Circular RNA encoding chimeric antigen receptors targeting DLL3 and the use thereof
In vivo delivery of circular RNA with LNPs addresses the challenges of CAR-T therapy for solid tumors by enhancing gene delivery and immune cell activation, achieving efficient and durable anti-tumor responses.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-09-03
- Publication Date
- 2026-03-12
AI Technical Summary
Chimeric antigen receptor-T cell (CAR-T) therapy is challenging for treating solid tumors due to T cell exhaustion and complex manufacturing processes for allogeneic CAR-T cells, which increase costs and reduce viability.
In vivo delivery of circular RNA encoding CAR molecules using lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to enhance gene delivery efficiency and immune cell activation, offering a stable and durable anti-tumor response.
The method provides higher gene delivery efficiency and sustained anti-tumor efficacy, overcoming T cell exhaustion and simplifying the manufacturing process for CAR-T cell therapy.
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Figure CN2025118600_12032026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
Circular RNA encoding chimeric antigen receptors targeting DLL3 and the use thereofTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present invention relates to a circular RNA encoding CAR and in vivo delivery of CAR molecule with LNPs for the treatment of solid tumors.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Chimeric antigen receptor-T cell (CAR-T) therapy has shown a great benefit in patients with hematologic malignancies. However, applying the therapy to solid tumors has proven to be challenging. One of the barriers is T cell exhaustion, where the CAR-T cell becomes dysfunctional. In vivo delivery of mRNA encoding CAR with lipid nanopariticles (LNPs) represents a promising next-generation CAR-T cell technology with potential to overcome the limitations of current CAR-T cell therapy. Circular RNAs are much more stable compared to their linear counterparts due to their resistance to ribonuclease (RNase) activity. Therefore, repeated dosing of circular RNA encoding CAR with LNPs delivery platform might result in higher gene delivery efficiency in immune cells and more durable anti-tumor efficacy. Allogeneic CAR-T cells manufactured from healthy donors can broaden the reach of CAR-T cells to more patients and more types of cancer. However, the immunological tailoring of allogeneic CAR T cells through the addition of genome editing and cell purification steps complicates the manufacturing process, and this complication not only delays production and increases costs (including costs for gene-editing intellectual property) but also reduces the viability of the lymphocytes and their yield. Compared with allogeneic CAR-T cells manufactured ex vivo with lentiviral-based gene transduction, in vivo immune cells programming with LNP-circRNA encoding CAR represent a promising off-the-shlef therapy for solid tumors. The application relates to circular RNA encoded chimeric antigen receptors, and to methods of using it to facilitate immune response to the selected targets.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0003] This invention relates to a novel circular RNA encoding chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) or a variant thereof which can recognize specific targets and treat diseases, through the therapeutic use of circular RNA.
[0004] In one aspect, the present invention provides a circular RNA encoding chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) comprising a regulatory element and an expression element comprising a polynucleotide encoding chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) or a variant thereof.
[0005] In one aspect, the present invention provides a composition comprising the circular RNA disclosed herein, wherein the composition comprises pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
[0006] In one aspect, the present invention provides a method of immunotherapy in a subject comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of circular RNA disclosed herein to the subject. The immunotherapy is selected from CAR-T cell, CAR-NK cell, CAR-Macrophage cell or CAR-Treg therapies.
[0007] In one aspect, the present invention provides an immunotherapy for treating solid tumor, including alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, bladder cancer (e.g., bladder carcinoma) , bone cancer, brain cancer (e.g., Glioblastoma) , breast cancer, cancer of the anus, anal canal, or anorectum, cancer of the intrahepatic bile duct, cancer of the joints, cancer of the neck, gallbladder, or pleura, cancer of the nose, nasal cavity, or middle ear, cancer of the oral cavity, cancer of the vulva, colon cancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, fibrosarcoma, gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor, head and neck cancer (e.g., head and neck squamous cell carcinoma) , hypopharynx cancer, kidney cancer, larynx cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung carcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma) , melanoma, nasopharynx cancer, hairy cell leukemia, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, peritoneum, omentum, and mesentery cancer, pharynx cancer, prostate cancer, rectal cancer, renal cancer, skin cancer, small intestine cancer, synovial sarcoma, gastric cancer, testicular cancer, thyroid cancer, and ureter cancer.
[0008] In one aspect, the present invention provides a linear RNA polynucleotide for manufacturing circular RNA disclosed herein.
[0009] In one aspect, the invention provides a DNA vector being suitable for synthesizing the linear RNA disclosed herein and the circular RNA disclosed herein.
[0010] In one aspect, the invention provides a population of eukaryotic cells comprising a circular RNA disclosed herein.
[0011] In one aspect, the invention provides a method of manufacturing circular RNA disclosed herein, wherein the method comprises engagement of permuted intron-exon (PIE) system with group I introns or T4 RNA ligase 2 circulation.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0012] Figure 1 is the general structure of DLL3 CAR-encoding circular RNA.
[0013] Figure 2 shows the electrophoresis analysis of circular RNAs in an agarose gel.
[0014] Figure 3 shows the expression of anti-DLL3 CAR in the HEK293T cells transfected with corresponding circular RNAs.
[0015] Figure 4 shows the in vitro tumor cell killing activity of Jurkat T cells transfected with circRNA encoding CARs.
[0016] Figure 5 illustrates the anti-tumor efficacy of anti-DLL3 CAR circular RNAs in PBMC humanized N-NSG mice bearing subcutaneous SHP-77 xenograft tumors.
[0017] Figure 6 shows in vivo expression of anti-DLL3 CAR in human T cell populations in PBMC humanized mice bearing subcutaneous SHP-77 xenograft tumors.
[0018] Figure 7 illustrates the anti-tumor efficacy of anti-DLL3 CAR circular RNAs in PBMC humanized NCG-MHC-dKO mice bearing subcutaneous SHP-77 xenograft tumors.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0019] Unless otherwise defined below, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by an ordinary skilled person in the art. References to techniques used herein are intended to refer to techniques that are generally understood in the art, including those obvious changes or equivalent replacements of the techniques for those skilled in the art. While it is believed that the following terms are well understood by those skilled in the art, the following definitions are set forth to better explain the invention.
[0020] General Definition
[0021] As used herein, the terms “including” , “comprising” , “having” , “containing” or “comprising” , and other variants thereof, are inclusive or open, and do not exclude other unlisted elements or method steps. In some embodiments, the “including” , “comprising” , “having” , “containing” or “comprising” could be replaced with “consisting” or “consisits” .
[0022] As used herein, the terms “embodiment” , “disclosed herein” or “disclosure” are not meant to be limiting, but applies generally to any of the embodiments defined in the claims or described herein. These terms are used interchangeably herein.
[0023] As used herein, the terms “treat” , “treating” , “treatment” and the like refer to eliminating, reducing, or ameliorating a disease or condition, and / or symptoms associated therewith. Although not precluded, treating a disease or condition does not require that the disease, condition, or symptoms associated therewith be completely eliminated. The term “treat” and synonyms contemplate administering a therapeutically effective amount of the circular RNA or the composition disclosed herein to a subject in need of such treatment. The treatment can be orientated symptomatically, for example, to suppress symptoms. It can be effected over a short period, be oriented over a medium term, or can be a long-term treatment, for example within the context of a maintenance therapy.
[0024] Throughout this disclosure, the terms “a” or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity; for example, “apolynucleotide” is understood to represent one or more polynucleotides. As such, the terms “a” (or “an” ) , “one or more” and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein.
[0025] The term “variant” , as used herein, refers to a peptide that differs from the recited peptide due to amino acid substitutions, deletions, insertions, and / or modifications. Variants can be produced using art-known mutagenesis techniques.
[0026] The terms “composition” or “pharmaceutical composition” refer to compositions comprising the circular RNA provided herein, along with e.g., pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, or diluents for administration to a subject in need of treatment.
[0027] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to compositions that are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity or other complications commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio.
[0028] An “effective amount” is that amount of a circular RNA provided herein, the administration of which to a subject, either in a single dose or as part of a series, is effective for treatment. This amount can be a fixed dose for all subjects being treated, or can vary depending upon the weight, health, and physical condition of the subject to be treated, the extent of weight loss or weight maintenance desired, the formulation of the circular RNA or the composition disclosed herein, a professional assessment of the medical situation, and other relevant factors.
[0029] The term “subject” is meant any subject, particularly a mammalian subject, in need of treatment with the circular RNA or the composition provided herein. Mammalian subjects include, but are not limited to, humans, dogs, cats, guinea pigs, rabbits, rats, mice, horses, cattle, bears, cows, apes, monkeys, orangutans, and chimpanzees, and so on. In one embodiment, the subject is a human subject.
[0030] Circular RNA
[0031] As used herein, the terms “circRNA” or “circular polyribonucleotide” or “circular RNA” are used interchangeably and can refer to a polyribonucleotide that forms a circular structure through covalent or non-covalent bonds. When it comes to circular RNA, a skilled person would understand that a polynucleotide in a RNA refers to a polyribonucleotide.
[0032] In one aspect, the present invention provides a circular RNA encoding chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) comprising a regulatory element and an expression element comprising a polynucleotide encoding chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) or a variant thereof.
[0033] In some embodiments, the circular RNA encoding chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) , wherein the circular RNA comprises a regulatory element and an expression element comprising a polynucleotide encoding chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) or a variant thereof; and wherein the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) comprises an antigen binding domain, a transmembrane domain, a co-stimulatory domain, and an intracellular T cell signaling domain.
[0034] In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encoding CAR or a variant thereof has at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%or 100%identity with the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 4, 5 or 6.
[0035] In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence or a variant thereof of the CAR encoded by the polynucleotide has at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%or 100%identity with the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 1, 2 or 3.
[0036] In some embodiments, the circular RNA further comprises a signal peptide, the signal peptide is CD8a leader sequence, preferably is the CD8a leader sequence having at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%or 100%identity with the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 9.
[0037] In some embodiments, the antigen binding domain is an antigen binding domain specific for DLL3; preferably is a single chain variable fragment (scFv) specific for DLL3 or a VH derived from heavy chain antibody (VHH) molecule specific for DLL3; more preferably is the amino acid sequence of the scFv having at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%or 100%identity with the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 20 or 22; or the amino acid sequence of the VHH molecule having at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%or 100%identity with the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 18.
[0038] In some embodiments, the antigen binding domain is the amino acid sequence of the scFv having at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%or 100%identity with the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 20 or 22. In some embodiments, the antigen binding domain is the amino acid sequence of the VHH molecule having at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%or 100%identity with the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 18.
[0039] In some embodiments, the transmembrane domain is selected from the group consisting of CD28 and CD8 transmembrane domain; preferably is the transmembrane domain of CD28 or CD8 having at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%or 100%identity with the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 13 or 15. In some embodiments, the transmembrane domain is the transmembrane domain of CD28 or CD8 having at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%or 100%identity with the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 13 or 15.
[0040] In some embodiments, the co-stimulatory domain is selected from the group consisting of CD28, 4-1BB, OX40, CD27, CD30, ICOS, GITR, CD40, CD2, SLAM, and combinations thereof; preferably is CD28 or 4-1BB; more preferably is the co-stimulatory domain of 4-1BB having at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%or 100%identity with the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the co-stimulatory domain is CD28 or 4-1BB. In some embodiments, the co-stimulatory domain is the co-stimulatory domain of 4-1BB having at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%or 100%identity with the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 17.
[0041] In some embodiments, the intracellular T cell signaling domain is CD3zeta signaling domain, preferably is the CD3zeta signaling domain having at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%or 100%identity with the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 11.
[0042] Regulatory elements
[0043] A regulatory element may include a sequence that is located adjacent to an expression element that encodes an expression product. A regulatory element may be linked operatively to the adjacent sequence. A regulatory element may increase an amount of product expressed as compared to an amount of the expressed product when no regulatory element exists. In addition, one regulatory element can increase an amount of products expressed for multiple expression sequences attached in tandem. Hence, one regulatory element can enhance the expression of one or more expression sequences.
[0044] In some embodiments, the regulatory element increases the translation production of circular RNAs, preferably the regulatory element comprises a polynucleotide encoding an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the regulatory element comprises an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) or a fragment thereof.
[0045] A suitable IRES element to include in a circular polyribonucleotide comprises an RNA sequence capable of engaging a eukaryotic ribosome. In some embodiments, the IRES element is at least about 5 nt, at least about 8 nt, at least about 9 nt, at least about 10 nt, at least about 15 nt, at least about 20 nt, at least about 25 nt, at least about 30 nt, at least about 40 nt, at least about 50 nt, at least about 100 nt, at least about 200 nt, at least about 250 nt, at least about 350 nt, or at least about 500 nt.
[0046] In some embodiments, the IRES is selected from the group consisting of Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) IRES, Enterovirus 71 (EV71) IRES, encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) IRES, picornavirus (PV) IRES, hepatitis C virus (HCV) IRES, adenovirus (AdV) IRES, human papillomavirus type 31 (HPV31) IRES, human herpesvirus (HHV) IRES, Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) IRES, classical swine fever virus (CSFV) IRES, FGF9 IRES, SLC7A1 IRES, and RUNX1 IRES; preferably the IRES is CVB3 IRES or a variant thereof having at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%or 100%identity with the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 7.
[0047] In some embodiments, the IRES is CVB3 IRES or a variant thereof having at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%or 100%identity with the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 7.
[0048] Pharmaceutical compositions
[0049] In one aspect, the present invention provides a composition comprising the circular RNA disclosed herein, wherein the composition comprises pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
[0050] In some embodiments, the composition comprises the circular RNA of any one of the preceding embodiments and pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
[0051] In some embodiments, the composition comprises nanoparticle, preferably lipid nanoparticle. In some embodiments, the composition comprises lipid nanoparticle.
[0052] In some embodiments, the circRNA is administered as naked circRNA, or as a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In non-limiting examples, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is polyethylenimine (PEI) or a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) . Other examples of liposomes that can be used to administer the circRNA or the composition for administration include protamines, cationic nanoemulsions, modified dendrimer nanoparticles, protamine liposomes, cationic polymers, cationic polymer liposomes, polysaccharide particles, cationic lipid nanoparticles, cationic lipid-cholesterol nanoparticles, cationic lipid-cholesterol PEG nanoparticle, cationic lipid transfection reagents sold under the trademark LIPOFECTAMINE, nonliposomal transfection reagents sold under the trademark FUGENE, or any combination thereof can be used as the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0053] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises at least one of an ionizable lipid, a structural lipid, and a PEG-modified lipid; preferably the ionizable lipid is SM102 (CAS No. 2089251-47-6) .
[0054] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions may optionally comprise one or more additional active substances, e.g., therapeutically and / or prophylactically active substances.
[0055] Diseases
[0056] In one aspect, the present invention provides a method for immunotherapy in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the circular RNA or the composition disclosed herein to the subject.
[0057] In one aspect, the invention provides the use of the circular RNA or the composition disclosed herein in manufacture of a medicament for immunotherapy in a subject.
[0058] In one aspect, the invention provides a circular RNA or the composition disclosed herein, for use in immunotherapy in a subject.
[0059] In some embodiments, the immunotherapy is selected from CAR-T cell, CAR-NK cell, CAR-Macrophage cell or CAR-Treg therapies.
[0060] In some embodiments, the immunotherapy is selected from the treatment of solid tumor, including alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, bladder cancer (e.g., bladder carcinoma) , bone cancer, brain cancer (e.g., Glioblastoma) , breast cancer, cancer of the anus, anal canal, or anorectum, cancer of the intrahepatic bile duct, cancer of the joints, cancer of the neck, gallbladder, or pleura, cancer of the nose, nasal cavity, or middle ear, cancer of the oral cavity, cancer of the vulva, colon cancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, fibrosarcoma, gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor, head and neck cancer (e.g., head and neck squamous cell carcinoma) , hypopharynx cancer, kidney cancer, larynx cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung carcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma) , melanoma, nasopharynx cancer, hairy cell leukemia, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, peritoneum, omentum, and mesentery cancer, pharynx cancer, prostate cancer, rectal cancer, renal cancer, skin cancer, small intestine cancer, synovial sarcoma, gastric cancer, testicular cancer, thyroid cancer, and ureter cancer.
[0061] Linear RNA
[0062] In one aspect, the present invention provides a linear RNA polynucleotide for manufacturing circular RNA disclosed herein.
[0063] In some embodiments, the linear RNA polynucleotide comprises a regulatory element comprises a polynucleotide encoding an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) or a fragment thereof as defined in any one of the preceding embodiments, an expression element encoding a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) polypeptide as defined in any one of preceding embodiments, and at least one self-circularizing element.
[0064] In some embodiments, the linear RNA polynucleotide comprises, in the following order from 5’ to 3’:
[0065] optionally a 5’-self-circularizing element;
[0066] a regulatory element comprises a polynucleotide encoding an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) or a fragment thereof disclosed herein;
[0067] optionally a signal peptide element disclosed herein;
[0068] an expression element comprising a polynucleotide encoding chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) as defined in any one of the preceding embodiments;
[0069] optionally a stop codon;
[0070] optionally a 3’-self-circularizing element.
[0071] In some embodiments, the 5’-self-circularizing elements comprises a 5’-Group I intron fragment and an Exon2, preferably, a 5’ Group I intron permuted-intron-exon homology arms has at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%or 100%identity with the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 24. In some embodiments, the 3’-self-circularizing elements comprises an Exon1 and 3’-Group I intron fragment; preferably, a nucleotide sequence of 3’ Group I intron permuted-intron-exon homology arms has at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%or 100%identity with the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 25. In some embodiments, the 3’ group I intron fragment and the 5’ group I intron fragment are Anabaena group I intran fragments.
[0072] In some embodiments, the self-circularizing element is T4 RNA ligase 2 circulation, and the 5’ end of the linear RNA polynucleotide is phosphorylated, preferably monophosphate, the 3’ end of the linear RNA polynucleotide is OH. The T4 RNA ligase 2 catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester bond between 5-phosphate (donor) and 3-hydroxyl (acceptor) end groups in RNA in an ATP-dependent reaction.
[0073] DNA Vector and Population of Eukaryotic Cells
[0074] In one aspect, the invention provides a DNA vector suitable for synthesizing the linear RNA and the circular RNA disclosed herein.
[0075] In one aspect, the invention provides a population of eukaryotic cells comprising a circular RNA disclosed herein.
[0076] In some embodiments, the population of eukaryotic cells express the CAR complex protein encoded by the circular RNA polynucleotide on its cell surface.
[0077] In some embodiments, the population of cells kills tumor cells more effectively or for longer than an equivalent population of eukaryotic cells comprising linear RNA encoding the same CAR.
[0078] Method of Manufacturing the Circular RNA
[0079] In one aspect, the invention provides a method of manufacturing the circular RNA disclosed herein, wherein the method comprises engagement of permuted intron-exon (PIE) system with group I introns or T4 RNA ligase 2 circulation.
[0080] In some embodiments, the method of manufacturing the circular RNA of any one of the preceding embodiments comprises engagement of permuted intron-exon (PIE) system with group I introns.
[0081] In some embodiments, the method of manufacturing the circular RNA of any one of the preceding embodiments comprises engagement of T4 RNA ligase 2 circulation.
[0082] In some embodiments, the circular RNA is circularized from the linear RNA polynucleotide of any one of the preceding embodiments.
[0083] Examples
[0084] To make the objects and technical solutions of the present invention clearer, the present invention will be further described below in conjunction with specific examples. It should be understood that the examples are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Further, specific experimental methods not mentioned in the following examples were carried out in accordance with a conventional experimental method.
[0085] EXAMPLE 1: Vector Construction
[0086] The open reading frame of circular RNAs encoding anti-DLL3 CARs consists of four functional domains (Figure 1) , one is a VH derived from heavy chain antibodies (VHHs) molecule that recognizes DLL3 (SEQ ID NO: 18) , one is parts of the human CD8 protein (SEQ ID NO: 14) , one is parts of the human 4-1BB protein (SEQ ID NO: 16) and the remaining part is the intracellular domain of human CD3ζ (SEQ ID NO: 10) . The five functional domains are arranged in tandem, leading by a signaling peptide derived from human CD8 α-chain (SEQ ID NO: 8) . The transmembrane domain and the whole cytoplasmic tail of CD8 are included. Nucleotides encoding CAR protein were codon optimized with internal algorithms and translated through a coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) (SEQ ID NO: 7) . A BspQ I or Pme I restriction endonuclease digestion site was inserted 3’ downstream of the element required for plasmid linearization.
[0087] EXAMPLE 2: CircRNA-CAR Prepared by T4 Rnl2
[0088] Briefly, the plasmid was linearized by digestion with BspQ1 restriction endonuclease (Vazyme, DD4302-PC-02) , the reaction was incubated at 50 ℃for 3 hours and the linear DNA template was purified using DNA Clean &Concentrator-25 Kit (ZYMO RESEARCH, D4034) . Following the linearization step, an aliquot of the linearized DNA template was added to an IVT reaction to get the precursor RNA. In a traditional IVT reaction system, reaction components were assembled with 400 ng linearized DNA template, 100 U T7 RNA Polymerase (Vazyme, DD4101-PC-03) , a NTP solution mix including 20 mM GTP (Vazyme, DD4108-PA-02) , 80 mM GMP solution, 100 mM ATP (Vazyme, DD4106-PA-02) , 100 mM CTP (Vazyme, DD4107-PA-02) , 100 mM UTP (Vazyme, DD4105-PA-02) , 10×reaction buffer (Vazyme, DD4101R) , 10 U Rnase Inhibitor (Vazyme, DD4102-PA-01) and 0.008U Pyrophosphatase (Vazyme, DD4103-PC-01) , the IVT reaction was incubated at 37℃ for 2 hours. Then the linear products were exposed to Dnase I (Vazyme, EN401) digestion to remove the template DNA, and the RNA transcripts were column purified by RNA Cleanup Kit (NEB, T2040L) . To get the circular RNA, we then used T4 Rnl2 (Kactus, TRL-BE103-C1) to circularize the RNA transcripts, an enzyme ligation reaction was assembled, 10 U T4 RNA Ligase II, 10× reaction buffer and 10 μg linear RNA were added to a 40 μL reaction mixture and the reaction vessels was incubated at 25℃ for 2 hours. Final, Rnase R exonuclease (Novoprotein, GMP-E224-M001) were added to degrade the linear RNA and enrich the circular product, 1μg column purified RNA product, 1 U Rnase R was assembled to the 6 μl reaction system, and the reactions were incubated at 37 ℃ for 30 minutes. The circular RNA products were then purified using RNA Cleanup Kit (NEB, T2040L) .
[0089] EXAMPLE 3: In Vitro Expression of Anti-DLL3 CAR Encoding circRNA
[0090] Rnase R enriched circRNAs were formulated into lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) with ionizable lipid SM102 (sinopeg) . HEK293T cells were transfected with formulated anti-DLL3 CAR LNP-circRNA (SEQ ID NO: 4) . Phycoerythrin (PE) labeled human DLL3 protein (Acrobiosystems, DL3-HP2H7) was used for cell surface staining 24 h post-transfection. It is shown that 93.6%cells expressed DLL3 CARs on the cell surface.
[0091] EXAMPLE 4: In Vivo Efficacy Study of Anti-DLL3 CAR in hPBMCs-NSG mice.
[0092] To test the function of DLL3 CAR circRNAs (SEQ ID NO: 4) in vivo, we develop a PBMC humanized mouse model bearing subcutaneous SHP-77 xenograft tumors to monitor tumor growth inhibition. hPBMCs-NSG mice were generated by intravenous injection of 5x106 human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) into 6 weeks old female M-NSG mice (Shanghai Model Organisms, Shanghai, China) . The severe immune deficient niche allows for efficient transplantation of human PBMCs. Five days later, 5x106 human small cell lung cancer cell line SHP-77 cells were inoculated by subcutaneous injection (Figure 6) . The engraftment efficiency of human immune cells (hCD45+) was determined 10 days post PBMCs injection by flow cytometry analysis of blood cells. A success mouse model was designated as more than 1x104 human T cells reconstituted in the peripheral blood and tumor volume between 110 and 130 mm3.
[0093] EXAMPLE 5: DLL3 CAR circRNAs Treatment Show Sustained Anti-Tumor Efficacy
[0094] 15 hPBMCs-NSG recipient mice were randomized into control and treatment groups. LNP-circRNAs (SEQ ID NO: 4) were administrated by intravenous injection of 25 μg / dose twice a week (BIW) . All mice were treated 5 doses in total. Tumor growth was monitored by the caliper measurement twice a week. Mice treated with DLL3 CAR circRNAs (SEQ ID NO: 4) showed durable tumor control with 1 / 3 mice showed tumor regression (Figure 6) while tumors of the control group showed sustained progression.
[0095] Having now fully described the methods, compounds, and compositions herein, it will be understood by those of skill in the art that the same can be performed within a wide and equivalent range of conditions, formulations, and other parameters without affecting the scope of the methods, compounds, and compositions provided herein or any embodiment thereof.
[0096] EXAMPLE 6: In Vivo Efficacy Study of Anti-DLL3 CAR in hPBMCs NCG-MHC-dKO mice.
[0097] [Rectified under Rule 91, 13.10.2025]To test the function of DLL3 CAR circRNAs (SEQ ID NO: 4) in vivo, we develop a PBMC humanized mouse model bearing subcutaneous SHP-77 xenograft tumors to monitor tumor growth inhibition. hPBMCs NCG-MHC-dKO mice were generated by intravenous injection of 5x106 human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) into 5-6 weeks old female NCG-MHC-dKO mice (Beijing Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) . Twelve days later, 5x106 human small cell lung cancer cell line SHP-77 cells were inoculated by subcutaneous injection (Figure 7) . The engraftment efficiency of human immune cells (hCD45+) was determined 17 days post PBMCs injection by flow cytometry analysis of blood cells. A success mouse model was designated as more than 1x104 human T cells reconstituted in the peripheral blood and tumor volume between 60 and 90 mm3.
[0098] The sequence numbers and their description used in the invention are listed in Table 1. The nucleotide sequence and animo acid sequence shown in the sequence listing can represent RNA and the animo acid.
[0099] Table 1. The Sequence Numbers Used in the Present Invention
[0100] SEQ ID NO: 1: Amino acid sequence of anti-DLL3 CAR variant 1
[0101] SEQ ID NO: 2: Amino acid sequence of anti-DLL3 CAR variant 2
[0102] SEQ ID NO: 3: Amino acid sequence of anti-DLL3 CAR variant 3
[0103] SEQ ID NO: 4: Nucleotide sequence of anti-DLL3 CAR variant 1
[0104] SEQ ID NO: 5: Nucleotide sequence of anti-DLL3 CAR variant 2
[0105] SEQ ID NO: 6: Nucleotide sequence of anti-DLL3 CAR variant 3
[0106] SEQ ID NO: 7: Nucleotide sequence of CVB3-IRES
[0107] SEQ ID NO: 8: Amino acid sequence of CD8a signal peptide
[0108] SEQ ID NO: 9: Nucleotide sequence of CD8a signal peptide
[0109] SEQ ID NO: 10: Amino acid sequence of CD3ζ chain
[0110] SEQ ID NO: 11: Nucleotide sequence of CD3ζ chain
[0111] SEQ ID NO: 12: Amino acid sequence of CD28
[0112] SEQ ID NO: 13: Nucleotide sequence of CD28
[0113] SEQ ID NO: 14: Amino acid sequence of CD8a hinge &TM
[0114] SEQ ID NO: 15: Nucleotide sequence of CD8a hinge &TM
[0115] SEQ ID NO: 16: Amino acid sequence of 4-1BB
[0116] SEQ ID NO: 17: Nucleotide sequence of 4-1BB
[0117] SEQ ID NO: 18: Amino acid sequence of anti-DLL3 VHH variant 1
[0118] SEQ ID NO: 19: Nucleotide sequence of anti-DLL3 VHH variant 1
[0119] SEQ ID NO: 20: Amino acid sequence of anti-DLL3 ScFv variant 2
[0120] SEQ ID NO: 21: Nucleotide sequence of anti-DLL3 scFv variant 2
[0121] SEQ ID NO: 22: Amino acid sequence of anti-DLL3 ScFv variant 3
[0122] SEQ ID NO: 23: Nucleotide sequence of anti-DLL3 scFv variant 3
[0123] SEQ ID NO: 24: Nucleotide sequence of 5’ Group I intron permuted-intron-exon homology arms
[0124] SEQ ID NO: 25: Nucleotide sequence of 3’ Group I intron permuted-intron-exon homology arms
Claims
1.A circular RNA encoding chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) ,wherein the circular RNA comprises a regulatory element and an expression element comprising a polynucleotide encoding chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) or a variant thereof; andwherein the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) comprises an antigen binding domain, a transmembrane domain, a co-stimulatory domain, and an intracellular T cell signaling domain.2.The circular RNA of claim 1, wherein the polynucleotide encoding CAR or a variant thereof has at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%or 100%identity with the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 4, 5 or 6.3.The circular RNA of claim 2, wherein an amino acid sequence or a variant thereof of the CAR encoded by the polynucleotide has at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%or 100%identity with the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 1, 2 or 3.4.The circular RNA of any one of preceding claims, wherein the antigen binding domain is an antigen binding domain specific for DLL3; preferably is a single chain variable fragment (scFv) specific for DLL3 or a VH derived from heavy chain antibody (VHH) molecule specific for DLL3; more preferably is the amino acid sequence of the scFv having at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%or 100%identity with the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 20 or 22; or the amino acid sequence of the VHH molecule having at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%or 100%identity with the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 18.5.The circular RNA of any one of preceding claims, wherein the transmembrane domain is selected from the group consisting of CD28 and CD8 transmembrane domain; preferably is the transmembrane domain of CD28 or CD8 having at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%or 100%identity with the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 13 or 15.6.The circular RNA of any one of preceding claims, wherein the co-stimulatory domain is selected from the group consisting of CD28, 4-1BB, OX40, CD27, CD30, ICOS, GITR, CD40, CD2, SLAM, and combinations thereof; preferably is CD28 or 4-1BB; more preferably is the co-stimulatory domain of 4-1BB having at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%or 100%identity with the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 17.7.The circular RNA of any one of preceding claims, wherein the intracellular T cell signaling domain is CD3zeta signaling domain, preferably is the CD3zeta signaling domain having at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%or 100%identity with the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 11.8.The circular RNA of any one of preceding claims, wherein the regulatory element increases the translation production of circular RNAs, preferably the regulatory element comprises a polynucleotide encoding an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) or a fragment thereof.9.The circular RNA of any one of preceding claims, wherein the IRES is selected from the group consisting of Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) IRES, Enterovirus 71 (EV71) IRES, encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) IRES, picornavirus (PV) IRES, hepatitis C virus (HCV) IRES, adenovirus (AdV) IRES, human papillomavirus type 31 (HPV31) IRES, human herpesvirus (HHV) IRES, Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) IRES, classical swine fever virus (CSFV) IRES, FGF9 IRES, SLC7A1 IRES, and RUNX1 IRES; preferably is CVB3 IRES or a variant thereof having at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%or 100%identity with the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 7.10.The circular RNA of any one of preceding claims, wherein the circular RNA further comprises a signal peptide, the signal peptide is CD8a leader sequence, preferably is the CD8a leader sequence having at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%or 100%identity with the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 9.11.A composition, comprising the circular RNA of any one of the preceding claims and pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.12.The composition of claim 11, further comprising nanoparticle; preferably lipid nanoparticle.13.The composition of claim 12, wherein lipid nanoparticle comprises at least one of an ionizable lipid, a structural lipid, and a PEG-modified lipid; preferably the ionizable lipid is SM102.14.A method for immunotherapy in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the circular RNA of any one of claims 1-10 or the composition of any one of claims 11-13 to the subject; oruse of the circular RNA of any one of claims 1-10 or the composition of any one of claims 11-13 in the manufacture of a medicament for immunotherapy in a subject; orthe circular RNA of any one of claims 1-10 or the composition of any one of claims 11-13, for use in immunotherapy in a subject;preferably, the immunotherapy is selected from CAR-T cell, CAR-NK cell, CAR-Macrophage cell or CAR-Treg therapies.15.The method, use, or circular RNA of any one of claim 14, wherein the immunotherapy is selected from the treatment of solid tumor, including alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, bladder cancer (e.g., bladder carcinoma) , bone cancer, brain cancer (e.g., Glioblastoma) , breast cancer, cancer of the anus, anal canal, or anorectum, cancer of the intrahepatic bile duct, cancer of the joints, cancer of the neck, gallbladder, or pleura, cancer of the nose, nasal cavity, or middle ear, cancer of the oral cavity, cancer of the vulva, colon cancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, fibrosarcoma, gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor, head and neck cancer (e.g., head and neck squamous cell carcinoma) , hypopharynx cancer, kidney cancer, larynx cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung carcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma) , melanoma, nasopharynx cancer, hairy cell leukemia, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, peritoneum, omentum, and mesentery cancer, pharynx cancer, prostate cancer, rectal cancer, renal cancer, skin cancer, small intestine cancer, synovial sarcoma, gastric cancer, testicular cancer, thyroid cancer, and ureter cancer.16.A linear RNA polynucleotide comprises a regulatory element comprises a polynucleotide encoding an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) or a fragment thereof as defined in claim 10, an expression element encoding a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) polypeptide as defined in claims 1-7, and at least one self-circularizing element.17.The linear RNA polynucleotide of claim 16, comprising, in the following order from 5’ to 3’ :optionally a 5’ -self-circularizing element;a regulatory element comprises a polynucleotide encoding an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) or a fragment thereof as defined in claim 10;optionally a signal peptide element as defined in claim 4;an expression element comprising a polynucleotide encoding chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) as defined in claims 1-7;optionally a stop codon;optionally a 3’ -self-circularizing element.18.The linear RNA polynucleotide of any one of claims 16-17, whereinthe 5’ -self-circularizing elements comprises a 5’ -Group I intron fragment and an Exon2; preferably, a 5’ Group I intron permuted-intron-exon homology arms has at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 99%or 100%identity with the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 24;the 3’ -self-circularizing elements comprises an Exon1 and 3’ -Group I intron fragment; preferably, a nucleotide sequence of 3’ Group I intron permuted-intron-exon homology arms has at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%or 100%identity with the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 25;more preferably the 3’ group I intron fragment and the 5’ group I intron fragment are Anabaena group I intran fragments.19.The linear RNA polynucleotide of any one of claims 16-18, wherein the self-circularizing element is T4 RNA ligase 2 circulation, and the 5’ end of the linear RNA polynucleotide is phosphorylated, preferably monophosphate, the 3’ end of the linear RNA polynucleotide is OH.20.A DNA vector suitable for synthesizing the linear RNA polynucleotide of any one of claims 16-19.21.A population of eukaryotic cells comprising a circular RNA polynucleotide of the any one of claims 1-10, wherein the population of eukaryotic cells express the CAR complex protein encoded by the circular RNA polynucleotide on its cell surface.22.A method of manufacturing the circular RNA of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the method comprises engagement of permuted intron-exon (PIE) system with group I introns or T4 RNA ligase 2 circulation.23.The method of claim 22, wherein the circular RNA is circularized from the linear RNA polynucleotide of any one of claims 16-19.
Citation Information
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