156] FIG. 14 illustrates a flowchart of a communication method 1400 implemented at a first communication device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 1400 will be described from the perspective of the first communication device 110 in FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B.
[0157] At block 1410, the first communication device 110 determines coding information of a message to a second communication device, the coding information comprising a repetition number of a plurality of repetitions of the message, the coding information further comprising at least one of: at least two coding schemes of the plurality of repetitions, or a first signal added between the plurality of repetitions, the at least two coding schemes being applied to the plurality of repetitions based on an order of the plurality of repetitions.
[0158] At block 1420, the first communication device 110 generates the message based on the coding information.
[0159] At block 1430, the first communication device 110 transmits the message to the second communication device. In some example embodiments, the plurality of repetitions comprises a plurality of block level repetitions or bit level repetitions, and the at least two coding schemes comprises a first coding scheme and a second coding scheme, the first coding scheme being different from the second coding scheme, the first coding scheme and the second coding scheme are applied to the plurality of block level repetitions or bit level repetitions of the message based on indices of the plurality of block level repetitions or bit level repetitions.
[0160] In some example embodiments, the first coding scheme comprises a first type of frequency modulation code zero (FM0) or polarity independent (PIE) coding, and the second coding scheme comprises a second type of FM0 coding or PIE coding.
[0161] In some example embodiments, the plurality of repetitions comprises a plurality of block level repetitions or bit level repetitions, and a first coded representation of a first block level repetition or bit level repetition and a second coded representation of a second block level repetition or bit level repetition are flipped.
[0162] In some example embodiments, the coding information of the message indicates of adding the first signal between edges of a plurality of block level repetitions of the message.
[0163] In some example embodiments, the method 1400 further comprises: determining a length of the first signal based on the number of bits in a block level repetition of the message and a threshold length.
[0164] In some example embodiments, the first signal comprises a first part, a second part and a third part, the first part indicating a beginning of the first signal, the third part indicating an end of the first signal, and the second part indicating an index or order of an associated block level repetition of the message.
[0165] In some example embodiments, the second part of the first signal comprises a bit sequence with auto-correlation or Walsh code, and a length of the second part is determined based on the repetition number of block level repetitions of the message.
[0166] In some example embodiments, the method 1400 further comprising: receiving a response of the message from the second communication device; and increasing the repetition number of the plurality of repetitions of the message based on at least one of the following conditions being satisfied: a first condition that no response of the message is received from the second communication device, a second condition that a negative acknowledgement message or a wrong response is received from the second communication device, a third condition that the first communication device fails to decode the received response, or a fourth condition that a signal quality of the received response is less than a threshold.
[0167] In some example embodiments, the method 1400 further comprises: transmitting, to the second communication device, an indication indicating at least one of: the increased repetition number, or an increase of the repetition number.
[0168] In some example embodiments, the method 1400 further comprises: decreasing the repetition number of the plurality of repetitions of the message based on at least one of:an acknowledgement of the message being received from the second communication device, or a consecutive number of acknowledgements of the message being larger than a threshold number.
[0169] In some example embodiments, at least one of a value for increasing the repetition number or a value for decreasing the repetition number is predefined.
[0170] FIG. 15 illustrates a flowchart of a communication method 1500 implemented at a first communication device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 1500 will be described from the perspective of the first communication device 110 in FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B.
[0171] At block 1510, the first communication device 110 transmits, to a second communication device, at least one transmitted message being associated with at least one transmission flag.
[0172] At block 1520, the first communication device 110 receives, from the second communication device, at least one received message being associated with at least one reception flag, the at least one reception flag being mapped to the at least one transmission flag, wherein a transmission flag or a reception flag comprises at least one of: a preamble, a midamble, a postamble, or an index associated with a corresponding transmitted message or received message.
[0173] In some example embodiments, the at least one transmitted message comprises a first transmitted message associated with a first transmission flag, and the at least one received message comprises a first received message corresponding to the first transmitted message, the first received message being associated with a first reception flag, and wherein an association between the first transmitted message and the first received message is based on the first transmission flag and the first reception flag.
[0174] In some example embodiments, the at least one transmission flag comprises at least one first amble, an amble comprising one of: a preamble, a midamble, or a postamble, and wherein the at least one reception flag comprises at least one second amble corresponding to the at least one first amble.
[0175] In some example embodiments, the method 1500 further comprises: determining determine an identifier based on at least one of: an identifier of the second communication device, a command type of the at least one first message, or a scenario of the at least one first message; determining at least one sub-identifier based on at least one time order of the at least one first message; and determining the at least one first amble or at least one index based on the identifier and the at least one sub-identifier or the sub-identifier.
[0176] In some example embodiments, the at least one transmission flag comprises at least one index for the at least one transmitted message, and the at least one reception flag comprises the at least one index for the at least one transmitted message.
[0177] In some example embodiments, the at least one index for the at least one transmitted message is based on at least one time order of the at least one transmitted message.
[0178] In some example embodiments, the at least one transmitted message comprises a first transmitted message and a second transmitted message, a time duration between the first transmitted message and the second transmitted message being less than a first time threshold for a response of the first transmitted message, an ending time of the second transmitted message being earlier than a time corresponding to a second time threshold for the response, wherein an association between the first transmitted message and the first received message is based on a first transmission flag associated with the first transmitted message and a first reception flag associated with the first received message.
[0179] In some example embodiments, the first transmitted message comprises control information for the second transmitted message, and the second transmitted message comprises a data transmission.
[0180] In some example embodiments, the second communication device comprises an ambient Internet of things (IoT) device, and the first communication device comprises a reader for the ambient IoT device, and the at least one transmitted message comprises at least one physical reader to device channel transmission, and the at least one received message comprises at least one physical device to reader channel transmission.
[0181] FIG. 16 illustrates a flowchart of a communication method 1600 implemented at a second communication device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 1600 will be described from the perspective of the second communication device 120 in FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B.
[0182] At block 1610, the second communication device 120 receives, from a first communication device, a message, the message being generated based on coding information of the message. The coding information includes a repetition number of a plurality of repetitions of the message. The coding information further includes at least one of: at least two coding schemes of the plurality of repetitions, or a first signal added between the plurality of repetitions, the at least two coding schemes being applied to the plurality of repetitions based on an order of the plurality of repetitions.
[0183] In some example embodiments, the plurality of repetitions comprises a plurality of block level repetitions or bit level repetitions, and the at least two coding schemes comprises a first coding scheme and a second coding scheme, the first coding scheme being different from the second coding scheme, the first coding scheme and the second coding scheme are applied to the plurality of block level repetitions or bit level repetitions of the message based on indices of the plurality of block level repetitions or bit level repetitions.
[0184] In some example embodiments, the first coding scheme comprises a first type of frequency modulation code zero (FM0) or polarity independent (PIE) coding, and the second coding scheme comprises a second type of FM0 coding or PIE coding.
[0185] In some example embodiments, the plurality of repetitions comprises a plurality of block level repetitions or bit level repetitions, and a first coded representation of a first block level repetition or bit level repetition and a second coded representation of a second block level repetition or bit level repetition are flipped.
[0186] In some example embodiments, the coding information of the message indicates of adding the first signal between edges of a plurality of block level repetitions of the message.
[0187] In some example embodiments, the first signal comprises a first part, a second part and a third part, the first part indicating a beginning of the first signal, the third part indicating an end of the first signal, and the second part indicating an index or order of an associated block level repetition of the message.
[0188] In some example embodiments, the second part of the first signal comprises a bit sequence with auto-correlation or Walsh code, and a length of the second part is determined based on the repetition number of block level repetitions of the message.
[0189] In some example embodiments, the method 1600 further comprises: receiving, from the first communication device, an indication indicating at least one of: an increased repetition number of the plurality of repetitions of the message, or an increase of the repetition number.
[0190] In some example embodiments, at least one of a value for increasing the repetition number or a value for decreasing the repetition number is predefined.
[0191] In some example embodiments, the second communication device comprises an ambient Internet of things (IoT) device, and the first communication device comprises a reader for the ambient IoT device.
[0192] FIG. 17 illustrates a flowchart of a communication method 1700 implemented at a second communication device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 1700 will be described from the perspective of the second communication device 120 in FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B.
[0193] At block 1710, the second communication device 120 receives, from a first communication device, at least one received message being associated with at least one reception flag.
[0194] At block 1720, the second communication device 120 transmits, to the first communication device, at least one transmitted message being associated with at least one transmission flag, the at least one reception flag being mapped to the at least one transmission flag, wherein a transmission flag or a reception flag comprises at least one of: a preamble, a midamble, a postamble, or an index associated with a corresponding transmitted message or received message.
[0195] In some example embodiments, the at least one transmitted message comprises a first transmitted message associated with a first transmission flag; and the at least one received message comprises a first received message corresponding to the first transmitted message, the first received message being associated with a first reception flag, and wherein an association between the first transmitted message and the first received message is based on the first transmission flag and the first reception flag.
[0196] In some example embodiments, the at least one reception flag comprises at least one first amble, an amble comprising one of: a preamble, a midamble, or a postamble, and wherein the at least one transmission flag comprises at least one second amble corresponding to the at least one first amble.
[0197] In some example embodiments, the at least one reception flag comprises at least one index for the at least one received message, and the at least one transmission flag comprises the at least one index for the at least one transmitted message.
[0198] In some example embodiments, the at least one index for the at least one transmitted message is based on at least one time order of the at least one received message.
[0199] In some example embodiments, the at least one received message comprises a first received message and a second received message, a time duration between the first received message and the second received message being less than a first time threshold for a response of the first received message, an ending time of the second received message being earlier than a time corresponding to a second time threshold for the response, wherein an association between the first transmitted message and the first received message is based on a first transmission flag associated with the first transmitted message and a first reception flag associated with the first received message.
[0200] In some example embodiments, the first received comprises control information for the second received message, and the second received message comprises a data transmission.
[0201] In some example embodiments, the method 1700 further comprises: in accordance with a determination that a first received message is decoded and a second received message is received before a time point associated with the first received message, discarding a second transmitted message corresponding to the second received message within a time duration associated with the second received message.
[0202] In some example embodiments, the method 1700 further comprises: in accordance with a determination that a second received message after a first received message is decoded, performing at least one of: transmitting, to the first communication device, a second transmitted message corresponding to the second received message within a time duration for the second transmitted message; or transmitting, to the first communication device, a first transmitted message corresponding to the first received message within a time duration for the second transmitted message.
[0203] In some example embodiments, the second communication device comprises an ambient Internet of things (IoT) device, and the first communication device comprises a reader for the ambient IoT device, and the at least one received message comprises at least one physical reader to device channel transmission, and the at least one transmitted message comprises at least one physical device to reader channel transmission.
[0204] FIG. 18 is a simplified block diagram of a device 1800 that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. The device 1800 can be considered as a further example implementation of any of the devices as shown in FIG. 1 A and FIG. 1B.Accordingly, the device 1800 can be implemented at or as at least a part of the first communication device 110 or the second communication device 120.
[0205] As shown, the device 1800 includes a processor 1810, a memory 1820 coupled to the processor 1810, a suitable transceiver 1840 coupled to the processor 1810, and a communication interface coupled to the transceiver 1840. The memory 1820 stores at least a part of a program 1830. The transceiver 1840 may be for bidirectional communications or a unidirectional communication based on requirements. The transceiver 1840 may include at least one of a transmitter 1842 and a receiver 1844. The transmitter 1842 and the receiver 1844 may be functional modules or physical entities. The transceiver 1840 has at least one antenna to facilitate communication, though in practice an Access Node mentioned in this application may have several ones. The communication interface may represent any interface that is necessary for communication with other network elements, such as X2 / Xn interface for bidirectional communications between eNBs / gNBs, S1 / NG interface for communication between a Mobility Management Entity (MME) / Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) / SGW / UPF and the eNB / gNB, Un interface for communication between the eNB / gNB and a relay node (RN) , or Uu interface for communication between the eNB / gNB and a terminal device.
[0206] The program 1830 is assumed to include program instructions that, when executed by the associated processor 1810, enable the device 1800 to operate in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, as discussed herein with reference to FIGS. 1A to 18) . The embodiments herein may be implemented by computer software executable by the processor 1810 of the device 1800, or by hardware, or by a combination of software and hardware. The processor 1810 may be configured to implement various embodiments of the present disclosure. Furthermore, a combination of the processor 1810 and memory 1820 may form processing means 1850 adapted to implement various embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0207] The memory 1820 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network and may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as a non-transitory computer readable storage medium, semiconductor-based memory devices, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memory and removable memory, as non-limiting examples. While only one memory 1820 is shown in the device 1800, there may be several physically distinct memory modules in the device 1800. The processor 1810 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network, and may include one or more of general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting examples. The device 1800 may have multiple processors, such as an application specific integrated circuit chip that is slaved in time to a clock which synchronizes the main processor.
[0208] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a first communication device comprising a circuitry is provided. The circuitry is configured to: determine coding information of a message to a second communication device, the coding information comprising a repetition number of a plurality of repetitions of the message, the coding information further comprising at least one of: at least two coding schemes of the plurality of repetitions, or a first signal added between the plurality of repetitions, the at least two coding schemes being applied to the plurality of repetitions based on an order of the plurality of repetitions; generate the message based on the coding information; and transmit the message to the second communication device. According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the circuitry may be configured to perform any method implemented by the first communication device as discussed above.
[0209] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a first communication device comprising a circuitry is provided. The circuitry is configured to: transmit, to a second communication device, at least one transmitted message being associated with at least one transmission flag; and receive, from the second communication device, at least one received message being associated with at least one reception flag, the at least one reception flag being mapped to the at least one transmission flag, wherein a transmission flag or a reception flag comprises at least one of: a preamble, a midamble, a postamble, or an index associated with a corresponding transmitted message or received message. According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the circuitry may be configured to perform any method implemented by the first communication device as discussed above.
[0210] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a second communication device comprising a circuitry is provided. The circuitry is configured to: receive, from a first communication device, a message, the message being generated based on coding information of the message, wherein the coding information comprising a repetition number of a plurality of repetitions of the message, the coding information further comprising at least one of: at least two coding schemes of the plurality of repetitions, or a first signal added between the plurality of repetitions, the at least two coding schemes being applied to the plurality of repetitions based on an order of the plurality of repetitions. According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the circuitry may be configured to perform any method implemented by the second communication device as discussed above.
[0211] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a second communication device comprising a circuitry is provided. The circuitry is configured to: receive, from a first communication device, at least one received message being associated with at least one reception flag; and transmit, to the first communication device, at least one transmitted message being associated with at least one transmission flag, the at least one reception flag being mapped to the at least one transmission flag, wherein a transmission flag or a reception flag comprises at least one of: a preamble, a midamble, a postamble, or an index associated with a corresponding transmitted message or received message. According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the circuitry may be configured to perform any method implemented by the second communication device as discussed above.
[0212] The term “circuitry” used herein may refer to hardware circuits and / or combinations of hardware circuits and software. For example, the circuitry may be a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuits with software / firmware. As a further example, the circuitry may be any portions of hardware processors with software including digital signal processor (s) , software, and memory (ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a terminal device or a network device, to perform various functions. In a still further example, the circuitry may be hardware circuits and or processors, such as a microprocessor or a portion of a microprocessor, that requires software / firmware for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation. As used herein, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (s) or a portion of a hardware circuit or processor (s) and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware.
[0213] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a first communication apparatus is provided. The first communication apparatus comprises means for determining coding information of a message to a second communication device, the coding information comprising a repetition number of a plurality of repetitions of the message, the coding information further comprising at least one of: at least two coding schemes of the plurality of repetitions, or a first signal added between the plurality of repetitions, the at least two coding schemes being applied to the plurality of repetitions based on an order of the plurality of repetitions; means for generating the message based on the coding information; and means for transmitting the message to the second communication device. In some embodiments, the first apparatus may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 1400. In some example embodiments, the first apparatus may further comprise means for performing other operations in some example embodiments of the method 1400. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0214] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a first communication apparatus is provided. The first communication apparatus comprises means for transmitting, to a second communication device, at least one transmitted message being associated with at least one transmission flag; and means for receiving, from the second communication device, at least one received message being associated with at least one reception flag, the at least one reception flag being mapped to the at least one transmission flag, wherein a transmission flag or a reception flag comprises at least one of: a preamble, a midamble, a postamble, or an index associated with a corresponding transmitted message or received message. In some embodiments, the second apparatus may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 1500. In some example embodiments, the second apparatus may further comprise means for performing other operations in some example embodiments of the method 1500. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0215] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a second communication apparatus is provided. The second communication apparatus comprises means for receiving, from a first communication device, a message, the message being generated based on coding information of the message, wherein the coding information comprising a repetition number of a plurality of repetitions of the message, the coding information further comprising at least one of: at least two coding schemes of the plurality of repetitions, or a first signal added between the plurality of repetitions, the at least two coding schemes being applied to the plurality of repetitions based on an order of the plurality of repetitions. In some embodiments, the third apparatus may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 1600. In some example embodiments, the third apparatus may further comprise means for performing other operations in some example embodiments of the method 1600. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0216] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a second communication apparatus is provided. The second communication apparatus comprises means for receiving, from a first communication device, at least one received message being associated with at least one reception flag; and means for transmitting, to the first communication device, at least one transmitted message being associated with at least one transmission flag, the at least one reception flag being mapped to the at least one transmission flag, wherein a transmission flag or a reception flag comprises at least one of: a preamble, a midamble, a postamble, or an index associated with a corresponding transmitted message or received message. In some embodiments, the fourth apparatus may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 1700. In some example embodiments, the fourth apparatus may further comprise means for performing other operations in some example embodiments of the method 1700. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0217] In summary, embodiments of the present disclosure provide the following aspects.
[0218] In an aspect, it is proposed a first communication device comprising: a processor configured to cause the first communication device to: determine coding information of a message to a second communication device, the coding information comprising a repetition number of a plurality of repetitions of the message, the coding information further comprising at least one of: at least two coding schemes of the plurality of repetitions, or a first signal added between the plurality of repetitions, the at least two coding schemes being applied to the plurality of repetitions based on an order of the plurality of repetitions; generate the message based on the coding information; and transmit the message to the second communication device.
[0219] In some embodiments, the plurality of repetitions comprises a plurality of block level repetitions, and the at least two coding schemes comprises a first coding scheme and a second coding scheme, the first coding scheme being different from the second coding scheme, wherein the first coding scheme and the second coding scheme are applied to the plurality of block level repetitions of the message based on indices of the plurality of block level repetitions.
[0220] In some embodiments, the first coding scheme comprises a first type of frequency modulation code zero (FM0) or polarity independent (PIE) coding, and the second coding scheme comprises a second type of FM0 coding or PIE coding.
[0221] In some embodiments, the plurality of repetitions comprises a plurality of bit level repetitions, and a first coded representation of a first bit level repetition and a second coded representation of a second bit level repetition are flipped.
[0222] In some embodiments, the coding information of the message indicates of adding the first signal between edges of a plurality of block level repetitions of the message.
[0223] In some embodiments, the processor is further configured to cause the first communication device to: determine a length of the first signal based on the number of bits in a block level repetition of the message and a threshold length.
[0224] In some embodiments, the first signal comprises a first part, a second part and a third part, the first part indicating a beginning of the first signal, the third part indicating an end of the first signal, and the second part indicating an index or order of an associated block level repetition of the message.
[0225] In some embodiments, the second part of the first signal comprises a bit sequence with auto-correlation or Walsh code, and a length of the second part is determined based on the repetition number of block level repetitions of the message.
[0226] In some embodiments, the processor is further configured the first communication device to: receive a response of the message from the second communication device; and increase the repetition number of the plurality of repetitions of the message based on at least one of the following conditions being satisfied: a first condition that no response of the message is received from the second communication device, a second condition that a negative acknowledgement message or a wrong response is received from the second communication device, a third condition that the first communication device fails to decode the received response, or a fourth condition that a signal quality of the received response is less than a threshold.
[0227] In some embodiments, the processor is further configured to cause the first communication device to: transmit, to the second communication device, an indication indicating at least one of: the increased repetition number, or an increase of the repetition number.
[0228] In some embodiments, the processor is further configured to cause the first communication device to: decrease the repetition number of the plurality of repetitions of the message based on at least one of: an acknowledgement of the message being received from the second communication device, or a consecutive number of acknowledgements of the message being larger than a threshold number.
[0229] In some embodiments, at least one of a value for increasing the repetition number or a value for decreasing the repetition number is predefined.
[0230] In some embodiments, the second communication device comprises an ambient Internet of things (IoT) device, and the first communication device comprises a reader for the ambient IoT device.
[0231] In an aspect, it is proposed a first communication device comprising: a processor configured to cause the first communication device to: transmit, to a second communication device, at least one transmitted message being associated with at least one transmission flag; and receive, from the second communication device, at least one received message being associated with at least one reception flag, the at least one reception flag being mapped to the at least one transmission flag, wherein a transmission flag or a reception flag comprises at least one of: a preamble, a midamble, a postamble, or an index associated with a corresponding transmitted message or received message.
[0232] In some embodiments, the at least one transmitted message comprises a first transmitted message associated with a first transmission flag, and the at least one received message comprises a first received message corresponding to the first transmitted message, the first received message being associated with a first reception flag, and wherein an association between the first transmitted message and the first received message is based on the first transmission flag and the first reception flag.
[0233] In some embodiments, the at least one transmission flag comprises at least one first amble, an amble comprising one of: a preamble, a midamble, or a postamble, and wherein the at least one reception flag comprises at least one second amble corresponding to the at least one first amble.
[0234] In some embodiments, the processor is further configured to cause the first communication device to: determine the at least one first amble or at least one index based on the identifier and the at least one sub-identifier or the sub-identifier; determine at least one sub-identifier based on at least one time order of the at least one transmitted message; and determine the at least one first amble or at least one index based on the identifier and the at least one sub-identifier or the sub-identifier.
[0235] In some embodiments, the at least one transmission flag comprises at least one index for the at least one transmitted message, and the at least one reception flag comprises the at least one index for the at least one transmitted message.
[0236] In some embodiments, the at least one index for the at least one transmitted message is based on at least one time order of the at least one transmitted message.
[0237] In some embodiments, the at least one transmitted message comprises a first transmitted message and a second transmitted message, a time duration between the first transmitted message and the second transmitted message being less than a first time threshold for a response of the first transmitted message, an ending time of the second transmitted message being earlier than a time corresponding to a second time threshold for the response, wherein an association between the first transmitted message and the first received message is based on a first transmission flag associated with the first transmitted message and a first reception flag associated with the first received message.
[0238] In some embodiments, the first transmitted message comprises control information for the second transmitted message, and the second transmitted message comprises a data transmission.
[0239] In some embodiments, the second communication device comprises an ambient Internet of things (IoT) device, and the first communication device comprises a reader for the ambient IoT device, and wherein the at least one transmitted message comprises at least one physical reader to device channel transmission, and the at least one received message comprises at least one physical device to reader channel transmission.
[0240] In an aspect, it is proposed a second communication device comprising: a processor configured to cause the second communication device to: receive, from a first communication device, a message, the message being generated based on coding information of the message, wherein the coding information comprising a repetition number of a plurality of repetitions of the message, the coding information further comprising at least one of: at least two coding schemes of the plurality of repetitions, or a first signal added between the plurality of repetitions, the at least two coding schemes being applied to the plurality of repetitions based on an order of the plurality of repetitions.
[0241] In some embodiments, the plurality of repetitions comprises a plurality of block level repetitions, and the at least two coding schemes comprises a first coding scheme and a second coding scheme, the first coding scheme being different from the second coding scheme, wherein the first coding scheme and the second coding scheme are applied to the plurality of block level repetitions of the message based on indices of the plurality of block level repetitions.
[0242] In some embodiments, the first coding scheme comprises a first type of frequency modulation code zero (FM0) or polarity independent (PIE) coding, and the second coding scheme comprises a second type of FM0 coding or PIE coding.
[0243] In some embodiments, the plurality of repetitions comprises a plurality of bit level repetitions, and a first coded representation of a first bit level repetition and a second coded representation of a second bit level repetition are flipped.
[0244] In some embodiments, the coding information of the message indicates of adding the first signal between edges of a plurality of block level repetitions of the message.
[0245] In some embodiments, the first signal comprises a first part, a second part and a third part, the first part indicating a beginning of the first signal, the third part indicating an end of the first signal, and the second part indicating an index or order of an associated block level repetition of the message.
[0246] In some embodiments, the second part of the first signal comprises a bit sequence with auto-correlation or Walsh code, and a length of the second part is determined based on the repetition number of block level repetitions of the message.
[0247] In some embodiments, the processor is further configured to cause the second communication device to: receive, from the first communication device, an indication indicating at least one of: an increased repetition number of the plurality of repetitions of the message, or an increase of the repetition number.
[0248] In some embodiments, at least one of a value for increasing the repetition number or a value for decreasing the repetition number is predefined.
[0249] In some embodiments, the second communication device comprises an ambient Internet of things (IoT) device, and the first communication device comprises a reader for the ambient IoT device.
[0250] In an aspect, it is proposed a second communication device comprising: a processor configured to cause the second communication device to: receive, from a first communication device, at least one received message being associated with at least one reception flag; and transmit, to the first communication device, at least one transmitted message being associated with at least one transmission flag, the at least one reception flag being mapped to the at least one transmission flag, wherein a transmission flag or a reception flag comprises at least one of: a preamble, a midamble, a postamble, or an index associated with a corresponding transmitted message or received message.
[0251] In some embodiments, the at least one transmitted message comprises a first transmitted message associated with a first transmission flag; and the at least one received message comprises a first received message corresponding to the first transmitted message, the first received message being associated with a first reception flag, and wherein an association between the first transmitted message and the first received message is based on the first transmission flag and the first reception flag.
[0252] In some embodiments, the at least one reception flag comprises at least one first amble, an amble comprising one of: a preamble, a midamble, or a postamble, and wherein the at least one transmission flag comprises at least one second amble corresponding to the at least one first amble.
[0253] In some embodiments, the at least one reception flag comprises at least one index for the at least one received message, and the at least one transmission flag comprises the at least one index for the at least one transmitted message.
[0254] In some embodiments, the at least one index for the at least one transmitted message is based on at least one time order of the at least one received message.
[0255] In some embodiments, the at least one received message comprises a first received message and a second received message, a time duration between the first received message and the second received message being less than a first time threshold for a response of the first received message, an ending time of the second received message being earlier than a time corresponding to a second time threshold for the response, wherein an association between the first transmitted message and the first received message is based on a first transmission flag associated with the first transmitted message and a first reception flag associated with the first received message.
[0256] In some embodiments, the first received comprises control information for the second received message, and the second received message comprises a data transmission.
[0257] In some embodiments, the processor is further configured to cause the second communication device to: in accordance with a determination that a first received message is decoded and a second received message is received before a time point associated with the first received message, discard a second transmitted message corresponding to the second received message within a time duration associated with the second received message.
[0258] In some embodiments, the processor is further configured to cause the second communication device to: in accordance with a determination that a second received message after a first received message is decoded, perform at least one of: transmitting, to the first communication device, a second transmitted message corresponding to the second received message within a time duration for the second transmitted message; or transmitting, to the first communication device, a first transmitted message corresponding to the first received message within a time duration for the second transmitted message.
[0259] In some embodiments, the second communication device comprises an ambient Internet of things (IoT) device, and the first communication device comprises a reader for the ambient IoT device, and wherein the at least one received message comprises at least one physical reader to device channel transmission, and the at least one transmitted message comprises at least one physical device to reader channel transmission.
[0260] In an aspect, a first communication device comprises: at least one processor; and at least one memory coupled to the at least one processor and storing instructions thereon, the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, causing the device to perform the method implemented by the first communication device discussed above.
[0261] In an aspect, a first communication device comprises: at least one processor; and at least one memory coupled to the at least one processor and storing instructions thereon, the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, causing the device to perform the method implemented by the first communication device discussed above.
[0262] In an aspect, a second communication device comprises: at least one processor; and at least one memory coupled to the at least one processor and storing instructions thereon, the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, causing the device to perform the method implemented by the second communication device discussed above.
[0263] In an aspect, a second communication device comprises: at least one processor; and at least one memory coupled to the at least one processor and storing instructions thereon, the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, causing the device to perform the method implemented by the second communication device discussed above.
[0264] In an aspect, a computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to perform the method implemented by the first communication device discussed above.
[0265] In an aspect, a computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to perform the method implemented by the first communication device discussed above.
[0266] In an aspect, a computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to perform the method implemented by the second communication device discussed above.
[0267] In an aspect, a computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to perform the method implemented by the second communication device discussed above.
[0268] In an aspect, a computer program comprising instructions, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to perform the method implemented by the first communication device discussed above.
[0269] In an aspect, a computer program comprising instructions, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to perform the method implemented by the first communication device discussed above.
[0270] In an aspect, a computer program comprising instructions, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to perform the method implemented by the second communication device discussed above.
[0271] In an aspect, a computer program comprising instructions, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to perform the method implemented by the second communication device discussed above.
[0272] Generally, various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device. While various aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other pictorial representation, it will be appreciated that the blocks, apparatus, systems, techniques or methods described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
[0273] The present disclosure also provides at least one computer program product tangibly stored on a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. The computer program product includes computer-executable instructions, such as those included in program modules, being executed in a device on a target real or virtual processor, to carry out the process or method as described above with reference to FIGS. 1 to 18. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, or the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or split between program modules as desired in various embodiments. Machine-executable instructions for program modules may be executed within a local or distributed device. In a distributed device, program modules may be located in both local and remote storage media.
[0274] Program code for carrying out methods of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. These program codes may be provided to a processor or controller of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that the program codes, when executed by the processor or controller, cause the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may execute entirely on a machine, partly on the machine, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the machine and partly on a remote machine or entirely on the remote machine or server.
[0275] The above program code may be embodied on a machine readable medium, which may be any tangible medium that may contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The machine readable medium may be a machine readable signal medium or a machine readable storage medium. A machine readable medium may include but not limited to an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of the machine readable storage medium would include an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory) , an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing.
[0276] Further, while operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, while several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the present disclosure, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Certain features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination.
[0277] Although the present disclosure has been described in language specific to structural features and / or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the present disclosure defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
Claims
1.A first communication device comprising:a processor configured to cause the first communication device to:determine coding information of a message to a second communication device, the coding information comprising a repetition number of a plurality of repetitions of the message, the coding information further comprising at least one of: at least two coding schemes of the plurality of repetitions, or a first signal added between the plurality of repetitions, the at least two coding schemes being applied to the plurality of repetitions based on an order of the plurality of repetitions;generate the message based on the coding information; andtransmit the message to the second communication device.2.The first communication device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of repetitions comprises a plurality of block level repetitions or bit level repetitions, and the at least two coding schemes comprises a first coding scheme and a second coding scheme, the first coding scheme being different from the second coding scheme,wherein the first coding scheme and the second coding scheme are applied to the plurality of block level repetitions or bit level repetitions of the message based on indices of the plurality of block level repetitions or bit level repetitions.3.The first communication device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of repetitions comprises a plurality of block level repetitions or bit level repetitions, and a first coded representation of a first block level repetition or bit level repetition and a second coded representation of a second block level repetition or bit level repetition are flipped.4.The first communication device of claim 1, wherein the coding information of the message indicates of adding the first signal between edges of a plurality of block level repetitions of the message.5.The first communication device of any of claims 1-4, wherein the first signal comprises a first part, a second part and a third part, the first part indicating a beginning of the first signal, the third part indicating an end of the first signal, and the second part indicating an index or order of an associated block level repetition of the message.6.The first communication device of claim 5, wherein the second part of the first signal comprises a bit sequence with auto-correlation or Walsh code, and a length of the second part is determined based on the repetition number of block level repetitions of the message.7.The first communication device of any of claims 1-6, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the first communication device to:transmit, to the second communication device, an indication indicating at least one of: an increased repetition number, or an increase of the repetition number.8.The first communication device of any of claims 1-6, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the first communication device to:decrease the repetition number of the plurality of repetitions of the message based on at least one of:an acknowledgement of the message being received from the second communication device, ora consecutive number of acknowledgements of the message being larger than a threshold number.9.The first communication device of any of claims 1-8, wherein the second communication device comprises an ambient Internet of things (IoT) device, and the first communication device comprises a reader for the ambient IoT device.10.A first communication device comprising:a processor configured to cause the first communication device to:transmit, to a second communication device, at least one first message being associated with at least one first transmission flag; andreceive, from the second communication device, at least one second message being associated with at least one second transmission flag, the at least one second transmission flag being mapped to the at least one first transmission flag,wherein a transmission flag comprises at least one of: a preamble, a midamble, a postamble, or an index associated with a corresponding message.11.The first communication device of claim 10, wherein the at least one first message comprises a first message associated with a first transmission flag, and the at least one second message comprises a second message corresponding to the first message, the second message being associated with a second transmission flag, andwherein an association between the first message and the second message is based on the first transmission flag and the second transmission flag.12.The first communication device of claim 11, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the first communication device to:determine an identifier based on at least one of: an identifier of the second communication device, a command type of the at least one first message, or a scenario of the at least one first message;determine at least one sub-identifier based on at least one time order of the at least one first message; anddetermine the at least one first amble or at least one index based on the identifier and the at least one sub-identifier or the sub-identifier.13.A second communication device comprising:a processor configured to cause the second communication device to:receive, from a first communication device, a message, the message being generated based on coding information of the message,wherein the coding information comprising a repetition number of a plurality of repetitions of the message, the coding information further comprising at least one of: at least two coding schemes of the plurality of repetitions, or a first signal added between the plurality of repetitions, the at least two coding schemes being applied to the plurality of repetitions based on an order of the plurality of repetitions.14.The second communication device of claim 13, wherein the plurality of repetitions comprises a plurality of block level repetitions or bit level repetitions, and the at least two coding schemes comprises a first coding scheme and a second coding scheme, the first coding scheme being different from the second coding scheme,wherein the first coding scheme and the second coding scheme are applied to the plurality of block level repetitions or bit level repetitions of the message based on indices of the plurality of block level repetitions or bit level repetition.15.The second communication device of claim 13, wherein the plurality of repetitions comprises a plurality of block level repetitions or bit level repetitions, and a first coded representation of a first block level repetition or bit level repetition and a second coded representation of a second block level repetition or bit level repetition are flipped.16.The second communication device of claim 13, wherein the coding information of the message indicates of adding the first signal between edges of a plurality of block level repetitions of the message.17.The second communication device of any of claims 13-16, wherein the first signal comprises a first part, a second part and a third part, the first part indicating a beginning of the first signal, the third part indicating an end of the first signal, and the second part indicating an index or order of an associated block level repetition of the message.18.The second communication device of claim 17, wherein the second part of the first signal comprises a bit sequence with auto-correlation or Walsh code, and a length of the second part is determined based on the repetition number of block level repetitions of the message.19.The second communication device of any of claims 13-18, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the second communication device to:receive, from the first communication device, an indication indicating at least one of: an increased repetition number of the plurality of repetitions of the message, or an increase of the repetition number.20.The second communication device of any of claims 13-19, wherein the second communication device comprises an ambient Internet of things (IoT) device, and the first communication device comprises a reader for the ambient IoT device.
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