Technologies for carrier aggregation
By offloading functions from the primary serving cell to a secondary cell in 5G NR carrier aggregation, the inefficiencies and latency issues in multi-radio access technology spectrum sharing are addressed, resulting in optimized resource utilization and reduced latency.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/115984
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-08-30
- Publication Date
- 2026-03-05
AI Technical Summary
Existing 5G NR carrier aggregation designs burden the primary serving cell with both coverage and capacity functions, leading to inefficiencies in resource utilization and increased latency for data transmission, particularly in multi-radio access technology spectrum sharing scenarios.
Offload certain functions from the primary serving cell to a secondary serving cell on a non-coverage layer, optimizing resource allocation and reducing the burden on the primary cell by utilizing a secondary cell for data transmission and management tasks.
This approach reduces the load on the primary serving cell, enhances resource efficiency, and decreases latency by allowing data transmission and management operations to be handled by the secondary cell, thereby improving overall network performance.
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Figure CN2024115984_05032026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
TECHNOLOGIES FOR CARRIER AGGREGATIONTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] This application relates generally to communication networks and, in particular, to technologies for carrier aggregation in wireless networks.BACKGROUND
[0002] Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Technical Specifications (TSs) define standards for wireless networks. These TSs describe aspects related to communications through systems that incorporate wireless networks. In particular, the TSs provide operational details with respect to radio access networks, service and system aspects, and core network and terminals.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0003] FIG. 1 illustrates a network environment in accordance with some embodiments.
[0004] FIG. 2 illustrates a coverage map in accordance with some embodiments.
[0005] FIG. 3 illustrates a procedure in accordance with some embodiments.
[0006] FIG. 4 illustrates another network environment in accordance with some embodiments.
[0007] FIG. 5 illustrates another procedure in accordance with some embodiments.
[0008] FIG. 6 illustrates another coverage map in accordance with some embodiments.
[0009] FIG. 7 illustrates a measurement group configuration in accordance with some embodiments.
[0010] FIG. 8 illustrates example carrier aggregation models in accordance with some embodiments.
[0011] FIG. 9 illustrates another procedure in accordance with some embodiments.
[0012] FIG. 10 illustrates another procedure in accordance with some embodiments.
[0013] FIG. 11 illustrates another procedure in accordance with some embodiments.
[0014] FIG. 12 illustrates an operation flow / algorithmic structure in accordance with some embodiments.
[0015] FIG. 13 illustrates another operation flow / algorithmic structure in accordance with some embodiments.
[0016] FIG. 14 illustrates another operation flow / algorithmic structure in accordance with some embodiments.
[0017] FIG. 15 illustrates a user equipment in accordance with some embodiments.
[0018] FIG. 16 illustrates a network device in accordance with some embodiments.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0019] The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings. The same reference numbers may be used in different drawings to identify the same or similar elements. In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth such as particular structures, architectures, interfaces, and techniques in order to provide a thorough understanding of the various aspects of various embodiments. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the present disclosure that the various aspects of the various embodiments may be practiced in other examples that depart from these specific details. In certain instances, descriptions of well-known devices, circuits, and methods are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the various embodiments with unnecessary detail. For the purposes of the present document, the phrases “A / B” and “A or B” mean (A) , (B) , or (A and B) ; and the phrase “based on A” means “based at least in part on A, ” for example, it could be “based solely on A” or it could be “based in part on A. ”
[0020] The following is a glossary of terms that may be used in this disclosure.
[0021] The term “circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes hardware components that are configured to provide the described functionality. The hardware components may include an electronic circuit, a logic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) or memory (shared, dedicated, or group) , an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a field-programmable device (FPD) (e.g., a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) , a programmable logic device (PLD) , a complex PLD (CPLD) , a high-capacity PLD (HCPLD) , a structured ASIC, or a programmable system-on-a-chip (SoC) ) , or a digital signal processor (DSP) . In some embodiments, the circuitry may execute one or more software or firmware programs to provide at least some of the described functionality. The term “circuitry” may also refer to a combination of one or more hardware elements (or a combination of circuits used in an electrical or electronic system) with the program code used to carry out the functionality of that program code. In these embodiments, the combination of hardware elements and program code may be referred to as a particular type of circuitry.
[0022] The term “processor circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes circuitry capable of sequentially and automatically carrying out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations, or recording, storing, or transferring digital data. The term “processor circuitry” may refer an application processor, baseband processor, a central processing unit (CPU) , a graphics processing unit, a single-core processor, a dual-core processor, a triple-core processor, a quad-core processor, or any other device capable of executing or otherwise operating computer-executable instructions, such as program code, software modules, or functional processes.
[0023] The term “interface circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes circuitry that enables the exchange of information between two or more components or devices. The term “interface circuitry” may refer to one or more hardware interfaces, for example, buses, I / O interfaces, peripheral component interfaces, and network interface cards.
[0024] The term “user equipment” or “UE” as used herein refers to a device with radio communication capabilities that may allow a user to access network resources in a communications network. The term “user equipment” or “UE” may be considered synonymous to, and may be referred to as, client, mobile, mobile device, mobile terminal, user terminal, mobile unit, mobile station, mobile user, subscriber, user, remote station, access agent, user agent, receiver, radio equipment, reconfigurable radio equipment, or reconfigurable mobile device. Furthermore, the term “user equipment” or “UE” may include any type of wireless / wired device or any computing device including a wireless communications interface.
[0025] The term “computer system” as used herein refers to any type interconnected electronic devices, computer devices, or components thereof. Additionally, the term “computer system” or “system” may refer to various components of a computer that are communicatively coupled with one another. Furthermore, the term “computer system” or “system” may refer to multiple computer devices or multiple computing systems that are communicatively coupled with one another and configured to share computing or networking resources.
[0026] The term “resource” as used herein refers to a physical or virtual device, a physical or virtual component or asset within a computing or network environment, or a physical or virtual component within, accessible by, or available to a device or component. Resources could include, but are not limited to, memory space / usage, processor / CPU time, processor / CPU usage, processor and accelerator loads, hardware time or usage, electrical power, input / output operations, ports or network sockets, channel / link allocations, throughput, or workload units. A “hardware resource” may refer to compute, storage, or networking resources provided by physical hardware elements. A “virtualized resource” may refer to compute, storage, or networking resources provided by virtualization infrastructure to an application, device, or system. The term “communication resource” may refer to resources that are accessible by, or available to, computer devices / systems for transferring information over a channel of a communication network. For example, communication resources may include, but are not limited to, time / frequency resources, code resources, modulation resources, etc. The term “system resources” may refer to any kind of shared entities to provide services, and may include computing or network resources. System resources may be considered as a set of coherent functions, network data objects or services, accessible through a server where such system resources reside on a single host or multiple hosts and are clearly identifiable.
[0027] The term “channel” as used herein refers to any transmission medium, either tangible or intangible, which is used to communicate data or a data stream. The term “channel” may be synonymous with or equivalent to “communications channel, ” “data communications channel, ” “transmission channel, ” “data transmission channel, ” “access channel, ” “data access channel, ” “link, ” “data link, ” “carrier, ” “radio-frequency carrier, ” or any other like term denoting a pathway or medium through which data is communicated. Additionally, the term “link” as used herein refers to a connection between two devices for the purpose of transmitting and receiving information.
[0028] The terms “instantiate, ” “instantiation, ” and the like as used herein refers to the creation of an instance. An “instance” also refers to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during execution of program code.
[0029] The term “connected” may mean that two or more elements, at a common communication protocol layer, have an established signaling relationship with one another over a communication channel, link, interface, or reference point.
[0030] The term “network element” as used herein refers to physical or virtualized equipment or infrastructure used to provide wired or wireless communication network services. The term “network element” may be considered synonymous to or referred to as a networked computer, networking hardware, network equipment, network node, or a virtualized network function.
[0031] The term “information element” refers to a structural element containing one or more fields. The term “field” refers to individual contents of an information element, or a data element that contains content. An information element may include one or more additional information elements.
[0032] FIG. 1 illustrates a network environment 100 in accordance with some embodiments. The network environment 100 may include a user equipment (UE) 104 communicatively coupled with a base station 108 of a radio access network (RAN) 110. The UE 104 and the base station 108 may communicate over air interfaces compatible with 3GPP TSs such as those that define Sixth Generation (6G) or later systems. The base station 108 may provide user plane and control plane protocol terminations toward the UE 104.
[0033] The network environment 100 may further include a core network 112. For example, the core network 112 may comprise a 6th Generation Core network (6GC) or later generation core network. The core network 112 may be coupled to the base station 108 via a fiber optic or wireless backhaul. The core network 112 may provide functions for the UE 104 via the base station 108. These functions may include managing subscriber profile information, subscriber location, authentication of services, or switching functions for voice and data sessions.
[0034] General reference to a network (NW) may refer to one or more components of the RAN 110 or core network 112.
[0035] The RAN 110 may provide coverage to the UE 104 using a plurality of serving cells in a carrier aggregation (CA) deployment. In general, the serving cells may include a primary serving cell (PCell) and one or more secondary serving cells (SCell) . Various CA deployments are described in further detail herein.
[0036] In operation, the UE 104 may cycle through a number of radio resource control (RRC) states. The UE 104 may start in an RRC-idle state (IDLE) when it first camps on a cell provided by the NW. This may be when the UE 104 is powered on or subject to an inter-system switch. The UE 104 may perform an RRC setup procedure to transition to an RRC-connected state (CONNECTED) in which the UE 104 may establish a logical connection with the NW. In CONNECTED, the UE 104 may be configured with a signaling radio bearer (SRB) and one or more data radio bearers (DRBs) . The UE 104 may transition to an RRC-inactive state (INACTIVE) in which case the RAN 110 may preserve various connections with the core network 112 and the UE context. The UE 104 may also transition to IDLE to more completely release the connection.
[0037] While in CONNECTED, the UE 104 may perform various signaling characteristic evaluation (SCE) operations. An SCE operation may include, but is not limited to, radio link monitoring (RLM) operations and beam failure detection (BFD) operations. For example, the UE 104 may monitor a downlink (DL) radio link quality on a set of reference signals (RSs) configured by the NW. In some embodiments, the base station 108 may use a RadioLinkMonitoringRS to configure a set of RSs for the UE 104 to measure for an RLM operation. These may be referred to as RLM-RSs. Detection RSs, for example, channel state information-reference signal (CSI-RS) , synchronization signal block (SSB) , or a combination of both, may be configured for RLM or BFD. Beam failure may occur if a change in radio conditions cause an existing beam to become unreliable before the UE is able to switch to a new beam. A radio link failure may occur if a handover procedure fails or if a handover procedure is not initiated when it is required.
[0038] In some embodiments, the UE 104 may not be specifically configured with RLM-RSs, for example, may not be provided RadioLinkMonitoringRS. In these embodiments, the UE 104 may determine which RSs to use as RLM-RSs based on other information. For example, the UE 104 may use a reference signal provided for an active transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state for PDCCH reception as the RLM-RS if the active TCI state for PDCCH reception includes only one reference signal.
[0039] SCE operations may be performed by various layers of the UE 104. For example, a physical (PHY) layer (which may also be referred to as Layer 1 (L1) ) may generate out-of-sync indications if RLM-RSs fall below a first quality level (Qout) at which the radio link is considered unreliable, which may be based on a first block error level rate (BLER) target of a hypothetical physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) transmission; generate an in-sync indication if at least one RLM-RS exceeds a second quality level (Qin) at which the radio link is considered reliable, which may be based on a second BLER target of the hypothetical PDCCH transmission; and generate a beam failure instance if all RLM-RSs fall below a third quality level (Qout_LR) , which may correspond to a BLER of 10%for the hypothetical PDCCH transmission. The out-of-sync and in-sync indications may be provided to an RRC layer and the beam failure instances may be provided to a media access control (MAC) layer.
[0040] The RRC layer of the UE 104 may provide first configuration information to the PHY layer (for example, the set of resources for the RLM-RSs and BLER thresholds for Qin and Qout) and may provide second configuration information to the MAC layer (for example, beam failure and beam failure recovery parameters) . The RRC layer may also evaluate conditions for radio link failure based on the out-of-sync and in-sync indications from the physical layer. If conditions warrant, the RRC layer may trigger a radio link failure and RRC reestablishment. In some embodiments, the UE 104 may be configured with a pair of BLER targets to be used for RLF detection. An out-of-sync BLER, BLERout, may correspond to the first quality level, Qout, at which the radio link is considered unreliable. An in-sync BLER, BLERin, may correspond to the second quality level, Qin, at which the radio link is considered reliable. In some embodiments, BLERout may be set at 10%and BLERin may be set at 2%.
[0041] The MAC layer may evaluate conditions for beam failure based on beam failure instances provided by the PHY layer. If conditions warrant, the MAC layer may trigger beam failure and beam failure recovery.
[0042] In some embodiments, the network environment 100 may be deployed in a standalone (SA) mode with multi-radio access technology spectrum sharing (MRSS) . In these embodiments, the same low frequency band may be shared by both a 5G radio access technology (RAT) and a 6G RAT. The low frequency band may be used as a coverage layer, which provides the largest geographical coverage associated with serving cells of a CA deployment. The 5G and 6G cells may provide common reference signal and common channels for 5G and 6G UEs to camp on or connect with the network.
[0043] MRSS may be enabled on the shared frequency band between the two RATs. MRSS may be considered an extension of dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) , which is feature that enables coexistence of 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) and 5G New Radio (NR) in a same frequency band with both RATs sharing spectrum resources for transmission and reception. MRSS may provide for common reference signal (RS) handling. Common RS handling between 5G and 6G RATs may be easier than DSS given that the NR RS pattern is configurable, not fixed. Resource coordination between the 5G and 6G RATs may be similar to 4G and 5G DSS due to a same situation of the network interface.
[0044] In existing 5G NR CA design, the PHY layer design is as follows. Two or more contiguous or non-contiguous component carriers (CCs) are aggregated. A UE may simultaneously receive or transmit on one or multiple CCs depending on its capabilities. A UE with single timing advance (TA) capability in CA can simultaneously receive and / or transmit on multiple CCs corresponding to multiple serving cells sharing the same timing advance (multiple serving cells grouped in one TA group (TAG) ) . A UE with multiple TA capability in CA can simultaneously receive and / or transmit on multiple CCs corresponding to multiple serving cells with different timing advances (multiple serving cells grouped in multiple TAGs) . A next generation (NG) RAN ensures that each TAG contains at least one serving cell. A non-CA capable UE can receive on a single CC and transmit on a single CC corresponding to one serving cell only (one serving cell in one TAG) .
[0045] When CA is deployed in a 5G NR network, frame timing and system frame number (SFN) are aligned across cells that can be aggregated, or an offset in multiples of slots between a primary cell (PCell) / primary secondary cell (PSCell) and a secondary cell (SCell) is configured to a UE. The maximum number of configured CCs for a UE is 16 for DL and 16 for uplink (UL) . UL-only CC is not supported.
[0046] In uplink 5G NR CA or supplementary uplink (SUL) , a UE configured with uplink transmit (Tx) switching can have Tx chain (s) dynamically switched from 1 or 2 UL band to another 1 or 2 UL bands for enabling up to 2 Tx UL in 1 UL band or simultaneous UL Tx in 2 UL bands at a time.
[0047] For layer 2 (L2) design in NR CA, the multi-carrier nature of PHY layer is only exposed to the MAC layer for which one hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) entity is required per serving cell. In both UL and downlink (DL) , there is one independent HARQ entity per serving cell and one transport block is generated per DL assignment / UL grant per serving cell in the absence of spatial multiplexing. Each transport block and its potential HARQ retransmissions are mapped to a single serving cell.
[0048] For RRC layer design in NR CA, the UE only has one RRC connection with the network. UE is configured with a set of serving cells (i.e. 1 PCell + n SCell (s) ) . A number of SCell and SCell configurations is dependent on UE capabilities. The PCell is the most important serving cell for RRC connection maintenance and management. The PCell provides the non-access stratum (NAS) mobility information (i.e. at RRC connection establishment / reestablishment / handover) . The PCell provides the security input for the RRC connection (e.g., at reestablishment / handover) . The SCell is added / modified / released via dedicated RRC signaling. UEs need not acquire broadcast system information directly from the SCells. The SCell can be configured with DL+UL or DL only. UL only SCell is not supported. SCell configuration can be provided during the handover and an RRC resume procedure.
[0049] For NR CA, a PCell provides the coverage layer and is always active. The PCell provides the following functions: radio link management and reestablishment; serving measurement (that is, A1 and A2 measurement events) ; neighbor measurement (that is, A3, A5, B4, and B5 measurement events) ; contention-based random-access (CBRA) ; contention free random-access (CFRA) ; master information block (MIB) ; system information block (SIB) ; paging; PDCCH monitoring; physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) , sounding reference signal (SRS) , and physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmission; physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) ; and beam / channel state information (CSI) measurement.
[0050] For NR CA, an SCell provides a capacity layer and may be activated or deactivated. An activated SCell provides the following functions: serving measurement (A1 and A2 measurement events) ; neighbor measurement (A6 for intra-frequency SCell management) ; CFRA and preamble for random-access channel (RACH) ; PDCCH monitoring if configured with PDCCH; PDSCH transmission; SRS / PUSCH transmission if configured with uplink; PUCCH if configured; and beam / CSI measurement. An activated SCell does not provide the following functions: RLM and reestablishment; MIB / SIB / paging. A deactivated SCell provides serving measurement (A1 and A2 measurement events) and neighbor measurement (A6 for intra-frequency SCell management) . A deactivated SCell does not provide the following functions: RLM and reestablishment; RACH; MIB / SIB / paging; PDCCH monitoring; PDSCH transmission; SRS / PUSCH transmission; PUCCH; or beam / CSI measurement.
[0051] With respect to the control plane of 5G NR CA, the PCell plays the important role and takes responsibility for RRC connection management. Further, all functions for connection maintenance are located on the PCell. For L1 control signaling transmission (e.g. PDCCH / PUCCH) , it is supported on the PCell and is optionally supported on the SCell.
[0052] With respect to the user plane of 5G NR CA, the L1 / L2 / layer 3 (L3) control signaling are prioritized for the transmission on PCell. L2 / L3 signaling can be delivered over any serving cell, but only via PCell when SCell is deactivated. When the data amount for transmission is relatively small, the data is prioritized for transmission on PCell. From UE power saving perspective, SCell will be activated at this scenario, and PCell is always activated. SCell is considered a transmission resource used for more data transmissions.
[0053] Thus, in 5G NR CA, the PCell carries many functions from both CP and UP perspectives.
[0054] In a 6G-6G CA scenario such as 6G-6G CA with MRSS, resources on a coverage layer (e.g., PCell) may be shared between 5G and 6G. It may be that the PCell on the coverage layer is only used to provide coverage and basic connection management, without providing much resource / capacity for data transmission. Thus, embodiments describe a 6G CA design in which some functions, previously associated with the PCell on a coverage layer, are offloaded to a serving cell not on coverage layer in order to reduce the burden on PCell.
[0055] Some embodiments provide that a serving cell on a coverage layer (CL) is just for basic connection maintenance and recovery purpose, while a serving cell on a non-coverage layer (NCL) takes more functions for connection management and for control signaling transmission. The NCL, which may also be referred to as a capacity layer, may be associated with a geographical coverage area that is less than the CL. In these embodiments, the UE 104 may keep radio link management / mobility and data transmission via the serving cell on the NCL first. The serving cell on the NCL may also be referred to as the “NCL cell. ” Only when the NCL cell management has some problem, the NW and UE 104 can fallback to the overlapped serving cell on the CL to perform the basic transmission and connection recovery procedure. The serving cell on the CL may also be referred to as the “CL cell. ”
[0056] Various functions may be offloaded to an NCL cell (e.g., SCell) as described herein as follows.
[0057] In some embodiments, initial access may be conducted via an SCell to save resources on the CL.
[0058] In some embodiments, RLM may be applied on the SCell to monitor radio quality of a frequency range (FR) . In some instances, one serving cell may be dedicated for RLM per FR.
[0059] In some embodiments, neighbor measurement may be offloaded to the SCell. For example, at least some measurement events may be offloaded to the SCell for intra-RAT SCell mobility management purposes. These measurement events may include, for example, an A3 measurement event (for example, neighbor quality becomes offset better than special cell (SpCell) quality) ; an A4 measurement event (for example, neighbor quality becomes better than a threshold) ; and an A5 measurement event (for example, SpCell quality becomes worse than a first threshold and a neighbor quality becomes better than a second threshold) .
[0060] In some embodiments, CBRA for scheduling request (SR) , beam failure recovery (BFR) , or listen-before-talk (LBT) purposes can be offloaded to the SCell.
[0061] In 5G NR design, a UE in IDLE or INACTIVE performs initial access on the PCell / CL on which the UE is camped. An SCell (NCL) can only be used after the RRC connection is established and the SCell is configured and activated. Thus, the UE can only work on the NCL cell after initial access and CA configuration via CL cell. Further, a UE working on the NCL cell is required to support the simultaneous Rx / Tx on the CL cell.
[0062] In a new 6G design, all the data activity of the UE 104 may be performed on the capacity layer (for example, via the NCL cell) if the quality there is acceptable, starting from initial access. The initial access may be performed via the NCL cell, not the CL. Thus, resources of the coverage layer may not be needed for initial access. Further, latency for the UE 104 to perform data transmission / reception via the NCL cell may be reduced given that legacy operations associated with RACH transmission and RRC setup / reconfiguration on the coverage layer may be skipped.
[0063] An issue that may be addressed is that the UE 104 may have different PCells depending on whether it is in IDLE / INACTIVE (in which case the CL cell may be the PCell) or CONNECTED (in which case the NCL may be the PCell) . Another issue may be that the UE 104 may need to find a good NCL cell for initial access. Addressing these and other issues will be described herein.
[0064] FIG. 2 illustrates a coverage map 200 of serving cells in accordance with some embodiments. In particular, the coverage map 200 shows the CL cell providing the broad coverage area and a plurality of NCL cells (for example, NCL cell #1, NCL cell #2, and NCL cell #3) disposed within the CL cell.
[0065] FIG. 3 illustrates a procedure 300 in accordance with some embodiments. The procedure 300 may include an initial access procedure over an NCL cell 304 rather than a CL cell 308. An initial access procedure may refer to an RRC connection setup procedure, an RRC connection resume procedure, or an RRC connection reestablishment procedure.
[0066] Procedure 300 may include an RRC setup procedure or an RRC resume procedure from scenario 312 in which the UE 104 starts in IDLE / INACTIVE. While in IDLE / INACTIVE, the PCell may be the CL cell 308 on which the UE 104 camps. At 320, the CL cell 308 may transmit MIB / SIB / paging to the UE 104.
[0067] At 322, the UE 104 may trigger a connection and perform an initial access procedure. The UE 104 may perform the initial access procedure with an NCL cell if it can detect an NCL cell with good quality (for example, NCL cell 304) . If the UE 104 does not detect an NCL with good quality, or the initial access procedure fails for some other reason, the UE 104 may perform an initial access procedure with the CL cell 308.
[0068] After the UE 104 performs a successful initial access procedure with the NCL cell 304 at 324, the UE 104 may be CONNECTED at 328. In this state, the NCL cell may be the PCell at 332. Thus, whether the PCell is on the NCL cell 304 or the CL cell 308 may depend on an RRC state of the UE 104. For example, IDLE / INACTIVE PCell = CL cell and CONNECTED PCell = NCL cell.
[0069] Assuming different PCells in IDLE / INACTIVE and in CONNECTED, as described above, if the CONNECTED UE 104 detects a RLF or radio problem on the NCL cell 304 at 336, the UE 104 may initiate a reestablishment procedure at 340. The UE 104 may then send an RRC reestablishment request to the CL cell 308 at 344.
[0070] Selecting an NCL cell for initial access may be facilitated by the NW configuring list of NCL cells. This may be done by the CL cell transmitting an indication of the list in a SIB (for example, at 320 in FIG. 3) . For each NCL cell, the NW may optionally provide additional information to help the UE 104 find an appropriate NCL cell. In a first option, the additional information may include location / coverage information of the NCL cell. For example, with reference to FIG. 2, the additional information may include area #1 of CL cell for NCL cell #1; area #2 of CL cell for NCL #2; and area #3 of CL cell for NCL #3. In a second option, the additional information may include an association beam and radio quality condition information associated with the NCL cell. For example, synchronization signal block (SSB) #1 may be associated with NCL cell #1; SSB #2 may be associated with NCL cell #2; and SSB #3 may be associated with NCL cell #3. This may be especially useful with respect to non-terrestrial networks in which a specific beam corresponds to a specific location. In some embodiments, no additional information with respect to NCL cells may be provided.
[0071] If the NW provides location / coverage information of NCL cells, the UE 104 may select an NCL cell that provides coverage of an area in which the UE 104 is located.
[0072] If the NW provides association beam and radio quality condition information, the UE 104 may select an NCL cell that corresponds to a beam of the CL cell having the best radio quality. In some embodiments, the association information provided by the NW may associate a CL cell’s beam and an NCL cell, which may be useful in the event different CL beams are covering different areas.
[0073] If the NW does not provide any additional information with respect to NCL cells, the UE 104 can perform measurement on detected NCL cells and select the NCL cell having a good / suitable / best radio quality condition.
[0074] The timing for the UE 104 to perform NCL cell selection for initial access may be in accordance with one or more of the following options. In a first option, the UE 104 may select an NCL cell when the UE 104 camps on CL cell. This may be done even when there is no initial access. In a second option, the UE 104 may select an NCL cell when it camps on a CL cell and intends to initiate the initial access over an NCL cell.
[0075] It may be noted that, for initial access on NCL cell, the configuration can be provided via CL cell in advance. In some embodiments, the UE 104 may transmit a preamble transmission on CL cell and then switch to an NCL cell.
[0076] In some embodiments, RLM may be performed over an NCL cell.
[0077] In 5G NR CA, a UE only performs RLM on PCell (i.e., CL cell) . For RLF detection, a UE initiates RRC reestablishment procedure. A UE does not perform RLM on SCell (i.e., NCL cell) . The NW only uses radio resource management (RRM) / L1 measurement to detect SCell quality. If SCell quality is worse, the NW deactivates or deconfigures SCell. UE performs BFD per serving cell. UE can perform BFD on PCell and SCells. When beam failure is detected, UE transmits the BFR media access control (MAC) control element (CE) to NW via available PUSCH resource or initiates the specific PUCCH-SR to request the resource for BFR MAC CE transmission.
[0078] FIG. 4 illustrates a network environment 400 in accordance with some embodiments. As shown, the network environment 400 may include the UE 104 coupled with the RAN 110 over an NCL cell 404 and a CL cell 408. The network environment 400 may be a 6G deployment. The NCL cell 404 may be used as the capacity layer for most, or all, of the data activity. Thus, the NCL cell 404 may be more important than the CL cell 408 and it may be beneficial to ensure the quality of the NCL cell 404 first.
[0079] In some embodiments, RLM may be performed on the NCL cell 404. In other embodiments, the UE 104 may just rely on BFD on the NCL cell 404 (without performing RLM at all) . Performing RLM / BFD on the NCL cell with the most data activity (for example, NCL cell 404) may not waste power of the UE 104. Further, monitoring RLM / BFD on the NCL cell with the data activity may help to ensure service QoS for that data activity. Still further, if BFD can be used instead of RLM to monitor NCL cell quality, there may be no, or limited, additional complexity.
[0080] In some instances, supporting RLM on more than one cell may increase UE complexity.
[0081] Two options for monitoring a radio link may be considered when the UE 104 works on an NCL cell, regardless of whether the CL cell is configured as a serving cell or not. In a first option, RLM procedures may be performed on the NCL cell instead of on the CL cell. In a second option, the UE 104 may use BFD on the NCL cell to monitor the radio link instead of RLM.
[0082] In the first option, with RLM on the NCL cell, the NW may just configure RLM over one NCL cell or a subset of NCL cells. The NW can configure RLM on one cell where the UE 104 is to perform the initial access. The NW can configure RLM over one NCL cell per FR or per site. In some embodiments, if cell groups are configured, the NW may designate one cell from the cell group to be used for RLM.
[0083] If an NCL cell with RLM is deactivated, the UE 104 can perform RLM in relaxed mode or using a relaxed requirement. Alternatively, the UE 104 may stop RLM on the deactivated cell and rely on other activated cells to perform RLM (if there are any) .
[0084] If failure over an NCL cell is detected, the UE 104 may perform recovery procedure via other available NCL cells or via the associated CL cell.
[0085] In the second option in which BFD, rather than RLM, is performed, the NW can configure BFD over any NCL cell. The BFD procedure could be similar to that discussed above with respect to FIG. 1, or may be part of a new PHY design in 6G. When BFD failure is detected, the UE 104 can perform the recovery procedure via any other available NCL cells or via the associated CL cell.
[0086] A first issue that may be considered is with respect to RLM operation on deactivated serving cells. On deactivated serving cells, the UE 104 can perform RLM in relaxed mode with one or more of the following options. In a first option, a relaxed RLM requirement based on longer monitoring interval may be introduced for deactivated cells. In a second option, the UE 104 may not perform RLM per se (at least not a legacy RLM operation) and, instead, may rely on measurement results on deactivated cell to check the radio quality. L3 RRM may still be performed on deactivated cells; however, it may be assumed that the measurement interval on deactivated cell is longer than activated cells and may be explicitly configured by the NW. In some embodiments, the measurement results may be compared to a new threshold (RLM-threshold) introduced for the RLM purpose. For example, if a measurement result is greater than the RLM-threshold, the radio link may be okay. If the measurement result is less than or equal to the RLM-threshold, failure may be detected.
[0087] A second issue that may be considered is with respect to recovery procedures after radio link failures detected on an NCL cell. In some embodiments, if radio link failure is detected on an NCL cell, the UE 104 can perform recovery procedures in accordance with one or more of the following three options.
[0088] In a first option, if there are available NCL cells (for example, NCL cells with an acceptable radio quality) , the UE 104 may transmit the failure information to the NW via the NCL cell with the acceptable radio quality. In some embodiments, a specific PUCCH SR may be introduced for such information reporting, CBRA may be supported for the reporting. For the available NCL cell, the UE 104 can first select the NCL cell with available PUCCH SR / CBRA resources to transmit the failure information.
[0089] In a second option, the UE 104 can transmit the failure information to the NW via the associated CL cell. If the associated CL cell is configured as a serving cell, the UE 104 can perform the recovery via this cell directly. If the associated CL cell is not configured as a serving cell, the UE 104 may need to check the DL synchronization before providing the UL transmission via RACH in the CL cell. The NW can provide the new reconfiguration to the UE 104 via the CL cell to indicate where to continue the transmission. For example, the new configuration could be a serving cell index or a new serving cell configuration on either CL cell or an NC cell.
[0090] In a third option, the UE 104 may initially perform the first option and, if recovery is not successful within a time window, the UE 104 performs the second option. Thus, The UE 104 may prioritize the recovery via available NCL cells. If recovery over the available NCL cells is not possible, the UE 104 performs the recovery via a CL cell using a RACH procedure.
[0091] FIG. 5 illustrates a recovery procedure 500 of the third option in accordance with some embodiments.
[0092] The recovery procedure 500 may include signaling between, and operations performed by, UE 104, NCL cell 504, NCL cell 508, CL cell 512, and NCL cell 516. The orientation of the serving cells and UE 104 may be as shown in the network environment 600 of FIG. 6 in accordance with some embodiments. The serving cells may be associated with various frequency ranges. For example, NCL cells 504 and 516 may be associated with FR2, NCL cell 508 may be associated with FR3, and CL cell 512 may be associated with FR1; however, embodiments are not limited to these particular associations.
[0093] At 520, the UE 104 may be CONNECTED and have an RRC connection with the NCL cell 504 and the NCL cell 508, which may be associated with the same, or overlapping, geographical coverage.
[0094] At 524, the UE 104 may detect an RLF on NCL cell 504. The UE 104 may then attempt recovery over the NCL cell 508 by transmitting failure information at 528. If the transmission is not successful within a predetermined time window, and a timer expires at 532, the attempt to recover over NCL cell 508 may be determined to be unsuccessful. While procedure 500 describes a time window for determining whether the attempt to recover over the NCL cell 508 the successful, other mechanisms may be used in other embodiments. For example, the UE 104 may attempt a certain number of (re) transmissions of the failure information and, if not successful, the UE 104 may determine the attempt to recover over the NCL cell 508 is unsuccessful.
[0095] If the attempt to recover over the NCL cell 508 is determined to be unsuccessful, the recovery procedure 500 may advance to the UE 104 performing a recovery via the CL cell 512 at 536. The UE 104 may transmit recovery information to the CL cell 512 at 540. If needed, the UE 104 may perform a RACH procedure with the CL cell 512. When the UE 104 is attempting to perform the recovery via the CL cell 512, it may suspend all transmission via current serving cells (for example, NCL cells 504 and 508) .
[0096] At 544, the NW may provide an RRC reconfiguration message to the UE 104 via the CL cell 512. The configuration may configure the UE 104 to connect with the NCL cell 516, which may provide the UE 104 with better coverage than the NCL cells 504 and 508 due to mobility of the UE 104 as shown in FIG. 6. The UE 104 may then perform data transmissions with the NCL cell 516 at 548.
[0097] In some aspects of this disclosure, neighbor measurement may be controlled by an NCL cell.
[0098] In 5G NR, neighbor measurements are primarily associated with PCell measurements. For example, mobility management may be performed if neighbor cell quality is better than a current radio quality of the PCell. And the decision of whether to initiate a neighbor measurement is based on the PCell’s quality.
[0099] For heterogeneous networks in 6G deployments, the UE 104, while CONNECTED, may be mainly working on the NCL cell and the CL cell may be primarily reserved for NCL cell layer failure recovery purpose and basic connection management in IDLE / INACTIVE states. In some embodiments, the UE 104 can rely on the main frequency layer (for example, the NCL cell) for radio link / data transmission to control the neighbor measurement and mobility management.
[0100] In some embodiments, intra-RAT measurements, which may include both inter-frequency and intra-frequency measurements, may be based on a reference NCL cell, and inter-RAT measurements may be based on a CL cell. This may provide the associated advantage in that it aligns UE behavior to use same cell as measurement reference cell and to perform data transmission, which may be an advantage for UE power conservation. Inter-frequency measurements based on multiple measurement reference cells may be associated with some measurement complexity.
[0101] In some embodiments, A3 / A4 / A5 measurement events for neighbor measurement based on serving cell over NCL may be supported for intra-RAT measurements. For A3 and A5 measurement events, the NW may configure the UE 104 to use a specific NCL cell for comparison of serving cell’s quality. For example, the NW may configure a specific NCL cell as the SpCell for A3 and A5 measurement events.
[0102] Neighbor cell measurements may be enabled if a radio quality of a special serving is less than a preconfigured threshold, which may be referred to as an S-measure threshold. In some embodiments, the NW may configure a specific NCL cell to be used for the S-measure analysis to enable neighbor measurement. Thus, neighbor measurement may be enabled based on a comparison of the quality of the designated NCL cell to the S-measure threshold.
[0103] Some embodiments may introduce a measurement group concept in order to manage a serving cell set per FR. Each measurement group may include one or more neighbor measurement frequencies. The same neighbor frequency may not be configured in different measurement groups. An NCL cell may be associated with each measurement group. Thus, neighbor measurement of the neighbor measurement frequencies of a measurement group may be enabled based on a quality of the serving NCL cell associated with that measurement group.
[0104] FIG. 7 illustrates measurement group configurations 700 in accordance with some embodiments.
[0105] The measurement group configurations 700 may include a measurement group #1 for FR1 that is associated with a CL; measurement group #2 for FR2 that is associated with an NCL; and measurement group #3 for FR3 that is associated with an NCL.
[0106] Each measurement group may include a base serving cell to control whether to enable neighbor measurement of a current measurement group. Further, each measurement group may include one or intra-RAT neighbor frequencies that are configured for measurement in the respective groups. Thus, when a neighbor measurement is enabled for a measurement group (based on comparison of the measurement group’s serving cell quality to the S-measure threshold) , the measurements of the serving cell and intra-RAT neighbor frequencies of that measurement group may be used to determine whether A3 / A5 measurement events are detected.
[0107] In some embodiments, inter-RAT measurements may be based on a serving cell’s quality on a coverage layer. Thus, measurement group #1 also includes an inter-RAT neighbor frequency configured for measurement in measurement group #1.
[0108] FIG. 8 illustrates example models 800 for 6G CA in accordance with some embodiments. When the UE 104 is in CONNECTED state, the NW may configure the UE 104 according to one or more of the following models.
[0109] Model 804 includes a PCell configured on a CL, a PSCell configured on NCL #1, and an SCell on NCL #2. Thus, the serving cell set configured for CA includes PCell +PSCell + SCell. Additional SCells may also be deployed, but are not specifically shown. In model 804, the PCell may be the serving cell on the CL, similar to 5G NR. The PSCell may take all legacy PCell functions, except the reestablishment and SIB / paging procedure. In some instances, the PCell can be deactivated and measurement on the PCell may be performed in relaxed mode (similar to that discussed elsewhere herein) . If PSCell failure is detected, the UE 104 may use the PCell for connection recovery.
[0110] Model 808 includes an SCell configured on a CL, a PCell configured on NCL #1, and an SCell configured on NCL #2. The PCell may be configured with all the legacy PCell functions except for connection failure recovery and reestablishment and inter-RAT neighbor measurement. The network may configure these functions on the SCell configured on the CL.
[0111] In some embodiments, failure recovery and reestablishment may be decoupled for model 808. For the RLF detection, the UE 104 can trigger failure recovery via CL layer (not over NCL PCell) , and the recovery can be via the new recovery procedure (e.g. a UE 104 dedicated message via RACH procedure via CL) or trigger UE connection reestablishment procedure via CL PCell, and the reestablishment request message is via common control channel (CCCH) .
[0112] Model 812 includes a PCell configured on NCL #1 and an SCell configured on NCL #2. No serving cell may be configured on the CL. When the UE 104 is operating in a CA deployment and detects failure on one or more of the NCLs, the UE 104 may revert back to the CL and initiate a reestablishment procedure.
[0113] Model 816 includes multiple cell groups on at least some of the layers. In particular, as shown, model 816 includes a first cell group associated with NCL #1 and a second cell group associated with NCL #2. Each cell group may include a PSCell and one or more additional SCells. The CL may or may not be configured with a serving cell. If a cell is configured on the CL, it can be configured as a dedicated CG including, for example, a PCell.
[0114] FIG. 9 illustrates a procedure 900 with respect to model 804 in accordance with some embodiments. The procedure 900 may include signaling between, and operations performed by, UE 104, PSCell 904, SCell 908, and PCell 912. The PCell 912 may be on a CL, the PSCell 904 may be on a first NCL, and the SCell 908 may be on a second NCL. In this embodiment, the PCell 912 may handle reestablishment and SIB / paging procedures, while the rest of the legacy PCell functions (including all control signal transmissions) are offloaded to the PSCell 904.
[0115] The procedure 900 may include the UE 104 and the PCell 912 having an RRC connection at 916.
[0116] The procedure 900 may further include the UE and SCell 908 performing data transmission at 920 and the UE 104 and the PSCell 904 performing data transmissions at 924.
[0117] At 928, the UE 104 may detect a failure of the PSCell 904. The UE 104 may then revert to performing a recovery via the PCell 912 at 932. This may include transmitting a failure / recovery message to the NW via the PCell 912.
[0118] FIG. 10 illustrates a procedure 1000 with respect to model 808 in accordance with some embodiments. The procedure 1000 may include signaling between, and operations performed by, UE 104, PCell 1004, SCell 1008, and SCell 1012. The PCell 1004 may be on a first NCL, the SCell 1008 may be on a CL, and the SCell 1012 may be on a second NCL. In this embodiment, the SCell 1008 may handle connection failure recovery and reestablishment and inter-RAT neighbor measurement, while the rest of the legacy PCell functions may be handled by the PCell 1004.
[0119] The procedure 1000 may include the UE 104 and the PCell 1004 having an RRC connection at 1016.
[0120] The procedure 1000 may further include the UE and SCell 1008 performing data transmission at 1020 and the UE 104 and the PCell 1004 performing data transmissions at 1024.
[0121] At 1028, the UE 104 may detect a failure of the PCell 1004. The UE 104 may then revert to performing a recovery via the SCell 1008 at 1032. This may include transmitting a failure / recovery message to the NW via the SCell 1008.
[0122] FIG. 11 illustrates a procedure 1100 with respect to model 812 in accordance with some embodiments. The procedure 1100 may include signaling between, and operations performed by, UE 104, PCell 1104, SCell 1108, and idle PCell 1112. The PCell 1104 may be on a first NCL, the SCell 1108 may be on a second NCL, and the idle PCell 1112 may be on a CL.
[0123] The procedure 1100 may include the UE 104 and the PCell 1104 having an RRC connection at 1116.
[0124] The procedure 1100 may further include the UE 104 and SCell 1108 performing data transmission at 1120 and the UE 104 and the PCell 1104 performing data transmissions at 1124.
[0125] At 1128, the UE 104 may detect a failure of the PCell 1104. The UE 104 may then initiate a reestablishment via the idle PCell 1112 at 1132. The UE 104 may store information associated with the idle PCell 1112 (for example, frequency information, etc. ) even if the idle PCell 1112 is not acting as a serving cell.
[0126] Thus, when UE 104 is operating with CA using model 812, the nature of the PCell may change based on RRC state of the UE 104. For example, when the UE 104 is in the CONNECTED state, the cell in the first NCL (e.g., PCell 1104) may be the PCell and the cell on the CL (e.g., idle PCell) is not configured as a serving cell at all. When the UE 104 is in IDLE / INACTIVE state, the cell on the CL (e.g., idle PCell) may be considered the PCell. Thus, the PCell in CONNECTED and PCell in IDLE / INACTIVE may be deployed on different frequencies. For the IDLE / INACTIVE PCell, the UE 104 will use it when the UE 104 is in IDLE / INACTIVE state; and, when the UE is in CONNECTED state, the IDLE / INACTIVE PCell may not be configured as a serving cell at all.
[0127] FIG. 12 illustrates an operation flow / algorithmic structure 1200 in accordance with some embodiments. The operation flow / algorithmic structure 1200 may be performed by network node such as base station 108, network device 1600, or components therein, for example, baseband processor 1604A.
[0128] The operation flow / algorithmic structure 1200 may include, at 1204, generating configuration information. The configuration information may be generated to configure a UE with the first serving cell on a CL and a second serving cell on an NCL. The NW may use the first cell to transmit system information paging messages, and may use the second cell for one or more initial access procedures with the UE.
[0129] In some embodiments, the one or more initial access procedures may include an RRC connection setup procedure, and RRC connection resume procedure, or an RRC connection reestablishment procedure.
[0130] In some embodiments, the NW may generate a SIB to configure a list of cells on one or NCLs. This SIB may be transmitted via the first cell on the CL. The list of cells may include one or more parameters associated with individual serving cells. The one or more parameters may include a location area, a coverage area, beam information (e.g., beam index or associated information) , or a radio quality condition.
[0131] In some embodiments, the first serving cell may be a PCell while the second serving cell is a PSCell on a first NCL and the configuration information may further configure an SCell on a second NCL.
[0132] In some embodiments, the first serving cell is an SCell, the second serving cell is a PCell an a first NCL, and the configuration information is to further configure another SCell on a second NCL.
[0133] In some embodiments, the first serving cell is a first PCell, the second serving cell is a second PCell on a first NCL, and the configuration information is to further configure an SCell on a second NCL. The first PCell may be transitioned to an idle state if the UE is in CONNECTED state, and may be activated if the UE is in IDLE / INACTIVE.
[0134] In some embodiments, the second cell is a first PSCell on a first NCL in the configuration information is to further configure one or secondary SCell’s on the first NCL, a second PSCell on a second NCL, and one or more SCells on the second NCL.
[0135] The operation flow / algorithmic structure 1200 may further include, at 1208, generating one or more messages that include the configuration information. The one or messages may be transmitted to the UE.
[0136] FIG. 13 illustrates an operation flow / algorithmic structure 1300 in accordance with some embodiments. The operation flow / algorithmic structure 1300 may be performed by UE such as UE 104, UE 1500, or components therein, for example, baseband processor 1504A.
[0137] The operation flow / algorithmic structure 1300 may include, at 1304, processing configuration information to configure a first serving cell on a CL and a second serving cell on an NCL. The configuration information may be similar to that described above with respect to FIG. 12 or elsewhere herein.
[0138] In some embodiments, the operation flow / algorithmic structure 1300 may further include processing a SIB received from the NW via the first cell. The SIB may include a list of cells configured on one or more NCLs. The list of configured cells may be similar to that described above with respect to FIG. 12 or elsewhere herein.
[0139] The operation flow / algorithmic structure 1300 may further include, at 1308, performing an initial access procedure on the second serving cell.
[0140] In some embodiments, the second serving cell may be selected for the initial access procedure based on location area information provided in a SIB.
[0141] In some embodiments, the operation flow / algorithmic structure 1300 may include detecting a radio quality associated with the second serving cell, comparing the radio quality to the radio quality condition in the SIB, and selecting the second serving cell for initial access based on the comparison.
[0142] In some embodiments, the operation flow / algorithmic structure 1300 may include camping on the first serving cell while in an RRC idle or inactive state.
[0143] In some embodiments, the operation flow / algorithmic structure 1300 may include detecting, while in an RRC connected state, a compromised radio condition on the second serving cell, and initiating an RRC reestablishment procedure with the first serving cell based on the compromised radio condition.
[0144] In some embodiments, the operation flow / algorithmic structure 1300 may include performing an RLM operation on the second serving cell. If the second serving cell is determined to be deactivated, the RLM operation may be a relaxed RLM operation (e.g., based on a longer monitoring interval associated with the activated cells) .
[0145] The RLM operation may include determining a measurement result associated with the second serving cell and comparing the measurement result to an RLM threshold. In some embodiments, an RLF may be detected based on the RLM operation. In this case, an attempt to detect another serving cell on an NCL (either the NCL of the second serving cell or another NCL) may be performed. If another NCL serving cell is detected, information associated with the RLF may be sent to that serving cell. If another NCL serving cell is not detected, information associated with the RLF may be sent to the first serving cell.
[0146] In some embodiments, the operation flow / algorithmic structure 1300 may include performing a BFD operation on the second serving cell and determining a quality of a radio link of the second serving cell based on the BFD operation.
[0147] FIG. 14 illustrates an operation flow / algorithmic structure 1400 in accordance with some embodiments. The operation flow / algorithmic structure 1400 may be performed by UE such as UE 104, UE 1500, or components therein, for example, baseband processor 1504A.
[0148] The operation flow / algorithmic structure 1400 may include, at 1404, processing measurement configuration information received from a network. The measurement configuration information may configure a first serving cell on an NCL as a SpCell.
[0149] The operation flow / algorithmic structure 1400 may further include, at 1404, determining whether a measurement event is detected with respect to a neighbor cell based on the SpCell. The neighbor cell and the SpCell may be the same RAT.
[0150] In some embodiments, the measurement event may be an A3 event in which a quality associated with the neighbor cell becomes an offset better than a quality associated with the SpCell.
[0151] In some embodiments, the measurement event may be an A5 event in which a quality associated with the SpCell becomes worse than a first threshold and a quality associated with the neighbor cell becomes better than a second threshold.
[0152] In some embodiments, the operation flow / algorithmic structure 1400 may include comparing a radio quality of the SpCell to a predetermined radio quality threshold (e.g., an S-measure threshold) and enabling a neighbor measurement based on the comparison.
[0153] In some embodiments, the measurement configuration is to configure a plurality of neighbor measurement frequencies in a measurement group associated with a frequency range, and the operation flow / algorithmic structure 1400 includes comparing a radio quality of the SpCell to a predetermined radio quality threshold (e.g., an S-measure threshold) ; and enabling a neighbor measurement on at least one of the plurality of neighbor measurement frequencies based on the comparison.
[0154] In some embodiments, the measurement configuration is to configure a plurality of measurement groups for inter-RAT measurements. The plurality of measurement groups may include a first measurement group associated with a coverage layer and a first frequency range. The first measurement group may have an intra-RAT neighbor frequency configured for measurement, an inter-RAT neighbor frequency configured for measurement, and a first special serving cell to control whether to enable neighbor measurements on the intra-RAT neighbor frequency and the inter-RAT neighbor frequency. The measurement groups may also include a second measurement group associated with a non-coverage layer and a second frequency range. The second measurement group may have one or more intra-RAT neighbor frequencies configured for measurement, and a second special serving cell to control whether to enable neighbor measurements on the one or more intra-RAT neighbor frequencies.
[0155] FIG. 15 illustrates a UE 1500 in accordance with some embodiments. The UE 1500 may be similar to and substantially interchangeable with UE 154.
[0156] The UE 1500 may be any mobile or non-mobile computing device, such as, for example, mobile phones, computers, tablets, industrial wireless sensors (for example, microphones, carbon dioxide sensors, pressure sensors, humidity sensors, thermometers, motion sensors, accelerometers, laser scanners, fluid level sensors, inventory sensors, electric voltage / current meters, or actuators) , video surveillance / monitoring devices (for example, cameras or video cameras) , wearable devices (for example, a smart watch) , or Internet-of-things devices.
[0157] The UE 1500 may include processors 1504, RF interface circuitry 1508, memory / storage 1512, user interface 1516, sensors 1520, driver circuitry 1522, power management integrated circuit (PMIC) 1524, antenna 1526, and battery 1528. The components of the UE 1500 may be implemented as integrated circuits (ICs) , portions thereof, discrete electronic devices, or other modules, logic, hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof. The block diagram of FIG. 15 is intended to show a high-level view of some of the components of the UE 1500. However, some of the components shown may be omitted, additional components may be present, and different arrangement of the components shown may occur in other implementations.
[0158] The components of the UE 1500 may be coupled with various other components over one or more interconnects 1532, which may represent any type of interface, input / output, bus (local, system, or expansion) , transmission line, trace, or optical connection that allows various circuit components (on common or different chips or chipsets) to interact with one another.
[0159] The processors 1504 may include processor circuitry such as, for example, baseband processor circuitry (BB) 1504A, central processor unit circuitry (CPU) 1504B, and graphics processor unit circuitry (GPU) 1504C. The processors 1504 may include any type of circuitry or processor circuitry that executes or otherwise operates computer-executable instructions, such as program code, software modules, or functional processes from memory / storage 1512 to cause the UE 1500 to perform LCH priority transitions as described herein. The processors 1504 may also include interface circuitry 1504D to communicatively couple the processor circuitry with one or more other components of the UE 1500.
[0160] In some embodiments, the baseband processor 1504A may access a communication protocol stack 1536 in the memory / storage 1512 to communicate over a 3GPP compatible network. In general, the baseband processor 1504A may access the communication protocol stack 1536 to: perform user plane functions at a PHY layer, MAC layer, RLC layer, PDCP layer, SDAP layer, and PDU layer; and perform control plane functions at a PHY layer, MAC layer, RLC layer, PDCP layer, RRC layer, and a NAS layer. In some embodiments, the PHY layer operations may additionally / alternatively be performed by the components of the RF interface circuitry 1508.
[0161] The baseband processor 1504A may generate or process baseband signals or waveforms that carry information in 3GPP-compatible networks. In some embodiments, the waveforms for NR may be based on cyclic prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM) in the uplink or downlink, and discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-S-OFDM) in the uplink.
[0162] The memory / storage 1512 may include one or more non-transitory, computer-readable media that includes instructions (for example, communication protocol stack 1536) that may be executed by one or more of the processors 1504 to cause the UE 1500 to perform CA configuration and operation as described herein.
[0163] The memory / storage 1512 includes any type of volatile or non-volatile memory that may be distributed throughout the UE 1500. In some embodiments, some of the memory / storage 1512 may be located on the processors 1504 themselves (for example, memory / storage 1512 may be part of a chipset that corresponds to the baseband processor 1504A) , while other memory / storage 1512 is external to the processors 1504 but accessible thereto via a memory interface. The memory / storage 1512 may include any suitable volatile or non-volatile memory such as, but not limited to, dynamic random access memory (DRAM) , static random access memory (SRAM) , erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM) , electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM) , Flash memory, solid-state memory, or any other type of memory device technology.
[0164] The RF interface circuitry 1508 may include transceiver circuitry and a radio frequency front module (RFEM) that allows the UE 1500 to communicate with other devices over a radio access network. The RF interface circuitry 1508 may include various elements arranged in transmit or receive paths. These elements may include, for example, switches, mixers, amplifiers, filters, synthesizer circuitry, and control circuitry.
[0165] In the receive path, the RFEM may receive a radiated signal from an air interface via antenna 1526 and proceed to filter and amplify (with a low-noise amplifier) the signal. The signal may be provided to a receiver of the transceiver that down-converts the RF signal into a baseband signal that is provided to the baseband processor of the processors 1504.
[0166] In the transmit path, the transmitter of the transceiver up-converts the baseband signal received from the baseband processor and provides the RF signal to the RFEM. The RFEM may amplify the RF signal through a power amplifier prior to the signal being radiated across the air interface via the antenna 1526.
[0167] In various embodiments, the RF interface circuitry 1508 may be configured to transmit / receive signals in a manner compatible with NR access technologies.
[0168] The antenna 1526 may include antenna elements to convert electrical signals into radio waves to travel through the air and to convert received radio waves into electrical signals. The antenna elements may be arranged into one or more antenna panels. The antenna 1526 may have antenna panels that are omnidirectional, directional, or a combination thereof to enable beamforming and multiple input, multiple output communications. The antenna 1526 may include microstrip antennas, printed antennas fabricated on the surface of one or more printed circuit boards, patch antennas, or phased array antennas. The antenna 1526 may have one or more panels designed for specific frequency bands including bands in FR1 or FR2.
[0169] The user interface 1516 includes various input / output (I / O) devices designed to enable user interaction with the UE 1500. The user interface 1516 includes input device circuitry and output device circuitry. Input device circuitry includes any physical or virtual means for accepting an input including, inter alia, one or more physical or virtual buttons (for example, a reset button) , a physical keyboard, keypad, mouse, touchpad, touchscreen, microphones, scanner, headset, or the like. The output device circuitry includes any physical or virtual means for showing information or otherwise conveying information, such as sensor readings, actuator position (s) , or other like information. Output device circuitry may include any number or combinations of audio or visual display, including, inter alia, one or more simple visual outputs / indicators (for example, binary status indicators such as light emitting diodes (LEDs) and multi-character visual outputs, or more complex outputs such as display devices or touchscreens (for example, liquid crystal displays (LCDs) , LED displays, quantum dot displays, and projectors) , with the output of characters, graphics, multimedia objects, and the like being generated or produced from the operation of the UE 1500.
[0170] The sensors 1520 may include devices, modules, or subsystems whose purpose is to detect events or changes in their environment and send the information (sensor data) about the detected events to some other device, module, or subsystem. Examples of such sensors include inertia measurement units comprising accelerometers, gyroscopes, or magnetometers; microelectromechanical systems or nanoelectromechanical systems comprising 3-axis accelerometers, 3-axis gyroscopes, or magnetometers; level sensors; flow sensors; temperature sensors (for example, thermistors) ; pressure sensors; barometric pressure sensors; gravimeters; altimeters; image capture devices (for example, cameras or lensless apertures) ; light detection and ranging sensors; proximity sensors (for example, infrared radiation detector and the like) ; depth sensors; ambient light sensors; ultrasonic transceivers; and microphones or other like audio capture devices.
[0171] The driver circuitry 1522 may include software and hardware elements that operate to control particular devices that are embedded in the UE 1500, attached to the UE 1500, or otherwise communicatively coupled with the UE 1500. The driver circuitry 1522 may include individual drivers allowing other components to interact with or control various input / output (I / O) devices that may be present within, or connected to, the UE 1500. For example, driver circuitry 1522 may include a display driver to control and allow access to a display device, a touchscreen driver to control and allow access to a touchscreen interface, sensor drivers to obtain sensor readings of sensors 1520 and control and allow access to sensors 1520, drivers to obtain actuator positions of electro-mechanic components or control and allow access to the electro-mechanic components, a camera driver to control and allow access to an embedded image capture device, audio drivers to control and allow access to one or more audio devices.
[0172] The PMIC 1524 may manage power provided to various components of the UE 1500. In particular, with respect to the processors 1504, the PMIC 1524 may control power-source selection, voltage scaling, battery charging, or DC-to-DC conversion.
[0173] A battery 1528 may power the UE 1500, although in some examples the UE 1500 may be mounted deployed in a fixed location and may have a power supply coupled to an electrical grid. The battery 1528 may be a lithium ion battery, a metal-air battery, such as a zinc-air battery, an aluminum-air battery, a lithium-air battery, and the like. In some implementations, such as in vehicle-based applications, the battery 1528 may be a typical lead-acid automotive battery.
[0174] FIG. 16 illustrates a network device 1600 in accordance with some embodiments. The network device 1600 may be similar to, and substantially interchangeable with, the base station 108.
[0175] The network device 1600 may include processors 1604, RF interface circuitry 1608 (if implemented as a base station) , core network (CN) interface circuitry 1614, memory / storage circuitry 1612, and antenna structure 1626.
[0176] The components of the network device 1600 may be coupled with various other components over one or more interconnects 1628.
[0177] The processors 1604, RF interface circuitry 1608, memory / storage circuitry 1612 (including communication protocol stack 1610) , antenna structure 1626, and interconnects 1628 may be similar to like-named elements shown and described with respect to FIG. 11.
[0178] The processors 1604 may include processor circuitry such as, for example, baseband processor circuitry (BB) 1604A, central processor unit circuitry (CPU) 1604B, and graphics processor unit circuitry (GPU) 1604C. The processors 1604 may include any type of circuitry or processor circuitry that executes or otherwise operates computer-executable instructions, such as program code, software modules, or functional processes from memory / storage circuitry 1612 to cause the network device 1600 to perform CA configuration and operation as described herein. The processors 1604 may also include interface circuitry 1604D to communicatively couple the processor circuitry with one or more other components of the network device 1600.
[0179] The CN interface circuitry 1614 may provide connectivity to a core network, for example, a 5th Generation Core network (5GC) using a 5GC-compatible network interface protocol such as carrier Ethernet protocols, or some other suitable protocol. Network connectivity may be provided to / from the network device 1600 via a fiber optic or wireless backhaul. The CN interface circuitry 1614 may include one or more dedicated processors or FPGAs to communicate using one or more of the aforementioned protocols. In some implementations, the CN interface circuitry 1614 may include multiple controllers to provide connectivity to other networks using the same or different protocols.
[0180] It is well understood that the use of personally identifiable information should follow privacy policies and practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining the privacy of users. In particular, personally identifiable information data should be managed and handled so as to minimize risks of unintentional or unauthorized access or use, and the nature of authorized use should be clearly indicated to users.
[0181] For one or more embodiments, at least one of the components set forth in one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to perform one or more operations, techniques, processes, or methods as set forth in the example section below. For example, the baseband circuitry as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below. For another example, circuitry associated with a UE, base station, or network element as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below in the example section.
[0182] Examples
[0183] In the following sections, further exemplary embodiments are provided.
[0184] Example 1 includes a method comprising: generating configuration information to configure a user equipment (UE) with a first serving cell on a coverage layer (CL) and a second serving cell on a non-coverage layer (NCL) , wherein the first serving cell is to transmit system information and paging messages and the second serving cell is to be used for one or more initial access procedures; and generating one or more messages that include the configuration information, the one or more messages to be transmitted to the UE.
[0185] Example 2 includes the method of example 1 or some other example herein, wherein the one or more initial access procedures includes a radio resource control (RRC) connection setup procedure, an RRC connection resume procedure, or an RRC connection reestablishment procedure.
[0186] Example 3 includes the method of example 1 or some other example herein, further comprising: generating, for transmission to the UE, a system information block (SIB) to configure a list of cells on one or more NCLs.
[0187] Example 4 includes the method of example 3 or some other example herein, wherein list of cells on the one or more NCLs includes the second serving cell on the NCL and the SIB is to further configure one or more parameters associated with the second serving cell, the one or more parameters to include a location area, a coverage area, beam information, or a radio quality condition.
[0188] Example 5 includes the method of example 1 or some other example herein, wherein the first serving cell is a primary serving cell (PCell) , the second serving cell is a primary secondary serving cell (PSCell) , the NCL is a first NCL, and the configuration information is to further configure the UE with a secondary serving cell (SCell) on a second NCL.
[0189] Example 6 includes the method of example 1 or some other example herein, wherein the first serving cell is a first secondary cell (SCell) , the second serving cell is a primary serving cell (PCell) , the NCL is a first NCL, and the configuration information is to further configure the UE with a second SCell on a second NCL.
[0190] Example 7 includes the method of example 1 or some other example herein, wherein the first serving cell is a first primary serving cell (PCell) , the second serving cell is a second primary serving cell (PCell) , the NCL is a first NCL, and the configuration information is to further configure the UE with a secondary cell (SCell) on a second NCL, wherein the method further comprising: transitioning the first PCell to an idle state.
[0191] Example 8 includes the method of example 1 or some other example herein, wherein the NCL is a first NCL, the second cell is a first primary secondary cell (PSCell) and the configuration information is to further configure one or more secondary cells (SCells) on the first NCL, a second PSCell on a second NCL, and one or more SCells on the second NCL.
[0192] Example 9 includes a method comprising: processing configuration information received from a network, the configuration information to configure a first serving cell on a coverage layer (CL) and a second serving cell on a non-coverage layer (NCL) ; and performing an initial access procedure with the second serving cell.
[0193] Example 10 includes the method of example 9 or some other example herein, further comprising: processing system information or a paging message received from the network via the first cell.
[0194] Example 11 includes the method of example 9 or some other example herein, further comprising: processing a system information block (SIB) received from the network via the first cell; and identifying a configured list of cells on one or more NCLs based on the SIB.
[0195] Example 12 includes the method of example 11 or some other example herein, wherein the configured list of cells on the one or more NCLs includes the second serving cell and the SIB is to further configure one or more parameters associated with the second serving cell, the one or more parameters to include a location area, a coverage area, beam information, or a radio quality condition.
[0196] Example 13 includes the method of example 12 or some other example herein, wherein the one or more parameters includes a location area and the method further comprises: selecting the second serving cell for initial access based on the location area.
[0197] Example 14 includes the method of example 12 or some other example herein, wherein the one or more parameters includes a radio quality condition and the method further comprises: detecting a radio quality associated with the second serving cell; comparing the radio quality to the radio quality condition; and selecting the second serving cell for initial access based on said comparing the radio quality to the radio quality condition.
[0198] Example 15 includes the method of example 9 or some other example herein, further comprising: detecting a radio quality associated with the second serving cell; and selecting the second serving cell for initial access based on the radio quality.
[0199] Example 16 includes the method of example 9 or some other example herein, wherein the initial access procedure includes a radio resource control (RRC) connection setup procedure or an RRC connection resume procedure, and the method further comprises: camping, while in an RRC idle or inactive state, on the first serving cell.
[0200] Example 17 includes the method of example 16 or some other example herein, further comprising: determining a radio quality associated with the second serving cell; and performing the initial access procedure with the second serving cell based on the radio quality.
[0201] Example 18 includes the method of example 9 or some other example herein, further comprising: detecting, while in a radio resource control (RRC) connected state, a compromised radio condition on the second serving cell; and initiating, based on said detecting the compromised radio condition on the second serving cell, an RRC reestablishment procedure with the first serving cell.
[0202] Example 19 includes the method of example 9 or some other example herein, further comprising: performing a radio link monitoring (RLM) operation on the second serving cell.
[0203] Example 20 includes the method of example 9 or some other example herein, further comprising: determining the second serving cell is deactivated; and performing the RLM operation on the second serving cell based on a radio resource management (RRM) monitoring interval associated with deactivated cells.
[0204] Example 21 includes the method of example 19 or 20 or some other example herein, wherein performing the RLM operation comprises: determining a measurement result associated with the second serving cell; and comparing the measurement result to an RLM threshold.
[0205] Example 22 includes the method of example 19 or some other example herein, further comprising: detecting a radio link failure based on the RLM operation; selecting a third serving cell on the NCL or another NCL; and sending information associated with the radio link failure to the second serving cell.
[0206] Example 23 includes the method of example 19 or some other example herein, further comprising: detecting a radio link failure based on the RLM operation; and sending information associated with the radio link failure to the first serving cell.
[0207] Example 24 includes the method of example 19 or some other example herein, further comprising: detecting a radio link failure based on the RLM operation; attempting to detect a third serving cell on the NCL or another NCL; and sending information associated with the radio link failure to the third serving cell if the attempting to detect the third serving cell is successful; and sending information associated with the radio link failure to the first serving cell if the attempting to detect the third serving cell is not successful.
[0208] Example 25 includes the method of example 9 or some other example herein, further comprising: performing a beam failure detection (BFD) operation on the second serving cell; and determining a quality of a radio link of the second serving cell based on the BFD operation.
[0209] Example 26 includes a method comprising: processing measurement configuration information received from a network, the measurement configuration information to configure a first serving cell on a non-coverage layer (NCL) as a special cell (SpCell) ; and determining whether a measurement event is detected with respect to a neighbor cell based on the SpCell.
[0210] Example 27 includes the method of example 26 or some other example herein, wherein the SpCell and the neighbor cell are of a common radio access technology (RAT) .
[0211] Example 28 includes the method of example 26 or some other example herein, wherein the measurement event is: an A3 event in which a quality associated with the neighbor cell becomes an offset better than a quality associated with the SpCell; or an A5 event in which a quality associated with the SpCell becomes worse than a first threshold and a quality associated with the neighbor cell becomes better than a second threshold.
[0212] Example 29 includes the method of example 26 or some other example herein, further comprising: comparing a radio quality of the SpCell to a predetermined radio quality threshold; and enabling a neighbor measurement based on said comparing the radio quality of the SpCell to the predetermined radio quality threshold.
[0213] Example 30 includes the method of example 26 or some other example herein, wherein the measurement configuration is to configure a plurality of neighbor measurement frequencies in a measurement group associated with a frequency range, and the method further comprises: comparing a radio quality of the SpCell to a predetermined radio quality threshold; and enabling a neighbor measurement on at least one of the plurality of neighbor measurement frequencies based on said comparing the radio quality of the SpCell to the predetermined radio quality threshold.
[0214] Example 31 includes the method of example 26 or some other example herein, wherein the measurement configuration is to configure a plurality of measurement groups for inter-radio access technology (RAT) measurements.
[0215] Example 32 includes the method of example 31 or some other example herein, wherein the plurality of measurement groups includes: a first measurement group associated with a coverage layer and a first frequency range, the first measurement group to include an intra-RAT neighbor frequency configured for measurement, an inter-RAT neighbor frequency configured for measurement, and a first special serving cell to control whether to enable neighbor measurements on the intra-RAT neighbor frequency and the inter-RAT neighbor frequency.
[0216] Example 33 includes the method of example 31 or some other example herein, wherein the plurality of measurement groups includes: a second measurement group associated with a non-coverage layer and a second frequency range, the second measurement group to include one or more intra-RAT neighbor frequencies configured for measurement, and a second special serving cell to control whether to enable neighbor measurements on the one or more intra-RAT neighbor frequencies.
[0217] Another example may include an apparatus comprising means to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1–33, or any other method or process described herein.
[0218] Another example may include one or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising instructions to cause an electronic device, upon execution of the instructions by one or more processors of the electronic device, to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1–33, or any other method or process described herein.
[0219] Another example may include an apparatus comprising logic, modules, or circuitry to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1–33, or any other method or process described herein.
[0220] Another example may include a method, technique, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1–33, or portions or parts thereof.
[0221] Another example may include an apparatus comprising: one or more processors and one or more computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1–33, or portions thereof.
[0222] Another example may include a signal as described in or related to any of examples 1–33, or portions or parts thereof.
[0223] Another example may include a datagram, information element, packet, frame, segment, PDU, or message as described in or related to any of examples 1–33, or portions or parts thereof, or otherwise described in the present disclosure.
[0224] Another example may include a signal encoded with data as described in or related to any of examples 1–33, or portions or parts thereof, or otherwise described in the present disclosure.
[0225] Another example may include a signal encoded with a datagram, IE, packet, frame, segment, PDU, or message as described in or related to any of examples 1–33, or portions or parts thereof, or otherwise described in the present disclosure.
[0226] Another example may include an electromagnetic signal carrying computer-readable instructions, wherein execution of the computer-readable instructions by one or more processors is to cause the one or more processors to perform the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1–33, or portions thereof.
[0227] Another example may include a computer program comprising instructions, wherein execution of the program by a processing element is to cause the processing element to carry out the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1–33, or portions thereof.
[0228] Another example may include a signal in a wireless network as shown and described herein.
[0229] Another example may include a method of communicating in a wireless network as shown and described herein.
[0230] Another example may include a system for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein.
[0231] Another example may include a device for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein.
[0232] Any of the above-described examples may be combined with any other example (or combination of examples) , unless explicitly stated otherwise. The foregoing description of one or more implementations provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the scope of embodiments to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of various embodiments.
[0233] Although the embodiments above have been described in considerable detail, numerous variations and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art once the above disclosure is fully appreciated. It is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all such variations and modifications.
Claims
1.A method comprising:generating configuration information to configure a user equipment (UE) with a first serving cell on a coverage layer (CL) and a second serving cell on a non-coverage layer (NCL) , wherein the first serving cell is to transmit system information and paging messages and the second serving cell is to be used for one or more initial access procedures; andgenerating one or more messages that include the configuration information, the one or more messages to be transmitted to the UE.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more initial access procedures includes a radio resource control (RRC) connection setup procedure, an RRC connection resume procedure, or an RRC connection reestablishment procedure.3.The method of claim 1, further comprising:generating, for transmission to the UE, a system information block (SIB) to configure a list of cells on one or more NCLs, wherein list of cells on the one or more NCLs includes the second serving cell on the NCL and the SIB is to further configure one or more parameters associated with the second serving cell, the one or more parameters to include a location area, a coverage area, beam information, or a radio quality condition.4.The method of claim 1, wherein the first serving cell is a primary serving cell (PCell) , the second serving cell is a primary secondary serving cell (PSCell) , the NCL is a first NCL, and the configuration information is to further configure the UE with a secondary serving cell (SCell) on a second NCL.5.The method of claim 1, wherein the first serving cell is a first secondary cell (SCell) , the second serving cell is a primary serving cell (PCell) , the NCL is a first NCL, and the configuration information is to further configure the UE with a second SCell on a second NCL.6.The method of claim 1, wherein the first serving cell is a first primary serving cell (PCell) , the second serving cell is a second primary serving cell (PCell) , the NCL is a first NCL, and the configuration information is to further configure the UE with a secondary cell (SCell) on a second NCL, wherein the method further comprising:transitioning the first PCell to an idle state.7.The method of claim 1, wherein the NCL is a first NCL, the second cell is a first primary secondary cell (PSCell) and the configuration information is to further configure one or more secondary cells (SCells) on the first NCL, a second PSCell on a second NCL, and one or more SCells on the second NCL.8.One or more computer-readable media having instructions that, when executed, cause processing circuitry to:process configuration information received from a network, the configuration information to configure a first serving cell on a coverage layer (CL) and a second serving cell on a non-coverage layer (NCL) ; andperform an initial access procedure with the second serving cell.9.The one or more computer-readable media of claim 8, wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the processing circuitry to:process system information or a paging message received from the network via the first cell.10.The one or more computer-readable media of claim 8, wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the processing circuitry to:process a system information block (SIB) received from the network via the first cell; andidentify a configured list of cells on one or more NCLs based on the SIB.11.The one or more computer-readable media of claim 10, wherein the configured list of cells on the one or more NCLs includes the second serving cell and the SIB is to further configure one or more parameters associated with the second serving cell, the one or more parameters to include a location area, a coverage area, beam information, or a radio quality condition.12.The one or more computer-readable media of claim 8, wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the processing circuitry to:detect a radio quality associated with the second serving cell; andselect the second serving cell for initial access based on the radio quality.13.The one or more computer-readable media of claim 8, wherein the initial access procedure includes a radio resource control (RRC) connection setup procedure or an RRC connection resume procedure, and the instructions, when executed, further cause the processing circuitry to:camp, while in an RRC idle or inactive state, on the first serving cell.14.The one or more computer-readable media of claim 8, wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the processing circuitry to:detect, while in a radio resource control (RRC) connected state, a compromised radio condition on the second serving cell; andinitiate, based on said detection of the compromised radio condition on the second serving cell, an RRC reestablishment procedure with the first serving cell.15.The one or more computer-readable media of claim 8, wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the processing circuitry to:perform a radio link monitoring (RLM) operation on the second serving cell.16.The one or more computer-readable media of claim 15, wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the processing circuitry to:determine the second serving cell is deactivated; andperform the RLM operation on the second serving cell based on a radio resource management (RRM) monitoring interval associated with deactivated cells.17.The one or more computer-readable media of claim 15 or 16, wherein to perform the RLM operation the processing circuitry is to:determine a measurement result associated with the second serving cell; andcompare the measurement result to an RLM threshold.18.The one or more computer-readable media of claim 15, wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the processing circuitry to:detect a radio link failure based on the RLM operation;attempt to detect a third serving cell on the NCL or another NCL; andsend information associated with the radio link failure to the third serving cell if the attempting to detect the third serving cell is successful; andsend information associated with the radio link failure to the first serving cell if the attempting to detect the third serving cell is not successful.19.The one or more computer-readable media of claim 8, wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the processing circuitry to:perform a beam failure detection (BFD) operation on the second serving cell; anddetermine a quality of a radio link of the second serving cell based on the BFD operation.20.An apparatus comprising circuitry to:process measurement configuration information received from a network, the measurement configuration information to configure a first serving cell on a non-coverage layer (NCL) as a special cell (SpCell) ; anddetermine whether a measurement event is detected with respect to a neighbor cell based on the SpCell.21.The method of claim apparatus 20, wherein the SpCell and the neighbor cell are of a common radio access technology (RAT) .22.The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the measurement event is:an A3 event in which a quality associated with the neighbor cell becomes an offset better than a quality associated with the SpCell; oran A5 event in which a quality associated with the SpCell becomes worse than a first threshold and a quality associated with the neighbor cell becomes better than a second threshold.23.The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the circuitry is further to:compare a radio quality of the SpCell to a predetermined radio quality threshold; andenable a neighbor measurement based on said comparing the radio quality of the SpCell to the predetermined radio quality threshold.24.The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the measurement configuration is to configure a plurality of neighbor measurement frequencies in a measurement group associated with a frequency range, and the circuitry is further to:compare a radio quality of the SpCell to a predetermined radio quality threshold; andenable a neighbor measurement on at least one of the plurality of neighbor measurement frequencies based on said comparing the radio quality of the SpCell to the predetermined radio quality threshold.25.The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the measurement configuration is to configure a plurality of measurement groups for inter-radio access technology (RAT) measurements.
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