Vectored DEV avian influenza vaccines
Modified DEV vectors expressing H9 HA proteins with specific amino acid substitutions provide stable and effective vaccines for poultry, addressing genetic instability and virulence issues, achieving high protection rates against avian influenza.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM VETMEDICA CHINA CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2025-08-22
- Publication Date
- 2026-04-23
AI Technical Summary
Current avian influenza vaccines, particularly those using Duck Enteritis Virus (DEV) vectors, face challenges in achieving effective and safe protection against H9N2 avian influenza due to genetic instability and unspecific modifications, with existing vaccines showing limited efficacy and potential virulence in chickens.
A modified Duck Enteritis Virus (DEV) expressing a heterologous Hemagglutinin (HA) protein of avian influenza virus type H9 with specific amino acid substitutions (I124S, L234M, M250T, S254R, D384G, D395N, and optionally T220A) is inserted into non-essential regions of the DEV genome, providing stable and replicative vaccine candidates that induce protective immunity in poultry.
The modified DEV vectors demonstrate a protection rate of 75%-90% against avian influenza, compared to 55% for non-modified strains, with reduced morbidity and mortality in young poultry, and are capable of expressing the HA protein for early protective immunity.
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Figure PCTCN2025116358-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
VECTORED DEV AVIAN INFLUENZA VACCINES
[0001] Cross-Reference to Related Application
[0002] This application claims the priority of PCT / CN2024 / 114178 filed on August 23, 2024 entitled by “VECTORED DEV AVIAN INFLUENZA VACCINES” , the entirety of which is incorporated by reference herein.Technical Field
[0003] The present invention relates to the field of animal health. Particularly, the present invention relates to a composition, comprising a modified Duck Enteritis Virus (DEV) which comprises and is capable of expressing a heterologous polynucleotide coding for a modified Hemagglutinin (HA) protein of avian influenza virus type H9 (AIV H9 HA protein) having amino acid substitution (s) relative to SEQ ID NO: 1, and the use thereof.
[0004] Technical background
[0005] As a member of the Herpesvirus family, the genome of duck enteritis virus (DEV) has a stable double-stranded DNA structure and contains a plurality of non-essential regions for virus replication, which can accommodate the insertion of a plurality of heterologous genes. DEV strains that are attenuated through traditional passaging in chicken embryos or duck embryos have become a promising vaccine live vector system for developing vaccines against avian diseases. However, attenuation through traditional passaging in chicken embryos or duck embryos results in unspecific and mainly unknown genetic modifications with the risk, that such modifications can get lost and the attenuated virus returns to virulence. At present, expressing heterologous genes with DEV as a vector is mainly studied for developing vaccines against diseases in ducks. It has been reported that DEV vectored-vaccine which expresses a heterologous gene would be safe in duck, but it showed virulence in chicken (see Wang, J., (2015) . Construction of a recombinant duck enteritis virus (DEV) expressing hemagglutinin of H5N1 avian influenza virus based on an infectious clone of DEV vaccine strain and evaluation of its efficacy in ducks and chickens. Virology Journal, 12 (1) . ) . Developing a safe and effective live DEV vector that is genetically modified for developing vaccines against diseases in chickens remains a challenge in the art.
[0006] H9N2 as a low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV) has become globally widespread in poultry and has caused substantial economic loss. Vaccination is one of the strategies to control the disease. Currently, there is only inactivated H9N2 vaccine available in market and the efficacy is not as good as expected. So, there is an urgent need to develop an innovative H9N2 vaccine to effectively control the disease. Hemagglutinin (HA) is the main surface antigen of influenza A virus and the primary target to produce specific neutralizing antibodies. HA is a crucial target for vaccine development. However, there are different H9N2 lineages, and the HA sequence is not 100%identity among different H9N2 isolates. Therefore, the selection of the most effective HA sequence as gene of interest is crucial for DEV viral vectored H9N2 vaccine development.
[0007] Brief Description of the Invention
[0008] The present invention is based on the surprising finding that a heterologous gene coding for a modified Hemagglutinin (HA) protein of avian influenza virus type H9 (AIV H9 HA protein) having specific amino acid substitution (s) relative to the AIV H9 HA protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 can be inserted into the genome of Duck Enteritis Virus (DEV) and can exhibit an improved protective immunity against avian influenza virus. The specific amino acid substitution (s) may be selected from I124S, L234M, M250T, S254R, D384G, D395N, and T220A, preferably the specific amino acid substitutions may be I124S, L234M, M250T, S254R, D384G, and D395N, or I124S, L234M, M250T, S254R, D384G, D395N, and T220A. Particularly, the protection rate to AIV H9 provided by the modified DEVs comprising the modified AIV H9 HA protein would be 75%-90%, as compared to the 55%protection rate provided by the modified DEVs comprising the non-modified AIV H9 HA protein (i.e. SEQ ID NO: 1) . Such finding was totally surprising and offers high advantages and utility to the DEV-vectored vaccine.
[0009] Such heterologous gene can be inserted into or in replacement of a portion or the whole sequence of a non-essential gene or region of the DEV genome. Particularly the non-essential gene or region is selected from the UL2 gene, UL24 gene, UL39 gene, UL40 gene, UL23 gene, US8 gene, both US7 gene and US8 gene, or the UL26-UL27 intergenic region. Furthermore, the modified DEVs may also have specific inactive gene (s) , such as inactive i) US7, ii) US8, iii) UL2, iv) UL24, v) UL40, vi) UL39, vii) UL23, viii) UL41 or ix) US3 gene, alone or in combination with other DEV genes such as the combinations of: i) US7 gene and US8 gene; ii) UL24 gene and UL2 gene; iii) UL40 gene and UL2 gene; iv) UL23 gene and UL41 gene; or v) UL41 gene and US8.
[0010] While native DEV as well as many other deleted DEV constructs produced by the inventors were found pathogenic or lethal in young poultry (e.g. duck and chicken) (at day 0, day 1, day 2, or day 3 post-hatch) , the invention indeed shows that such modified DEVs is viable, stable and replicative, and shows a reduced or no morbidity or mortality in poultry (e.g. duck and chicken) , as compared with non-modified DEV strain. Moreover, such modified DEVs are stable and capable of expressing the heterologous gene in a manner suitable for inducing protective immunity against the respective pathogen (i.e. avian influenza virus) , including at very early stage (i.e., at day 0, day 1, day 2, or day 3 post-hatch) . Thus, such modified DEVs expressing the modified AIV H9 HA protein having specific amino acid substitution (s) relative to the AIV H9 HA protein of SEQ ID NO: 1 can be used as safe and very potent vaccine candidates for vaccinating poultry (e.g. duck and chicken) , and for conferring early protective immunity.
[0011] In one aspect, the present invention provides a composition, comprising a modified Duck Enteritis Virus (DEV) which comprises and is capable of expressing a heterologous polynucleotide coding for a modified Hemagglutinin (HA) protein of avian influenza virus type H9 (AIV H9 HA protein) , wherein the modified AIV H9 HA protein comprises at least one amino acid substitution at a position selected from I124, L234, M250, S254, D384, and D395, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0012] In one aspect, the present invention provides a method of vaccinating a poultry by inducing a protective immune response in a poultry against avian influenza virus, comprising at least one administration of the composition of the present invention.
[0013] In one aspect, the present invention provides the composition of the invention for use in a method for inducing a protective immune response in poultry against avian influenza virus, wherein such method comprises one or more administration of the composition of the invention to the poultry.
[0014] In one aspect, the present invention provides use of the composition of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for vaccinating a poultry by inducing a protective immune response in a poultry against avian influenza virus.Brief Description of the Drawings
[0015] Figure 1: shows gene structure map of plasmid pB12.
[0016] Figure 2: illustrates schematic diagrams of (A) bacterial artificial chromosome rDEV4 BAC, (B) recombinant construct with deleted gene rDEV4 ΔUL39 and (C) recombinant construct with inserted H9HA gene rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10-UL27.
[0017] Figure 3: shows the results of the transfection of DEFs (duck embryo fibroblasts) to rescue rDEV4 ΔUL39.
[0018] Figure 4: shows the results of RFLP analysis of rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10-UL27 by Xho I digestion.
[0019] Figure 5: shows the results of mini-F deletion to rescue rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10-UL27 by co-transfection.
[0020] Figure 6: shows the results of the genetic stability test of rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10-UL27 by PCR.
[0021] Figure 7: shows the results of the expression test of H9HA from rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10-UL27 by IFA.
[0022] Figure 8: shows results of HI Ab level of different groups induced by different rDEV4 H9HA vaccine candidate strains.
[0023] Figure 9: shows results of RFLP analysis of rDEV4-BAC-ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 and rDEV4-BAC-ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10 / M7-UL27 by Xho I digestion.
[0024] Figure 10: shows results of mini-F deletion to rescue viruses rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 and rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10 / M7-UL27 by co-transfection in DEFs.
[0025] Figure 11: shows results of genetic stability test of rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 and rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10 / M7-UL27 by PCR.
[0026] Figure 12: shows results of expression test of H9HA from rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 and rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10 / M7-UL27 by IFA.
[0027] Figure 13: shows result of HI Ab level of different groups induced by rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10-UL27, rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 and rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10 / M7-UL27.Detailed Description
[0028] Before the aspects of the present invention are described, it must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a" , "an" , and "the" include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, a reference to "a gene" includes a plurality of genes, a reference to the "virus" is a reference to one or more viruses and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth. The term “and / or” is intended to encompass any combinations of the items connected by this term, equivalent to listing all the combinations individually. For example, “A, B and / or C” encompasses “A” , “B” , “C” , “A and B” , “A and C” , “B and C” , and “A and B and C” . Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods, devices, and materials are now described. All publications mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference for the purpose of describing and disclosing the virus strains, the cell lines, vectors, and methodologies as reported in the publications which might be used in connection with the invention. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the invention is not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention.
[0029] Modified AIV H9 HA protein
[0030] In one aspect, the present invention provides a modified Hemagglutinin (HA) protein of avian influenza virus type H9 (AIV H9 HA protein) which comprises at least one amino acid substitution at a position selected from position 124, 234, 250, 254, 384, and 395, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0031] In some embodiments, the modified AIV H9 HA protein comprises a further amino acid substitution at position 220, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0032] The term “modified” in relation to AIV H9 HA refers to an AIV H9 HA protein / gene / nucleic acid molecule, that has been altered or modified by genetic engineering. As used herein, the AIV H9 HA protein which comprises at least one amino acid substitution with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 is also called a modified AIV H9 HA protein.
[0033] Avian influenza virus (AIV) belongs to the type of influenza A virus, and is classified into types on the basis of two proteins on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) . There are 18 known HA subtypes and 11 known NA subtypes. Many different combinations of HA and NA proteins are possible. As used herein, the term “H9 virus” means that the AIV has a subtype 9 HA. As used herein, the term “H9N2 virus” means that the AIV has a subtype 9 HA and a subtype 2 NA. In some embodiments, the AIV is avian influenza virus H9N2.
[0034] The term "virus" designates in particular a viral particle comprising a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a genome) encapsulated in a capsid or capsule. The term "virus" used herein also designates a viral vector or an isolated viral genome.
[0035] HA protein is the receptor-binding and membrane fusion glycoprotein of influenza A virus. As used herein, the terms “hemagglutinin protein of avian influenza virus type H9” , “AIV H9 HA protein” and “H9 HA protein” are interchangeable.
[0036] As used herein, SEQ ID NO: 1 represents the amino acid sequence of the HA protein of strain Influenza A virus A / chicken / TS10 (H9N2) . SEQ ID NO: 2 represents the nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. SEQ ID NO: 1 is used in the invention as a standard amino acid sequence of the H9 HA protein for determining the amino acid position of the (modified) H9 HA protein of the invention. SEQ ID NO: 1 is also the amino acid sequence of the H9 HA protein which is called H9HAts10.
[0037] The term “amino acid substitution” refers to the replacement of one amino acid in a protein, a peptide, an amino acid sequence or a polypeptide with another amino acid.
[0038] The term “amino acid sequence” refers a sequence of amino acids residues in a peptide or protein. The terms “polypeptide” , “peptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues and are not limited to a minimum length. Such polymers of amino acid residues may contain natural or unnatural amino acid residues, and include, but are not limited to, peptides, oligopeptides, dimers, trimers, and multimers of amino acid residues. Both full-length proteins and fragments thereof are encompassed by the definition. The terms also include postexpression modifications of the polypeptide, for example, glycosylation, sialylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and the like. Furthermore, for purposes of the present disclosure, a “polypeptide” refers to a protein which includes modifications, such as deletions, additions, and substitutions, to the native sequence, as long as the protein maintains the desired activity. These modifications may be deliberate, such as through site-directed mutagenesis, or may be accidental, such as through mutations of hosts which produce the proteins or errors due to PCR amplification.
[0039] As used herein, "amino acid residues with reference to / refers / referring to SEQ ID NO: x" (SEQ ID NO:x is a specific sequence listed herein) means that the position number of the specific amino acid described is the position number of the amino acid in SEQ ID NO: x to which that the described amino acid corresponds to. The correspondence of amino acids in different sequences can be determined according to sequence alignment methods known in the art. For example, the amino acid correspondence can be determined by the online comparison tool of EMBL-EBI (https: / / www. ebi. ac. uk / Tools / psa / ) , and the two sequences can use the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm, using the default parameters to align. For example, the isoleucine at position 123 from the N-terminus in non-modified AIV H9 HA protein encoded by AIV H9 B strain is aligned with the amino acid at position 124 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (non-modified AIV H9 HA protein encoded by AIV H9 A strain) in a sequence alignment, the isoleucine can be described herein as "the isoleucine at position 124 of the non-modified AIV H9 protein encoded by the AIV H9 B strain, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1" .
[0040] In some embodiments, the modified AIV H9 HA protein is derived from the HA protein of AIV H9 TS10 strain. In some embodiments, the modified AIV H9 HA protein is derived from the AIV H9 HA protein comprising an amino acid sequence comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the modified AIV H9 HA protein is derived from the AIV H9 HA protein comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0041] In one aspect, the present invention provides a modified Hemagglutinin (HA) protein of avian influenza virus type H9 (AIV H9 HA protein) which comprises at least one amino acid substitution at a position selected from I124, L234, M250, S254, D384, and D395, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the modified AIV H9 HA protein comprises at least one amino acid substitution selected from I124S, L234M, M250T, S254R, D384G, and D395N, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the modified AIV H9 HA protein comprises the amino acid substitutions at positions I124, L234, M250, S254, D384, and D395, preferably the amino acid substitutions of I124S, L234M, M250T, S254R, D384G, and D395N, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. A specific example of such modified AIV H9 HA protein is e.g., H9HAts10 / M6 (see Example 9) .
[0042] In some embodiments, the modified AIV H9 HA protein comprises a further amino acid substitution at a position T220, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the modified AIV H9 HA protein comprises a further amino acid substitution T220A, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the modified AIV H9 HA protein comprises the amino acid substitutions at positions I124, L234, M250, S254, D384, D395, and T220, preferably the amino acid substitutions of I124S, L234M, M250T, S254R, D384G, D395N and T220A, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. A specific example of such modified AIV H9 HA protein is e.g., H9HAts10 / M7 (see Example 9) .
[0043] In some embodiments, the amino acid residue at position 124 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the amino acid residue at position 234 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the amino acid residue at position 250 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the amino acid residue at position 254 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the amino acid residue at position 384 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the amino acid residue at position 395 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the amino acid residue at position 220 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0044] In some embodiments, the amino acid residue at position 124 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted by a Serine (S) , with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the amino acid residue at position 234 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted by a methionine (M) , with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the amino acid residue at position 250 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted by a threonine (T) , with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the amino acid residue at position 254 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted by a argnine (R) , with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the amino acid residue at position 384 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted by a glycine (G) , with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the amino acid residue at position 395 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted by an asparagine (N) , with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the amino acid residue at position 220 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted by an alanine (A) , with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0045] In some embodiments, the isoleucine (I) at position 124 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the leucine (L) at position 234 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the methionine (M) at position 250 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the Serine (S) at position 254 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the aspartic acid (D) at position 384 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the aspartic acid (D) at position 395 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the threonine (T) at position 220 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0046] In some embodiments, the isoleucine (I) at position 124 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted by a Serine (S) , with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the leucine (L) at position 234 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted by a methionine (M) , with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the methionine (M) at position 250 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted by a threonine (T) , with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the Serine (S) at position 254 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted by a argnine (R) , with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the aspartic acid (D) at position 384 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted by a glycine (G) , with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the aspartic acid (D) at position 395 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted by an asparagine (N) , with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the threonine (T) at position 220 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted by an alanine (A) , with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0047] In some embodiments, the isoleucine (I) at position 124 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted by a Serine (S) , the leucine (L) at position 234 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted by a methionine (M) , the methionine (M) at position 250 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted by a threonine (T) , the Serine (S) at position 254 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted by a argnine (R) , the aspartic acid (D) at position 384 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted by a glycine (G) , and the aspartic acid (D) at position 395 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted by an asparagine (N) , with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. A specific example of such modified AIV H9 HA protein is e.g., H9HAts10 / M6 (see Example 9) .
[0048] In some embodiments, the isoleucine (I) at position 124 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted by a Serine (S) , the leucine (L) at position 234 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted by a methionine (M) , the methionine (M) at position 250 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted by a threonine (T) , the Serine (S) at position 254 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted by a argnine (R) , the aspartic acid (D) at position 384 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted by a glycine (G) , the aspartic acid (D) at position 395 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted by an asparagine (N) , and the threonine (T) at position 220 of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is substituted by an alanine (A) , with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. A specific example of such modified AIV H9 HA protein is e.g., H9HAts10 / M7 (see Example 9) .
[0049] In some embodiments, the modified AIV H9 HA protein further comprises one or more additional amino acid mutations, e.g., conservative amino acid substitutions, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0050] In some embodiments, the modified AIV H9 HA protein comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.1%, at least 99.2%, at least 99.3%, at least 99.4%, at least 99.5%, at least 99.6%, at least 99.7%, at least 99.8%, at least 99.9% or 100%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 61 or SEQ ID NO: 62, wherein any amino acid alterations relative to SEQ ID NO: 61 or SEQ ID NO: 62 are conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the modified AIV H9 HA protein comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 61 or SEQ ID NO: 62.
[0051] "Sequence identity" between two polypeptide / nucleotide sequences indicates the percentage of amino acids / nucleotides that are identical between the sequences. Methods for evaluating the level of sequence identity between amino acid or nucleotide sequences are known in the art. For example, sequence analysis software is often used to determine the identity of amino acid / nucleotide sequences. For example, identity can be determined by using the BLAST program in the NCBI database. For determination of sequence identity, see, e.g., Computational Molecular Biology, Lesk, A.M., ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 1988; Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects, Smith, D.W., ed., Academic Press, New York, 1993; Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part I, Griffin, A.M., and Griffin, H.G., eds., Humana Press, New Jersey, 1994; Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology, von Heinje, G., Academic Press, 1987 and Sequence Analysis Primer, Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J., eds., M Stockton Press, New York, 1991.
[0052] As used herein, it is in particular understood that the term “sequence identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: X” is equivalent to the term “sequence identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: X over the length of SEQ ID NO: X” or to the term “sequence identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: X over the whole length of SEQ ID NO: X” , respectively. In this context, “X” is any integer, such as 1 or 2, so that “SEQ ID NO: X” represents any of the SEQ ID NOs mentioned herein.
[0053] In some embodiments, the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the invention results in a higher protection rate against avian influenza virus H9 and / or a higher titer of haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody of H9 than the AIV H9 HA protein of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0054] In another aspect, the present invention also provides a polynucleotide encoding the modified AIV H7 HA protein of the present invention. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises or consists of a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 61 or SEQ ID NO: 62. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is an isolated polynucleotide or a recombinant polynucleotide.
[0055] "Polynucleotide" , "nucleic acid sequence" , "nucleotide sequence" , "nucleic acid molecule" or "nucleic acid fragment" are used interchangeably and are single-stranded or double-stranded RNA or DNA polymers, optionally containing synthetic, non-natural or altered nucleotide bases. Nucleotides are referred to by their single letter names as follows: "A" is adenosine or deoxyadenosine (corresponding to RNA or DNA, respectively) , "C" means cytidine or deoxycytidine, "G" means guanosine or deoxyguanosine, "U" represents uridine, "T" means deoxythymidine, "R" means purine (A or G) , "Y" means pyrimidine (C or T) , "K" means G or T, "H" means A or C or T, "I" means inosine, and "N" means any nucleotide.
[0056] In some embodiments, the nucleotide sequence encoding the modified AIV H7 HA protein of the present invention can be codon-optimized against the organism of interest. In some embodiments, the nucleotide sequence encoding the modified AIV H7 HA protein of the invention is codon-optimized against poultry. In some embodiments, the nucleotide sequence encoding the modified AIV H7 HA protein of the invention is codon-optimized against duck. In some embodiments, the nucleotide sequence encoding the modified AIV H7 HA protein of the invention is codon-optimized against gallus (e.g. chicken) .
[0057] The codon optimization refers to a method for replacing at least one codon in the natural sequence (for example, about or more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50 or more codons) with a codon used more frequently or most frequently in the gene of the host cell, and maintaining the natural amino acid sequence while modifying the nucleic acid sequence to enhance expression in the host cell of interest. Different species exhibit specific preferences for certain codons of specific amino acids. Codon preference (difference in codon usage between organisms) is often related to the translation efficiency of messenger RNA (mRNA) , which is considered as depending on the nature of the codon being translated and the availability of the specific transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule. The advantages of the selected tRNA in the cell generally reflect the codons most frequently used for peptide synthesis. Therefore, genes may be tailored to the optimal gene expression in a given organism based on codon optimization. The codon usage tables may be easily obtained, for example, in the codon usage database ( "Codon Usage Database" ) available at www. kazusa. orjp / codon / , and these tables may be adjusted and applied in different ways. See Nakamura Y. et al., "Codon usage tabulated from the international DNA sequence databases: status for the year 2000" . Nucl. Acids Res., 28: 292 (2000) .
[0058] In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encoding the modified AIV H7 HA protein of the present invention comprises or consists of a nucleotide sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 63 or SEQ ID NO: 64.
[0059] Modified or attenuated DEV
[0060] In one aspect, the present invention provides a modified Duck Enteritis Virus (DEV) which comprises and is capable of expressing a heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention.
[0061] The term “modified” or “recombinant” in relation to DEV refer to a DEV that has been altered, rearranged, or modified by genetic engineering. However, the term does not refer to alterations in polynucleotide, amino acid sequence, or nucleotide sequence that result from naturally occurring events, such as spontaneous mutations. In this regard, the DEV comprising one or more inactivated genes in its genome and / or a heterologous polynucleotide coding for a heterologous antigen of a pathogen as described below is also called a modified or recombinant DEV herein. The modified / recombinant DEV of the present invention can be used a vector. The terms “modified / recombinant DEV” , “rDEV” and “modified / recombinant DEV vector” are used interchangeably herein.
[0062] An "antigen" as used herein refers to, but is not limited to, components which elicit an immune response in a host.
[0063] The term “DEV” as used herein refers to all viruses belonging to the species of Duck enteritis virus (DEV) in the genus Mardivirus within the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae of the family Herpesviridae. DEV is also known as Anatid herpesvirus 1, duck herpesvirus 1, duck viral enteritis virus (DVEV) or duck plague virus (DPV) . The complete nucleotide sequence of DEV has been determined and is available online (see for instance Genbank Accession No. JQ673560) . The viral genome contains about 162Kb, encoding nearly 80 distinct proteins. Several strains of DEV have been isolated, such as the Jansen strain, the CSC strain, the CHv strain, the VAC strain, and the 2085 strain. The complete sequences of several DEV strains are available in Genbank, such as the VAC strain: ID EU082088.2; the Anatid isolate C-KCE: ID KF263690.1; the Anatid strain CHv: ID JQ647509.1; the Anatid strain 2085: ID JF999965; the Anatid strain CV: ID KJ549663.1 or the Anatid strain CSC: ID JQ673560.1.
[0064] The DEV of the invention may be prepared from any DEV species or strain. In a preferred embodiment, the DEV of the invention is derived or prepared from a parental strain selected from the Jansen strain, the VAC strain (ID EU082088.2) , the C-KCE strain (ID KF263690.1) , the CHv strain (ID JQ647509.1) , the 2085 strain (ID JF999965) , the CV strain (ID KJ549663.1) or the CSC strain (ID JQ673560.1) , or any DEV strain having at least 90%sequence identity to the Jansen strain, the VAC strain (ID EU082088.2) , the C-KCE strain (ID KF263690.1) , the CHv strain (ID JQ647509.1) , the 2085 strain (ID JF999965) , the CV strain (ID KJ549663.1) or the CSC strain (ID JQ673560.1) , more preferably at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%. In a preferred embodiment, the DEV of the invention is derived or prepared from the DEV4 strain, which is deposited at China Center for Type Culture Collection (CCTCC) on August 4, 2023 under CCTCC NO: V202378 , or any DEV strain having at least 90%sequence identity to the DEV4 strain, more preferably at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%.
[0065] The term "heterologous polynucleotide" in relation to a virus designates a polynucleotide which is not found naturally in the genome of the virus, or which is found naturally in said genome but in a different form or at a different position.
[0066] In a particular embodiment, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified H9 HA protein of the present invention is inserted into a non-essential gene or region of the modified DEV. In a particular embodiment, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified H9 HA protein of the present invention is inserted into or in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the non-essential gene or region of the modified DEV. In a particular embodiment, the non-essential gene or region of the modified DEV genome is selected from the group consisting of both US7 gene and US8 gene, UL2 gene, UL24 gene, UL39 gene, UL40 gene, UL23 gene, US8 gene, or the UL26-UL27 intergenic region. In a particular embodiment, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified H9 HA protein of the present invention is located in a gene or a region selected from the group consisting of both US7 gene and US8 gene, UL2 gene, UL24 gene, UL39 gene, UL26-UL27 intergenic region, UL40 gene, UL23 gene, and US8 gene of the DEV genome. In a particular embodiment, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified H9 HA protein of the present invention is inserted into or in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of one or more genes of the DEV genome selected from the group consisting of both US7 gene and US8 gene, UL2 gene, UL24 gene, UL39 gene, UL40 gene, UL23 gene, US8 gene, or inserted into UL26-UL27 intergenic region of the DEV genome.
[0067] US7, US8, UL2, UL24, UL40, UL39, UL23, UL41, US3, UL26 and UL27 are highly conserved between DEV strains. It is understood that the skilled artisan may easily identify the exact location of the US7, US8, UL2, UL24, UL40, UL39, UL23, UL41, US3, UL26 and UL27 gene in any DEV strain using the information contained in the present application and common knowledge, or by sequence alignment. For example, the exact location of the US7, US8, UL2, UL24, UL40, UL39, UL23, UL41, US3, UL26 and UL27 gene may be identified by reference to a DEV strain with Genbank accession No. EU082088.2.
[0068] In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified H9 HA protein of the present invention is located in a region of both US7 gene and US8 gene. In a particular embodiment, the DEV of the invention has inactive US8 gene, and the heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified H9 HA protein of the present invention is inserted into the US7 gene sequence of the DEV viral genome, in addition to the existing US7 gene sequence (thus rendering the gene inactive by interrupting the gene sequence) , or inserted into the US7 gene region of the DEV viral genome after the deletion of a portion of or the whole sequence of the US7 gene (thus rendering the gene inactive by deleting the gene sequence) , or in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the US7 gene (thus rendering the gene inactive by replacing the gene sequence) , or located in a mutated US7 gene sequence. In a particular embodiment, the DEV of the invention has inactive US7 gene, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified H9 HA protein of the present invention is inserted into the US8 gene sequence of the DEV viral genome, in addition to the existing US8 gene sequence (thus rendering the gene inactive by interrupting the gene sequence) , or inserted into the US8 gene region of the DEV viral genome after the deletion of a portion of or the whole sequence of the US8 gene (thus rendering the gene inactive by deleting the gene sequence) , or in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the US8 gene (thus rendering the gene inactive by replacing the gene sequence) , or located in a mutated US8 gene sequence. In a particular embodiment, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified H9 HA protein of the present invention is inserted into the US7 and US8 gene region of the DEV viral genome after the deletion of a portion of or the whole sequence of the US7 and US8 gene, or in replacement of the whole sequence of the US7 and US8 gene.
[0069] In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified H9 HA protein of the present invention is located in UL2 gene. In a particular embodiment, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified H9 HA protein of the present invention is inserted into the UL2 gene sequence of the DEV viral genome, in addition to the existing UL2 gene sequence (thus rendering the gene inactive by interrupting the gene sequence) , or inserted into the UL2 gene region of the DEV viral genome after the deletion of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL2 gene (thus rendering the gene inactive by deleting the gene sequence) , or in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL2 gene (thus rendering the gene inactive by replacing the gene sequence) , or located in a mutated UL2 gene sequence.
[0070] In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified H9 HA protein of the present invention is located in UL24 gene. In a particular embodiment, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified H9 HA protein of the present invention is inserted into the UL24 gene sequence of the DEV viral genome, in addition to the existing UL24 gene sequence (thus rendering the gene inactive by interrupting the gene sequence) , or inserted into the UL24 gene region of the DEV viral genome after the deletion of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL24 gene (thus rendering the gene inactive by deleting the gene sequence) , or in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL24 gene (thus rendering the gene inactive by replacing the gene sequence) , or located in a mutated UL24 gene sequence.
[0071] In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified H9 HA protein of the present invention is located in UL39 gene. In a particular embodiment, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified H9 HA protein of the present invention is inserted into the UL39 gene sequence of the DEV viral genome, in addition to the existing UL39 gene sequence (thus rendering the gene inactive by interrupting the gene sequence) , or inserted into the UL39 gene region of the DEV viral genome after the deletion of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL39 gene (thus rendering the gene inactive by deleting the gene sequence) , or in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL39 gene (thus rendering the gene inactive by replacing the gene sequence) , or located in a mutated UL39 gene sequence.
[0072] In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified H9 HA protein of the present invention is located in UL26-UL27 intergenic region. In a particular embodiment, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified H9 HA protein of the present invention is inserted into the UL26-UL27 intergenic region of the DEV viral genome.
[0073] In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified H9 HA protein of the present invention is located in UL40 gene. In a particular embodiment, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified H9 HA protein of the present invention is inserted into the UL40 gene sequence of the DEV viral genome, in addition to the existing UL40 gene sequence (thus rendering the gene inactive by interrupting the gene sequence) , or inserted into the UL40 gene region of the DEV viral genome after the deletion of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL40 gene (thus rendering the gene inactive by deleting the gene sequence) , or in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL40 gene (thus rendering the gene inactive by replacing the gene sequence) , or located in a mutated UL40 gene sequence.
[0074] In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified H9 HA protein of the present invention is located in UL23 gene. In a particular embodiment, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified H9 HA protein of the present invention is inserted into the UL23 gene sequence of the DEV viral genome, in addition to the existing UL23 gene sequence (thus rendering the gene inactive by interrupting the gene sequence) , or inserted into the UL23 gene region of the DEV viral genome after the deletion of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL23 gene (thus rendering the gene inactive by deleting the gene sequence) , or in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL23 gene (thus rendering the gene inactive by replacing the gene sequence) , or located in a mutated UL23 gene sequence.
[0075] In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified H9 HA protein of the present invention is located in US8 gene. In a particular embodiment, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified H9 HA protein of the present invention is inserted into the US8 gene sequence of the DEV viral genome, in addition to the existing US8 gene sequence (thus rendering the gene inactive by interrupting the gene sequence) , or inserted into the US8 gene region of the DEV viral genome after the deletion of a portion of or the whole sequence of the US8 gene (thus rendering the gene inactive by deleting the gene sequence) , or in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the US8 gene (thus rendering the gene inactive by replacing the gene sequence) , or located in a mutated US8 gene sequence.
[0076] In some embodiments, the modified DEV has inactive non-essential gene (s) and wherein the inactivation of such non-essential gene (s) causes attenuation of the modified DEV with respect to poultry. Non-essential gene (s) which cause (s) attenuation when inactivated within the genome of DEV, are for example i) US7, ii) US8, iii) UL2, iv) UL24, v) UL40, vi) UL39, vii) UL23, viii) UL41 or ix) US3, alone or in combination with other DEV genes such as for example the combinations of: i) US7 gene and US8 gene; ii) UL24 gene and UL2 gene; iii) UL40 gene and UL2 gene; iv) UL23 gene and UL41 gene; or v) UL41 gene and US8. While native DEV as well as many other DEV constructs with gene deletions produced by the inventors were found pathogenic or even lethal in young poultry (at day 0, day 1, day 2, or day 3 post-hatch) , inactivation of certain non-essential gene (s) in the DEV genome generates an attenuated DEV virus which can be used safely to express antigens in vivo in poultry. As shown in the Examples, as compared with 100%morbidity and 100%mortality caused by non-modified DEV strain in poultry, the morbidity and mortality caused by the modified DEVs of the present invention was surprisingly reduced to less than 30%, mostly even surprisingly reduced to 0%.
[0077] Thus, in some embodiments, one or more non-essential genes of the modified DEV are inactivated.
[0078] A "gene" designates a nucleic acid molecule or sequence which comprises an open reading frame encoding a product, such as a polypeptide (e.g., a peptide, protein, etc. ) or an RNA.
[0079] A "non-essential gene / region" is a gene / region in the modified DEV genome in which inactivation (including mutation, interruption, replacement or deletion) on that gene / region or insertion of a heterologous polynucleotide into that gene / region does not prevent the modified DEV from replicating in a host cell.
[0080] Within the context of the invention, a DEV with an "inactive" gene designates a DEV that cannot express a functional protein or RNA encoded by said gene. An inactive gene thus designates a mutated, an interrupted, a replaced or a deleted gene that cannot encode a wild-type protein encoded by said gene.
[0081] In some embodiments, the gene is inactivated by mutation, interruption, replacement or deletion of a portion of or the whole sequence of the gene. In some embodiments, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%of the sequence of the gene is replaced or deleted.
[0082] In a particular embodiment, the gene is inactive as a result of one or more mutations in the coding sequence, particularly point mutations in the coding sequence that prevent the expression of a full length protein. Such mutations may cause substitution of essential amino acid residue (s) in the encoded protein, resulting in an inactive protein.
[0083] In a particular embodiment, the gene is inactive as a result of one or more interruptions in the coding sequence that prevent the expression of a full length protein. Such interruptions may introduce a stop or non-sense codon in the sequence, resulting in an inactive protein.
[0084] In another embodiment, the gene is inactive as a result of a deletion of a portion of the (coding) sequence of said gene or the whole (coding) sequence of said gene, more particularly of at least 20%of the (coding) sequence of the gene, more preferably at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95%, up to 100%. Such deletion removes the coding sequence and thus prevents the expression of a wild-type protein.
[0085] In another embodiment, the gene is inactive as a result of a replacement of a portion of the (coding) sequence of said gene or the whole (coding) sequence of said gene with a heterologous polynucleotide, more particularly of at least 20%of the (coding) sequence of the gene, more preferably at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95%, up to 100%. Such replacement removes the coding sequence and thus prevents the expression of a wild-type protein.
[0086] In some embodiments, the inactivated non-essential gene in the modified DEV (that causes attenuation with respect to poultry (e.g. duck or chicken) ) is selected from the group consisting of US7, US8, UL2, UL24, UL40, UL39, UL23, UL41 and US3. In some embodiments, the inactivated non-essential gene in such attenuated DEV is selected from any one of i) -ix) , i) US7, ii) US8, iii) UL2, iv) UL24, v) UL40, vi) UL39, vii) UL23, viii) UL41 and ix) US3, alone or in combination with the inactivation of one or more further non-essential genes of DEV. In some embodiments, the one or more further non-essential gene of DEV is different from the first inactivated gene and is selected from i) US7, ii) US8, iii) UL2, iv) UL24, v) UL40, vi) UL39, vii) UL23, viii) UL41 and ix) US3. In some embodiments, any one of i) UL41 gene; ii) US3 gene; iii) UL24 gene; iv) UL40 gene; v) UL39 gene; vi) UL23 gene; vii) US7 gene and US8 gene; viii) UL24 gene and UL2 gene; ix) UL40 gene and UL2 gene; x) UL23 gene and UL41 gene; or xi) UL41 gene and US8 gene is inactivated in the modified DEV genome.
[0087] The phrase “The inactivation of one or more (non-essential) genes of DEV genome causes the attenuation of the DEV with respect to poultry (e.g. duck or chicken) ” means that the modified DEVs of the present invention are attenuated with respect to poultry.
[0088] The term "attenuated" as used herein refers to a virus that is essentially not virulent in an animal, such as a poultry (e.g. duck or chicken) , i.e. does not cause or causes reduced illness, especially does not cause death, in an animal, such as a poultry (e.g. duck or chicken) as compared to the non-modified wildtype parent virus. More particularly, an attenuated virus can typically replicate in an animal, such as a poultry (e.g. duck or chicken) without causing death thereof. More particularly, the modified DEV of the present invention has no or lower virulence in an animal, such as a poultry, such as a duck or a chicken, than the corresponding non-modified wildtype parent DEV which does not comprise the inactivated gene (s) in its genome. More particularly, an attenuated virus designates a virus that is not virulent in a duck. More particularly, an attenuated virus designates a virus that is not virulent in a chicken. More particularly, an attenuated virus designates a virus that is not virulent in both a duck and a chicken. More particularly, an attenuated virus designates a virus that is not virulent in a duck when injected at a dose of 103.0-105.0TCID50 / duck or 104.0-107.0TCID50 / duck, such as 103.0TCID50 / duck, 104.0TCID50 / duck, 105.0TCID50 / duck or 106.0TCID50 / duck. More particularly, an attenuated virus designates a virus that is not virulent in a chicken when injected at a dose of 103.0-105.0TCID50 / chicken or 104.0-107.0TCID50 / chicken, such as 103.0TCID50 / chicken, 104.0TCID50 / chicken, 105.0TCID50 / chicken or 106.0TCID50 / chicken. More particularly, an attenuated virus designates a virus that is not virulent in a duck at a dose of 103.0-105.0TCID50 / duck or 104.0-107.0TCID50 / duck, such as 103.0TCID50 / duck, 104.0TCID50 / duck, 105.0TCID50 / duck or 106.0TCID50 / duck in at least 10%injected ducks, in at least 20%injected ducks, in at least 30%injected ducks, in at least 40%injected ducks, in at least 50%injected ducks, in at least 60%injected ducks, in at least 70%injected ducks, more preferably in at least 80%injected ducks, even more preferably in at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99%or more. More particularly, an attenuated virus designates a virus that is not virulent in a chicken at a dose of 103.0-105.0TCID50 / chicken or 104.0-107.0TCID50 / chicken, such as 103.0TCID50 / chicken, 104.0TCID50 / chicken, 105.0TCID50 / chicken or 106.0TCID50 / chicken in at least 10%injected chickens, in at least 20%injected chickens, in at least 30%injected chickens, in at least 40%injected chickens, in at least 50%injected chickens, in at least 60%injected chickens, in at least 70%injected chickens, more preferably in at least 80%injected chickens, even more preferably in at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99%or more. In some embodiments, an attenuated virus more particularly designates a virus that is not virulent in an embryo when injected at a dose of 103.0-105.0TCID50 / egg or 104.0-107.0TCID50 / egg, such as 103.0TCID50 / egg, 104.0TCID50 / egg, 105.0TCID50 / egg or 106.0TCID50 / egg. Most preferred an attenuated virus designates a virus that is not virulent in an embryo at a dose of 103.0-105.0TCID50 / egg or 104.0-107.0TCID50 / egg, such as 103.0TCID50 / egg, 104.0TCID50 / egg, 105.0TCID50 / egg or 106.0TCID50 / egg in at least 10%injected eggs, in at least 20%injected eggs, in at least 30%injected eggs, in at least 40%injected eggs, in at least 50%injected eggs, in at least 60%injected eggs, in at least 70%injected eggs, more preferably in at least 80%injected eggs, even more preferably in at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99%or more. The modified viruses of the invention are also not virulent for injection post-hatch, including on Day 0, Day 1, Day 2, Day 3 post-hatch (i.e., between 0.1 and 72 hours post-hatch) .
[0089] In some embodiments, the modified DEV of the present invention has a reduced or no mortality and / or morbidity in a poultry, e.g. a duck and / or a chicken. More particularly, the modified DEV has a reduced or no mortality and / or morbidity in both a duck and a chicken. More particularly, the modified DEV of the present invention has a reduced or no mortality and / or morbidity as compared to the non-modified DEV in an animal, especially in poultry, such as duck and / or chicken. More particularly, the modified DEV of the present invention has a reduced or no mortality and / or morbidity as compared to the non-modified DEV, in both duck and chicken. The phrase “modified DEV has a reduced or no mortality in poultry (as compared to the non-modified DEV) ” means that the modified DEV of the present invention is attenuated with respect to poultry, such as duck and / or chicken. Thus, the modified DEV of the present invention is attenuated with respect to poultry, such as duck and / or chicken. More particularly, the mortality and / or morbidity in an animal caused by the modified DEV of the present invention is 0%, less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50%, less than 60%, or less than 70%. More particularly, the mortality and / or morbidity in an animal caused by the modified DEV of the present invention is 0%, less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50%, less than 60%, or less than 70%of that caused by the non-modified DEV. More particularly, the mortality and / or morbidity in a poultry caused by the modified DEV of the present invention is 0%, less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50%, less than 60%, or less than 70%. More particularly, the mortality and / or morbidity in a poultry caused by the modified DEV of the present invention is 0%, less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50%, less than 60%, or less than 70%of that caused by the non-modified DEV. More particularly, the mortality and / or morbidity in a duck and / or a chicken caused by the modified DEV of the present invention is 0%, less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50%, less than 60%, or less than 70%. More particularly, the mortality and / or morbidity in a duck and / or a chicken caused by the modified DEV of the present invention is 0%, less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50%, less than 60%, or less than 70%of that caused by the non-modified DEV.
[0090] In a specific embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention has a deletion or replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL41 gene. In a specific embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention has a deletion of the whole sequence of the UL41 gene. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 ΔUL41 (see Example 2) .
[0091] In a specific embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention has a deletion or replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the US3 gene. In a specific embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention has a deletion of the whole sequence of the US3 gene. A specific example of such a construct is e.g. rDEV4 ΔUS3 (see Example 2) .
[0092] In a specific embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention has a deletion or replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL24 gene. In a specific embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention has a deletion or replacement of the whole sequence of the UL24 gene. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 ΔUL24 (see Example 2) , rDEV4 H9HAts10 ΔUL24 (see Example 3) or rDEV4 ΔUL24 UL26-H9HAts10-UL27 (see Example 3) .
[0093] In a specific embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention has a deletion or replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL40 gene. In a specific embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention has a deletion or replacement of the whole sequence of the UL40 gene. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 ΔUL40 (see Example 2) or rDEV4 H9HAts10 ΔUL40 (see Example 3) .
[0094] In a specific embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention has a deletion or replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL39 gene. In a specific embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention has a deletion or replacement of the whole sequence of the UL39 gene. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 ΔUL39 (see Example 2) , rDEV4 H9HAts10 ΔUL39 (see Example 3) , rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10-UL27 (see Example 3) , rDEV4-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 (see Example 9) , or rDEV4-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M7-UL27 (see Example 9) .
[0095] In a specific embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention has a deletion or replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL23 gene. In a specific embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention has a deletion or replacement of the whole sequence of the UL23 gene. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 ΔUL23 (see Example 2) , or rDEV4 H9HAts10 ΔUL23 (see Example 3) .
[0096] In a specific embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention has a deletion or replacement of a contiguous region spanning a portion of or the whole sequence of the US7 gene, the entire US7-US8 intergenic region, and a portion of or the whole sequence of the US8 gene. In a more preferred embodiment, the modified DEV comprises a deletion of the whole sequence of the US7 gene, all of the intergenic region between the US7 gene and the US8 gene, and the whole sequence of the US8 gene. In a more preferred embodiment, the modified DEV comprises a replacement of the whole sequence of the US7 gene, all of the intergenic region between the US7 gene and the US8 gene, and the whole sequence of the US8 gene. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 ΔUS7US8 (see Example 2) and rDEV4 H9HAts10 ΔUS7US8 (see Example 3) .
[0097] In a specific embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention has a deletion or replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL24 gene, and a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL2 gene. In a more preferred embodiment, the modified DEV comprises a deletion of the whole sequence of the UL24 gene, and a replacement of the whole sequence of the UL2 gene. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 ΔUL24 H9HAts10 ΔUL2 (see Example 3) .
[0098] In a specific embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention has a deletion or replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL40 gene, and a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL2 gene. In a more preferred embodiment, the modified DEV comprises a deletion of the whole sequence of the UL40 gene, and a replacement of the whole sequence of the UL2 gene. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 ΔUL40 H9HAts10 ΔUL2 (see Example 3) .
[0099] In a specific embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention has a deletion or replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL23 gene, and a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL41 gene. In a more preferred embodiment, the modified DEV comprises a replacement of the whole sequence of the UL23 gene, and a deletion of the whole sequence of the UL41 gene. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 H9HAts10 ΔUL23 ΔUL41 (see Example 3) .
[0100] In a specific embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention has a deletion or replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL41 gene, and a portion of or the whole sequence of the US8 gene. In a more preferred embodiment, the modified DEV comprises a deletion of the whole sequence of the UL41 gene, and a replacement of the whole sequence of the US8 gene. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 ΔUL41 H9HAts10 ΔUS8 (see Example 3) .
[0101] In another aspect, the present invention relates to a modified Duck Enteritis Virus (DEV) which comprises a heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention, wherein the modified DEV comprises inactivated gene (s) selected from any one of i) -xi) : i) UL41 gene; ii) US3 gene; iii) UL24 gene; iv) UL40 gene; v) UL39 gene; vi) UL23 gene; vii) US7 gene and US8 gene; viii) UL24 gene and UL2 gene; ix) UL40 gene and UL2 gene; x) UL23 gene and UL41 gene; or xi) UL41 gene and US8. The heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention can be anyone as described herein, can be inserted into any non-essential gene or region of the modified DEV as described herein (e.g. both US7 gene and US8 gene, UL2 gene, UL24 gene, UL39 gene, UL40 gene, UL23 gene, US8 gene, or the UL26-UL27 intergenic region) , and can be expressed under the control of any of the genetic elements (e.g. promoters, terminators, etc. ) or be part of any of the expression cassettes as described herein.
[0102] In an alternative embodiment, the modified DEV of the invention has an inactive gene, preferably a deleted gene, and contains (and is capable of expressing) a heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention located in a different gene or region. In this case, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention may be cloned in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of said different gene, or it may be inserted within said different gene, or inserted into said different gene after the deletion of a portion of or the whole sequence of said different gene (thus rendering the different gene also inactive) . For example, the modified DEV of the invention has an inactive UL24 gene, and contains (and is capable of expressing) a heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention located in UL2 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL2 gene or inserted within UL2 gene (thus rendering UL2 gene also inactive) .
[0103] In some embodiments, the modified DEV of the invention comprises a heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in UL23 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of UL23 gene rendering the UL23 gene inactive.
[0104] In some embodiments, the modified DEV of the invention comprises a heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in both of the US7 and US8 genes, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of both of the US7 and US8 genes, rendering the US7 and US8 genes inactive.
[0105] In some embodiments, the modified DEV of the invention comprises a heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the UL2 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL2 gene, rendering the UL2 gene inactive, and the modified DEV further comprises an inactive UL24 gene, optionally a deleted UL24 gene.
[0106] In some embodiments, the modified DEV of the invention comprises a heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the UL2 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL2 gene, rendering the UL2 gene inactive, and the modified DEV further comprises an inactive UL40 gene, optionally a deleted UL40 gene.
[0107] In some embodiments, the modified DEV of the invention comprises a heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the UL24 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL24 gene, rendering the UL24 gene inactive.
[0108] In some embodiments, the modified DEV of the invention comprises a heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the UL39 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL39 gene, rendering the UL39 gene inactive.
[0109] In some embodiments, the modified DEV of the invention comprises a heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the UL26-UL27 intergenic region, and the modified DEV further comprises an inactive UL24 gene, optionally a deleted UL24 gene.
[0110] In some embodiments, the modified DEV of the invention comprises a heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the UL40 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL40 gene, rendering the UL40 gene inactive.
[0111] In some embodiments, the modified DEV of the invention comprises a heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the UL26-UL27 intergenic region, and the modified DEV further comprises an inactive UL39 gene, optionally a deleted UL39 gene. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 (see Example 9) , or rDEV4-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M7-UL27 (see Example 9) .
[0112] In some embodiments, the modified DEV of the invention comprises a heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the UL23 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL23 gene, rendering the UL23 gene inactive, and the modified DEV further comprises an inactive UL41 gene, optionally a deleted UL41 gene.
[0113] In some embodiments, the modified DEV of the invention comprises a heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the US8 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the US8 gene, rendering the US8 gene inactive, and the modified DEV further comprises an inactive UL41 gene, optionally a deleted UL41 gene.
[0114] In some embodiments, the modified DEV containing a heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention results in a higher protection rate against avian influenza virus H9 and / or a higher titer of haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody of H9 than the modified DEV containing a heterologous polynucleotide coding for the AIV H9 HA protein of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0115] In some embodiments, the modified DEV containing a heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention is capable of providing the efficacy of at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, or at least 90%in the protection against the corresponding pathogen. In some embodiments, the modified DEV containing a heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention is capable of providing the efficacy of at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, or at least 90%in the protection against avian influenza virus, particularly avian influenza A virus of subtype H9, more particularly avian influenza A virus of subtype H9N2. In some embodiments, the modified DEV containing a heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention is capable of providing the efficacy of at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, or at least 90%in the protection against the corresponding pathogen in poultry. In some embodiments, the modified DEV containing a heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention is capable of providing the efficacy of at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, or at least 90%in the protection against avian influenza virus, particularly avian influenza A virus of subtype H9, more particularly avian influenza A virus of subtype H9N2 in poultry. In some embodiments, the modified DEV containing a heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention is capable of providing the efficacy of at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, or at least 90%in the protection against the corresponding pathogen in duck. In some embodiments, the modified DEV containing a heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention is capable of providing the efficacy of at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, or at least 90%in the protection against avian influenza virus, particularly avian influenza A virus of subtype H9, more particularly avian influenza A virus of subtype H9N2 in duck. In some embodiments, the modified DEV containing a heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention is capable of providing the efficacy of at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, or at least 90%in the protection against the corresponding pathogen in chicken. In some embodiments, the modified DEV containing a heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention is capable of providing the efficacy of at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, or at least 90%in the protection against avian influenza virus, particularly avian influenza A virus of subtype H9, more particularly avian influenza A virus of subtype H9N2 in chicken.
[0116] In some embodiments, the titer of haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody of H9 induced by the modified DEV containing a heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention is increased by 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, 100%, or any percentage in-between the given range relative to the modified DEV containing a heterologous polynucleotide coding for the AIV H9 HA protein of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0117] In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention is generally operably linked to a promoter. The promoter may be any natural or synthetic promoter, derived from cellular or viral genes. Examples of suitable promoters include, for instance, an immediate early cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, mouse CMV promoter, guinea pig CMV promoter, an SV40 promoter, Human Herpesvirus Type III glycoprotein B (HHV3gB) promoter, Pseudorabies Virus promoters such as that of glycoprotein X promoter, Herpes Simplex Virus-1 alpha 4 promoter, a Marek's Disease Virus glycoprotein A (or gC) promoter, a Marek's Disease Virus glycoprotein B promoter, a Marek's Disease Virus glycoprotein E promoter, a Marek's Disease Virus glycoprotein I promoter, an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus glycoprotein B, an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus glycoprotein E promoter, an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus glycoprotein D promoter, an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus glycoprotein I promoter, vaccinia H6, and a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention is generally operably linked to CMV promoter. In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention is generally operably linked to mCMV promoter.
[0118] In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention is operably linked to a transcription terminator. The transcription terminator may be derived from human Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) , thymidine kinase (TK) gene, from the glycoprotein B (gB) gene of Feline Herpesvirus (FHV) , from the immediate early (IE) gene of human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) , strain AD 169 or from simian virus 40 (SV40) , or may be a synthetic terminator. In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention is operably linked to an SV40 polyA signal. In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention is generally operably linked to an SV40 polyA signal.
[0119] In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention is operably linked to the mouse CMV promoter and therefore the expression of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is regulated by the mouse CMV promoter. In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention is operably linked to the SV40 polyA signal and therefore the expression of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is regulated by the SV40 polyA signal. In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention is operably linked to the mouse CMV promoter and the SV40 polyA signal, and therefore the expression of the modified AIV H9 HA protein is regulated by the mouse CMV promoter and the SV40 polyA signal.
[0120] In some embodiments, the modified DEV comprising and (capable of expressing) a heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified H9 HA protein of the present invention comprises an expression cassette containing in 5'to 3'direction in the following order, a) a promoter, b) a heterologous polynucleotide, c) a transcription terminator. In some embodiments, the modified DEV comprising and (capable of expressing) a heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified H9 HA protein of the present invention comprises an expression cassette containing in 5'to 3'direction in the following order, a) the mouse CMV promoter, b) the heterologous polynucleotide, c) a transcription terminator. In some embodiments, the modified DEV comprising and (capable of expressing) a heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified H9 HA protein of the present invention comprises an expression cassette containing in 5'to 3'direction in the following order, a) the mouse CMV promoter, b) the heterologous polynucleotide, c) the SV40 polyA signal.
[0121] In some embodiments, the heterologous polynucleotide coding for the modified H9 HA protein of the present invention is expressed after the modified DEV has been transfected into a suitable host cell. In some embodiments, the host cell may be CEF, EB66, DEF, embryonated egg, or chicken kidney cells.
[0122] In a particular embodiment, the modified DEV of the present invention is a live virus vector. A “live virus vector” is a virus (in the present case a DEV) that is competent to replicate in a host when such host is infected with the live virus or the genomic nucleic acid of such virus and wherein such virus encodes, delivers and express a heterologous polynucleotide sequence in such host.
[0123] In one aspect, the present invention provides the modified DEV of the present invention for use as a vector vaccine in poultry (such as duck or chicken) . The term “vector vaccine” is a vaccine that uses a virus (in the present case a DEV) as a vector to deliver and express a polynucleotide sequence coding for an antigen (e.g. the modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention) , wherein such antigen provides protection against a pathogen (e.g. AIV) . The virus that is used as a vector shows no or only limited pathogenicity to the target species in which the virus is used as a vector.
[0124] Thus, in one aspect, the present invention also provides the modified Duck Enteritis Virus (DEV) of the invention as a live vector vaccine in poultry (such as duck or a chicken) .
[0125] Virus construction and cloning may be accomplished by techniques known per se in the art. Gene cloning and plasmid construction are well known to one person of ordinary skill in the art and may be essentially performed by standard molecular biology techniques (Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 4th Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA, 2012) . Typically, the modified viruses may be prepared by homologous recombination between the viral genome and a construct (e.g., a homology plasmid) comprising the nucleic acid to be inserted, flanked by nucleotides from the insertion site to allow recombination. Cloning can be made with or without the deletion of endogenous sequences.
[0126] In one aspect, the present invention provides a method of making the modified DEV of the invention, comprising the insertion of the heterologous polynucleotide coding for a modified AIV H9 HA protein of the present invention and the inactivation of one or more genes of the DEV genome as indicated above.
[0127] Preferred DEVs
[0128] A preferred modified DEV of the invention comprises a heterologous polynucleotide coding for a modified AIV H9 HA protein, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the UL26-UL27 intergenic region, and wherein the modified DEV comprises an inactive UL39 gene, wherein the AIV H9 HA protein comprises the amino acid substitutions of I124S, L234M, M250T, S254R, D384G, and D395N, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 (see Example 9) .
[0129] A preferred modified DEV of the invention comprises a heterologous polynucleotide coding for a modified AIV H9 HA protein, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the UL26-UL27 intergenic region, and wherein the modified DEV comprises an inactive UL39 gene, wherein the AIV H9 HA protein comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 61. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 (see Example 9) .
[0130] A preferred modified DEV of the invention comprises a heterologous polynucleotide coding for a modified AIV H9 HA protein, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the UL26-UL27 intergenic region, and wherein the modified DEV comprises an inactive UL39 gene, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide comprises or consists of a nucleotide sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 63 or a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 61. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 (see Example 9) .
[0131] A preferred modified DEV of the invention comprises a heterologous polynucleotide coding for a modified AIV H9 HA protein, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the UL26-UL27 intergenic region, and wherein the modified DEV comprises an inactive UL39 gene, wherein the AIV H9 HA protein comprises the amino acid substitutions of I124S, L234M, M250T, S254R, D384G, D395N and T220A, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10 / M7-UL27 (see Example 9) .
[0132] A preferred modified DEV of the invention comprises a heterologous polynucleotide coding for a modified AIV H9 HA protein, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the UL26-UL27 intergenic region, and wherein the modified DEV comprises an inactive UL39 gene, wherein the AIV H9 HA protein comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 62. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10 / M7-UL27 (see Example 9) .
[0133] A preferred modified DEV of the invention comprises a heterologous polynucleotide coding for a modified AIV H9 HA protein, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the UL26-UL27 intergenic region, and wherein the modified DEV comprises an inactive UL39 gene, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide comprises or consists of a nucleotide sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 64 or a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 62. A specific example of such a construct is e.g., rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10 / M7-UL27 (see Example 9) .
[0134] Host cell
[0135] The invention also relates to a host cell, expressing the modified DEV as defined above. The invention also relates to a host cell, expressing the modified DEV and the heterologous polynucleotide as defined above. In some embodiments, the host cell is CEF cell (Liang Z., et. al, Animal (Basel) , 2022, 12 (24) : 3523) , EB66 cell (Alexander Nikolay, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (2018) 102: 8725-8737) , DEF cell (Chenghuai Yang, Arch virol 2015, 160: 267-274) , embryonated egg, or chicken kidney cell (Andres guez-Avila et. al, Avian diseases 2007, 51: 905-911) .
[0136] The modified DEV of the present invention may be propagated in any competent cell cultures. After the required growth of the viruses is achieved, the cells may be detached from the wells using a scraper or with trypsin and the infected cells may be separated from the supernatant by centrifugation.
[0137] Examples of competent cell include CEF, EB66, DEF, embryonated egg, chicken kidney cells, and the like. The cells or viruses may be cultured in a culture medium such as MEM containing 5%FBS at about 37℃ for 1h to 6 days.
[0138] Composition
[0139] The invention also relates to a composition, which comprises the modified DEV of the present invention.
[0140] The term “composition” as used herein refers to a composition that comprises at least one antigen, which elicits an immune response in the host to which the composition is administered. Such immune response may be a cellular and / or antibody-mediated immune response to the composition of the invention. The host is also described as a “subject” . Preferably, any of the hosts or subjects described or mentioned herein is an animal. In some embodiments, the animal is an avian species, particularly young avian species. In some embodiments, the animal is poultry, particularly young poultry. In some embodiments, the animal is a duck, particularly a young duck. In some embodiments, the animal is a chicken, particularly a chick.
[0141] An "immune response" to a composition is the development in the host of a cellular and / or antibody-mediated immune response to a composition of interest. Usually, an "immune response" includes but is not limited to one or more of the following effects: the production of antibodies, B cells, helper T cells, and / or cytotoxic T cells, directed specifically to an antigen or antigens included in the composition of interest. Preferably, the host will display either a therapeutic or protective immune response such that resistance to new infection will be enhanced and / or the clinical severity of the disease reduced.
[0142] A "protective immune response" or "protective response" will be demonstrated by either a reduction or lack of clinical signs normally displayed by an infected host, a quicker recovery time and / or a lowered duration of infectivity or lowered pathogen titer in the tissues or body fluids or excretions of the infected host.
[0143] In the case where the host displays a protective immune response such that resistance to new infection will be enhanced and / or the clinical severity of the disease reduced, the composition of the invention is described as a “vaccine” . In one aspect, the composition of the present invention is a vaccine.
[0144] In some embodiments, the composition of the present invention is a vector vaccine. In some embodiments, the composition of the present invention is a vector vaccine in poultry. In some embodiments, the poultry is a duck or a chicken. In some embodiments, the composition of the present invention is a vector vaccine in duck. In some embodiments, the composition of the present invention is a vector vaccine in chicken. In some embodiments, the modified DEV is used as a vector in the vector vaccine.
[0145] Compositions and vaccines of the invention may further comprise a pharmaceutically or veterinarily acceptable carrier, excipient, vehicle, or adjuvant.
[0146] The pharmaceutically or veterinarily acceptable carriers or adjuvant or vehicles or excipients are well known to the one skilled in the art. For example, a pharmaceutically or veterinarily acceptable carrier or adjuvant or vehicle or excipient includes, but is not limited to, 0.9%NaCl (e.g., saline) solution or a phosphate buffer, poly- (L-glutamate) , the Lactated Ringer's Injection diluent (sodium chloride, sodium lactate, potassium chloride, and calcium chloride) , or polyvinylpyrrolidone. The pharmaceutically or veterinarily acceptable carrier or vehicle or adjuvant or excipients may be any compound or combination of compounds facilitating the administration of the vector (or protein expressed from an inventive vector in vitro) , or facilitating transfection or infection and / or improving the preservation of the vector (or protein) .
[0147] In some embodiments, the composition of the invention comprises a lyoprotectant. In a particular embodiment, the composition of the invention comprises a preservative.
[0148] The composition of the invention may be liquid (solutions, suspensions, emulsions) or solid (powder, gel, paste, oil) . The composition of the invention may be formulated for any administration route. Preferably, the composition may be formulated for oro-nasal, eye drop, spray, drinking water, in ovo, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, or transdermal administration.
[0149] The composition of the invention may contain a suitable dose sufficient to elicit a protective response in a poultry (e.g., a duck or a chicken) . Doses and dose volumes are herein discussed in the general description and can also be determined by the skilled artisan from this disclosure in conjunction with the knowledge in the art, without any undue experimentation. The viral vector may be titrated based on any virus titration methods including, but not limited to, FFA (Focus Forming Assay) or FFU (Focus Forming Unit) , TCID50 (50%Tissue Culture Infective Dose) , PFU (Plaque Forming Units) , and FAID50 (50%Fluorescent Antibody Infectious Dose) , and the VLPs produced in vitro can be titrated by hemagglutination assay, ELISA, and electron microscopy. In some embodiments, the modified DEV in the composition is present in a dose from 1×102 TCID50 / ml or TCID50 / g to 1x107 TCID50 / ml or TCID50 / g. In some embodiments, the modified DEV in the composition is present in a dose from 1x104 TCID50 / ml or TCID50 / g to 1x106 TCID50 / ml or TCID50 / g. In some embodiments, the modified DEV in the composition is present in from 1x103 TCID50 / dose to 1x105 TCID50 / dose. In some embodiments, the modified DEV in the composition is present in a dose of 1x106 TCID50 / ml or TCID50 / g. In some embodiments, the modified DEV in the composition is present in 1x103 TCID50 / dose, 1x104 TCID50 / dose, or 1x105 TCID50 / dose. In some embodiments, the dose volumes can be between about 0.01 and about 10 ml, between about 0.01 and about 5 ml, such as about 0.2ml.
[0150] The composition of the invention can be administered in a single dose or repeated doses, depending on the vaccination protocol. The vaccines of the invention can be formulated as single doses or in repeated doses, depending on the vaccination protocol.
[0151] Use and Method
[0152] In one aspect, the present invention provides the modified DEV of the invention, the composition of the invention, or the vector vaccine of the invention, for use in a method for inducing a protective immune response in an animal against a pathogen, wherein such method comprises or consists of one or more administration of the modified DEV of the present invention, the composition of the invention, or the vector vaccine of the invention, to the animal.
[0153] In one aspect, the present invention provides the modified DEV of the invention, the composition of the invention, or the vector vaccine of the invention for use in vaccinating an animal by inducing a protective immune response in an animal against a pathogen.
[0154] In one aspect, the present invention provides a method of vaccinating an animal by inducing a protective immune response in an animal against a pathogen, comprising or consisting of at least one administration of the modified DEV of the invention, or the composition of the invention, or the vector vaccine of the invention.
[0155] In one aspect, the present invention provides use of the modified DEV of the invention, or the composition of the invention, or the vector vaccine of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for vaccinating an animal by inducing a protective immune response in an animal against a pathogen.
[0156] The term "vaccinating" relates to an active immunization by the administration of an immunogenic composition to an animal (such as poultry) to be immunized, thereby causing a protective immune response against the antigen included in such immunogenic composition.
[0157] In some embodiments, the animal is an avian species, particularly young avian species. In some embodiments, the animal is poultry, particularly young poultry. In some embodiments, the animal is a duck, particularly a young duck. In some embodiments, the animal is a chicken, particularly a chick.
[0158] In some embodiments, the animal, particularly the avian species, preferably the poultry, more preferably the duck or the chicken is 0 day-old, 1 day-old, 2 day-old, 3 day-old, 4 day-old, 5 day-old, 6 day-old, or 7 day-old at the day of vaccination.
[0159] In some embodiments, the modified DEV, the composition or the vector vaccine is administrated at Day 0 post-hatch, Day 1 post-hatch, Day 2 post-hatch, Day 3 post-hatch, Day 4 post-hatch, Day 5 post-hatch, Day 6 post-hatch, or Day 7 post-hatch.
[0160] As indicated in the experimental section, the modified DEV of the invention is particularly advantageous for vaccinating young poultry (at Day 0, Day 1, Day 2, or Day 3 post-hatch) . Indeed, the invention surprisingly shows that the modified DEV of the invention is safe upon such early administration to poultry, while native or wild-type DEV is lethal to poultry. Such early administration, combined with the early onset of immunity caused by modified DEV, is particularly advantageous to induce early protective immunity, before poultry can be substantially exposed to pathogens.
[0161] In some embodiments, the pathogen is an avian species pathogen. In some embodiments, the pathogen is a poultry pathogen. In some embodiments, the pathogen is a duck pathogen. In some embodiments, the pathogen is a chicken pathogen. In some embodiments, the pathogen is avian influenza virus. In some embodiments, the pathogen is avian influenza A virus. In some embodiments, the pathogen is avian influenza A virus of subtype H9. In some embodiments, the pathogen is avian influenza A virus of subtype H9N2.
[0162] The administration, the modified DEV, the composition or the vector vaccine of the invention results in lessening of the incidence of the particular pathogen infection in poultry or in the reduction in the severity of clinical signs caused by or associated with the specific pathogen infection. Preferably, the administration, the modified DEV, the composition or the vector vaccine of the invention results in lessening of the incidence of the particular avian influenza virus infection in poultry or in the reduction in the severity of clinical signs caused by or associated with the specific avian influenza virus infection. It is to be understood that the administration, the modified DEV, the composition or the vector vaccine of the invention may not be effective in all poultry administrated, but there is a significant portion (for example, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, or at least 90%) of poultry effectively immunized.
[0163] In some embodiments, the medicament, the modified DEV, the composition or the vector vaccine is administered by oro-nasal, eye drop, spray, drinking water, in ovo, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, or transdermal. In some embodiments, the medicament, the modified DEV, the composition or the vector vaccine may be formulated for oro-nasal, eye drop, spray, drinking water, in ovo, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, or transdermal administration. However, depending on the nature and mode of action of a compound, the immunogenic composition may be administered by other routes as well.
[0164] In one aspect of the invention, the medicament, the modified DEV, the composition or the vector vaccine is administered once and is efficacious by such single administration.
[0165] However, while a single dose administration is preferred, the medicament, the modified DEV, the composition or the vector vaccine can also be administered twice or several times, with a first dose being administered prior to the administration of a second (booster) dose. Preferably, the second dose is administered at least 15 days after the first dose. More preferably, the second dose is administered between 15 and 40 days after the first dose. Even more preferably, the second dose is administered at least 17 days after the first dose. Still more preferably, the second dose is administered between 17 and 30 days after the first dose. Even more preferably, the second dose is administered at least 19 days after the first dose. Still more preferably, the second dose is administered between 19 and 25 days after the first dose. Most preferably the second dose is administered at least 21 days after the first dose. In a preferred aspect of the two-time administration regimen, both the first and second doses of the immunogenic composition are administered in the same amount. In addition to the first and second dose regimen, an alternate embodiment comprises further subsequent doses. For example, a third, fourth, or fifth dose could be administered in these aspects. Preferably, subsequent third, fourth, and fifth dose regimens are administered in the same amount as the first dose, with the time frame between the doses being consistent with the timing between the first and second doses mentioned above.
[0166] The modified DEV, the composition or the vector vaccine of the invention may be administrated in a suitable dose sufficient to elicit a protective response in poultry. Doses and dose volumes are herein discussed in the general description and can also be determined by the skilled artisan from this disclosure in conjunction with the knowledge in the art, without any undue experimentation. In some embodiments, the modified DEV in the composition or the vector vaccine is present in a dose from 1×102 TCID50 / ml or TCID50 / g to 1x107 TCID50 / ml or TCID50 / g. In some embodiments, the modified DEV in the composition or the vector vaccine is present in a dose from 1x104 TCID50 / ml or TCID50 / g to 1x106 TCID50 / ml or TCID50 / g. In some embodiments, the modified DEV in the composition or the vector vaccine is present in from 1x103 TCID50 / dose to 1x105 TCID50 / dose. In some embodiments, the modified DEV in the composition or the vector vaccine is present in a dose of 1x106 TCID50 / ml or TCID50 / g. In some embodiments, the modified DEV in the composition or the vector vaccine is present in 1x103 TCID50 / dose, 1x104 TCID50 / dose, or 1x105 TCID50 / dose. In some embodiments, the dose volumes can be between about 0.01 and about 10 ml, between about 0.01 and about 5 ml, such as about 0.2ml.
[0167] The present invention further relates to vaccination kits for vaccinating a poultry by inducing a protective immune response in a poultry against a pathogen, which comprises an effective amount of the modified DEV, the composition or the vector vaccine as described above and a means for administering the modified DEV, the composition or the vector vaccine to said poultry. For example, such kit comprises an injection device filled with the modified DEV, the composition or the vector vaccine according to the invention and instructions for intradermic, subcutaneous, intramuscular, or in ovo injection. Alternatively, the kit comprises a spray / aerosol or eye drop device filled with the modified DEV, the composition or the vector vaccine according to the invention and instructions for oro-nasal administration, oral or mucosal administration.
[0168] The following clauses are also described herein and part of disclosure of the invention:
[0169] Clause A1. A composition, comprising a modified Duck Enteritis Virus (DEV) (as a live vector vaccine in poultry) which comprises and (and is capable of expressing) a heterologous polynucleotide coding for a modified Hemagglutinin (HA) protein of avian influenza virus type H9 (AIV H9 HA protein) , wherein the AIV H9 HA protein comprises at least one amino acid substitution at a position selected from 124, 234, 250, 254, 384, and 395, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0170] Clause A2. The composition of clause A1, wherein the modified AIV H9 HA protein comprises at least one amino acid substitution at a position selected from I124, L234, M250, S254, D384, and D395, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0171] Clause A3. The composition of clause A1, wherein the modified AIV H9 HA protein comprises the amino acid substitutions at positions I124, L234, M250, S254, D384 and D395, preferably the amino acid substitutions of I124S, L234M, M250T, S254R, D384G, and D395N, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0172] Clause A4. The composition of clause A1, wherein the modified AIV H9 HA protein comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 61.
[0173] Clause A5. The composition of clause A1, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide comprises or consists of a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 61.
[0174] Clause A6. The composition of clause A1, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide comprises or consists of a nucleotide sequence having at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.1%, at least 99.2%, at least 99.3%, at least 99.4%, at least 99.5%, at least 99.6%, at least 99.7%, at least 99.8%, at least 99.9%or 100%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 63.
[0175] Clause A7. The composition of clause A1, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide comprises or consists of a nucleotide sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 63.
[0176] Clause A8. The composition of clause A1, wherein the modified AIV H9 HA protein comprises a further amino acid substitution at a position 220, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0177] Clause A9. The composition of clause A1, wherein the modified AIV H9 HA protein comprises a further amino acid substitution at a position T220, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0178] Clause A10. The composition of clause A1, wherein the modified AIV H9 HA protein comprises a further amino acid substitution T220A, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0179] Clause A11. The composition of clause A1, wherein the modified AIV H9 HA protein comprises the amino acid substitutions at positions I124, L234, M250, S254, D384, D395, and T220 preferably the amino acid substitutions of I124S, L234M, M250T, S254R, D384G, D395N, and T220A, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0180] Clause A12. The composition of clause A1, wherein the modified AIV H9 HA protein comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 62.
[0181] Clause A13. The composition of clause A1, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide comprises or consists of a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 62.
[0182] Clause A14. The composition of clause A1, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide comprises or consists of a nucleotide sequence having at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.1%, at least 99.2%, at least 99.3%, at least 99.4%, at least 99.5%, at least 99.6%, at least 99.7%, at least 99.8%, at least 99.9%or 100%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 64.
[0183] Clause A15. The composition of clause A1, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide comprises or consists of a nucleotide sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 64.
[0184] Clause A16. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the modified AIV H9 HA protein is derived from the HA protein of the AIV H9 TS10 strain.
[0185] Clause A17. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the modified AIV H9 HA protein is derived from the AIV H9 HA protein comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0186] Clause A18. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the avian influenza virus type H9 is an avian influenza virus H9N2.
[0187] Clause A19. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is inserted into a non-essential gene or region of the modified DEV.
[0188] Clause A20. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is inserted into or in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the non-essential gene or region of the modified DEV.
[0189] Clause A21. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the non-essential gene or region of the modified DEV is selected from the group consisting of both US7 gene and US8 gene, UL2 gene, UL24 gene, UL39 gene, UL26-UL27 intergenic region, UL40 gene, UL23 gene, and US8 gene.
[0190] Clause A22. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in a gene or a region selected from the group consisting of both US7 gene and US8 gene, UL2 gene, UL24 gene, UL39 gene, UL26-UL27 intergenic region, UL40 gene, UL23 gene, and US8 gene of the modified DEV.
[0191] Clause A23. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is inserted into or in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of one or more genes of the modified DEV selected from the group consisting of both US7 gene and US8 gene, UL2 gene, UL24 gene, UL39 gene, UL40 gene, UL23 gene, US8 gene, or inserted into UL26-UL27 intergenic region of the modified DEV.
[0192] Clause A24. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein one or more non-essential genes of the modified DEV are inactivated.
[0193] Clause A25. The composition of clause A24, wherein the inactivated non-essential gene of the modified DEV is selected from the group consisting of US7, US8, UL2, UL24, UL40, UL39, UL23, and UL41.
[0194] Clause A26. The composition of clause A24, wherein the inactivated non-essential gene of the modified DEV is selected from any one of i) -ix) , i) US7, ii) US8, iii) UL2, iv) UL24, v) UL40, vi) UL39, vii) UL23, viii) UL41 and ix) US3, in combination with the inactivation of one or more further non-essential genes of the modified DEV.
[0195] Clause A27. The composition of clause A26, wherein the one or more further non-essential gene of the modified DEV is different from the first inactivated gene and is selected from i) US7, ii) US8, iii) UL2, iv) UL24, v) UL40, vi) UL39, vii) UL23, viii) UL41 and ix) US3.
[0196] Clause A28. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the modified DEV comprises inactivated gene (s) selected from any one of i) -xi) , i) UL41 gene; ii) US3 gene; iii) UL24 gene; iv) UL40 gene; v) UL39 gene; vi) UL23 gene; vii) US7 gene and US8 gene; viii) UL24 gene and UL2 gene; ix) UL40 gene and UL2 gene; x) UL23 gene and UL41 gene; or xi) UL41 gene and US8 gene.
[0197] Clause A29. The composition of any one of clauses A24-A28, wherein the non-essential gene within the modified DEV is inactivated by mutation, interruption, replacement or deletion of a portion of or the whole sequence of the inactivated non-essential gene.
[0198] Clause A30. The composition of any one of clauses A24-A29, wherein at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%of the sequence of the non-essential gene within the modified DEV is replaced or deleted.
[0199] Clause A31. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein said modified DEV comprises any one of the followings:
[0200] i) the heterologous polynucleotide located in both of the US7 and US8 genes, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of both of the US7 and US8 genes;
[0201] ii) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL2 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL2 gene, and an inactive UL24 gene, optionally a deleted UL24 gene;
[0202] iii) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL2 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL2 gene, and an inactive UL40 gene, optionally a deleted UL40 gene;
[0203] iv) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL24 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL24 gene;
[0204] v) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL39 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL39 gene;
[0205] vi) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL26-UL27 intergenic region, and an inactive UL24 gene, optionally a deleted UL24 gene;
[0206] vii) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL40 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL40 gene;
[0207] viii) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL26-UL27 intergenic region, and an inactive UL39 gene, optionally a deleted UL39 gene;
[0208] ix) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL23 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL23 gene, and an inactive UL41 gene, optionally a deleted UL41 gene;
[0209] x) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the US8 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the US8 gene, and an inactive UL41 gene, optionally a deletedUL41 gene; or
[0210] xi) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL23 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL23 gene.
[0211] Clause A32. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the UL26-UL27 intergenic region, and wherein the modified DEV comprises an inactive UL39 gene, optionally a deleted UL39 gene.
[0212] Clause A33. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in both of the US7 and US8 genes, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of both of the US7 and US8 genes, rendering both of the US7 and US8 genes inactive.
[0213] Clause A34. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the UL2 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL2 gene, rendering the UL2 gene inactive, and wherein the modified DEV further comprises an inactive UL24 gene, optionally a deleted UL24 gene.
[0214] Clause A35. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the UL2 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL2 gene, rendering the UL2 gene inactive, and wherein the modified DEV further comprises an inactive UL40 gene, optionally a deleted UL40 gene.
[0215] Clause A36. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the UL24 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL24 gene, rendering the UL24 gene inactive.
[0216] Clause A37. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the UL39 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL39 gene, rendering the UL39 gene inactive.
[0217] Clause A38. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the UL26-UL27 intergenic region, and wherein the modified DEV further comprises an inactive UL24 gene, optionally a deleted UL24 gene.
[0218] Clause A39. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the UL40 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL40 gene, rendering the UL40 gene inactive.
[0219] Clause A40. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the UL23 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL23 gene, rendering the UL23 gene inactive, and wherein the modified DEV further comprises an inactive UL41 gene, optionally a deleted UL41 gene.
[0220] Clause A41. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the US8 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the US8 gene, rendering the US8 gene inactive, and wherein the modified DEV further comprises an inactive UL41 gene, optionally a deleted UL41 gene.
[0221] Clause A42. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the UL23 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL23 gene, rendering the UL23 gene inactive.
[0222] Clause A43. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is operably linked to a promoter.
[0223] Clause A44. The composition of clause A43, wherein the promoter is selected from the group consisting of an immediate early cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, mouse CMV promoter, guinea pig CMV promoter, an SV40 promoter, Human Herpesvirus Type III glycoprotein B (HHV3gB) promoter, Pseudorabies Virus promoters such as that of glycoprotein X promoter, Herpes Simplex Virus-1 alpha 4 promoter, a Marek's Disease Virus glycoprotein A (or gC) promoter, a Marek's Disease Virus glycoprotein B promoter, a Marek's Disease Virus glycoprotein E promoter, a Marek's Disease Virus glycoprotein I promoter, an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus glycoprotein B, an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus glycoprotein E promoter, an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus glycoprotein D promoter, an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus glycoprotein I promoter, vaccinia H6, and a combination thereof.
[0224] Clause A45. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is operably linked to an SV40 polyA signal.
[0225] Clause A46. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is expressed after the modified DEV has been transfected into a suitable host cell.
[0226] Clause A47. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the modified DEV is attenuated (with respect to poultry) .
[0227] Clause A48. The composition of any one of clauses A24-A47, wherein the inactivation of the selected genes causes the attenuation of DEV.
[0228] Clause A49. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the modified DEV has a reduced or no mortality in poultry as compared to the non-modified wildtype DEV.
[0229] Clause A50. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the mortality in poultry caused by the modified DEV is 0%, less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50%, less than 60%, or less than 70%of that caused by the non-modified DEV.
[0230] Clause A51. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, further comprising a pharmaceutically or veterinarily acceptable carrier, excipient, vehicle or adjuvant.
[0231] Clause A52. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the composition is a vaccine.
[0232] Clause A53. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the composition is a vector vaccine in poultry.
[0233] Clause A54. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the modified DEV is used as a vector.
[0234] Clause A55. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is expressed after the modified DEV has been transfected into a host cell.
[0235] Clause A56. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the host cell is CEF cell, EB66 cell, DEF cell, embryonated egg, or chicken kidney cell.
[0236] Clause A57. The composition of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the poultry is duck or chicken.
[0237] Clause B1. A modified DEV (as a live vector vaccine in poultry (such as duck or a chicken) ) , comprising (and being capable of expressing) a heterologous polynucleotide coding for a modified Hemagglutinin (HA) protein of avian influenza virus type H9 (AIV H9 HA protein) , wherein the AIV H9 HA protein comprises at least one amino acid substitution at a position selected from 124, 234, 250, 254, 384, and 395, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0238] Clause B2. The modified DEV of clause B1, wherein the modified AIV H9 HA protein comprises at least one amino acid substitution at a position selected from I124, L234, M250, S254, D384, and D395, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0239] Clause B3. The modified DEV of clause 36, wherein the modified AIV H9 HA protein comprises the amino acid substitutions at positions I124, L234, M250, S254, D384, and D395, preferably the amino acid substitutions of I124S, L234M, M250T, S254R, D384G, and D395N, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0240] Clause B4. The modified DEV of clause B1, wherein the modified AIV H9 HA protein comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 61.
[0241] Clause B5. The modified DEV of clause B1, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide comprises or consists of a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 61.
[0242] Clause B6. The modified DEV of clause B1, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide comprises or consists of a nucleotide sequence having at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.1%, at least 99.2%, at least 99.3%, at least 99.4%, at least 99.5%, at least 99.6%, at least 99.7%, at least 99.8%, at least 99.9%or 100%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 63.
[0243] Clause B7. The modified DEV of clause B1, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide comprises or consists of a nucleotide sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 63.
[0244] Clause B8. The modified DEV of clause B1, wherein the modified AIV H9 HA protein comprises a further amino acid substitution at a position 220, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0245] Clause B9. The modified DEV of clause B1, wherein the modified AIV H9 HA protein comprises a further amino acid substitution at a position T220, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0246] Clause B10. The modified DEV of clause B1, wherein the modified AIV H9 HA protein comprises a further amino acid substitution T220A, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0247] Clause B11. The modified DEV of clause B1, wherein the modified AIV H9 HA protein comprises the amino acid substitutions at positions I124, L234, M250, S254, D384, D395, and T220, preferably the amino acid substitutions of I124S, L234M, M250T, S254R, D384G, D395N, and T220A, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0248] Clause B12. The modified DEV of clause B1, wherein the modified AIV H9 HA protein comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 62.
[0249] Clause B13. The modified DEV of clause B1, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide comprises or consists of a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 62.
[0250] Clause B14. The modified DEV of clause B1, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide comprises or consists of a nucleotide sequence having at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.1%, at least 99.2%, at least 99.3%, at least 99.4%, at least 99.5%, at least 99.6%, at least 99.7%, at least 99.8%, at least 99.9%or 100%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 64.
[0251] Clause B15. The modified DEV of clause B1, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide comprises or consists of a nucleotide sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 64.
[0252] Clause B16. The modified DEV of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the modified AIV H9 HA protein is derived from the HA protein of the AIV H9 TS10 strain.
[0253] Clause B17. The modified DEV of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the modified AIV H9 HA protein is derived from the AIV H9 HA protein comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0254] Clause B18. The modified DEV of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the avian influenza virus type H9 is an avian influenza virus H9N2.
[0255] Clause B19. The modified DEV of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is inserted into a non-essential gene or region of the modified DEV.
[0256] Clause B20. The modified DEV of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is inserted into or in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the non-essential gene or region of the modified DEV.
[0257] Clause B21. The modified DEV of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the non-essential gene or region of the modified DEV is selected from the group consisting of both US7 gene and US8 gene, UL2 gene, UL24 gene, UL39 gene, UL26-UL27 intergenic region, UL40 gene, UL23 gene, and US8 gene.
[0258] Clause B22. The modified DEV of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in a gene or a region selected from the group consisting of both US7 gene and US8 gene, UL2 gene, UL24 gene, UL39 gene, UL26-UL27 intergenic region, UL40 gene, UL23 gene, and US8 gene of the modified DEV.
[0259] Clause B23. The modified DEV of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is inserted into or in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of one or more genes of the modified DEV selected from the group consisting of both US7 gene and US8 gene, UL2 gene, UL24 gene, UL39 gene, UL40 gene, UL23 gene, US8 gene, or inserted into UL26-UL27 intergenic region of the modified DEV.
[0260] Clause B24. The modified DEV of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein one or more non-essential genes of the modified DEV are inactivated.
[0261] Clause B25. The modified DEV of clause B24, wherein the inactivated non-essential gene of the modified DEV is selected from the group consisting of US7, US8, UL2, UL24, UL40, UL39, UL23, and UL41.
[0262] Clause B26. The modified DEV of clause B24, wherein the inactivated non-essential gene of the modified DEV is selected from any one of i) -ix) , i) US7, ii) US8, iii) UL2, iv) UL24, v) UL40, vi) UL39, vii) UL23, viii) UL41 and ix) US3, in combination with the inactivation of one or more further non-essential genes of the modified DEV.
[0263] Clause B27. The modified DEV of clause B26, wherein the one or more further non-essential gene of the modified DEV is different from the first inactivated gene and is selected from i) US7, ii) US8, iii) UL2, iv) UL24, v) UL40, vi) UL39, vii) UL23, viii) UL41 and ix) US3.
[0264] Clause B28. The modified DEV of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the modified DEV comprises inactivated gene (s) selected from any one of i) -xi) , i) UL41 gene; ii) US3 gene; iii) UL24 gene; iv) UL40 gene; v) UL39 gene; vi) UL23 gene; vii) US7 gene and US8 gene; viii) UL24 gene and UL2 gene; ix) UL40 gene and UL2 gene; x) UL23 gene and UL41 gene; or xi) UL41 gene and US8 gene.
[0265] Clause B29. The modified DEV of any one of clauses B24-B28, wherein the non-essential gene within the modified DEV is inactivated by mutation, interruption, replacement or deletion of a portion of or the whole sequence of the inactivated non-essential gene.
[0266] Clause B30. The modified DEV of any one of clauses B24-B29, wherein at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%of the sequence of the non-essential gene within the modified DEV is replaced or deleted.
[0267] Clause B31. The modified DEV of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein said modified DEV comprises any one of the followings:
[0268] i) the heterologous polynucleotide located in both of the US7 and US8 genes, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of both of the US7 and US8 genes;
[0269] ii) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL2 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL2 gene, and an inactive UL24 gene, optionally a deleted UL24 gene;
[0270] iii) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL2 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL2 gene, and an inactive UL40 gene, optionally a deleted UL40 gene;
[0271] iv) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL24 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL24 gene;
[0272] v) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL39 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL39 gene;
[0273] vi) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL26-UL27 intergenic region, and an inactive UL24 gene, optionally a deleted UL24 gene;
[0274] vii) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL40 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL40 gene;
[0275] viii) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL26-UL27 intergenic region, and an inactive UL39 gene, optionally a deleted UL39 gene;
[0276] ix) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL23 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL23 gene, and an inactive UL41 gene, optionally a deleted UL41 gene;
[0277] x) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the US8 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the US8 gene, and an inactive UL41 gene, optionally a deletedUL41 gene; or
[0278] xi) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL23 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL23 gene.
[0279] Clause B32. The modified DEV of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the UL26-UL27 intergenic region, and wherein the modified DEV comprises an inactive UL39 gene, optionally a deleted UL39 gene.
[0280] Clause B33. The modified DEV of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in both of the US7 and US8 genes, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of both of the US7 and US8 genes, rendering both of the US7 and US8 genes inactive.
[0281] Clause B34. The modified DEV of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the UL2 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL2 gene, rendering the UL2 gene inactive, and wherein the modified DEV further comprises an inactive UL24 gene, optionally a deleted UL24 gene.
[0282] Clause B35. The modified DEV of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the UL2 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL2 gene, rendering the UL2 gene inactive, and wherein the modified DEV further comprises an inactive UL40 gene, optionally a deleted UL40 gene.
[0283] Clause B36. The modified DEV of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the UL24 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL24 gene, rendering the UL24 gene inactive.
[0284] Clause B37. The modified DEV of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the UL39 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL39 gene, rendering the UL39 gene inactive.
[0285] Clause B38. The modified DEV of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the UL26-UL27 intergenic region, and wherein the modified DEV further comprises an inactive UL24 gene, optionally a deleted UL24 gene.
[0286] Clause B39. The modified DEV of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the UL40 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL40 gene, rendering the UL40 gene inactive.
[0287] Clause B40. The modified DEV of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the UL23 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL23 gene, rendering the UL23 gene inactive, and wherein the modified DEV further comprises an inactive UL41 gene, optionally a deleted UL41 gene.
[0288] Clause B41. The modified DEV of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the US8 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the US8 gene, rendering the US8 gene inactive, and wherein the modified DEV further comprises an inactive UL41 gene, optionally a deleted UL41 gene.
[0289] Clause B42. The modified DEV of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the UL23 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL23 gene, rendering the UL23 gene inactive.
[0290] Clause B43. The modified DEV of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is operably linked to a promoter.
[0291] Clause B44. The modified DEV of clause A43, wherein the promoter is selected from the group consisting of an immediate early cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, mouse CMV promoter, guinea pig CMV promoter, an SV40 promoter, Human Herpesvirus Type III glycoprotein B (HHV3gB) promoter, Pseudorabies Virus promoters such as that of glycoprotein X promoter, Herpes Simplex Virus-1 alpha 4 promoter, a Marek's Disease Virus glycoprotein A (or gC) promoter, a Marek's Disease Virus glycoprotein B promoter, a Marek's Disease Virus glycoprotein E promoter, a Marek's Disease Virus glycoprotein I promoter, an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus glycoprotein B, an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus glycoprotein E promoter, an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus glycoprotein D promoter, an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus glycoprotein I promoter, vaccinia H6, and a combination thereof.
[0292] Clause B45. The modified DEV of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is operably linked to an SV40 polyA signal.
[0293] Clause B46. The modified DEV of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is expressed after the modified DEV has been transfected into a suitable host cell.
[0294] Clause B47. The modified DEV of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the modified DEV is attenuated (with respect to poultry) .
[0295] Clause B48. The modified DEV of any one of clauses A24-A47, wherein the inactivation of the selected genes causes the attenuation of DEV.
[0296] Clause B49. The modified DEV of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the modified DEV has a reduced or no mortality in poultry as compared to the non-modified wildtype DEV.
[0297] Clause B50. The modified DEV of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the mortality in poultry caused by the modified DEV is 0%, less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50%, less than 60%, or less than 70%of that caused by the non-modified DEV.
[0298] Clause B51. The modified DEV of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the modified DEV is used as a vector.
[0299] Clause B52. The modified DEV of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is expressed after the modified DEV has been transfected into a host cell.
[0300] Clause B53. The modified DEV of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the host cell is CEF cell, EB66 cell, DEF cell, embryonated egg, or chicken kidney cell.
[0301] Clause B54. The modified DEV of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the poultry is duck or chicken.
[0302] Clause C1. The modified DEV of any one of clauses B1-B54 for use as vector vaccine in poultry.
[0303] Clause C2. The modified DEV for use of clause C1, wherein the poultry is duck or chicken.
[0304] Clause D1. The modified DEV of any one of clauses B1-B54, or the composition of any one of clauses A1-A57, or the vector vaccine of clause C1 or C2, for the use in a method for inducing a protective immune response in a poultry (e.g. duck or chicken) against avian influenza virus, wherein such method comprises or consists of one or more administration of the modified DEV of any one of clauses B1-B54, or the composition of any one of clauses A1-A57, or the vector vaccine of clause C1 or C2to the poultry (e.g. duck or chicken) .
[0305] Clause D2. The modified DEV of any one of clauses B1-B54, or the composition of any one of clauses A1-A57, or the vector vaccine of clause C1 or C2, for use in vaccinating a poultry (e.g. duck or chicken) by inducing a protective immune response in a poultry (e.g. duck or chicken) against avian influenza virus.
[0306] Clause D3. A method of vaccinating a poultry (e.g. duck or chicken) by inducing a protective immune response in a poultry (e.g. duck or chicken) against avian influenza virus, comprising or consisting of at least one administration of the modified DEV of any one of clauses B1-B54, or the composition of any one of clauses A1-A57 or the vector vaccine of clause C1 or C2 to the poultry (e.g. duck or chicken) .
[0307] Clause D4. Use of the modified DEV of any one of the preceding clauses in the manufacture of a composition for vaccinating a poultry (e.g. duck or chicken) by inducing a protective immune response in a poultry (e.g. duck or chicken) against avian influenza virus.
[0308] Clause D5. The method and the use of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the avian influenza virus is avian influenza A virus, optionally avian influenza A virus of subtype H9, optionally avian influenza A virus of subtype H9N2.
[0309] Clause D6. The method and the use of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the poultry is 0 day-old, 1 day-old, 2 day-old, 3 day-old, 4 day-old, 5 day-old, 6 day-old, or 7 day-old at the day of vaccination.
[0310] Clause D7. The method and the use of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the modified DEV, the composition or the vector vaccine is administrated at Day 0 post-hatch, Day 1 post-hatch, Day 2 post-hatch, Day 3 post-hatch, Day 4 post-hatch, Day 5 post-hatch, Day 6 post-hatch, or Day 7 post-hatch.
[0311] Clause D8. The method and the use of any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the modified DEV, the composition or the vector vaccine is administrated by oro-nasal, eye drop, spray, drinking water, in ovo, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, or transdermal.
[0312] Clause D9. A vaccination kit for vaccinating a poultry (e.g. duck or chicken) by inducing a protective immune response in a poultry (e.g. duck or chicken) against avian influenza virus, which comprises an effective amount of the modified DEV of any one of clauses B1-B54, or the composition of any one of clauses A1-A57 or the vector vaccine of clause C1 or C2 and a means for administering said modified DEV, the composition or said vector vaccine to said poultry (e.g. duck or chicken) .
[0313] Clause E1. A host cell, expressing the modified DEV of any one of clauses B1-B54.
[0314] Clause E2. A host cell, expressing the modified DEV and the heterologous polynucleotide of any one of clauses B1-B54.
[0315] Clause E3. The host cell of clause E1 or E2, wherein the host cell is CEF cell, EB66 cell or DEF cell.
[0316] Clause F1. A method of making the modified DEV of any one of clauses B1-B54, comprising the insertion of the heterologous polynucleotide as defined in any one of clauses B1-B54 and the inactivation of one or more genes of the modified DEV genome as defined in any one of clauses B25-B42.
[0317] Examples
[0318] The subsequent examples further illustrate the invention in an exemplified manner. It is understood that the invention is not limited to any of those examples as described below. A person skilled in the art understands that the performance, results and findings of these examples can be adapted and applied in a broader sense in view of the general description of the present invention.
[0319] Example 1: Construction of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) of DEV
[0320] The duck plague virus DEV4 strain used in this study was purchased from China Agricultural University in 2017, and deposited at China Center for Type Culture Collection (CCTCC) , Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072 P. R. China, on August 4, 2023 under CCTCC NO: V202378.
[0321] In order to attenuate the DEV4 strain and make it a safe vector, a bacterial artificial chromosome system was constructed with the genome of the DEV4 strain for subsequent gene deletion and insertion. The specific steps include:
[0322] 1. The sequences of the homologous arms on the left and right side of the insertion site (between UL44 and UL44.5 of the DEV4 genome) for mini-F element were amplified by PCR using the primers as shown in Table 1. The digestion sites were introduced simultaneously. The plasmids pB12 (constructed according to B. Karsten Tischer et al, 2007, Journal of Virology, p. 13200-13208 and gene structure map of pB12 is shown in Figure 1) containing the mini-F gene fragments were digested with BamH I, to obtain the mini-F DNA fragments having BamH I on both sides. Then, the obtained DNA fragments of the left and right homologous arms and the mini-F DNA fragment were ligated to obtain the Mini-F transfer vector, and then transformed into E. coli TOP10 competent cells (purchased from Tiangen) . The plasmid with the mini F transfer vector was extracted and identified by enzyme digestion.
[0323] Table 1. PCR Primers
[0324] 2. The linearized mini-F transfer vector obtained in above step 1 and the extracted DEV4 genomic DNA were co-transfected into DEFs according to the instructions of the commercial transfection kit LipofectamineTM 3000 (purchased from Invitrogen) , to construct the recombinant virus rDEV4 (i.e. recombinant DEV4) -BAC by homologous recombination. Upon screening and purification, the recombinant virus rDEV4-BAC was obtained (see Figure 2A) .
[0325] 3. The extracted rDEV4-BAC genomic DNA was electroporated into MegaX competent cell (purchased from Invitrogen, catalog No. C6400-03) according to the instruction of the competent cell. Then, the bacmid rDEV4-BAC was extracted and identified.
[0326] 4. The bacmid rDEV4-BAC was electroporated into gs1783 competent cells containing redE / T recombinase (Wang et al, 2015, Virology Journal, 12: 126) to obtain GS1783-DEV4-BAC strain.
[0327] Example 2: Construction of DEV strains having deleted virulence genes
[0328] Based on the constructed rDEV4-BAC, different virulence-associated genes of DEV4 were deleted, including UL41, US3, UL24, UL40, UL39, UL23 and US7US8 (hereinafter referred to as X in general) , so as to construct DEV strains having deleted virulence genes, including rDEV4 ΔUL41, rDEV4 ΔUS3, rDEV4 ΔUL24, rDEV4 ΔUL40, rDEV4 ΔUL39, rDEV4 ΔUL23, and rDEV4 ΔUS7US8.
[0329] “Δ” refers to the inactivation (such as deletion or replacement) of the gene herein, for example, ΔUL24 refers to deletion or replacement of UL24.
[0330] The construction method comprises the following steps.
[0331] 1. The DNA fragment I_SceI-Kana-X (X represents the virulence gene to be deleted) containing I_SceI site, Kana resistance gene and 50bp homologous arms of upstream and downstream of the virulence gene to be deleted was obtained by Not I digestion from the plasmid pKan which was synthesized by GenScript company.
[0332] 2. GS1783-DEV4-BAC (obtained in Example 1) competent cells for electroporation were prepared by conventional method. Then, the I_SceI-Kana-X fragment was electroporated into the GS178-DEV4-BAC competent cells. Recombinant clones were then selected on chloramphenicol and kanamycin double-resistant LB agar plates. The recombinant bacmid DNA was extracted and analyzed by both PCR and RFLP methods. Thus, the GS1783-DEV4-BAC-ΔX-Kana strain and the recombinant bacmid rDEV4-BAC-ΔX-Kana were obtained. In the 2nd step of Red recombination, 2%arabinose was used to induce expression of the homing endonuclease I-SceI, resulting in the cleavage of the I-SceI restriction site upstream of the kanamycin gene and, ultimately, the excision of the kanamycin cassette. The recombinant bacmid DNA was extracted and analyzed by both PCR and RFLP methods. Then, the GS1783-DEV4-BAC-ΔX strain and the bacmid rDEV4-BAC-ΔX were obtained.
[0333] 3. To rescue the recombinant rDEV4 ΔX (see Figure 3) and to delete the mini-F sequence, the recombinant bacmid DNA was extracted and co-transfected with mini-F homologous arm DNA into DEFs (prepared from 11-day-old or 12 day-old clean duck embryos (purchased from Harbin Veterinary Research Institute) according to conventional methods) using lipofectamine 3000 (Invitrogen) . After co-transfection, cells were observed to check the formation of both GFP-positive and -negative plaques. Limiting dilution or plaque purification was performed to separate the GFP-negative recombinant virus, in which mini-F containing EGFP gene was removed via intra-molecular homologous recombination mechanism. Thus, the rDEV4 ΔX was obtained (see Figure 2B) , including rDEV4 ΔUL41, rDEV4 ΔUS3, rDEV4 ΔUL24, rDEV4 ΔUL40, rDEV4 ΔUL39, rDEV4 ΔUL23 and rDEV4 ΔUS7US8.
[0334] Example 3: Construction of recombinant DEV containing HA gene of subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus
[0335] Based on DEV strains having deleted virulence genes, the HA gene of subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus, i.e. the HA gene of the TS10 strain was inserted into different sites. The following recombinant viruses were finally constructed: rDEV4 H9HAts10 ΔUL23, rDEV4 H9HAts10 ΔUS7US8, rDEV4 ΔUL24 H9HAts10 ΔUL2, rDEV4 ΔUL40 H9HAts10 ΔUL2, rDEV4 H9HAts10 ΔUL24, rDEV4 H9HAts10 ΔUL39, rDEV4 ΔUL24 UL26-H9HAts10-UL27, rDEV4 H9HAts10 ΔUL40, rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10-UL27, rDEV4 H9HAts10 ΔUL23 ΔUL41, and rDEV4 ΔUL41 H9HAts10 ΔUS8.
[0336] In this example, the construction method will be described using the construction of rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10-UL27 as an example. Particularly, the construction method comprises the following steps.
[0337] 1. The heterologous gene fragment comprising HA gene and Kana resistant gene UL26-mCMV-H9HAts10-kana-UL27 with 50bp homologous arms on both sides was obtained by PCR amplification using the plasmid puc57-mCMV-H9HAts10-kana-SV40 (constructed by Nanjing GenScript) as a template and L26L27HA-F and L26L27HA-R as primers (see Table 2) . The primers used for the construction of other rDEV4 H9HA viruses are also listed in Table 2.
[0338] Table 2. PCR primers
[0339] 2. GS1783-DEV4-BAC-ΔUL39 (obtained in Example 2) competent cells for electroporation were prepared by conventional method. Then, the heterologous gene fragment UL26-mCMV-H9HAts10-kana-UL27 was electroporated into the GS1783-DEV4-BAC-ΔUL39 competent cells. Recombinant clones were then selected on chloramphenicol and kanamycin double-resistant LB agar plates. The recombinant bacmid DNA was extracted and analyzed by both PCR and RFLP (see Figure 4) methods. Thus, the recombinant blacmid rDEV4-BAC-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10-kana-UL27 was obtained. In the 2nd step of Red recombination, 2%arabinose was used to induce expression of the homing endonuclease I-SceI, resulting in the cleavage of the I-SceI restriction site upstream of the kanamycin gene and, ultimately, the excision of the kanamycin cassette. The recombinant bacmid DNA was extracted and analyzed by both PCR and RFLP methods. Then, the bacmid rDEV4-BAC-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10-UL27 was obtained.
[0340] 3. To rescue the recombinant rDEV4-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10-UL27 and to delete the mini-F sequence, the recombinant bacmid DNA was extracted and co-transfected with mini-F homologous arm DNA into DEFs (prepared from 11-day-old or 12 day-old clean duck embryos (purchased from Harbin Veterinary Research Institute) according to conventional methods) using lipofectamine 3000 (Invitrogen) . After transfection, cells were observed to check the formation of both GFP-positive and -negative plaques (see Figure 5) . Limiting dilution or plaque purification was performed to separate the GFP-negative recombinant virus, in which mini-F containing EGFP gene was removed via intra-molecular homologous recombination mechanism. Thus, the recombinant DEV containing HA gene of subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus rDEV4-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10-UL27 was obtained (see Figure 2C) .
[0341] 4. According to above steps 1-3, additional recombinant viruses expressing the H9N2 HA gene were constructed, including rDEV4 H9HAts10 ΔUL23, rDEV4 H9HAts10 ΔUS7US8, rDEV4 ΔUL24 H9HAts10 ΔUL2, rDEV4 ΔUL40 H9HAts10 ΔUL2, rDEV4 H9HAts10 ΔUL24, rDEV4 H9HAts10 ΔUL39, rDEV4 ΔUL24 UL26-H9HAts10-UL27, rDEV4 H9HAts10 ΔUL40, rDEV4 H9HAts10 ΔUL23 ΔUL41 and rDEV4 ΔUL41 H9HAts10 ΔUS8.
[0342] Example 4: Preparation and in vitro characterization of the seed batch of the recombinant virus
[0343] 4.1. Preparation of seed batch of recombinant DEVs having deleted virulence genes rDEV4 ΔX (X represents the deleted gene (s) )
[0344] 1.4E7 DEFs were inoculated on a 10cm cell culture dish. The medium was 10ml of MEM containing 5%FBS. After 24 hours of incubation at 37℃ in a 5%CO2 incubator, the monolayer of DEFs covered more than 90%of the dish. The cells were inoculated with the DEV strains having deleted virulence genes, respectively. The cells were continued to be incubated at 37℃ in a 5%CO2 incubator for about 4 days until all the cells were infected. The cell supernatant was harvested and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was separated into 1 ml or 4 ml freezing tubes, and stored at -80℃ for later use.
[0345] 4.2. Preparation of seed batch of recombinant DEVs containing the HA gene of subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus
[0346] 1.4E7 DEFs were inoculated on a 10cm cell culture dish. The medium was 10ml of MEM+5%FBS. After 24 hours of incubation at 37℃ in a 5%CO2 incubator, the monolayer of DEFs covered more than 90%of the dish. Then the cells were inoculated with the recombinant DEVs expressing HA gene of subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus, respectively. The cells were continued to incubate at 37℃ in a 5%CO2 incubator for about 4 days until all cells were infected. The cell supernatant was harvested and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was separated into 1 ml or 4 ml freezing tubes, and stored at -80℃ for later use.
[0347] Next, 1.4E7 CEF cells were inoculated on a 10cm cell culture dish. The medium was 10ml of MEM+5%FBS. After 24 hours of incubation at 37℃ in a 5%CO2 incubator, the monolayer of CEF cells covered more than 90%of the dish. The cells were inoculated with the recombinant DEVs that have been passaged to P7 in DEF, respectively. The cells were continued to be incubated at 37℃ in a 5%CO2 incubator for about 4 days until all cells were infected. The cell supernatant was harvested and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was separated into 1 ml or 4 ml freezing tubes, and stored at -80℃.
[0348] 4.3. In vitro identification of the rDEVs vector
[0349] 1. The rDEVs with deleted virulence genes were continuously passaged to 15th generation in DEF. The DNA of the recombinant viruses in the 5th, 10th, and 15th generations was extracted by QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN) . The extracted DNA was amplified by PCR using primers to identify the deletion of virulence gene (s) . PCR products were identified by sequencing, indicating that the virulence genes were successfully deleted.
[0350] Table 3. PCR primers
[0351] 2. The harvested rDEVs having deleted virulence genes were subjected to the detection of sterility and mycoplasma. Sterility detection was performed by a conventional method, and mycoplasma detection was performed by qPCR. Results showed that these recombinant viruses had no exogenous microbial contamination.
[0352] 3. Determination of titers of rDEVs having deleted virulence genes: the titer of the rDEVs having deleted virulence genes was determined on DEFs (TCID50) .
[0353] Table 4. TCID50 of rDEVs
[0354] 4.4. In vitro identification of the rDEVs containing the HA gene of subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus
[0355] 1. Stability of the HA gene. The rDEVs containing the HA gene of subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus were continuously passaged to 15th generation in CEF. The DNA of the recombinant viruses in the 5th, 10th, and 15th generations was extracted by QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN) . The extracted DNA was amplified by PCR using primers to identify the insertion of HA gene (see Figure 6) . PCR products were identified by sequencing, indicating that the HA gene was stably present in the genome.
[0356] Table 5. PCR primers
[0357] 2. Detection of sterility and mycoplasma. The harvested rDEVs containing the HA gene of subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus were subjected to detection of sterility and mycoplasma. Sterility detection was performed by a conventional method, and mycoplasma detection was performed by qPCR. Results showed that these recombinant viruses had no exogenous microbial contamination.
[0358] 3. Determination of titers of rDEVs containing the HA gene of subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus: the titers of rDEVs containing the HA gene of subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus was determined on CEFs (TCID50) .
[0359] Table 6. TCID50 of rDEVs
[0360] 4. Expression of the rDEVs containing the HA gene of subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus
[0361] The rDEV containing the HA gene of subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus was inoculated into CEFs in a 48-well plate at a dilution of 10-2-10-4.4 hours after inoculation, the medium was replaced with MEM+5%FBS containing 0.75%methylcellulose, and incubation was continued at 37℃ in a 5%CO2 incubator for 4 days. The expression of the DEV virus and HA gene was detected using an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) .
[0362] Indirect immunofluorescence assay comprises the following steps. The cell culture medium was removed. The surface was washed slightly with PBS once, each well was added with 96%cold ethanol and fixed at room temperature for 10 minutes. The ethanol was discarded. The wells were dried in air. The wells were then added with appropriate dilutions of chicken anti-DEV serum and polyclonal rabbit antibody against H9N2 HA (Sino Biological Inc, Catalog#11229-RP02) , respectively, and incubated at 37 ℃ for 1 hour. Then the antibody was discarded. The wells were washed three times with PBS and added with appropriate amounts of anti-chicken IgG and anti-rabbit IgG (Alexa Fluor 594 goat anti-chicken IgG (H+L) and Alexa Fluor 488 donkey anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) (Invitrogen) ) , and incubated at 37 ℃for 1 hour. Then the antibody was discarded. The wells were washed three times with PBS and observed under a fluorescence-inverted microscope. All of the rDEVs containing the HA gene of subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus showed specific fluorescence for DEV and H9HA. The results indicate the successful expression of HA protein from the recombinant viruses in CEF (see Figure 7) .
[0363] Example 5: Safety of the recombinant DEV vectors in duck
[0364] 5.1. Experimental design
[0365] To verify the safety of the rDEVs in duck, 80 1-day-old clean ducks were randomly divided into 11 groups, with 10 ducks per group. Groups 1 to 9 were the test groups, and inoculated with the corresponding material to be tested subcutaneously through the neck, respectively; Group 10 was the positive control group, and inoculated with DEV4 virus subcutaneously through the neck; Group 11 was the negative control group, and subcutaneously injected with the same volume of dilution through the neck. The specific experimental design and grouping are shown in Table 7.
[0366] Table 7. Experimental design and grouping
[0367] On the day of beginning the test, as shown in Table 7, ducks in each test group were subcutaneously inoculated into the neck with 0.5 ml of the materials or dilutions to be tested. After inoculation, all the ducks including those in the negative control group, were observed once a day for 14 consecutive days. Abnormal symptoms, including but not limited to: mental depression, retracted heads and necks, shuffled feathers, drooping wings, numbness and weakness of both feet, tears, palpebral edemas, outflowing of nasal secretions, swelling of the heads and the necks to varying degrees, following a fluctuation feeling with touch and the like were recorded. On days 7 and 14 after inoculation, blood samples of all the animals were collected in pro-coagulation tubes. Serum was separated by centrifugation. DEV sero-conversion in the experimental ducks was detected with indirect immunofluorescence assay IFA.
[0368] 5.2. Morbidity and mortality of the experimental ducks after inoculation
[0369] After inoculation of the experimental ducks, all the ducks were clinically observed once a day for 14 consecutive days. The experimental ducks in Groups 1-5, 8-9, and 11 (negative control group) showed no abnormal clinical symptom or death during the whole experiment; one duck of Group 6 (rDEV4 H9HAts10 ΔUL23) and Group 7 (rDEV4 ΔUL41) died on Day 6 after inoculation; the ducks of Group 10 (positive control group) showed clinical symptom on Day 3 after inoculation, and all the ducks died on Day 5 day after inoculation. Pathological changes of DEV infection, including typical symptoms such as annular hemorrhage at junctions of glandular stomachs and oesophaguses, and ring-like hemorrhage rings in intestines and the like were observed in all the dead experimental ducks from autopsy. The morbidity and mortality of the experimental ducks in each group are shown in Table 8.
[0370] Table 8. Morbidity and mortality of the experimental ducks in each group
[0371] 5.3. DEV sero-conversion in the experimental ducks after inoculation
[0372] The collected serum samples were tested by IFA to detect the DEV sero-conversion of the inoculated ducks. The results showed that the experimental ducks in Group 11 were negative for anti-DEV antibody during the whole experiment; the serum of all healthy living ducks in other groups became positive for anti-DEV antibody on Day 14 after inoculation. DEV sero-conversion of the experimental ducks in each group are shown in Table 9.
[0373] Table 9. DEV sero-conversion of the experimental ducks in each group
[0374] Note: Not applicable means that all of the ducks dead.
[0375] 5.4. Summary
[0376] We investigated the safety of the rDEVs in ducks. Three aspects were detected and analyzed, including morbidity, mortality and DEV sero-conversion in 1-day-old clean ducks. Inoculation into 1-day-old ducks with rDEVs including rDEV4 ΔUL23, rDEV4 ΔUS3, rDEV4 ΔUL24, rDEV4 ΔUL39, rDEV4 ΔUL40, rDEV4 ΔUS7ΔUS8, and rDEV4 H9HAts10 ΔUS7ΔUS8 did not cause any morbidity and mortality, and resulted in the production of anti-DEV antibody. rDEV4 H9HAts10 ΔUL23 and rDEV4 ΔUL41 also showed significantly attenuated virulence, resulting in 10%mortality after inoculation into 1-day-old ducks. The original DEV4 virus without genetic modification caused 100%mortality in the experimental ducks. In summary, genes US7US8, UL41, UL23, US3, UL24, UL39, and UL40 are DEV virulence associated genes. These rDEVs are completely or partially attenuated as compared with the wild-type DEV strain by deleting different virulence-associated genes, offering the possibility of being used as safe live virus vectors for use in duck.
[0377] Example 6: Safety of the recombinant DEVs in chicken
[0378] 6.1. Introduction
[0379] In this example, the safety of the recombinant DEVs, including rDEV4 ΔUL23, rDEV4 ΔUS7US8, rDEV4 ΔUS3, rDEV4 ΔUL24, rDEV4 ΔUL39, rDEV4 ΔUL40, rDEV4 ΔUL41, rDEV4 H9HAts10 ΔUL23, rDEV4 H9HAts10 ΔUS7US8, rDEV4 ΔUL40 H9HAts10 ΔUL2, rDEV4 ΔUL24 H9HAts10 ΔUL2, rDEV4 H9HAts10 ΔUL39, rDEV4 H9HAts10 ΔUL40, rDEV4 H9HAts10 ΔUL24, rDEV4 ΔUL41 H9HAts10 ΔUS8, rDEV4 H9HAts10 ΔUL23 ΔUL41, rDEV4 ΔUL24 UL26-H9HAts10-UL27 and rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10-UL27, in chicken was verified.
[0380] 6.2. Experimental design
[0381] On the day of the experiment, 200 1-day-old SPF experimental chickens were randomly divided into 20 groups, with 10 chickens in each group. Groups 1-18 were inoculation groups, and corresponding materials to be tested were inoculated to the chickens subcutaneously through the neck. Group 19 was a positive control group, and a DEV4 virus was inoculated to the chickens in Group 19 subcutaneously through the neck. Group 20 was a negative control group, and the same volume of MEM + 5%FBS (adiluent of the material to be tested) was injected into the chickens subcutaneously through the neck. Specific experimental design and grouping are shown in Table 10.
[0382] Table 10. Experimental design and grouping
[0383] On the day of the experiment, as shown in Table 10, the experimental chickens in each group were subcutaneously inoculated with 0.5 ml of the materials to be tested or their diluents into the necks. After inoculation, all the experimental chickens including those in the negative control group were observed once a day for 21 consecutive days; and abnormal symptoms of the experimental chickens were recorded, including: mental depression, retracted heads and necks, shuffled feathers, drooping wings, numbness and weakness of both feet, tears, palpebral edemas, outflowing of nasal secretions, swelling of the heads and the necks to varying degrees, following a fluctuation feeling with touch, etc.
[0384] 6.3. Morbidity and mortality of the experimental chickens after inoculation
[0385] After inoculating the experimental chickens, all the experimental chickens in Group 19 (the positive control group) died. The experimental chickens in Group 20 (the negative control group) showed no abnormal clinical symptoms or death during the whole experiment. The experimental chickens in Groups 4, 5, and 6 (rDEV4 ΔUL24, rDEV4 ΔUL39, rDEV4 ΔUL40, ) and Groups 10-18 expressing H9N2 HA showed no abnormal clinical symptom or death during the whole experiment, with both of the morbidity and the mortality of 0%. The inoculated chickens in other experimental groups (rDEV4 ΔUL23, rDEV4 ΔUS7US8, rDEV4 ΔUL41, rDEV4 H9HAts10 ΔUS7US8) showed certain level of morbidity and mortality. However, both morbidity and mortality was significantly reduced when compared to the DEV4 challenge group. Results of the morbidity and mortality of the experimental chickens in each group are shown in Table 11.
[0386] Table 11. Morbidity and mortality of the experimental chickens in each group
[0387] 6.4. DEV sero-conversion in the experimental chickens after inoculation
[0388] The experimental chickens in Group 20 was negative for the DEV antibody during the whole experiment. On Day 21 after inoculation, the serum of the experimental chickens in other groups became positive for the DEV antibody. It was verified that the chickens in all the experimental groups were successfully inoculated without missing. The DEV sero-conversion in the experimental chickens also proved that these recombinant viruses had a certain degree of replication in vivo.
[0389] 6.5. Conclusion
[0390] The wild-type DEV4 has strong pathogenicity in the chickens, and result in a morbidity of 100%in the 1-day-old SPF chickens. By deleting different genes, the strain can be attenuated to significant degrees, making it a safe live virus vector for use in chicken.
[0391] We also verified the effect of successive passages on the virulence of the recombinant viruses. The results showed that successive passages would not significantly affect the virulence of the recombinant viruses.
[0392] Example 7: Horizontal spreading ability of the recombinant DEVs among chickens
[0393] 7.1. Experimental design
[0394] This example aims to evaluate the horizontal spreading ability of the constructed recombinant DEVs among the 1-day-old SPF chickens. 165 SPF chickens were randomly divided into 11 groups with 15 chickens in each group and transferred to corresponding isolators for feeding after being hatched (1 day old) . On the day of the experiment (i.e., the hatching-out day of chickens) , 110 1-day-old chickens were randomly divided into 11 groups, with 10 chickens in each group. Groups 1-9 were test groups for live rDEV vectors, and corresponding materials to be tested were inoculated into the chickens subcutaneously through the neck. Group 10 was a positive control group, and the DEV4 virus was inoculated into the chickens subcutaneously through the neck. Group 11 was a negative control group, and the same volume of MEM solution containing 5%FBS (adiluent of the material to be tested, hereinafter referred to as MEM + 5%FBS) was injected into the chickens subcutaneously through the neck. In addition, on the day of inoculation, 55 homologous 1-day-old SPF chickens of the same batch were selected and placed in separate isolators, and randomly divided into 11 groups, with 5 chickens in each group, as contact chickens. After 24 h of inoculating immunized chickens, the contact chickens in each group were transferred into the corresponding groups. Specific experimental design and grouping are shown in Table 12.
[0395] Table 12. Experimental design and grouping
[0396] Note: *10 for immunized chickens, and 5 for contact chickens; and the contact chickens were fed in the corresponding groups after 24 h of inoculating the immunized chickens.
[0397] On the day of the experiment, as shown in Table 12, the experimental chickens in Groups 1-9 were subcutaneously inoculated with 0.5 ml of the corresponding recombinant DEV into the necks at an inoculation dose of 106.0TCID50 / chicken. The chickens in Group 10, as a positive control group, were subcutaneously inoculated with 0.5 ml of DEV4 into the necks at an inoculation dose of 106.0TCID50 / chicken. The chickens in Group 11, as a negative control group, were subcutaneously injected with 0.5 ml of MEM + 5%FBS into the necks.
[0398] After inoculation, all the experimental chickens (the immunized chickens and the contact chickens) including those in the negative control group were observed once a day for 21 consecutive days; and abnormal symptoms of the experimental chickens were recorded, including: mental depression, retracted heads and necks, shuffled feathers, drooping wings, numbness and weakness of both feet, tears, palpebral edemas, outflowing of nasal secretions, swelling of the heads and the necks to varying degrees, following a fluctuation feeling with touch, etc.
[0399] On Day 14 after inoculation, blood samples of all the immunized chickens were collected. Serum was separated to detect DEV sero-conversion. On Day 14 and Day 21 after inoculation, blood samples of the contact chickens were collected. Serum was separated to detect DEV sero-conversion.
[0400] 7.2. DEV sero-conversion in the experimental chickens after inoculation
[0401] The experimental chickens in Group 11 (the negative control) were negative for the antibody against DEV during the whole experiment; and on Day 14 after inoculating the serum of the immunized chickens in other groups became positive for the antibody against DEV. On Day 13 and Day 20 after contact (i.e., on Day 14 and Day 21 after inoculating the immunized chickens) , the serum of all the contact chickens in all the groups was negative for the antibody against DEV. The results of DEV sero-conversion in the experimental chickens in each group are specifically shown in Table 13.
[0402] Table 13. DEV sero-conversion of experimental chickens in each group
[0403] Note: *10 for immunized chickens, and 5 for contact chickens; and the contact chickens were fed in the corresponding groups after 24 h of inoculating the immunized chickens.
[0404] 7.3. Conclusion
[0405] According to laboratory detection, no sero-conversion was detected in all the contact chickens on Day 13 and Day 20 after contact with the inoculated chickens, which proved that the recombinant DEVs with deletion of these genes or insertion of the H9N2 HA gene involved in this example did not horizontally spread among the chickens. In particular, these recombinant viruses, which neither cause diseases and death in the chickens nor cause horizontal spreading among chicken flocks, can be used as safe vectors in the future.
[0406] Example 8: Efficacy of vaccine candidate strains containing live rDEV vectors expressing H9N2-HA
[0407] 8.1. Experimental design
[0408] In this example, 10 vaccine candidate strains containing live rDEV vectors expressing the HA gene of avian influenza virus (subtype H9) were inoculated subcutaneously to 1-day-old SPF chickens through the neck. On Day 28 after inoculation, the SPF chickens were challenged with an avian influenza virus (subtype H9) challenge strain (A / chicken / Jiangsu / TX10 / 2010 strain) . It aims to evaluate the immunogenicity of vaccine candidate strains upon the challenge.
[0409] The recombinant viruses tested in this example included rDEV4 H9HAts10 ΔUS7US8, rDEV4 ΔUL40 H9HAts10 ΔUL2, rDEV4ΔUL24 H9HAts10 ΔUL2, rDEV4 H9HAts10 ΔUL39, rDEV4 H9HAts10 ΔUL40, rDEV4 H9HAts10 ΔUL24, rDEV4 ΔUL41 H9HAts10 ΔUS8, rDEV4 H9HAts10 ΔUL23 ΔUL41, rDEV4 ΔUL24 UL26-H9HAts10-UL27, and rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10-UL27.
[0410] On the day of the experiment (i.e., the hatching-out day of the SPF chickens) , 110 1-day-old SPF chickens were randomly divided into 11 groups, with 10 chickens in each group. Groups 1-10 were test groups for the vaccine candidate strains containing the live rDEV vectors, and Group 11 was a control group. As shown in Table 14, all the experimental chickens were subcutaneously inoculated with corresponding materials to be tested through the neck. After inoculation, all the experimental chickens were clinically observed for 28 consecutive days. On Day 28, all experimental chickens were inoculated with 0.2 ml of H9 subtype avian influenza virus by nasal drip, with a challenge dose of 106.0EID50 / chicken. Experimental design and grouping are shown in Table 14.
[0411] Table 14. Experimental design and grouping
[0412] After inoculation, all the experimental chickens were observed once a day for 28 consecutive days. Abnormal symptoms of the experimental chickens were observed, including, but not limited to: mental depression, retracted heads and necks, shuffled feathers, drooping wings, numbness and weakness of both feet, tears, palpebral edemas, outflowing of nasal secretions, swelling of the heads and the necks to varying degrees, following a fluctuation feeling with touch, etc.
[0413] On Day 28 after inoculation (before challenge) , blood samples of all the chickens were collected; and serum was collected by centrifugation for detection with an HI antibody of the H9 subtype avian influenza.
[0414] On Day 5 after the challenge, cotton throat and cloacal swabs of all the experimental chickens were collected for H9 virus isolation. If it was negative for the virus isolation, it was determined that the vaccine candidate strains provided protection to the experimental chickens. Specific operation steps were as follows: on Day 5 after the challenge, the cotton throat and cloacal swabs of all the experimental chickens were collected. The collected cotton swabs were placed in a centrifuge tube containing 1.6 ml of a six-antibiotics swab buffer. All cotton swab samples were inoculated into the chicken embryos for virus isolation. The operation steps were as follows: each cotton swab sample was inoculated to five 9-11-day-old SPF chicken embryos through allantoic cavities with 0.2 ml per embryo, then the embryos were incubated for 96 h. Then the HA titers of all allantoic fluids were determined. As long as the HA titer of allantoic fluid of one chicken embryo among the chicken embryos inoculated with each cotton swab sample was no less than 1: 16, it could be determined as positive for H9 virus isolation. The samples that were negative for virus isolation were determined again after blind passage for 1 generation. If it was still negative for virus isolation after the blind passage, then it was determined as negative for H9 virus isolation; if it was positive for virus isolation after the blind passage, then it was determined as positive for H9 virus isolation.
[0415] 8.2. Level of anti-H9 antibody in the experimental chickens
[0416] On Day 28 after inoculation, blood of the experimental chickens in each group was collected; and serum was separated to detect the level of anti-H9 antibody. Results showed that the serums of all the experimental chickens in Group 11 (the control group) were negative for the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody of H9; the average HI antibody titers of the experimental chickens in Group 4 and Group 7 were lower than 4 log2; and the average HI antibody titers of the experimental chickens in other groups were higher than or equal to 4 log2. Average HI antibody titers in the serum of the experimental chickens in each group are shown in Table 15 and Figure 8.
[0417] Table 15. Average HI antibody titers in the serum of the experimental chickens in each group
[0418] Note: An average HI titer of 2log2 is “negative” .
[0419] 8.3. Conclusion
[0420] The vaccine candidate strains containing live rDEV vectors expressing the HA gene of avian influenza virus (subtype H9) can provide protection to H9N2, proving that these different insertion sites are effective.
[0421] Example 9: Construction of recombinant DEVs containing different HA genes of subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus
[0422] Based on the DEV strain rDEV4 ΔUL39 having deleted UL39 virulence gene, two other HA genes (H9HAts10 / M6 and H9HAts10 / M7) of subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus were inserted into UL26-UL27 site respectively. H9HAts10 / M6 has 6 amino acid substitutions (I124S, L234M, M250T, S254R, D384G, and D395N) relative to H9HAts10 (SEQ ID NO: 1) ; H9HAts10 / M7 has 7 amino acid substitutions (I124S, L234M, M250T, S254R, D384G, D395N and T220A) relative to H9HAts10 (SEQ ID NO: 1) . The amino acid sequences of H9HAts10 / M6 and H9HAts10 / M7 are shown as SEQ ID NO: 61 and SEQ ID NO: 62, respectively. The nucleotide sequences of H9HAts10 / M6 is shown as SEQ ID NO: 63, which is codon-optimized against gallus. The nucleotide sequences of H9HAts10 / M6 without codon-optimization is shown as SEQ ID NO: 65. The nucleotide sequences of H9HAts10 / M7 is shown as SEQ ID NO: 64.
[0423] The following recombinant viruses were finally constructed: rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 and rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10 / M7-UL27. Particularly, the construction method comprises the following steps.
[0424] 1. The heterologous gene fragments comprising HA gene and Kana resistant gene UL26-mCMV-H9HAts10 / M6-kana-UL27 with 50bp homologous arms on both sides and UL26-mCMV-H9HAts10 / M7-kana-UL27 with 50bp homologous arms on both sides were obtained by PCR amplification from the plasmids puc57-mCMV-H9HAts10 / M6-kana-PolySV40 and puc57-mCMV-H9HA ts10 / M7-kana-PolySV40 (constructed by Nanjing GenScript) as a template and L26L27HA-F and L26L27HA-R as primers (see Table 16) .
[0425] Table 16. PCR primers
[0426] 2. GS1783-DEV4-BAC-ΔUL39 (obtained in Example 2) competent cells for electroporation were prepared by conventional method. Then, the heterologous gene fragments UL26-mCMV-H9HAts10 / M6-kana-UL27 and UL26-mCMV-H9HAts10 / M7-kana-UL27 were electroporated into the GS1783-DEV4-BAC-ΔUL39 competent cells respectively. Recombinant clones were then selected on chloramphenicol and kanamycin double-resistant LB agar plates. The recombinant bacmid DNA was extracted and analyzed by both PCR and RFLP methods. Thus, the recombinant blacmids rDEV4-BAC-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-kana-UL27 and rDEV4-BAC-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M7-kana-UL27 were obtained. In the 2nd step of Red recombination, 2%arabinose was used to induce expression of the homing endonuclease I-SceI, resulting in the cleavage of the I-SceI restriction site upstream of the kanamycin gene and, ultimately, the excision of the kanamycin cassette. The recombinant bacmid DNAs were extracted and analyzed by both PCR and RFLP methods (see Figure 9) . Then, the bacmids rDEV4-BAC-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 and rDEV4-BAC-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M7-UL27 were obtained.
[0427] 3. To rescue the recombinant viruses and to delete the mini-F sequence from the genome, the recombinant bacmid DNAs were extracted and co-transfected with mini-F homologous arm DNA (prepared by PCR) into DEFs respectively (prepared from 11-day-old or 12 day-old clean duck embryos (purchased from Harbin Veterinary Research Institute) according to conventional methods using lipofectamine 3000 (Invitrogen) . After transfection, cells were observed to check the formation of both GFP-positive and -negative plaques (see Figure 10) . Limiting dilution or plaque purification was performed to separate the GFP-negative recombinant viruses, in which mini-F containing EGFP gene was removed via intra-molecular homologous recombination mechanism. Thus, the recombinant DEVs containing different HA genes of subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus rDEV4-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 and rDEV4-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HA ts10 / M7-UL27 were obtained.
[0428] Example 10: Preparation and in vitro characterization of the seed batch of rDEV4-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 and rDEV4-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M7-UL27
[0429] 10.1. Preparation of seed batch of rDEV4-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 and rDEV4-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M7-UL27 based on CEF cells
[0430] 1.4E7 DEFs / dish were inoculated on 10cm cell culture dishes. The medium was 10ml / dish of MEM+5%FBS. After 24 hours of incubation at 37℃ in a 5%CO2 incubator, the monolayer of DEFs covered more than 90%of each dish. Then the cells were inoculated with the recombinant viruses rDEV4 -ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 and rDEV4 -ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M7-UL27 expressing HA gene of subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus, respectively. The cells were continued to incubate at 37℃ in a 5%CO2 incubator for about 4 days until all cells were infected. The cell supernatant of each dish was harvested and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was separated into 1 ml or 4 ml freezing tubes, and stored at -80℃ for later use.
[0431] Next, 1.4E7 CEFs / dish were inoculated on 10cm cell culture dishes. The medium was 10ml / dish of MEM+5%FBS. After 24 hours of incubation at 37℃ in a 5%CO2 incubator, the monolayer in each dish of CEF cells covered more than 90%of the dish. The cells were inoculated with the DEF passaged recombinant viruses rDEV4-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 and rDEV4-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M7-UL27 that have been passaged to P7 in DEFs, respectively. The cells were continued to be incubated at 37℃ in a 5%CO2 incubator for about 4 days until all cells were infected. The cell supernatant of each dish was harvested and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was separated into 1 ml or 4 ml freezing tubes, and stored at -80℃.
[0432] 10.2. In vitro identification of the rDEVs
[0433] 1.Stability of the HA gene. The rDEVs containing the HA gene of subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus were continuously passaged to 15th generation in CEF cells respectively. The DNAs of the recombinant viruses in the 5th, 10th, and 15th generations were extracted by QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN) . The extracted DNAs were amplified by PCR using primers (Table 17) to identify the insertion of HA gene (see Figure 11) . PCR products were identified by sequencing, indicating that the HA gene was stably present in the genome.
[0434] Table 17. PCR primers
[0435] 2. Detection of sterility and mycoplasma. The harvested rDEV4-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 and rDEV4-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M7-UL27 were subjected to detection of sterility and mycoplasma. Sterility detection was performed by a conventional method, and mycoplasma detection was performed by qPCR. Results showed that these recombinant viruses had no exogenous microbial contamination.
[0436] 3. Determination of titers of rDEV4-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 and rDEV4-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M7-UL27: the titers of the rDEVs were determined on CEFs (TCID50) .
[0437] Table 18. TCID50 of rDEVs
[0438] 4. Expression of rDEV4-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 and rDEV4-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M7-UL27
[0439] rDEV4-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 and rDEV4-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M7-UL27 was inoculated into CEFs in 48-well plate at a dilution of 10-2-10-4.4 hours after inoculation, the medium was replaced with MEM+5%FBS containing 0.75%methylcellulose, and incubation was continued at 37℃ in a 5%CO2 incubator for 4 days. The expression of the DEV virus and HA gene was detected using an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) .
[0440] Indirect immunofluorescence assay comprises the following steps. The cell culture medium was removed. The surface was washed slightly with PBS once, each well was added with 96%cold ethanol and fixed at room temperature for 10 minutes. The ethanol was discarded. The wells were dried in air. The wells were then added with appropriate dilutions of chicken anti-DEV serum and polyclonal rabbit antibody against H9N2 HA (Sino Biological Inc, Catalog#11229-RP02) , respectively, and incubated at 37 ℃ for 1 hour. Then the antibody was discarded. The wells were washed three times with PBS and added with appropriate amounts of anti-chicken IgG and anti-rabbit IgG (Alexa Fluor 594 goat anti-chicken IgG (H+L) and Alexa Fluor 488 donkey anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) (Invitrogen) ) , and incubated at 37 ℃for 1 hour. Then the antibody was discarded. The wells were washed three times with PBS and observed under a fluorescence-inverted microscope. rDEV4-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 and rDEV4-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M7-UL27 showed specific fluorescence for DEV and H9HA. The results indicate the successful expression of HA protein from the recombinant viruses (see Figure 12) .
[0441] Example 11: Safety and efficacy of rDEV4-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 and rDEV4 -ΔUL39-UL26-H9HA ts10 / M7-UL27 in chicken
[0442] 11.1. Introduction
[0443] In this example, 3 CEFs passaged vaccine candidate strains containing live rDEV vectors expressing the HA gene of avian influenza virus (subtype H9) were inoculated subcutaneously to 1-day-old SPF chickens through the neck. On Day 28 after inoculation, the SPF chickens were challenged with an avian influenza virus (subtype H9) challenge strain (A / chicken / Jiangsu / TX10 / 2010 strain) . It aims to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of vaccine candidate strains upon the challenge.
[0444] The recombinant viruses tested in this example included rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10-UL27, rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 and rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10 / M7-UL27.
[0445] 11.2. Experimental design
[0446] On the day of the experiment (i.e., the hatching-out day of the SPF chickens) , 70 1-day-old SPF chickens were randomly divided into 4 groups, with 20 chickens in each test group and 10 chickens in the challenge control group. Groups 1-3 were test groups for the vaccine candidate strains containing the live rDEV vectors, and Group 4 was a challenge control group. As shown in Table 19, all the experimental chickens were subcutaneously inoculated with corresponding materials to be tested through the neck. After inoculation, all the experimental chickens were clinically observed for 28 consecutive days to determine the safety. On Day 28, all experimental chickens were inoculated with 0.2 ml of H9 subtype avian influenza virus by nasal drop, with a challenge dose of 106.0EID50 / chicken. Experimental design and grouping are shown in Table 19.
[0447] Table 19. Experimental design and grouping
[0448] After inoculation, all the experimental chickens were observed once a day for 28 consecutive days. Abnormal symptoms of the experimental chickens were observed, including, but not limited to: mental depression, retracted heads and necks, shuffled feathers, drooping wings, numbness and weakness of both feet, tears, palpebral edemas, outflowing of nasal secretions, swelling of the heads and the necks to varying degrees, following a fluctuation feeling with touch, etc.
[0449] On Day 28 after inoculation (before challenge) , blood samples of all the chickens were collected; and serum was collected by centrifugation for detection with an HI antibody of the H9 subtype avian influenza.
[0450] On Day 5 after the challenge, cotton throat and cloacal swabs of all the experimental chickens were collected for H9 virus isolation. If it was negative for the virus isolation, it was determined that the vaccine candidate strains provided protection to the experimental chickens. Specific operation steps were as follows: on Day 5 after the challenge, the cotton throat and cloacal swabs of all the experimental chickens were collected. The collected cotton swabs were placed in a centrifuge tube containing 1.6 ml of a six-antibiotics swab buffer. All cotton swab samples were inoculated into the chicken embryos for virus isolation. The operation steps were as follows: each cotton swab sample was inoculated to five 9-11-day-old SPF chicken embryos through allantoic cavities with 0.2 ml per embryo, then the embryos were incubated for 96 h. Then the HA titers of all allantoic fluids were determined. As long as the HA titer of allantoic fluid of one chicken embryo among the chicken embryos inoculated with each cotton swab sample was no less than 1: 16, it could be determined as positive for H9 virus isolation. The samples that were negative for virus isolation were determined again after blind passage for 1 generation. If it was still negative for virus isolation after the blind passage, then it was determined as negative for H9 virus isolation; if it was positive for virus isolation after the blind passage, then it was determined as positive for H9 virus isolation.
[0451] 11.3. Morbidity and mortality of the experimental chickens after inoculation
[0452] After inoculating the experimental chickens, all the chickens were observed once a day for 28 consecutive days. The experimental chickens in Group 4 (the control group) showed no abnormal clinical symptoms or death during the whole experiment. The experimental chickens in Groups 1, 2, and 3 showed no abnormal clinical symptom or death during the whole experiment, with both of the morbidity and the mortality of 0%. Results of the morbidity and mortality of the experimental chickens in each group are shown in Table 20.
[0453] Table 20. Morbidity and mortality of the experimental chickens in each group
[0454] 11.4. Level of anti-H9 antibody in the experimental chickens
[0455] On Day 28 after inoculation, blood of the experimental chickens in each group was collected; and serum was separated to detect the level of anti-H9 antibody. Results showed that the serums of all the experimental chickens in Group 4 (the control group) were negative for the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody of H9; the average HI antibody titers of the experimental chickens in Group 1 and Group 2 were higher than 7 log2; and the average HI antibody titer of the experimental chickens in Group 3 was higher than 5 log2. The average HI antibody titers of Groups 1 and 2 are 2 log2 higher than that of Group 3. Average HI antibody titers in the serum of the experimental chickens in each group are shown in Table 21 and Figure 13.
[0456] Table 21. Average HI antibody titers in the serum of the experimental chickens in each group
[0457] Note: An average HI titer of 2log2 is “negative” .
[0458] 11.5. Protection rate of the recombinant viruses to H9N2
[0459] On Day 5 after the challenge, cotton throat and cloacal swabs of all the experimental chickens were collected for H9N2 virus isolation. Results showed that 10 experimental chickens in Group 4 (the challenge control group) were positive for virus isolation, that is, the positive rate of virus isolation from the experimental chickens in the challenge control group was 100 %; and the challenge control was valid. The results of H9N2 virus isolation from the cotton swab samples and the protection rates for H9N2 in each group are shown in Table 22.
[0460] Table 22. H9N2 virus isolation and protection rates for H9N2
[0461] 11.6. Conclusion
[0462] The vaccine candidate strains containing live rDEV vectors expressing the AIV H9 HA gene of H9HAts10, H9HAts10 / M6, H9HAts10 / M7 are safe to 1-day old chickens with 0%morbidity and mortality. The vaccine candidates containing 6 amino acid mutations in ts10 H9 HA gene (rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27) or 7 amino acid mutations in ts10 H9 HA gene (rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10 / M7-UL27) can provide an improved HI titer and protection rate than the candidate containing wild type ts10 H9HA gene (rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10-UL27) .
[0463] This Example shows that at least the following amino acid positions (e.g. substitutions) in ts10 H9 HA gene: i.e. a (substitution by) S at position 124 and / or a (substitution by) M at position 234 and / or a (substitution by) T at position 250 and / or a (substitution by) R at position 254 and / or a (substitution by) G at position 384 and / or a (substitution by) N at position 395, are beneficial for improving the immunogenicity of the HA protein expressed by the modified DEV vectors. Adding further substitution by A at position 220 is also beneficial for improving the immunogenicity of the HA expressed by the modified DEV vectors.
[0464] Example 12: Comparison of yield and efficacy of the CEFs passaged and EB66 cell passaged recombinant DEV
[0465] 12.1. Preparation of seed batch of recombinant DEVs containing the HA gene of subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus based on CEF and EB66 cells
[0466] 1.4E7 DEFs / dish were inoculated on 10cm cell culture dishes. The medium was 10ml / dish of MEM+5%FBS. After 24 hours of incubation at 37℃ in a 5%CO2 incubator, the monolayer of DEFs covered more than 90%of each dish. Then the cells were inoculated with the recombinant viruses rDEV4 -ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 and rDEV4 -ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M7-UL27 expressing the HA gene of subtype H9N2 of avian influenza virus, respectively. The cells were continued to incubate at 37℃ in a 5%CO2 incubator for about 4 days until all cells were infected. The cell supernatant of each dish was harvested and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was separated into 1 ml or 4 ml freezing tubes, and stored at -80℃ for later use. The viruses were named as DEF-rDEV4 -ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 and DEF-rDEV4 -ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M7-UL27, respectively.
[0467] Next, 1.4E7 CEFs / dish were inoculated on 10cm cell culture dishes. The medium was 10ml / dish of MEM+5%FBS. After 24 hours of incubation at 37℃ in a 5%CO2 incubator, the monolayer in each dish of CEF cells covered more than 90%of the dish. The cells were inoculated with the DEF passaged recombinant viruses DEF-rDEV4-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 and DEF-rDEV4-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M7-UL27 that have been passaged to P7 in DEFs, respectively. The cells were continued to be incubated at 37℃ in a 5%CO2 incubator for about 4 days until all cells were infected. The cell supernatant of each dish was harvested and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was separated into 1 ml or 4 ml freezing tubes, and stored at -80℃. The viruses were named as CEF-rDEV4-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 and CEF-rDEV4-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M7-UL27, respectively.
[0468] Next, 1.6E7 EB66 cells / flask were inoculated on 125ml cell culture flasks. The medium was 40ml / flask of EX-CELL EBxTM GRO-I Serum-Free Media. The cells were inoculated with the DEF passaged recombinant viruses DEF-rDEV4-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 and DEF-rDEV4-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M7-UL27 that have been passaged to P7 in DEFs, respectively. After 72 hours of incubation at 37℃ and 155rpm shaking in a 7.5%CO2 incubator. The cell suspension was harvested and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was separated into 1 ml or 4 ml freezing tubes, and stored at -80℃. The viruses were named as EB66-rDEV4-ΔUL39-UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 and EB66-rDEV4 -ΔUL39-UL26-H9HA ts10 / M7-UL27.
[0469] 12.2. Yield of the CEF passaged and EB66 passaged recombinant DEVs
[0470] Titers of the CEF passaged and EB66 passaged recombinant DEVs were determined (TCID50) . As shown in Table 23, the yield of all the CEF passaged and EB66 passaged recombinant DEVs reached 7log TCID50 / ml.
[0471] Table 23. TCID50 of rDEVs
[0472] 12.3. Protection rate of the CEF passaged and EB66 passaged recombinant DEVs
[0473] In order to further compare the efficacy of CEF passaged and EB66 passaged recombinant DEVs in chicken, the CEF-rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 and EB66-rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 were inoculated subcutaneously to 1-day-old SPF chickens through the neck.
[0474] On the day of the experiment (i.e., the hatching-out day of the SPF chickens) , 50 1-day-old SPF chickens were randomly divided into 3 groups, with 20 chickens in each test group and 10 chickens in the challenge control group. Groups 1-2 were test groups for the vaccine candidate strains containing the live rDEV vectors expressing H9N2 HA, and Group 3 was a challenge control group. As shown in Table 24, all the experimental chickens were subcutaneously inoculated with corresponding materials to be tested through the neck. After inoculation, all the experimental chickens were clinically observed for 28 consecutive days to determine the safety. On Day 28, all experimental chickens were inoculated with 0.2 ml of H9 subtype avian influenza virus challenge strain (A / chicken / Jiangsu / TX10 / 2010 strain) by nasal drop, with a challenge dose of 106.0EID50 / chicken. Experimental design and grouping are shown in Table 24.
[0475] Table 24. Experimental design and grouping
[0476] On Day 5 after the challenge, cotton throat and cloacal swabs of all the experimental chickens were collected for H9 virus isolation. If it was negative for the virus isolation, it was determined that the vaccine candidate strains provided protection to the experimental chickens. Specific operation steps were as follows: on Day 5 after the challenge, the cotton throat and cloacal swabs of all the experimental chickens were collected. The collected cotton swabs were placed in a centrifuge tube containing 1.6 ml of a six-antibiotics swab buffer. All cotton swab samples were inoculated into the chicken embryos for virus isolation. The operation steps were as follows: each cotton swab sample was inoculated to five 9-11-day-old SPF chicken embryos through allantoic cavities with 0.2 ml per embryo, then the embryos were incubated for 96 h. Then the HA titers of all allantoic fluids were determined. As long as the HA titer of allantoic fluid of one chicken embryo among the chicken embryos inoculated with each cotton swab sample was no less than 1: 16, it could be determined as positive for H9 virus isolation. The samples that were negative for virus isolation were determined again after blind passage for 1 generation. If it was still negative for virus isolation after the blind passage, then it was determined as negative for H9 virus isolation; if it was positive for virus isolation after the blind passage, then it was determined as positive for H9 virus isolation.
[0477] Results showed that 10 experimental chickens in Group 3 (the challenge control group) were positive for virus isolation, that is, the positive rate of virus isolation from the experimental chickens in the challenge control group was 100 %; and the challenge control was valid. The results of H9N2 virus isolation from the cotton swab samples and the protection rates for H9N2 in each group are shown in Table 25.
[0478] Table 25. H9N2 virus isolation and protection rates for H9N2
[0479] 12.4. Conclusion
[0480] There is no yield or efficacy difference for both vaccine candidate strains containing live rDEV vectors expressing the HA gene of avian influenza virus (subtype H9) , which demonstrated that CEF passaging or EB66 passaging has no influence on yield or immunogenicity of rDEV4-H9HA candidates. Therefore, either CEF or EB66 cells can be used for vaccine production for DEV vector products in the future.
[0481] Example 13: Efficacy evaluation of different passages of EB66-rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 by H9N2 intravenous challenge.
[0482] 13.1. Introduction
[0483] One (1) -day-old SPF chickens were vaccinated by different passage levels of EB66-rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 and challenged through intravenous route in this example.
[0484] 13.2. Experimental design
[0485] On the day of the experiment (i.e., the hatching-out day of the SPF chickens) , 33 1-day-old SPF chickens were randomly divided into 3 groups, with 11 chickens in each test group. Groups 1-2 were test groups for the passage E6 (passaged 6 times on EB66 cells) and passage E14 (passaged 14 times on EB66 cells) of the vaccine candidate EB66-rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27, and Group 3 was a challenge control group. As shown in Table 26, all the experimental chickens were subcutaneously inoculated with corresponding materials to be tested through the neck. After inoculation, all the experimental chickens were clinically observed for 28 consecutive days to determine the safety. On Day 28, all experimental chickens were challenged with 0.2 ml of H9 subtype avian influenza virus by intravenous route, with a challenge dose of 107.0EID50 / chicken. Experimental design and grouping are shown in Table 26.
[0486] Table 26. Experimental design and grouping
[0487] After inoculation, all the experimental chickens were observed once a day for 28 consecutive days. Abnormal symptoms of the experimental chickens were observed, including, but not limited to: mental depression, retracted heads and necks, shuffled feathers, drooping wings, numbness and weakness of both feet, tears, palpebral edemas, outflowing of nasal secretions, swelling of the heads and the necks to varying degrees, following a fluctuation feeling with touch, etc.
[0488] On Day 28 after inoculation (before challenge) , blood samples of all the chickens were collected; and serum was collected by centrifugation for detection with an HI antibody of the H9 subtype avian influenza.
[0489] On Day 5 after the challenge, cotton throat and cloacal swabs of all the experimental chickens were collected for H9 virus isolation. If it was negative for the virus isolation, it was determined that the vaccine candidate strains provided protection to the experimental chickens. Specific operation steps were as follows: on Day 5 after the challenge, the cotton throat and cloacal swabs of all the experimental chickens were collected. The collected cotton swabs were placed in a centrifuge tube containing 1.6 ml of a six-antibiotics swab buffer. All cotton swab samples were inoculated into the chicken embryos for virus isolation. The operation steps were as follows: each cotton swab sample was inoculated to five 9-11-day-old SPF chicken embryos through allantoic cavities with 0.2 ml per embryo, then the embryos were incubated for 96 h. Then the HA titers of all allantoic fluids were determined. As long as the HA titer of allantoic fluid of one chicken embryo among the chicken embryos inoculated with each cotton swab sample was no less than 1: 16, it could be determined as positive for H9 virus isolation. The samples that were negative for virus isolation were determined again after blind passage for 1 generation. If it was still negative for virus isolation after the blind passage, then it was determined as negative for H9 virus isolation; if it was positive for virus isolation after the blind passage, then it was determined as positive for H9 virus isolation.
[0490] 13.3. Morbidity and mortality of the experimental chickens after inoculation
[0491] After inoculating the experimental chickens, all the chickens were observed once a day for 28 consecutive days. The experimental chickens in Group 3 (the control group) showed no abnormal clinical symptoms or death during the whole experiment. The experimental chickens in Groups 1 and 2 showed no abnormal clinical symptom or death during the whole experiment, with both of the morbidity and the mortality of 0%. Results of the morbidity and mortality of the experimental chickens in each group are shown in Table 27.
[0492] Table 27. Morbidity and mortality of the experimental chickens in each group
[0493] 13.4. Level of anti-H9 antibody in the experimental chickens
[0494] On Day 28 after inoculation, blood of the experimental chickens in each group was collected; and serum was separated to detect the level of anti-H9 antibody. Results showed that the serums of all the experimental chickens in Group 3 (the control group) were negative for the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody of H9; the average HI antibody titers of the experimental chickens in Group 1 and Group 2 were higher than 5 log2. Average HI antibody titers in the serum of the experimental chickens in each group are shown in Table 28.
[0495] Table 28. Average HI antibody titers in the serum of the experimental chickens in each group
[0496] Note: An average HI titer of 2log2 is “negative” .
[0497] 13.5. Protection rate of the recombinant viruses to H9N2
[0498] On Day 5 after the challenge, cotton throat and cloacal swabs of all the experimental chickens were collected for H9N2 virus isolation. Results showed that 11 experimental chickens in Group 3 (the challenge control group) were positive for virus isolation, that is, the positive rate of virus isolation from the experimental chickens in the challenge control group was 100 %; and the challenge control was valid. The efficacy of both of the EB66-rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 vaccinated groups are higher than 90%. The results of H9N2 virus isolation from the cotton swab samples and the protection rates for H9N2 in each group are shown in Table 29.
[0499] Table 29. H9N2 virus isolation and protection rates for H9N2
[0500] 13.6. Conclusion
[0501] The different passage levels of the vaccine candidate strain containing live rDEV vectors expressing the AIV H9 HA gene of H9HAts10 / M6 is safe to 1-day-old SPF chickens with 0%morbidity and mortality. Both of the low passage level (passage E6) and high passage level (passage E14) can provide higher than 90%protection when used the intravenous as the challenge route.
[0502] Example 14: Efficacy evaluation of different vaccination doses of EB66-rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27.
[0503] 14.1. Introduction
[0504] One (1) -day-old SPF chickens were vaccinated with different doses of the vaccine candidate EB66-rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 and challenged through intravenous route.
[0505] 14.2. Experimental design
[0506] On the day of the experiment (i.e., the hatching-out day of the SPF chickens) , 44 1-day-old SPF chickens were randomly divided into 4 groups, with 11 chickens in each test group. Groups 1-3 were test groups for the different vaccination doses (103.0 TCID50 / 0.2ml / chicken, 104.0 TCID50 / 0.2ml / chicken and 105.0 TCID50 / 0.2ml / chicken) of the vaccine candidate EB66-rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 at passage E6, and Group 4 was a challenge control group. As shown in Table 30, all the experimental chickens were subcutaneously inoculated with corresponding materials to be tested through the neck. After inoculation, all the experimental chickens were clinically observed for 28 consecutive days to determine the safety. On Day 28, all experimental chickens were challenged with 0.2 ml of H9 subtype avian influenza virus by intravenous route, with a challenge dose of 107.0EID50 / chicken. Experimental design and grouping are shown in Table 30.
[0507] Table 30. Experimental design and grouping
[0508] After inoculation, all the experimental chickens were observed once a day for 28 consecutive days. Abnormal symptoms of the experimental chickens were observed, including, but not limited to: mental depression, retracted heads and necks, shuffled feathers, drooping wings, numbness and weakness of both feet, tears, palpebral edemas, outflowing of nasal secretions, swelling of the heads and the necks to varying degrees, following a fluctuation feeling with touch, etc.
[0509] On Day 28 after inoculation (before challenge) , blood samples of all the chickens were collected; and serum was collected by centrifugation for detection with an HI antibody of the H9 subtype avian influenza.
[0510] On Day 5 after the challenge, cotton throat and cloacal swabs of all the experimental chickens were collected for H9 virus isolation. If it was negative for the virus isolation, it was determined that the vaccine candidate strains provided protection to the experimental chickens. Specific operation steps were as follows: on Day 5 after the challenge, the cotton throat and cloacal swabs of all the experimental chickens were collected. The collected cotton swabs were placed in a centrifuge tube containing 1.6 ml of a six-antibiotics swab buffer. All cotton swab samples were inoculated into the chicken embryos for virus isolation. The operation steps were as follows: each cotton swab sample was inoculated to five 9-11-day-old SPF chicken embryos through allantoic cavities with 0.2 ml per embryo, then the embryos were incubated for 96 h. Then the HA titers of all allantoic fluids were determined. HA titers of allantoic fluid of one chicken embryo among the chicken embryos inoculated with each cotton swab sample of at least 1: 16 were determined as positive for H9 virus isolation. The samples that were negative for virus isolation were determined again after blind passage for 1 generation. If it was still negative for virus isolation after the blind passage, then it was determined as negative for H9 virus isolation; if it was positive for virus isolation after the blind passage, then it was determined as positive for H9 virus isolation.
[0511] 14.3. Morbidity and mortality of the experimental chickens after inoculation
[0512] After inoculating the experimental chickens, all the chickens were observed once a day for 28 consecutive days. The experimental chickens in Group 4 (the control group) showed no abnormal clinical symptoms or death during the whole experiment. The experimental chickens in Groups 1, 2 and 3 showed no abnormal clinical symptom or death during the whole experiment, with both of the morbidity and the mortality of 0%. Results of the morbidity and mortality of the experimental chickens in each group are shown in Table 31.
[0513] Table 31. Morbidity and mortality of the experimental chickens in each group
[0514] 14.4. Level of anti-H9 antibody in the experimental chickens
[0515] On Day 28 after inoculation, blood of the experimental chickens in each group was collected; and serum was separated to detect the level of anti-H9 antibody. Results showed that the serums of all the experimental chickens in Group 4 (the control group) were negative for the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody of H9; The average HI titer decreased with the reduction of immunization dose compared Groups 1, 2 and 3. Average HI antibody titers in the serum of the experimental chickens in each group are shown in Table 32.
[0516] Table 32. Average HI antibody titers in the serum of the experimental chickens in each group
[0517] Note: An average HI titer of 2log2 is “negative” .
[0518] 14.5. Protection rate of the recombinant viruses to H9N2
[0519] On Day 5 after the challenge, cotton throat and cloacal swabs of all the experimental chickens were collected for H9N2 virus isolation. Results showed that 11 experimental chickens in Group 4 (the challenge control group) were positive for virus isolation, that is, the positive rate of virus isolation from the experimental chickens in the challenge control group was 100 %; and the challenge control was valid. The protection rates in other 3 experimental groups were all above 90%. The results of H9N2 virus isolation from the cotton swab samples and the protection rates for H9N2 in each group are shown in Table 33.
[0520] Table 33. H9N2 virus isolation and protection rates for H9N2
[0521] 14.6. Conclusion
[0522] The different vaccination doses of the vaccine candidate strain EB66-rDEV4 ΔUL39 UL26-H9HAts10 / M6-UL27 containing live rDEV vectors expressing the AIV H9 HA gene of H9HAts10 / M6 is safe to 1-day-old SPF chickens with 0%morbidity and mortality. All the 3 vaccination doses from 103.0 TCID50 / chicken to 105.0 TCID50 / chicken can provide higher than 90%protection.
Claims
1.A composition, comprising a modified Duck Enteritis Virus (DEV) which comprises and is capable of expressing a heterologous polynucleotide coding for a modified Hemagglutinin (HA) protein of avian influenza virus type H9 (AIV H9 HA protein) , wherein the AIV H9 HA protein comprises at least one amino acid substitution at a position selected from I124, L234, M250, S254, D384, and D395, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.2.The composition of claim 1, wherein the modified AIV H9 HA protein comprises at least one amino acid substitution selected from I124S, L234M, M250T, S254R, D384G, and D395N, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.3.The composition of claim 1, wherein the modified AIV H9 HA protein comprises the amino acid substitutions at positions I124, L234, M250, S254, D384, and D395, preferably the amino acid substitutions of I124S, L234M, M250T, S254R, D384G, and D395N, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.4.The composition of claim 1, wherein the modified AIV H9 HA protein comprises a further amino acid substitution at a position T220, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.5.The composition of claim 4, wherein the modified AIV H9 HA protein comprises a further amino acid substitution T220A, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.6.The composition of claim 5, wherein the modified AIV H9 HA protein comprises the amino acid substitutions at positions I124, L234, M250, S254, D384, D395 and T220, preferably the amino acid substitutions of I124S, L234M, M250T, S254R, D384G, D395N, and T220A, with reference to amino acid residues as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.7.The composition of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the modified AIV H9 HA protein comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 61 or SEQ ID NO: 62.8.The composition of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide comprises or consists of a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 61 or SEQ ID NO: 62.9.The composition of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide comprises or consists of a nucleotide sequence shown as SEQ ID NO: 63 or SEQ ID NO: 64.10.The composition of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the modified AIV H9 HA protein comprising at least one amino acid substitution results in a higher protection rate and / or a higher haemagglutination inhibition titer than the AIV H9 HA protein of SEQ ID NO: 1.11.The composition of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in a non-essential gene or region of the modified DEV.12.The composition of claim 11, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is inserted into or in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the non-essential gene or region of the modified DEV.13.The composition of claim 11 or 12, wherein the non-essential gene or region of the modified DEV is selected from the group consisting of both US7 gene and US8 gene, UL2 gene, UL24 gene, UL39 gene, UL40 gene, UL23 gene, US8 gene, and the UL26-UL27 intergenic region.14.The composition of any one of claims 1-13, wherein a non-essential gene of the modified DEV is inactivated.15.The composition of claim 14, wherein the inactivated non-essential gene of the modified DEV is selected from the group consisting of US7, US8, UL2, UL24, UL40, UL39, UL23, UL41 and US3.16.The composition of claim 14, wherein the inactivated non-essential gene of the modified DEV is selected from any one of i) -ix) , i) US7, ii) US8, iii) UL2, iv) UL24, v) UL40, vi) UL39, vii) UL23, viii) UL41 and ix) US3, in combination with the inactivation of one or more further non-essential genes of the modified DEV.17.The composition of claim 16, wherein the one or more further non-essential genes of the modified DEV is different from the first inactivated gene and is selected from i) US7, ii) US8, iii) UL2, iv) UL24, v) UL40, vi) UL39, vii) UL23, viii) UL41 and ix) US3.18.The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the modified DEV comprises inactivated non-essential gene (s) selected from any one of i) -xi) ,i) UL41 gene;ii) US3 gene;iii) UL24 gene;iv) UL40 gene;v) UL39 gene;vi) UL23 gene;vii) US7 gene and US8 gene;viii) UL24 gene and UL2 gene;ix) UL40 gene and UL2 gene;x) UL23 gene and UL41 gene; orxi) UL41 gene and US8 gene.19.The composition of any one of claims 1-18, wherein the non-essential gene within the modified DEV is inactivated by mutation, interruption, replacement or deletion of a portion of or the whole sequence of the non-essential gene.20.The composition of any one of claims 14-19, wherein at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%of the sequence of the non-essential gene within the modified DEV is replaced or deleted.21.The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the modified DEV is attenuated.22.The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said modified DEV comprises any one of the followings:i) the heterologous polynucleotide located in both of the US7 and US8 genes, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of both of the US7 and US8 genes;ii) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL2 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL2 gene, and an inactive UL24 gene, optionally a deleted UL24 gene;iii) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL2 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL2 gene, and an inactive UL40 gene, optionally a deleted UL40 gene;iv) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL24 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL24 gene;v) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL39 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL39 gene;vi) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL26-UL27 intergenic region, and an inactive UL24 gene, optionally a deleted UL24 gene;vii) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL40 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL40 gene;viii) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL26-UL27 intergenic region, and an inactive UL39 gene, optionally a deleted UL39 gene;ix) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL23 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL23 gene, and an inactive UL41 gene, optionally a deleted UL41 gene;x) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the US8 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the US8 gene, and an inactive UL41 gene, optionally a deletedUL41 gene; orxi) the heterologous polynucleotide located in the UL23 gene, in replacement of a portion of or the whole sequence of the UL23 gene.23.The composition of claim 22, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is located in the UL26-UL27 intergenic region, and wherein the modified DEV comprises an inactive UL39 gene.24.The composition of any one of claims 1-23, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is operably linked to a promoter.25.The composition of claim 24, wherein the promoter is selected from the group consisting of an immediate early cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, mouse CMV promoter, guinea pig CMV promoter, an SV40 promoter, Human Herpesvirus Type III glycoprotein B (HHV3gB) promoter, Pseudorabies Virus promoters such as that of glycoprotein X promoter, Herpes Simplex Virus-1 alpha 4 promoter, a Marek's Disease Virus glycoprotein A (or gC) promoter, a Marek's Disease Virus glycoprotein B promoter, a Marek's Disease Virus glycoprotein E promoter, a Marek's Disease Virus glycoprotein I promoter, an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus glycoprotein B, an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus glycoprotein E promoter, an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus glycoprotein D promoter, an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus glycoprotein I promoter, vaccinia H6, and a combination thereof.26.The composition of any one of claims 1-25, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is operably linked to an SV40 polyA signal.27.The composition of any one of claims 1-26, further comprising a pharmaceutically or veterinarily acceptable carrier, excipient, vehicle or adjuvant.28.The composition of any one of claims 1-27, wherein the composition is a vaccine.29.The composition of any one of claims 1-28, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is expressed after the modified DEV has been transfected into a host cell.30.The composition of claim 29, wherein the host cell is CEF cell or EB66 cell.31.A method of vaccinating a poultry by inducing a protective immune response in a poultry against avian influenza virus, comprising at least one administration of the composition of any one of claims 1-30.32.The composition of any one of claims 1-30 for the use in a method for inducing a protective immune response in poultry against avian influenza virus, wherein such method comprises or consists of at least one administration of the composition of any one of claims 1-30 to said poultry.33.The method of claim 31 or the composition for use of claim 32, wherein the avian influenza virus is avian influenza virus type H9, optionally avian influenza virus H9N2.34.The method of claim 31 or 33, or the composition for use of claim 32 or 33, wherein the poultry is a duck or a chicken.35.The method of any one of claims 31, 33 and 34, or the composition for use of any one of claims 32-34, wherein the administration is by oro-nasal, eye drop, spray, drinking water, in ovo, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, or transdermal.