Collaborative artificial intelligence (AL) learning groups in new radio (NR) environments

Abstract

In an aspect, a user equipment (UE) may receive collaborative learning group information corresponding to different collaborative learning groups. The UE may receive artificial intelligence (AI) model information corresponding to different AI models associated with performing wireless operations at the UE, wherein each AI model of the different AI models is associated with at least one collaborative learning group of the different collaborative learning groups. The UE may perform, based on the UE being associated with a given collaborative learning group, wireless operations based on a given AI model associated with the given collaborative learning group.

Description

Qualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 1 COLLABORATIVE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) LEARNING GROUPS IN NEW RADIO (NR) ENVIRONMENTS TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] Aspects of the disclosure relate generally to wireless technologies. BACKGROUND

[0002] Wireless communication systems have developed through various generations, including a first-generation analog wireless phone service (1G), a second-generation (2G) digital wireless phone service (including interim 2.5G and 2.75G networks), a third-generation (3G) high speed data, Internet-capable wireless service and a fourth-generation (4G) service (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE) or WiMax). There are presently many different types of wireless communication systems in use, including cellular and personal communications service (PCS) systems. Examples of known cellular systems include the cellular analog advanced mobile phone system (AMPS), and digital cellular systems based on code division multiple access (CDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), etc.

[0003] A fifth generation (5G) wireless standard, referred to as New Radio (NR), enables higher data transfer speeds, greater numbers of connections, and better coverage, among other improvements. The 5G standard, according to the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance, is designed to provide higher data rates as compared to previous standards, more accurate positioning (e.g., based on reference signals for positioning (RS-P), such as downlink, uplink, or sidelink positioning reference signals (PRS)), radio frequency (RF) sensing, and other technical enhancements. These enhancements, as well as the use of higher frequency bands, advances in PRS processes and technology, and high-density deployments for 5G, enable highly accurate 5G-based sensing and positioning. SUMMARY

[0004] The following presents a simplified summary relating to one or more aspects disclosed herein. Thus, the following summary should not be considered an extensive overview relating to all contemplated aspects, nor should the following summary be considered to 1 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 2 identify key or critical elements relating to all contemplated aspects or to delineate the scope associated with any particular aspect. Accordingly, the following summary has the sole purpose to present certain concepts relating to one or more aspects relating to the mechanisms disclosed herein in a simplified form to precede the detailed description presented below.

[0005] In an aspect, a method of wireless communication performed by a user equipment (UE) includes receiving collaborative learning group information corresponding to different collaborative learning groups; receiving artificial intelligence (AI) model information corresponding to different AI models associated with performing wireless operations at the UE, wherein each AI model of the different AI models is associated with at least one collaborative learning group of the different collaborative learning groups; and performing, based on the UE being associated with a given collaborative learning group, wireless operations based on a given AI model associated with the given collaborative learning group.

[0006] In an aspect, a method of wireless communication performed by a network node includes transmitting, to a plurality of user equipments (UEs), information relating to different collaborative learning groups; and transmitting, to the plurality of UEs, artificial intelligence (AI) model information corresponding to different AI models associated with performing wireless operations at the plurality of UEs, wherein each AI model of the different AI models is associated with at least one collaborative learning group of the different collaborative learning groups.

[0007] Other objects and advantages associated with the aspects disclosed herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on the accompanying drawings and detailed description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0008] The accompanying drawings are presented to aid in the description of various aspects of the disclosure and are provided solely for illustration of the aspects and not limitation thereof.

[0009] FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless communications system, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0010] FIGS.2A, 2B, and 2C illustrate example wireless network structures, according to aspects of the disclosure. 2 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO

[0011] FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C are simplified block diagrams of several sample aspects of components that may be employed in a user equipment (UE), a base station, and a network entity, respectively, and configured to support communications as taught herein.

[0012] FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example frame structure, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0013] FIG.5 depicts a collaborative learning scenario, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0014] FIG.6 shows an example collaborative learning environment, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0015] FIG. 7 shows an example collaborative learning group scenario having corresponding collaborative learning subgroups, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0016] FIG. 8 illustrates a collaborative learning group scenario depicting examples of various classifications for inter-collaborative learning group mobility, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0017] FIG. 9 is a table showing the mobility classifications associated with movement of the UE between the various collaborative learning groups shown in FIG.8 and the AI model attributes that may be communicated to the UE by the network, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0018] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a collaborative learning group environment implemented in a device-to-device scenario, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0019] FIG. 11 illustrates an example method of wireless communication performed by a UE, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0020] FIG. 12 illustrates an example method of wireless communication performed by a network node, according to aspects of the disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0021] Aspects of the disclosure are provided in the following description and related drawings directed to various examples provided for illustration purposes. Alternate aspects may be devised without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Additionally, well-known elements of the disclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of the disclosure. 3 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 4

[0022] Various aspects relate generally to the use of artificial intelligence (AI) models by a user equipment (UE) in new radio (NR) environments. Some aspects more specifically relate to the use, implementation, and updating of AI models, where the AI models are associated with collaborative learning groups. In some examples, the AI models employed by the UEs depend on the collaborative learning group with which the UE is associated. In some examples, the UEs associated with a collaborative learning group gather data to train the local AI models employed at the UEs. The UEs may provide the network with updated AI parameters for the AI models obtained through such local training without sharing the underlying data. In some examples, the network may use the updated AI parameters received from multiple UEs to update its global AI models.

[0023] Particular aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, by associating different AI models with different collaborative learning groups, the described techniques can be used to identify AI models that are specified for a given collaborative learning group. In some examples, the network aggregates updated AI parameters received from the UEs in a collaborative learning group to update the global AI parameters for the AI models. The network provides the updated AI parameters to UEs associated with the collaborative learning group.

[0024] The words “exemplary” and / or “example” are used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” and / or “example” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Likewise, the term “aspects of the disclosure” does not require that all aspects of the disclosure include the discussed feature, advantage or mode of operation.

[0025] Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the information and signals described below may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description below may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof, depending in part on the particular application, in part on the desired design, in part on the corresponding technology, etc.

[0026] Further, many aspects are described in terms of sequences of actions to be performed by, for example, elements of a computing device. It will be recognized that various actions 4 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO described herein can be performed by specific circuits (e.g., application specific integrated circuits (ASICs)), by program instructions being executed by one or more processors, or by a combination of both. Additionally, the sequence(s) of actions described herein can be considered to be embodied entirely within any form of non- transitory computer-readable storage medium having stored therein a corresponding set of computer instructions that, upon execution, would cause or instruct an associated processor of a device to perform the functionality described herein. Thus, the various aspects of the disclosure may be embodied in a number of different forms, all of which have been contemplated to be within the scope of the claimed subject matter. In addition, for each of the aspects described herein, the corresponding form of any such aspects may be described herein as, for example, “logic configured to” perform the described action.

[0027] As used herein, the terms “user equipment” (UE) and “base station” are not intended to be specific or otherwise limited to any particular radio access technology (RAT), unless otherwise noted. In general, a UE may be any wireless communication device (e.g., a mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, consumer asset locating device, wearable (e.g., smartwatch, glasses, augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality (VR) headset, etc.), vehicle (e.g., automobile, motorcycle, bicycle, etc.), Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc.) used by a user to communicate over a wireless communications network. A UE may be mobile or may (e.g., at certain times) be stationary, and may communicate with a radio access network (RAN). As used herein, the term “UE” may be referred to interchangeably as an “access terminal” or “AT,” a “client device,” a “wireless device,” a “subscriber device,” a “subscriber terminal,” a “subscriber station,” a “user terminal” or “UT,” a “mobile device,” a “mobile terminal,” a “mobile station,” or variations thereof. Generally, UEs can communicate with a core network via a RAN, and through the core network the UEs can be connected with external networks such as the Internet and with other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms of connecting to the core network and / or the Internet are also possible for the UEs, such as over wired access networks, wireless local area network (WLAN) networks (e.g., based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 specification, etc.) and so on.

[0028] A base station may operate according to one of several RATs in communication with UEs depending on the network in which it is deployed, and may be alternatively referred to as an access point (AP), a network node, a NodeB, an evolved NodeB (eNB), a next 5 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO generation eNB (ng-eNB), a New Radio (NR) Node B (also referred to as a gNB or gNodeB), etc. A base station may be used primarily to support wireless access by UEs, including supporting data, voice, and / or signaling connections for the supported UEs. In some systems a base station may provide purely edge node signaling functions while in other systems it may provide additional control and / or network management functions. A communication link through which UEs can send signals to a base station is called an uplink (UL) channel (e.g., a reverse traffic channel, a reverse control channel, an access channel, etc.). A communication link through which the base station can send signals to UEs is called a downlink (DL) or forward link channel (e.g., a paging channel, a control channel, a broadcast channel, a forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein the term traffic channel (TCH) can refer to either an uplink / reverse or downlink / forward traffic channel.

[0029] The term “base station” may refer to a single physical transmission-reception point (TRP) or to multiple physical TRPs that may or may not be co-located. For example, where the term “base station” refers to a single physical TRP, the physical TRP may be an antenna of the base station corresponding to a cell (or several cell sectors) of the base station. Where the term “base station” refers to multiple co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be an array of antennas (e.g., as in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system or where the base station employs beamforming) of the base station. Where the term “base station” refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected to a common source via a transport medium) or a remote radio head (RRH) (a remote base station connected to a serving base station). Alternatively, the non-co-located physical TRPs may be the serving base station receiving the measurement report from the UE and a neighbor base station whose reference radio frequency (RF) signals the UE is measuring. Because a TRP is the point from which a base station transmits and receives wireless signals, as used herein, references to transmission from or reception at a base station are to be understood as referring to a particular TRP of the base station.

[0030] In some implementations that support positioning of UEs, a base station may not support wireless access by UEs (e.g., may not support data, voice, and / or signaling connections for UEs), but may instead transmit reference signals to UEs to be measured by the UEs, and / or may receive and measure signals transmitted by the UEs. Such a base station may 6 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 7 be referred to as a positioning beacon (e.g., when transmitting signals to UEs) and / or as a location measurement unit (e.g., when receiving and measuring signals from UEs).

[0031] An “RF signal” comprises an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency that transports information through the space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may transmit a single “RF signal” or multiple “RF signals” to a receiver. However, the receiver may receive multiple “RF signals” corresponding to each transmitted RF signal due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels. The same transmitted RF signal on different paths between the transmitter and receiver may be referred to as a “multipath” RF signal. As used herein, an RF signal may also be referred to as a “wireless signal” or simply a “signal” where it is clear from the context that the term “signal” refers to a wireless signal or an RF signal.

[0032] FIG.1 illustrates an example wireless communications system 100, according to aspects of the disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 (which may also be referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) may include various base stations 102 (labeled “BS”) and various UEs 104. The base stations 102 may include macro cell base stations (high power cellular base stations) and / or small cell base stations (low power cellular base stations). In an aspect, the macro cell base stations may include eNBs and / or ng-eNBs where the wireless communications system 100 corresponds to an LTE network, or gNBs where the wireless communications system 100 corresponds to a NR network, or a combination of both, and the small cell base stations may include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc.

[0033] The base stations 102 may collectively form a RAN and interface with a core network 170 (e.g., an evolved packet core (EPC) or a 5G core (5GC)) through backhaul links 122, and through the core network 170 to one or more location servers 172 (e.g., a location management function (LMF) or a secure user plane location (SUPL) location platform (SLP)). The location server(s) 172 may be part of core network 170 or may be external to core network 170. A location server 172 may be integrated with a base station 102. A UE 104 may communicate with a location server 172 directly or indirectly. For example, a UE 104 may communicate with a location server 172 via the base station 102 that is currently serving that UE 104. A UE 104 may also communicate with a location server 172 through another path, such as via an application server (not shown), via another network, such as via a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) (e.g., AP 7 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 150 described below), and so on. For signaling purposes, communication between a UE 104 and a location server 172 may be represented as an indirect connection (e.g., through the core network 170, etc.) or a direct connection (e.g., as shown via direct connection 128), with the intervening nodes (if any) omitted from a signaling diagram for clarity.

[0034] In addition to other functions, the base stations 102 may perform functions that relate to one or more of transferring user data, radio channel ciphering and deciphering, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment trace, RAN information management (RIM), paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations 102 may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC / 5GC) over backhaul links 134, which may be wired or wireless.

[0035] The base stations 102 may wirelessly communicate with the UEs 104. Each of the base stations 102 may provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 110. In an aspect, one or more cells may be supported by a base station 102 in each geographic coverage area 110. A “cell” is a logical communication entity used for communication with a base station (e.g., over some frequency resource, referred to as a carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, band, or the like), and may be associated with an identifier (e.g., a physical cell identifier (PCI), an enhanced cell identifier (ECI), a virtual cell identifier (VCI), a cell global identifier (CGI), etc.) for distinguishing cells operating via the same or a different carrier frequency. In some cases, different cells may be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., machine-type communication (MTC), narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), or others) that may provide access for different types of UEs. Because a cell is supported by a specific base station, the term “cell” may refer to either or both of the logical communication entity and the base station that supports it, depending on the context. In addition, because a TRP is typically the physical transmission point of a cell, the terms “cell” and “TRP” may be used interchangeably. In some cases, the term “cell” may also refer to a geographic coverage area of a base station (e.g., a sector), insofar as a carrier frequency 8 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 9 can be detected and used for communication within some portion of geographic coverage areas 110.

[0036] While neighboring macro cell base station 102 geographic coverage areas 110 may partially overlap (e.g., in a handover region), some of the geographic coverage areas 110 may be substantially overlapped by a larger geographic coverage area 110. For example, a small cell base station 102' (labeled “SC” for “small cell”) may have a geographic coverage area 110' that substantially overlaps with the geographic coverage area 110 of one or more macro cell base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell and macro cell base stations may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include home eNBs (HeNBs), which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG).

[0037] The communication links 120 between the base stations 102 and the UEs 104 may include uplink (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a base station 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a base station 102 to a UE 104. The communication links 120 may use MIMO antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication links 120 may be through one or more carrier frequencies. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to downlink and uplink (e.g., more or less carriers may be allocated for downlink than for uplink).

[0038] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) 150 in communication with WLAN stations (STAs) 152 via communication links 154 in an unlicensed frequency spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz). When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the WLAN STAs 152 and / or the WLAN AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) or listen before talk (LBT) procedure prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available.

[0039] The small cell base station 102' may operate in a licensed and / or an unlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the small cell base station 102' may employ LTE or NR technology and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum as used by the WLAN AP 150. The small cell base station 102', employing LTE / 5G in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, may boost coverage to and / or increase capacity of the access network. NR in unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as 9 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO NR-U. LTE in an unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as LTE-U, licensed assisted access (LAA), or MULTEFIRE®.

[0040] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a millimeter wave (mmW) base station 180 that may operate in mmW frequencies and / or near mmW frequencies in communication with a UE 182. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of the RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters. Radio waves in this band may be referred to as a millimeter wave. Near mmW may extend down to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 millimeters. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, also referred to as centimeter wave. Communications using the mmW / near mmW radio frequency band have high path loss and a relatively short range. The mmW base station 180 and the UE 182 may utilize beamforming (transmit and / or receive) over a mmW communication link 184 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range. Further, it will be appreciated that in alternative configurations, one or more base stations 102 may also transmit using mmW or near mmW and beamforming. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the foregoing illustrations are merely examples and should not be construed to limit the various aspects disclosed herein.

[0041] Transmit beamforming is a technique for focusing an RF signal in a specific direction. Traditionally, when a network node (e.g., a base station) broadcasts an RF signal, it broadcasts the signal in all directions (omni-directionally). With transmit beamforming, the network node determines where a given target device (e.g., a UE) is located (relative to the transmitting network node) and projects a stronger downlink RF signal in that specific direction, thereby providing a faster (in terms of data rate) and stronger RF signal for the receiving device(s). To change the directionality of the RF signal when transmitting, a network node can control the phase and relative amplitude of the RF signal at each of the one or more transmitters that are broadcasting the RF signal. For example, a network node may use an array of antennas (referred to as a “phased array” or an “antenna array”) that creates a beam of RF waves that can be “steered” to point in different directions, without actually moving the antennas. Specifically, the RF current from the transmitter is fed to the individual antennas with the correct phase relationship so that the radio waves from the separate antennas add together to increase the radiation in a desired direction, while cancelling to suppress radiation in undesired directions. 10 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO

[0042] Transmit beams may be quasi-co-located, meaning that they appear to the receiver (e.g., a UE) as having the same parameters, regardless of whether or not the transmitting antennas of the network node themselves are physically co-located. In NR, there are four types of quasi-co-location (QCL) relations. Specifically, a QCL relation of a given type means that certain parameters about a second reference RF signal on a second beam can be derived from information about a source reference RF signal on a source beam. Thus, if the source reference RF signal is QCL Type A, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type B, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and Doppler spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type C, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and average delay of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type D, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the spatial receive parameter of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel.

[0043] In receive beamforming, the receiver uses a receive beam to amplify RF signals detected on a given channel. For example, the receiver can increase the gain setting and / or adjust the phase setting of an array of antennas in a particular direction to amplify (e.g., to increase the gain level of) the RF signals received from that direction. Thus, when a receiver is said to beamform in a certain direction, it means the beam gain in that direction is high relative to the beam gain along other directions, or the beam gain in that direction is the highest compared to the beam gain in that direction of all other receive beams available to the receiver. This results in a stronger received signal strength (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal-to- interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), etc.) of the RF signals received from that direction.

[0044] Transmit and receive beams may be spatially related. A spatial relation means that parameters for a second beam (e.g., a transmit or receive beam) for a second reference signal can be derived from information about a first beam (e.g., a receive beam or a transmit beam) for a first reference signal. For example, a UE may use a particular receive beam to receive a reference downlink reference signal (e.g., synchronization signal block (SSB)) from a base station. The UE can then form a transmit beam for sending an uplink 11 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 12 reference signal (e.g., sounding reference signal (SRS)) to that base station based on the parameters of the receive beam.

[0045] Note that a “downlink” beam may be either a transmit beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a base station is forming the downlink beam to transmit a reference signal to a UE, the downlink beam is a transmit beam. If the UE is forming the downlink beam, however, it is a receive beam to receive the downlink reference signal. Similarly, an “uplink” beam may be either a transmit beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a base station is forming the uplink beam, it is an uplink receive beam, and if a UE is forming the uplink beam, it is an uplink transmit beam.

[0046] The electromagnetic spectrum is often subdivided, based on frequency / wavelength, into various classes, bands, channels, etc. In 5G NR two initial operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz – 7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz – 52.6 GHz). It should be understood that although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “Sub-6 GHz” band in various documents and articles. A similar nomenclature issue sometimes occurs with regard to FR2, which is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” band in documents and articles, despite being different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz – 300 GHz) which is identified by the INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION® as a “millimeter wave” band.

[0047] The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR studies have identified an operating band for these mid-band frequencies as frequency range designation FR3 (7.125 GHz – 24.25 GHz). Frequency bands falling within FR3 may inherit FR1 characteristics and / or FR2 characteristics, and thus may effectively extend features of FR1 and / or FR2 into mid-band frequencies. In addition, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operation beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz – 71 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz – 114.25 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz – 300 GHz). Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band.

[0048] With the above aspects in mind, unless specifically stated otherwise, it should be understood that the term “sub-6 GHz” or the like if used herein may broadly represent 12 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO frequencies that may be less than 6 GHz, may be within FR1, or may include mid-band frequencies. Further, unless specifically stated otherwise, it should be understood that the term “millimeter wave” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may include mid-band frequencies, may be within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1, and / or FR5, or may be within the EHF band.

[0049] In a multi-carrier system, such as 5G, one of the carrier frequencies is referred to as the “primary carrier” or “anchor carrier” or “primary serving cell” or “PCell,” and the remaining carrier frequencies are referred to as “secondary carriers” or “secondary serving cells” or “SCells.” In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is the carrier operating on the primary frequency (e.g., FR1) utilized by a UE 104 / 182 and the cell in which the UE 104 / 182 either performs the initial radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiates the RRC connection re-establishment procedure. The primary carrier carries all common and UE-specific control channels, and may be a carrier in a licensed frequency (however, this is not always the case). A secondary carrier is a carrier operating on a second frequency (e.g., FR2) that may be configured once the RRC connection is established between the UE 104 and the anchor carrier and that may be used to provide additional radio resources. In some cases, the secondary carrier may be a carrier in an unlicensed frequency. The secondary carrier may contain only necessary signaling information and signals, for example, those that are UE-specific may not be present in the secondary carrier, since both primary uplink and downlink carriers are typically UE-specific. This means that different UEs 104 / 182 in a cell may have different downlink primary carriers. The same is true for the uplink primary carriers. The network is able to change the primary carrier of any UE 104 / 182 at any time. This is done, for example, to balance the load on different carriers. Because a “serving cell” (whether a PCell or an SCell) corresponds to a carrier frequency / component carrier over which some base station is communicating, the term “cell,” “serving cell,” “component carrier,” “carrier frequency,” and the like can be used interchangeably.

[0050] For example, still referring to FIG. 1, one of the frequencies utilized by the macro cell base stations 102 may be an anchor carrier (or “PCell”) and other frequencies utilized by the macro cell base stations 102 and / or the mmW base station 180 may be secondary carriers (“SCells”). The simultaneous transmission and / or reception of multiple carriers enables the UE 104 / 182 to significantly increase its data transmission and / or reception 13 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 14 rates. For example, two 20 MHz aggregated carriers in a multi-carrier system would theoretically lead to a two-fold increase in data rate (i.e., 40 MHz), compared to that attained by a single 20 MHz carrier.

[0051] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a UE 164 that may communicate with a macro cell base station 102 over a communication link 120 and / or the mmW base station 180 over a mmW communication link 184. For example, the macro cell base station 102 may support a PCell and one or more SCells for the UE 164 and the mmW base station 180 may support one or more SCells for the UE 164.

[0052] In some cases, the UE 164 and the UE 182 may be capable of sidelink communication. Sidelink-capable UEs (SL-UEs) may communicate with base stations 102 over communication links 120 using the Uu interface (i.e., the air interface between a UE and a base station). SL-UEs (e.g., UE 164, UE 182) may also communicate directly with each other over a wireless sidelink 160 using the PC5 interface (i.e., the air interface between sidelink-capable UEs). A wireless sidelink (or just “sidelink”) is an adaptation of the core cellular (e.g., LTE, NR) standard that allows direct communication between two or more UEs without the communication needing to go through a base station. Sidelink communication may be unicast or multicast, and may be used for device-to-device (D2D) media-sharing, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication (e.g., cellular V2X (cV2X) communication, enhanced V2X (eV2X) communication, etc.), emergency rescue applications, etc. One or more of a group of SL- UEs utilizing sidelink communications may be within the geographic coverage area 110 of a base station 102. Other SL-UEs in such a group may be outside the geographic coverage area 110 of a base station 102 or be otherwise unable to receive transmissions from a base station 102. In some cases, groups of SL-UEs communicating via sidelink communications may utilize a one-to-many (1:M) system in which each SL-UE transmits to every other SL-UE in the group. In some cases, a base station 102 facilitates the scheduling of resources for sidelink communications. In other cases, sidelink communications are carried out between SL-UEs without the involvement of a base station 102.

[0053] In an aspect, the sidelink 160 may operate over a wireless communication medium of interest, which may be shared with other wireless communications between other vehicles and / or infrastructure access points, as well as other RATs. A “medium” may be 14 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO composed of one or more time, frequency, and / or space communication resources (e.g., encompassing one or more channels across one or more carriers) associated with wireless communication between one or more transmitter / receiver pairs. In an aspect, the medium of interest may correspond to at least a portion of an unlicensed frequency band shared among various RATs. Although different licensed frequency bands have been reserved for certain communication systems (e.g., by a government entity such as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States), these systems, in particular those employing small cell access points, have recently extended operation into unlicensed frequency bands such as the Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) band used by wireless local area network (WLAN) technologies, most notably IEEE 802.11x WLAN technologies generally referred to as “Wi-Fi.” Example systems of this type include different variants of CDMA systems, TDMA systems, FDMA systems, orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems, and so on.

[0054] Note that although FIG. 1 only illustrates two of the UEs as SL-UEs (i.e., UEs 164 and 182), any of the illustrated UEs may be SL-UEs. Further, although only UE 182 was described as being capable of beamforming, any of the illustrated UEs, including UE 164, may be capable of beamforming. Where SL-UEs are capable of beamforming, they may beamform towards each other (i.e., towards other SL-UEs), towards other UEs (e.g., UEs 104), towards base stations (e.g., base stations 102, 180, small cell 102’, access point 150), etc. Thus, in some cases, UEs 164 and 182 may utilize beamforming over sidelink 160.

[0055] In the example of FIG.1, any of the illustrated UEs (shown in FIG.1 as a single UE 104 for simplicity) may receive signals 124 from one or more Earth orbiting space vehicles (SVs) 112 (e.g., satellites). In an aspect, the SVs 112 may be part of a satellite positioning system that a UE 104 can use as an independent source of location information. A satellite positioning system typically includes a system of transmitters (e.g., SVs 112) positioned to enable receivers (e.g., UEs 104) to determine their location on or above the Earth based, at least in part, on positioning signals (e.g., signals 124) received from the transmitters. Such a transmitter typically transmits a signal marked with a repeating pseudo-random noise (PN) code of a set number of chips. While typically located in SVs 112, transmitters may sometimes be located on ground-based control stations, base stations 102, and / or 15 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 16 other UEs 104. A UE 104 may include one or more dedicated receivers specifically designed to receive signals 124 for deriving geo location information from the SVs 112.

[0056] In a satellite positioning system, the use of signals 124 can be augmented by various satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS) that may be associated with or otherwise enabled for use with one or more global and / or regional navigation satellite systems. For example an SBAS may include an augmentation system(s) that provides integrity information, differential corrections, etc., such as the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), the Multi- functional Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS), the Global Positioning System (GPS) Aided Geo Augmented Navigation or GPS and Geo Augmented Navigation system (GAGAN), and / or the like. Thus, as used herein, a satellite positioning system may include any combination of one or more global and / or regional navigation satellites associated with such one or more satellite positioning systems.

[0057] In an aspect, SVs 112 may additionally or alternatively be part of one or more non- terrestrial networks (NTNs). In an NTN, an SV 112 is connected to an earth station (also referred to as a ground station, NTN gateway, or gateway), which in turn is connected to an element in a 5G network, such as a modified base station 102 (without a terrestrial antenna) or a network node in a 5GC. This element would in turn provide access to other elements in the 5G network and ultimately to entities external to the 5G network, such as Internet web servers and other user devices. In that way, a UE 104 may receive communication signals (e.g., signals 124) from an SV 112 instead of, or in addition to, communication signals from a terrestrial base station 102.

[0058] The wireless communications system 100 may further include one or more UEs, such as UE 190, that connects indirectly to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links (referred to as “sidelinks”). In the example of FIG. 1, UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with one of the UEs 104 connected to one of the base stations 102 (e.g., through which UE 190 may indirectly obtain cellular connectivity) and a D2D P2P link 194 with WLAN STA 152 connected to the WLAN AP 150 (through which UE 190 may indirectly obtain WLAN-based Internet connectivity). In an example, the D2D P2P links 192 and 194 may be supported with any well-known D2D RAT, such as LTE Direct (LTE-D), WI-FI DIRECT®, BLUETOOTH®, and so on. 16 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 17

[0059] FIG.2A illustrates an example wireless network structure 200. For example, a 5GC 210 (also referred to as a Next Generation Core (NGC)) can be viewed functionally as control plane (C-plane) functions 214 (e.g., UE registration, authentication, network access, gateway selection, etc.) and user plane (U-plane) functions 212, (e.g., UE gateway function, access to data networks, IP routing, etc.) which operate cooperatively to form the core network. User plane interface (NG-U) 213 and control plane interface (NG-C) 215 connect the gNB 222 to the 5GC 210 and specifically to the user plane functions 212 and control plane functions 214, respectively. In an additional configuration, an ng-eNB 224 may also be connected to the 5GC 210 via NG-C 215 to the control plane functions 214 and NG-U 213 to user plane functions 212. Further, ng-eNB 224 may directly communicate with gNB 222 via a backhaul connection 223. In some configurations, a Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) 220 may have one or more gNBs 222, while other configurations include one or more of both ng-eNBs 224 and gNBs 222. Either (or both) gNB 222 or ng-eNB 224 may communicate with one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein).

[0060] Another optional aspect may include a location server 230, which may be in communication with the 5GC 210 to provide location assistance for UE(s) 204. The location server 230 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server. The location server 230 can be configured to support one or more location services for UEs 204 that can connect to the location server 230 via the core network, 5GC 210, and / or via the Internet (not illustrated). Further, the location server 230 may be integrated into a component of the core network, or alternatively may be external to the core network (e.g., a third party server, such as an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) server or service server).

[0061] FIG.2B illustrates another example wireless network structure 240. A 5GC 260 (which may correspond to 5GC 210 in FIG. 2A) can be viewed functionally as control plane functions, provided by an access and mobility management function (AMF) 264, and user plane functions, provided by a user plane function (UPF) 262, which operate cooperatively to form the core network (i.e., 5GC 260). The functions of the AMF 264 include registration management, connection management, reachability management, QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO mobility management, lawful interception, transport for session management (SM) messages between one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein) and a session management function (SMF) 266, transparent proxy services for routing SM messages, access authentication and access authorization, transport for short message service (SMS) messages between the UE 204 and the short message service function (SMSF) (not shown), and security anchor functionality (SEAF). The AMF 264 also interacts with an authentication server function (AUSF) (not shown) and the UE 204, and receives the intermediate key that was established as a result of the UE 204 authentication process. In the case of authentication based on a UMTS (universal mobile telecommunications system) subscriber identity module (USIM), the AMF 264 retrieves the security material from the AUSF. The functions of the AMF 264 also include security context management (SCM). The SCM receives a key from the SEAF that it uses to derive access-network specific keys. The functionality of the AMF 264 also includes location services management for regulatory services, transport for location services messages between the UE 204 and a location management function (LMF) 270 (which acts as a location server 230), transport for location services messages between the NG-RAN 220 and the LMF 270, evolved packet system (EPS) bearer identifier allocation for interworking with the EPS, and UE 204 mobility event notification. In addition, the AMF 264 also supports functionalities for non-3GPP® (Third Generation Partnership Project) access networks.

[0062] Functions of the UPF 262 include acting as an anchor point for intra / inter-RAT mobility (when applicable), acting as an external protocol data unit (PDU) session point of interconnect to a data network (not shown), providing packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection, user plane policy rule enforcement (e.g., gating, redirection, traffic steering), lawful interception (user plane collection), traffic usage reporting, quality of service (QoS) handling for the user plane (e.g., uplink / downlink rate enforcement, reflective QoS marking in the downlink), uplink traffic verification (service data flow (SDF) to QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering, and sending and forwarding of one or more “end markers” to the source RAN node. The UPF 262 may also support transfer of location services messages over a user plane between the UE 204 and a location server, such as an SLP 272. 18 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO

[0063] The functions of the SMF 266 include session management, UE Internet protocol (IP) address allocation and management, selection and control of user plane functions, configuration of traffic steering at the UPF 262 to route traffic to the proper destination, control of part of policy enforcement and QoS, and downlink data notification. The interface over which the SMF 266 communicates with the AMF 264 is referred to as the N11 interface.

[0064] Another optional aspect may include an LMF 270, which may be in communication with the 5GC 260 to provide location assistance for UEs 204. The LMF 270 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server. The LMF 270 can be configured to support one or more location services for UEs 204 that can connect to the LMF 270 via the core network, 5GC 260, and / or via the Internet (not illustrated). The SLP 272 may support similar functions to the LMF 270, but whereas the LMF 270 may communicate with the AMF 264, NG-RAN 220, and UEs 204 over a control plane (e.g., using interfaces and protocols intended to convey signaling messages and not voice or data), the SLP 272 may communicate with UEs 204 and external clients (e.g., third-party server 274) over a user plane (e.g., using protocols intended to carry voice and / or data like the transmission control protocol (TCP) and / or IP).

[0065] Yet another optional aspect may include a third-party server 274, which may be in communication with the LMF 270, the SLP 272, the 5GC 260 (e.g., via the AMF 264 and / or the UPF 262), the NG-RAN 220, and / or the UE 204 to obtain location information (e.g., a location estimate) for the UE 204. As such, in some cases, the third-party server 274 may be referred to as a location services (LCS) client or an external client. The third- party server 274 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server.

[0066] User plane interface 263 and control plane interface 265 connect the 5GC 260, and specifically the UPF 262 and AMF 264, respectively, to one or more gNBs 222 and / or ng-eNBs 224 in the NG-RAN 220. The interface between gNB(s) 222 and / or ng-eNB(s) 224 and the AMF 264 is referred to as the “N2” interface, and the interface between 19 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 20 gNB(s) 222 and / or ng-eNB(s) 224 and the UPF 262 is referred to as the “N3” interface. The gNB(s) 222 and / or ng-eNB(s) 224 of the NG-RAN 220 may communicate directly with each other via backhaul connections 223, referred to as the “Xn-C” interface. One or more of gNBs 222 and / or ng-eNBs 224 may communicate with one or more UEs 204 over a wireless interface, referred to as the “Uu” interface.

[0067] The functionality of a gNB 222 may be divided between a gNB central unit (gNB-CU) 226, one or more gNB distributed units (gNB-DUs) 228, and one or more gNB radio units (gNB-RUs) 229. A gNB-CU 226 is a logical node that includes the base station functions of transferring user data, mobility control, radio access network sharing, positioning, session management, and the like, except for those functions allocated exclusively to the gNB-DU(s) 228. More specifically, the gNB-CU 226 generally host the radio resource control (RRC), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), and packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) protocols of the gNB 222. A gNB-DU 228 is a logical node that generally hosts the radio link control (RLC) and medium access control (MAC) layer of the gNB 222. Its operation is controlled by the gNB-CU 226. One gNB-DU 228 can support one or more cells, and one cell is supported by only one gNB-DU 228. The interface 232 between the gNB-CU 226 and the one or more gNB-DUs 228 is referred to as the “F1” interface. The physical (PHY) layer functionality of a gNB 222 is generally hosted by one or more standalone gNB-RUs 229 that perform functions such as power amplification and signal transmission / reception. The interface between a gNB-DU 228 and a gNB-RU 229 is referred to as the “Fx” interface. Thus, a UE 204 communicates with the gNB-CU 226 via the RRC, SDAP, and PDCP layers, with a gNB-DU 228 via the RLC and MAC layers, and with a gNB-RU 229 via the PHY layer.

[0068] Deployment of communication systems, such as 5G NR systems, may be arranged in multiple manners with various components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR system, or network, a network node, a network entity, a mobility element of a network, a RAN node, a core network node, a network element, or a network equipment, such as a base station, or one or more units (or one or more components) performing base station functionality, may be implemented in an aggregated or disaggregated architecture. For example, a base station (such as a Node B (NB), evolved NB (eNB), NR base station, 5G NB, AP, TRP, cell, etc.) may be implemented as an aggregated base station (also known as a standalone base station or a monolithic base station) or a disaggregated base station. 20 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO

[0069] An aggregated base station may be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. A disaggregated base station may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more units (such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), or one or more radio units (RUs)). In some aspects, a CU may be implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs may be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, may be geographically or virtually distributed throughout one or multiple other RAN nodes. The DUs may be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU and RU also can be implemented as virtual units, i.e., a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU).

[0070] Base station-type operation or network design may consider aggregation characteristics of base station functionality. For example, disaggregated base stations may be utilized in an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open radio access network (O-RAN (such as the network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN ALLIANCE®)), or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN, also known as a cloud radio access network (C- RAN)). Disaggregation may include distributing functionality across two or more units at various physical locations, as well as distributing functionality for at least one unit virtually, which can enable flexibility in network design. The various units of the disaggregated base station, or disaggregated RAN architecture, can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit.

[0071] FIG. 2C illustrates an example disaggregated base station architecture 250, according to aspects of the disclosure. The disaggregated base station architecture 250 may include one or more central units (CUs) 280 (e.g., gNB-CU 226) that can communicate directly with a core network 267 (e.g., 5GC 210, 5GC 260) via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 267 through one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 259 via an E2 link, or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC 257 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 255, or both). A CU 280 may communicate with one or more DUs 285 (e.g., gNB-DUs 228) via respective midhaul links, such as an F1 interface. The DUs 285 may communicate with one or more radio units (RUs) 287 (e.g., gNB-RUs 229) via respective fronthaul links. The RUs 287 may communicate with 21 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO respective UEs 204 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, the UE 204 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 287.

[0072] Each of the units, i.e., the CUs 280, the DUs 285, the RUs 287, as well as the Near-RT RICs 259, the Non-RT RICs 257 and the SMO Framework 255, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communication interfaces of the units, can be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units can include a wired interface configured to receive or transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units. Additionally, the units can include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter or transceiver (such as a RF transceiver), configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other units.

[0073] In some aspects, the CU 280 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include RRC, PDCP, service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), or the like. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 280. The CU 280 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit – User Plane (CU- UP)), control plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit – Control Plane (CU-CP)), or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 280 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 280 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 285, as necessary, for network control and signaling.

[0074] The DU 285 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 287. In some aspects, the DU 285 may host one or more of a RLC layer, a MAC layer, and one or more high PHY layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as those defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP®). In some 22 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 23 aspects, the DU 285 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 285, or with the control functions hosted by the CU 280.

[0075] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 287. In some deployments, an RU 287, controlled by a DU 285, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT), inverse FFT (iFFT), digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like), or both, based at least in part on the functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RU(s) 287 can be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 204. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communication with the RU(s) 287 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 285. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU(s) 285 and the CU 280 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.

[0076] The SMO Framework 255 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 255 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface). For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 255 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 269) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface). Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 280, DUs 285, RUs 287 and Near-RT RICs 259. In some implementations, the SMO Framework 255 can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 261, via an O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO Framework 255 can communicate directly with one or more RUs 287 via an O1 interface. The SMO Framework 255 also may include a Non-RT RIC 257 configured to support functionality of the SMO Framework 255. 23 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 24

[0077] The Non-RT RIC 257 may be configured to include a logical function that enables non- real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the Near-RT RIC 259. The Non-RT RIC 257 may be coupled to or communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the Near- RT RIC 259. The Near-RT RIC 259 may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 280, one or more DUs 285, or both, as well as an O-eNB, with the Near-RT RIC 259.

[0078] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 259, the Non-RT RIC 257 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 259 and may be received at the SMO Framework 255 or the Non-RT RIC 257 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 257 or the Near-RT RIC 259 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 257 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO Framework 255 (such as reconfiguration via O1) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 policies).

[0079] FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C illustrate several example components (represented by corresponding blocks) that may be incorporated into a UE 302 (which may correspond to any of the UEs described herein), a base station 304 (which may correspond to any of the base stations described herein), and a network entity 306 (which may correspond to or embody any of the network functions described herein, including the location server 230 and the LMF 270, or alternatively may be independent from the NG-RAN 220 and / or 5GC 210 / 260 infrastructure depicted in FIGS. 2A and 2B, such as a private network) to support the operations described herein. It will be appreciated that these components may be implemented in different types of apparatuses in different implementations (e.g., in an ASIC, in a system-on-chip (SoC), etc.). The illustrated components may also be incorporated into other apparatuses in a communication system. For example, other apparatuses in a system may include components similar to those described to provide 24 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO similar functionality. Also, a given apparatus may contain one or more of the components. For example, an apparatus may include multiple transceiver components that enable the apparatus to operate on multiple carriers and / or communicate via different technologies.

[0080] The UE 302 and the base station 304 each include one or more wireless wide area network (WWAN) transceivers 310 and 350, respectively, providing means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, means for measuring, means for tuning, means for refraining from transmitting, etc.) via one or more wireless communication networks (not shown), such as an NR network, an LTE network, a GSM network, and / or the like. The WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 may each be connected to one or more antennas 316 and 356, respectively, for communicating with other network nodes, such as other UEs, access points, base stations (e.g., eNBs, gNBs), etc., via at least one designated RAT (e.g., NR, LTE, GSM, etc.) over a wireless communication medium of interest (e.g., some set of time / frequency resources in a particular frequency spectrum). The WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 may be variously configured for transmitting and encoding signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so on), respectively, and, conversely, for receiving and decoding signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, and so on), respectively, in accordance with the designated RAT. Specifically, the WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 include one or more transmitters 314 and 354, respectively, for transmitting and encoding signals 318 and 358, respectively, and one or more receivers 312 and 352, respectively, for receiving and decoding signals 318 and 358, respectively.

[0081] The UE 302 and the base station 304 each also include, at least in some cases, one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360, respectively. The short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be connected to one or more antennas 326 and 366, respectively, and provide means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, means for measuring, means for tuning, means for refraining from transmitting, etc.) with other network nodes, such as other UEs, access points, base stations, etc., via at least one designated RAT (e.g., Wi-Fi, LTE Direct, BLUETOOTH®, ZIGBEE®, Z-WAVE®, PC5, dedicated short-range communications (DSRC), wireless access for vehicular environments (WAVE), near-field communication (NFC), ultra- wideband (UWB), etc.) over a wireless communication medium of interest. The short- range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be variously configured for transmitting and 25 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO encoding signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so on), respectively, and, conversely, for receiving and decoding signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, and so on), respectively, in accordance with the designated RAT. Specifically, the short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 include one or more transmitters 324 and 364, respectively, for transmitting and encoding signals 328 and 368, respectively, and one or more receivers 322 and 362, respectively, for receiving and decoding signals 328 and 368, respectively. As specific examples, the short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be Wi-Fi transceivers, BLUETOOTH® transceivers, ZIGBEE® and / or Z-WAVE® transceivers, NFC transceivers, UWB transceivers, or vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and / or vehicle-to- everything (V2X) transceivers.

[0082] The UE 302 and the base station 304 also include, at least in some cases, satellite signal interfaces 330 and 370, which each include one or more satellite signal receivers 332 and 372, respectively, and may optionally include one or more satellite signal transmitters 334 and 374, respectively. In some cases, the base station 304 may be a terrestrial base station that may communicate with space vehicles (e.g., space vehicles 112) via the satellite signal interface 370. In other cases, the base station 304 may be a space vehicle (or other non-terrestrial entity) that uses the satellite signal interface 370 to communicate with terrestrial networks and / or other space vehicles.

[0083] The satellite signal receivers 332 and 372 may be connected to one or more antennas 336 and 376, respectively, and may provide means for receiving and / or measuring satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. Where the satellite signal receiver(s) 332 and 372 are satellite positioning system receivers, the satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 may be global positioning system (GPS) signals, global navigation satellite system (GLONASS) signals, Galileo signals, Beidou signals, Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (NAVIC), Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) signals, etc. Where the satellite signal receiver(s) 332 and 372 are non- terrestrial network (NTN) receivers, the satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 may be communication signals (e.g., carrying control and / or user data) originating from a 5G network. The satellite signal receiver(s) 332 and 372 may comprise any suitable hardware and / or software for receiving and processing satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. The satellite signal 26 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 27 receiver(s) 332 and 372 may request information and operations as appropriate from the other systems, and, at least in some cases, perform calculations to determine locations of the UE 302 and the base station 304, respectively, using measurements obtained by any suitable satellite positioning system algorithm.

[0084] The optional satellite signal transmitter(s) 334 and 374, when present, may be connected to the one or more antennas 336 and 376, respectively, and may provide means for transmitting satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. Where the satellite signal transmitter(s) 374 are satellite positioning system transmitters, the satellite positioning / communication signals 378 may be GPS signals, GLONASS® signals, Galileo signals, Beidou signals, NAVIC, QZSS signals, etc. Where the satellite signal transmitter(s) 334 and 374 are NTN transmitters, the satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 may be communication signals (e.g., carrying control and / or user data) originating from a 5G network. The satellite signal transmitter(s) 334 and 374 may comprise any suitable hardware and / or software for transmitting satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. The satellite signal transmitter(s) 334 and 374 may request information and operations as appropriate from the other systems.

[0085] The base station 304 and the network entity 306 each include one or more network transceivers 380 and 390, respectively, providing means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, etc.) with other network entities (e.g., other base stations 304, other network entities 306). For example, the base station 304 may employ the one or more network transceivers 380 to communicate with other base stations 304 or network entities 306 over one or more wired or wireless backhaul links. As another example, the network entity 306 may employ the one or more network transceivers 390 to communicate with one or more base station 304 over one or more wired or wireless backhaul links, or with other network entities 306 over one or more wired or wireless core network interfaces.

[0086] A transceiver may be configured to communicate over a wired or wireless link. A transceiver (whether a wired transceiver or a wireless transceiver) includes transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) and receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362). A transceiver may be an integrated device (e.g., embodying transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry in a single device) in some implementations, may comprise 27 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 28 separate transmitter circuitry and separate receiver circuitry in some implementations, or may be embodied in other ways in other implementations. The transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry of a wired transceiver (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) may be coupled to one or more wired network interface ports. Wireless transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) may include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array, that permits the respective apparatus (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform transmit “beamforming,” as described herein. Similarly, wireless receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362) may include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array, that permits the respective apparatus (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform receive beamforming, as described herein. In an aspect, the transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry may share the same plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such that the respective apparatus can only receive or transmit at a given time, not both at the same time. A wireless transceiver (e.g., WWAN transceivers 310 and 350, short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360) may also include a network listen module (NLM) or the like for performing various measurements.

[0087] As used herein, the various wireless transceivers (e.g., transceivers 310, 320, 350, and 360, and network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) and wired transceivers (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) may generally be characterized as “a transceiver,” “at least one transceiver,” or “one or more transceivers.” As such, whether a particular transceiver is a wired or wireless transceiver may be inferred from the type of communication performed. For example, backhaul communication between network devices or servers will generally relate to signaling via a wired transceiver, whereas wireless communication between a UE (e.g., UE 302) and a base station (e.g., base station 304) will generally relate to signaling via a wireless transceiver.

[0088] The UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 also include other components that may be used in conjunction with the operations as disclosed herein. The UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 include one or more processors 342, 384, and 394, respectively, for providing functionality relating to, for example, wireless communication, and for providing other processing functionality. The 28 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO processors 342, 384, and 394 may therefore provide means for processing, such as means for determining, means for calculating, means for receiving, means for transmitting, means for indicating, etc. In an aspect, the processors 342, 384, and 394 may include, for example, one or more general purpose processors, multi-core processors, central processing units (CPUs), ASICs, digital signal processors (DSPs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), other programmable logic devices or processing circuitry, or various combinations thereof.

[0089] The UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 include memory circuitry implementing memories 340, 386, and 396 (e.g., each including a memory device), respectively, for maintaining information (e.g., information indicative of reserved resources, thresholds, parameters, and so on). The memories 340, 386, and 396 may therefore provide means for storing, means for retrieving, means for maintaining, etc. In some cases, the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 may include AI component 348, 388, and 398, respectively. The AI component 348, 388, and 398 may be hardware circuits that are part of or coupled to the processors 342, 384, and 394, respectively, that, when executed, cause the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. In other aspects, the AI component 348, 388, and 398 may be external to the processors 342, 384, and 394 (e.g., part of a modem processing system, integrated with another processing system, etc.). Alternatively, the AI component 348, 388, and 398 may be memory modules stored in the memories 340, 386, and 396, respectively, that, when executed by the processors 342, 384, and 394 (or a modem processing system, another processing system, etc.), cause the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. FIG.3A illustrates possible locations of the AI component 348, which may be, for example, part of the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the memory 340, the one or more processors 342, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. FIG. 3B illustrates possible locations of the AI component 388, which may be, for example, part of the one or more WWAN transceivers 350, the memory 386, the one or more processors 384, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. FIG. 3C illustrates possible locations of the AI component 398, which may be, for example, part of the one or more network transceivers 390, the memory 396, the 29 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 30 one or more processors 394, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component.

[0090] The UE 302 may include one or more sensors 344 coupled to the one or more processors 342 to provide means for sensing or detecting movement and / or orientation information that is independent of motion data derived from signals received by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, and / or the satellite signal interface 330. By way of example, the sensor(s) 344 may include an accelerometer (e.g., a micro-electrical mechanical systems (MEMS) device), a gyroscope, a geomagnetic sensor (e.g., a compass), an altimeter (e.g., a barometric pressure altimeter), and / or any other type of movement detection sensor. Moreover, the sensor(s) 344 may include a plurality of different types of devices and combine their outputs in order to provide motion information. For example, the sensor(s) 344 may use a combination of a multi-axis accelerometer and orientation sensors to provide the ability to compute positions in two-dimensional (2D) and / or three-dimensional (3D) coordinate systems.

[0091] In addition, the UE 302 includes a user interface 346 providing means for providing indications (e.g., audible and / or visual indications) to a user and / or for receiving user input (e.g., upon user actuation of a sensing device such a keypad, a touch screen, a microphone, and so on). Although not shown, the base station 304 and the network entity 306 may also include user interfaces.

[0092] Referring to the one or more processors 384 in more detail, in the downlink, IP packets from the network entity 306 may be provided to the processor 384. The one or more processors 384 may implement functionality for an RRC layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer. The one or more processors 384 may provide RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting of system information (e.g., master information block (MIB), system information blocks (SIBs)), RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), inter-RAT mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification), and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality 30 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 31 associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ), concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs), re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, scheduling information reporting, error correction, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0093] The transmitter 354 and the receiver 352 may implement Layer-1 (L1) functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer-1, which includes a physical (PHY) layer, may include error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding / decoding of the transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, modulation / demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. The transmitter 354 handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK), M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)). The coded and modulated symbols may then be split into parallel streams. Each stream may then be mapped to an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency domain, and then combined together using an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM symbol stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator may be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate may be derived from a reference signal and / or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE 302. Each spatial stream may then be provided to one or more different antennas 356. The transmitter 354 may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.

[0094] At the UE 302, the receiver 312 receives a signal through its respective antenna(s) 316. The receiver 312 recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the one or more processors 342. The transmitter 314 and the receiver 312 implement Layer-1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The receiver 312 may perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 302. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 302, 31 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 32 they may be combined by the receiver 312 into a single OFDM symbol stream. The receiver 312 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time-domain to the frequency domain using a fast Fourier transform (FFT). The frequency domain signal comprises a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the base station 304. These soft decisions may be based on channel estimates computed by a channel estimator. The soft decisions are then decoded and de-interleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted by the base station 304 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to the one or more processors 342, which implements Layer-3 (L3) and Layer-2 (L2) functionality.

[0095] In the downlink, the one or more processors 342 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets from the core network. The one or more processors 342 are also responsible for error detection.

[0096] Similar to the functionality described in connection with the downlink transmission by the base station 304, the one or more processors 342 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) acquisition, RRC connections, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, and security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification); RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs), demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ), priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0097] Channel estimates derived by the channel estimator from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 304 may be used by the transmitter 314 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the transmitter 314 may be provided to different antenna(s) 32 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 33 316. The transmitter 314 may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.

[0098] The uplink transmission is processed at the base station 304 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE 302. The receiver 352 receives a signal through its respective antenna(s) 356. The receiver 352 recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the one or more processors 384.

[0099] In the uplink, the one or more processors 384 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets from the UE 302. IP packets from the one or more processors 384 may be provided to the core network. The one or more processors 384 are also responsible for error detection.

[0100] For convenience, the UE 302, the base station 304, and / or the network entity 306 are shown in FIGS.3A, 3B, and 3C as including various components that may be configured according to the various examples described herein. It will be appreciated, however, that the illustrated components may have different functionality in different designs. In particular, various components in FIGS. 3A to 3C are optional in alternative configurations and the various aspects include configurations that may vary due to design choice, costs, use of the device, or other considerations. For example, in case of FIG.3A, a particular implementation of UE 302 may omit the WWAN transceiver(s) 310 (e.g., a wearable device or tablet computer or personal computer (PC) or laptop may have Wi-Fi and / or BLUETOOTH® capability without cellular capability), or may omit the short- range wireless transceiver(s) 320 (e.g., cellular-only, etc.), or may omit the satellite signal interface 330, or may omit the sensor(s) 344, and so on. In another example, in case of FIG. 3B, a particular implementation of the base station 304 may omit the WWAN transceiver(s) 350 (e.g., a Wi-Fi “hotspot” access point without cellular capability), or may omit the short-range wireless transceiver(s) 360 (e.g., cellular-only, etc.), or may omit the satellite signal interface 370, and so on. For brevity, illustration of the various alternative configurations is not provided herein, but would be readily understandable to one skilled in the art.

[0101] The various components of the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 may be communicatively coupled to each other over data buses 308, 382, and 392, 33 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 34 respectively. In an aspect, the data buses 308, 382, and 392 may form, or be part of, a communication interface of the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306, respectively. For example, where different logical entities are embodied in the same device (e.g., gNB and location server functionality incorporated into the same base station 304), the data buses 308, 382, and 392 may provide communication between them.

[0102] The components of FIGS.3A, 3B, and 3C may be implemented in various ways. In some implementations, the components of FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C may be implemented in one or more circuits such as, for example, one or more processors and / or one or more ASICs (which may include one or more processors). Here, each circuit may use and / or incorporate at least one memory component for storing information or executable code used by the circuit to provide this functionality. For example, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 310 to 346 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the UE 302 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of processor components). Similarly, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 350 to 388 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the base station 304 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of processor components). Also, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 390 to 398 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the network entity 306 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of processor components). For simplicity, various operations, acts, and / or functions are described herein as being performed “by a UE,” “by a base station,” “by a network entity,” etc. However, as will be appreciated, such operations, acts, and / or functions may actually be performed by specific components or combinations of components of the UE 302, base station 304, network entity 306, etc., such as the processors 342, 384, 394, the transceivers 310, 320, 350, and 360, the memories 340, 386, and 396, the AI component 348, 388, and 398, etc.

[0103] In some designs, the network entity 306 may be implemented as a core network component. In other designs, the network entity 306 may be distinct from a network operator or operation of the cellular network infrastructure (e.g., NG RAN 220 and / or 5GC 210 / 260). For example, the network entity 306 may be a component of a private network that may be configured to communicate with the UE 302 via the base station 304 34 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 35 or independently from the base station 304 (e.g., over a non-cellular communication link, such as Wi-Fi).

[0104] Various frame structures may be used to support downlink and uplink transmissions between network nodes (e.g., base stations and UEs). FIG.4 is a diagram 400 illustrating an example frame structure, according to aspects of the disclosure. The frame structure may be a downlink or uplink frame structure. Other wireless communications technologies may have different frame structures and / or different channels.

[0105] LTE, and in some cases NR, utilizes orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) on the downlink and single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) on the uplink. Unlike LTE, however, NR has an option to use OFDM on the uplink as well. OFDM and SC-FDM partition the system bandwidth into multiple (K) orthogonal subcarriers, which are also commonly referred to as tones, bins, etc. Each subcarrier may be modulated with data. In general, modulation symbols are sent in the frequency domain with OFDM and in the time domain with SC-FDM. The spacing between adjacent subcarriers may be fixed, and the total number of subcarriers (K) may be dependent on the system bandwidth. For example, the spacing of the subcarriers may be 15 kilohertz (kHz) and the minimum resource allocation (resource block) may be 12 subcarriers (or 180 kHz). Consequently, the nominal fast Fourier transform (FFT) size may be equal to 128, 256, 512, 1024, or 2048 for system bandwidth of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 megahertz (MHz), respectively. The system bandwidth may also be partitioned into subbands. For example, a subband may cover 1.08 MHz (i.e., 6 resource blocks), and there may be 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 subbands for system bandwidth of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 MHz, respectively.

[0106] LTE supports a single numerology (subcarrier spacing (SCS), symbol length, etc.). In contrast, NR may support multiple numerologies (μ), for example, subcarrier spacings of 15 kHz (μ=0), 30 kHz (μ=1), 60 kHz (μ=2), 120 kHz (μ=3), and 240 kHz (μ=4) or greater may be available. In each subcarrier spacing, there are 14 symbols per slot. For 15 kHz SCS (μ=0), there is one slot per subframe, 10 slots per frame, the slot duration is 1 millisecond (ms), the symbol duration is 66.7 microseconds (μs), and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 50. For 30 kHz SCS (μ=1), there are two slots per subframe, 20 slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.5 ms, the symbol duration is 33.3 μs, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 100. For 60 kHz SCS (μ=2), there are four slots per subframe, 40 slots per 35 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 36 frame, the slot duration is 0.25 ms, the symbol duration is 16.7 μs, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 200. For 120 kHz SCS (μ=3), there are eight slots per subframe, 80 slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.125 ms, the symbol duration is 8.33 μs, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 400. For 240 kHz SCS (μ=4), there are 16 slots per subframe, 160 slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.0625 ms, the symbol duration is 4.17 μs, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 800.

[0107] In the example of FIG. 4, a numerology of 15 kHz is used. Thus, in the time domain, a 10 ms frame is divided into 10 equally sized subframes of 1 ms each, and each subframe includes one time slot. In FIG. 4, time is represented horizontally (on the X axis) with time increasing from left to right, while frequency is represented vertically (on the Y axis) with frequency increasing (or decreasing) from bottom to top.

[0108] A resource grid may be used to represent time slots, each time slot including one or more time-concurrent resource blocks (RBs) (also referred to as physical RBs (PRBs)) in the frequency domain. The resource grid is further divided into multiple resource elements (REs). An RE may correspond to one symbol length in the time domain and one subcarrier in the frequency domain. In the numerology of FIG. 4, for a normal cyclic prefix, an RB may contain 12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain and seven consecutive symbols in the time domain, for a total of 84 REs. For an extended cyclic prefix, an RB may contain 12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain and six consecutive symbols in the time domain, for a total of 72 REs. The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.

[0109] Some of the REs may carry reference (pilot) signals (RS). The reference signals may include positioning reference signals (PRS), tracking reference signals (TRS), phase tracking reference signals (PTRS), cell-specific reference signals (CRS), channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS), demodulation reference signals (DMRS), primary synchronization signals (PSS), secondary synchronization signals (SSS), synchronization signal blocks (SSBs), sounding reference signals (SRS), etc., depending on whether the illustrated frame structure is used for uplink or downlink communication. FIG.4 illustrates example locations of REs carrying a reference signal (labeled “R”).

[0110] There are numerous scenarios in which artificial intelligence / machine learning (collectively referenced herein as “AI”) may be employed in NR environments. In 36 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 37 various scenarios, AI models may be employed locally at the UEs within the NR environment to, for example, provide accurate predictions and / or assessments of the propagation characteristics of the radio environment, positioning of target objects in the radio environment, sensing of target objects, etc. In an aspect, state feedback information and channel state predictions may be used to determine cellular mobility status and predictions. Given the constantly changing nature of conditions in such NR environments, the training and updating of such AI models is important. Certain aspects of the present disclosure are directed to such AI model training and updating.

[0111] Collaborative AI learning (e.g., federated learning) techniques may be employed in NR environments. In accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, AI learning is an AI learning technique that may be used to allow multiple decentralized devices (e.g., UEs) to collaboratively learn a shared AI model while keeping the training data local to the UE. In collaborative AI learning, a group of UEs cooperate to train a global AI model without sharing their local datasets.

[0112] According to aspects of the disclosure, the UEs are associated with collaborative learning groups and collect their own private datasets for training and local optimization of the performance of their respective local AI models. Various AI model optimization techniques may be employed by the UE. In an aspect, the UE may perform optimization by minimizing a global loss function as the UE utilizes the AI model and accumulates local training data.

[0113] In accordance with certain aspects of the disclosure, a network node / entity (e.g., parameter server (PS), edge device, base station, AI management function, etc.) provides a global training parameter vector that all UEs of the collaborative learning group will use. The global training parameter vector can be provided to the UE’s of the collaborative learning via, for example, unicast, group, and / or broadcast transmissions. Based on the global training parameter vector, each UE of the collaborative learning group estimates a local gradient that minimizes the loss function on a batch of its local dataset. The UEs then process (e.g., update) the local gradient vector and share the processed (e.g., updated) version of the gradient vector with the network node / entity.

[0114] Various aspects of the disclosure apply to both analog collaborative group learning and digital collaborative learning scenarios. In an analog collaborative group learning scenario, each UE transmits its gradient updates to the network node / entity as analog 37 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 38 signals. In an aspect, the analog signals used to transmit the gradient updates at each UE may be scaled to satisfy power constraints imposed on the UE and to mitigate the effect of channel noise. Aggregation of the local gradient updates may be performed over the air. In a digital group learning scenario, the updated gradients from each UE are compressed and transmitted to the PS using a multi-access scheme.

[0115] In accordance with aspects of the disclosure, the network node / entity may aggregate the local gradients (e.g., the deltas / changes for one or more of the parameters of the AI models received from the UEs) and provide an updated version of the global gradient based on the combined local gradients. The global training parameter vector may be updated based on the updated global gradient.

[0116] Various benefits may be realized through group AI learning, according to aspects of the disclosure. For example, group AI learning ensures the privacy of each UE’s data by avoiding the necessity of sharing each UE’s local data with other UEs. In an aspect, only the local gradients are shared with the PS. Further, the AI model training can be inefficient in terms of storage / computation, whereas group AI learning provides natural parallelization for training.

[0117] FIG. 5 depicts a collaborative learning scenario 500, according to aspects of the disclosure. Collaborative learning scenario 500 includes a network node / entity 502 responsible for broadcasting the initial global gradient and the distribution of gradient updates to a plurality of UEs (e.g., UE 1 through UE (n)). In this example, UE 1 through UE (n) are members of the same collaborative learning group and employ the same global AI models. However, each UE of the collaborative learning group updates its local gradient vector for its AI model based on its local dataset 504. In an aspect, each local data set 504 includes data corresponding to the AI output of the local AI model as the UE employs the local AI model throughout its operation. Each UE utilizes the global gradient as a basis to upgrade its local gradient using its local data set 504. In an aspect, each UE transmits its local gradient update results to the network node / entity 502, which uses the updated local gradients to update the global gradient, which may be redistributed to the UEs and used by each UE as a further basis for upgrading its local gradient vector.

[0118] Certain aspects of the disclosure are implemented with a recognition that AI models employed by a UE when the UE is in a specific area / region and / or associated with a given network node (e.g., base station, gNB, TRP) may not be optimal for use when the UE 38 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 39 moves to another area / or becomes associated with another network node. In accordance with certain aspects of the disclosure, a UE may be associated with a first collaborative learning group (or subgroup) when in a first area / region or associated with a first network node, but change the collaborative learning group (or subgroup) with which it is associated when the UE moves to another area / region or otherwise becomes associated with another network node. In an aspect, each collaborative learning group (or subgroup) may be associated with its own AI model attributes (e.g., global AI model, 2) local AI model, 3) global gradient vectors, 4) local gradient vectors, 5) optimization methods and functions, or 6) any combination thereof). In an aspect, the UE implements the AI model attributes of the collaborative learning group (or subgroup) with which it is currently associated. In accordance with aspects of the disclosure, as the UE becomes associated with a different collaborative learning group (or subgroup), the UE may change the AI model attributes that it implements based on the AI model attributes associated with the different collaborative learning group (or subgroup).

[0119] In an aspect, a global function refers to an AI model that is collaboratively learned and updated across multiple devices without the devices sharing their local data. In an aspect, it is a model that is being trained in this AI scenario by aggregating the updates received from all the local models. For example, if a local function (that is, trained based only on local data) is f_k (input_k) for k=1,… number of devices), then a global function could be summation of all the f_k(input_k). In an aspect, a local function is a model that is trained based only on local information. In an aspect, a local gradient is the gradient of the local function, while the global gradient is the gradient of the global function.

[0120] FIG. 6 shows an example of a collaborative learning environment 600, according to aspects of the disclosure. In this example, there are two collaborative learning groups (e.g., collaborative learning group 1 and collaborative learning group 2) with which a UE, such as UE 602, may be associated. The UE 602 is associated with collaborative learning group 1 when the UE 602 is located within the areas / regions served by a first group of cells (e.g., Cell 1, Cell 6, and Cell 7) or is otherwise served by the cells of the first group of cells. However, the UE 602 is associated with collaborative learning group 2 when the UE 502 is located with the areas / regions served by a second group of cells (e.g., Cell 2, Cell 3, and Cell 4) or is otherwise served by the cells of the second group of cells. 39 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 40

[0121] In accordance with various aspects of the disclosure, a UE can freely move (e.g., physically or logically) amongst the cells associated with the same collaborative learning group without necessarily changing the AI model attributes. For example, the UE 502 may move its association from any of Cells 1, 6, and 7 (collaborative learning group 1) to another of Cells 1, 6, and 7 (also collaborative learning group 1) without changing its AI model attributes. Similarly, the UE 602 may move its association from any of Cells 3, 4, and 5 (collaborative learning group 2) to another of Cells 3, 4, and 5 (also collaborative learning group 2) without changing its AI model attributes.

[0122] However, if the UE changes its association from a cell within a first collaborative learning group to a cell within a second collaborative learning group, the UE changes the AI model attributes from those associated with the first collaborative learning group to the AI model attributes associated with the second collaborative learning group. For example, when the UE 602 moves its association from any of Cells 1, 6, and 7 (collaborative learning group 1) to any of Cells 3, 4, and 5 (collaborative learning group 2), the UE 502 changes its AI model attributes from the AI model attributes associated with collaborative learning group 1 to the AI model attributes associated with collaborative learning group 2. Similarly, when the UE 602 moves its association from any of Cells 3, 4, and 5 (collaborative learning group 2) to any of Cells 1, 6, and 7 (collaborative learning group 1), the UE 502 will change its AI model attributes from the AI model attributes associated with collaborative learning group 2 to the AI model attributes associated with collaborative learning group 1.

[0123] According to various aspects of the disclosure, the UE may change a first set of AI model attributes as it moves its association from one collaborative learning group to another collaborative learning group while maintaining its operation with a second set of AI model attributes (e.g., a fixed set of pre-configured AI model attributes, a set of AI model attributes inherited from the UE’s association with a previous collaborative learning group, etc.). For example, as long as the UE is associated with a given collaborative learning group (e.g., a given group of network nodes, a given area, etc.), the local function that is being updated at the UE with the local data (model update / finetuning) is the same. However, when the UE changes its association to a different collaborative learning group (e.g., a specific group of network nodes, a specific area, etc.), the UE will start minimizing a different local function / model while still using the same global function. As such, each 40 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 41 collaborative learning group is associated with a given local function while a group of different collaborative learning groups may have different local functions / models while still being associated with the same global function.

[0124] In another example, the local function that is being updated with the local data (model update / finetuning) remains the same while the UE is associated with a given collaborative learning group. If the UE changes its association to another collaborative group, the UE will start minimizing a different local function / model. However, in this scenario, the UE need not be aware of whether the global function / model has been updated.

[0125] According to aspects of the disclosure, a collaborative learning group may include one or more subgroups within it. FIG.7 shows an example collaborative learning group scenario 700 having corresponding collaborative learning subgroups, according to aspects of the disclosure. In FIG. 7, there are two different collaborative learning groups labeled GROUP 1 and GROUP 2. In this example, however, collaborative learning group GROUP 1 includes three subgroups: Subgroup 1-1, Subgroup 1-2, and Subgroup 1-3. Similarly, collaborative learning group GROUP 2 includes three subgroups: Subgroup 2- 1, Subgroup 2-2, and Subgroup 2-3. In an aspect, as the UE moves within an area and / or a network node associated with a subgroup, the UE continues to use the same local model / function. However, when the UE moves to a different subgroup, the UE may switch to using a different local model / function. In an aspect, as the UE moves within an area and / or a network node associated with a group, the UE continues to use the same global model / function. However, when the UE moves to a different group, the UE may switch to using a different global model / function.

[0126] Certain aspects of the disclosure are directed to different example classifications for inter- collaborative learning group mobility. In an aspect, the mobility classifications may be based on the type and source of the AI model attributes that are changed as the UE changes its association between different collaborative learning groups.

[0127] FIG. 8 illustrates a collaborative learning group scenario 800 depicting examples of various classifications for inter-collaborative learning group mobility, according to aspects of the disclosure. In this example, there are four collaborative learning groups, labeled Group 1, Group 2, Group 3, and Group 4. Each group is comprised of three cells. In this example, Group 1 is comprised of cells 1-3. Group 2 is comprised of cells 4-6. Group 3 is comprised of cells 8-10. Group 4 is comprised of cells 11-13. 41 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 42

[0128] In the example shown in FIG.8, there are two mobility classifications, Type 1 and Type 2. In a Type 1 mobility classification, a UE can continue using the same local AI model with new model gradients from the network (e.g., base station, gNB, parameter server, an LMF, or other network node / entity) as the UE moves between certain collaborative learning groups. In an aspect, Type 1 mobility only involves changes to the gradients used by the UE and need only evoke a download of changes to the gradients from the network. Since the amount of information transmitted from the network to the UE is limited, there is a power savings and reduced communication overhead implemented in Type 1 mobility between the collaborative learning groups. Here, movement of the UE between Groups 1 and 3, between Groups 1 and 2, and between Groups 2 and 4 evoke Type 1 mobility characteristics.

[0129] In a Type 2 mobility classification, the UE downloads a new AI model from the network as the UE moves between certain collaborative learning groups. Since there may be a significant amount of information transmitted from the network to the UE, the amount of power needed for Type 2 mobility is greater than that needed for Type 1 mobility. Additionally, the communication overhead for Type 1 mobility may be significantly greater than that associated with Type 2 mobility. In FIG. 8, movement of the UE between Groups 2 and 3 and between Groups 3 and 4 evoke Type 2 mobility characteristics.

[0130] FIG. 9 is a table 900 showing the mobility classifications associated with movement of the UE between the various collaborative learning groups shown in FIG. 8 and the AI model attributes that may be communicated to the UE by the network, according to aspects of the disclosure. In this example, all of the UE movement evoking Type 2 mobility results in the download of a new AI model. However, the type of information evoked through Type 1 consumes more power and communication resources than Type 2 mobility. The type of information transfer (e.g., new AI model) evoked through Type 2 mobility as the UE moves between the collaborative learning groups consumes more power and communication resources than Type 1 mobility scenarios.

[0131] Table 900 shows the type of information transfer from the network to the UE based on the movement of the UE between the collaborative learning groups shown in FIG. 8, where the top row indicates the collaborative learning group from which the UE is moving and the left vertical row indicates the collaborative learning group to which the UE is 42 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 43 moving. As shown in the example of FIG.9, so long as the UE does not move between collaborative learning groups (e.g., it remains associated with a given collaborative learning group), there are no changes (e.g., indicated as “No change” in Table 900) made to the AI model attributes employed by the UE.

[0132] When a UE moves (e.g., changes its association) between different collaborative groups, the type of information communicated to the UE by the network depends on the movement’s mobility classification. In FIG.9, the movement of the UE from Group 1 to Group 4 results in the download of a new AI model (e.g., a Group 4 AI model) that is to be used by the UE while it is associated with Group 4. Similarly, when the UE moves from Group 2 to Group 3, the UE will receive a download of a new AI model (e.g., a Group 3 AI model) to be used by the UE while it is associated with Group 3. When the UE moves from Group 3 to Group 2, the UE will receive a download of a new AI model (e.g., a Group 2 AI model) to be used by the UE while the UE remains associated with Group 2. Movement of the UE from Group 3 to Group 2 results in a download of a new AI model (e.g., the Group 2 AI model) that is to be used by the UE while the UE remains associated with Group 2. Movement of the UE from Group 4 to Group 1 results in a download of a new AI model (e.g., Group 1 AI model) to be used by the UE while the UE remains associated with Group 1. Finally, movement of the UE from Group 4 to Group 3 results in a download of a new AI model (e.g., the Group 3 AI model) that is to be used by the UE while the UE remains associated with Group 3.

[0133] Type 1 mobility is based on using an AI model that has already been downloaded to the UE but which receives a new gradient to be used with the previously downloaded AI model. In accordance with various aspects of the disclosure, the AI model used in Type 1 mobility may be the same as the AI model used in the collaborative learning group from which the UE is moving. Additionally, or in the alternative, the particular AI model to be used while in the collaborative learning group to which the UE is moving may be switched to another AI model that has already been downloaded or pre-configured at the UE. However, unlike Type 2 mobility scenarios, the UE may have multiple AI models that have been downloaded and / or pre-configured at the UE, in which case the network need only download an identification of the particular AI model of the multiple AI models that are to be employed. 43 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 44

[0134] Notwithstanding how the previously downloaded and / or pre-configured AI model is initially configured at the UE, the network may provide a new gradient to the UE that is to be used by the AI model while the UE remains in the new collaborative learning group to which it has moved. The information transferred by the network to the UE as a result of the movement of the UE from Group 1 to another collaborative learning group associated with Type 1 mobility is shown in the second column of Table 900. In this example, when the UE moves from Group 1 to Group 2, the UE receives a gradient (e.g., Gradient G21) from the network to be used while the UE remains in Group 2. When the UE moves from Group 1 to Group 3, the UE receives a gradient (e.g., Gradient G31) from the network to be used while the UE remains in Group 3.

[0135] The information transferred by the network to the UE as a result of the movement of the UE from Group 2 to another collaborative learning group associated with Type 1 mobility is shown in the third column of Table 900. When the UE moves from Group 2 to Group 1, the UE receives a gradient (e.g., Gradient G12) from the network to be used while the UE remains in Group 1. When the UE moves from Group 2 to Group 4, the UE receives a gradient (e.g., Gradient G42) from the network to be used while the UE remains in Group 4.

[0136] The information transferred by the network to the UE as a result of the movement of the UE from Group 3 to another collaborative learning group associated with Type 1 mobility is shown in the fourth column of Table 900. When the UE moves from Group 3 to Group 1, the UE receives a gradient (e.g., Gradient G31) from the network to be used while the UE remains in Group 1.

[0137] The information transferred by the network to the UE as a result of the movement of the UE from Group 4 to another collaborative learning group associated with Type 1 mobility is shown in the fifth column of Table 900. When the UE moves from Group 4 to Group 2, the UE receives a gradient (e.g., Gradient G24) from the network to be used while the UE remains in Group 2.

[0138] The network may initialize the UE for operation in various ways in a collaborative learning group scenario. In an aspect, the network may provide 1) a list of cells belonging to the same collaborative learning group, 2) a list of the collaborative learning groups, and 3) the local AI model related to each collaborative learning group. In an aspect, the 44 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 45 local AI model may be pre-configured at the UE instead of being initially downloaded by the UE from the network.

[0139] As the UE trains its local AI model, the UE may determine gradient / model updates / fine- tuning parameters and transmit such information to the network. In turn, the network collects such parameters from multiple UEs and updates the parameters of the global model. Updated AI models, gradients, or other AI model parameters may be transmitted to the UEs. In an aspect, the AI model parameters may be distributed to UEs based on the collaborative learning groups to which it is currently associated and likely to be associated. In an aspect, the UE may provide the gradients / model updates / model finetuning sent to the network along with an area indicator (e.g., area / area group information).

[0140] In an aspect, a UE may report information relating to the performance of one or more AI models of the different AI models associated with performing wireless operations at the UE. The performance of the one or more AI models may relate to wireless operations, including 1) channel measurements, 2) power delay profiles, 3) channel impulse response, 4) angle-of-departure measurements, 5) angle-of-arrival measurements, 6) line-of-sight conditions, 7) a non-line-of-sight conditions, 8) signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio, or 9) any combination thereof.

[0141] The network may provide updated gradient / models, finetuning information, and other AI model parameters to the UE in various manners. In an aspect, the information may be provided to the UE through dedicated AI model signaling. Additionally, or in the alternative, the network may provide such information as part of the LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) signaling. Additionally, or in the alternative, the network may provide such information as part of unicast signaling (e.g., through radio resource control (RRC)) signaling. Additionally, or in the alternative, the network may provide such information as part of broadcast signaling (e.g., a new broadcasted system information block (SIB)).

[0142] According to aspects of the disclosure, the UE may provide the network with its AI capabilities. In an aspect, the UE report may indicate its capability to be configured with a collaborative learning group, and whether the UE supports Type 1 or Type 2 mobility for its AI model update. Additionally, or in the alternative, the UE may report 1) the maximum number of collaborative learning groups the UE supports, 2) whether the UE supports both federated learning groups and subgroups, 3) the maximum number of 45 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 46 collaborative learning groups and subgroups supported by the UE, 4) whether the UE supports reporting of local updates to the network, or 5) any combination thereof. With respect to the UE reporting its update capabilities, such reporting may be based on a one- shop methodology (e.g., update opportunistic, or without a request from the network), periodic updates, or a combination thereof. Additionally, or in the alternative, the transmission of updates by the UE may be based on the UE changing its camped cell, collaborative learning group, collaborative learning sub-group, area, etc.

[0143] According to aspects of the disclosure, the teachings herein may be extended to device- to-device (D2D) AI collaborative group scenarios. FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a collaborative learning group environment 1000 implemented in a device-to-device scenario, according to aspects of the disclosure. In this example, two sidelink collaborative learning groups are shown as Sidelink Learning Group 1 and Sidelink Learning Group 2. Sidelink Learning Group 1 includes six UEs, labeled UE 1 through UE 6. Likewise, Sidelink Learning Group 2 includes six UEs, labeled UE 7 through UE 12. In this example, the UEs may share local updates while participating in a given collaborative learning sidelink group. Various signaling may be implemented to implement procedures allowing a device to move to another sidelink learning group and change its local / global AI function.

[0144] FIG. 11 illustrates an example method 1100 of wireless communication performed by a user equipment (UE), according to aspects of the disclosure. At operation 1102, the UE receives collaborative learning group information corresponding to different collaborative learning groups. In an aspect, operation 1102 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, the one or more processors 342, memory 340, and / or AI component 348, any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation.

[0145] At operation 1104, the UE receives artificial intelligence (AI) model information corresponding to different AI models associated with performing wireless operations at the UE, wherein each AI model of the different AI models is associated with at least one collaborative learning group of the different collaborative learning groups. In an aspect, operation 1104 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, the one or more processors 342, memory 46 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 47 340, and / or AI component 348, any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation.

[0146] At operation 1106, the UE performs, based on the UE being associated with a given collaborative learning group, wireless operations based on a given AI model associated with the given collaborative learning group. In an aspect, operation 1106 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, the one or more processors 342, memory 340, and / or AI component 348, any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation.

[0147] As will be appreciated, a technical advantage of the method 1100 is that the method may be used by the UEs in an NR environment to utilize AI models that are associated with collaborative learning groups. In an aspect, the UEs may locally train the AI models and provide updated AI parameters to a network, which may use updated AI parameters received from multiple UEs of the same collaborative learning group to update the set AI models associated with that collaborative learning group.

[0148] FIG. 12 illustrates an example method 1200 of wireless communication performed by a network node, according to aspects of the disclosure. At operation 1202, the network node transmits, to a plurality of user equipments (UEs), information relating to different collaborative learning groups. In an aspect, operation 1202 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 350, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 360, the one or more processors 384, memory 386, and / or AI component 388, any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation.

[0149] At operation 1204, the network node transmits, to the plurality of UEs, artificial intelligence (AI) model information corresponding to different AI models associated with performing wireless operations at the plurality of UEs, wherein each AI model of the different AI models is associated with at least one collaborative learning group of the different collaborative learning groups.. In an aspect, operation 1204 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 350, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 360, the one or more processors 384, memory 386, and / or AI component 388, any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation.

[0150] As will be appreciated, a technical advantage of the method 1200 is that the method may be used by a network node in an NR environment to coordinate multiple UEs in the 47 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 48 selection of AI models that are associated with collaborative learning groups. In an aspect, the UEs may locally train the AI models and provide updated AI parameters to the network node. In turn, the network node may use the updated AI parameters received from multiple UEs of the same collaborative learning group to update the set of AI models associated with that collaborative learning group.

[0151] In the detailed description above it can be seen that different features are grouped together in examples. This manner of disclosure should not be understood as an intention that the example clauses have more features than are explicitly mentioned in each clause. Rather, the various aspects of the disclosure may include fewer than all features of an individual example clause disclosed. Therefore, the following clauses should hereby be deemed to be incorporated in the description, wherein each clause by itself can stand as a separate example. Although each dependent clause can refer in the clauses to a specific combination with one of the other clauses, the aspect(s) of that dependent clause are not limited to the specific combination. It will be appreciated that other example clauses can also include a combination of the dependent clause aspect(s) with the subject matter of any other dependent clause or independent clause or a combination of any feature with other dependent and independent clauses. The various aspects disclosed herein expressly include these combinations, unless it is explicitly expressed or can be readily inferred that a specific combination is not intended (e.g., contradictory aspects, such as defining an element as both an electrical insulator and an electrical conductor). Furthermore, it is also intended that aspects of a clause can be included in any other independent clause, even if the clause is not directly dependent on the independent clause.

[0152] Implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses:

[0153] Clause 1. A method of wireless communication performed by a user equipment (UE), comprising: receiving collaborative learning group information corresponding to different collaborative learning groups; receiving artificial intelligence (AI) model information corresponding to different AI models associated with performing wireless operations at the UE, wherein each AI model of the different AI models is associated with at least one collaborative learning group of the different collaborative learning groups; and performing, based on the UE being associated with a given collaborative learning group, wireless operations based on a given AI model associated with the given collaborative learning group. 48 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 49

[0154] Clause 2. The method of clause 1, wherein: the different collaborative learning groups correspond to different sets of one or more radio access network (RAN) cells; geographic areas; groups of UEs; or any combination thereof.

[0155] Clause 3. The method of any of clauses 1 to 2, wherein: at least one collaborative learning group of the different collaborative learning groups corresponds to a same set of one or more radio access network (RAN) cells; geographic areas; groups of UEs; or any combination thereof.

[0156] Clause 4. The method of any of clauses 1 to 3, further comprising: performing the wireless operations as the UE moves between different radio access network (RAN) cells, different groups of UEs, and / or different geographic areas, wherein the different RAN cells, different groups of UEs, and / or different geographic areas are associated with a same collaborative learning group of the different collaborative learning groups.

[0157] Clause 5. The method of any of clauses 1 to 4, wherein: the wireless operations comprise positioning operations to determine a position of the UE; positioning operations to determine a position of one or more other UEs; determining radio channel conditions associated with wireless communication performed by the UE; or any combination thereof.

[0158] Clause 6. The method of any of clauses 1 to 5, further comprising: reporting information relating to performance of one or more AI models of the different AI models.

[0159] Clause 7. The method of clause 6, wherein: the performance of the one or more AI models relate to wireless operations comprising: channel measurements; power delay profiles; channel impulse response; angle-of-departure measurements; angle-of-arrival measurements; line-of-sight conditions; a non-line-of-sight conditions; signal-to- interference-plus-noise ratio; or any combination thereof.

[0160] Clause 8. The method of any of clauses 1 to 7, wherein: the different AI models comprise AI models having different global functions; AI models having different local functions; AI models having a same global function and different local functions; or any combination thereof.

[0161] Clause 9. The method of any of clauses 1 to 8, wherein: at least one collaborative learning group is associated with a plurality of collaborative learning subgroups.

[0162] Clause 10. The method of clause 9, wherein: at least one collaborative learning group of the different collaborative learning groups is associated with an AI model of the different 49 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 50 AI models having a global AI function; and the plurality of collaborative learning subgroups are associated with different local AI functions of the global AI function.

[0163] Clause 11. The method of any of clauses 1 to 10, further comprising: receiving one or more AI model update parameters from a network node; and at least one AI model of the different AI models associated with performing wireless operations at the UE is based on a global AI model stored at the UE and the one or more AI model update parameters, a local AI model stored at the UE and the one or more AI model update parameters, or any combination thereof.

[0164] Clause 12. The method of clause 11, wherein: the one or more AI model update parameters comprise one or more AI model gradients.

[0165] Clause 13. The method of any of clauses 11 to 12, wherein: the one or more AI model update parameters received from the network node are received based on the UE transitioning from an association with a first collaborative learning group of the different collaborative learning groups to a second collaborative learning group of the different collaborative learning groups.

[0166] Clause 14. The method of any of clauses 1 to 13, further comprising: receiving a global AI model from a network node based on the UE transitioning from an association with a first collaborative learning group of the different collaborative learning groups to a second collaborative learning group of the different collaborative learning groups.

[0167] Clause 15. The method of any of clauses 1 to 14, further comprising: receiving, from a network node, AI model information comprising one or more global AI models associated with the different AI models; one or more local AI models associated with the different AI models; one or more local AI model update parameters associated with the different AI models; one or more global AI model update parameters associated with the different AI models; or any combination thereof.

[0168] Clause 16. The method of clause 15, wherein: the AI model information received from the network node is received via Long Term Evolution Positioning Protocol (LPP) signaling; radio resource control (RRC) signaling; system information block (SIB) signaling; or any combination thereof.

[0169] Clause 17. The method of any of clauses 1 to 16, further comprising: reporting, to a network node, collaborative learning group capabilities of the UE comprising AI model update capabilities; a maximum number of collaborative learning groups supported by 50 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO the UE; collaborative learning subgroup capabilities; a maximum number of collaborative learning subgroups supported by the UE; or any combination thereof.

[0170] Clause 18. The method of any of clauses 1 to 17, further comprising: training at least one AI model of the different AI models based on local data acquired by the UE while using the at least one AI model; and reporting updated AI model parameters for the at least one AI model of the different AI models based on the training of the at least one AI model.

[0171] Clause 19. A method of wireless communication performed by a network node, comprising: transmitting, to a plurality of user equipments (UEs), information relating to different collaborative learning groups; and transmitting, to the plurality of UEs, artificial intelligence (AI) model information corresponding to different AI models associated with performing wireless operations at the plurality of UEs, wherein each AI model of the different AI models is associated with at least one collaborative learning group of the different collaborative learning groups.

[0172] Clause 20. The method of clause 19, wherein: different collaborative learning groups are associated with different sets of one or more radio access network (RAN) cells; geographic areas; or any combination thereof.

[0173] Clause 21. The method of any of clauses 19 to 20, wherein: at least one collaborative learning group of the different collaborative learning groups corresponds to a same set of one or more radio access network (RAN) cells; geographic areas; or any combination thereof.

[0174] Clause 22. The method of any of clauses 19 to 21, wherein: the wireless operations comprise positioning operations to determine a position of one or more UEs of the plurality of UEs.

[0175] Clause 23. The method of any of clauses 19 to 22, wherein: the wireless operations comprise determining radio channel conditions associated with wireless communication performed by one or more UEs of the plurality of UEs.

[0176] Clause 24. The method of any of clauses 19 to 23, further comprising: receiving, from one or more UEs of the plurality of UEs, information relating to performance of one or more AI models of the different AI models.

[0177] Clause 25. The method of any of clauses 19 to 24, wherein: the different AI models comprise AI models having different global functions; AI models having different local 51 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 52 functions; AI models having a same global function and different local functions; or any combination thereof.

[0178] Clause 26. The method of any of clauses 19 to 25, wherein: at least one collaborative learning group of the different collaborative learning groups is associated with a plurality of collaborative learning subgroups.

[0179] Clause 27. The method of clause 26, wherein: the at least one collaborative learning group is associated with at least one AI model having a global AI function; and the plurality of collaborative learning subgroups are associated with different local AI functions of the global AI function.

[0180] Clause 28. The method of any of clauses 19 to 27, further comprising: transmitting one or more AI model update parameters from the network node to at least one UE of the plurality of UEs; and at least one AI model of the different AI models is based on a global AI model stored at the at least one UE and the one or more AI model update parameters, a local AI model stored at the at least one UE and the one or more AI model update parameters, or any combination thereof.

[0181] Clause 29. The method of any of clauses 19 to 28, wherein: the AI model information relating to the different AI models transmitted from the network node is transmitted via Long Term Evolution Positioning Protocol (LPP) signaling; radio resource control (RRC) signaling; system information block (SIB) signaling; or any combination thereof.

[0182] Clause 30. The method of any of clauses 19 to 29, further comprising: receiving, from one or more UEs of the plurality of UEs, collaborative learning group capabilities of the one or more UEs comprising AI model update capabilities; a maximum number of collaborative learning groups supported by the UE; collaborative learning subgroup capabilities; a maximum number of collaborative learning subgroups supported by the UE; or any combination thereof.

[0183] Those of skill in the art will appreciate that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof. 52 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 53

[0184] Further, those of skill in the art will appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0185] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an ASIC, a field-programable gate array (FPGA), or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, for example, a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

[0186] The methods, sequences and / or algorithms described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in random access memory (RAM), flash memory, read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An example storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal (e.g., 53 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 54 UE). In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal.

[0187] In one or more example aspects, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0188] While the foregoing disclosure shows illustrative aspects of the disclosure, it should be noted that various changes and modifications could be made herein without departing from the scope of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims. For example, the functions, steps and / or actions of the method claims in accordance with the aspects of the disclosure described herein need not be performed in any particular order. Further, no component, function, action, or instruction described or claimed herein should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly described as such. Furthermore, as used herein, the terms “set,” “group,” and the like are intended to include one or more of the stated elements. Also, as used herein, the terms “has,” “have,” “having,” “comprises,” 54 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 55 “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” and the like does not preclude the presence of one or more additional elements (e.g., an element “having” A may also have B). Further, the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “based, at least in part, on” unless explicitly stated otherwise. Also, as used herein, the term “or” is intended to be inclusive when used in a series and may be used interchangeably with “and / or,” unless explicitly stated otherwise (e.g., if used in combination with “either” or “only one of”) or the alternatives are mutually exclusive (e.g., “one or more” should not be interpreted as “one and more”). Furthermore, although components, functions, actions, and instructions may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural is contemplated unless limitation to the singular is explicitly stated. Accordingly, as used herein, the articles “a,” “an,” “the,” and “said” are intended to include one or more of the stated elements. Additionally, as used herein, the terms “at least one” and “one or more” encompass “one” component, function, action, or instruction performing or capable of performing a described or claimed functionality and also “two or more” components, functions, actions, or instructions performing or capable of performing a described or claimed functionality in combination. 55 QC2402928WO

Claims

Qualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 56 CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1. A method of wireless communication performed by a user equipment (UE), comprising: receiving collaborative learning group information corresponding to different collaborative learning groups; receiving artificial intelligence (AI) model information corresponding to different AI models associated with performing wireless operations at the UE, wherein each AI model of the different AI models is associated with at least one collaborative learning group of the different collaborative learning groups; and performing, based on the UE being associated with a given collaborative learning group, wireless operations based on a given AI model associated with the given collaborative learning group.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein: the different collaborative learning groups correspond to different sets of one or more radio access network (RAN) cells; geographic areas; groups of UEs; or any combination thereof.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein: at least one collaborative learning group of the different collaborative learning groups corresponds to a same set of one or more radio access network (RAN) cells; geographic areas; groups of UEs; or any combination thereof.

4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: performing the wireless operations as the UE moves between different radio access network (RAN) cells, different groups of UEs, and / or different geographic areas, 56 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 57 wherein the different RAN cells, different groups of UEs, and / or different geographic areas are associated with a same collaborative learning group of the different collaborative learning groups.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein: the wireless operations comprise positioning operations to determine a position of the UE; positioning operations to determine a position of one or more other UEs; determining radio channel conditions associated with wireless communication performed by the UE; or any combination thereof.

6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: reporting information relating to performance of one or more AI models of the different AI models.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein: the performance of the one or more AI models relate to wireless operations comprising: channel measurements; power delay profiles; channel impulse response; angle-of-departure measurements; angle-of-arrival measurements; line-of-sight conditions; a non-line-of-sight conditions; signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio; or any combination thereof. The method of claim 1, wherein: the different AI models comprise AI models having different global functions; AI models having different local functions; 57 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 58 AI models having a same global function and different local functions; or any combination thereof.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein: at least one collaborative learning group is associated with a plurality of collaborative learning subgroups.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein: at least one collaborative learning group of the different collaborative learning groups is associated with an AI model of the different AI models having a global AI function; and the plurality of collaborative learning subgroups are associated with different local AI functions of the global AI function.

11. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving one or more AI model update parameters from a network node; and at least one AI model of the different AI models associated with performing wireless operations at the UE is based on a global AI model stored at the UE and the one or more AI model update parameters, a local AI model stored at the UE and the one or more AI model update parameters, or any combination thereof.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein: the one or more AI model update parameters comprise one or more AI model gradients.

13. The method of claim 11, wherein: the one or more AI model update parameters received from the network node are received based on the UE transitioning from an association with a first collaborative learning group of the different collaborative learning groups to a second collaborative learning group of the different collaborative learning groups. 58 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 59 14. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving a global AI model from a network node based on the UE transitioning from an association with a first collaborative learning group of the different collaborative learning groups to a second collaborative learning group of the different collaborative learning groups.

15. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, from a network node, AI model information comprising one or more global AI models associated with the different AI models; one or more local AI models associated with the different AI models; one or more local AI model update parameters associated with the different AI models; one or more global AI model update parameters associated with the different AI models; or any combination thereof.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein: the AI model information received from the network node is received via Long Term Evolution Positioning Protocol (LPP) signaling; radio resource control (RRC) signaling; system information block (SIB) signaling; or any combination thereof.

17. The method of claim 1, further comprising: reporting, to a network node, collaborative learning group capabilities of the UE comprising AI model update capabilities; a maximum number of collaborative learning groups supported by the UE; collaborative learning subgroup capabilities; a maximum number of collaborative learning subgroups supported by the UE; or any combination thereof.

18. The method of claim 1, further comprising: 59 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 60 training at least one AI model of the different AI models based on local data acquired by the UE while using the at least one AI model; and reporting updated AI model parameters for the at least one AI model of the different AI models based on the training of the at least one AI model.

19. A method of wireless communication performed by a network node, comprising: transmitting, to a plurality of user equipments (UEs), information relating to different collaborative learning groups; and transmitting, to the plurality of UEs, artificial intelligence (AI) model information corresponding to different AI models associated with performing wireless operations at the plurality of UEs, wherein each AI model of the different AI models is associated with at least one collaborative learning group of the different collaborative learning groups.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein: different collaborative learning groups are associated with different sets of one or more radio access network (RAN) cells; geographic areas; or any combination thereof.

21. The method of claim 19, wherein: at least one collaborative learning group of the different collaborative learning groups corresponds to a same set of one or more radio access network (RAN) cells; geographic areas; or any combination thereof.

22. The method of claim 19, wherein: the wireless operations comprise positioning operations to determine a position of one or more UEs of the plurality of UEs.

23. The method of claim 19, wherein: 60 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 61 the wireless operations comprise determining radio channel conditions associated with wireless communication performed by one or more UEs of the plurality of UEs.

24. The method of claim 19, further comprising: receiving, from one or more UEs of the plurality of UEs, information relating to performance of one or more AI models of the different AI models.

25. The method of claim 19, wherein: the different AI models comprise AI models having different global functions; AI models having different local functions; AI models having a same global function and different local functions; or any combination thereof.

26. The method of claim 19, wherein: at least one collaborative learning group of the different collaborative learning groups is associated with a plurality of collaborative learning subgroups.

27. The method of claim 26, wherein: the at least one collaborative learning group is associated with at least one AI model having a global AI function; and the plurality of collaborative learning subgroups are associated with different local AI functions of the global AI function.

28. The method of claim 19, further comprising: transmitting one or more AI model update parameters from the network node to at least one UE of the plurality of UEs; and at least one AI model of the different AI models is based on a global AI model stored at the at least one UE and the one or more AI model update parameters, a local AI model stored at the at least one UE and the one or more AI model update parameters, or any combination thereof. 61 QC2402928WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2402928WO 62 29. The method of claim 19, wherein: the AI model information relating to the different AI models transmitted from the network node is transmitted via Long Term Evolution Positioning Protocol (LPP) signaling; radio resource control (RRC) signaling; system information block (SIB) signaling; or any combination thereof.

30. The method of claim 19, further comprising: receiving, from one or more UEs of the plurality of UEs, collaborative learning group capabilities of the one or more UEs comprising AI model update capabilities; a maximum number of collaborative learning groups supported by the UE; collaborative learning subgroup capabilities; a maximum number of collaborative learning subgroups supported by the UE; or any combination thereof. 62 QC2402928WO

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