Joint communication and sensing

Abstract

There is disclosed a method of operating a radio node in a wireless communication network, the radio node being adapted for operating in an oscillator mode, wherein the oscillator mode is one of a set of oscillator modes, the set of oscillator modes comprising a first oscillator mode and a second oscillator mode; the radio node further being adapted for operating in an operation mode, wherein the operation mode is one of a set of operation modes, the set of operation modes comprising a sensing mode and a communication mode; wherein the method comprising switching the oscillator mode according to the operation mode, or vice versa. The disclosure also pertains to related devices and methods.

Description

[0001]Joint Communication and SensingTechnical fieldThis disclosure pertains to wireless communication and radar technology, in particularfor high frequencies.BackgroundFor future wireless communication systems, combining wireless communication and sens- 5ing (radar) is discussed, in particular using the same spectrum and / or hardware for both.This is sometimes referred to as Joint Communication and Sensing (JCAS), or sometimesas Integrated Communication and Sensing (ICAS). Combining these functionalities bringsa number of challenges.Summary 10It is an object of this disclosure to provide approaches of handling JCAS, in particular re-garding multiplexing of communication signalling and sensing signalling. The approachesdescribed may be utilised for one or more different frequencies ranges. For example, theymay be implemented for frequency ranges (e.g., carrier bandwidth and / or system band-width) for sensing signalling and / or communication signalling of 1 GHz or more, 2GHz 15or more, 5 GHz or more, or 6 GHz or more, or 10 GHz or more, and / or for millimeterwave communication, in particular for radio carrier frequencies around and / or above 52.6GHz, which may be considered high radio frequencies (high frequency) and / or millime-tre waves. The carrier frequency / ies may be between 52.6 and 140 GHz, e.g. with alower border between 52.6, 55, 60, 71 GHz and / or a higher border between 71, 72, 90, 20114, 140 GHz or higher, in particular between 55 and 90 GHz, or between 60 and 72GHz; however, higher frequencies may be considered, in particular frequency of 71GHzor 72GHz or above, and / or 100 GHz or above, and / or 140 GHz or above. The carrierfrequency may in particular refer to a centre frequency or maximum frequency of thecarrier. The radio nodes and / or network described herein may operate in wide-band, e.g. 25with a carrier bandwidth (or bandwidth or carrier aggregation) of 400MHz or more, inparticular 1 GHz or more, or 2 GHz or more, or even larger, e.g. 6 GHz or more, or8 GHz or more; the scheduled or allocated bandwidth may be the carrier bandwidth,or be smaller, e.g. depending on channel and / or procedure. In some cases, operationmay be based on an OFDM wave-form or a SC-FDM wave-form (e.g., downlink and / or 30uplink), in particular a FDF-SC-FDM-based wave-form. However, operation based on asingle carrier wave-form, e.g. SC-FDE (which may be pulse-shaped or Frequency DomainFiltered, e.g. based on modulation scheme and / or MCS), may be considered for downlinkand / or uplink. In general, different wave-forms may be used for different communicationdirections. Communicating using or utilising a carrier and / or beam may correspond to 35P107942WO01 1 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingoperating using or utilising the carrier and / or beam, and / or may comprise transmittingon the carrier and / or beam and / or receiving on the carrier and / or beam. Operation maybe based on and / or associated to a numerology, which may indicate a subcarrier spacingand / or duration of an allocation unit and / or an equivalent thereof, e.g., in comparisonto an OFDM based system. A subcarrier spacing or equivalent frequency interval may 40for example correspond to 960 kHz, or 1920 kHz, e.g. representing the bandwidth of asubcarrier or equivalent.The approaches are particularly advantageously implemented in a future 6th Generation(6G) telecommunication network or 6G radio access technology or network (RAT / RAN),in particular according to 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project, a standardisation 45organization). A suitable RAN may in particular be a RAN according to NR, for examplerelease 18 or later, or LTE Evolution. However, the approaches may also be used withother RAT, for example future 5.5G systems or IEEE based systems.There is disclosed a method of operating a radio node in a wireless communication net-work. The radio node is adapted for operating in an oscillator mode. The oscillator mode 50is one of a set of oscillator modes. The set of oscillator modes comprises a first oscillatormode and a second oscillator mode. The radio node further is adapted for operating in anoperation mode, wherein the operation mode is one of a set of operation modes. The setof operation modes comprises a sensing mode and a communication mode. The methodcomprises switching the oscillator mode according to the operation mode, or vice versa. 55A radio node for a wireless communication network is considered. The radio node isadapted for operating in an oscillator mode, wherein the oscillator mode is one of a setof oscillator modes. The set of oscillator modes comprises a first oscillator mode and asecond oscillator mode. The radio node further is adapted for operating in an operationmode, wherein the operation mode is one of a set of operation modes, the set of operation 60modes comprising a sensing mode and a communication mode. The radio node is adaptedfor switching the oscillator mode according to the operation mode, or vice versa.Switching the oscillator mode according to the operation mode may be based on switchingthe operation mode, and / or switching the operation mode according to the oscillator modemay be based on switching the oscillator mode. Switching one mode like a first mode based 65on the other mode like a second mode may in general comprise that one mode is switchedbased on the other mode being switched, and / or based on an indication of switching theother mode, e.g., based on an indication received, which may be an oscillator operationindication or similar. Mode switching may be in parallel (e.g., simulatenously), or withtime delay, e.g., to allow hardware to switch before using its new setting. Accordingly, 70use of the right oscillator mode for a desired operation mode may be ensured. It mayP107942WO01 2 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingbe considered that operation in an operation mode starts after the associated oscillatormode has been set up (e.g., is fully operational, e.g., after required heating and / or cooling,and / or achieving desired stability).There may be cases in which an oscillator mode is switched for other purposes than to 75switch between sensing mode and communication mode, e.g., connected to switching toa third operation mode, which may be an element of the set of operation modes, e.g., foroperating with power saving, or for operating in a frequency range which might requiredifferent capabilities (e.g., a very high frequency range which may be particularly sensitiveto non-linearities) 80The first oscillator mode may be associated to and / or correspond to operation of a firstoscillator. Alternatively, or additionally, the second oscillator mode may be association toand / or correspond to operation of a second oscillator. The first oscillator may be differ-ent from the second oscillator, e.g., it may implemented with different and / or addditionaland / or separate circuitry and / or one more more different and / or separate components, 85e.g., based on different material and / or capabilities. In some variants, the first oscillatormay be the same as the second oscillator, e.g., operated with different capabilities and / orcharacteristics, and / or with additional components, e.g., one or more heating device / s(like oven / s), and / or cooling devices, and / or stabilising components. An oscillator modebeing associated to and / or corresponding to may refer to the operation mode being imple- 90mented with the oscillator mode and / or providing the capabilities of the oscillator modeand / or oscillator, e.g., as required for the operation mode, and / or the operation modeand / or one or more of its functions or activities utilising the oscillator mode (and / or theoscillator in the oscillator mode). In some cases, an oscillator mode with high perfor-mance may be utilised for an operation mode requiring low performance, e.g., to avoid 95switching. To an operation mode there may be associated to an operation configuration;alternatively, or additionally, an oscillator configuration may be associated to an opera-tion mode, wherein the oscillator configuration may be part of an operation configuration.An oscillator configuration may indicate one or more parameters or indicators for an os-cillator mode and / or for operating an oscillator, e.g., pertaining to starting and / ending 100operation of an oscillator (or more than one, e.g., if different oscillators are available),and / or pertaining to timing of operation (e.g., duration, gaps, sleep, etc.), and / or oneor more operational parameters, e.g., pertaining to voltage and / or amplitude and / orfrequency manipulation. An operation configuration may indicate one or more parame-ters pertaining to the operation mode, e.g., pertaining to sensing and / or communication, 105depending on mode. Including an oscillator configuration therein may limit signallingoverhead and / or allow flexible configuration with desired association of capabilities tooscillator modes, e.g., if oscillator modes allow some flexibility of configuration.P107942WO01 3 / 83Joint Communication and SensingIn general, it may be considered in some cases, a sensing mode may include communica-tion, e.g., taking into consideration that higher performance of the oscillator for sensing 110will service communication. A communication mode may in some cases not include sens-ing, e.g., due to lack of desired capabilities; however, there may be cases in which lowersensing requirements may be fulfilled and thus in general a communication mode mayinclude some sensing, e.g., if sensing does not need the high resolution, e.g., no velocitydetermination is required (or velocity is determined with other approaches than using 115Doppler shift), and / or no tracking is to be performed, and / or sensing is limited to obsta-cle and / or object and / or target detection. Thus, at least one of the modes of the set ofmodes includes sensing, but both or all may. To at least the (first) sensing mode and the(first) communication mode, there are associated different oscillator modes.In general, the set of operation modes may comprise one or more additional sensing 120mode / s, and / or one or more additional communication mode / s. The set of oscillatormodes may comprise one or more additional oscillator modes. To each operation modeof the set, a different oscillator mode may be associated; however, in some cases, morethan one operation mode may be associated to the same oscillator mode, wherein atleast two operation modes are associated to different oscillator modes. Thus, flexibility in 125operation modes and / or optimisation of oscillator modes for given operation modes maybe supported.In some variants, switching the oscillator mode may be based on received signalling, e.g.,an oscillator operation indication. The received signalling may be transmitted by and / orreceived from a network node, e.g., a base station and / or another radio node, which 130may be a wireless device. Such may be used to trigger operation in a desired mode,and / or point to and / or activate an associated operation configuration and / or oscillatorconfiguration, and / or operation according to such.The radio node may be adapted for transmitting a capability indication, e.g., to a networkor network node or another radio node. Thus, the receiver may be informed about the 135capabilities and operate accordingly. This may facilitate operation in an environmentwith radio nodes having very different capabilities.It may be considered that the first oscillator node and the second oscillator mode maydiffer in terms of frequency stability and / or phase stability and / or phase coherence and / orpower demand and / or supply voltage. Thus, different parameters may be provided, and 140operation may be adapted to such parameters. This may allow sustainable operation withproviding required capabilities as needed.In general, switching (e.g., of operation mode and / or oscillator mode) may be basedP107942WO01 4 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingon, and / or comprise, utilising different circuity, and / or changing supply voltage, and / oractivating phase coherence maintaining. Thus, different modes may be achieved easily 145based on hardware setting.In general, a method of operating a wireless device in a wireless communication networkmay comprises transmitting a capability indication, wherein the capability indication mayindicate one or more of: at least one oscillator capability, and / or at least one oscillatorcharacteristic, and / or at least one sensing capability, and / or at least one sensing charac- 150teristic.A wireless device for a wireless communication network may in general be adapted fortransmitting a capability indication, wherein the capability indication may indicate oneor more of: at least one oscillator capability, and / or at least one oscillator characteristic,and / or at least one sensing capability, and / or at least one sensing characteristic. 155Moreover, there is discussed a method of operating a radio node in a wireless communi-cation network. The method comprises operating based on a received capability indica-tion, the capability indication indicating one or more of: at least one oscillator capability,and / or at least one oscillator characteristic, and / or at least one sensing capability, and / orat least one sensing characteristic. The radio node may be implemented as a network node, 160and / or radar node, or a wireless device. The capability indication may be transmitted bya wireless device as described herein.A radio node for a wireless communication network is also described. The radio node isadapted for operating based on a received capability indication, the capability indicationindicating one or more of: at least one oscillator capability, and / or at least one oscillator 165characteristic, and / or at least one sensing capability, and / or at least one sensing charac-teristic. The radio node may be implemented as a network node, and / or radar node, ora wireless device. The capability indication may be transmitted by a wireless device asdescribed herein.In general, the capability indication may be transmitted from one radio node to be received 170by another radio node. The radio node transmitting the capability indication may be awireless device, or in some cases a network node. The radio node receiving the capabilityindication (also referred to as received capability indication) may be a network node, orin some cases a wireless device. The wireless device and / or radio node transmitting thecapability indication may be adapted for mono-static sensing operation, or for operation 175in a multi-static or bi-static sensing scenario. The radio node receiving the capabilityindication may be adapted for bi-static and / or multi-static sensing operation, and / or forcontrolling (e.g., with scheduling and / or triggering) sensing operation of the radio nodeP107942WO01 5 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingtransmitting the capability indication.In general, a radio node may comprise one or more oscillators, which may be referred 180to as local oscillators (located on or in the radio node, e.g., as circuitry). An oscillatormay comprise one or more oscillating components, and / or provide an operating frequencyand / or phase for circuitry, in particular radio circuitry and / or antenna circuitry, one oreither or both of which it may be part of. An oscillator may comprise one or more PLLs,and / or one or more VCOs, and / or one or more other components providing oscillation 185(e.g., reference oscillator) and / or an operating frequency (e.g., to be provided for base-band and / or carrier operation). Multiple components and / or oscillators may be combinedand / or synchronised, e.g., to manage multiple parallel receiver and / or transmitter and / ortransceiver chains and / or larger antenna arrays. An oscillator may be adapted to oper-ate within specific parameters, e.g., regarding frequency and / or phase and / or stability of 190frequency and / or phase, which may be considered oscillator capabilities, and / or to whicha capability indication may pertain, and / or be indicative of. In some cases, an oscilla-tor may provide multiple different frequencies, e.g., for multiple carriers. An oscillatormay comprise, and / or be connected to, one or more frequency manipulating components,e.g., for splitting and / or multiplying and / or tuning and / or stabilising and / or increasing 195and / or decreasing and / or synthesising one or more frequencies provided. One or more os-cillator capabilities may be controllable or switchable, e.g., based on power and / or voltagesupplied, and / or based on switching between oscillators with different capabilities (e.g.,due to having different circuitries and / or material components, e.g., high-performancesemiconductor material). Accordingly, different capabilities may be provided based on 200controlling one oscillator differently, and / or by providing different oscillators and switch-ing between them (a lower performing oscillator may be used for power saving purposes,e.g., and / or to limit strain on a higher performing oscillator if suitable for an operationmode). Relative performance of an oscillator in the context of this disclosure may in par-ticular refer to stability, e.g., of phase and / or frequency provided, and / or to drift and / or 205deviation and / or error. Higher performance may pertain to higher stability, and / or lowerdrift and / or deviation and / or error, e.g., for one or more parameters and / or characteris-tics, in particular phase and / or frequency. In some cases, operation or an operation modeassociated to and / or utilising an oscillator or oscillator mode may be started when, orafter, an oscillator mode is in a state to provide required capabilities (e.g., after a start-up 210time). However, in some cases, the operation or operation mode may be started before,e.g., when requiring set-up or start-up time itself, and / or to perform functions that donot require the oscillator (yet).A capability indication may indicate a stability and / or maximum error or deviation ordrift, e.g., pertaining to a time period or duration. A capability indication may indicate 215P107942WO01 6 / 83Joint Communication and Sensinga stability of lower than or at most 100 ppb (parts per billion), and / or lower than or atmost 50ppb, and / or lower than or at most 10ppb, and / or lower than or at most 5ppb,and / or lower than or at most 1ppb. One or more stabilities may be indicated, e.g., for oneor more carriers and / or one or more operation modes (e.g., communication mode and / orsensing mode). 220A capability indication may be comprised in, and / or carried by, and / or represented bya single message, or be distributed over multiple messages. A message in this contextmay be a higher-level message, e.g., a RRC layer message or MAC layer message, or alower layer message, e.g., a physical layer message. Different messages may be on differ-ent layers, or on the same layer. A capability indication may comprise, and / or consist 225of, one or more (e.g., in one or more messages) indicators and / or parameter and / or val-ues and / or pointers (e.g., to table entries), and / or may indicate one or more capabilitiesand / or characteristics. A capability indication may indicate the presence of a capabilityor characteristic, and / or the absence of a capability (for example, the presence of one, andthe absence of another). In some cases, a capability or characteristic may be indicate in 230qualitative manner, or quantitatively, e.g., indicating a numerical value and / or parametervalue and / or range, for example, explicitly, or implicitly, and / or indexing a table. An os-cillator capability may indicate the capability of an oscillator or oscillation arrangementto provide a frequency of oscillation and / or stability of oscillation and / or precision ofoscillation and / or reliability of oscillation, and / or indicate one or more associated charac- 235teristics. An oscillator capability may may pertain to a phase or frequency, or fluctuationor drift or error or precision of the frequency; a capability and / or characteristic may in-dicate a time dependence, and / or a limit or range of expected or guaranteed or intendedbehaviour (e.g., maximum drift over a time interval, e.g., of frequency and / or phase). Asensing capability or characteristic may indicate the capability to perform sensing oper- 240ation, e.g., receiving and / or transmitting of sensing signalling, and / or conformance to asensing standard, and / or for operation in a multi-static or bi-static or mono-static sensingscenario, and / or of sensing operation according to specific requirements, e.g., pertainingto oscillation characteristics and / or sensing precision and / or time scale and / or reliabilityand / or transmission or reception power and / or sensitivity for sensing, e.g., regarding pre- 245cision and / or phase and / or signal strength and / or signal quality and / or resolution (e.g.,for detection and / or tracking, and / or size or material of objects to be detected and / ortracked, and / or for Doppler shift). A capability or characteristic may be always on, orthe device providing the capability indication may be adapted to operate according tothe capability or characteristic optionally, e.g., to switch on and / or off such capability. A 250capability indication may indicate the capability or operational states, e.g., possibility toswitch on and / or off, and / or always on.P107942WO01 7 / 83Joint Communication and SensingApproaches described herein may facilitate optimised operation in a JCAS scenario, inparticular with devices having different capabilities involved.It may be considered that a wireless device and / or radio node may be adapted for wireless 255communication, and may be adapted for sensing and / or radar operation. The capabilityindication may indicate capability for joint sensing and communication operation, and / oradaptation of the radio node or wireless device for sensing and / or radar operation andfor wireless communication. It should be noted that an oscillator mode for sensing / withhigher performance still allows communication operation, such that for example time 260duplexing and / or frequency duplexing of sensing and communication may be considered.In general, operating, by the radio node, may comprise scheduling transmission and / or re-ception of signalling, in particular of sensing signalling and / or communication signalling,and / or may comprise adapting operation and / or scheduling. e.g., based on sensing oper-ation and / or communication operation. Scheduling may be for the radio node receiving 265the capability indication (e.g., a network node scheduling transmission and / or radar op-eration), and / or the radio node or wireless device transmitting the capability indication,or another radio node, e.g., facilitating optimising resource use for networks with multi-ple / many participants.It may be considered that operation, by the radio node, may comprise adapting operation 270based on the capability indication. Adapting operation may comprise adapting sensingoperation and / or adapting communication operation. Adapting operation may pertainto the radio node receiving the capability indication, and / or the radio node or wirelessdevice transmitting the capability indication, or another radio node. Operation based ona capability indication may comprise and / or be based on scheduling and / or instructing 275another radio node, e.g., the radio node transmitting the capability indication, to operatefor sensing, e.g., in a bistatic and / or multistatic mode. This may comprise, and / or bebased on, scheduling and / or configuring resources for receiving and / or transmitting sens-ing signalling, and / or for receiving and / or transmitting information pertaining to sensing,e.g., measurement reporting based on sensing signalling, and / or target information, e.g., 280information indicating (e.g., explicitly or implicitly) presence or absence and / or speedand / or location of one or more targets. Reporting and / or such information may pertainto specific beams and / or directions, which may be indicated in, and / or referred to, in thereporting and / or information.An oscillator operation indication may be transmitted and / or received in accordance to 285the capability indication. The oscillator operation indication may be transmitted, e.g., bythe radio node receiving the capability indication, e.g., based on the received capabilityindication. It may be received by the radio node transmitting the capability indication.P107942WO01 8 / 83Joint Communication and SensingThe oscillator operation indication may indicate and / or instruct the radio node receivingit to operate, and / or switch on or off, and / or activate or deactivate, and / or utilise the ca- 290pability indicated and / or one or more oscillators the capability indication may pertain to.The oscillator operation indication may be transmitted with control signalling like phys-ical layer signalling (e.g., DCI) or MAC layer signalling, and / or higher layer signalling,e.g., RRC layer signalling and / or RLC layer signalling. The oscillator operation indica-tion may be implicit and / or explicit; in some cases, it may indicate resources like time 295and / or frequency resources for sensing operation, and / or activation and / or deactivationof sensing operation, and / or triggering specific sensing operation, which may be based onutilising an oscillator capability according to the capability indication.Sensing operation may comprise and / or be based on transmitting and / or receiving sens-ing signalling, e.g., for radar and / or positioning. A device adapted for sensing operation 300may be adapted for transmitting and / or receiving sensing signalling. Communication op-eration may comprise and / or be based on transmitting and / or receiving communicationsignalling, like data signalling and / or control signalling, e.g., for transfer of user datalike voice data and / or video data and / or application data. A device adapted for com-munication signalling may be adapted for transmitting and / or receiving communication 305signalling. Communication operation and sensing operation may be on the same and / oroverlapping and / or neighbouring carriers and / or frequency ranges, and / or may be ondifferent carriers and / or frequency ranges, e.g., non-overlapping and / or non-neighbouring(e.g., not sharing a border frequency). Different oscillator capabilities may be utilised forsensing operation than for communication operation, e.g., according to capability and / or 310capability indication.Adapting according to sensing operation and / or communication operation may compriseadapting considering requirements or targets (e.g., for communication, and / or for sens-ing, in particular timing requirements and / or data throughput requirements), and / orschedules (e.g., of signalling like communication signalling), and / or device / s like commu- 315nication and / or sensing participants (e.g., one or more wireless devices and / or networknodes) and / or link budget and / or available resources and / or priority and / or quality ofservice, e.g., for specific types of communication signalling and / or sensing signalling. Itmay be considered that tracking a target with sensing signalling may have higher priorityin some scenarios than identifying or detecting the presence of a target, such that track- 320ing may be higher prioritised than identifying or detecting, e.g., in comparison to one ormore types of communication signalling, and / or in regards to timing, in particular for ahigh-speed target and / or dependent on a speed or velocity of a target. Adapting maycomprise adapting oscillator parameters, and / or switching between oscillator / s. In somecases, a voltage and / or power and / or current applied to an oscillator may be increased 325P107942WO01 9 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingfor sensing operation (in comparison to communication operation), and / or phase stabilityand / or frequency stability of an oscillator may be increased (in comparison to commu-nication operation), and / or a deviation or error or drift of any such parameter may bedecreased (in comparison to communication operation).It may be considered that adapting may comprise scheduling transmission and / or recep- 330tion of signalling, in particular of sensing signalling and / or communication signalling.Scheduling may comprise configuring and / or allocating resources (e.g., time and / or fre-quency and / or code resources) for signalling, in particular for communication signallingand / or sensing signalling. The scheduling may be such that resources for time and / or fre-quency and / or code do not overlap at least in one of these domains, and / or may comprise 335multiplexing such signalling and / or resources, e.g., in one or more transmission timingstructures and / or slots and / or subframes. This allows operating in both sensing mode andcommunication mode within an optimised schedule and / or utilising available hardwareand resources in an optimised manner. Adapting and / or scheduling may consider powercontrol (in particular, for transmission), e.g., such that a maximum power and / or energy 340for a transmission timing structure like a slot or subslot is not exceeded, and / or such thata maximum power difference is not exceeded during the transmission timing structurelike a slot or subslot. The power control may pertain to both communication signallingand sensing signalling, e.g., a total power (or summed power) for both. This may allowoptimised use of power amplification and / or power circuitry, e.g., within a linear range; 345this may particularly relevant for high frequencies, e.g., above 1GHz, or above 5GHz (ofthe carrier / s used for transmission of the signalling).Information pertaining to the adapting may be transmitted and / or received as signalling,in particular communication signalling. The information may be provided as control sig-nalling and / or physical layer signalling and / or on a control channel (or in some cases, 350in a data channel, e.g., for UCI on PUSCH solutions, in which control information likeUplink Control Information and / or physical layer information may be transmitted ona data channel and / or resources allocated to a data channel), e.g., as downlink controlinformation (e.g., from a network node to a wireless device), and / or sidelink control in-formation (e.g., between wireless devices), and / or uplink control information (e.g., from a 355wireless device to a network node). Alternatively, or additionally, the information may beprovided as higher layer signalling and / or on a data channel and / or as data signalling sig-nalling, e.g., in downlink and / or uplink and / or sidelink. Multi-hops may be considered, inwhich one device provides information to another devices, which passes on information toanother device (e.g., downlink to sidelink), or multiple directions may be considered, e.g., 360such that a wireless device provides information to other wireless device via sidelink andto a network node via uplink. Information pertaining to adapting may represent and / orP107942WO01 10 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingindicate resources for sensing signalling and / or communication signalling, and / or requestfor resources, and / or request to perform sensing, and / or information that sensing is tobe performed (e.g., to inform that resources are blocked and / or sensing signalling may 365be discarded and / or disregarded for devices not involved in sensing, e.g., in a multi.staticscenario not involving certain wireless devices. The information may be provided in single-cast, or multi-cast (e.g., to address a group of devices in a multi-static scenario) and / orbroadcast. The information may indicate timing and / or direction of sensing signallingand / or a beam or beam identiy or beam-pair, and / or may configure and / or schedule such 370signalling, e.g., if the information is transmitted by a network node; scheduling may in-dicate that a wireless device is scheduled to transmit and / or receive sensing signalling.The information may pertain to intended sensing operation and / or sensing signalling.This may facilitate coordination between nodes or devices, and / or may limit interferenceimpact. In some cases, the information may be transmitted and / or received via a com- 375munication interface between network nodes (e.g., base stations, and / or control nodesand / or higher-layer nodes), in particular in multi-static scenarios including multiple net-work nodes, and / or to inform other nodes of sensing operation (which may facilitateinterference management). In general, the adapting may be based on and / or accordingto sensing signalling or communication signalling of the same device; alternatively, or 380additionally, it may be according to and / or based on signalling of another device, e.g.,to adapt to sensing signalling to be transmitted by another base station. Informationpertaining to such may be provided, e.g., via such a communication interface.It may be considered that adapting may comprise and / or may be based on adapting asensing frame and / or sensing periodicity and / or sensing signalling duration and / or sens- 385ing signalling sequence and / or and / or sensing signalling symbol number. Such adaptingmay optimise the sensing operation. A sensing frame may pertain to a time interval com-prising one or more occurrences of sensing signalling; an occurrence may comprise oneor more symbols and / or sequences of sensing signalling. A sensing frame may representa time interval comprising the number of occurrences and / or symbols and / or sequences 390intended for one sensing activity (e.g., tracking and / or identifying and / or detection). Be-tween occurrences of sensing signalling, there may be intervals comprising communicationsignalling and / or guard time and / or gaps. A sensing frame may correspond to, and / ormay be equal to or longer than, one or more subframes and / or slots (it may be shorterthan a frame). A sensing periodicity may pertain to the periodicity of sensing occurrences 395(e.g., in a sensing frame), and / or of sensing frames. An occurrence of sensing signallingmay comprise one or more symbols and / or allocation units carrying and / or intended orscheduled for sensing signalling, which may by neighbouring and / or consecutive in time).A sensing signalling duration may pertain to, and / or represent the duration of sensingP107942WO01 11 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingsignalling in an occurrence, or the total duration of all occurrences in a sensing frame. 400Adapting may comprise scheduling occurrences and / or a duration and / or periodicity foran occurrence from a set of possible occurrences and / or durations, wherein the set maycorrespond to occurrences and durations for each occurrence having the same total du-ration in one sensing frame. A sensing signalling sequence may represent a sequence ofmodulation symbols and / or a sequence represented by modulation symbols, and / or a se- 405quence based on which the signalling is determined. Different sequences may be usedfor different occurrences and / or sensing frames; it may be considered that sequences forshorter occurrences may be different from sequences for longer occurrences; in particularconsidering selection from a set as described herein with same total duration (of all oc-currences within a sensing frame). A sensing signalling symbol number may pertain to 410the number of sensing symbols (and / or symbols or allocation units carrying or intendedor scheduled for carrying sensing signalling) per sensing frame and / or sensing occurrence.This may facilitate adapting for timing conditions, e.g., based on speed and / or velocityof one or more targets and / or communication requirements, and / or signalling or loadconditions. 415In some variants, adapting may comprise and / or be based on scheduling (of) sensing sig-nalling and / or (of) communication signalling. The scheduling may pertain to a device ornode (e.g., wireless device or network node) scheduling itself, and / or another device, e.g.,with information pertaining to the adapting as described herein. This may in particularpertain to a network node scheduling one or more wireless devices. 420Adapting may comprise transmitting and / or receiving of sensing signalling and / or com-munication signalling, in particular based on scheduling. Alternatively, or additionally,transmitting and / or receiving of sensing signalling and / or communication signalling,an / or scheduling or configuring, may be based on adapting. Thus, a schedule may beimplemented by a device. 425It may be considered that adapting may comprise transmitting and / or receiving commu-nication signalling indicating scheduling of sensing signalling. A communication signallingsetup or capability may be adapted to, and / or utilised to accommodate sensing signalling,which may require comparatively limited changes to the communication signalling setup(e.g., in terms of message or signalling extensions). 430Adapting may comprise using different numerologies and / or waveforms and / or sequencesand / or sequence roots for sensing signalling and communication signalling. In particular,symbol durations and / or allocation unit durations, and / or cyclic prefix durations maybe different between sensing signalling and communication signalling. In some cases, aduration of an occurrence of sensing signalling may correspond to, and / or be equal to, a 435P107942WO01 12 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingduration of one or more symbols (e.g., integer number of symbols) of the communicationsignalling and / or associated numerology; this may include one or more guard intervals(e.g., at the beginning and / or end of the sensing signalling occurrence). The cyclic prefixdurations may be different, e.g., such that the cyclic prefix / es associated to sensing sig-nalling are longer than the cyclic prefix / es associated to communication signalling, e.g., to 440accommodate path delays and / or longer impulse responses for sensing signalling. Fittingsensing signalling seamlessly into a timing structure for communication signalling may beconsidered and / or thus achieved.In general, adapting may comprise scheduling (of) sensing signalling for a plurality ofreceivers, e.g., such that a plurality of receivers (e.g., one or more wireless devices and / or 445network nodes) may be scheduled to receive the same transmission of sensing signalling,e.g. due to scattering by a target into different directions. This may facilitate multi-static operation. The scheduling may comprise providing information pertaining to theadapting, e.g., via control signalling like downlink control signalling and / or DCI, whichmay be transmitted by a network node. The scheduling and / or information may be 450transmitted via multiple different paths, e.g., downlink signalling and / or one or morecommunication interfaces between network nodes.Performing sensing may comprise receiving and / or monitoring for receiving the sensingsignalling; and / or transmitting the sensing signalling. Transmitting and receiving by thesame device or node may pertain to mono-static sensing; in a multi-static scenario, it may 455occur that one or more receivers may not be transmitters and / or one or more transmittersmay not be receivers (of sensing signalling).Sensing and / or radar operation may be used interchangeably. Sensing operation may beperformed in a sensing mode. Communication may be performed in a communicationmode. Different antenna arrangements and / or different nodes may operate in different 460modes; in some cases, different antenna arrangements of the same radio node may operatein different modes, e.g. using frequency domain multiplexing (e.g., in addition to and / oroverlaid on time domain multiplexing). Sensing operation may comprise transmittingand / or receiving sensing signalling. Sensing signalling may be signalling intended to bebounced of one more targets, e.g. to determine a presence, and / or a location, and / or 465velocity, and / or speed of the target / s from the reflected signalling. Sensing operationmay be mono-static, or in some cases bistatic or multi-static.It may be considered that the communication signalling is based on a multi-carrier wave-form, e.g. an OFDM wave-form, for example a DFT-s-OFDM based wave-form, and / orthat the communication signalling is based on a waveform with cyclic appendix. A cyclic 470appendix may generally be a cyclic prefix, or a cyclic suffix. The appendix may representP107942WO01 13 / 83Joint Communication and Sensinga repetition of a part of signalling carried by a symbol at its start (suffix) or end (prefix),which may be appended at the opposite of the symbol (end or start); e.g. a cyclic prefixmay be considered a repetition of the signalling at the end of the symbol it pertains to.A cyclic appendix may be associated to a specific symbol, it may have a duration shorter 475than the symbol duration, e.g. less than 1 / 4 of the symbol duration, or less than 1 / 6.A device like a radio node (e.g., wireless device and / or network node) may operate inTDD mode, e.g. switching between DL periods and UL periods. A DL period may be aperiod in which the radio node operates using DL transmissions, an UL period may bea period in which the radio node operates using UL transmissions (e.g., a network node 480may transmit during DL, and receive during UL, and vice versa for a wireless device). Itmay be considered that there is a TDD guard period between DL and UL periods and / orbetween UL and DL periods, which may comprise a number of symbol time intervals, e.g.10 or more symbols, or 12 or more symbols; there may be the same duration for guardperiods for DL / UL and UL / DL, or different ones. The guard period may allow switching 485circuitry between the different communication directions and / or handling of interference(in particular considering that DL signalling tends to much more powerful than (received)UL signalling). Time domain multiplexing of sensing signalling and communication sig-nalling may refer to and / or include and / or comprise and / or represent switching betweencommunication mode and sensing mode such that at different times, different modes are 490used at least for a part of the circuitry and / or antenna arrangements and / or signallingassociated to the radio node. An antenna arrangement may comprise one or more an-tenna elements and / or sub-arrays and / or panels; different antenna arrangements maycomprise different antenna elements and / or sub-arrays and / or panels. Different antennaarrangements and / or panels and / or sub-arrays and / or elements may be adapted to be 495controlled or controllable separately from each other. There may be the same number ofDL and UL periods and / or the same duration associated to DL and UL (at least overa certain time interval, e.g. alternating such that one DL period is followed by one ULperiod, or vice versa, or different numbers or durations, e.g. (roughly) 3:1 (e.g., 3 DLperiods followed by a TDD guard period and 1 UL period), or (roughly) 2:1, or even 500(roughly) 1:2 or 1:NU with NU 3 or larger, for UL heavy scenarios. UL period durationsmay be the same as DL period durations, or different. The distribution and / or durationof DL and UL periods may be referred to as TDD pattern; the TDD pattern may bedynamically controllable (e.g., with DCI signalling), and / or configured or configurable,e.g. with higher layer signalling like RRC signalling or RLC signalling, and / or may be 505semi-statically configurable or configured. The TDD pattern may describe the smallesttime domain distribution of DL period / s and / or UL period / s and / or TDD guard period / srepeated over time, e.g. in one or more frames and / or subframes and / or slots and / or aP107942WO01 14 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingtime duration covering multiple repetitions of the TDD pattern. It may be consideredthat operating in sensing mode may comprise both transmission and reception by the 510same radio node, independent of the TDD period associated to a communication mode.It may be considered that a sensing mode and / or sensing interval may be inserted and / orembedded and / or multiplexed into a time period nominally associated to DL and / or ULand / or a TDD guard period, in particular a DL / UL guard period.The sensing signalling and communication signalling may be transmitted by the same 515transmitting node or device, e.g. the radio node, or by different nodes. In particular,it may be considered that the radio node transmits both communication signalling andsensing signalling, and may additionally monitor for and / or receive a reflection of thesensing signalling, e.g. in a mono-static scenario. In some cases, the radio node mayreceive the communication signalling and the sensing signalling, and / or may additionally 520transmit the sensing signalling, e.g. in a mono-static scenario. In some cases, the radiomay transmit the communication signalling and receive (and / or monitor for) the sensingsignalling, and additionally may transmit the sensing signalling, or vice versa. It shouldbe considered that the receiving sensing signalling may comprise, and / or be based onmonitoring for the sensing signalling, e.g. utilising one or more reception beams and / or 525beam sweeping. Received or monitored for sensing signalling may represent reflectedand / or diffracted sensing signalling, e.g. after impacting a target object and / or obstacle.Operation using sensing signalling and communication signalling may pertain to a specifictime period, e.g. a joint operation interval, in which both communication and sensingis performed. There may be operational states of the radio node focussing on one type 530of operation, e.g. only communicating or sensing. Sensing signalling being frequencymultiplexed (also known as being frequency domain multiplexed, or frequency duplexed)with communication signalling may refer to the sensing signalling having a different lo-cation in frequency domain than the communication signalling, e.g. in non-overlappingparts of the spectrum (non-overlapping bandwidths). In particular, sensing signalling 535may occupy a first frequency bandwidth, and the communication signalling may occupya second frequency bandwidth, wherein the first and second frequency bandwidths maybe non-overlapping and / or disjunct and / or separated in frequency domain.A device or radio node may for example be a wireless device or user equipment or terminal,or a network node or signalling radio node or base station. Thus, sensing functionality 540may be provided by common participants of a wireless communication network.It may be considered that a radio node is adapted for utilising a number NP of antennasub-arrays and / or panels, wherein NP may be an integer number of 4 or larger. An an-tenna sub-array may comprise a plurality of antenna elements, e.g. 4 or more, or 10 orP107942WO01 15 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingmore, or 50 or more, or 100 or more. An antenna sub-array, and / or the antenna ele- 545ments associated thereto and / or comprised therein, may be associated and / or connectedor connectable to one and / or the same antenna circuitry, and / or be jointly controllablefor analog and / or digital beam-forming, and / or be operable for joint transmission or re-ception. A panel may comprise a support structure, e.g. plastics and / or metallic materialand / or wood, supporting one or more antenna sub-arrays, which additionally may sup- 550port additional circuitry like antenna circuitry and / or interface circuitry. Each antennasub-array may be associated for one communication direction (e.g., reception or transmis-sion) and / or one functionality, e.g. sensing or communication. It may be considered thatantenna elements of an antenna sub-array share the same polarisation, e.g. horizontalor vertical. In some cases, NP may be an even number, wherein it may be considered 555that NP / 2 antenna sub-arrays (and / or their antenna elements) may be associated to afirst polarisation (e.g., horizontal or vertical or left-circular or right-circular, or any othersuitable polarisation) and the other NP / 2 antenna sub-arrays are associated to a secondpolarisation, which may be orthogonal to the first polarisation. For example, the firstpolarisation may be horizontal with the second polarisation being vertical, or the first 560polarisation may be left-circular and the second polarisation may be right-circular. Thisallows multiple beams to be operated, with good flexibility and / or large signalling capac-ity. In general, an antenna arrangement associated to a radio node may comprise one ormore antenna sub-arrays, in particular an even number of antenna sub-arrays. In general,at different times, different antenna sub-arrays and / or panels may be used for different 565functions, e.g. transmission or reception, and / or sensing or communication. The polari-sation of an antenna element may be associated to a specific operation direction, e.g. fortransmission or reception. Depending on signalling direction (transmission or reception),polarisation may be different. For example, an antenna sub-array may be associated to afirst polarisation for transmission, and a second polarisation for reception, or vice versa. 570This may be achieved, for example, by providing crossed linear antenna elements for thesub-arrays, with associated connections / circuitry according to polarisation.A wireless device may receive, e.g., with the scheduling and / or control information mes-sage, an indication of resources, e.g., time and / or frequency and / or code resources, and / orcoding and / or MCS and / or scrambling and / or spreading and / or transmission power 575and / or carrier and / or timing (e.g., timing advance or a timing reference if transmit-ted by a wireless device) of data signalling. It may perform monitoring based on suchinformation, in particular assuming possible delays at least as large as a direct path wouldproduce, as reflected signals from a target may be more strongly delayed.In particular, it may be considered that the sensing signalling is transmitted and / or re- 580ceived, e.g. by the radio node, utilising a first set of antenna elements and / or antenna sub-P107942WO01 16 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingarrays and / or antenna panels, and the communication signalling is transmitted and / orreceived, e.g., by the radio node, utilising a second set of antenna elements and / or an-tenna sub-arrays and / or antenna panels. The first set may comprise different sub-arraysand / or antenna elements and / or antenna panels than the second set. The first set may 585comprise one or more antenna sub-arrays and / or panels, e.g. NC sub-arrays and / or pan-els, in particular an even number. It may be considered that the second set may compriseone or more antenna sub-arrays and / or panels, e.g., NS sub-arrays, in particular an evennumber. It may be considered that NC+NS=NP. In some cases, the NC and / or NS sub-arrays and / or panels may comprise equal number of antenna sub-arrays and / or panels 590associated to first and second polarisations (in general, an antenna sub-array may beconsidered associated to a polarisation if all its antenna elements are associated to thesame polarisation). It may be considered that different antenna sub-arrays are used fortransmitting sensing signalling and receiving signalling, wherein the same polarisationmay be associated to transmitting and receiving of sensing signalling. 595It may be considered that the sensing signalling and the communication signalling aretransmitted and / or received in an operation time interval, for example a slot, or an integernumber N of symbol time intervals or allocation units or block symbols. The operationtime interval may correspond to 1 ms or less, or 0.5 ms or less, or .1 ms or less, and / or Nmay be 1000 or less, or 300 or less, or 200 or less, or 100 or less, or 20 or less. Thus, the 600radio node may operate both signalling types in short timescales. Within the operationtime interval, the sensing signalling and communication signalling may be operated timemultiplexed, or simultaneously, or both (in different sub-intervals).In some variants, the sensing signalling and the communication signalling may be trans-mitted and / or received at least partly, or fully, overlapping in time, e.g. in an operation 605time interval, or one or more sub-intervals thereof. Partly overlapping in time may referto part of the sensing signalling not overlapping with the communication signalling, fullyoverlapping may refer to all of the sensing signalling overlapping with communicationsignalling (in time domain, in particular within the operation time interval and / or one ormore sub-intervals thereof). 610In particular, the sensing signalling may in general be transmitted in a sensing timeinterval, and a reflection of the sensing signalling may be monitored for (and / or received)in a monitoring time interval, wherein the sensing time interval and the monitoring timeinterval may at least partly, or fully, overlap in time. The sensing time interval and / orthe monitoring time interval may be part of an operation time interval, e.g. comprised 615therein, for example as sub-intervals, or covering the operation time interval. Thus, shorttimescale joint operation is facilitated.P107942WO01 17 / 83Joint Communication and SensingIt may be considered that a first antenna sub-array and / or antenna panel may be used fortransmitting sensing signalling, a second antenna sub-array and / or antenna panel may beused for monitoring and / or receiving a reflection of the sensing signalling. Two or more 620antenna sub-arrays and / or panels may be used for communicating utilising communicationsignalling., e.g. during the operation time interval. The first and second sub-array and / orpanel may be of different polarisation. In particular for large NP (e.g., 8 or larger),this may facilitate sensing operation with comparatively low impact on communicationoperation. 625In general, sensing signalling and communication signalling occupy the same frequencyspectrum, e.g. the same carrier. Frequency multiplexing may generally refer to differentlocations of the frequency spectrum being assigned to sensing signalling and communica-tion signalling, e.g. different parts of the carrier bandwidth; additionally, different band-widths may be assigned to sensing signalling and communication signalling. Spectrum 630re-use thusly may be provided. This may refer to operation time interval / s.It may be considered that the sensing signalling may occupy a bandwidth (first frequencybandwidth, or first bandwidth) of 350 MHz or less, or 300 MHz or less, and / or 10% orless of a carrier or system bandwidth, or 5% or less of a carrier or system bandwidth,and / or 10% or less of the bandwidth (second frequency bandwidth, or second bandwidth) 635used for communication signalling, and / or 7% or less of the bandwidth used for commu-nication signalling. This may refer to operation time interval / s; outside of such, differentbandwidth sizes may be used, e.g. if only communication signalling is used for a longertime (e.g., 5 or more times the operation time interval duration, or 10 or 20 or 50 or moretimes the operation time interval duration), the full carrier / system bandwidth may be 640applied for communication signalling. Thus, bandwidth limitation may be ameliorated.In some variants, sensing signalling may occupy a first frequency bandwidth (or firstbandwidth), and the communication signalling may occupy a second frequency bandwidth(second bandwidth), wherein further a frequency gap may exist, or be, or be located,between the first frequency bandwidth and the second frequency bandwidth. The second 645frequency bandwidth may be larger in size than the first frequency bandwidth, e.g. itmay be SM times the size, wherein SM may be 3 or more, or 5 or more, or 10 or more, or15 or more. The gap may correspond to a bandwidth smaller than the second frequencybandwidth, and / or may be smaller than the first frequency bandwidth. The gap maycorrespond to a guard bandwidth, e.g. limiting interference between the first and second 650frequency bandwidths.In general, the communication signalling may be based on an OFDM wave-form, forexample a DFT-s-OFDM based wave-form. This may facilitated reliable communicationP107942WO01 18 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingwith high capacity.Approaches described herein facilitate using hardware of a communication radio node for 655radar or sensing, with limited overhead or loss of efficiency.Sensing signalling may be represented by, and / or may comprise, reference signalling.Sensing signalling of different types may differ in terms of numerology and / or wave-form and / or modulation symbol sequence and / or sequence root and / or duration and / orfrequency bandwidth and / or density (e.g., in time domain and / or frequency domain) 660and / or code and / or timing, in particular regarding periodicity) and / or beam shape orbeam size.The communication signalling and / or sensing signalling may be based on an OFDM wave-form, e.g. OFDM and / or SC-FDM. Transmitting and / or receiving sensing signalling maybe considered operating utilising sensing signalling. It may be considered that operat- 665ing utilising communication signalling, and / or communicating utilising communicationsignalling, may comprise transmitting the communication signalling and / or receiving thecommunication signalling. Depending on whether the radio node is adapted for full-duplex operation or not, operating utilising sensing signalling may comprise operating inthe same direction (e.g., both operations comprise or consists of transmitting, or both 670comprise or consist of receiving), or in different directions (for either or both operations,or between operations and / or for one operation). Thus, different use cases and types ofsetup (mono-static or multi-static) may be considered.In some cases, operating utilising sensing signalling may comprise transmitting the sensingsignalling and / or receiving the sensing signalling. In general, receiving sensing signalling 675may comprise receiving reflections of the sensing signalling; the reflections may be shiftedin time relative to the transmitting signalling (due to propagation delay); the shift intime may two symbol time intervals or less, or one symbol time interval or less, or theduration of a cyclic prefix or less. The range of the sensing signalling may be configuredaccordingly. In general, operating utilising sensing signalling may comprise performing 680sensing and / or determining the presence (or absence) of an object and / or determiningone or more properties of one or more objects (sensing targets).It may be considered that the communication signalling is based on an OFDM wave-form, e.g. OFDM, or DFT-s-OFDM, or pulse-shaped DFT-s-OFDM. Such a wave-formis particularly suitable for wireless communication at high frequencies and / or with high 685communication loads. In some cases, the sensing signalling may be based on an OFDMwave-form, e.g. OFDM, or DFT-s-OFDM, or pulse-shaped DFT-s-OFDM, or an OFTSbased wave-form. The sensing signalling wave-form may be based on the same wave-formP107942WO01 19 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingas the communication signalling, which allows easy reuse of configurations and circuitries.In some cases, it may be based on a different wave-form, allowing flexibility, e.g. for 690different use cases and functionalities.A device or radio node may be a wireless device or user equipment or terminal. Alter-natively, it may be a network node or signalling radio node. A radio node adapted forwireless communication may be a radio node adapted for transmitting and / or receivingcommunication signalling, and / or for operating with signalling in conformance with a 695communication standard, e.g. according to a 3GPP standard. A radio node adaptedfor operating with signalling in conformance with a communication standard may beadapted for utilising signalling and / or waveforms according to the standard, and / or cir-cuitry capable of producing such waveforms and / or signalling. Communication signallingmay be. and / or comprise, data signalling and / or control signalling and / or reference sig- 700nalling, e.g. according to a wireless communication standard like a 3GPP standard orIEEE standard. A radio node adapted for sensing operation and / or radar operation maybe adapted for, and / or be configured or configurable, for transmitting and / or receivingsignalling for sensing or radar functionality, in particular according to a configuration forsensing and / or processing signalling. The radio node may share circuitry like processing 705circuitry and / or radio circuitry and / or antenna circuitry and / or antenna elements and / orsub-arrays between communication signalling and sensing operation and / or sensing sig-nalling. The sensing operation may be mono-static and / or multi-static. Sensing signallingmay be reference signalling, and / or may be communication signalling and / or signallingdedicated for sensing. Sensing signalling may have different types of signalling, e.g. based 710on, or associated to use and / or object and / or sensing function (e.g., which parametersof an object are to be determined). Multiplexing communication signalling and sensingsignalling in a multiplexing time interval may correspond to the communication signallingand the sensing signalling being transmitted in the multiplexing time interval, e.g. by thesame node or different nodes. Operating utilising communication signalling may comprise 715transmitting and / or receiving communication signalling. Operating utilising sensing sig-nalling may comprise transmitting and / or receiving sensing signalling. A radio node maybe adapted for mono-static operation. In this case, it may be adapted for full-duplex op-eration, transmitting and receiving in fully or at least partially overlapping time intervals(e.g., corresponding to, and / or at least partially overlapping with, the multiplexing time 720interval), such that it may receive reflected sensing signalling it transmitted itself (due tothe large speed of radio waves, the reflected sensing signalling will often be received whilethe radio node still transmits sensing signalling). The radio circuitry and / or processingcircuitry and / or antenna circuitry of a radio node may be adapted both for handlingcommunication signalling and sensing signalling. The radio node may be adapted for 725P107942WO01 20 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingfull-duplex operation, and / or half-duplex operation. Full duplex may refer to transmit-ting and receiving at the same time, e.g. using the same or different circuitries, and / orusing different antenna sub-arrays or separately operable antenna sub-arrays or antennaelements.The sensing signalling may be beam-formed. The communication signalling may be beam- 730formed. Different beams, in particular narrower beams, may be used for the sensing sig-nalling than the communication signalling. In some cases, the beam shapes of sensingsignalling may be different for different occurrences and / or signalling types and / or func-tionalities of sensing signalling. Beam-switching may be performed when switching fromcommunication signalling to sensing signalling, and vice versa. Sensing signalling may be 735transmitted with a sensing beam and / or isotropically or with a default beam; it may bereceived with a reception beam, or with a default or isotropic reception. A sensing beammay be swept through a spatial angle, e.g. according to a sweeping scheme to performsensing in the spatial angle.A DFT-s-OFDM based wave-form may be a wave-form constructed by performing a DFT- 740spreading operation on modulation symbols mapped to a frequency interval (e.g., sub-carriers), e.g. to provide a time-variable signal. A DFT-s-OFDM based wave-form mayalso be referred to a SC-FDM wave-form. It may be considered to provide good PAPRcharacteristics, allowing optimised operation of power amplifiers, in particular for highfrequencies. In general, the approaches described herein may also be applicable to Single- 745Carrier based wave-forms, e.g. FDE-based wave-forms. Communication, e.g. on datachannel / s and / or control channel / s, may be based on, and / o utilise, a DFT-s-OFDMbased wave-form, or a Single-Carrier based wave-form.Communication may in particular on multiple communication links and / or beams and / orwith multiple targets (e.g., TRPs or other forms of transmission sources also receiving) 750and / or multiple layers at the same time; different reference signallings for multiple trans-mission or reception may be based on different sequence roots and / or combs and / or cyclicshifts. Thus, high throughput may be achieved, with low interference. In general, differentreference signallings (e.g., of the same type) may be associated to different transmissionsources and / or beams and / or layers, in particular if transmitted simultaneously and / or 755overlapping in time (e.g., considering different timing advance values if transmitted inuplink). For example, there may be first reference signalling transmitted using a firsttransmission source and / or first beam and / or first layer, and second reference signallingtransmitted using a first transmission source and / or first beam and / or first layer.There is also described a program product comprising instructions causing processing 760circuitry to control and / or perform a method as described herein. Moreover, a carrierP107942WO01 21 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingmedium arrangement carrying and / or storing a program product as described herein isconsidered. An information system comprising, and / or connected or connectable, to aradio node is also disclosed.Brief description of the drawings 765The drawings are provided to illustrate concepts and approaches described herein, andare not intended to limit their scope. The drawings comprise:Figure 1, showing an exemplary scenario for sensing;Figure 2, showing further exemplary scenarios for sensing;Figure 3, showing further exemplary pulse sequence for sensing; 770Figure 4, showing an exemplary wireless device; andFigure 5, showing an exemplary network node.Detailed descriptionJoint communication and sensing (JCAS) is emerging as one of the use cases in futurewireless cellular communication such as 6G. In one approach, it may be considered us- 775ing cellular communication (radio) nodes (base stations / UEs) to sense the environmentby either using the communication-specific signals and / or dedicated sensing signals, andprovide information such as location, shape, speed, etc. of the objects in the surrounding.Some of the possible applications of sensing using cellular communication systems aretraffic monitoring and crash avoidance, gesture / motion detection, presence detection of 780objects or persons, vital sign detection, environment mapping, particle / pollution detec-tion, etc. In general, joint communication and sensing may comprise and / or be basedon utilising radio nodes for a communication network for sensing and / or radar operation,e.g. sharing radio circuitry and / or antennas and / or resources.Tighter integration of communication and sensing may be provided. By reusing existing 785macro infrastructure, sensing can be added at low cost. Sensing can be using both toimprove network performance and to add new features such as traffic monitoring andsurveillance. If the same hardware is used for radar and communication, performanceand capacity of both systems may suffer. Radar signalling may be considered sensingsignalling and vice versa in this discussion. For example, to monitor a traffic intersection, 790detect approaching vehicles and their speed, a large part of available resources may beused for radar operation, lowering resources available for communication. Approachesdescribed herein facilitate efficient operation of joint communication and sensing, withP107942WO01 22 / 83Joint Communication and Sensinglimited impact of sensing operation on communication capabilities.Sensing can be done either using a single node, i.e. the transmitter and receiver are 795co-located and / or associated to the same radio node (mono-static) or multiple nodes, inwhich case the transmitter(s) and receiver(s) may be in different locations (multi-static);in some variants of multi-static approaches, one or more nodes may be have transmitterand receiver and / or may operate for transmitting and receiving. One particular challengewith the mono-static scenario in joint communications and sensing is that if the same radio 800node is used for simultaneous transmission and reception, then it has to be capable offull-duplex communication (the received signals will be shifted in time to the transmittedone, but usually overlap in time). This may be particularly challenging, since the receivedsignal levels in a cellular communications may be lower than the transmitted signalsby several orders of magnitude; reception of such signals may be facilitated by certain 805approaches or designs considered to reduce interference. In a mono-static radar setup,simultaneous transmission and reception (and thus full duplex) is unavoidable if it shouldbe possible to detect targets close to the base stations (targets far enough away may beless challenging from this point of view since the echo (reflected signal) may arrive afterthe BS stopped transmitting). Using improved oscillator capabilities may be particularly 810suitable for mono-static scenarios.A multi-static scenario may not require simultaneous transmission and reception fromthe same node. However, one challenge in using communication nodes in multi-staticscenario is that the neighbouring nodes must be in different duplex directions (uplink anddownlink, or sidelink, or transmission and reception modes), which means that differ- 815ent time division duplex (TDD) configurations in the two cells may be used. This is alsorather challenging, since using different TDD configurations in neighbouring cells can giverise to large inter-cell interference, especially from the downlink transmission in one cellto the uplink reception in the other cell, as downlink signalling usually has significantlylarger power levels than uplink signalling. Multi-static scenarios may benefit from im- 820proved oscillator capabilities in particular if wireless devices or UEs are involved; utilisingdifferent capabilities between sensing and communication operation may in general savepower, which may be particularly useful for UEs (but also may be desirable for reason ofsustainability and / or efficiency for network nodes and / or fixed radar nodes).In some applications, sensing may improve network performance and / or add new features 825such as traffic monitoring and surveillance. If the same hardware is used for radar andcommunication, performance and capacity of both systems may suffer in comparison tousing separated dedicated equipment for both. If, for example, a traffic intersection ismonitored, to detect approaching vehicles and their speed, significant parts of the availableP107942WO01 23 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingresources (e.g., half) may be required for radar operation. 830The available carrier or system bandwidth in 6G at high frequencies is expected to bevery wide, e.g. covering one GHz or more, in particular 5GHz or more. There are severalregions with ≈6GHz contiguous spectra (bandwidth) available for high frequencies (above90 GHz).Sensing, also referred to as active sensing, may generally refer to transmitting signalling 835and / or receiving reflection / s of this signalling, e.g. radar signalling and / or communica-tion signalling; Sensing may comprise and / or be based on processing received (reflected)signalling to determine one or more properties of a target object, e.g. position and / orspeed (total speed, or a component thereof, e.g. to direction of the receiver) and / or shapeand / or size and / or velocity (total, or a component thereof) and / or surface structure 840and / or reflexivity of a reflecting object, e.g. based on one or more signalling characteris-tics of the transmitted (radar) signalling and / or one or more signalling characteristics ofthe received (radar) signalling, and / or based on one or more changes and / or shifts and / ordifferences and / or delta (e.g., one value subtracted from another value) between one ormore signalling characteristics of the transmitted signalling and / or received signalling. 845For a multi-static case, the receiving node may be informed about the one or more sig-nalling characteristics, e.g. based on configuration (e,g, higher layer signalling like RRCsignalling or MAC layer signalling, or F1 signalling, or X2 signalling, or physical layersignalling).Sensing signal processing is described in the following. In active sensing, a signal or 850signalling like radar signalling is transmitted to probe the environment, and the receivedreflections are used to estimate for example position and / or speed and / or velocity of theobject / s in a range covered by the signalling. Depending on the required accuracy andrange for the position and speed of the object / s, there are certain requirements on theduration, bandwidth, and periodicity of the signalling or signal to be used. 855In a typical pulse radar, a sequence of wave-forms or symbols or signals (e.g., spreadingcodes) with chip duration T and signal integration duration of Tint with periodicity Trare transmitted for a duration Tf (there is one transmission or signalling occurrencein each Tr). The choice of these parameters determine range (sensing range, if wave-forms are identical), range resolution, velocity or speed (speed or velocity range), and 860speed / velocity resolution for sensing targets. L and M may represent integer numbers (ofchips or symbols in a period corresponding to the periodicity, and number of transmissionoccurrences in Tf , respectively).Depending on the use case, a sensing signal design may be tailored to meet fundamentalP107942WO01 24 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingrequirements on: 865• Range resolution (Rr) representing the minimum distinguishable distance betweentwo objects; and / or• (Unambiguous) range (Ru), representing the maximum distance where an objectcan be located for (e.g., guaranteed, and / or within a desired error range) detection; 870and / or •Speed or Velocity range (vu), representing the maximum range of speed or velocityof moving object that can be measured; and / or875 •Speed or Velocity resolution (vr), representing the smallest change in the speed orvelocity of the moving object that can be measured.The parameters of a sensing signal (which in general may also be referred to as sensingsignalling, or radar signal, or radar signalling) may include a bandwidth, like a minimumbandwidth, and / or a duration like a minimum duration of the sensing signal, and / or a 880a minimum and / or maximum repetition periodicity, and / or a minimum duration of thesensing frame (a time interval in which sensing signalling may be transmitted), may bedesigned such above sensing requirement / s are met. Table 1 below shows the relationshipbetween the sensing requirements and the sensing signal parameters, with c denoting thespeed of light, fc representing the carrier frequency. 885Table 1Required bandwidth BWmin = c / 2RrMinimum gap between sensing signals Trmin = 2Ru / cMaximum gap between sensing signals Trmax = c / 4fcvuRequired sensing frame duration Tf = c / 2fcvrAt the receiver, the reflected signal (e.g., reflected from one or more objects and / or fromthe surrounding) is received, and may be matched and / or filtered with the transmittedwave-form to give the delay (e.g., representing the distance of the object), and / or the 890phase rotation between consecutive wave forms, e.g. representing the Doppler shift dueto the movement of the object. In general, the above-mentioned signal generation andreceiver processing may be common to all types of sensing methods and signals, and isnot limited to a pulse radar. In a joint communication and sensing scenario, the choice ofwave-form may depend on what wave-form is more suitable for both communication and 895P107942WO01 25 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingsensing, although this is not a requirement, and the wave-forms for the two systems maybe different. The following description of receiver processing is independent of the wave-form type and is equally applicable to wave-forms , as well as any typical communicationwave-form such as OFDM, DFT-s-OFDM, etc. As one example, the wave-form maycomprise, and / or be based on, and / or represent, and / or be one or several OFDM or DFT- 900S-OFDM symbols ( or even sub-symbols), and / or block symbols, as it is the commonwave-form used in most of the existing wireless access links (used for wireless and / orcellular communication). A sensing signal may be based on OFDM symbols, in particulara train of OFDM symbols as sensing signalling; such train may be repeated a pluralityof times, e.g. according to a periodicity, e.g. in one or more sensing frames. A train of 905symbols may represent a sequence of symbols, each of which may carry and / or representa sequence of modulation symbols (e.g., for a OFDM based wave-form), which may bemapped to frequency domain; each symbol may carry the same or a different sequence.In some cases, a sequence may be mapped over multiple symbols, e.g. frequency first.A common receiver processing may comprise and / or be based on performing an FFT 910per sequence occurrence, e.g. a train of symbols, for example transforming delay domaininto subcarrier (frequency) domain, and an IFFT per subcarrier across the sequenceoccurrences, for example transforming time-domain into Doppler domain. Then peaks,e.g. all peaks, beyond a threshold may be identified, and the delay and Doppler valuesassociated with each peak (representing a target) may be considered corresponding to 915delay and velocity or speed of the target.Exemplarily, communication nodes involved in sensing may comprise UEs, base stations,or a combination thereof, including• Base-station transmission of signal for sensing, UE reception of signal for sensing• UE transmission of signal for sensing, base-station reception of signal for sensing 920• Base-station transmission of signal for sensing, base-station reception of signal forsensing •UE transmission of signal for sensing, UE reception of signal for sensingIt may be considered, e.g., in the context of existing cellular communications such as 5Gor upcoming systems, that a sensing signal can be a DL reference signal, or a UL reference 925signal, or a sidelink reference signal. Also, the sensing signal can be any of the existingsignals, such as DL positioning reference signal (PRS), CSI-RS, DM-RS; and UL soundingreference signal (SRS), a new sensing / positioning specific signal, or the communicationsignal itself. Combinations of theses signals may also be used. When sensing involves aP107942WO01 26 / 83Joint Communication and SensingUE either as a transmitter or receiver or both, the UE must receive information on the 930resources to perform sensing similar to scheduling in data communication.Monostatic sensing is discussed in more detail with reference to Figure 1. In a monostaticradar, transmitter and receiver nodes are collocated (often the same node). The trans-mitter sends a waveform (sensing signalling), which is reflected by the environment andtargets. These reflections are received by the receiver and processed, e.g. by the receiver 935or another connected entity, to obtain information about the environment and / or targets.A radar pulse that spans one or multiple OFDM symbols would allow an easy integrationof radar into the communication system. For example, for NR 30 kHz numerology, theOFDM symbol duration (incl. cyclic prefix) is approximately 36 µs. A radar pulsespanning a single OFDM symbol duration would have the same length. A round trip 940time of 36 µs corresponds to single-way distance of 5.4 km. For objects closer than 5.4km, the echo may arrive while the transmitter still transmits the radar pulse, which mayintroduce self-interference in monostatic full-duplex based radar operation.The reflected signal may be received in presence of strong self-interference (the transmittedsignal that leaks into the receiver). A receiver capable of that is often called a full-duplex 945capable receiver. Full-duplex puts high requirements on the receiver and potentially alsoon the transmitter (e.g. linearity), especially for high transmit powers where high self-interference cancellation is required.Bi- and multistatic sensing is discussed in more detail with reference to Figure 2. Inbistatic radar transmitter and receiver are not collocated and thus avoid problems outlined 950above for monostatic radar. Distance measurements are based on measuring the Time ofFlight (ToF) from transmitter via the target to the receiver, see Figure 2. All possibletarget positions for a measured ToF value are located on an ellipsis (in 3D: ellipsoid) withfocal points given by transmitter and receiver location. To determine the target positiontransmitter and receiver node location, ToF, and Angle of Departure (AoD) or Angle 955of Arrival (AoA) must be known. One of the angles is needed to determine the targetlocation on the ellipse given by transmitter and receiver location and ToF.In order to accurately determine ToF, transmitter and receiver need to be accuratelysynchronized in time. This is one of the main challenges for bi- and multistatic radar. Inmultistatic radar, more than two nodes participate in the radar operation. For example, 960with one transmitter and three receivers, three ellipses can be determined and the target islocated where the three ellipses intersect each other. This method requires ToF estimates,but angle information is not needed (but can be used to improve performance).P107942WO01 27 / 83 Joint Communication and Sensing Range estimation is considered. In a monostatic radar the distance between radar node and target is determined based on the ToF, i.e. R = (c0T ) / 2 with T the time duration 965 between pulse transmission and reception. Two targets that are further apart than the range resolution Rr= c0 / ((2BW )) can still be distinguished as separate objects. It can be seen the range resolution is inverse proportional to the radar signal bandwidth BW. Similar expressions can be derived for bistatic radar. Doppler estimation is discussed in more detail, referencing Figure 3. One possibility 970 to determine velocity of a target is to estimate Doppler-induced frequency shift from moving target on the received signal. Knowing the Doppler signature from a target can also help in classifying targets (e.g. a pedestrian has a very particular Dopplerprofile due to movements of l egs and arms and i s typically moving s lower than a car) ordifferentiate r eflected si gnals fr om st ationary cl utter and moving ta rgets. The Doppler-975 induced frequency shift from a moving target on the received signal can be determinedby measuring the phase difference b etween received pulses o f a pulse t rain. In Figure 3,a pulse train with pulses occurring every Trepseconds is transmitted. Assuming perfect phase and frequency synchronization between stationary transmitter and receiver and a stationary target, the distance transmitter-target-receiver does not change and each 980 received pulse has the same phase shift relative to its transmitted copy, i.e. no phasedifference i s observed between consecutively received pulses.With a moving target, the distance transmitter-target-receiver changes over time, which manifests itself in a phase change between consecutively received pulses. This phase change can be determined as ∆ϕ = fd× Trepwith fdbeing the Doppler shift induced by 985 the moving target. The Doppler shift depends on the velocity of the target as well as the direction relative to transmitter and receiver; for example, a target moving with velocity v towards a monostatic radar leads to a Doppler shift of fd= (2vfc) / c0with c0and fcspeed of light and carrier frequency, respectively. For example, a pedestrian moving with v=1 m / s towards a base station creates a Doppler shift of fd= 20Hz at fc= 3GHz. 990 A local oscillator with accuracy 6 ppb leads to a max frequency error of 18 Hz, similar to the Doppler shift induced by the pedestrian. As comparison, 3GPP currently requires between 50 and 100 ppb frequency accuracy, depending on base station class. Above example has been for a monostatic radar. In a bi / multistatic radar, the Doppler shift is typically lower, depending on geometry between transmitter, receiver, and target. 995 While in monostatic radar, synchronization is comparatively easy to achieve since trans- mitter and receiver are collocated, synchronization represents one of the biggest challenges for bi / multistatic radar. Two quantities related to Doppler estimation are maximum unambiguous velocity vu= P107942WO01 28 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingc0 / (4fcTrep) and the velocity resolution vr = c0 / (2fcMTrep), with M being the number 1000of pulses in the pulse train. The maximum unambiguous velocity is the highest velocitythat can be unambiguously determined (from −vu to vu ) and with M pulses this rangeis divided into M bins of size vr.In a bi / multistatic radar system, accurate synchronization between transmitter and re-ceiver is very important since timing errors lead to range errors and frequency and time- 1005varying phase errors to Doppler shift (and thus velocity) errors.A UE could be part of a bi / multistatic radar setup. An NR UE as of today – whichsupports communications – must typically have a frequency accuracy of 100 ppb relativeto DL signal received from the gNB, according to the NR standard. As indicated above,an accuracy in the order of 5 ppb already leads to a frequency error that is comparable to 1010the Doppler shift induced by a pedestrian, i.e. the frequency accuracy needed for radaroperation is much higher than what is needed for communication.For power saving reasons, a UE furthermore may switch off the local oscillator during idleperiods and may switches it back on when transmitting or receiving, or it may be stiwchedbetween different modes with different stability / accuracy levels. Phase coherence of the 1015oscillator phase across switching events may be lost.Reference oscillators with good accuracy exist, but are either expensive or consume a lotof power. It cannot be expected that every UE will be equipped with such an accuratereference oscillator, either for power consumption and / or cost reasons. However, in certainclasses of UEs, e.g. cars or industrial robots, both power consumption and cost of such an 1020oscillator are small compared to total power consumption and total cost of UE and mighttherefore be acceptable in particular for this context, as well as for high-performance orhigh-status personal UEs.A UE may indicate to a base station if it supports a “good” local oscillator or not,providing a capability indication. For example, a UE may indicate to a network or radio 1025node like base station if it supports a “good” local oscillator in terms of phase stability(according to a threshold, e.g. 5ppb or lower, or 10ppb or lower). If it does, it may beused in bi / multistatic sensing / radar.Very accurate reference oscillators (of high cost and / or power consumption) are not neededfor every UE but only in devices supporting bi / multistatic radar / sensing operation. Ap- 1030proaches described herein may enable a UE to indicate to a base station its capabilitiesw.r.t. to frequency or phase stability and the base station can then determine if a UE issuitable to be used in radar / sensing.P107942WO01 29 / 83 Joint Communication and Sensing A UE may inform (transmitting capability indication / s) a base station about its capability w.r.t. frequency stability and / or phase stability. This information could be relative to the 1035 carrier frequency, e.g. 5 ppb or an absolute number, e.g. 10 Hz deviation (these numbercan refer to different metrics, such as max, variance, e tc). The capability can also dependon the carrier frequency, e.g., the UE may provide different values f or d ifferent carrierfrequencies and / or may indicate that the provided values are only valid for a certain set or range of carrier frequencies. 1040 Instead of providing a single accuracy number (e.g. 5 ppb) the UE may provide a max- imum / variance (or any other suited metric) of deviation over a certain time period, e.g. max 5 ppb within 100 ms or 10 Hz within 100 ms. In radar / sensing operation, the phase / frequency stability over the integration period may be important; the accuracy over a typical integration period (or multiple values for different integration periods) may 1045 be indicated. Alternatively, or additionally, an Allan variance (or any metric based onit) or the related M-sample variance over the specified t ime p eriod m ay b e indicated,e.g., to indicate the frequency stability over the time period. Phase noise related parame- ter / s may be indicated to the base station with a capability indication, e.g., as the Allan variance may be derived from the phase noise specification of the local oscillator. 1050 Phase stability can be expressed as the maximum / variance (or any other suited metric) phase deviation (e.g. expressed in rad or degrees) over a certain measurement period. Another possibility to express phase stability is to use time deviation variants of the Allan variance. Capability indication / s may indicate associated parameters. Capability signaling between UE and base station may be used to transmit the capabil- 1055 ity indication, where a UE may inform a base station about capabilities w.r.t. different features it supports, in particular regarding its oscillator and / or phase stability and / orfrequency stability. One possibility would be to define a n I nformation E lement (IE)that contains a metric expressing the frequency and / or phase stability using any of the metrics above. Another possibility is that the IE indicates that a UE supports a cer- 1060 tain JCAS / radar / sensing operation / mode, which may implicitly indicate that that theUE supports sufficient frequency and / or phase st ability. The JCAS / radar / sensing modecould for example relate to a radar / sensing topology or mode such as bistatic / multistatic radar / sensing between base station and UE or UE and UE. The JCAS / radar / sensing operation could specify one or more supported use cases, and / or a range of supported 1065 radar / sensing conditions, e.g. related to minimal or maximal detectable velocity. The provided information may also be linked or limited to certain carrier frequencies, and / ordifferent capabilities may be s ignalled for different carrier frequencies.After the network node or gNB has received this capability information, it can configure P107942WO01 30 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingthe UE to participate in a radar / sensing operation. 1070So far the capability signalling has been described to take place between a base stationand a UE. This could be extended to include capability signalling between two or multipleUEs, either directly between concerned UEs (e.g., using sidelink communication) or viaanother network node (e.g. a base station or a third UE). This may be useful whensensing / radar operation between UEs is supported. 1075After a UE has signaled its capability w.r.t. to frequency and / or phase synchronizationto a gNB (or another node or UE), this other node may configure the UE to participate inradar / sensing operation. Based on this received configuration (e.g., provided with higherlayer configuration signalling and / or triggered or activated with this signalling, or withlower layer signalling, e.g., physical layer signalling or MAC CE layer signalling), the UE 1080may adopts / configure its circuitry and / or operation so that its phase and / or frequencystability is sufficient for sensing. The UE may, for example, enable and / or swtich onand / or operate a better – but more power consuming – oscillator. Another example re-lates to phase continuity: To keep the local oscillator phase coherent between radar receiveor transmit events, in addition to the high-quality reference oscillator operating contin- 1085uously during idle periods, also the local oscillator frequency synthesizer may operatecontinuously, especially the digital modulator part (delta-sigma or other) of fractional-Nfrequency synthesizers. Thus, the UE / radio node may switch between different operationmode for its oscillator / s.A UE or radio node may receive information from a configuring node (e.g., another 1090radio node / network node) it should or has to participate in radar / sensing operation,e.g., bistatic or multistatic. Based on this, the radio node or UE may adopt / configureits circuitry and / or operation so that its phase and / or frequency stability is sufficient.Examples could be temporarily (e.g., during sensing operation and / or encompassing thesensing operation) usage of another oscillator, enabling of a more frequency / phase stable 1095and / or operating mode of the same oscillator, and / or maintaining phase coherence duringsensing operation.Switching oscillator modes may comprises one or more activities and / or actions, e.g.,modifying and / or adapting and / or changing the operating conditions of one oscillator: Forexample, turning on an oven to stabilize temperature, turn on better voltage regulation 1100and / or regulator / s to achieve a more stable supply voltage. Increased supply voltage maybe considered, e.g. to increase the oscillation energy to reduce phase noise, both in thereference oscillator and in the PLL.As an example, turning on the oven in an oven-controlled crystal oscillator may result in aP107942WO01 31 / 83Joint Communication and Sensing5 minutes warm-up time with a power consumption of 4W, after which 1.35W is consumed 1105in steady-state, according to the data-sheet of the OX-221 model from Vectron. Withsuch a solution, it then may be beneficial to alert / start the device in time of need, andthat the oven is not turned off until the radar measurement is not likely to be needed ina longer time.When the environment has more limited temperature variations during the radar op- 1110eration, from start of one radar operation session until the measurement and / or radarreception is finished, the temperature of the oven does not need to be as much increasedfrom the surrounding temperature as in a general purpose over control crystal oscillator.The temperature increase could then be reduced by about an order of magnitude, so thewarm-up time may be reduced to tens of seconds, and the power consumption of the 1115oven in steady-state is also reduced about 10 times. It will then be more feasible to turnon and off the oven to meet the momentary needs of radar operation in a device, andsave power between radar operations by then operating the crystal oscillator in a non-stabilized temperature. With such an operation scheme the exact same frequency in eachradar operation session (CPI) may not be obtainable, since the oven may be set to differ- 1120ent target temperatures, but within each session (sensing frame, or sensing occurrence)the frequency may be stabilized as the target temperature of the oven is then fixed.To maintain phase coherency during transmission or reception of different radar pulsesbelonging to the same Coherent Processing Interval (CPI), a UE or radio node maykeep its reference oscillator and parts of the local oscillator frequency synthesizer active 1125during a CPI. Keeping a delta-sigma modulator of a fractional-N frequency synthesizer onthroughout the radar session may be considered in one variant, to avoid restarting such amodulator which may result in a phase shift of the synthesizer output signal. That phaseshift may prevent and / or impede Doppler measurements between radar pulses.In general, communication may be based on (DFTS-)OFDM; OFDM based radar may be 1130used to allow re-use of as much hardware as possible.Figure 4 schematically shows a radio node, in particular a wireless device or terminal 10or a UE (User Equipment). Radio node 10 comprises processing circuitry (which may alsobe referred to as control circuitry) 20, which may comprise a controller connected to amemory. Any module of the radio node 10, e.g. a communicating module or determining 1135module, may be implemented in and / or executable by, the processing circuitry 20, inparticular as module in the controller. Radio node 10 also comprises radio circuitry22 providing receiving and transmitting or transceiving functionality (e.g., one or moretransmitters and / or receivers and / or transceivers), the radio circuitry 22 being connectedor connectable to the processing circuitry. An antenna circuitry 24 of the radio node 10 1140P107942WO01 32 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingis connected or connectable to the radio circuitry 22 to collect or send and / or amplifysignals. Radio circuitry 22 and the processing circuitry 20 controlling it are configuredfor cellular communication with a network, e.g. a RAN as described herein, and / or forsidelink communication (which may be within coverage of the cellular network, or outof coverage; and / or may be considered non-cellular communication and / or be associated 1145to a non-cellular wireless communication network). Radio node 10 may generally beadapted to carry out any of the methods of operating a radio node like terminal or UEdisclosed herein; in particular, it may comprise corresponding circuitry, e.g. processingcircuitry, and / or modules, e.g. software modules. It may be considered that the radionode 10 comprises, and / or is connected or connectable, to a power supply. A DFE may be 1150considered part of radio circuitry; an analog frontend may be associated to radio circuitryand / or antenna circuitry. Radio node 10 may in particular be adapted for communicationoperation and / or sensing operation.Figure 5 schematically shows a radio node 100, which may in particular be implementedas a network node 100, for example an eNB or gNB or similar for NR. Radio node 100 1155comprises processing circuitry (which may also be referred to as control circuitry) 120,which may comprise a controller connected to a memory. Any module, e.g. transmittingmodule and / or receiving module and / or configuring module of the node 100 may be im-plemented in and / or executable by the processing circuitry 120. The processing circuitry120 is connected to control radio circuitry 122 of the node 100, which provides receiver and 1160transmitter and / or transceiver functionality (e.g., comprising one or more transmittersand / or receivers and / or transceivers). An antenna circuitry 124 may be connected or con-nectable to radio circuitry 122 for signal reception or transmittance and / or amplification.Node 100 may be adapted to carry out any of the methods for operating a radio nodeor network node disclosed herein; in particular, it may comprise corresponding circuitry, 1165e.g. processing circuitry, and / or modules. The antenna circuitry 124 may be connectedto and / or comprise an antenna array. The node 100, respectively its circuitry, may beadapted to perform any of the methods of operating a network node or a radio node asdescribed herein; in particular, it may comprise corresponding circuitry, e.g. processingcircuitry, and / or modules. The radio node 100 may generally comprise communication 1170circuitry, e.g. for communication with another network node, like a radio node, and / orwith a core network and / or an internet or local net, in particular with an information sys-tem, which may provide information and / or data to be transmitted to a user equipment.A DFE may be considered part of radio circuitry; an analog frontend may be associatedto radio circuitry and / or antenna circuitry. Radio node 100 may in particular be adapted 1175for communication operation and / or sensing operation.In general, the wireless device and / or network node may operate in, and / or the commu-P107942WO01 33 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingnication signalling may be in TDD operation. It should be noted that the transmissionof signalling from transmission sources may be synchronised and simultaneous; a shift intime may occur due to different propagation times, e.g. due to different beams and / or 1180source locations.A data block may refer to a transport block, or a code block or a code block bundle. Acode block may comprise and / or represent a number of (information) bits representinginformation (e.g., data or control information), to which there may be associated, and / orwhich may further include, bits for error detection coding, e.g. CRC. The bits for error 1185detection coding may be determined based on the (information) bits, and / or may be errordetection bits for the (information) bits. A code block bundle may comprise one or morecode blocks; wherein each code block may have associated to it, and / or comprise, errorcorrection bits. The error correction bits in a code block bundle may each pertain to anassociated code block; error correction bits may be specific to only one code block, e.g. 1190determined based on bits of only one code block. Different bits and / or groups of bitsmay be associated to different code blocks. Error correction bit / s associated to a codeblock may be associated to a single code block; this may refer to the error correction bitsindicating correctness / incorrectness of the single code block, and / or calculated and / ordetermined based only on (information) bits of the single code block. Information bits 1195may represent data and / or control information, e.g. associated to a data channel (data in-formation / bits) and / or control channel (control information / bits) code block bundle maybe a data block without error correction coding pertaining to more than one code block.A transport block may comprise error detection coding pertaining to a plurality of codeblocks, e.g. covering the code blocks it consists of. A transport block may comprise one 1200or more code blocks. It may be considered that a data block may be associated to, andor subject to, and / or correspond to, a, one and / or a single acknowledgement process, e.g.a specific HARQ process, which may correspond to and / or be represented by a HARQidentifier. A code block may correspond to a subpattern of an acknowledgement informa-tion bit pattern. In some cases, a data block may correspond and / or pertain and / or be 1205subject to a plurality of acknowledgement processes, e.g. if there is one acknowledgementprocess per code block of the data block.A data block may comprise and / or represent information bits, which may be data bits(e.,g., user data) and / or control information bits; the information bits may be associatedto one or more data or control channels, e.g. transport channels and / or logical channels, 1210and / or may be mapped to a specific and / or single physical channel, in particular a physicaldata channel, or in some cases, a physical control channel (in which case it may or maynot be associated to a higher layer channel like a transport channel or logical channel). Adata block may represent bits intended for transmission, e.g. encapsulating one or moreP107942WO01 34 / 83Joint Communication and Sensinghigher layer data packets, e.g. one or more MAC layer data packets, e.g. one or more 1215PDUs (Protocol Data Unit) and / or SDUs (Service Data Unit); error correction bits, e.g.CRC; may be added in physical layer processing. It may be considered that bits of adata block are subject to physical layer processing like coding (e.g., forward error codingand / or adding error correction coding) and / or rate matching and / or scrambling, and / ormodulation. Modulation may correspond to mapping of bits of the processed data block 1220to modulation symbols, e.g. according to a modulation scheme and / or to a modulationspace. The modulation symbols may be represented as a bit sequence until they aresubject to analog conversion (or vice versa for reception).A wireless device may in general comprise processing circuitry and / or radio circuitry,in particular a receiver and / or transceiver and / or transmitter, for performing measure- 1225ment and / or to control beam switch and / or control beam-forming and / or receive and / ortransmit signalling like communication signalling and / or sensing signalling. The wirelessdevice may in particular be implemented as terminal or a user equipment. However, insome cases, e.g. relay and / or back-link and / or IAB scenarios, it may be implemented asnetwork node or network radio node. A network node may in general comprise processing 1230circuitry and / or radio circuitry, in particular a receiver and / or transceiver and / or trans-mitter, for transmitting reference signalling and / or a beam switch indication and / or forbeam switching and / or to control beam switch and / or control beam-forming and / or re-ceive and / or transmit signalling like communication signalling and / or sensing signalling..The second radio node may in particular be implemented as a network node, e.g. a net- 1235work radio node and / or base station or a relay node or IAB node. However, in somecases, e.g. sidelink scenarios, the second radio node may be implemented as a wirelessdevice or terminal, e.g. a user equipment.In general, sensing signalling may be based on the same wave-form as the communicationsignalling. However, it may be based on a different wave-form in some variants. The 1240sensing signalling may be OFDM based, for example, regular OFDM, or spread OFDMlike DFT-s-OFDM, and / or pulse-shaped OFDM, or filter-bank based, or Single Carrierbased. The communication signalling may be OFDM based, for example, regular OFDM,or spread OFDM like DFT-s-OFDM, and / or pulse-shaped OFDM , or filter-bank based,or Single Carrier based. The sensing signalling may be transmitted in a transmission 1245timing structure corresponding to the transmission timing structure associated to thecommunication signalling, e.g. a frame structure, and / or be based on the same or adifferent numerology as the communication signalling. The timing structure (e.g., symbolduration or allocation unit duration) and / or types of modulation symbols carried bysignalling may be based on the wave-form used. 1250P107942WO01 35 / 83Joint Communication and SensingIn general, a block symbol may represent and / or correspond to an extension in timedomain, e.g. a time interval. A block symbol duration (the length of the time interval)may correspond to the duration of an OFDM symbol or a corresponding duration, and / ormay be based and / or defined by a subcarrier spacing used (e.g., based on the numerology)or equivalent, and / or may correspond to the duration of a modulation symbol (e.g., for 1255OFDM or similar frequency domain multiplexed types of signalling). It may be consideredthat a block symbol comprises a plurality of modulation symbols, e.g. based on a subcar-rier spacing and / or numerology or equivalent, in particular for time domain multiplexedtypes (on the symbol level for a single transmitter) of signalling like single-carrier basedsignalling, e.g. SC-FDE or SC-FDMA (in particular, FDF-SC-FDMA or pulse-shaped 1260SC-FDMA). The number of symbols may be based on and / or defined by the numberof subcarrier to be DFTS-spread (for SC-FDMA) and / or be based on a number of FFTsamples, e.g. for spreading and / or mapping, and / or equivalent, and / or may be predefinedand / or configured or configurable. A block symbol in this context may comprise and / orcontain a plurality of individual modulation symbols, which may be for example 1000 or 1265more, or 3000 or more, or 3300 or more. The number of modulation symbols in a blocksymbol may be based and / or be dependent on a bandwidth scheduled for transmissionof signalling in the block symbol. A block symbol and / or a number of block symbols(an integer smaller than 20, e.g. equal to or smaller than 14 or 7 or 4 or 2 or a flexiblenumber) may be a unit (e.g., allocation unit) used for scheduling and / or allocation of 1270resources, in particular in time domain. To a block symbol (e.g., scheduled or allocated)and / or block symbol group and / or allocation unit, there may be associated a frequencyrange and / or frequency domain allocation and / or bandwidth allocated for transmission.An allocation unit, and / or a block symbol, may be associated to a specific (e.g., physical)channel and / or specific type of signalling, for example reference signalling. In some cases, 1275there may be a block symbol associated to a channel that also is associated to a formof reference signalling and / or pilot signalling and / or tracking signalling associated to thechannel, for example for timing purposes and / or decoding purposes (such signalling maycomprise a low number of modulation symbols and / or resource elements of a block symbol,e.g. less than 10% or less than 5% or less than 1% of the modulation symbols and / or 1280resource elements in a block symbol). To a block symbol, there may be associated resourceelements; a resource element may be represented in time / frequency domain, e.g. by thesmallest frequency unit carrying or mapped to (e.g., a subcarrier) in frequency domainand the duration of a modulation symbol in time domain. A block symbol may comprise,and / or to a block symbol may be associated, a structure allowing and / or comprising 1285a number of modulation symbols, and / or association to one or more channels (and / orthe structure may dependent on the channel the block symbol is associated to and / orP107942WO01 36 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingis allocated or used for), and / or reference signalling (e.g., as discussed above), and / orone or more guard periods and / or transient periods, and / or one or more affixes (e.g.,a prefix and / or suffix and / or one or more infixes (entered inside the block symbol)), 1290in particular a cyclic prefix and / or suffix and / or infix. A cyclic affix may representa repetition of signalling and / or modulation symbol / s used in the block symbol, withpossible slight amendments to the signalling structure of the affix to provide a smoothand / or continuous and / or differentiable connection between affix signalling and signallingof modulation symbols associated to the content of the block symbol (e.g., channel and / or 1295reference signalling structure). In some cases, in particular some OFDM-based wave-forms, an affix may be included into a modulation symbol. In other cases, e.g. somesingle carrier-based wave-forms, an affix may be represented by a sequence of modulationsymbols within the block symbol. It may be considered that in some cases a block symbolis defined and / or used in the context of the associated structure. 1300Communicating may comprise transmitting or receiving. It may be considered that com-municating like transmitting signalling is based on a SC-FDM based wave-form, and / orcorresponds to a Frequency Domain Filtered (FDF) DFTS-OFDM wave-form. However,the approaches may be applied to a Single Carrier based wave-form, e.g. a SC-FDM orSC-FDE-wave-form, which may be pulse-shaped / FDF-based. It should be noted that SC- 1305FDM may be considered DFT-spread OFDM, such that SC-FDM and DFTS-OFDM maybe used interchangeably. Alternatively, or additionally, the signalling (e.g., first signallingand / or second signalling) and / or beam / s (in particular, the first received beam and / orsecond received beam) may be based on a wave-form with CP or comparable guard time.The received beam and the transmission beam of the first beam pair may have the same 1310(or similar) or different angular and / or spatial extensions; the received beam and thetransmission beam of the second beam pair may have the same (or similar) or differentangular and / or spatial extensions. It may be considered that the received beam and / ortransmission beam of the first and / or second beam pair have angular extension of 20 de-grees or less, or 15 degrees or less, or 10 or 5 degrees or less, at least in one of horizontal or 1315vertical direction, or both; different beams may have different angular extensions. An ex-tended guard interval or switching protection interval may have a duration correspondingto essentially or at least N CP (cyclic prefix) durations or equivalent duration, whereinN may be 2, or 3 or 4. An equivalent to a CP duration may represent the CP durationassociated to signalling with CP (e.g., SC-FDM-based or OFDM-based) for a wave-form 1320without CP with the same or similar symbol time duration as the signalling with CP.Pulse-shaping (and / or performing FDF for) a modulation symbol and / or signalling, e.g.associated to a first subcarrier or bandwidth, may comprise mapping the modulationsymbol (and / or the sample associated to it after FFT) to an associated second subcar-P107942WO01 37 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingrier or part of the bandwidth, and / or applying a shaping operation regarding the power 1325and / or amplitude and / or phase of the modulation symbol on the first subcarrier and thesecond subcarrier, wherein the shaping operation may be according to a shaping function.Pulse-shaping signalling may comprise pulse-shaping one or more symbols; pulse-shapedsignalling may in general comprise at least one pulse-shaped symbol. Pulse-shaping maybe performed based on a Nyquist-filter. It may be considered that pulse-shaping is per- 1330formed based on periodically extending a frequency distribution of modulation symbols(and / or associated samples after FFT) over a first number of subcarrier to a larger, secondnumber of subcarriers, wherein a subset of the first number of subcarriers from one end ofthe frequency distribution is appended at the other end of the first number of subcarriers.In some variants, communicating may be based on a numerology (which may, e.g., be 1335represented by and / or correspond to and / or indicate a subcarrier spacing and / or symboltime length) and / or an SC-FDM based wave-form (including a FDF-DFTS-FDM basedwave-form) or a single-carrier based wave-form. Whether to use pulse-shaping or FDF ona SC-FDM or SC-based wave-form may depend on the modulation scheme (e.g., MCS)used. Such wave-forms may utilise a cyclic prefix and / or benefit particularly from the 1340described approaches. Communicating may comprise and / or be based on beamforming,e.g. transmission beamforming and / or reception beamforming, respectively. It may beconsidered that a beam is produced by performing analog beamforming to provide thebeam, e.g. a beam corresponding to a reference beam. Thus, signalling may be adapted,e.g. based on movement of the communication partner. A beam may for example be pro- 1345duced by performing analog beamforming to provide a beam corresponding to a referencebeam. This allows efficient postprocessing of a digitally formed beam, without requiringchanges to a digital beamforming chain and / or without requiring changes to a standarddefining beam forming precoders. In general, a beam may be produced by hybrid beam-forming, and / or by digital beamforming, e.g. based on a precoder. This facilitates easy 1350processing of beams, and / or limits the number of power amplifiers / ADC / DCA requiredfor antenna arrangements. It may be considered that a beam is produced by hybridbeamforming, e.g. by analog beamforming performed on a beam representation or beamformed based on digital beamforming. Monitoring and / or performing cell search may bebased on reception beamforming, e.g. analog or digital or hybrid reception beamforming. 1355The numerology may determine the length of a symbol time interval and / or the durationof a cyclic prefix. The approaches described herein are particularly suitable to SC-FDM,to ensure orthogonality, in particular subcarrier orthogonality, in corresponding systems,but may be used for other wave-forms. Communicating may comprise utilising a wave-form with cyclic prefix. The cyclic prefix may be based on a numerology, and may help 1360keeping signalling orthogonal. Communicating may comprise, and / or be based on per-P107942WO01 38 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingforming cell search, e.g. for a wireless device or terminal, or may comprise transmittingcell identifying signalling and / or a selection indication, based on which a radio node re-ceiving the selection indication may select a signalling bandwidth from a set of signallingbandwidths for performing cell search. 1365A beam or beam pair may in general be targeted at one radio node, or a group of radionodes and / or an area including one or more radio nodes. In many cases, a beam or beampair may be receiver-specific (e.g., UE-specific), such that only one radio node is servedper beam / beam pair. A beam pair switch or switch of received beam (e.g., by using adifferent reception beam) and / or transmission beam may be performed at a border of a 1370transmission timing structure, e.g. a slot border, or within a slot, for example betweensymbols. Some tuning of radio circuitry, e.g. for receiving and / or transmitting, may beperformed. Beam pair switching may comprise switching from a second received beamto a first received beam, and / or from a second transmission beam to a first transmissionbeam. Switching may comprise inserting a guard period to cover retuning time; however, 1375circuitry may be adapted to switch sufficiently quickly to essentially be instantaneous;this may in particular be the case when digital reception beamforming is used to switchreception beams for switching received beams.A reference beam (or reference signalling beam) may be a beam comprising referencesignalling, based on which for example a of beam signalling characteristics may be deter- 1380mined, e.g. measured and / or estimated. A signalling beam may comprise signalling likecontrol signalling and / or data signalling and / or reference signalling. A reference beammay be transmitted by a source or transmitting radio node, in which case one or morebeam signalling characteristics may be reported to it from a receiver, e.g. a wireless de-vice. However, in some cases it may be received by the radio node from another radio 1385node or wireless device. In this case, one or more beam signalling characteristics maybe determined by the radio node. A signalling beam may be a transmission beam, or areception beam. A set of signalling characteristics may comprise a plurality of subsetsof beam signalling characteristics, each subset pertaining to a different reference beam.Thus, a reference beam may be associated to different beam signalling characteristics. 1390A beam signalling characteristic, respectively a set of such characteristics, may representand / or indicate a signal strength and / or signal quality of a beam and / or a delay charac-teristic and / or be associated with received and / or measured signalling carried on a beam.Beam signalling characteristics and / or delay characteristics may in particular pertain to,and / or indicate, a number and / or list and / or order of beams with best (e.g., lowest mean 1395delay and / or lowest spread / range) timing or delay spread, and / or of strongest and / orbest quality beams, e.g. with associated delay spread. A beam signalling characteristicP107942WO01 39 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingmay be based on measurement / s performed on reference signalling carried on the refer-ence beam it pertains to. The measurement / s may be performed by the radio node, oranother node or wireless device. The use of reference signalling allows improved accuracy 1400and / or gauging of the measurements. In some cases, a beam and / or beam pair may berepresented by a beam identity indication, e.g. a beam or beam pair number. Such an in-dication may be represented by one or more signalling sequences (e.g., a specific referencesignalling sequences or sequences), which may be transmitted on the beam and / or beampair, and / or a signalling characteristic and / or a resource / s used (e.g., time / frequency 1405and / or code) and / or a specific RNTI (e.g., used for scrambling a CRC for some messagesor transmissions) and / or by information provided in signalling, e.g. control signallingand / or system signalling, on the beam and / or beam pair, e.g. encoded and / or providedin an information field or as information element in some form of message of signalling,e.g. DCI and / or MAC and / or RRC signalling. 1410A reference beam may in general be one of a set of reference beams, the second set ofreference beams being associated to the set of signalling beams. The sets being associatedmay refer to at least one beam of the first set being associated and / or corresponding to thesecond set (or vice versa), e.g. being based on it, for example by having the same analogor digital beamforming parameters and / or precoder and / or the same shape before analog 1415beamforming, and / or being a modified form thereof, e.g. by performing additional analogbeamforming. The set of signalling beams may be referred to as a first set of beams, aset of corresponding reference beams may be referred to as second set of beams.In some variants, a reference beam and / or reference beams and / or reference signalling maycorrespond to and / or carry random access signalling, e.g. a random access preamble. Such 1420a reference beam or signalling may be transmitted by another radio node. The signallingmay indicate which beam is used for transmitting. Alternatively, the reference beams maybe beams receiving the random access signalling. Random access signalling may be usedfor initial connection to the radio node and / or a cell provided by the radio node, and / or forreconnection. Utilising random access signalling facilitates quick and early beam selection. 1425The random access signalling may be on a random access channel, e.g. based on broadcastinformation provided by the radio node (the radio node performing the beam selection),e.g. with synchronisation signalling (e.g., SSB block and / or associated thereto). Thereference signalling may correspond to synchronisation signalling, e.g. transmitted by theradio node in a plurality of beams. The characteristics may be reported on by a node 1430receiving the synchronisation signalling, e.g. in a random access process, e.g. a msg3for contention resolution, which may be transmitted on a physical uplink shared channelbased on a resource allocation provided by the radio node.P107942WO01 40 / 83Joint Communication and SensingA delay characteristic (which may correspond to delay spread information) and / or ameasurement report may represent and / or indicate at least one of mean delay, and / or 1435delay spread, and / or delay distribution, and / or delay spread distribution, and / or delayspread range, and / or relative delay spread, and / or energy (or power) distribution, and / orimpulse response to received signalling, and / or the power delay profile of the receivedsignals, and / or power delay profile related parameters of the received signal. A meandelay may represent the mean value and / or an averaged value of the delay spread, which 1440may be weighted or unweighted. A distribution may be distribution over time / delay, e.g.of received power and / or energy of a signal. A range may indicate an interval of the delayspread distribution over time / delay, which may cover a predetermined percentage of thedelay spread respective received energy or power, e.g. 50% or more, 75% or more, 90% ormore, or 100%. A relative delay spread may indicate a relation to a threshold delay, e.g. 1445of the mean delay, and / or a shift relative to an expected and / or configured timing, e.g. atiming at which the signalling would have been expected based on the scheduling, and / ora relation to a cyclic prefix duration (which may be considered on form of a threshold).Energy distribution or power distribution may pertain to the energy or power received overthe time interval of the delay spread. A power delay profile may pertain to representations 1450of the received signals, or the received signals energy / power, across time / delay. Powerdelay profile related parameters may pertain to metrics computed from the power delayprofile. Different values and forms of delay spread information and / or report may beused, allowing a wide range of capabilities. The kind of information represented by ameasurement report may be predefined, or be configured or configurable, e.g. with a 1455measurement configuration and / or reference signalling configuration, in particular withhigher layer signalling like RRC or MAC signalling and / or physical layer signalling likeDCI signalling.In general, different beam pair may differ in at least one beam; for example, a beampair using a first received beam and a first transmission beam may be considered to be 1460different from a second beam pair using the first received beam and a second transmissionbeam. A transmission beam using no precoding and / or beamforming, for example usingthe natural antenna profile, may be considered as a special form of transmission beam ofa transmission beam pair. A beam may be indicated to a radio node by a transmitterwith a beam indication and / or a configuration, which for example may indicate beam 1465parameters and / or time / frequency resources associated to the beam and / or a transmissionmode and / or antenna profile and / or antenna port and / or precoder associated to thebeam. Different beams may be provided with different content, for example differentreceived beams may carry different signalling; however, there may be considered casesin which different beams carry the same signalling, for example the same data signalling 1470P107942WO01 41 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingand / or reference signalling. The beams may be transmitted by the same node and / ortransmission point and / or antenna arrangement, or by different nodes and / or transmissionpoints and / or antenna arrangements.Communicating utilising a beam pair or a beam may comprise receiving signalling on areceived beam (which may be a beam of a beam pair), and / or transmitting signalling on 1475a beam, e.g. a beam of a beam pair. The following terms are to be interpreted fromthe point of view of the referred radio node: a received beam may be a beam carryingsignalling received by the radio node (for reception, the radio node may use a receptionbeam, e.g. directed to the received beam, or be non-beamformed). A transmission beammay be a beam used by the radio node to transmit signalling. A beam pair may consist 1480of a received beam and a transmission beam. The transmission beam and the receivedbeam of a beam pair may be associated to each and / or correspond to each other, e.g.such that signalling on the received beam and signalling on a transmission beam travelessentially the same path (but in opposite directions), e.g. at least in a stationary oralmost stationary condition. It should be noted that the terms “first” and “second” 1485do not necessarily denote an order in time; a second signalling may be received and / ortransmitted before, or in some cases simultaneous to, first signalling, or vice versa. Thereceived beam and transmission beam of a beam pair may be on the same carrier orfrequency range or bandwidth part, e.g. in a TDD operation; however, variants withFDD may be considered as well. Different beam pairs may operate on the same frequency 1490ranges or carriers or bandwidth parts (e.g., such that transmission beams operate onthe same frequency range or carriers or bandwidth part, and received beams on the samefrequency range or carriers or bandwidth part (the transmission beam and received beamsmay be on the same or different ranges or carriers or BWPs). Communicating utilizing afirst beam pair and / or first beam may be based on, and / or comprise, switching from the 1495second beam pair or second beam to the first beam pair or first beam for communicating.The switching may be controlled by the network, for example a network node (which maybe the source or transmitter of the received beam of the first beam pair and / or secondbeam pair, or be associated thereto, for example associated transmission points or nodesin dual connectivity). Such controlling may comprise transmitting control signalling, e.g. 1500physical layer signalling and / or higher layer signalling. In some cases, the switching maybe performed by the radio node without additional control signalling, for example basedon measurements on signal quality and / or signal strength of beam pairs (e.g., of first andsecond received beams), in particular the first beam pair and / or the second beam pair.For example, it may be switched to the first beam pair (or first beam) if the signal quality 1505or signal strength measured on the second beam pair (or second beam) is considered tobe insufficient, and / or worse than corresponding measurements on the first beam pairP107942WO01 42 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingindicate. Measurements performed on a beam pair (or beam) may in particular comprisemeasurements performed on a received beam of the beam pair. It may be considered thatthe timing indication may be determined before switching from the second beam pair to 1510the first beam pair for communicating. Thus, the synchronization may be in place and / orthe timing indication may be available for synchronising) when starting communicationutilizing the first beam pair or first beam. However, in some cases the timing indicationmay be determined after switching to the first beam pair or first beam. This may bein particular useful if first signalling is expected to be received after the switching only, 1515for example based on a periodicity or scheduled timing of suitable reference signallingon the first beam pair, e.g. first received beam. In general, a reception beam of a nodemay be associated to and / or correspond to a transmission beam of the node, e.g. suchthat the (spatial) angle of reception of the reception beam and the (spatial) angle oftransmission of the transmission beam at least partially, or essentially or fully, overlap 1520and / or coincide, in particular for TDD operation and / or independent of frequency. Spatialcorrespondence between beams may be considered in some cases, e.g. such that a beampair (e.g., transmission beam of a transmitting node and reception beam of a receivingnode) may be considered to comprise corresponding beams (e.g., the reception beam issuitable and / or the best beam to receive transmissions on the transmission beam, e.g. 1525based on a threshold signal quality and / or signal strength and / or measurements); to eachof such beams, there may be an associated or corresponding complementary beam of therespective node (e.g., to a transmission beam of a beam pair, there may be associated areception beam of the transmitting node, and / or to the reception beam of a beam pair,there may be associated a transmitting beam of the receiving node; if the beams (e.g., 1530at least essentially or substantially) overlap (e.g., in spatial angle), in some cases a beampair may be considered to indicate four beams (or actually, two beam pairs).In some cases, to one or more beams or signals or signallings may be associated a Quasi-CoLocation (QCL) characteristic or set of characteristics, or QCL class (also referred toas QCL type) or QCL identity; beams or signal or signallings sharing such may be con- 1535sidered to be Quasi-Colocated. Quasi-Colocated beams or signals or signallings may beconsidered (e.g., by a receiver) as the same beam or originating from the same transmit-ter or transmission source, at least in regard to the QCL characteristic or set or class oridentity, and / or to share the characteristic / s. QCL characteristics may pertain to prop-agation of signalling, and / or one or more delay characteristics, and / or pathloss, and / or 1540signal quality, and / or signal strength, and / or beam direction, and / or beam shape (inparticular, angle or area, e.g. area of coverage), and / or Doppler shift, and / or Dopplerspread, and / or delay spread, and / or time synchronisation, and / or frequency synchroni-sation, and / or one or more other parameters, e.g. pertaining to a propagation channelP107942WO01 43 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingand / or spatial RX parameter / s (which may refer to reception beam and / or transmission 1545beam, e.g. shape or coverage or direction). A QCL characteristic may pertain to a spe-cific channel (e.g., physical layer channel like a control channel or data channel) and / orreference signalling type and / or antenna port. Different QCL classes or types may per-tain to different QCL characteristics or sets of characteristics; a QCL class may defineand / or pertain to one or more criteria and / or thresholds and / or ranges for one or more 1550QCL characteristics beams have to fulfill to be considered Quasi-Colocated according tothis class; a QCL identity may refer to and / or represent all beams being quasi-colocated,according to a QCL class. Different classes may pertain to one or more of the samecharacteristics (e.g., different classes may have different criteria and / or thresholds and / orranges for one or more characteristics) and / or to different characteristics. A QCL indi- 1555cation may be seen as a form of beam indication, e.g. pertaining to all beams belongingto one QCL class and / or QCL identity and / or quasi-colocated beams. A QCL identitymay be indicated by a QCL indication. In some cases, a beam, and / or a beam indication,may be considered to refer and / or represent a to a QCL identity, and / or to representquasi-colocated beams or signals or signallings. 1560Transmission on multiple layers (multi-layer transmission) may refer to transmission ofcommunication signalling and / or reference signalling simultaneously in one or more beamsand / or using a plurality of transmission sources, e.g. controlled by one network nodeor one wireless device. The layers may refer to layers of transmission; a layer may beconsidered to represent one data or signalling stream. Different layers may carry different 1565data and / or data streams, e.g., to increase data throughput. In some cases, the samedata or data stream may be transported on different layers, e.g. to increase reliability.Multi-layer transmission may provide diversity, e.g. transmission diversity and / or spatialdiversity. It may be considered that multi-layer transmission comprises 2, or more than2 layers; the number of layers of transmission may be represented by a rank or rank 1570indication.A transmission source may in particular comprise, and / or be represented by, and / orassociated to, an antenna or group of antenna elements or antenna sub-array or antennaarray or transmission point or TRP or TP (Transmission Point) or access point. In somecases, a transmission source may be represented or representable, and / or correspond 1575to, and / or associated to, an antenna port or layer of transmission, e.g. for multi-layertransmission. Different transmission sources may in particular comprise different and / orseparately controllable antenna element / s or (sub-)arrays and / or be associated to differentantenna ports. In particular, analog beamforming may be used, with separate analogcontrol of the different transmission sources. An antenna port may indicate a transmission 1580source, and / or a one or more transmission parameter, in particular of reference signallingP107942WO01 44 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingassociated to the antenna port. In particular, transmission parameters pertaining to,and / or indicating a frequency domain distribution or mapping (e.g., which comb to useand / or which subcarrier or frequency offset to use, or similar) of modulation symbols ofthe reference signalling, and / or to which cyclic shift to use (e.g., to shift elements of a 1585modulation symbol sequence, or a root sequence, or a sequence based on or derived fromthe root sequence) and / or to which cover code to use (e.g., (e.g., to shift elements ofa modulation symbol sequence, or a root sequence, or a sequence based on or derivedfrom the root sequence). In some cases, a transmission source may represent a target forreception, e.g. if it is implemented as a TRP or AP (Access Point). 1590In some variants, reference signalling may be and / or comprise CSI-RS and / or PT-RSand / or DMRS, e.g. transmitted by the network node. In other variants, the referencesignalling may be transmitted by a UE, e.g. to a network node or other UE, in whichcase it may comprise and / or be Sounding Reference signalling. Other, e.g. new, formsof reference signalling may be considered and / or used. In general, a modulation symbol 1595of reference signalling respectively a resource element carrying it may be associated to acyclic prefix.Data signalling may be on a data channel, for example on a PDSCH or PSSCH, or on adedicated data channel, e.g. for low latency and / or high reliability, e.g. a URLLC channel.Control signalling may be on a control channel, for example on a common control channel 1600or a PDCCH or PSCCH, and / or comprise one or more DCI messages or SCI messages.Reference signalling may be associated to control signalling and / or data signalling, e.g.DM-RS and / or PT-RS.Reference signalling, for example, may comprise DM-RS and / or pilot signalling and / ordiscovery signalling and / or synchronisation signalling and / or sounding signalling and / or 1605phase tracking signalling and / or cell-specific reference signalling and / or user-specific sig-nalling, in particular CSI-RS. Reference signalling in general may be signalling with oneor more signalling characteristics, in particular transmission power and / or sequence ofmodulation symbols and / or resource distribution and / or phase distribution known to thereceiver. Thus, the receiver can use the reference signalling as a reference and / or for train- 1610ing and / or for compensation. The receiver can be informed about the reference signallingby the transmitter, e.g. being configured and / or signalling with control signalling, in par-ticular physical layer signalling and / or higher layer signalling (e.g., DCI and / or RRC sig-nalling), and / or may determine the corresponding information itself, e.g. a network nodeconfiguring a UE to transmit reference signalling. Reference signalling may be signalling 1615comprising one or more reference symbols and / or structures. Reference signalling maybe adapted for gauging and / or estimating and / or representing transmission conditions,P107942WO01 45 / 83Joint Communication and Sensinge.g. channel conditions and / or transmission path conditions and / or channel (or signal ortransmission) quality. It may be considered that the transmission characteristics (e.g.,signal strength and / or form and / or modulation and / or timing) of reference signalling are 1620available for both transmitter and receiver of the signalling (e.g., due to being prede-fined and / or configured or configurable and / or being communicated). Different types ofreference signalling may be considered, e.g. pertaining to uplink, downlink or sidelink,cell-specific (in particular, cell-wide, e.g., CRS) or device or user specific (addressed toa specific target or user equipment, e.g., CSI-RS), demodulation-related (e.g., DMRS) 1625and / or signal strength related, e.g. power-related or energy-related or amplitude-related(e.g., SRS or pilot signalling) and / or phase-related, etc.References to specific resource structures like an allocation unit and / or block symboland / or block symbol group and / or transmission timing structure and / or symbol and / orslot and / or mini-slot and / or subcarrier and / or carrier may pertain to a specific numerol- 1630ogy, which may be predefined and / or configured or configurable. A transmission timingstructure may represent a time interval, which may cover one or more symbols. Someexamples of a transmission timing structure are transmission time interval (TTI), sub-frame, slot and mini-slot. A slot may comprise a predetermined, e.g. predefined and / orconfigured or configurable, number of symbols, e.g. 6 or 7, or 12 or 14. A mini-slot may 1635comprise a number of symbols (which may in particular be configurable or configured)smaller than the number of symbols of a slot, in particular 1, 2, 3 or 4, or more symbols,e.g. less symbols than symbols in a slot. A transmission timing structure may cover atime interval of a specific length, which may be dependent on symbol time length and / orcyclic prefix used. A transmission timing structure may pertain to, and / or cover, a specific 1640time interval in a time stream, e.g. synchronized for communication. Timing structuresused and / or scheduled for transmission, e.g. slot and / or mini-slots, may be scheduled inrelation to, and / or synchronized to, a timing structure provided and / or defined by othertransmission timing structures. Such transmission timing structures may define a timinggrid, e.g., with symbol time intervals within individual structures representing the small- 1645est timing units. Such a timing grid may for example be defined by slots or subframes(wherein in some cases, subframes may be considered specific variants of slots). A trans-mission timing structure may have a duration (length in time) determined based on thedurations of its symbols, possibly in addition to cyclic prefix / es used. The symbols of atransmission timing structure may have the same duration, or may in some variants have 1650different duration. The number of symbols in a transmission timing structure may bepredefined and / or configured or configurable, and / or be dependent on numerology. Thetiming of a mini-slot may generally be configured or configurable, in particular by thenetwork and / or a network node. The timing may be configurable to start and / or end atP107942WO01 46 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingany symbol of the transmission timing structure, in particular one or more slots. 1655A transmission quality parameter may in general correspond to the number R of retrans-missions and / or number T of total transmissions, and / or coding (e.g., number of codingbits, e.g. for error detection coding and / or error correction coding like FEC coding)and / or code rate and / or BLER and / or BER requirements and / or transmission powerlevel (e.g., minimum level and / or target level and / or base power level P0 and / or trans- 1660mission power control command, TPC, step size) and / or signal quality, e.g. SNR and / orSIR and / or SINR and / or power density and / or energy density.A buffer state report (or buffer status report, BSR) may comprise information represent-ing the presence and / or size of data to be transmitted (e.g., available in one or morebuffers, for example provided by higher layers). The size may be indicated explicitly, 1665and / or indexed to range / s of sizes, and / or may pertain to one or more different channel / sand / or acknowledgement processes and / or higher layers and / or channel groups / s, e.g,one or more logical channel / s and / or transport channel / s and / or groups thereof: Thestructure of a BSR may be predefined and / or configurable of configured, e.g. to overrideand / or amend a predefined structure, for example with higher layer signalling, e.g. RRC 1670signalling. There may be different forms of BSR with different levels of resolution and / orinformation, e.g. a more detailed long BSR and a less detailed short BSR. A short BSRmay concatenate and / or combine information of a long BSR, e.g. providing sums for dataavailable for one or more channels and / or or channels groups and / or buffers, which mightbe represented individually in a long BSR; and / or may index a less-detailed range scheme 1675for data available or buffered. A BSR may be used in lieu of a scheduling request, e.g.by a network node scheduling or allocating (uplink) resources for the transmitting radionode like a wireless device or UE or IAB node.There is generally considered a program product comprising instructions adapted for caus-ing processing and / or control circuitry to carry out and / or control any method described 1680herein, in particular when executed on the processing and / or control circuitry. Also, thereis considered a carrier medium arrangement carrying and / or storing a program productas described herein.A carrier medium arrangement may comprise one or more carrier media. Generally, acarrier medium may be accessible and / or readable and / or receivable by processing or 1685control circuitry. Storing data and / or a program product and / or code may be seenas part of carrying data and / or a program product and / or code. A carrier mediumgenerally may comprise a guiding / transporting medium and / or a storage medium. Aguiding / transporting medium may be adapted to carry and / or carry and / or store signals,in particular electromagnetic signals and / or electrical signals and / or magnetic signals 1690P107942WO01 47 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingand / or optical signals. A carrier medium, in particular a guiding / transporting medium,may be adapted to guide such signals to carry them. A carrier medium, in particular aguiding / transporting medium, may comprise the electromagnetic field, e.g. radio wavesor microwaves, and / or optically transmissive material, e.g. glass fiber, and / or cable. Astorage medium may comprise at least one of a memory, which may be volatile or non- 1695volatile, a buffer, a cache, an optical disc, magnetic memory, flash memory, etc.A system comprising one or more radio nodes as described herein, in particular a networknode and a user equipment, is described. The system may be a wireless communicationsystem, and / or provide and / or represent a radio access network.Moreover, there may be generally considered a method of operating an information sys- 1700tem, the method comprising providing information. Alternatively, or additionally, aninformation system adapted for providing information may be considered. Providing in-formation may comprise providing information for, and / or to, a target system, whichmay comprise and / or be implemented as radio access network and / or a radio node, inparticular a network node or user equipment or terminal. Providing information may 1705comprise transferring and / or streaming and / or sending and / or passing on the informa-tion, and / or offering the information for such and / or for download, and / or triggering suchproviding, e.g. by triggering a different system or node to stream and / or transfer and / orsend and / or pass on the information. The information system may comprise, and / or beconnected or connectable to, a target, for example via one or more intermediate systems, 1710e.g. a core network and / or internet and / or private or local network. Information may beprovided utilising and / or via such intermediate system / s. Providing information may befor radio transmission and / or for transmission via an air interface and / or utilising a RANor radio node as described herein. Connecting the information system to a target, and / orproviding information, may be based on a target indication, and / or adaptive to a target 1715indication. A target indication may indicate the target, and / or one or more parameters oftransmission pertaining to the target and / or the paths or connections over which the in-formation is provided to the target. Such parameter / s may in particular pertain to the airinterface and / or radio access network and / or radio node and / or network node. Exampleparameters may indicate for example type and / or nature of the target, and / or transmis- 1720sion capacity (e.g., data rate) and / or latency and / or reliability and / or cost, respectivelyone or more estimates thereof. The target indication may be provided by the target, ordetermined by the information system, e.g. based on information received from the targetand / or historical information, and / or be provided by a user, for example a user operatingthe target or a device in communication with the target, e.g. via the RAN and / or air 1725interface. For example, a user may indicate on a user equipment communicating withthe information system that information is to be provided via a RAN, e.g. by selectingP107942WO01 48 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingfrom a selection provided by the information system, for example on a user applicationor user interface, which may be a web interface. An information system may compriseone or more information nodes. An information node may generally comprise processing 1730circuitry and / or communication circuitry. In particular, an information system and / or aninformation node may be implemented as a computer and / or a computer arrangement,e.g. a host computer or host computer arrangement and / or server or server arrangement.In some variants, an interaction server (e.g., web server) of the information system mayprovide a user interface, and based on user input may trigger transmitting and / or stream- 1735ing information provision to the user (and / or the target) from another server, which maybe connected or connectable to the interaction server and / or be part of the informationsystem or be connected or connectable thereto. The information may be any kind of data,in particular data intended for a user of for use at a terminal, e.g. video data and / or audiodata and / or location data and / or interactive data and / or game-related data and / or en- 1740vironmental data and / or technical data and / or traffic data and / or vehicular data and / orcircumstantial data and / or operational data. The information provided by the informa-tion system may be mapped to, and / or mappable to, and / or be intended for mapping to,communication or data signalling and / or one or more data channels as described herein(which may be signalling or channel / s of an air interface and / or used within a RAN 1745and / or for radio transmission). It may be considered that the information is formattedbased on the target indication and / or target, e.g. regarding data amount and / or datarate and / or data structure and / or timing, which in particular may be pertaining to amapping to communication or data signalling and / or a data channel. Mapping informa-tion to data signalling and / or data channel / s may be considered to refer to using the 1750signalling / channel / s to carry the data, e.g. on higher layers of communication, with thesignalling / channel / s underlying the transmission. A target indication generally may com-prise different components, which may have different sources, and / or which may indicatedifferent characteristics of the target and / or communication path / s thereto. A format ofinformation may be specifically selected, e.g. from a set of different formats, for informa- 1755tion to be transmitted on an air interface and / or by a RAN as described herein. This maybe particularly pertinent since an air interface may be limited in terms of capacity and / orof predictability, and / or potentially be cost sensitive. The format may be selected to beadapted to the transmission indication, which may in particular indicate that a RAN orradio node as described herein is in the path (which may be the indicated and / or planned 1760and / or expected path) of information between the target and the information system. A(communication) path of information may represent the interface / s (e.g., air and / or ca-ble interfaces) and / or the intermediate system / s (if any), between the information systemand / or the node providing or transferring the information, and the target, over which theinformation is, or is to be, passed on. A path may be (at least partly) undetermined 1765P107942WO01 49 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingwhen a target indication is provided, and / or the information is provided / transferred bythe information system, e.g. if an internet is involved, which may comprise multiple,dynamically chosen paths. Information and / or a format used for information may bepacket-based, and / or be mapped, and / or be mappable and / or be intended for mapping,to packets. Alternatively, or additionally, there may be considered a method for oper- 1770ating a target device comprising providing a target indicating to an information system.More alternatively, or additionally, a target device may be considered, the target devicebeing adapted for providing a target indication to an information system. In another ap-proach, there may be considered a target indication tool adapted for, and / or comprisingan indication module for, providing a target indication to an information system. The 1775target device may generally be a target as described above. A target indication tool maycomprise, and / or be implemented as, software and / or application or app, and / or webinterface or user interface, and / or may comprise one or more modules for implementingactions performed and / or controlled by the tool. The tool and / or target device may beadapted for, and / or the method may comprise, receiving a user input, based on which a 1780target indicating may be determined and / or provided. Alternatively, or additionally, thetool and / or target device may be adapted for, and / or the method may comprise, receivinginformation and / or communication signalling carrying information, and / or operating on,and / or presenting (e.g., on a screen and / or as audio or as other form of indication), infor-mation. The information may be based on received information and / or communication 1785signalling carrying information. Presenting information may comprise processing receivedinformation, e.g. decoding and / or transforming, in particular between different formats,and / or for hardware used for presenting. Operating on information may be independent ofor without presenting, and / or proceed or succeed presenting, and / or may be without userinteraction or even user reception, for example for automatic processes, or target devices 1790without (e.g., regular) user interaction like MTC devices, of for automotive or transportor industrial use. The information or communication signalling may be expected and / orreceived based on the target indication. Presenting and / or operating on information maygenerally comprise one or more processing steps, in particular decoding and / or execut-ing and / or interpreting and / or transforming information. Operating on information may 1795generally comprise relaying and / or transmitting the information, e.g. on an air interface,which may include mapping the information onto signalling (such mapping may generallypertain to one or more layers, e.g. one or more layers of an air interface, e.g. RLC (RadioLink Control) layer and / or MAC layer and / or physical layer / s). The information may beimprinted (or mapped) on communication signalling based on the target indication, which 1800may make it particularly suitable for use in a RAN (e.g., for a target device like a networknode or in particular a UE or terminal). The tool may generally be adapted for use on atarget device, like a UE or terminal. Generally, the tool may provide multiple function-P107942WO01 50 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingalities, e.g. for providing and / or selecting the target indication, and / or presenting, e.g.video and / or audio, and / or operating on and / or storing received information. Providing 1805a target indication may comprise transmitting or transferring the indication as signalling,and / or carried on signalling, in a RAN, for example if the target device is a UE, or thetool for a UE. It should be noted that such provided information may be transferred tothe information system via one or more additionally communication interfaces and / orpaths and / or connections. The target indication may be a higher-layer indication and / or 1810the information provided by the information system may be higher-layer information, e.g.application layer or user-layer, in particular above radio layers like transport layer andphysical layer. The target indication may be mapped on physical layer radio signalling,e.g. related to or on the user-plane, and / or the information may be mapped on physicallayer radio communication signalling, e.g. related to or on the user-plane (in particular, 1815in reverse communication directions). The described approaches allow a target indicationto be provided, facilitating information to be provided in a specific format particularlysuitable and / or adapted to efficiently use an air interface. A user input may for examplerepresent a selection from a plurality of possible transmission modes or formats, and / orpaths, e.g. in terms of data rate and / or packaging and / or size of information to be 1820provided by the information system.In general, a numerology and / or subcarrier spacing may indicate the bandwidth (in fre-quency domain) of a subcarrier of a carrier, and / or the number of subcarriers in a carrierand / or the numbering of the subcarriers in a carrier, and / or the symbol time length.Different numerologies may in particular be different in the bandwidth of a subcarrier. 1825In some variants, all the subcarriers in a carrier have the same bandwidth associatedto them. The numerology and / or subcarrier spacing may be different between carriersin particular regarding the subcarrier bandwidth. A symbol time length, and / or a timelength of a timing structure pertaining to a carrier may be dependent on the carrier fre-quency, and / or the subcarrier spacing and / or the numerology. In particular, different 1830numerologies may have different symbol time lengths, even on the same carrier.signalling may generally comprise one or more (e.g., modulation) symbols and / or signalsand / or messages. A signal may comprise or represent one or more bits. An indication mayrepresent signalling, and / or be implemented as a signal, or as a plurality of signals. One ormore signals may be included in and / or represented by a message. signalling, in particular 1835control signalling, may comprise a plurality of signals and / or messages, which may betransmitted on different carriers and / or be associated to different signalling processes,e.g. representing and / or pertaining to one or more such processes and / or correspondinginformation. An indication may comprise signalling, and / or a plurality of signals and / ormessages and / or may be comprised therein, which may be transmitted on different carriers 1840P107942WO01 51 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingand / or be associated to different acknowledgement signalling processes, e.g. representingand / or pertaining to one or more such processes. Signalling associated to a channelmay be transmitted such that represents signalling and / or information for that channel,and / or that the signalling is interpreted by the transmitter and / or receiver to belong tothat channel. Such signalling may generally comply with transmission parameters and / or 1845format / s for the channel.An antenna arrangement may comprise one or more antenna elements (radiating ele-ments), which may be combined in antenna arrays. An antenna array or sub-array maycomprise one antenna element, or a plurality of antenna elements, which may be arrangede.g. two dimensionally (for example, a panel) or three dimensionally. It may be considered 1850that each antenna array or sub-array or element is separately controllable, respectivelythat different antenna arrays are controllable separately from each other. A single an-tenna element / radiator may be considered the smallest example of a sub-array. Examplesof antenna arrays comprise one or more multi-antenna panels or one or more individu-ally controllable antenna elements. An antenna arrangement may comprise a plurality 1855of antenna arrays. It may be considered that an antenna arrangement is associated toa (specific and / or single) radio node, e.g. a configuring or informing or scheduling radionode, e.g. to be controlled or controllable by the radio node. An antenna arrangementassociated to a UE or terminal may be smaller (e.g., in size and / or number of antennaelements or arrays) than the antenna arrangement associated to a network node. An- 1860tenna elements of an antenna arrangement may be configurable for different arrays, e.g.to change the beamforming characteristics. In particular, antenna arrays may be formedby combining one or more independently or separately controllable antenna elements orsub-arrays. The beams may be provided by analog beamforming, or in some variants bydigital beamforming, or by hybrid beamforming combing analog and digital beamforming. 1865The informing radio nodes may be configured with the manner of beam transmission, e.g.by transmitting a corresponding indicator or indication, for example as beam identify in-dication. However, there may be considered cases in which the informing radio node / s arenot configured with such information, and / or operate transparently, not knowing the wayof beamforming used. An antenna arrangement may be considered separately control- 1870lable in regard to the phase and / or amplitude / power and / or gain of a signal feed to it fortransmission, and / or separately controllable antenna arrangements may comprise an inde-pendent or separate transmit and / or receive unit and / or ADC (analog-Digital-Converter,alternatively an ADC chain) or DCA (Digital-to-analog Converter, alternatively a DCAchain) to convert digital control information into an analog antenna feed for the whole 1875antenna arrangement (the ADC / DCA may be considered part of, and / or connected orconnectable to, antenna circuitry) or vice versa. A scenario in which an ADC or DCA isP107942WO01 52 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingcontrolled directly for beamforming may be considered an analog beamforming scenario;such controlling may be performed after encoding / decoding and7or after modulation sym-bols have been mapped to resource elements. This may be on the level of antenna ar- 1880rangements using the same ADC / DCA, e.g. one antenna element or a group of antennaelements associated to the same ADC / DCA. Digital beamforming may correspond to ascenario in which processing for beamforming is provided before feeding signalling to theADC / DCA, e.g. by using one or more precoder / s and / or by precoding information, forexample before and / or when mapping modulation symbols to resource elements. Such a 1885precoder for beamforming may provide weights, e.g. for amplitude and / or phase, and / ormay be based on a (precoder) codebook, e.g. selected from a codebook. A precoder maypertain to one beam or more beams, e.g. defining the beam or beams. The codebookmay be configured or configurable, and / or be predefined. DFT beamforming may beconsidered a form of digital beamforming, wherein a DFT procedure is used to form one 1890or more beams. Hybrid forms of beamforming may be considered.A beam may be defined by a spatial and / or angular and / or spatial angular distributionof radiation and / or a spatial angle (also referred to as solid angle) or spatial (solid) angledistribution into which radiation is transmitted (for transmission beamforming) or fromwhich it is received (for reception beamforming). Reception beamforming may comprise 1895only accepting signals coming in from a reception beam (e.g., using analog beamformingto not receive outside reception beam / s), and / or sorting out signals that do not comein in a reception beam, e.g. in digital postprocessing, e.g. digital beamforming. Abeam may have a solid angle equal to or smaller than 4*pi sr (4*pi correspond to abeam covering all directions), in particular smaller than 2* pi, or pi, or pi / 2, or pi / 4 or 1900pi / 8 or pi / 16. In particular for high frequencies, smaller beams may be used. Differentbeams may have different directions and / or sizes (e.g., solid angle and / or reach). A beammay have a main direction, which may be defined by a main lobe (e.g., center of themain lobe, e.g. pertaining to signal strength and / or solid angle, which may be averagedand / or weighted to determine the direction), and may have one or more sidelobes. A lobe 1905may generally be defined to have a continuous or contiguous distribution of energy and / orpower transmitted and / or received, e.g. bounded by one or more contiguous or contiguousregions of zero energy (or practically zero energy). A main lobe may comprise the lobewith the largest signal strength and / or energy and / or power content. However, sidelobesusually appear due to limitations of beamforming, some of which may carry signals with 1910significant strength, and may cause multi-path effects. A sidelobe may generally have adifferent direction than a main lobe and / or other side lobes, however, due to reflectionsa sidelobe still may contribute to transmitted and / or received energy or power. A beammay be swept and / or switched over time, e.g., such that its (main) direction is changed,P107942WO01 53 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingbut its shape (angular / solid angle distribution) around the main direction is not changed, 1915e.g. from the transmitter’s views for a transmission beam, or the receiver’s view for areception beam, respectively. Sweeping may correspond to continuous or near continuouschange of main direction (e.g., such that after each change, the main lobe from before thechange covers at least partly the main lobe after the change, e.g. at least to 50 or 75 or90 percent). Switching may correspond to switching direction non-continuously, e.g. such 1920that after each change, the main lobe from before the change does not cover the mainlobe after the change, e.g. at most to 50 or 25 or 10 percent.Signal strength may be a representation of signal power and / or signal energy, e.g. asseen from a transmitting node or a receiving node. A beam with larger strength attransmission (e.g., according to the beamforming used) than another beam does may 1925not necessarily have larger strength at the receiver, and vice versa, for example due tointerference and / or obstruction and / or dispersion and / or absorption and / or reflectionand / or attrition or other effects influencing a beam or the signalling it carries. Signalquality may in general be a representation of how well a signal may be received overnoise and / or interference. A beam with better signal quality than another beam does 1930not necessarily have a larger beam strength than the other beam. Signal quality may berepresented for example by SIR, SNR, SINR, BER, BLER, Energy per resource elementover noise / interference or another corresponding quality measure. Signal quality and / orsignal strength may pertain to, and / or may be measured with respect to, a beam, and / orspecific signalling carried by the beam, e.g. reference signalling and / or a specific channel, 1935e.g. a data channel or control channel. Signal strength may be represented by receivedsignal strength, and / or relative signal strength, e.g. in comparison to a reference signal(strength).Uplink or sidelink signalling may be OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division MultipleAccess) or SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) signalling. 1940Downlink signalling may in particular be OFDMA signalling. However, signalling likecommunication signalling and / or sensing signalling is not limited thereto (Filter-Bankbased signalling and / or Single-Carrier based signalling, e.g. SC-FDE signalling, may beconsidered alternatives).A radio node may generally be considered a device or node adapted for wireless and / or 1945radio (and / or millimeter wave) frequency communication, and / or for communication util-ising an air interface, e.g. according to a communication standard.A radio node may be a network node, or a user equipment or terminal. A network nodemay be any radio node of a wireless communication network, e.g. a base station and / orgNodeB (gNB) and / or eNodeB (eNB) and / or relay node and / or micro / nano / pico / femto 1950P107942WO01 54 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingnode and / or transmission point (TP) and / or access point (AP) and / or other node, inparticular for a RAN or other wireless communication network as described herein.The terms user equipment (UE) and terminal may be considered to be interchangeablein the context of this disclosure. A wireless device, user equipment or terminal may rep-resent an end device for communication utilising the wireless communication network, 1955and / or be implemented as a user equipment according to a standard. Examples of userequipments may comprise a phone like a smartphone, a personal communication device, amobile phone or terminal, a computer, in particular laptop, a sensor or machine with radiocapability (and / or adapted for the air interface), in particular for MTC (Machine-Type-Communication, sometimes also referred to M2M, Machine-To-Machine), or a vehicle 1960adapted for wireless communication. A user equipment or terminal may be mobile or sta-tionary. A wireless device generally may comprise, and / or be implemented as, processingcircuitry and / or radio circuitry, which may comprise one or more chips or sets of chips.The circuitry and / or circuitries may be packaged, e.g. in a chip housing, and / or may haveone or more physical interfaces to interact with other circuitry and / or for power supply. 1965Such a wireless device may be intended for use in a user equipment or terminal.A radio node may generally comprise processing circuitry and / or radio circuitry. A radionode, in particular a network node, may in some cases comprise cable circuitry and / orcommunication circuitry, with which it may be connected or connectable to another radionode and / or a core network. 1970Circuitry may comprise integrated circuitry. Processing circuitry may comprise one ormore processors and / or controllers (e.g., microcontrollers), and / or ASICs (ApplicationSpecific Integrated Circuitry) and / or FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Array), or sim-ilar. It may be considered that processing circuitry comprises, and / or is (operatively)connected or connectable to one or more memories or memory arrangements. A mem- 1975ory arrangement may comprise one or more memories. A memory may be adaptedto store digital information. Examples for memories comprise volatile and non-volatilememory, and / or Random Access Memory (RAM), and / or Read-Only-Memory (ROM),and / or magnetic and / or optical memory, and / or flash memory, and / or hard disk mem-ory, and / or EPROM or EEPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM or Electrically Erasable 1980Programmable ROM).Radio circuitry may comprise one or more transmitters and / or receivers and / or transceivers(a transceiver may operate or be operable as transmitter and receiver, and / or may com-prise joint or separated circuitry for receiving and transmitting, e.g. in one package orhousing), and / or may comprise one or more amplifiers and / or oscillators and / or filters, 1985and / or may comprise, and / or be connected or connectable to antenna circuitry and / orP107942WO01 55 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingone or more antennas and / or antenna arrays. An antenna array may comprise one ormore antennas, which may be arranged in a dimensional array, e.g. 2D or 3D array,and / or antenna panels. A remote radio head (RRH) may be considered as an exampleof an antenna array. However, in some variants, an RRH may be also be implemented 1990as a network node, depending on the kind of circuitry and / or functionality implementedtherein.Communication circuitry may comprise radio circuitry and / or cable circuitry. Commu-nication circuitry generally may comprise one or more interfaces, which may be air inter-face / s and / or cable interface / s and / or optical interface / s, e.g. laser-based. Interface / s 1995may be in particular packet-based. Cable circuitry and / or a cable interfaces may com-prise, and / or be connected or connectable to, one or more cables (e.g., optical fiber-basedand / or wire-based), which may be directly or indirectly (e.g., via one or more intermedi-ate systems and / or interfaces) be connected or connectable to a target, e.g. controlled bycommunication circuitry and / or processing circuitry. 2000Any one or all of the modules disclosed herein may be implemented in software and / orfirmware and / or hardware. Different modules may be associated to different componentsof a radio node, e.g. different circuitries or different parts of a circuitry. It may be consid-ered that a module is distributed over different components and / or circuitries. A programproduct as described herein may comprise the modules related to a device on which the 2005program product is intended (e.g., a user equipment or network node) to be executed (theexecution may be performed on, and / or controlled by the associated circuitry).A wireless communication network may be or comprise a radio access network and / ora backhaul network (e.g. a relay or backhaul network or an IAB network), and / or aRadio Access Network (RAN) in particular according to a communication standard. A 2010communication standard may in particular a standard according to 3GPP and / or 5G,e.g. according to NR or LTE, in particular LTE Evolution.A wireless communication network may be and / or comprise a Radio Access Network(RAN), which may be and / or comprise any kind of cellular and / or wireless radio net-work, which may be connected or connectable to a core network. The approaches de- 2015scribed herein are particularly suitable for a 5G network, e.g. LTE Evolution and / or NR(New Radio), respectively successors thereof. A RAN may comprise one or more net-work nodes, and / or one or more terminals, and / or one or more radio nodes. A networknode may in particular be a radio node adapted for radio and / or wireless and / or cellularcommunication with one or more terminals. A terminal may be any device adapted for 2020radio and / or wireless and / or cellular communication with or within a RAN, e.g. a userequipment (UE) or mobile phone or smartphone or computing device or vehicular com-P107942WO01 56 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingmunication device or device for machine-type-communication (MTC), etc. A terminalmay be mobile, or in some cases stationary. A RAN or a wireless communication networkmay comprise at least one network node and a UE, or at least two radio nodes. There 2025may be generally considered a wireless communication network or system, e.g. a RAN orRAN system, comprising at least one radio node, and / or at least one network node andat least one terminal.Transmitting in downlink may pertain to transmission from the network or network nodeto the terminal. Transmitting in uplink may pertain to transmission from the termi- 2030nal to the network or network node. Transmitting in sidelink may pertain to (direct)transmission from one terminal to another. Uplink, downlink and sidelink (e.g., sidelinktransmission and reception) may be considered communication directions. In some vari-ants, uplink and downlink may also be used to described wireless communication betweennetwork nodes, e.g. for wireless backhaul and / or relay communication and / or (wireless) 2035network communication for example between base stations or similar network nodes, inparticular communication terminating at such. It may be considered that backhaul and / orrelay communication and / or network communication is implemented as a form of sidelinkor uplink communication or similar thereto.Control information or a control information message or corresponding signalling (con- 2040trol signalling) may be transmitted on a control channel, e.g. a physical control channel,which may be a downlink channel or (or a sidelink channel in some cases, e.g. one UEscheduling another UE). For example, control information / allocation information may besignaled by a network node on PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel) and / ora PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel) and / or a HARQ-specific channel. Ac- 2045knowledgement signalling, e.g. as a form of control information or signalling like uplinkcontrol information / signalling, may be transmitted by a terminal on a PUCCH (PhysicalUplink Control Channel) and / or PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel) and / or aHARQ-specific channel. Multiple channels may apply for multi-component / multi-carrierindication or signalling. 2050Transmitting acknowledgement signalling may in general be based on and / or in responseto subject transmission, and / or to control signalling scheduling subject transmission.Such control signalling and / or subject signalling may be transmitted by a signalling ra-dio node (which may be a network node, and / or a node associated to it, e.g. in a dualconnectivity scenario. Subject transmission and / or subject signalling may be transmis- 2055sion or signalling to which ACK / NACK or acknowledgement information pertains, e.g.indicating correct or incorrect reception and / or decoding of the subject transmission orsignalling. Subject signalling or transmission may in particular comprise and / or be repre-P107942WO01 57 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingsented by data signalling, e.g. on a PDSCH or PSSCH, or some forms of control signalling,e.g. on a PDCCH or PSSCH, for example for specific formats. 2060A signalling characteristic may be based on a type or format of a scheduling grant and / orscheduling assignment, and / or type of allocation, and / or timing of acknowledgementsignalling and / or the scheduling grant and / or scheduling assignment, and / or resourcesassociated to acknowledgement signalling and / or the scheduling grant and / or schedul-ing assignment. For example, if a specific format for a scheduling grant (scheduling 2065or allocating the allocated resources) or scheduling assignment (scheduling the subjecttransmission for acknowledgement signalling) is used or detected, the first or second com-munication resource may be used. Type of allocation may pertain to dynamic allocation(e.g., using DCI / PDCCH) or semi-static allocation (e.g., for a configured grant). Timingof acknowledgement signalling may pertain to a slot and / or symbol / s the signalling is to 2070be transmitted. Resources used for acknowledgement signalling may pertain to the allo-cated resources. Timing and / or resources associated to a scheduling grant or assignmentmay represent a search space or CORESET (a set of resources configured for reception ofPDCCH transmissions) in which the grant or assignment is received. Thus, which trans-mission resource to be used may be based on implicit conditions, requiring low signalling 2075overhead.Scheduling may comprise indicating, e.g. with control signalling like DCI or SCI signallingand / or signalling on a control channel like PDCCH or PSCCH, one or more schedulingopportunities of a configuration intended to carry data signalling or subject signalling.The configuration may be represented or representable by, and / or correspond to, a table. 2080A scheduling assignment may for example point to an opportunity of the reception allo-cation configuration, e.g. indexing a table of scheduling opportunities. In some cases, areception allocation configuration may comprise 15 or 16 scheduling opportunities. Theconfiguration may in particular represent allocation in time. It may be considered that thereception allocation configuration pertains to data signalling, in particular on a physical 2085data channel like PDSCH or PSSCH. In general, the reception allocation configurationmay pertain to downlink signalling, or in some scenarios to sidelink signalling. Controlsignalling scheduling subject transmission like data signalling may point and / or indexand / or refer to and / or indicate a scheduling opportunity of the reception allocation con-figuration. It may be considered that the reception allocation configuration is configured 2090or configurable with higher-layer signalling, e.g. RRC or MAC layer signalling. The recep-tion allocation configuration may be applied and / or applicable and / or valid for a pluralityof transmission timing intervals, e.g. such that for each interval, one or more opportu-nities may be indicated or allocated for data signalling. These approaches allow efficientand flexible scheduling, which may be semi-static, but may updated or reconfigured on 2095P107942WO01 58 / 83Joint Communication and Sensinguseful timescales in response to changes of operation conditions.Control information, e.g., in a control information message, in this context may in par-ticular be implemented as and / or represented by a scheduling assignment, which mayindicate subject transmission for feedback (transmission of acknowledgement signalling),and / or reporting timing and / or frequency resources and / or code resources. Reporting 2100timing may indicate a timing for scheduled acknowledgement signalling, e.g. slot and / orsymbol and / or resource set. Control information may be carried by control signalling.Subject transmissions may comprise one or more individual transmissions. Scheduling as-signments may comprise one or more scheduling assignments. It should generally be notedthat in a distributed system, subject transmissions, configuration and / or scheduling may 2105be provided by different nodes or devices or transmission points. Different subject trans-missions may be on the same carrier or different carriers (e.g., in a carrier aggregation),and / or same or different bandwidth parts, and / or on the same or different layers or beams,e.g. in a MIMO scenario, and / or to same or different ports. Generally, subject transmis-sions may pertain to different HARQ or ARQ processes (or different sub-processes, e.g. in 2110MIMO with different beams / layers associated to the same process identifier, but differentsub-process-identifiers like swap bits). A scheduling assignment and / or a HARQ code-book may indicate a target HARQ structure. A target HARQ structure may for exampleindicate an intended HARQ response to a subject transmission, e.g. the number of bitsand / or whether to provide code block group level response or not. However, it should be 2115noted that the actual structure used may differ from the target structure, e.g. due to thetotal size of target structures for a subpattern being larger than the predetermined size.Transmitting acknowledgement signalling, also referred to as transmitting acknowledge-ment information or feedback information or simply as ARQ or HARQ feedback or feed-back or reporting feedback, may comprise, and / or be based on determining correct or 2120incorrect reception of subject transmission / s, e.g. based on error coding and / or based onscheduling assignment / s scheduling the subject transmissions. Transmitting acknowledge-ment information may be based on, and / or comprise, a structure for acknowledgementinformation to transmit, e.g. the structure of one or more subpatterns, e.g. based onwhich subject transmission is scheduled for an associated subdivision. Transmitting ac- 2125knowledgement information may comprise transmitting corresponding signalling, e.g. atone instance and / or in one message and / or one channel, in particular a physical channel,which may be a control channel. In some cases, the channel may be a shared channelor data channel, e.g. utilising rate-matching of the acknowledgment information. Theacknowledgement information may generally pertain to a plurality of subject transmis- 2130sions, which may be on different channels and / or carriers, and / or may comprise dataP107942WO01 59 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingsignalling and / or control signalling. The acknowledgment information may be based ona codebook, which may be based on one or more size indications and / or assignmentindications (representing HARQ structures), which may be received with a plurality ofcontrol signallings and / or control messages, e.g. in the same or different transmission 2135timing structures, and / or in the same or different (target) sets of resources. Transmittingacknowledgement information may comprise determining the codebook, e.g. based oncontrol information in one or more control information messages and / or a configuration.A codebook may pertain to transmitting acknowledgement information at a single and / orspecific instant, e.g. a single PUCCH or PUSCH transmission, and / or in one message 2140or with jointly encoded and / or modulated acknowledgement information. Generally, ac-knowledgment information may be transmitted together with other control information,e.g. a scheduling request and / or measurement information.Acknowledgement signalling may in some cases comprise, next to acknowledgement in-formation, other information, e.g. control information, in particular, uplink or sidelink 2145control information, like a scheduling request and / or measurement information, or sim-ilar, and / or error detection and / or correction information, respectively associated bits.The payload size of acknowledgement signalling may represent the number of bits of ac-knowledgement information, and / or in some cases the total number of bits carried bythe acknowledgement signalling, and / or the number of resource elements needed. Ac- 2150knowledgement signalling and / or information may pertain to ARQ and / or HARQ pro-cesses; an ARQ process may provide ACK / NACK (and perhaps additional feedback)feedback, and decoding may be performed on each (re-)transmission separately, with-out soft-buffering / soft-combining intermediate data, whereas HARQ may comprise soft-buffering / soft-combining of intermediate data of decoding for one or more (re-)transmissions. 2155Subject transmission may be data signalling or control signalling. The transmission maybe on a shared or dedicated channel. Data signalling may be on a data channel, for exam-ple on a PDSCH or PSSCH, or on a dedicated data channel, e.g. for low latency and / orhigh reliability, e.g. a URLLC channel. Control signalling may be on a control channel,for example on a common control channel or a PDCCH or PSCCH, and / or comprise one 2160or more DCI messages or SCI messages. In some cases, the subject transmission may com-prise, or represent, reference signalling. For example, it may comprise DM-RS and / or pilotsignalling and / or discovery signalling and / or sounding signalling and / or phase trackingsignalling and / or cell-specific reference signalling and / or user-specific signalling, in par-ticular CSI-RS. A subject transmission may pertain to one scheduling assignment and / or 2165one acknowledgement signalling process (e.g., according to identifier or subidentifier),and / or one subdivision. In some cases, a subject transmission may cross the borders ofsubdivisions in time, e.g. due to being scheduled to start in one subdivision and extendingP107942WO01 60 / 83Joint Communication and Sensinginto another, or even crossing over more than one subdivision. In this case, it may beconsidered that the subject transmission is associated to the subdivision it ends in. 2170It may be considered that transmitting acknowledgement information, in particular of ac-knowledgement information, is based on determining whether the subject transmission / shas or have been received correctly, e.g. based on error coding and / or reception quality.Reception quality may for example be based on a determined signal quality. Acknowl-edgement information may generally be transmitted to a signalling radio node and / or 2175node arrangement and / or to a network and / or network node.Acknowledgement information, or bit / s of a subpattern structure of such information(e.g., an acknowledgement information structure, may represent and / or comprise one ormore bits, in particular a pattern of bits. Multiple bits pertaining to a data structureor substructure or message like a control message may be considered a subpattern. The 2180structure or arrangement of acknowledgement information may indicate the order, and / ormeaning, and / or mapping, and / or pattern of bits (or subpatterns of bits) of the infor-mation. The structure or mapping may in particular indicate one or more data blockstructures, e.g. code blocks and / or code block groups and / or transport blocks and / ormessages, e.g. command messages, the acknowledgement information pertains to, and / or 2185which bits or subpattern of bits are associated to which data block structure. In somecases, the mapping may pertain to one or more acknowledgement signalling processes, e.g.processes with different identifiers, and / or one or more different data streams. The config-uration or structure or codebook may indicate to which process / es and / or data stream / sthe information pertains. Generally, the acknowledgement information may comprise 2190one or more subpatterns, each of which may pertain to a data block structure, e.g. acode block or code block group or transport block. A subpattern may be arranged toindicate acknowledgement or non-acknowledgement, or another retransmission state likenon-scheduling or non-reception, of the associated data block structure. It may be con-sidered that a subpattern comprises one bit, or in some cases more than one bit. It should 2195be noted that acknowledgement information may be subjected to significant processingbefore being transmitted with acknowledgement signalling. Different configurations mayindicate different sizes and / or mapping and / or structures and / or pattern.An acknowledgment signalling process (providing acknowledgment information) may bea HARQ process, and / or be identified by a process identifier, e.g. a HARQ process iden- 2200tifier or sub-identifier. Acknowledgement signalling and / or associated acknowledgementinformation may be referred to as feedback or acknowledgement feedback. It should benoted that data blocks or structures to which subpatterns may pertain may be intendedto carry data (e.g., information and / or systemic and / or coding bits). However, dependingP107942WO01 61 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingon transmission conditions, such data may be received or not received (or not received 2205correctly), which may be indicated correspondingly in the feedback. In some cases, asubpattern of acknowledgement signalling may comprise padding bits, e.g. if the ac-knowledgement information for a data block requires fewer bits than indicated as size ofthe subpattern. Such may for example happen if the size is indicated by a unit size largerthan required for the feedback. 2210Acknowledgment information may generally indicate at least ACK or NACK, e.g. per-taining to an acknowledgment signalling process, or an element of a data block structurelike a data block, subblock group or subblock, or a message, in particular a control mes-sage. Generally, to an acknowledgment signalling process there may be associated onespecific subpattern and / or a data block structure, for which acknowledgment information 2215may be provided. Acknowledgement information may comprise a plurality of pieces ofinformation, represented in a plurality of ARQ and / or HARQ structures.An acknowledgment signalling process may determine correct or incorrect reception,and / or corresponding acknowledgement information, of a data block like a transportblock, and / or substructures thereof, based on coding bits associated to the data block, 2220and / or based on coding bits associated to one or more data block and / or subblocksand / or subblock group / s. Acknowledgement information (determined by an acknowl-edgement signalling process) may pertain to the data block as a whole, and / or to oneor more subblocks or subblock groups. A code block may be considered an example ofa subblock, whereas a code block group may be considered an example of a subblock 2225group. Accordingly, the associated subpattern may comprise one or more bits indicatingreception status or feedback of the data block, and / or one or more bits indicating recep-tion status or feedback of one or more subblocks or subblock groups. Each subpatternor bit of the subpattern may be associated and / or mapped to a specific data block orsubblock or subblock group. In some variants, correct reception for a data block may be 2230indicated if all subblocks or subblock groups are correctly identified. In such a case, thesubpattern may represent acknowledgement information for the data block as a whole,reducing overhead in comparison to provide acknowledgement information for the sub-blocks or subblock groups. The smallest structure (e.g. subblock / subblock group / datablock) the subpattern provides acknowledgement information for and / or is associated to 2235may be considered its (highest) resolution. In some variants, a subpattern may provideacknowledgment information regarding several elements of a data block structure and / orat different resolution, e.g. to allow more specific error detection. For example, even ifa subpattern indicates acknowledgment signalling pertaining to a data block as a whole,in some variants higher resolution (e.g., subblock or subblock group resolution) may be 2240provided by the subpattern. A subpattern may generally comprise one or more bits indi-P107942WO01 62 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingcating ACK / NACK for a data block, and / or one or more bits for indicating ACK / NACKfor a subblock or subblock group, or for more than one subblock or subblock group.A subblock and / or subblock group may comprise information bits (representing the datato be transmitted, e.g. user data and / or downlink / sidelink data or uplink data). It may be 2245considered that a data block and / or subblock and / or subblock group also comprises errorone or more error detection bits, which may pertain to, and / or be determined based on,the information bits (for a subblock group, the error detection bit / s may be determinedbased on the information bits and / or error detection bits and / or error correction bits of thesubblock / s of the subblock group). A data block or substructure like subblock or subblock 2250group may comprise error correction bits, which may in particular be determined basedon the information bits and error detection bits of the block or substructure, e.g. utilisingan error correction coding scheme, in particular for forward error correction (FEC), e.g.LDPC or polar coding and / or turbo coding. Generally, the error correction coding of adata block structure (and / or associated bits) may cover and / or pertain to information bits 2255and error detection bits of the structure. A subblock group may represent a combination ofone or more code blocks, respectively the corresponding bits. A data block may representa code block or code block group, or a combination of more than one code block groups.A transport block may be split up in code blocks and / or code block groups, for examplebased on the bit size of the information bits of a higher layer data structure provided 2260for error coding and / or size requirements or preferences for error coding, in particularerror correction coding. Such a higher layer data structure is sometimes also referred toas transport block, which in this context represents information bits without the errorcoding bits described herein, although higher layer error handling information may beincluded, e.g. for an internet protocol like TCP. However, such error handling information 2265represents information bits in the context of this disclosure, as the acknowledgementsignalling procedures described treat it accordingly.In some variants, a subblock like a code block may comprise error correction bits, whichmay be determined based on the information bit / s and / or error detection bit / s of thesubblock. An error correction coding scheme may be used for determining the error cor- 2270rection bits, e.g. based on LDPC or polar coding or Reed-Mueller coding. In some cases,a subblock or code block may be considered to be defined as a block or pattern of bitscomprising information bits, error detection bit / s determined based on the informationbits, and error correction bit / s determined based on the information bits and / or errordetection bit / s. It may be considered that in a subblock, e.g. code block, the information 2275bits (and possibly the error correction bit / s) are protected and / or covered by the errorcorrection scheme or corresponding error correction bit / s. A code block group may com-prise one or more code blocks. In some variants, no additional error detection bits and / orP107942WO01 63 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingerror correction bits are applied, however, it may be considered to apply either or both. Atransport block may comprise one or more code block groups. It may be considered that 2280no additional error detection bits and / or error correction bits are applied to a transportblock, however, it may be considered to apply either or both. In some specific variants,the code block group / s comprise no additional layers of error detection or correction cod-ing, and the transport block may comprise only additional error detection coding bits,but no additional error correction coding. This may particularly be true if the transport 2285block size is larger than the code block size and / or the maximum size for error correctioncoding. A subpattern of acknowledgement signalling (in particular indicating ACK orNACK) may pertain to a code block, e.g. indicating whether the code block has beencorrectly received. It may be considered that a subpattern pertains to a subgroup like acode block group or a data block like a transport block. In such cases, it may indicate 2290ACK, if all subblocks or code blocks of the group or data / transport block are receivedcorrectly (e.g. based on a logical AND operation), and NACK or another state of non-correct reception if at least one subblock or code block has not been correctly received. Itshould be noted that a code block may be considered to be correctly received not only ifit actually has been correctly received, but also if it can be correctly reconstructed based 2295on soft-combining and / or the error correction coding.A subpattern / HARQ structure may pertain to one acknowledgement signalling processand / or one carrier like a component carrier and / or data block structure or data block. Itmay in particular be considered that one (e.g. specific and / or single) subpattern pertains,e.g. is mapped by the codebook, to one (e.g., specific and / or single) acknowledgement 2300signalling process, e.g. a specific and / or single HARQ process. It may be consideredthat in the bit pattern, subpatterns are mapped to acknowledgement signalling processesand / or data blocks or data block structures on a one-to-one basis. In some variants, theremay be multiple subpatterns (and / or associated acknowledgment signalling processes)associated to the same component carrier, e.g. if multiple data streams transmitted 2305on the carrier are subject to acknowledgement signalling processes. A subpattern maycomprise one or more bits, the number of which may be considered to represent its sizeor bit size. Different bit n-tupels (n being 1 or larger) of a subpattern may be associatedto different elements of a data block structure (e.g., data block or subblock or subblockgroup), and / or represent different resolutions. There may be considered variants in which 2310only one resolution is represented by a bit pattern, e.g. a data block. A bit n-tupelmay represent acknowledgement information (also referred to a feedback), in particularACK or NACK, and optionally, (if n¿1), may represent DTX / DRX or other receptionstates. ACK / NACK may be represented by one bit, or by more than one bit, e.g. toimprove disambiguity of bit sequences representing ACK or NACK, and / or to improve 2315P107942WO01 64 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingtransmission reliability.The acknowledgement information or feedback information may pertain to a pluralityof different transmissions, which may be associated to and / or represented by data blockstructures, respectively the associated data blocks or data signalling. The data blockstructures, and / or the corresponding blocks and / or signalling, may be scheduled for si- 2320multaneous transmission, e.g. for the same transmission timing structure, in particularwithin the same slot or subframe, and / or on the same symbol / s. However, alternativeswith scheduling for non-simultaneous transmission may be considered. For example, theacknowledgment information may pertain to data blocks scheduled for different trans-mission timing structures, e.g. different slots (or mini-slots, or slots and mini-slots) or 2325similar, which may correspondingly be received (or not or wrongly received). Schedul-ing signalling may generally comprise indicating resources, e.g. time and / or frequencyresources, for example for receiving or transmitting the scheduled signalling.signalling may generally be considered to represent an electromagnetic wave structure(e.g., over a time interval and frequency interval), which is intended to convey informa- 2330tion to at least one specific or generic (e.g., anyone who might pick up the signalling)target. A process of signalling may comprise transmitting the signalling. Transmittingsignalling, in particular control signalling or communication signalling, e.g. comprisingor representing acknowledgement signalling and / or resource requesting information, maycomprise encoding and / or modulating. Encoding and / or modulating may comprise error 2335detection coding and / or forward error correction encoding and / or scrambling. Receivingcontrol signalling may comprise corresponding decoding and / or demodulation. Error de-tection coding may comprise, and / or be based on, parity or checksum approaches, e.g.CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check). Forward error correction coding may comprise and / orbe based on for example turbo coding and / or Reed-Muller coding, and / or polar coding 2340and / or LDPC coding (Low Density Parity Check). The type of coding used may be basedon the channel (e.g., physical channel) the coded signal is associated to. A code rate mayrepresent the ratio of the number of information bits before encoding to the number ofencoded bits after encoding, considering that encoding adds coding bits for error detec-tion coding and forward error correction. Coded bits may refer to information bits (also 2345called systematic bits) plus coding bits.Communication signalling may comprise, and / or represent, and / or be implemented as,data signalling, and / or user plane signalling. Communication signalling may be associatedto a data channel, e.g. a physical downlink channel or physical uplink channel or physicalsidelink channel, in particular a PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel) or PSSCH 2350(Physical Sidelink Shared Channel). Generally, a data channel may be a shared channelP107942WO01 65 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingor a dedicated channel. Data signalling may be signalling associated to and / or on a datachannel.An indication generally may explicitly and / or implicitly indicate the information it rep-resents and / or indicates. Implicit indication may for example be based on position 2355and / or resource used for transmission. Explicit indication may for example be basedon a parametrisation with one or more parameters, and / or one or more index or indices,and / or one or more bit patterns representing the information. It may in particular be con-sidered that control signalling as described herein, based on the utilised resource sequence,implicitly indicates the control signalling type. 2360A resource element may generally describe the smallest individually usable and / or en-codable and / or decodable and / or modulatable and / or demodulatable time-frequency re-source, and / or may describe a time-frequency resource covering a symbol time length intime and a subcarrier in frequency. A signal may be allocatable and / or allocated to aresource element. A subcarrier may be a subband of a carrier, e.g. as defined by a stan- 2365dard. A carrier may define a frequency and / or frequency band for transmission and / orreception. In some variants, a signal (jointly encoded / modulated) may cover more thanone resource elements. A resource element may generally be as defined by a correspond-ing standard, e.g. NR or LTE. As symbol time length and / or subcarrier spacing (and / ornumerology) may be different between different symbols and / or subcarriers, different re- 2370source elements may have different extension (length / width) in time and / or frequencydomain, in particular resource elements pertaining to different carriers.A resource generally may represent a time-frequency and / or code resource, on whichsignalling, e.g. according to a specific format, may be communicated, for example trans-mitted and / or received, and / or be intended for transmission and / or reception. 2375A border symbol may generally represent a starting symbol or an ending symbol fortransmitting and / or receiving. A starting symbol may in particular be a starting symbolof uplink or sidelink signalling, for example control signalling or data signalling. Suchsignalling may be on a data channel or control channel, e.g. a physical channel, inparticular a physical uplink shared channel (like PUSCH) or a sidelink data or shared 2380channel, or a physical uplink control channel (like PUCCH) or a sidelink control channel.If the starting symbol is associated to control signalling (e.g., on a control channel), thecontrol signalling may be in response to received signalling (in sidelink or downlink), e.g.representing acknowledgement signalling associated thereto, which may be HARQ or ARQsignalling. An ending symbol may represent an ending symbol (in time) of downlink or 2385sidelink transmission or signalling, which may be intended or scheduled for the radio nodeor user equipment. Such downlink signalling may in particular be data signalling, e.g.P107942WO01 66 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingon a physical downlink channel like a shared channel, e.g. a PDSCH (Physical DownlinkShared Channel). A starting symbol may be determined based on, and / or in relation to,such an ending symbol. 2390Configuring a radio node, in particular a terminal or user equipment, may refer to theradio node being adapted or caused or set and / or instructed to operate according to theconfiguration. Configuring may be done by another device, e.g., a network node (forexample, a radio node of the network like a base station or eNodeB) or network, in whichcase it may comprise transmitting configuration data to the radio node to be configured. 2395Such configuration data may represent the configuration to be configured and / or compriseone or more instruction pertaining to a configuration, e.g. a configuration for transmittingand / or receiving on allocated resources, in particular frequency resources. A radio nodemay configure itself, e.g., based on configuration data received from a network or networknode. A network node may utilise, and / or be adapted to utilise, its circuitry / ies for 2400configuring. Allocation information may be considered a form of configuration data.Configuration data may comprise and / or be represented by configuration information,and / or one or more corresponding indications and / or message / sGenerally, configuring may include determining configuration data representing the con-figuration and providing, e.g. transmitting, it to one or more other nodes (parallel and / or 2405sequentially), which may transmit it further to the radio node (or another node, whichmay be repeated until it reaches the wireless device). Alternatively, or additionally, con-figuring a radio node, e.g., by a network node or other device, may include receivingconfiguration data and / or data pertaining to configuration data, e.g., from another nodelike a network node, which may be a higher-level node of the network, and / or transmitting 2410received configuration data to the radio node. Accordingly, determining a configurationand transmitting the configuration data to the radio node may be performed by differentnetwork nodes or entities, which may be able to communicate via a suitable interface, e.g.,an X2 interface in the case of LTE or a corresponding interface for NR. Configuring aterminal may comprise scheduling downlink and / or uplink transmissions for the terminal, 2415e.g. downlink data and / or downlink control signalling and / or DCI and / or uplink controlor data or communication signalling, in particular acknowledgement signalling, and / orconfiguring resources and / or a resource pool therefor.A resource structure may be considered to be neighboured in frequency domain by an-other resource structure, if they share a common border frequency, e.g. one as an upper 2420frequency border and the other as a lower frequency border. Such a border may for ex-ample be represented by the upper end of a bandwidth assigned to a subcarrier n, whichalso represents the lower end of a bandwidth assigned to a subcarrier n+1. A resourceP107942WO01 67 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingstructure may be considered to be neighboured in time domain by another resource struc-ture, if they share a common border time, e.g. one as an upper (or right in the figures) 2425border and the other as a lower (or left in the figures) border. Such a border may forexample be represented by the end of the symbol time interval assigned to a symbol n,which also represents the beginning of a symbol time interval assigned to a symbol n+1.Generally, a resource structure being neighboured by another resource structure in adomain may also be referred to as abutting and / or bordering the other resource structure 2430in the domain.A resource structure may general represent a structure in time and / or frequency domain,in particular representing a time interval and a frequency interval. A resource structuremay comprise and / or be comprised of resource elements, and / or the time interval of aresource structure may comprise and / or be comprised of symbol time interval / s, and / or 2435the frequency interval of a resource structure may comprise and / or be comprised of sub-carrier / s. A resource element may be considered an example for a resource structure, aslot or mini-slot or a Physical Resource Block (PRB) or parts thereof may be consideredothers. A resource structure may be associated to a specific channel, e.g. a PUSCH orPUCCH, in particular resource structure smaller than a slot or PRB. 2440Examples of a resource structure in frequency domain comprise a bandwidth or band, ora bandwidth part. A bandwidth part may be a part of a bandwidth available for a radionode for communicating, e.g. due to circuitry and / or configuration and / or regulationsand / or a standard. A bandwidth part may be configured or configurable to a radionode. In some variants, a bandwidth part may be the part of a bandwidth used for 2445communicating, e.g. transmitting and / or receiving, by a radio node. The bandwidthpart may be smaller than the bandwidth (which may be a device bandwidth defined bythe circuitry / configuration of a device, and / or a system bandwidth, e.g. available for aRAN). It may be considered that a bandwidth part comprises one or more resource blocksor resource block groups, in particular one or more PRBs or PRB groups. A bandwidth 2450part may pertain to, and / or comprise, one or more carriers.A carrier may generally represent a frequency range or band and / or pertain to a centralfrequency and an associated frequency interval. It may be considered that a carrier com-prises a plurality of subcarriers. A carrier may have assigned to it a central frequency orcenter frequency interval, e.g. represented by one or more subcarriers (to each subcarrier 2455there may be generally assigned a frequency bandwidth or interval). Different carriersmay be non-overlapping, and / or may be neighbouring in frequency domain.It should be noted that the term “radio” in this disclosure may be considered to pertain toP107942WO01 68 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingwireless communication in general, and may also include wireless communication utilisingmillimeter waves, in particular above one of the thresholds 10 GHz or 20 GHz or 50 GHz or 246052 GHz or 52.6 GHz or 60 GHz or 72 GHz or 100 GHz or 114 GHz. Such communicationmay utilise one or more carriers, e.g. in FDD and / or carrier aggregation. Upper frequencyboundaries may correspond to 300 GHz or 200 GHz or 120 GHz or any of the thresholdslarger than the one representing the lower frequency boundary.A radio node, in particular a network node or a terminal, may generally be any device 2465adapted for transmitting and / or receiving radio and / or wireless signals and / or data, inparticular communication data, in particular on at least one carrier. The at least onecarrier may comprise a carrier accessed based on an LBT procedure (which may be calledLBT carrier), e.g., an unlicensed carrier. It may be considered that the carrier is part ofa carrier aggregate. 2470Receiving or transmitting on a cell or carrier may refer to receiving or transmitting utiliz-ing a frequency (band) or spectrum associated to the cell or carrier. A cell may generallycomprise and / or be defined by or for one or more carriers, in particular at least one car-rier for UL communication / transmission (called UL carrier) and at least one carrier forDL communication / transmission (called DL carrier). It may be considered that a cell 2475comprises different numbers of UL carriers and DL carriers. Alternatively, or addition-ally, a cell may comprise at least one carrier for UL communication / transmission and DLcommunication / transmission, e.g., in TDD-based approaches.A channel may generally be a logical, transport or physical channel. A channel may com-prise and / or be arranged on one or more carriers, in particular a plurality of subcarriers. 2480A channel carrying and / or for carrying control signalling / control information may be con-sidered a control channel, in particular if it is a physical layer channel and / or if it carriescontrol plane information. Analogously, a channel carrying and / or for carrying data sig-nalling / user information may be considered a data channel, in particular if it is a physicallayer channel and / or if it carries user plane information. A channel may be defined for 2485a specific communication direction, or for two complementary communication directions(e.g., UL and DL, or sidelink in two directions), in which case it may be considered tohave two component channels, one for each direction. Examples of channels comprise achannel for low latency and / or high reliability transmission, in particular a channel forUltra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC), which may be for control and / or 2490data.In general, a symbol may represent and / or be associated to a symbol time length, whichmay be dependent on the carrier and / or subcarrier spacing and / or numerology of theassociated carrier. Accordingly, a symbol may be considered to indicate a time intervalP107942WO01 69 / 83Joint Communication and Sensinghaving a symbol time length in relation to frequency domain. A symbol time length 2495may be dependent on a carrier frequency and / or bandwidth and / or numerology and / orsubcarrier spacing of, or associated to, a symbol. Accordingly, different symbols mayhave different symbol time lengths. In particular, numerologies with different subcarrierspacings may have different symbol time length. Generally, a symbol time length may bebased on, and / or include, a guard time interval or cyclic extension, e.g. prefix or postfix. 2500A sidelink may generally represent a communication channel (or channel structure) be-tween two UEs and / or terminals, in which data is transmitted between the participants(UEs and / or terminals) via the communication channel, e.g. directly and / or withoutbeing relayed via a network node. A sidelink may be established only and / or directly viaair interface / s of the participant, which may be directly linked via the sidelink commu- 2505nication channel. In some variants, sidelink communication may be performed withoutinteraction by a network node, e.g. on fixedly defined resources and / or on resources ne-gotiated between the participants. Alternatively, or additionally, it may be consideredthat a network node provides some control functionality, e.g. by configuring resources, inparticular one or more resource pool / s, for sidelink communication, and / or monitoring a 2510sidelink, e.g. for charging purposes.Sidelink communication may also be referred to as device-to-device (D2D) communication,and / or in some cases as ProSe (Proximity Services) communication, e.g. in the contextof LTE. A sidelink may be implemented in the context of V2x communication (Vehicularcommunication), e.g. V2V (Vehicle-to-Vehicle), V2I (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure) and / or 2515V2P (Vehicle-to-Person). Any device adapted for sidelink communication may be consid-ered a user equipment or terminal.A sidelink communication channel (or structure) may comprise one or more (e.g., physicalor logical) channels, e.g. a PSCCH (Physical Sidelink Control CHannel, which may forexample carry control information like an acknowledgement position indication, and / or 2520a PSSCH (Physical Sidelink Shared CHannel, which for example may carry data and / oracknowledgement signalling). It may be considered that a sidelink communication channel(or structure) pertains to and / or used one or more carrier / s and / or frequency range / sassociated to, and / or being used by, cellular communication, e.g. according to a specificlicense and / or standard. Participants may share a (physical) channel and / or resources, 2525in particular in frequency domain and / or related to a frequency resource like a carrier)of a sidelink, such that two or more participants transmit thereon, e.g. simultaneously,and / or time-shifted, and / or there may be associated specific channels and / or resourcesto specific participants, so that for example only one participant transmits on a specificchannel or on a specific resource or specific resources, e.g., in frequency domain and / or 2530P107942WO01 70 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingrelated to one or more carriers or subcarriers.A sidelink may comply with, and / or be implemented according to, a specific standard,e.g. an LTE-based standard and / or NR. A sidelink may utilise TDD (Time DivisionDuplex) and / or FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) technology, e.g. as configured by anetwork node, and / or preconfigured and / or negotiated between the participants. A user 2535equipment may be considered to be adapted for sidelink communication if it, and / or itsradio circuitry and / or processing circuitry, is adapted for utilising a sidelink, e.g. on oneor more frequency ranges and / or carriers and / or in one or more formats, in particularaccording to a specific standard. It may be generally considered that a Radio AccessNetwork is defined by two participants of a sidelink communication. Alternatively, or 2540additionally, a Radio Access Network may be represented, and / or defined with, and / orbe related to a network node and / or communication with such a node.Communication or communicating may generally comprise transmitting and / or receiv-ing signalling. Communication on a sidelink (or sidelink signalling) may comprise util-ising the sidelink for communication (respectively, for signalling). Sidelink transmission 2545and / or transmitting on a sidelink may be considered to comprise transmission utilising thesidelink, e.g. associated resources and / or transmission formats and / or circuitry and / orthe air interface. Sidelink reception and / or receiving on a sidelink may be consideredto comprise reception utilising the sidelink, e.g. associated resources and / or transmis-sion formats and / or circuitry and / or the air interface. Sidelink control information (e.g., 2550SCI) may generally be considered to comprise control information transmitted utilising asidelink.Generally, carrier aggregation (CA) may refer to the concept of a radio connection and / orcommunication link between a wireless and / or cellular communication network and / ornetwork node and a terminal or on a sidelink comprising a plurality of carriers for at least 2555one direction of transmission (e.g. DL and / or UL), as well as to the aggregate of carriers.A corresponding communication link may be referred to as carrier aggregated communi-cation link or CA communication link; carriers in a carrier aggregate may be referred toas component carriers (CC). In such a link, data may be transmitted over more than oneof the carriers and / or all the carriers of the carrier aggregation (the aggregate of carri- 2560ers). A carrier aggregation may comprise one (or more) dedicated control carriers and / orprimary carriers (which may e.g. be referred to as primary component carrier or PCC),over which control information may be transmitted, wherein the control information mayrefer to the primary carrier and other carriers, which may be referred to as secondarycarriers (or secondary component carrier, SCC). However, in some approaches, control 2565information may be sent over more than one carrier of an aggregate, e.g. one or moreP107942WO01 71 / 83Joint Communication and SensingPCCs and one PCC and one or more SCCs.A transmission may generally pertain to a specific channel and / or specific resources,in particular with a starting symbol and ending symbol in time, covering the intervaltherebetween. A scheduled transmission may be a transmission scheduled and / or expected 2570and / or for which resources are scheduled or provided or reserved. However, not everyscheduled transmission has to be realized. For example, a scheduled downlink transmissionmay not be received, or a scheduled uplink transmission may not be transmitted due topower limitations, or other influences (e.g., a channel on an unlicensed carrier beingoccupied). A transmission may be scheduled for a transmission timing substructure (e.g., 2575a mini-slot, and / or covering only a part of a transmission timing structure) within atransmission timing structure like a slot. A border symbol may be indicative of a symbolin the transmission timing structure at which the transmission starts or ends.Predefined in the context of this disclosure may refer to the related information beingdefined for example in a standard, and / or being available without specific configuration 2580from a network or network node, e.g. stored in memory, for example independent of beingconfigured. Configured or configurable may be considered to pertain to the correspondinginformation being set / configured, e.g. by the network or a network node.A configuration or schedule, like a mini-slot configuration and / or structure configuration,may schedule transmissions, e.g. for the time / transmissions it is valid, and / or transmis- 2585sions may be scheduled by separate signalling or separate configuration, e.g. separate RRCsignalling and / or downlink control information signalling. The transmission / s scheduledmay represent signalling to be transmitted by the device for which it is scheduled, orsignalling to be received by the device for which it is scheduled, depending on which sideof a communication the device is. It should be noted that downlink control information 2590or specifically DCI signalling may be considered physical layer signalling, in contrast tohigher layer signalling like MAC (Medium Access Control) signalling or RRC layer sig-nalling. The higher the layer of signalling is, the less frequent / the more time / resourceconsuming it may be considered, at least partially due to the information contained in suchsignalling having to be passed on through several layers, each layer requiring processing 2595and handling.A scheduled transmission, and / or transmission timing structure like a mini-slot or slot,may pertain to a specific channel, in particular a physical uplink shared channel, a physicaluplink control channel, or a physical downlink shared channel, e.g. PUSCH, PUCCH orPDSCH, and / or may pertain to a specific cell and / or carrier aggregation. A correspond- 2600ing configuration, e.g. scheduling configuration or symbol configuration may pertain tosuch channel, cell and / or carrier aggregation. It may be considered that the scheduledP107942WO01 72 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingtransmission represents transmission on a physical channel, in particular a shared phys-ical channel, for example a physical uplink shared channel or physical downlink sharedchannel. For such channels, semi-persistent configuring may be particularly suitable. 2605Generally, a configuration may be a configuration indicating timing, and / or be representedor configured with corresponding configuration data. A configuration may be embeddedin, and / or comprised in, a message or configuration or corresponding data, which mayindicate and / or schedule resources, in particular semi-persistently and / or semi-statically.A control region of a transmission timing structure may be an interval in time and / or 2610frequency domain for intended or scheduled or reserved for control signalling, in particulardownlink control signalling, and / or for a specific control channel, e.g. a physical downlinkcontrol channel like PDCCH. The interval may comprise, and / or consist of, a number ofsymbols in time, which may be configured or configurable, e.g. by (UE-specific) dedicatedsignalling (which may be single-cast, for example addressed to or intended for a specific 2615UE), e.g. on a PDCCH, or RRC signalling, or on a multicast or broadcast channel.In general, the transmission timing structure may comprise a control region covering aconfigurable number of symbols. It may be considered that in general the border symbol isconfigured to be after the control region in time. A control region may be associated, e.g.via configuration and / or determination, to one or more specific UEs and / or formats of 2620PDCCH and / or DCI and / or identifiers, e.g. UE identifiers and / or RNTIs or carrier / cellidentifiers, and / or be represented and / or associated to a CORESET and / or a searchspace.The duration of a symbol (symbol time length or interval) of the transmission timingstructure may generally be dependent on a numerology and / or carrier, wherein the nu- 2625merology and / or carrier may be configurable. The numerology may be the numerologyto be used for the scheduled transmission.A transmission timing structure may comprise a plurality of symbols, and / or define aninterval comprising several symbols (respectively their associated time intervals). In thecontext of this disclosure, it should be noted that a reference to a symbol for ease of ref- 2630erence may be interpreted to refer to the time domain projection or time interval or timecomponent or duration or length in time of the symbol, unless it is clear from the contextthat the frequency domain component also has to be considered. Examples of transmis-sion timing structures include slot, subframe, mini-slot (which also may be considered asubstructure of a slot), slot aggregation (which may comprise a plurality of slots and may 2635be considered a superstructure of a slot), respectively their time domain component. Atransmission timing structure may generally comprise a plurality of symbols defining thetime domain extension (e.g., interval or length or duration) of the transmission timingP107942WO01 73 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingstructure, and arranged neighboring to each other in a numbered sequence. A timingstructure (which may also be considered or implemented as synchronisation structure) 2640may be defined by a succession of such transmission timing structures, which may forexample define a timing grid with symbols representing the smallest grid structures. Atransmission timing structure, and / or a border symbol or a scheduled transmission maybe determined or scheduled in relation to such a timing grid. A transmission timingstructure of reception may be the transmission timing structure in which the scheduling 2645control signalling is received, e.g. in relation to the timing grid. A transmission timingstructure may in particular be a slot or subframe or in some cases, a mini-slot.Feedback signalling may be considered a form or control signalling, e.g. uplink or sidelinkcontrol signalling, like UCI (Uplink Control Information) signalling or SCI (Sidelink Con-trol Information) signalling. Feedback signalling may in particular comprise and / or rep- 2650resent acknowledgement signalling and / or acknowledgement information and / or measure-ment reporting.signalling utilising, and / or on and / or associated to, resources or a resource structure maybe signalling covering the resources or structure, signalling on the associated frequency / iesand / or in the associated time interval / s. It may be considered that a signalling resource 2655structure comprises and / or encompasses one or more substructures, which may be as-sociated to one or more different channels and / or types of signalling and / or compriseone or more holes (resource element / s not scheduled for transmissions or reception oftransmissions). A resource substructure, e.g. a feedback resource structure, may gener-ally be continuous in time and / or frequency, within the associated intervals. It may be 2660considered that a substructure, in particular a feedback resource structure, represents arectangle filled with one or more resource elements in time / frequency space. However,in some cases, a resource structure or substructure, in particular a frequency resourcerange, may represent a non-continuous pattern of resources in one or more domains, e.g.time and / or frequency. The resource elements of a substructure may be scheduled for 2665associated signalling.Example types of signalling comprise signalling of a specific communication direction, inparticular, uplink signalling, downlink signalling, sidelink signalling, as well as referencesignalling (e.g., SRS or CRS or CSI-RS), communication signalling, control signalling,and / or signalling associated to a specific channel like PUSCH, PDSCH, PUCCH, PDCCH, 2670PSCCH, PSSCH, etc.).In the context of this disclosure, there may be distinguished between dynamically sched-uled or aperiodic transmission and / or configuration, and semi-static or semi-persistent orperiodic transmission and / or configuration. The term “dynamic” or similar terms mayP107942WO01 74 / 83Joint Communication and Sensinggenerally pertain to configuration / transmission valid and / or scheduled and / or configured 2675for (relatively) short timescales and / or a (e.g., predefined and / or configured and / or lim-ited and / or definite) number of occurrences and / or transmission timing structures, e.g.one or more transmission timing structures like slots or slot aggregations, and / or for oneor more (e.g., specific number) of transmission / occurrences. Dynamic configuration maybe based on low-level signalling, e.g. control signalling on the physical layer and / or MAC 2680layer, in particular in the form of DCI or SCI. Periodic / semi-static may pertain to longertimescales, e.g. several slots and / or more than one frame, and / or a non-defined numberof occurrences, e.g., until a dynamic configuration contradicts, or until a new periodicconfiguration arrives. A periodic or semi-static configuration may be based on, and / or beconfigured with, higher-layer signalling, in particular RCL layer signalling and / or RRC 2685signalling and / or MAC signalling.In this disclosure, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are setforth (such as particular network functions, processes and signalling steps) in order toprovide a thorough understanding of the technique presented herein. It will be apparentto one skilled in the art that the present concepts and aspects may be practised in other 2690variants and variants that depart from these specific details.For example, the concepts and variants are partially described in the context of LongTerm Evolution (LTE) or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) or New Radio mobile or wireless com-munications technologies; however, this does not rule out the use of the present conceptsand aspects in connection with additional or alternative mobile communication technolo- 2695gies such as the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) or IEEE standards asIEEE 802.11ad or IEEE 802.11 ay. While described variants may pertain to certain Tech-nical Specifications (TSs) of the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), it will beappreciated that the present approaches, concepts and aspects could also be realized inconnection with different Performance Management (PM) specifications. 2700Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the services, functions and stepsexplained herein may be implemented using software functioning in conjunction with aprogrammed microprocessor, or using an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC),a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or generalpurpose computer. It will also be appreciated that while the variants described herein 2705are elucidated in the context of methods and devices, the concepts and aspects presentedherein may also be embodied in a program product as well as in a system comprisingcontrol circuitry, e.g. a computer processor and a memory coupled to the processor,wherein the memory is encoded with one or more programs or program products thatexecute the services, functions and steps disclosed herein. 2710P107942WO01 75 / 83Joint Communication and SensingIt is believed that the advantages of the aspects and variants presented herein will be fullyunderstood from the foregoing description, and it will be apparent that various changesmay be made in the form, constructions and arrangement of the exemplary aspects thereofwithout departing from the scope of the concepts and aspects described herein or withoutsacrificing all of its advantageous effects. The aspects presented herein can be varied inmany ways.P107942WO01 76 / 83Joint Communication and SensingSome useful abbreviations compriseAbbreviation ExplanationABF Analog beamformer, fanout to antenna+beamformingACK / NACK Acknowledgment / Negative AcknowledgementAnt AntennaARQ Automatic Repeat reQuestBB BaseBandBeamindex IF beamindex interfaceBER Bit Error RateBI Beam IndexBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBWP BandWidth PartCAZAC Constant Amplitude Zero Cross CorrelationCB Code BlockCBB Code Block BundleCBG Code Block GroupCDM Code Division MultiplexCM Cubic MetricComm RXBB communication receiver basebandCORESET Control Resource SetCP Cyclic PrefixCP rem CP removalCPI Coherent Processing IntervalCQI Channel Quality InformationCRC Cyclic Redundancy CheckCRS Common reference signalCSI Channel State InformationCSI-RS Channel state information reference signalDAI Downlink Assignment IndicatorDCI Downlink Control InformationDFE Digital FrontendDFT Discrete Fourier TransformDFTS-FDM DFT-spread-FDMDM(-)RS Demodulation reference signal(ing)eMBB enhanced Mobile BroadBandFDD Frequency Division DuplexP107942WO01 77 / 83Joint Communication and SensingFDE Frequency Domain EqualisationFDF Frequency Domain FilteringFDM Frequency Division MultiplexFFT Fast Fourier TransformGPIO General Purpose Input OutputHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat RequestIAB Integrated Access and BackhaulICAS Integrated Communication and SensingIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIm Imaginary part, e.g. for pi / 2*BPSK modulationIR Impulse ResponseISI Inter Symbol InterferenceJCAS Joint Communication and SensingMBB Mobile BroadbandMCS Modulation and Coding SchemeMIMO Multiple-input-multiple-outputMRC Maximum-ratio combiningMRT Maximum-ratio transmissionMU-MIMO Multiuser multiple-input-multiple-outputOFDM / A Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex / Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPLL Phase-Locked LoopPRACH Physical Random Access CHannelPRB Physical Resource BlockPUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel(P)SCCH (Physical) Sidelink Control ChannelPSS Primary Synchronisation Signal(ing)PT-RS Phase Tracking Reference signalling(P)SSCH (Physical) Sidelink Shared ChannelQAM Quadrature Amplitude ModulationOCC Orthogonal Cover CodeQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingPSD Power Spectral DensityRAN Radio Access NetworkRAT Radio Access TechnologyP107942WO01 78 / 83Joint Communication and SensingRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRe Real part (e.g., for pi / 2*BPSK) modulationRF Radio FrequencyRLC Radio Link ControlRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierRRC Radio Resource ControlRX Receiver, Reception, Reception-related / sideSA Scheduling AssignmentSC-FDE Single Carrier Frequency Domain EqualisationSC-FDM / A Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiplex / Multiple AccessSCI Sidelink Control InformationSINR Signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratioSIR Signal-to-interference ratioSNR Signal-to-noise-ratioSPI Serial to Parallel InterfaceSR Scheduling RequestSRS Sounding Reference Signal(ing)SSS Secondary Synchronisation Signal(ing)SVD Singular-value decompositionTB Transport BlockTDD Time Division DuplexTDM Time Division MultiplexToF Time Of FlightT-RS Tracking Reference signalling or Timing Reference signallingTX Transmitter, Transmission, Transmission-related / sideUCI Uplink Control InformationUDC Up-Down Converter, mixing from BB¡-¿RFUE User EquipmentURLLC Ultra Low Latency High Reliability CommunicationVCO Voltage Controlled OscillatorVL-MIMO Very-large multiple-input-multiple-outputWD Wireless DeviceWfg Waveform GeneratorZC Zadoff-ChuZF Zero ForcingZP Zero-Power, e.g. muted CSI-RS symbolP107942WO01 79 / 83Joint Communication and SensingAbbreviations may be considered to follow 3GPP usage if applicable.P107942WO01 80 / 83

Claims

1. Joint Communication and SensingCLAIMS1. Method of operating a radio node in a wireless communication network,the radio node being adapted for operating in an oscillator mode, wherein the oscillatormode is one of a set of oscillator modes, the set of oscillator modes comprising a firstoscillator mode and a second oscillator mode;the radio node further being adapted for operating in an operation mode, wherein theoperation mode is one of a set of operation modes, the set of operation modes comprisinga sensing mode and a communication mode;wherein the method comprising switching the oscillator mode according to the operationmode, or vice versa.

2. Radio node for a wireless communication network,the radio node being adapted for operating in an oscillator mode, wherein the oscillatormode is one of a set of oscillator modes, the set of oscillator modes comprising a firstoscillator mode and a second oscillator mode;the radio node further being adapted for operating in an operation mode, wherein theoperation mode is one of a set of operation modes, the set of operation modes comprisinga sensing mode and a communication mode;wherein the radio node is adapted for switching the oscillator mode according to theoperation mode, or vice versa.

3. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, switching the oscillatormode according to the operation mode is based on switching the operation mode, and / orswitching the operation mode according to the oscillator mode is based on switching theoscillator mode.

4. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the first oscillatormode is associated to operation of a first oscillator, and wherein the second oscillatormode is associated to operation of a second oscillator, wherein the first oscillator may bedifferent from the second oscillator, or the first oscillator may be the same as the secondoscillator.

5. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein switching theoscillator mode is based on received signalling, e.g., an oscillator operation indication.

6. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the radio node isP107942WO01 81 / 83Joint Communication and Sensingadapted for transmitting a capability indication.

7. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the first oscillatornode and the second oscillator mode differ in terms of frequency stability and / or phasestability and / or phase coherence and / or power demand.

8. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein switching is basedon and / or comprises utilising different circuity, and / or changing supply voltage, and / oractivating phase coherence maintaining.

9. Program product comprising instructions causing processing circuitry to control and / orperform a method according to one of claims 1, 3, or 5 to 8.

10. Carrier medium arrangement carrying and / or storing a program product accordingto claim 9.P107942WO01 82 / 83

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