Device or apparel with a strain-rate sensitive polymer material for a energy control system

Abstract

Apparel comprising at least one elastomeric support portion (1000) and at least one body portion. The at least one elastomeric support portion comprises an energy control system configured to control energy associated with motion of one or more body parts of a user of the apparel. The energy control system comprised in the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a strain-rate sensitive polymer material (1002).

Description

[0001] DEVICE OR APPAREL WITH A STRAIN-RATE SENSITIVE POLYMER MATERIAL FOR A ENERGY CONTROL SYSTEM

[0002] Technical Field

[0003] The present disclosure relates to apparel incorporating energy control systems. In particular, but not exclusively, the present disclosure relates to apparel having elastomeric support portions with energy control systems comprising strain-rate sensitive (SRS) polymer material.

[0004] Background

[0005] Pressure generated at the interface between support portions of apparel (for example straps) and the body, can lead to discomfort and potentially deep furrows in the soft tissues, which can result in pain, headaches, and general discomfort (see Coltman, C.E., McGhee, D.E. & Steele, J.R. “Bra strap orientations and designs to minimise bra strap discomfort and pressure during sport and exercise in women with large breasts”. Sports Med - Open 1, 21 (2015)). In addition, elastomeric portions of a bra can play a key role in reducing breast movement (Norris et al. “How the characteristics of sports bras affect their performance”. Ergonomics. 2021 Mar;64(3):410-425).

[0006] Fixed stiffness and damping properties of narrow fabric elastics in wearable devices, results in less effective function, as well as more complicated manufacturing and construction.

[0007] Reactive damping properties that vary depending on load and application can be achieved with materials, mechanisms and technologies that are typically more expensive and labour intensive to integrate into apparel or wearable devices.

[0008] Combining several layers of different elastics is a labour-intensive manufacturing process and provides low variability of damping properties.

[0009] Known smart materials, such as shape-memory polymers or electroactive polymers, change their properties in response to stimuli such as temperature or electrical current as opposed to strain. Such smart materials are not able to react to user activities. In addition, such smart materials typically deform with repeated use and often require specialised manufacturing processes. Mechanical systems allow users to adjust the tension and damping of elastic, but these do not adapt rapidly without user input or require expensive sensors to do so.

[0010] Damping material alone may not perform well as an elastomeric support for apparel in terms of support, recovery and / or conformity to the body of a user. Spring material alone may not perform well as an elastomeric support for apparel in terms of discomfort, excessive movement and high acceleration. This may be particularly important for controlling movement of the breasts of a user.

[0011] The present disclosure seeks to mitigate the above-mentioned problems. Alternatively or additionally, the present disclosure seeks to provide improved methods of manufacturing apparel and improved apparel incorporating energy control systems.

[0012] Summary

[0013] According to a first aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method of manufacturing apparel, the method comprising: forming at least one elastomeric support portion; and forming at least one body portion, wherein forming the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises forming an energy control system configured to control energy associated with motion of one or more body parts of a user of the apparel, and wherein the energy control system comprised in the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a strain-rate sensitive polymer material, and wherein forming the elastomeric support portion comprises providing the strain-rate sensitive polymer material as a preformed film, disposing the strain-rate sensitive polymer material immediately adjacent to an elastic material, and adhering the strain-rate sensitive polymer material to the elastic material.

[0014] According to a second aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided apparel manufactured according to the method of the first aspect.

[0015] According to a third aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided apparel comprising at least one elastomeric support portion and at least one body portion, wherein the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises an energy control system configured to control energy associated with motion of one or more body parts of a user of the apparel, and wherein the energy control system comprised in the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a strain-rate sensitive polymer material, and wherein the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a film of strain-rate sensitive polymer material adhered to an elastic material.

[0016] According to a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a brassiere comprising at least one elastomeric support portion and at least one breast cup portion, wherein the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises an energy control system configured to control energy associated with motion of one or more breasts of a user of the brassiere, and wherein the energy control system comprised in the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a strain-rate sensitive polymer material. According to a fifth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a wearable device comprising at least one elastomeric support portion and at least one body portion, wherein the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises an energy control system configured to control energy associated with motion of one or more body parts of a user wearing the device, and wherein the energy control system comprised in the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a strain-rate sensitive polymer material.

[0017] According to a sixth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a device comprising at least one elastomeric support portion and at least one body portion, wherein the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises an energy control system configured to control energy associated with motion of one or more body parts of a user using the device, and wherein the energy control system comprised in the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a strain-rate sensitive polymer material.

[0018] According to a seventh aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method of manufacturing a brassiere, the method comprising: forming at least one elastomeric support portion; and forming at least one breast cup portion, wherein forming the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises forming an energy control system configured to control energy associated with motion of one or more breasts of a user of the brassiere, and wherein the energy control system comprised in the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a strain-rate sensitive polymer material.

[0019] According to an eighth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method of manufacturing a wearable device, the method comprising: forming at least one elastomeric support portion; and forming at least one body portion, wherein forming the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises forming an energy control system configured to control energy associated with motion of one or more body parts of a user wearing the device, and wherein the energy control system comprised in the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a strain-rate sensitive polymer material.

[0020] According to a ninth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method of manufacturing a device, the method comprising: forming at least one elastomeric support portion; and forming at least one body portion, wherein forming the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises forming an energy control system configured to control energy associated with motion of one or more body parts of a user using the device, and wherein the energy control system comprised in the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a strain-rate sensitive polymer material. According to a tenth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an elastomeric support portion for apparel, wherein the elastomeric support portion comprises an energy control system configured to control energy associated with motion of one or more body parts of a user of the apparel, and wherein the energy control system comprised in the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a strain-rate sensitive polymer material configured to provide an energy dissipation at 3 Hz associated with the motion of one or more body parts of a user of the apparel that exceeds a quasistatic energy dissipation of the strain-rate sensitive polymer material by at least a factor of three, and wherein the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a film of strain-rate sensitive polymer material adhered to an elastic material.

[0021] According to an eleventh aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method of manufacturing an elastomeric support portion for apparel, the method comprising: forming an energy control system configured to control energy associated with motion of one or more body parts of a user of the apparel, wherein the energy control system comprises a strain-rate sensitive polymer material, providing the strain-rate sensitive polymer material as a preformed film, disposing the strain-rate sensitive polymer material immediately adjacent to an elastic material, and adhering the strain-rate sensitive polymer material to the elastic material.

[0022] It will of course be appreciated that features described in relation to one aspect of the present disclosure may be incorporated into other aspects of the present disclosure. For example, a method of the disclosure may incorporate any of the features described with reference to a system of the disclosure and vice versa.

[0023] Description of the Drawings

[0024] Embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings of which:

[0025] Figure 1 shows drop rig testing apparatus where an elastic fabric sample is clamped onto a fixed top bracket and a movable bottom bracket according to embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0026] Figure 2 shows stretch rig testing apparatus according to embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0027] Figure 3 shows the change in damping characteristics of an elastic strap with and without a strain-rate sensitive polymer applied internally according to embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0028] Figure 4 shows the change in damping characteristics of an elastic strap with a strainrate sensitive polymer applied internally and with a known tape technology used in apparel according to embodiments of the present disclosure. The latter displays reduced damping performance compared to the former;

[0029] Figure 5 shows performance of two selected elastic straps, with and without SRS film, that have an equivalent stiffness at 15mm extension when applied at 1 mm / s according to embodiments of the present disclosure. When used in the drop tower test setup, the strap with SRS film exhibits better damping properties in terms of reduced peak displacement and overshoot percentage, reduced time to decay, fewer oscillations, and an increased damping ratio;

[0030] Figure 6 shows that as the loading rate of the SRS polymer of embodiments of the present disclosure increases, the system demonstrates increased stiffness and increased energy absorption compared to the prior art;

[0031] Figure 7 shows the damping characteristics of different grades of SRS polymer according to embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0032] Figure 8 shows the damping characteristics of different thicknesses of SRS polymer according to embodiments of the present disclosure; and

[0033] Figures 9-12 show different patterns of SRS material according to embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0034] Figure 13 shows a schematic view of an elastomeric support portion according to embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0035] Figures 14 and 15 show schematic views of an elastomeric support portion according to embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0036] Figure 16 shows an item of apparel according to embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0037] Figure 17 shows a flow diagram of a method of manufacturing apparel according to embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0038] Figure 18A shows a flow diagram of a method of manufacturing the elastomeric support portion of Figure 13;

[0039] Figure 18B shows a flow diagram of a method of manufacturing the elastomeric support portion of Figures 14 and 15; and

[0040] Figure 19 is a graph showing the results of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) testing of an SRS polymer according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0041] Detailed Description Elastomeric portions of apparel such as bra straps and under-bands, swimwear straps and tapes create pressure at the interface between the strap and the body. In straps, pressure on the shoulders leads to discomfort and potential deep furrows in the soft tissues, which can result in shoulder and neck pain as well as headaches. Reducing bra strap discomfort and the associated distraction can help athletes focus better on their performance rather than adjusting their bra straps or dealing with pain. Improved comfort can also enable longer and more intense training sessions.

[0042] Over time and with repeated use, common elastics can lose their stretch, leading to sagging straps that no longer provide adequate support. Technologies such as TPU films are designed to provide damping, vibration control, and impact resistance but are not known to be used in elastomeric portions of apparel or wearable devices. Further, fixed damping properties of known elastics do not limit strap displacement depending on given force, meaning they are less comfortable during low intensity activities and donning and doffing than during high intensity activities and or vice versa.

[0043] Known elastics often don’t have optimal damping characteristics, which means they don’t absorb and dissipate the energy exerted by the weight of the bust sufficiently. Absorption of such energy is tackled by embodiments of the present disclosure in order to reduce the concentration of forces at specific points, help to spread the load more evenly across the shoulders and reduce the likelihood of pressure points.

[0044] Achieving optimal damping at the interface between an elastic and the body can be challenging due to the variability of load applied. Individuals have different requirements of support and anatomical structure.

[0045] Incorporating SRS material into support straps (for example support strap portions of apparel or devices) according to embodiments means that they can absorb and dissipate the energy better and thus reduce the concentration of forces at specific points, helping to spread the load more evenly. Embodiments also enable absorption of shocks and sudden movements, which is particularly beneficial during activities that involve a lot of movement. SRS materials tend to conform better to the shape of the body which also helps in distributing pressure more evenly and reduces discomfort. SRS material responds dynamically to the strain applied to it and therefore provides different levels of support during different activities and between different body shapes. Optimal damping can be achieved during relatively low intensity activities, relatively medium intensity activities and relatively high intensity activities.

[0046] Embodiments of the present disclosure deliver optimal damping and energy absorbency that can be optimised dynamically for different (Static, Low, Medium and High Intensity activities) scenarios. For example, considering a bra strap, then the optimum comfort would be a strap that matches mechanical properties of the existing straps at low speed, quasi- statically, but has an improved (increased) stiffness and higher damping when tested dynamically.

[0047] According to a first aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method of manufacturing apparel, the method comprising: forming at least one elastomeric support portion; and forming at least one body portion, wherein forming the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises forming an energy control system configured to control energy associated with motion of one or more body parts of a user of the apparel, and wherein the energy control system comprised in the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a strain-rate sensitive polymer material, and wherein forming the elastomeric support portion comprises providing the strain-rate sensitive polymer material as a preformed film, disposing the strain-rate sensitive polymer material immediately adjacent to an elastic material, and adhering the strain-rate sensitive polymer material to the elastic material.

[0048] Strain-rate sensitive (SRS) materials such as strain-rate sensitive polymers are materials that exhibit an increase in stiffness with increasing stain rate. Increased damping with increased strain-rate when measuring hysteresis, allows systems according to embodiments of the present disclosure to achieve dynamic reactive properties in elastomeric support portions of apparel and wearable devices. Such SRS polymer materials may comprise siloxanes, for example poly-boro-dimethyl-siloxane (PBDMS) blends. The strain-rate sensitive polymer material of embodiments may be provided in the form of one or more layers (or ‘films’) of strain-rate sensitive polymer material attached to the at least one elastomeric support portion (for example one layer on the front of the at least one elastomeric support portion and another layer on the back of the at least one elastomeric support portion). Alternatively or additionally, the strain-rate sensitive polymer material of embodiments may be provided within / intemally to the at least one elastomeric support portion, for example impregnated or incorporated inside / within other materials of the at least one elastomeric support portion.

[0049] Such an elastomeric support portion may provide an advantageous combination of energy absorption, damping and elastic properties. In this way, the modulus of the elastomeric support portion may be tuned to select an appropriate combination for a particular application.

[0050] In embodiments, a preformed film comprises a layer. It may be that the preformed film of strain-rate sensitive material is cured and formed prior to its disposition immediately adjacent to the elastic material. It may be that the provision of the strain-rate sensitive material as a preformed film enables ease of manufacture of the elastomeric support portion, for example by reducing the number of distinct manufacturing steps.

[0051] In embodiments, adhering the strain-rate sensitive polymer material to the elastic material comprises heating the elastomeric support portion. It may be that heating the elastomeric support portion causes the strain-rate sensitive polymer material to soften and / or melt. It may be that the strain-rate sensitive material acts as an adhesive. It will be understood that improved adhesion between the constituent parts of the elastomeric support portion may provide more consistent energy control. It may be that improved adhesion between the strainrate sensitive material and the elastic material causes the two materials to synergistically control energy associated with motion of one or more body parts of a user of the apparel. For example, optimal damping and / or energy absorbency may be achieved by united motion of the strain-rate sensitive material and the elastic material. It may be that the adhering avoids the requirement for a separate adhesive, thereby simplifying manufacture.

[0052] In embodiments, adhering the strain-rate sensitive polymer material to the elastic material comprises pressing the elastomeric support portion. It may be that pressing the elastomeric support portion provides a final shape to the elastomeric support portion and / or improves adhesion between the preformed film of strain-rate sensitive polymer material and the elastic material.

[0053] In embodiments, heating and / or pressing the elastomeric support portion is performed with a die. It may be that the elastomeric support portion is heat pressed using a die seal, such that adhesion and forming of the elastomeric support portion are achieved in a single step.

[0054] In embodiments, heating and / or pressing the elastomeric support portion causes the strain-rate sensitive polymer material to be at least partially impregnated within the elastic material. It may be that impregnation of the strain-rate sensitive material achieves improved adhesion. It may be that heat pressing of the elastomeric support portion forms the finished shape of the elastomeric support portion and / or enhances the durability of the shape of the elastomeric support portion.

[0055] In embodiments, the elastic material is provided as a tape, and wherein forming the elastomeric support portion further comprises folding the strain-rate sensitive material around the elastic material.

[0056] In embodiments, the elastomeric support portion comprises a fabric material.

[0057] In embodiments, forming the elastomeric support portion comprises folding the fabric material around the strain-rate sensitive material. In embodiments, the elastic material is provided as a tube, and wherein forming the elastomeric support portion comprises inserting the strain-rate sensitive material within the elastic material.

[0058] According to a second aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided apparel manufactured according to the method of the first aspect.

[0059] According to a third aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided apparel comprising at least one elastomeric support portion and at least one body portion, wherein the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises an energy control system configured to control energy associated with motion of one or more body parts of a user of the apparel, and wherein the energy control system comprised in the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a strain-rate sensitive polymer material, and wherein the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a film of strain-rate sensitive polymer material adhered to an elastic material.

[0060] In embodiments, the film of strain-rate sensitive polymer material is at least partially impregnated within the elastic material.

[0061] In embodiments, the film of strain-rate sensitive polymer material is adhered to the elastic material via heat pressing.

[0062] In embodiments, the strain-rate sensitive polymer material is configured to provide an energy dissipation at 3 Hz associated with the motion of one or more body parts of a user of the apparel that exceeds a quasistatic energy dissipation of the strain-rate sensitive polymer material by at least a factor of three. It may be that such a ratio between energy dissipation at quasistatic and 3 Hz frequencies is optimised for controlling motion associated with one or more soft body parts of a user.

[0063] In embodiments, the strain-rate sensitive polymer material is configured to provide an energy dissipation at 1 Hz associated with the motion of one or more body parts of a user of the apparel that exceeds a quasistatic energy dissipation of the strain-rate sensitive polymer material by at least a factor of two.

[0064] In embodiments, the strain-rate sensitive polymer material is configured to provide an energy dissipation at 10 Hz associated with the motion of one or more body parts of a user of the apparel that exceeds a quasistatic energy dissipation of the strain-rate sensitive polymer material by at least a factor of four.

[0065] In embodiments, a width of the at least one elastomeric support portion is relatively narrow compared to a width of the at least one body portion. In embodiments, a width of the at least one elastomeric support portion is less than 5 mm, less than 10 mm, less than 15 mm, less than 20 mm, less than 25 mm, less than 30 mm, or less than 35 mm. In embodiments, a width of the at least one elastomeric support portion is less than 80 mm.

[0066] In embodiments, a thickness of the at least one elastomeric support portion is less than 1 mm, less than 3 mm, less than 5 mm or less than 6 mm.

[0067] In embodiments, the strain-rate sensitive polymer material comprises a siloxane.

[0068] In embodiments, the siloxane does not comprise boron. It may be that avoiding the inclusion of boron provides an improved strain-rate sensitive material and / or process of manufacturing the strain-rate sensitive material.

[0069] In embodiments, the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a strap.

[0070] In embodiments, the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a shoulder strap.

[0071] In embodiments, the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a trim located at an edge of the apparel.

[0072] In embodiments, the at least one elastomeric support portion provides support to the at least one body portion when the apparel is worn by the user.

[0073] In embodiments, the at least one elastomeric support portion provides support to the one or more body parts of the user when the apparel is worn by the user.

[0074] In embodiments, the apparel comprises a brassiere and the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a shoulder strap.

[0075] In embodiments, the apparel comprises a brassiere and the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises an under-band.

[0076] In embodiments, the at least one body portion comprises a breast cup.

[0077] In embodiments, the one or more body parts comprise soft-tissue body parts.

[0078] In embodiments, the apparel comprises a body-close apparel which, when worn by the user, at least a part of the apparel is positioned adjacent to the body of the user.

[0079] In embodiments, the at least part of the apparel comprises the at least one elastomeric support portion.

[0080] In embodiments, the at least part of the apparel comprises the at least one body portion.

[0081] In embodiments, the energy control system comprised in the at least one elastomeric support portion is configured to provide damping of motion associated with the one or more body parts which dynamically varies with strain-rate.

[0082] In embodiments, the dynamic damping is tuneable based on one or more characteristics of the strain-rate sensitive polymer material. In embodiments, the one or more characteristics comprise one or more of: a dimension of the strain-rate sensitive polymer material, a geometry of the strain-rate sensitive polymer material, an amount of the strain-rate sensitive polymer material, a density of the strain-rate sensitive polymer material, and a chemical composition of the strain-rate sensitive polymer material.

[0083] In embodiments, the controlling comprises controlling velocity, displacement and / or acceleration of the one or more body parts.

[0084] In embodiments, the controlling comprises controlling energy absorption.

[0085] In embodiments, the controlling comprises controlling stiffness.

[0086] In embodiments, the controlling is dependent on the frequency of motion of the soft- tissue body parts.

[0087] In embodiments, the controlling is greater at relatively high frequencies of motion of the soft-tissue body parts compared to relatively low frequencies of motion of the soft-tissue body parts.

[0088] In embodiments, the controlling comprises performing substantially zero control at relatively low frequencies of motion of the soft-tissue body parts.

[0089] In embodiments, the relatively low frequencies comprise frequencies below 5 Hz and the relatively high frequencies comprise frequencies above 5 Hz.

[0090] In embodiments, the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises textile, and wherein the strain-rate sensitive polymer material is combined with the textile.

[0091] In embodiments, the strain-rate sensitive polymer material comprises strain-rate sensitive polymer material fibres.

[0092] In embodiments, the apparel comprises one or more of: a helmet, body armour, a brassiere, a crop top, a top or vest with integrated brassiere, an item of underwear, a swimsuit, a shoulder bag, a carry case, a baby carrier, an item of shapewear, a medical application item, or a backpack.

[0093] According to a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a brassiere comprising at least one elastomeric support portion and at least one breast cup portion, wherein the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises an energy control system configured to control energy associated with motion of one or more breasts of a user of the brassiere, and wherein the energy control system comprised in the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a strain-rate sensitive polymer material.

[0094] In embodiments, the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a shoulder strap. In embodiments, the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises an under-band. According to a fifth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a wearable device comprising at least one elastomeric support portion and at least one body portion, wherein the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises an energy control system configured to control energy associated with motion of one or more body parts of a user wearing the device, and wherein the energy control system comprised in the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a strain-rate sensitive polymer material.

[0095] In embodiments, the wearable device comprises a watch and the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a wrist strap.

[0096] According to a sixth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a device comprising at least one elastomeric support portion and at least one body portion, wherein the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises an energy control system configured to control energy associated with motion of one or more body parts of a user using the device, and wherein the energy control system comprised in the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a strain-rate sensitive polymer material.

[0097] In embodiments, the device comprises: a fall arrest device, a safety net, a harness, a reinforced strap, a tool lanyard, a climbing rope, or a vehicle seatbelt.

[0098] According to a seventh aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method of manufacturing a brassiere, the method comprising: forming at least one elastomeric support portion; and forming at least one breast cup portion, wherein forming the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises forming an energy control system configured to control energy associated with motion of one or more breasts of a user of the brassiere, and wherein the energy control system comprised in the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a strain-rate sensitive polymer material.

[0099] According to a eighth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method of manufacturing a wearable device, the method comprising: forming at least one elastomeric support portion; and forming at least one body portion, wherein forming the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises forming an energy control system configured to control energy associated with motion of one or more body parts of a user wearing the device, and wherein the energy control system comprised in the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a strain-rate sensitive polymer material.

[0100] According to a ninth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method of manufacturing a device, the method comprising: forming at least one elastomeric support portion; and forming at least one body portion, wherein forming the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises forming an energy control system configured to control energy associated with motion of one or more body parts of a user using the device, and wherein the energy control system comprised in the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a strain-rate sensitive polymer material.

[0101] In embodiments, the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises textile, the strain-rate sensitive polymer material comprises strain-rate sensitive polymer material fibres, and forming the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises weaving, knitting, crocheting and / or braiding the strain-rate sensitive polymer material fibres into the textile.

[0102] In embodiments, the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises textile, and forming the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises dip-coating, heat-pressing, spraying, knitting a fibre, laminating or printing the strain-rate sensitive polymer material onto the textile.

[0103] According to a tenth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an elastomeric support portion for apparel, wherein the elastomeric support portion comprises an energy control system configured to control energy associated with motion of one or more body parts of a user of the apparel, and wherein the energy control system comprised in the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a strain-rate sensitive polymer material configured to provide an energy dissipation at 3 Hz associated with the motion of one or more body parts of a user of the apparel that exceeds a quasistatic energy dissipation of the strain-rate sensitive polymer material by at least a factor of three, and wherein the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a film of strain-rate sensitive polymer material adhered to an elastic material.

[0104] According to an eleventh aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method of manufacturing an elastomeric support portion for apparel, the method comprising: forming an energy control system configured to control energy associated with motion of one or more body parts of a user of the apparel, wherein the energy control system comprises a strain-rate sensitive polymer material, providing the strain-rate sensitive polymer material as a preformed film, disposing the strain-rate sensitive polymer material immediately adjacent to an elastic material, and adhering the strain-rate sensitive polymer material to the elastic material.

[0105] Figure 1 shows a drop rig testing tower where elastic fabric sample are clamped onto a fixed top bracket and a movable bottom bracket according to embodiments of the present disclosure. The bottom bracket was attached to two linear bearings to allow free movement in the vertical direction. Added mass was attached to the bottom bracket to modify the system energy and simulate different loading conditions. Ten different films were tested on two different modulus tubular elastic straps with three different mass conditions. Each configuration was manufactured by laser cutting the pattern out of each film and heat pressing it into the centre of the strap material. The straps were 350 mm in length and had a width of 14 mm and 20 mm.

[0106] The samples were attached on the drop tower by a clamp on the bottom bracket, a 300 mm gauge length was measured and then it was secured in the top bracket. Any added mass was then attached to the bottom bracket. A pneumatic pin was released to drop the bottom bracket. The system was recorded on a high-speed camera at 120fps. Displacement of the bottom bracket was recorded through motion tracking software to analyse the displacementtime, velocity-time, and damping response of the strap and film system.

[0107] Damping coefficient was calculated by the logarithmic decrement based on the amplitudes of the first peaks of the displacement-time response. In samples where there were fewer than two clear positive peaks, the displacement values were reflected about the steady state rest position of the system to increase the number of usable peaks in the analysis.

[0108] Figure 2 shows stretch rig testing equipment where tubular knit fabric straps 250 mm long in two different moduli were prepared both with and without strain-rate sensitive film bonded between the fabric according to embodiments of the present disclosure. These samples were used on the stretch rig to complete hysteresis testing. Strain-rate sensitive film was laser cut to shape for each strap, and heat pressed into the center of the tubular fabric. The samples were clamped into the stretch rig with a gauge length of 200 mm and loaded to 25% extension at loading rates of 1 mm / s, 10 mm / s, and 50 mm / s for 3 cycles each. The stretch rig applied loading using a motor attached to a lead screw to apply a set displacement at a set rate. The force was measured with a load cell mounted on the bottom clamp of the fabric samples. Data was recorded and saved to view the hysteresis curves (force-displacement) and additional data was recorded for test validation such as displacement-time data. From these results, energy dissipated, peak forces, and stiffness at 150 mm extension were calculated for analysis.

[0109] Figure 3 demonstrates the change in damping characteristics of elastomeric straps with and without a strain-rate sensitive material applied internally according to embodiments of the present disclosure. When attached to a freefalling mass, the vibration response of embodiments is improved by a reduced peak amplitude and peak overshoot percentage, reduced time to decay, and an increased damping ratio when compared to the baseline (prior art) fabric.

[0110] Figure 3 show improved (reduced) damping and damping ratio of an elastomeric strap when an SRS material is added according to embodiments.

[0111] Damping ratio is calculated by taking the amplitude of consecutive peaks in the displacement curve, the damping ratio or % is the reduction from the first to the second peak displacements when measured away from the equilibrium (rest) position. This indicates how quickly a vibrating system returns to rest after being disturbed. When the ratio is lower than 1 it is underdamped and when it is over 1 it overdamped depending on use case.

[0112] Optimal damping according to embodiments strikes a balance between comfort and reduction in vibration and displacement for a specific use case. For every use case there could be a case of overdamping - the elastic becomes too stiff and causes discomfort or pain, or underdamping - the elastic is not stiff enough and moves a lot before it settles.

[0113] Figure 4 demonstrates the change in damping characteristics of the fabric with a strainrate sensitive material applied internally according to embodiments and with a prior art technology used in elastic straps. When attached to a freefalling mass, the vibration response of the SRS material of embodiments is improved by a reduced peak amplitude and peak overshoot percentage, reduced time to decay, and an increased damping ratio when compared to the alternative technology. Additionally, the samples had similar stiffness characteristics as demonstrated by the final position of the mass.

[0114] Figure 4 shows improved (reduced) damping ratio of an elastic strap with SRS according to embodiments compared to a known (no SRS) elastic strap tape.

[0115] Figure 4 further demonstrates the importance of applying a technology in the correct application, whereby the fabric adhesive introduced additional elasticity and worse damping properties to the SRS film, and the strap with no applied film.

[0116] Figure 5 demonstrates two selected straps, with SRS film (according to embodiments) and without SRS film, that have the same stiffness at 15mm extension when applied at 1 mm / s. When used in the drop tower test setup, the strap with SRS film of embodiments exhibits better damping properties in terms of reduced peak displacement and overshoot percentage, reduced time to decay, fewer oscillations, and an increased damping ratio.

[0117] Figure 5 shows the same quasi-static stiffness is denoted by the same static stiffness (rest length). When tested dynamically, improved performance is achieved through higher stiffness with strain-rate, as well as higher damping. Figure 5 shows same static stiffness as final rest locality is the same, but improved damping in less time, with less oscillation. The damping ratio changes from 0.18 to 0.34.

[0118] Figures 6a-6d demonstrate the strain-rate sensitivity of the SRS film of embodiments at loading rates of 1 mm / s, 10 mm / s, and 50 mm / s. As the loading rate is increased, the fabric with SRS film according to embodiments demonstrates increased stiffness and increased energy absorption, whereas the fabric by itself demonstrates no strain-rate sensitive properties. The increase of energy absorption at higher loading rates indicates the ability for the SRS film of embodiments to provide active optimal damping. Figures 6a-6d show the stretch and hysteresis curves at three different rates, 1,10 and 50mm per mins. This shows at the strap level, the change in secant stiffness, overall stiffness and increase with increasing strain-rate. This dynamic increase in stiffness (initially -secant stiffness) and globally (higher line for all displacements), allows the system of embodiments to limit the displacements (which are associated with discomfort in exercise) for the given force. The higher the intensity of the exercise, the more support, and hence less discomfort.

[0119] A second advantage of embodiments shown in Figure 6 is the larger area within the curve (energy absorbed) and how it increases with increasing strain-rate. The increased damping of the system allows "smoothing" of how rapidly the peak displacements occur. This in turn reduces the velocity of oscillation and hence further improves energy absorbency of the system of embodiments (which corresponds with comfort in the case of bras).

[0120] Figure 7 shows performance of different compositions of strain-rate sensitive material according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0121] Figure 8 shows performance of different thicknesses of strain-rate sensitive material according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0122] If the experiments of embodiments described above are considered together, embodiments provide samples that match static stiffness, and in a garment give equivalent comfort levels and feel for donning and doffing, as well as static comfort.

[0123] Embodiments have shown improved or optimised energy control in dynamics tests, over known systems. This manifests itself as better energy control with the activity of a certain level. More damping means better comfort for users. Embodiments also provide an increase in secant stiffness, damping, and energy (within the hysteresis curves) at increasing strain-rates. This provides dynamic improvement with increasing levels of activity. The higher the intensity, the higher the dynamic stiffness and higher energy absorbed according to embodiments.

[0124] When these properties are considered together, active optimised damping is achieved without compromising static fit or comfort. All these can be either optimised with material grade, integration, or internal geometries according to embodiments. So, active optimum damping is provided in a passive (for example non-electronic) system at the materials level, in composite form. For the user, this means more comfort, better energy control and more supportive use over different intensities of exercise. This use case is focused on sports bra straps, but could have benefits in all manner of narrow textiles, films, straps, ropes, belts, seatbelts, elastic trips, body amour straps, etc. In embodiments, the elastomeric portion of apparel or wearable device comprises one of: a brassiere strap (such as a sports bra, non-sports bra, swimsuit), a wearable device strap (such as backpack and fall arrest device). It will be appreciated that the present disclosure is also applicable to other elastomeric portions of apparel and wearable items.

[0125] The dynamic optimal damping systems of embodiments comprise a strain-rate sensitive (SRS) polymer configured to control the damping characteristics of the elastomeric strip. A strain-rate sensitive polymer is one which is flexible under low strain-rates but, as motion (and therefore strain-rate) increases, becomes less flexible and highly damping. A dynamic optimal damping system incorporating SRS polymer can therefore be considered to be an “active” optimal damping system. Thus, in embodiments, the system is configured to control (for example, to limit and / or damp) motion of a strap. In embodiments, controlling the motion encompasses controlling velocity and / or displacement and / or accelerations. In such embodiments, it may be that the SRS material is configured to control (for example, to limit and / or damp) the motion. Thus, the elastomeric item is flexible and easily stretched at low strain-rates but is stiffer and more damping at higher strain-rates. This enables easier donning and doffing of the apparel item whilst also affording increased damping when the user engages in athletic activity.

[0126] In embodiments, the elastomeric portion of apparel or wearable device comprises elastane, elastomeric fibres, yarns which are polyolefin-based, polyester-elastane blends, nyl on-el astane blends, rubber or any other type of elastomeric fibre or yarns. The elastomeric strip can be of woven elastics, knitted elastics, braided elastics, tubular elastics, fold-over elastics, directional elastics, non-roll elastics, picot elastics, jacquard elastics, transparent elastics.

[0127] Figures 9-12 show a number of configurations of patterns (for example auxetic patterns, zoned patterns or zoned auxetic patterns) of SRS material comprised in elastomeric support portions according to embodiments of the present disclosure. A first example elastomeric strip comprises SRS material in a solid laminate layer. Other example elastomeric strips each comprise a layer of SRS material having a plurality of planar damping controlling cells. A second example pair of elastomeric strips comprises damping controlling cells in the form of a relatively low number of thick strips / waves. A third example of elastomeric strips comprises damping controlling cells in the form of a relatively medium number of thinner strips / waves. A fourth example pair of elastomeric strips comprises damping controlling cells in the form of a relatively high number of still thinner strips / waves. A fifth example pair of elastomeric strips comprises damping controlling cells in the form of auxetic cells that expand under stress and so provide more support during intense activities. A sixth example pair of elastomeric strips comprises damping controlling cells in the form of zoned auxetic cells that expand under stress that are driven by data such as pressure maps and displacement.

[0128] Figure 13 shows a schematic view of a first embodiment of an elastomeric support portion 1000. The elastomeric support portion 1000 comprises a film of strain-rate sensitive polymer material 1002 inserted within a tubular elastic sleeve 1004. In the schematic view, the film of strain-rate sensitive material 1002 is visible. In physical embodiments, the film of strain-rate sensitive material 1002 may be wholly or partially enclosed within the tubular elastic sleeve 1004. After insertion, the elastomeric support portion 1000 is heat pressed to form the shape of the elastomeric support portion 1000 and / or to adhere the strain-rate sensitive material 1002 to the tubular elastic sleeve 1004. Heating and / or pressing of the elastomeric support portion 1000 may at least partially soften the strain-rate sensitive material 1002, causing it to be at least partially impregnated into the tubular elastic sleeve 1004. In this way, the strain-rate sensitive material 1002 acts to provide adhesion between the layers. Use of a tubular elastic sleeve 1004 may avoid the presence of seams and / or joins along the length of the elastomeric support portion 1000, thereby improving comfort of a user.

[0129] Figure 14 shows a schematic view of a second embodiment of an elastomeric support portion 2000, at a first stage of manufacture. The elastomeric support portion 2000 comprises a film of strain-rate sensitive material 1002 sandwiched between an elastic tape 2002 on a first side and a fabric tape 2004 on a second side. The first side is facing towards the top of the schematic view, while the second side is facing towards the bottom of the schematic view. The elastic tape 2002 has a first width wl, the film of strain-rate sensitive material 1002 has a second width w2, and the fabric tape 2004 has a third width w3. In the embodiment shown, the third width w3 is greater than the second width w2, and the second width w2 is greater than the first width wl.

[0130] Figure 15 shows a schematic view of the second embodiment of the elastomeric support portion 2000 of Figure 14, at a second (later) stage of manufacture. To form the elastomeric support portion 2000, the film of strain-rate sensitive material 1002 and the fabric tape 2004 are folded around the elastic tape 2002 until they abut adjacent to the first side of the elastic tape 2002. In this way, a laminated elastomeric support portion 2000 is formed, with the elastic tape 2002 enclosed by the film of strain-rate sensitive material 1002, which in turn is enclosed by the fabric tape 2004. In the embodiment shown, the join between the edges of the strain-rate sensitive material 1002 and fabric tape 2004 is located approximately in the centre of one side of the elastomeric support portion 2000. In other embodiments, said join may be located at the edge of one or both sides of the elastomeric support portion 2000. Once assembled, the elastomeric support portion 2000 may then be heat pressed, which at least partially softens the strain-rate sensitive material 1002, causing it to be at least partially impregnated into the elastic tape 2002 and / or the fabric tape 2004. In this way, the strain-rate sensitive material 1002 acts to provide adhesion between the three layers.

[0131] Figure 16 shows an item of apparel in the form of a brassiere 3000. The brassiere 3000 comprises two straps, wherein each strap comprises an elastomeric support portion 3002. Each strap is configured to pass over the shoulder over a user. The brassiere 3000 also comprises a body portion 3004, configured to support the breasts of a user. The body portion 3004 is connected to each of the elastomeric support portions 3002, such that in use, motion of the breasts adjacent to the body portion 3004 is transmitted through the elastomeric support portions 3002, which are configured to control energy associated with said motion.

[0132] Figure 17 shows a flow diagram of an example method of manufacturing apparel. The method comprises forming 4000 at least one body portion, and forming 4002 at least one elastomeric support portion. Forming 4002 the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises forming 4004 an energy control system configured to control energy associated with motion of one or more body parts of a user of the apparel, wherein the energy control system comprises a strain-rate sensitive polymer material. Forming 4002 the at least one elastomeric support portion further comprises: providing 4006 the strain-rate sensitive polymer material as a preformed film; disposing 4008 the strain-rate sensitive polymer material immediately adjacent to the elastic material, and adhering 4010 the strain-rate sensitive polymer material to the elastic material.

[0133] Figure 18A shows a flow diagram of an example method 5000 of manufacturing the elastomeric support portion of Figure 13. The method comprises inserting 5002 a preformed film of strain-rate sensitive material within a tube of elastic material. The method further comprises heat pressing 5004 the elastomeric support portion to form its final shape and / or to adhere the strain-rate sensitive material to the elastic material. Heat pressing 5004 causes the strain-rate sensitive material to at least partially soften and / or melt, thereby causing it to act as an adhesive.

[0134] Figure 18B shows a flow diagram of an example method 6000 of manufacturing the elastomeric support portion of Figures 14 and 15. The method comprises disposing 6002 a tape of elastic material immediately adjacent to a preformed film of strain-rate sensitive material, which is in turn disposed immediately adjacent to a tape of fabric material. The method further comprises folding 6004 the strain-rate sensitive material and the fabric material around the elastic material to form a laminate layer, with abutting edges of strain-rate sensitive material and fabric material on one side of the elastic material. The method further comprises heat pressing 6006 the laminate layer to form its final shape and / or to adhere the strain-rate sensitive material to the elastic material and / or the fabric material. The step of heat pressing 6006 may be performed using a die seal. Heat pressing 6006 may cause the strain-rate sensitive material to at least partially soften and / or melt, thereby causing it to at least partially impregnate within the elastic material and / or the fabric material.

[0135] Figure 19 is a graph showing the results of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) testing of an SRS polymer according to embodiments of the present disclosure. A sinusoidal shear stress was applied parallel to a surface of a sample of the SRS polymer, and the resulting shear strain was measured to evaluate the material’s response. The DMA testing obtains two parameters: the shear storage modulus G’; and the shear loss modulus G”. A ratio of these two parameters, that is G’7G’, provides Tan Delta, which indicates the damping characteristics and / or energy dissipation of the material caused by its viscoelastic behaviour. The x-axis of the graph represents frequency of oscillatory shear stress in Hz from 0.001 Hz to 100 Hz on a logarithmic scale. Such shear stress may be indicative of the motion of one or more soft body parts of a user, in use. The y-axis of the graph represents Tan Delta as a unitless parameter on a linear scale. The measurements of Tan Delta over the tested frequency range are represented as a curve, which broadly increases in gradient over the tested frequency range. In a low frequency regime spanning 0.001 Hz to 0.1 Hz, the curve remains relatively flat, indicating minimal variation in Tan Delta. This denotes the quasistatic energy dissipation x of the SRS polymer. This suggests the SRS polymer exhibits predominately elastic behaviour with low energy dissipation under slow shear deformation. In an intermediate frequency regime spanning 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz, the curve begins to rise, reflecting an increase in viscous response. This transition indicates enhanced molecular mobility and internal friction, contributing to greater energy dissipation. In a high frequency regime spanning 10 Hz to 100 Hz, the curve exhibits a near constant positive gradient, representing a steady increase in Tan Delta. This is indicative of a pronounced viscoelastic response, where the SRS polymer dissipates significant energy under rapid shear deformation.

[0136] Tan Delta may be synonymous with the ability of a material to dissipate energy resulting from motion. Thus, the energy dissipation of the SRS polymer at 3 Hz (denoted by 3x) exceeds its quasistatic (i.e. Tan Delta near 0 Hz) energy dissipation x by at least a factor of three. Further, the energy dissipation of the SRS polymer at 1 Hz (denoted by 2x) exceeds its quasistatic energy dissipation x by at least a factor of two. Further, the energy dissipation of the SRS polymer at 10 Hz (denoted by 4x) exceeds its quasistatic energy dissipation x by at least a factor of four. It will be appreciated that these values as shown on the graph are approximate. In this way, the SRS polymer is configured to control energy dissipation associated with motion across a particular range of frequencies. As indicated by the continuous curve representing the Tan Delta measurements, the SRS material exhibits a continuous increase in energy dissipation as dynamic loading increases. There are no sharp changes or discontinuities in the Tan Delta.

[0137] Embodiments may comprise an elastomeric support portion coated with a continuous layer or layers of SRS material.

[0138] Embodiments may comprise an elastomeric support portion coated with a patterned layer or layers of SRS material.

[0139] Embodiments may comprise a wide fabric elastic coated with a continuous layer or layers of SRS material which is split into narrower pieces.

[0140] Embodiments may comprise a wide fabric elastic coated with a patterned layer or layers of SRS material which is split into narrower pieces.

[0141] Embodiments may comprise sandwiching of an elastomeric support portion with SRS material, for example two layers of SRS material at the back and front respectively of an elastomeric support portion.

[0142] Embodiments may comprise an elastomeric support portion with a continuous laminated layer or layers of SRS material.

[0143] Embodiments may comprise an elastomeric support portion with a patterned laminated layer or layers of SRS material.

[0144] Embodiments may comprise a wide fabric elastic with a continuous laminated layer or layers of SRS material which is split into narrower pieces.

[0145] Embodiments may comprise a wide fabric elastic with a patterned laminated layer or layers of SRS material which is split into narrower pieces.

[0146] Embodiments may comprise a wide fabric elastic with an SRS material pattern welded onto it or layers of SRS material welded onto it which is split into narrower pieces.

[0147] Embodiments may comprise an elastomeric support portion with continuous welded layer or layers of SRS material.

[0148] Embodiments may comprise an elastomeric support portion with a patterned welded layer or layers of SRS material.

[0149] Embodiments may comprise a wide fabric elastic with a continuous welded layer or layers of SRS material which is split into narrower pieces. Embodiments may comprise a tubular elastic with a continuous SRS material within it.

[0150] Embodiments may comprise a tubular elastic with a patterned SRS material inserted into it, either manually or by an automated process.

[0151] Embodiments may comprise a tubular elastic fabric with a layer or layers of SRS gel.

[0152] Embodiments may comprise a fold-over elastic with a continuous layer or layers of SRS material in it.

[0153] Embodiments may comprise a fold-over elastic with a patterned layer or layers of SRS material in it.

[0154] Embodiments may comprise a knitted elastic with SRS material knitted into it.

[0155] Embodiments may comprise an elastomeric support portion with a layer or layers of SRS gel.

[0156] Various manufacturing processes can be employed to produce the embodiments described herein.

[0157] Integrating the SRS polymer materials of embodiments into narrow elastics can be achieved through several liquid-based application methods. One example method involves coating a wide fabric elastic using techniques such as rotary screen printing, Meijer rod, knife over roll, reverse roll coating, gravure coating, etc. In this process, a solution / dispersion of SRS polymer material is applied, and the fabric is moved through an oven to dry off the liquid, leaving the SRS polymer behind. This technique allows for flood or patterned coatings. Particle size would likely play a role in which method to use, with larger particles tending toward rotary screen, and smaller particles tending toward the other coating methods. In these coating methods, a wide roll of coated fabric may be created that can then be slit in a secondary process into the width desired. The SRS polymer holds the fibres together, alleviating fraying issues, but requires consideration of the fabric's temperature resistance (as it passes through an oven).

[0158] Another liquid-based method that could be employed is dip coating, where existing narrow elastic is dipped into an SRS polymer solution and dried, allowing the SRS polymer to penetrate between the fibres. It is possible to direct roll coat to the narrow elastic; this could require several small machines to handle large volumes.

[0159] Alternatively, the SRS materials of embodiments could be applied via a spray nozzle, creating a lightweight coating on one or multiple sides of the elastic. This could potentially be integrated into a knitting process, but care must be taken that there is enough spray weight so that the properties are seen. For film integration, one approach is laminating the SRS material film onto narrow elastics using a narrow laminator for flat elastics using a machine like the NPI Seamless Garment Machine.

[0160] Rotary continuous ultrasonics could be employed to weld a strip of SRS material into place on a fabric strap.

[0161] A wide laminator for fabric and film could be employed such as the Monti Antonio laminator, producing a wide roll that is later slit into final, narrower widths.

[0162] For circular knits, an SRS material film can be slit to specific widths and manually inserted into the tube or threaded during knit formation, ensuring it is quickly bonded between heated rolls. Manual film application on precut straps is advantageous for small orders, minimizing setup and material wastage seen in continuous machines. This may involve precutting film strips and fabric strips, then using a heat press or hand iron to tack the material into place. A heat press or belt laminator may then be used to achieve the final application of the film.

[0163] If a slightly wider strip of fabric were to have a strip of SRS material film applied down the centre, the edges could be folded back inward towards the centre and either stitched together to encapsulate the film or ultrasonically welded together.

[0164] SRS material can be introduced into narrow elastics by integrating SRS material fibres into the knit, adjusting the number or thickness of yarns in the warp or weft to modify the elastic's properties or SRS effect.

[0165] Screen printing of SRS material could be employed to provide localised geometry.

[0166] Techniques such as knitting and woven, felts, leathers could be employed.

[0167] Although the benefits of apparel according to embodiments have been described primarily in a sporting context, it will be appreciated that garments providing active control of the motion of body parts also find use in other settings (for example, as medical compression garments for use in physical therapy, as shapewear, as personal protective equipment, or as body armour for use by military or law enforcement).

[0168] Whilst the present disclosure has been described and illustrated with reference to particular embodiments, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the disclosure lends itself to many different variations not specifically illustrated herein. Any feature or features from any described embodiment may be combined with any feature or features from any other described embodiment.

[0169] Where in the foregoing description, integers or elements are mentioned which have known, obvious or foreseeable equivalents, then such equivalents are herein incorporated as if individually set forth. Reference should be made to the claims for determining the true scope of the present disclosure, which should be construed so as to encompass any such equivalents. It will also be appreciated by the reader that integers or features of the disclosure that are described as preferable, advantageous, convenient or the like are optional and do not limit the scope of the independent claims. Moreover, it is to be understood that such optional integers or features, whilst of possible benefit in some embodiments of the disclosure, may not be desirable, and may therefore be absent, in other embodiments.

Claims

Claims1. A method of manufacturing apparel, the method comprising: forming at least one elastomeric support portion; and forming at least one body portion, wherein forming the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises forming an energy control system configured to control energy associated with motion of one or more body parts of a user of the apparel, and wherein the energy control system comprised in the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a strain-rate sensitive polymer material, and wherein forming the elastomeric support portion comprises providing the strain-rate sensitive polymer material as a preformed film, disposing the strain-rate sensitive polymer material immediately adjacent to an elastic material, and adhering the strain-rate sensitive polymer material to the elastic material.

2. A method according to claim 1, wherein adhering comprises heating the elastomeric support portion.

3. A method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein adhering comprises pressing the elastomeric support portion.

4. A method according to claim 2 or 3, wherein heating and / or pressing the elastomeric support portion is performed with a die.

5. A method according to any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein heating and / or pressing the elastomeric support portion causes the strain-rate sensitive polymer material to be at least partially impregnated within the elastic material.

6. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the elastic material is provided as a tape, and wherein forming the elastomeric support portion further comprises folding the strain-rate sensitive material around the elastic material.

7. A method according to claim 6, wherein the elastomeric support portion comprises a fabric material.

8. A method according to claim 7, wherein forming the elastomeric support portion comprises folding the fabric material around the strain-rate sensitive material.

9. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the elastic material is provided as a tube, and wherein forming the elastomeric support portion comprises inserting the strain-rate sensitive material within the elastic material.

10. Apparel manufactured according to the method of any preceding claim.

11. Apparel comprising at least one elastomeric support portion and at least one body portion, wherein the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises an energy control system configured to control energy associated with motion of one or more body parts of a user of the apparel, and wherein the energy control system comprised in the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a strain-rate sensitive polymer material, and wherein the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a film of strain-rate sensitive polymer material adhered to an elastic material.

12. Apparel according to claim 11, wherein the film of strain-rate sensitive polymer material is at least partially impregnated within the elastic material.

13. Apparel according to claim 11 or 12, wherein the film of strain-rate sensitive polymer material is adhered to the elastic material via heat pressing.

14. Apparel according to any one of claims 11 to 13, wherein the strain-rate sensitive polymer material is configured to provide an energy dissipation at 3 Hz associated with the motion of one or more body parts of a user of the apparel that exceeds a quasistatic energy dissipation of the strain-rate sensitive polymer material by at least a factor of three.

15. Apparel according to any one of claims 11 to 14, wherein the strain-rate sensitive polymer material is configured to provide an energy dissipation at 1 Hz associated with the motion of one or more body parts of a user of the apparel that exceeds a quasistatic energy dissipation of the strain-rate sensitive polymer material by at least a factor of two.

16. Apparel according to any one of claims 11 to 15, wherein the strain-rate sensitive polymer material is configured to provide an energy dissipation at 10 Hz associated with the motion of one or more body parts of a user of the apparel that exceeds a quasistatic energy dissipation of the strain-rate sensitive polymer material by at least a factor of four.

17. Apparel according to any one of claims 11 to 16, wherein a width of the at least one elastomeric support portion is less than 5 mm, less than 10 mm, less than 15 mm, less than 20 mm, less than 25 mm, less than 30 mm, or less than 35 mm.

18. Apparel according to any one of claims 11 to 17, wherein the strain-rate sensitive polymer material comprises a siloxane.

19. Apparel according to claim 18, wherein the siloxane does not comprise boron.

20. Apparel according to any one of claims 11 to 19, wherein the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a strap.

21. Apparel according to any one of claims 11 to 20, wherein the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a shoulder strap.

22. Apparel according to any one of claims 11 to 21, wherein the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a trim located at an edge of the apparel.

23. Apparel according to any one of claims 11 to 22, wherein the at least one elastomeric support portion provides support to the at least one body portion when the apparel is worn by the user.

24. Apparel according to any one of claims 11 to 23, wherein the at least one elastomeric support portion provides support to the one or more body parts of the user when the apparel is worn by the user.

25. Apparel according to any one of claims 11 to 24, wherein the apparel comprises a brassiere and the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a shoulder strap.

26. Apparel according to any one of claims 11 to 25, wherein the apparel comprises a brassiere and the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises an under-band.

27. Apparel according to claim 25 or 26, wherein the at least one body portion comprises a breast cup.

28. Apparel according to any one of claims 11 to 27, wherein the one or more body parts comprise soft-tissue body parts.

29. Apparel according to any one of claims 11 to 28, wherein the apparel comprises a body-close apparel which, when worn by the user, at least a part of the apparel is positioned adjacent to the body of the user.

30. Apparel according to claim 29, wherein the at least part of the apparel comprises the at least one elastomeric support portion.

31. Apparel according to claim 29 or 30, wherein the at least part of the apparel comprises the at least one body portion.

32. Apparel according to any one of claims 11 to 31, wherein the energy control system comprised in the at least one elastomeric support portion is configured to provide damping of motion associated with the one or more body parts which dynamically varies with strain-rate.

33. Apparel according claim 32, wherein the dynamic damping is tuneable based on one or more characteristics of the strain-rate sensitive polymer material.

34. Apparel according claim 33, wherein the one or more characteristics comprise one or more of: a dimension of the strain-rate sensitive polymer material, a geometry of the strain-rate sensitive polymer material, an amount of the strain-rate sensitive polymer material, a density of the strain-rate sensitive polymer material, anda chemical composition of the strain-rate sensitive polymer material.

35. Apparel according to any one of claims 11 to 34, wherein the controlling comprises controlling velocity, displacement and / or acceleration of the one or more body parts.

36. Apparel item according to any one of claims 11 to 25, wherein the controlling comprises controlling energy absorption.

37. Apparel according to any one of claims 11 to 36, wherein the controlling comprises controlling stiffness.

38. Apparel according to any of claims 28 to 37, wherein the controlling is dependent on the frequency of motion of the soft-tissue body parts.

39. Apparel according to claim 38, wherein the controlling is greater at relatively high frequencies of motion of the soft-tissue body parts compared to relatively low frequencies of motion of the soft-tissue body parts.

40. Apparel according to claim 39, wherein the controlling comprises performing substantially zero control at relatively low frequencies of motion of the soft-tissue body parts.

41. Apparel according to claim 39 or 40, wherein the relatively low frequencies comprise frequencies below 5 Hz and the relatively high frequencies comprise frequencies above 5 Hz.

42. Apparel according to any one of claims 11 to 41, wherein the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises textile, and wherein the strain-rate sensitive polymer material is combined with the textile.

43. Apparel according to any one of claims 11 to 42, wherein the strain-rate sensitive polymer material comprises strain-rate sensitive polymer material fibres.

44. Apparel according to any one of claims 11 to 43, wherein the strain-rate sensitive polymer material comprises a siloxane.

45. Apparel according to any one of claims 11 to 44, wherein the apparel comprises one or more of: a helmet, body armour, a brassiere, a crop top, a top or vest with integrated brassiere, an item of underwear, a swimsuit, a shoulder bag, a carry case, a baby carrier, an item of shapewear, a medical application item, or a backpack.

46. A brassiere comprising at least one elastomeric support portion and at least one breast cup portion, wherein the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises an energy control system configured to control energy associated with motion of one or more breasts of a user of the brassiere, and wherein the energy control system comprised in the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a strain-rate sensitive polymer material.

47. A brassiere according to claim 46, wherein the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a shoulder strap.

48. A brassiere according to claim 46 or 47, wherein the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises an under-band.

49. A wearable device comprising at least one elastomeric support portion and at least one body portion,wherein the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises an energy control system configured to control energy associated with motion of one or more body parts of a user wearing the device, and wherein the energy control system comprised in the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a strain-rate sensitive polymer material.

50. A wearable device according to claim 49, where the wearable device comprises a watch and the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a wrist strap.

51. A device comprising at least one elastomeric support portion and at least one body portion, wherein the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises an energy control system configured to control energy associated with motion of one or more body parts of a user using the device, and wherein the energy control system comprised in the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a strain-rate sensitive polymer material.

52. A device according to claim 51, wherein the device comprises: a fall arrest device, a safety net, a harness, a reinforced strap, a tool lanyard, a climbing rope, or a vehicle seatbelt.

53. A method of manufacturing a brassiere, the method comprising: forming at least one elastomeric support portion; and forming at least one breast cup portion, wherein forming the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises forming an energy control system configured to control energy associated with motion of one or more breasts of a user of the brassiere, and wherein the energy control system comprised in the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a strain-rate sensitive polymer material.

54. A method of manufacturing a wearable device, the method comprising: forming at least one elastomeric support portion; and forming at least one body portion, wherein forming the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises forming an energy control system configured to control energy associated with motion of one or more body parts of a user wearing the device, and wherein the energy control system comprised in the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a strain-rate sensitive polymer material.

55. A method of manufacturing a device, the method comprising: forming at least one elastomeric support portion; and forming at least one body portion, wherein forming the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises forming an energy control system configured to control energy associated with motion of one or more body parts of a user using the device, and wherein the energy control system comprised in the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a strain-rate sensitive polymer material.

56. A method according to any one of claims 53 to 55, wherein: the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises textile, the strain-rate sensitive polymer material comprises strain-rate sensitive polymer material fibres, and forming the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises weaving, knitting, crocheting and / or braiding the strain-rate sensitive polymer material fibres into the textile.

57. A method according to any one of claims 53 to 55, wherein: the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises textile, and forming the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises dip-coating, heatpressing, spraying, knitting a fibre, laminating or printing the strain-rate sensitive polymer material onto the textile.

58. An elastomeric support portion for apparel,wherein the elastomeric support portion comprises an energy control system configured to control energy associated with motion of one or more body parts of a user of the apparel, and wherein the energy control system comprised in the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a strain-rate sensitive polymer material configured to provide an energy dissipation at 3 Hz associated with the motion of one or more body parts of a user of the apparel that exceeds a quasistatic energy dissipation of the strain-rate sensitive polymer material by at least a factor of three, and wherein the at least one elastomeric support portion comprises a film of strain-rate sensitive polymer material adhered to an elastic material.

59. A method of manufacturing an elastomeric support portion for apparel, the method comprising: forming an energy control system configured to control energy associated with motion of one or more body parts of a user of the apparel, wherein the energy control system comprises a strain-rate sensitive polymer material, providing the strain-rate sensitive polymer material as a preformed film, disposing the strain-rate sensitive polymer material immediately adjacent to an elastic material, and adhering the strain-rate sensitive polymer material to the elastic material.

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