Techniques of UL HARQ process control information
The unified control information design in 5G NR systems addresses inefficiencies in HARQ process control by providing explicit ACK/NACK feedback and L2 retransmission indications, reducing latency and improving resource efficiency.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-09-03
- Publication Date
- 2026-03-12
AI Technical Summary
Current 5G NR technologies face inefficiencies in HARQ process control due to independent Layer-1 and Layer-2 retransmission mechanisms, leading to increased latency and redundancy, as toggling the New Data Indicator (NDI) bit does not guarantee data release from the Layer-2 buffer, and separate processes result in suboptimal resource utilization.
A unified control information design is introduced that provides explicit UL HARQ ACK/NACK feedback, allowing the UE to flush the HARQ buffer upon receiving an ACK and perform L2 retransmissions only when necessary, with finer granularity feedback for improved resource efficiency.
This approach reduces latency and enhances retransmission efficiency by directly instructing the UE on handling both HARQ and L2 processes, optimizing scheduling and resource utilization.
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Figure CN2025118653_12032026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
TECHNIQUES OF UL HARQ PROCESS CONTROL INFORMATIONCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION (S)
[0001] This application claims the benefits of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 63 / 689,893, entitled “METHOD OF UPLINK HARQ PROCESS CONTROL INFORMATION” and filed on September 3, 2024, which is expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to wireless communications, and more particularly, to techniques of uplink HARQ process control information.BACKGROUND
[0003] The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.
[0004] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources. Examples of such multiple-access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.
[0005] These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, and even global level. An example telecommunication standard is 5G New Radio (NR) . 5G NR is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to meet new requirements associated with latency, reliability, security, scalability (e.g., with Internet of Things (IoT) ) , and other requirements. Some aspects of 5G NR may be based on the 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. There exists a need for further improvements in 5G NR technology. These improvements may also be applicable to other multi-access technologies and the telecommunication standards that employ these technologies.SUMMARY
[0006] The following presents a simplified summary of one or more aspects in order to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated aspects, and is intended to neither identify key or critical elements of all aspects nor delineate the scope of any or all aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
[0007] In an aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided. The apparatus may be a UE. The UE receives an uplink (UL) grant on a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) . The UE delivers the UL grant and associated Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) information to a HARQ entity. The UE identifies a HARQ process associated with the UL grant. The UE interpretes the associated HARQ information in the HARQ entity to determine a transmission state from a plurality of transmission states. The plurality of transmission states include an initial transmission state, a HARQ retransmission state, and a Layer 2 (L2) retransmission state. In response to determining the L2 retransmission state: the UE recycles data in a HARQ buffer of the identified HARQ process back to an L2 buffer; and flushes the HARQ buffer.
[0008] To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the one or more aspects comprise the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative features of the one or more aspects. These features are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of various aspects may be employed, and this description is intended to include all such aspects and their equivalents.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communications system and an access network.
[0010] FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a base station in communication with a UE in an access network.
[0011] FIG. 3 illustrates an example logical architecture of a distributed access network.
[0012] FIG. 4 illustrates an example physical architecture of a distributed access network.
[0013] FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an example of a DL-centric slot.
[0014] FIG. 6 is a diagram showing an example of an UL-centric slot.
[0015] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a general building block of the proposed approach.
[0016] FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating an enhanced UE procedure for UL-SCH data transfer.
[0017] FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating a detailed interpretation procedure for UL-SCH data transfer corresponding to the interpretation step in the overall UE procedure.
[0018] FIG. 10 is flowchart illustrating a UE procedure for receiving and processing HARQ-ACK information.
[0019] FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating a general building block of Proposal 1.
[0020] FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating DCI control Information and value setting in Proposal 1.
[0021] FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating Case 1 of DCI with NDI and L2 retx indication in Embodiment 1 of Proposal 1.
[0022] FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating Case 2 of DCI with NDI and L2 retx indication in Embodiment 1 of Proposal 1.
[0023] FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating Case 1 of DCI with NDI and ACK for previous transmission in Embodiment 2 of Proposal 1.
[0024] FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating Case 2 of DCI with NDI and ACK for previous transmission in Embodiment 2 of Proposal 1.
[0025] FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating Case 3 of DCI with NDI and ACK for previous transmission in Embodiment 2 of Proposal 1.
[0026] FIG. 18 is a diagram illustrating Case 1 of DCI with ACK for previous transmission in Embodiment 3 of Proposal 1.
[0027] FIG. 19 is a diagram illustrating Case 2 of DCI with ACK for previous transmission in Embodiment 3 of Proposal 1.
[0028] FIG. 20 is a diagram illustrating a general building block of Proposal 2.
[0029] FIG. 21 is a diagram illustrating MAC CE control information including HARQ feedback in Proposal 2.
[0030] FIG. 22 is a diagram illustrating MAC CE control information including HARQ feedback with timeline constraint in Solution 1 of Proposal 2.
[0031] FIG. 23 is a diagram illustrating MAC CE control information including HARQ feedback with hybrid approach in Solution 2 of Proposal 2.
[0032] FIG. 24 is a diagram illustrating MAC CE control information including HARQ feedback and DCI scheduling time in Solution 3 of Proposal 2.
[0033] FIG. 25 is a diagram illustrating a building block of Proposal 3.
[0034] FIG. 26 is a diagram illustrating DCI control information with finer granularity HARQ feedback in Proposal 3.
[0035] FIG. 27 is a diagram illustrating two-stage DCI with NDI and finer granularity HARQ feedback in Proposal 3.
[0036] FIG. 28 illustrates a flow chart of a process for uplink HARQ process control information.
[0037] FIG. 29 illustrates a flow chart of another process for uplink HARQ process control information.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0038] The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of various configurations and is not intended to represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of various concepts. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these concepts may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring such concepts.
[0039] Several aspects of telecommunications systems will now be presented with reference to various apparatus and methods. These apparatus and methods will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, components, circuits, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as “elements” ) . These elements may be implemented using electronic hardware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
[0040] By way of example, an element, or any portion of an element, or any combination of elements may be implemented as a “processing system” that includes one or more processors. Examples of processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, graphics processing units (GPUs) , central processing units (CPUs) , application processors, digital signal processors (DSPs) , reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, systems on a chip (SoC) , baseband processors, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , programmable logic devices (PLDs) , state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functionality described throughout this disclosure. One or more processors in the processing system may execute software. Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software components, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.
[0041] Accordingly, in one or more example aspects, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or encoded as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes computer storage media. Storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise a random-access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, other magnetic storage devices, combinations of the aforementioned types of computer-readable media, or any other medium that can be used to store computer executable code in the form of instructions or data structures that can be accessed by a computer.
[0042] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communications system and an access network 100. The wireless communications system (also referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN) ) includes base stations 102, UEs 104, an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 160, and another core network 190 (e.g., a 5G Core (5GC) ) . The base stations 102 may include macrocells (high power cellular base station) and / or small cells (low power cellular base station) . The macrocells include base stations. The small cells include femtocells, picocells, and microcells.
[0043] The base stations 102 configured for 4G LTE (collectively referred to as Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) ) may interface with the EPC 160 through backhaul links 132 (e.g., SI interface) . The base stations 102 configured for 5G NR (collectively referred to as Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) ) may interface with core network 190 through backhaul links 184. In addition to other functions, the base stations 102 may perform one or more of the following functions: transfer of user data, radio channel ciphering and deciphering, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity) , inter cell interference coordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, radio access network (RAN) sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS) , subscriber and equipment trace, RAN information management (RIM) , paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations 102 may communicate directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC 160 or core network 190) with each other over backhaul links 134 (e.g., X2 interface) . The backhaul links 134 may be wired or wireless.
[0044] The base stations 102 may wirelessly communicate with the UEs 104. Each of the base stations 102 may provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 110. There may be overlapping geographic coverage areas 110. For example, the small cell 102’ may have a coverage area 110’ that overlaps the coverage area 110 of one or more macro base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell and macrocells may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include Home Evolved Node Bs (eNBs) (HeNBs) , which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG) . The communication links 120 between the base stations 102 and the UEs 104 may include uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a base station 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a base station 102 to a UE 104. The communication links 120 may use multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication links may be through one or more carriers. The base stations 102 / UEs 104 may use spectrum up to 7 MHz (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 100, 400, etc. MHz) bandwidth per carrier allocated in a carrier aggregation of up to a total of Yx MHz (x component carriers) used for transmission in each direction. The carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated for DL than for UL) . The component carriers may include a primary component carrier and one or more secondary component carriers. A primary component carrier may be referred to as a primary cell (PCell) and a secondary component carrier may be referred to as a secondary cell (SCell) .
[0045] Certain UEs 104 may communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communication link 158. The D2D communication link 158 may use the DL / UL WWAN spectrum. The D2D communication link 158 may use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) , a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH) , a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , and a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) . D2D communication may be through a variety of wireless D2D communications systems, such as for example, FlashLinQ, WiMedia, Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-Fi based on the IEEE 802.11 standard, LTE, or NR.
[0046] The wireless communications system may further include a Wi-Fi access point (AP) 150 in communication with Wi-Fi stations (STAs) 152 via communication links 154 in a 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum. When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the STAs 152 / AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available.
[0047] The small cell 102’ may operate in a licensed and / or an unlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the small cell 102’ may employ NR and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum as used by the Wi-Fi AP 150. The small cell 102’ , employing NR in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, may boost coverage to and / or increase capacity of the access network.
[0048] A base station 102, whether a small cell 102’ or a large cell (e.g., macro base station) , may include an eNB, gNodeB (gNB) , or another type of base station. Some base stations, such as gNB 180 may operate in a traditional sub 6 GHz spectrum, in millimeter wave (mmW) frequencies, and / or near mmW frequencies in communication with the UE 104. When the gNB 180 operates in mmW or near mmW frequencies, the gNB 180 may be referred to as an mmW base station. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of the RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters. Radio waves in the band may be referred to as a millimeter wave. Near mmW may extend down to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 millimeters. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, also referred to as centimeter wave. Communications using the mmW / near mmW radio frequency band (e.g., 3 GHz -300 GHz) has extremely high path loss and a short range. The mmW base station 180 may utilize beamforming 182 with the UE 104 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range.
[0049] The base station 180 may transmit a beamformed signal to the UE 104 in one or more transmit directions 108a. The UE 104 may receive the beamformed signal from the base station 180 in one or more receive directions 108b. The UE 104 may also transmit a beamformed signal to the base station 180 in one or more transmit directions. The base station 180 may receive the beamformed signal from the UE 104 in one or more receive directions. The base station 180 / UE 104 may perform beam training to determine the best receive and transmit directions for each of the base station 180 / UE 104. The transmit and receive directions for the base station 180 may or may not be the same. The transmit and receive directions for the UE 104 may or may not be the same.
[0050] The EPC 160 may include a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, other MMEs 164, a Serving Gateway 166, a Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) Gateway 168, a Broadcast Multicast Service Center (BM-SC) 170, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway 172. The MME 162 may be in communication with a Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 174. The MME 162 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the EPC 160. Generally, the MME 162 provides bearer and connection management. All user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through the Serving Gateway 166, which itself is connected to the PDN Gateway 172. The PDN Gateway 172 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. The PDN Gateway 172 and the BM-SC 170 are connected to the IP Services 176. The IP Services 176 may include the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , a PS Streaming Service, and / or other IP services. The BM-SC 170 may provide functions for MBMS user service provisioning and delivery. The BM-SC 170 may serve as an entry point for content provider MBMS transmission, may be used to authorize and initiate MBMS Bearer Services within a public land mobile network (PLMN) , and may be used to schedule MBMS transmissions. The MBMS Gateway 168 may be used to distribute MBMS traffic to the base stations 102 belonging to a Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) area broadcasting a particular service, and may be responsible for session management (start / stop) and for collecting eMBMS related charging information.
[0051] The core network 190 may include a Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 192, other AMFs 193, a location management function (LMF) 198, a Session Management Function (SMF) 194, and a User Plane Function (UPF) 195. The AMF 192 may be in communication with a Unified Data Management (UDM) 196. The AMF 192 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the core network 190. Generally, the SMF 194 provides QoS flow and session management. All user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through the UPF 195. The UPF 195 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. The UPF 195 is connected to the IP Services 197. The IP Services 197 may include the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , a PS Streaming Service, and / or other IP services.
[0052] The base station may also be referred to as a gNB, Node B, evolved Node B (eNB) , an access point, a base transceiver station, a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a basic service set (BSS) , an extended service set (ESS) , a transmit reception point (TRP) , or some other suitable terminology. The base station 102 provides an access point to the EPC 160 or core network 190 for a UE 104. Examples of UEs 104 include a cellular phone, a smart phone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a satellite radio, a global positioning system, a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player (e.g., MP3 player) , a camera, a game console, a tablet, a smart device, a wearable device, a vehicle, an electric meter, a gas pump, a large or small kitchen appliance, a healthcare device, an implant, a sensor / actuator, a display, or any other similar functioning device. Some of the UEs 104 may be referred to as IoT devices (e.g., parking meter, gas pump, toaster, vehicles, heart monitor, etc. ) . The UE 104 may also be referred to as a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communications device, a remote device, a mobile subscriber station, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, a user agent, a mobile client, a client, or some other suitable terminology.
[0053] Although the present disclosure may reference 5G New Radio (NR) , the present disclosure may be applicable to other similar areas, such as LTE, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) , or other wireless / radio access technologies.
[0054] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a base station 210 in communication with a UE 250 in an access network. In the DL, IP packets from the EPC 160 may be provided to a controller / processor 275. The controller / processor 275 implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality. Layer 3 includes a radio resource control (RRC) layer, and layer 2 includes a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer. The controller / processor 275 provides RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting of system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) , RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release) , inter radio access technology (RAT) mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification) , and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer packet data units (PDUs) , error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs) , re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs) , demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.
[0055] The transmit (TX) processor 216 and the receive (RX) processor 270 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1, which includes a physical (PHY) layer, may include error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding / decoding of the transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, modulation / demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. The TX processor 216 handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) , quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) , M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK) , M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) ) . The coded and modulated symbols may then be split into parallel streams. Each stream may then be mapped to an OFDM subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency domain, and then combined together using an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator 274 may be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate may be derived from a reference signal and / or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE 250. Each spatial stream may then be provided to a different antenna 220 via a separate transmitter 218TX. Each transmitter 218TX may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.
[0056] At the UE 250, each receiver 254RX receives a signal through its respective antenna 252. Each receiver 254RX recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the receive (RX) processor 256. The TX processor 268 and the RX processor 256 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The RX processor 256 may perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 250. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 250, they may be combined by the RX processor 256 into a single OFDM symbol stream. The RX processor 256 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time-domain to the frequency domain using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) . The frequency domain signal comprises a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the base station 210. These soft decisions may be based on channel estimates computed by the channel estimator 258. The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted by the base station 210 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to the controller / processor 259, which implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality.
[0057] The controller / processor 259 can be associated with a memory 260 that stores program codes and data. The memory 260 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 259 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets from the EPC 160. The controller / processor 259 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.
[0058] Similar to the functionality described in connection with the DL transmission by the base station 210, the controller / processor 259 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) acquisition, RRC connections, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, and security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification) ; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto TBs, demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.
[0059] Channel estimates derived by a channel estimator 258 from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 210 may be used by the TX processor 268 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the TX processor 268 may be provided to different antenna 252 via separate transmitters 254TX. Each transmitter 254TX may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission. The UL transmission is processed at the base station 210 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE 250. Each receiver 218RX receives a signal through its respective antenna 220. Each receiver 218RX recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to a RX processor 270.
[0060] The controller / processor 275 can be associated with a memory 276 that stores program codes and data. The memory 276 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 275 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets from the UE 250. IP packets from the controller / processor 275 may be provided to the EPC 160. The controller / processor 275 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.
[0061] New radio (NR) may refer to radios configured to operate according to a new air interface (e.g., other than Orthogonal Frequency Divisional Multiple Access (OFDMA) -based air interfaces) or fixed transport layer (e.g., other than Internet Protocol (IP) ) . NR may utilize OFDM with a cyclic prefix (CP) on the uplink and downlink and may include support for half-duplex operation using time division duplexing (TDD) . NR may include Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) service targeting wide bandwidth (e.g. 80 MHz beyond) , millimeter wave (mmW) targeting high carrier frequency (e.g. 60 GHz) , massive MTC (mMTC) targeting non-backward compatible MTC techniques, and / or mission critical targeting ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC) service.
[0062] A single component carrier bandwidth of 100 MHz may be supported. In one example, NR resource blocks (RBs) may span 12 sub-carriers with a sub-carrier bandwidth of 60 kHz over a 0.25 ms duration or a bandwidth of 30 kHz over a 0.5 ms duration (similarly, 50MHz BW for 15kHz SCS over a 1 ms duration) . Each radio frame may consist of 10 subframes (10, 20, 40 or 80 NR slots) with a length of 10 ms. Each slot may indicate a link direction (i.e., DL or UL) for data transmission and the link direction for each slot may be dynamically switched. Each slot may include DL / UL data as well as DL / UL control data. UL and DL slots for NR may be as described in more detail below with respect to FIGs. 5 and 6.
[0063] The NR RAN may include a central unit (CU) and distributed units (DUs) . A NR BS (e.g., gNB, 5G Node B, Node B, transmission reception point (TRP) , access point (AP) ) may correspond to one or multiple BSs. NR cells can be configured as access cells (ACells) or data only cells (DCells) . For example, the RAN (e.g., a central unit or distributed unit) can configure the cells. DCells may be cells used for carrier aggregation or dual connectivity and may not be used for initial access, cell selection / reselection, or handover. In some cases DCells may not transmit synchronization signals (SS) in some cases DCells may transmit SS. NR BSs may transmit downlink signals to UEs indicating the cell type. Based on the cell type indication, the UE may communicate with the NR BS. For example, the UE may determine NR BSs to consider for cell selection, access, handover, and / or measurement based on the indicated cell type.
[0064] FIG. 3 illustrates an example logical architecture of a distributed RAN 300, according to aspects of the present disclosure. A 5G access node 306 may include an access node controller (ANC) 302. The ANC may be a central unit (CU) of the distributed RAN. The backhaul interface to the next generation core network (NG-CN) 304 may terminate at the ANC. The backhaul interface to neighboring next generation access nodes (NG-ANs) 310 may terminate at the ANC. The ANC may include one or more TRPs 308 (which may also be referred to as BSs, NR BSs, Node Bs, 5G NBs, APs, or some other term) . As described above, a TRP may be used interchangeably with “cell. ”
[0065] The TRPs 308 may be a distributed unit (DU) . The TRPs may be connected to one ANC (ANC 302) or more than one ANC (not illustrated) . For example, for RAN sharing, radio as a service (RaaS) , and service specific ANC deployments, the TRP may be connected to more than one ANC. A TRP may include one or more antenna ports. The TRPs may be configured to individually (e.g., dynamic selection) or jointly (e.g., joint transmission) serve traffic to a UE.
[0066] The local architecture of the distributed RAN 300 may be used to illustrate fronthaul definition. The architecture may be defined that support fronthauling solutions across different deployment types. For example, the architecture may be based on transmit network capabilities (e.g., bandwidth, latency, and / or jitter) . The architecture may share features and / or components with LTE. According to aspects, the next generation AN (NG-AN) 310 may support dual connectivity with NR. The NG-AN may share a common fronthaul for LTE and NR.
[0067] The architecture may enable cooperation between and among TRPs 308. For example, cooperation may be preset within a TRP and / or across TRPs via the ANC 302. According to aspects, no inter-TRP interface may be needed / present.
[0068] According to aspects, a dynamic configuration of split logical functions may be present within the architecture of the distributed RAN 300. The PDCP, RLC, MAC protocol may be adaptably placed at the ANC or TRP.
[0069] FIG. 4 illustrates an example physical architecture of a distributed RAN 400, according to aspects of the present disclosure. A centralized core network unit (C-CU) 402 may host core network functions. The C-CU may be centrally deployed. C-CU functionality may be offloaded (e.g., to advanced wireless services (AWS) ) , in an effort to handle peak capacity. A centralized RAN unit (C-RU) 404 may host one or more ANC functions. Optionally, the C-RU may host core network functions locally. The C-RU may have distributed deployment. The C-RU may be closer to the network edge. A distributed unit (DU) 406 may host one or more TRPs. The DU may be located at edges of the network with radio frequency (RF) functionality.
[0070] FIG. 5 is a diagram 500 showing an example of a DL-centric slot. The DL-centric slot may include a control portion 502. The control portion 502 may exist in the initial or beginning portion of the DL-centric slot. The control portion 502 may include various scheduling information and / or control information corresponding to various portions of the DL-centric slot. In some configurations, the control portion 502 may be a physical DL control channel (PDCCH) , as indicated in FIG. 5. The DL-centric slot may also include a DL data portion 504. The DL data portion 504 may sometimes be referred to as the payload of the DL-centric slot. The DL data portion 504 may include the communication resources utilized to communicate DL data from the scheduling entity (e.g., UE or BS) to the subordinate entity (e.g., UE) . In some configurations, the DL data portion 504 may be a physical DL shared channel (PDSCH) .
[0071] The DL-centric slot may also include a common UL portion 506. The common UL portion 506 may sometimes be referred to as an UL burst, a common UL burst, and / or various other suitable terms. The common UL portion 506 may include feedback information corresponding to various other portions of the DL-centric slot. For example, the common UL portion 506 may include feedback information corresponding to the control portion 502. Non-limiting examples of feedback information may include an ACK signal, a NACK signal, a HARQ indicator, and / or various other suitable types of information. The common UL portion 506 may include additional or alternative information, such as information pertaining to random access channel (RACH) procedures, scheduling requests (SRs) , and various other suitable types of information.
[0072] As illustrated in FIG. 5, the end of the DL data portion 504 may be separated in time from the beginning of the common UL portion 506. This time separation may sometimes be referred to as a gap, a guard period, a guard interval, and / or various other suitable terms. This separation provides time for the switch-over from DL communication (e.g., reception operation by the subordinate entity (e.g., UE) ) to UL communication (e.g., transmission by the subordinate entity (e.g., UE) ) . One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the foregoing is merely one example of a DL-centric slot and alternative structures having similar features may exist without necessarily deviating from the aspects described herein.
[0073] FIG. 6 is a diagram 600 showing an example of an UL-centric slot. The UL-centric slot may include a control portion 602. The control portion 602 may exist in the initial or beginning portion of the UL-centric slot. The control portion 602 in FIG. 6 may be similar to the control portion 502 described above with reference to FIG. 5. The UL-centric slot may also include an UL data portion 604. The UL data portion 604 may sometimes be referred to as the pay load of the UL-centric slot. The UL portion may refer to the communication resources utilized to communicate UL data from the subordinate entity (e.g., UE) to the scheduling entity (e.g., UE or BS) . In some configurations, the control portion 602 may be a physical DL control channel (PDCCH) .
[0074] As illustrated in FIG. 6, the end of the control portion 602 may be separated in time from the beginning of the UL data portion 604. This time separation may sometimes be referred to as a gap, guard period, guard interval, and / or various other suitable terms. This separation provides time for the switch-over from DL communication (e.g., reception operation by the scheduling entity) to UL communication (e.g., transmission by the scheduling entity) . The UL-centric slot may also include a common UL portion 606. The common UL portion 606 in FIG. 6 may be similar to the common UL portion 506 described above with reference to FIG. 5. The common UL portion 606 may additionally or alternatively include information pertaining to channel quality indicator (CQI) , sounding reference signals (SRSs) , and various other suitable types of information. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the foregoing is merely one example of an UL-centric slot and alternative structures having similar features may exist without necessarily deviating from the aspects described herein.
[0075] In some circumstances, two or more subordinate entities (e.g., UEs) may communicate with each other using sidelink signals. Real-world applications of such sidelink communications may include public safety, proximity services, UE-to-network relaying, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications, Internet of Everything (IoE) communications, IoT communications, mission-critical mesh, and / or various other suitable applications. Generally, a sidelink signal may refer to a signal communicated from one subordinate entity (e.g., UE1) to another subordinate entity (e.g., UE2) without relaying that communication through the scheduling entity (e.g., UE or BS) , even though the scheduling entity may be utilized for scheduling and / or control purposes. In some examples, the sidelink signals may be communicated using a licensed spectrum (unlike wireless local area networks, which typically use an unlicensed spectrum) .
[0076] In New Radio (NR) , there are two data transmission entities that provide correct data reception: Radio Link Control (RLC) Acknowledged Mode (AM) with its Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) functionality for Layer-2 (L2) retransmission, and Layer-1 (L1) Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ) retransmission at a physical-layer level.
[0077] The L2 retransmission mechanism (RLC ARQ) and the L1 HARQ retransmission are managed separately. This independence creates some issues. Specifically, in live networks, a UE may receive a toggling New Data Indicator (NDI) bit to flush the HARQ buffer. However, the UE may get informed later with a L2 control signal to retransmit the data. Therefore, even when L1 HARQ control information instructs the UE to flush its HARQ buffer, the UE cannot automatically release the corresponding data from its L2 buffer, as an L2 retransmission for that same data may still be requested later.
[0078] In other words, in current NR, a toggled NDI cannot be interpreted as an ACK for the previous transmission. Specifically, when the UE receives a toggled NDI bit, it flushes the HARQ buffer and generates a new Transport Block (TB) . However, the UE cannot release the corresponding data in the L2 buffer (e.g., Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) Service Data Unit (SDU) or PDCP Protocol Data Unit (PDU) buffer) since L2 retransmission on the data may still be requested.
[0079] Latency issues also arise because there are separate retransmission processes at both the HARQ and RLC AM levels. That is, from the UE perspective, toggling the NDI bit in the HARQ control information only instructs the UE to flush its HARQ buffer and prepare new packets for transmission, and does not equate to an acknowledgement (ACK) that the gNB successfully received the original HARQ buffer data. This ambiguity forces the UE to conservatively retain data in its L2 buffer and can lead to increased latency by relying on the slower L2 RLC mechanism, thereby reducing overall retransmission efficiency.
[0080] Additionally, some redundancy exists between NR HARQ and ARQ interactions. Without ARQ providing data integrity, the reliability requirements cannot be met under the current NR HARQ framework. In live networks, a TB may fail to decode successfully due to TB generation errors. In other cases, the gNB may incorrectly combine wrong TBs for soft combining. Exploring control information design for functional integration may be an issue.
[0081] In this disclosure, a new control information design has been developed to provide UE-friendly uplink (UL) buffer implementation. The design focuses on providing explicit UL HARQ Acknowledgement / Negative Acknowledgement (ACK / NACK) feedback. When a UE receives a UL HARQ ACK for transmitted data in a particular HARQ process, it flushes the corresponding HARQ buffer and can confidently release the associated data in the L2 buffer. Conversely, upon receiving a UL HARQ NACK, the UE is guided to either perform a standard HARQ retransmission in the HARQ process or perform an L2 retransmission of data based on an explicit indication. In either case, the HARQ process buffer can be flushed to accommodate new transport blocks (TBs) .
[0082] Another aspect of the disclosure involves flexible scheduling and low-latency control information design for efficient data retransmission. This design employs explicit UL L2 retransmission indications for HARQ processes. When a gNB fails to decode a UE’s transmission in a given HARQ process, it first attempts to schedule a retransmission for the HARQ process. However, if the gNB cannot allocate Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) resources of sufficient size to fit the bits of HARQ process’s transport block (s) , it will indicate the UE to trigger L2 retransmission for data in the HARQ process while simultaneously allowing the HARQ process to be reused for new transmissions. With this explicit L2 retransmission indication, this mechanism effectively eliminates the potential high latency for triggering UL retransmission.
[0083] Further optimization focuses on improving retransmission resource efficiency through finer granularity HARQ feedback for L2 retransmission. When the decoding of some of the data of a HARQ process fails, the gNB can indicate NACK status or request UL L2 retransmission for the affected data subset. This enables the UE to perform UL L2 retransmission on corresponding NACK data, thereby avoiding the redundant retransmission of successfully decoded data.
[0084] By integrating an explicit ACK / NACK indication into the HARQ control loop, the gNB can directly instruct the UE on how to handle both L1 and L2 retransmission processes, gaining more control over scheduling and improving overall resource efficiency.
[0085] The present disclosure addresses these limitations by proposing a unified control information framework that integrates the previously separate L1 HARQ and L2 ARQ retransmission decisions. By enhancing the HARQ control information, the network (gNB) can explicitly signal the outcome of a previous UL transmission, allowing the UE to intelligently and efficiently manage both its L1 HARQ and L2 data buffers in a single, coherent process. Furthermore, the proposed approach seeks to merge the traditionally separate L1 HARQ and L2 RLC ARQ decisions into a unified control framework within the MAC layer. This integration allows for more compact signaling and reduced latency by combining what were previously distinct entity behaviors-MAC handling HARQ new / retransmissions and RLC managing data status reports-into a single interpretation step at the HARQ entity level.
[0086] The decision processes for L1 actions (e.g., new transmission or HARQ retransmission) and L2 actions (e.g., data release or recycling to L2 buffer) may be evaluated in parallel rather than as mutually exclusive states. This parallel judgment structure avoids potential limitations in procedural flows, allowing the UE to simultaneously determine HARQ-level transmission behavior and L2 buffer management based on the combined indicators, thereby supporting more nuanced implementations without risking packet loss or inefficiency.
[0087] FIG. 7 is a diagram 700 illustrating a general building block of the proposed approach. In FIG. 7, the control information may be transmitted in DCI and / or MAC CE. The control information corresponds to a UL HARQ Process (HP) and may include the HP ID and one or multiple fields as follows: an NDI, an L2 retransmission indicator, and an ACK / NACK for previous transmission. The control information may inform the UE whether the previous data transmission was successfully received. Furthermore, the feedback may be reported in finer granularity.
[0088] The flowchart in FIG. 7 begins with a Start state, followed by the transmission of control information to the UE corresponding to a UL HARQ Process. Upon receiving this control information, the process branches into two paths based on whether the UE successfully decodes the control information. If decoding fails, the process proceeds to a proposed solution branch designed to achieve reliable control information against decoding failure cases, ultimately leading to abnormal or synchronization lost case handling. If decoding succeeds, the UE proceeds to interpret the control information.
[0089] During the interpretation phase, the UE reads the control information as one of the proposed states. The interpretation considers multiple factors including the presence and values of various indicators (NDI, L2 retransmission indicator, ACK / NACK indicator) and potentially the scheduled TB size. Based on this interpretation, the process branches into three main paths corresponding to different transmission scenarios.
[0090] When the UE successfully decodes this control information, it will interpret the gNB’s instruction accordingly. In this disclosure, the term "interpret" is used because there are inherent reliability considerations. For example, when the control information is conveyed through DCI, there exists approximately a 1%miss detection probability. This means the UE might occasionally fail to receive a DCI transmission from the gNB. If such DCI miss-detection occurs during the ongoing scheduling timeline, it could lead to value misalignment when the UE processes subsequent control information. In such cases, the UE might encounter contradictory values or observe scheduling results that do not align with its previous expectations, which would then trigger fallback procedures to handle either abnormal cases or synchronization loss scenarios. Through these fallback procedures, the UE can recover from potential misalignment and maintain synchronization with the network’s scheduling decisions. Additionally, when interpreting the control information, the scheduled TB size may be considered in interpreting the states.
[0091] The disclosure proposes three primary states corresponding to various operations. In these proposed states, State 0 indicates that the previous transmission succeeded, whereby the HARQ buffer is flushed, new TB (s) is generated, and the corresponding data in the L2 buffer are released. State 1 indicates that the previous transmission failed and an L1 HARQ retransmission is performed without modifying the HARQ buffer contents. State 2 indicates that the previous transmission failed, triggering an L2 retransmission where data in the HARQ buffer is recycled back to the L2 buffer, the HARQ buffer is then flushed, and new TB (s) is generated for the current transmission opportunity. When interpreting the control information, the UE distinguishes between these possible states based on the combination of indicator values and additional information such as scheduled TB size.
[0092] The flowchart illustrates the specific actions taken for each state determination. When the previous transmission is determined to have failed and State 1 (L1 HARQ retransmission) is selected, the process maintains the existing HARQ buffer content for retransmission. When State 2 (L2 retransmission) is selected due to previous transmission failure, the process first recycles the data from the HARQ buffer back to the L2 buffer for future retransmission, then flushes the HARQ buffer and generates new transport blocks for the current transmission opportunity. When the previous transmission is determined to have succeeded (State 0) , the process flushes the HARQ buffer, generates new transport blocks for new transmission, and importantly, releases the successfully transmitted data from the L2 buffer, thereby completing the full data transfer cycle.
[0093] The proposed framework represents a significant enhancement over existing NR mechanisms by merging the traditionally separate L1 HARQ and L2 RLC ARQ retransmission decisions into a unified control framework. This integration enables the network to provide explicit guidance on both L1 and L2 operations through a single set of control information, reducing signaling overhead and improving response time. The framework allows for more efficient buffer management at the UE by providing clear indications of when data can be safely released from the L2 buffer versus when it needs to be retained for potential retransmission.
[0094] Additionally, through an abnormal case handling mechanism, combined with various field and value settings in subsequent embodiments, the disclosure proposes specific solutions to address DCI miss detection scenarios. These solutions include using scheduled TB size as a secondary validation mechanism, implementing conservative retransmission strategies when ambiguity is detected, and establishing clear rules for resolving contradictory indicator values. The solutions focus on providing no packet loss occurs throughout the process while accounting for potential DCI miss detection events. When abnormal handling is triggered, the UE performs HARQ re-synchronization procedures that prioritize data integrity over efficiency, defaulting to retransmission when uncertainty exists about the network’s intent.
[0095] The flowchart concludes with an End state that is reached after completing the appropriate actions for the determined state. This comprehensive flow provides that all possible scenarios, including normal operations and exceptional cases, are handled systematically. The proposed approach thus provides a robust framework for managing UL HARQ processes with integrated L2 retransmission control, offering improved efficiency and reliability compared to current separated L1 and L2 mechanisms.
[0096] FIG. 8 is a flowchart 800 illustrating an enhanced UE procedure for UL-SCH data transfer that integrates Layer-1 (L1) HARQ transmission decisions with Layer-2 (L2) data buffer management through a unified interpretation of control information. This procedure addresses fundamental limitations in existing NR systems where L1 HARQ and L2 RLC ARQ mechanisms operate independently, causing inefficient buffer management and increased latency. The enhancement enables the UE to determine one of three distinct operational states through a single interpretation step, resolving the ambiguity that exists when these mechanisms are managed separately.
[0097] The process begins at start block 802 and proceeds to operation 804, where the UE receives an uplink grant on the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) . At operation 806, the UE delivers this uplink grant along with its associated HARQ information to the HARQ entity for processing. The procedure then identifies the specific HARQ process associated with this uplink grant at operation 808, establishing the context for subsequent operations on the correct HARQ buffer.
[0098] In operation 810, the UE interprets the associated HARQ information. Unlike existing systems that rely solely on a binary New Data Indicator (NDI) toggle to distinguish between new transmission and retransmission, this interpretation step analyzes multiple control information fields that may include the NDI, an L2 retransmission indicator, and a HARQ-ACK indicator for the previous transmission. Through this interpretation, the UE determines whether the current situation represents an initial transmission with successful previous data, an L1 HARQ retransmission for failed data requiring soft combining, or an L2 retransmission where failed data should be recycled to higher layers while the HARQ process is freed for new data.
[0099] Following the interpretation at operation 810, the procedure branches into three distinct paths. The first branch, evaluated at decision block 812, handles initial transmission scenarios. When initial transmission is indicated and a MAC PDU is obtained as verified at decision block 818, the UE proceeds through operations 820 and 822 to deliver the MAC PDU along with the uplink grant and HARQ information to the identified HARQ process and instruct that process to trigger a new transmission. Critically, at operation 824, the UE triggers an optional procedure for receiving HARQ-ACK information. This optional procedure activates when the interpretation at operation 810 indicates that the previous transmission was successful, enabling the UE to release the corresponding data from the L2 buffer. This represents a significant advancement over existing NR systems where toggled NDI cannot be interpreted as an explicit acknowledgment, forcing UEs to conservatively retain data in L2 buffers even when moving to new transmissions. The HARQ buffer of the identified process is flushed at operation 826, preparing it for the new data.
[0100] The second branch, evaluated at decision block 814, handles standard HARQ retransmission scenarios. When HARQ retransmission is indicated, the procedure maintains the existing HARQ buffer contents to enable soft combining at the receiver. The UE delivers the uplink grant and HARQ information of the transport block to the identified HARQ process at operation 828 and instructs the process to trigger a retransmission at operation 830. This path preserves the traditional L1 HARQ behavior for scenarios where physical layer retransmission with soft combining remains the most efficient recovery mechanism.
[0101] The third branch, evaluated at decision block 816, introduces the L2 retransmission state that represents a key innovation of this framework. When L2 retransmission is indicated, the UE performs operation 832 to recycle data from the HARQ buffer of the identified process back to the layer-2 buffer. This recycling preserves the failed data for future retransmission through L2 ARQ mechanisms while immediately freeing the HARQ process for potential reuse. The HARQ buffer is then flushed at operation 834. If a new MAC PDU is obtained, as determined at decision block 836, the UE can immediately instruct the identified HARQ process to trigger a new transmission at operation 838. This decoupling of L1 HARQ processes from L2 data recovery enables more flexible scheduling, particularly in scenarios where the network cannot allocate sufficient resources for immediate HARQ retransmission of the failed data.
[0102] All operational paths ultimately converge at end block 840, completing the unified data transfer procedure. The flowchart structure, while presented sequentially for clarity, conceptually represents parallel evaluation of two complementary decisions. The first decision determines the HARQ-level transmission behavior, choosing between new transmission and retransmission based on the current scheduling grant. The second decision manages L2 buffer operations, determining whether previously transmitted data should be released as successfully received or recycled for higher-layer recovery. This parallel decision structure reflects the fundamental integration of previously separate L1 HARQ and L2 RLC ARQ mechanisms into a single, coherent control framework.
[0103] The procedure illustrated in FIG. 8 solves several critical problems in existing wireless systems. First, it resolves the ambiguity where toggled NDI in current NR cannot confirm successful reception of previous data, preventing efficient L2 buffer management. Second, it eliminates the latency associated with separate L1 and L2 retransmission signaling by enabling both decisions through a single control message interpretation. Third, it provides explicit support for scenarios where failed data needs L2-level recovery while the HARQ process is immediately reused for new data, improving resource utilization in congested networks. Through these enhancements, the procedure provides a comprehensive framework for managing uplink data transfer with integrated retransmission control across protocol layers.
[0104] FIG. 9 is a flowchart 900 illustrating the detailed interpretation procedure for UL-SCH data transfer, corresponding to the interpretation step in the overall UE procedure. This procedure enables a UE to process enhanced HARQ control information containing multiple indicators and determine one of three distinct operational states: initial transmission, HARQ retransmission, or the newly introduced Layer-2 (L2) retransmission. The interpretation mechanism represents a significant advancement over conventional NR systems by unifying previously separate L1 HARQ and L2 ARQ retransmission decisions into a single coherent framework.
[0105] The procedure begins at operation 902, where the UE initiates interpretation of the associated HARQ information received in the control information. The HARQ information may contain various combinations of indicators, and not all indicators are necessarily present in every instance. At operation 904, the UE checks the HARQ information through a systematic evaluation process. The evaluation framework examines multiple indicators that may be present in the control information, with each indicator providing partial evidence toward the final state determination.
[0106] The interpretation process evaluates several types of indicators when present. At decision block 906, the UE checks if a new data indicator (NDI) is present. When the NDI is indicated as true at block 908, which typically means the bit is toggled relative to the previous DCI for the same HARQ process, this signals that the HARQ buffer should be flushed and new data should be generated. This condition implies either an initial transmission or an L2 retransmission at block 910, with the distinction depending on whether the previous transmission was successful or failed. When the NDI is indicated as false, meaning non-toggled, it directly implies a HARQ retransmission at block 912, where the existing HARQ buffer contents are maintained for physical layer retransmission.
[0107] Concurrently, at decision block 914, the UE checks if an L2 retransmission indicator is present in the control information. When this indicator is set to true at block 916, it explicitly directs the UE to perform L2 retransmission at block 918, where data from the HARQ buffer is recycled back to the L2 buffer for higher-layer recovery. When set to false, it implies either initial transmission or HARQ retransmission at block 920, with the specific action determined by other indicators and context.
[0108] The procedure also evaluates an ACK indicator at decision block 922 when present. When the ACK indicator is true at block 924, indicating that the previous transmission was successfully received by the network, the subsequent action depends on the combination with other indicators. The flowchart notation showing L2 retransmission at block 926 represents a specific scenario where, despite the previous transmission being successful, the current control information with other indicator combinations directs handling that involves L2 buffer operations for new data while confirming the success of previous data. When the ACK indicator is false, it indicates the previous transmission failed, leading to either HARQ retransmission or L2 retransmission at block 928 depending on other control information.
[0109] Additionally, the procedure incorporates scheduled transport block (TB) size as an implicit indicator at decision block 930. The UE compares the scheduled TB size derived from the current grant with the size of data currently stored in the HARQ buffer at block 932. When these sizes differ, it provides strong evidence that HARQ retransmission is not intended at block 934, as L1 HARQ retransmission requires matching TB sizes for soft combining at the receiver. This size mismatch therefore implies either initial transmission with new data or L2 retransmission where the failed data is recycled while new data of a different size is scheduled.
[0110] In operation 936, the implications from individual indicators are combined according to predefined logic rules. The combination process accounts for the fact that not all indicators may be present and that certain combinations of indicators provide stronger evidence for specific states than individual indicators alone. At decision block 938, the procedure evaluates whether the combined implications clearly resolve to exactly one transmission state out of the three possibilities: initial transmission, HARQ retransmission, or L2 retransmission.
[0111] When the combined indicators unambiguously indicate a single state, the procedure successfully returns that determined state at block 946. The unambiguous cases include scenarios where all present indicators consistently point to the same state or where the combination of indicators matches predefined patterns that uniquely identify one state. For example, a non-toggled NDI with matching scheduled TB size strongly indicates HARQ retransmission, while a toggled NDI combined with an explicit L2 retransmission indicator clearly specifies L2 retransmission with new data generation.
[0112] However, when the combined implications create ambiguity or contradictions, such as indicators simultaneously suggesting mutually exclusive states, the procedure triggers abnormal handling at block 940. These ambiguous situations often arise from DCI miss-detection events where the UE fails to receive one or more intermediate control messages, causing its state to become misaligned with the network’s expectations. For instance, if the UE receives a non-toggled NDI suggesting HARQ retransmission but the scheduled TB size differs from the buffered data, this contradiction indicates a potential synchronization issue.
[0113] During abnormal handling, the UE performs systematic checks at operation 942 to resolve the ambiguity and achieve HARQ re-synchronization. These checks may include evaluating whether the scheduled TB size matches the previous scheduled TB size to determine if HARQ retransmission is feasible, examining whether the control information was received within the expected HARQ round-trip time window, or assessing the state of the HARQ buffer to determine if data is available for retransmission. The specific conditions checked depend on the nature of the ambiguity and the available context information.
[0114] Based on the abnormal handling checks, the UE determines a single transmission state at operation 944 from the three possibilities. The determination follows conservative principles that prioritize data integrity and transmission reliability over efficiency. When uncertainty persists after all checks, the UE defaults to actions that prevent potential data loss, such as performing retransmission rather than assuming successful reception. This conservative approach may maintain system robustness even when control channel impairments create temporary misalignment between the UE and network states.
[0115] The interpretation procedure illustrated in FIG. 9 addresses fundamental limitations in existing NR systems where the binary NDI toggle mechanism cannot explicitly confirm the success or failure of previous transmissions. By incorporating multiple explicit and implicit indicators, the procedure enables the UE to make informed decisions about both current transmission behavior and the disposition of previously transmitted data. The framework supports efficient buffer management by allowing the UE to confidently release successfully transmitted data from the L2 buffer when indicated, while preserving failed data for appropriate retransmission mechanisms. Furthermore, the procedure’s ability to detect and resolve ambiguous indicator combinations through abnormal handling provides robustness against the approximately one percent DCI miss-detection rate typical in wireless channels.
[0116] FIG. 10 is a flowchart 1000 illustrating a UE procedure for receiving and processing HARQ-ACK information, which represents a critical component of the disclosed framework for unified control of Layer-1 (L1) HARQ and Layer-2 (L2) buffer management. This procedure addresses the fundamental limitation in existing New Radio (NR) systems where a toggled New Data Indicator (NDI) cannot be interpreted as an explicit acknowledgment for previous transmissions, forcing UEs to conservatively retain data in L2 buffers even when the data may have been successfully received by the network.
[0117] The procedure begins at start block 1002 and proceeds to operation 1004, where the UE receives HARQ information from control information. This control information may arrive through different channels, each with distinct timing and reliability characteristics. The framework accommodates both synchronous signaling through Downlink Control Information (DCI) and asynchronous signaling through Medium Access Control Control Elements (MAC CEs) , reflecting the dual-path architecture established in the broader proposals of the disclosure.
[0118] At decision block 1006, the procedure determines whether the control information is carried in DCI. When the control information arrives via DCI, the procedure follows the left branch of the flowchart. The UE first checks at decision block 1008 whether an explicit ACK bit is present in the DCI. This explicit ACK bit, when included, provides direct and unambiguous confirmation of the previous transmission’s outcome. If the ACK bit is present and evaluates to true at decision block 1010, the procedure proceeds directly to the acknowledgment processing at operation 1020.
[0119] When an explicit ACK bit is not present in the DCI, the procedure employs an interpretation mechanism at operation 1012. This interpretation step analyzes the combination of available indicators in the HARQ information, which may include the NDI, L2 retransmission indicators, and scheduled transport block size comparisons. The interpretation logic determines whether the current control information implies one of three possible states: initial transmission, HARQ retransmission, or L2 retransmission. At decision block 1014, the procedure specifically checks whether initial transmission is implied out of these three states. When initial transmission is implied, this carries the inherent meaning that the previous transmission was successful, as the network would not schedule entirely new data if the previous transmission had failed. Upon determining that initial transmission is implied, the procedure interprets this as an ACK at operation 1016.
[0120] Alternatively, when the control information is carried in a MAC CE, as determined at decision block 1017, the procedure follows the right branch of the flowchart. This path handles the asynchronous feedback mechanism where HARQ acknowledgments may arrive separately from scheduling grants. At decision block 1018, the UE checks whether the ACK bit in the MAC CE is true. When true, this provides explicit confirmation that the previous transmission was successfully received and decoded by the network.
[0121] Both the DCI and MAC CE paths converge at operation 1020, where the UE assumes that the acknowledged transport blocks (TBs) of the HARQ process were correctly decoded by the receiver. This assumption forms the basis for the subsequent buffer management decision. The convergence of these paths demonstrates that regardless of the signaling mechanism used, the framework provides consistent interpretation and handling of acknowledgment information.
[0122] Following the acknowledgment confirmation at operation 1020, the procedure performs its most significant action at operation 1022, where the UE releases the data corresponding to the acknowledged TBs from the L2 buffer. This data release represents a departure from conservative buffer management strategies in existing systems. By providing explicit or strongly implied acknowledgment information, the framework enables the UE to immediately free L2 buffer resources that would otherwise be retained unnecessarily. This efficient buffer management improves memory utilization and reduces the complexity of buffer management at the UE.
[0123] The procedure completes at end block 1024, having successfully processed the HARQ-ACK information and updated the L2 buffer state accordingly. This procedure may be triggered as an optional step during the broader UL-SCH data transfer process, particularly when initial transmission is determined and the previous transmission’s success needs to be confirmed for buffer management purposes.
[0124] The dual-path architecture of this procedure accommodates the different characteristics of DCI and MAC CE signaling. DCI-based acknowledgments provide immediate, synchronous feedback aligned with scheduling grants, enabling rapid buffer management decisions. MAC CE-based acknowledgments, while potentially subject to greater latency and timeline confusion challenges, offer flexibility for scenarios where explicit feedback needs to be provided outside the constraints of DCI formatting. The framework’s ability to handle both signaling methods through a unified procedure demonstrates its robustness and adaptability to various network configurations and traffic scenarios.
[0125] Through this procedure, the disclosed framework resolves the ambiguity inherent in existing NR systems regarding the interpretation of control information for buffer management. By providing explicit ACK indications or enabling their derivation from combined control information, the framework allows UEs to make informed decisions about when data can be safely released from L2 buffers. This capability reduces memory consumption, simplifies buffer management logic, and improves overall system efficiency by eliminating the need for conservative data retention strategies that assume the worst-case scenario of transmission failure.
[0126] Proposal 1 -UL HARQ control information indicated in DCI
[0127] FIG. 11 is a diagram 1100 illustrating a general building block of Proposal 1. In Proposal 1, the control information includes the HP ID and one or multiple 1-bit indicators as follows: an NDI, an L2 retransmission indicator, and an ACK / NACK for previous transmission. Additionally, when interpreting the control information, the scheduled TB size may be considered in interpreting the states.
[0128] In Proposal 1, the proposed states includes: State 0 indicates that the previous transmission succeeded, the HARQ buffer is flushed, new TB (s) is generated, and the corresponding data in the L2 buffer are released; State 1 indicates that the previous transmission failed and an L1 HARQ retransmission is performed; and State 2 indicates that the previous transmission failed, an L2 retransmission is performed, the HARQ buffer is flushed, and new TB (s) is generated.
[0129] The flowchart in FIG. 11 begins with a Start state, followed by the transmission of control information to the UE corresponding to a UL HARQ Process in DCI. This control information, labeled " [control information] transmitted to UE corresponding to a UL HP in DCI, " represents the enhanced DCI carrying the proposed indicators. The process then branches into two primary paths based on whether the UE successfully decodes this control information.
[0130] When decoding succeeds (left branch) , the UE proceeds to "Interpret control information. " This interpretation step analyzes the combination of indicator values present in the DCI. When decoding fails (right branch) , the process enters a proposed solution path designed to achieve reliable control information against decoding failure cases. This failure path, labeled " [value setting] is proposed to resolve decoding fail issue, " represents the error handling mechanisms that provide robust operation even when DCI miss-detection occurs.
[0131] Following successful interpretation, the process moves to "Read as one of [proposed states] , " where the UE determines which of the three states applies based on the indicator combinations. The flowchart then branches into three distinct paths corresponding to the three proposed states. The leftmost path represents State 1 (L1 HARQ retx) , where the previous transmission failed and standard HARQ retransmission is performed. The middle path represents State 2 (L2 retx) , where the previous transmission failed but requires L2 retransmission. The rightmost path represents the case where the previous transmission succeeded, allowing the UE to flush the HARQ buffer and generate new TB for new transmission.
[0132] For State 1 (L1 HARQ retransmission) , the process maintains the existing HARQ buffer content and proceeds with standard retransmission procedures. For State 2 (L2 retransmission) , the flowchart shows two sequential actions: first, "Recycle data back to L2 buffer" (shown in a light yellow box) , where failed data is returned to the L2 queue for future retransmission, followed by "Flush HARQ buffer, generate new TB, newtx" (shown in a darker yellow box) , preparing the HARQ process for new data. For State 0 (previous transmission succeeded) , the flowchart shows "Flush HARQ buffer, generate new TB, newtx" followed by "Release success data in L2 buffer" (shown in a red box) , indicating that successfully transmitted data can be safely removed from the L2 buffer.
[0133] The flowchart also includes a "Handle abnormal / sync lost case" path (shown in a gray box on the right) , which manages scenarios where the combined indicator values create contradictions or ambiguities. This abnormal handling mechanism provides system stability when DCI miss-detection or other exceptional conditions occur. All paths ultimately converge to an End state, completing the unified control information processing flow.
[0134] It should be noted that while the flowchart presents these decisions in a sequential, three-branch structure for clarity, the underlying L1 HARQ decisions (new transmission versus retransmission) and L2 buffer management decisions (data release versus recycling) may conceptually operate as parallel evaluation processes. The L1 decision determines the HARQ-level transmission behavior, while the L2 decision independently manages buffer operations based on the success / failure status indicated in the control information. This parallel nature of the decisions reflects the proposal’s integration of previously separate L1 HARQ and L2 RLC ARQ mechanisms into a unified control framework.
[0135] With an UL DCI, various proposed states can be indicated to the UE when the gNB schedules a transmission of a HARQ process. For example, three proposed states may be provided. Specifically, State 0 indicates the previous transmission succeeded, the HARQ buffer is flushed, and new TB (s) is generated for new transmission. Additionally, for DCI with reliable error-detecting coding (e.g., DCI encoded with 24-bit CRC) , the UE may release the corresponding data in the L2 buffer of the successful transmission. State 1 indicates the previous transmission failed and an L1 HARQ retransmission is performed. State 2 indicates that the previous transmission failed, an L2 retransmission is performed (i.e., data in the HARQ buffer is recycled back to the L2 buffer) , the HARQ buffer is flushed, and new TB (s) is generated for new transmission.
[0136] The 1-bit indicators representing the aforementioned three states are listed as follows: the NDI is true for state 0 or state 2 and false for state 1; the L2 retransmission indicator is true for state 2 and false for state 0 or state 1; and the ACK indicator for the previous transmission is true for state 0 and false for state 1 or state 2.
[0137] There are two ways to represent true / false using a 1-bit indicator: one is value toggling or non-toggling, for example, a change from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0 represents "true" , while no change (0 to 0 or 1 to 1) represents "false" ; the other is that 1 represents "true" and 0 represents "false" .
[0138] Furthermore, standalone DCI ACK feedback may refer to the scenario where, with an ACK indicator included in the DCI, the gNB can transmit the HP ID along with the ACK in the DCI as a standalone ACK feedback to the UE, with no PUSCH scheduling information carried in the DCI.
[0139] In the proposed framework, the interpretation of the NDI maintains its fundamental NR behavior, i.e., when set to false (non-toggled) , it signals HARQ retransmission, while toggling the indicator instructs the UE to generate new data in the HARQ buffer for new transmission. However, the existing NR implementation lacks explicit notification about whether the previous data was successfully received by the gNB when NDI is toggled, meaning the current NDI toggle simultaneously encompasses both state 0 (successful previous transmission) and state 2 (unsuccessful previous transmission) possibilities. To properly distinguish these cases, the disclosure introduces an additional one-bit indicator in the HARQ information. It may be an explicit L2 retransmission indicator or an ACK indicator for the previous transmission. Both options serve to inform the UE about the success / failure status of the previous transmission. The indication may be a combination of an NDI and an L2 retransmission indicator, or a combination of an NDI and an ACK indicator.
[0140] Consider the ACK indicator case. When true, it unambiguously confirms the previous transmission succeeded, allowing the UE to flush the HARQ buffer and prepare new data for transmission. When false, it indicates previous transmission failure, while the subsequent action (L2 retransmission with new HARQ data versus L1 HARQ retransmission) would be determined by the second indicator (e.g., NDI) .
[0141] This dual-field approach (two one-bit indicators) in the HARQ control information enables comprehensive state indication (states 0-2) .
[0142] In addition to the NDI, L2 retransmission indicator, and ACK indicator that are explicitly carried in the DCI, the scheduled TB (s) size calculated by the UE from scheduling information (i.e., Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) , Rank, resource allocation Physical Resource Block (PRB) ) can implicitly distinguish the proposed states as follows: for the same HP, if the scheduled TB (s) size differs from the previously scheduled TB size, this indicates "NOT state 1" , that is, state 0 or state 2. In such cases, the scheduled TB size provides a secondary validation mechanism. That is, the UE can definitively interpret a "state 1" case since HARQ retransmissions require identical TB sizes. This TB size parameter may serve an additional indicator in error handling scenarios, particularly when DCI misdetection occurs and creates ambiguity in interpreting field settings, such as toggling / non-toggling, or ACK / NACK.
[0143] Therefore, in the proposed framework, two indicators may confirm the probable state, while TB size comparison may serve as an elimination of state 1 interpretation.
[0144] In an embodiment, if a NACK is indicated in the DCI (i.e., state 1 or state 2 is interpreted) , the UE checks the scheduled TB size, and if this size is not equal to the previously scheduled TB size B for retransmission (i.e., not state 1) , an L2 retransmission is performed. In another embodiment, a margin is set for the scheduled TB size checking criteria: if a NACK is indicated in the DCI (i.e., state 1 or state 2) , an L2 retransmission is performed if the scheduled TB size A is greater than the previous scheduled TB size B *X%or the scheduled TB size A is less than the previous scheduled TB size B. Otherwise, an L1 HARQ retransmission is performed, where X%is a criteria set for interpreting the proposed states.
[0145] FIG. 12 is a diagram 1200 illustrating DCI control Information and value setting in Proposal 1. To indicate one state among the three states using DCI fields and / or the scheduled TB size, some combinations are listed in FIG. 12, and other combinations that form value sets for state implication are not excluded from the proposal.
[0146] FIG. 12 presents four different embodiments for combining DCI field indicators to determine the three proposed states. Each embodiment represents a different combination of indicators that can be used based on system requirements and implementation preferences. The first embodiment combines a New Data Indicator with an L2 retransmission indicator. The second embodiment combines a New Data Indicator with an ACK indicator. The third embodiment combines an L2 retransmission indicator with an ACK indicator. The fourth embodiment uses only an ACK indicator in conjunction with scheduled TB size information.
[0147] The first embodiment shown in FIG. 12 utilizes the combination of NDI and L2 retransmission indicator. When both NDI and L2 retransmission are true, State 2 is implied, indicating that previous transmission failed and L2 retransmission is performed with new TB generation. When NDI is true but L2 retransmission is false, State 0 is implied, indicating successful previous transmission with new TB generation. When NDI is false and L2 retransmission is false, State 1 is implied for HARQ retransmission. The combination of NDI false with L2 retransmission true represents a state sync lost condition requiring abnormal handling.
[0148] The second embodiment employs NDI combined with an ACK indicator for previous transmission. When NDI is toggled (true) and ACK is also true, the UE interprets this as State 0, confirming that the previous transmission succeeded and a new initial transmission is required. When NDI is toggled (true) but the ACK indicator is false, the UE interprets this as State 2, meaning it needs to flush the HARQ buffer and prepare new data while recycling the original failed data back to the L2 buffer for future retransmission. When both NDI and ACK are false, this indicates State 1, a standard HARQ retransmission request where the HARQ buffer contents are retained.
[0149] The third embodiment combines L2 retransmission indicator with ACK indicator. When L2 retransmission is false and ACK is true, State 0 is indicated. When L2 retransmission is true and ACK is false, State 2 is indicated. When both indicators are false, State 1 is indicated. The combination where both indicators are true represents an abnormal case requiring special handling, as simultaneous ACK and L2 retransmission indications are contradictory.
[0150] The fourth embodiment utilizes only the ACK indicator in conjunction with scheduled TB size to distinguish between states. When ACK is true, State 0 is indicated regardless of TB size. When ACK is false and the scheduled TB size matches the previous transmission, State 1 (HARQ retransmission) is indicated. When ACK is false and the scheduled TB size differs from the previous transmission, State 2 (L2 retransmission) is indicated. This embodiment reduces control signaling overhead but limits the gNB’s scheduling flexibility, as it must schedule L2 retransmissions with different TB sizes to distinguish them from HARQ retransmissions.
[0151] Across all embodiments, certain indicator combinations create logical conflicts requiring abnormal handling. For instance, in the second embodiment, receiving no NDI toggle (implying HARQ retransmission) with ACK indicator true (indicating previous transmission success) creates a contradiction. Similarly, in the third embodiment, simultaneous true values for both L2 retransmission and ACK indicators are mutually exclusive. These abnormal cases trigger fallback procedures or re-synchronization mechanisms to resolve the ambiguity.
[0152] As mentioned above, for a "True" indication, either bit-toggling or a value of 1 can be adopted, while for a "False" indication, either a non-toggling bit or a value of 0 can be used. Additionally, other fields such as an "L1 retransmission indicator" or "NACK indicator for previous transmission" are not precluded from being included in DCI fields. In the case of "State sync lost, " abnormal handling is triggered on the UE side. It should been noted that other combinations of value sets and their implied states are also not precluded. If the UE interprets the DCI as an L1 HARQ retransmission ( "state 1" ) but the scheduled TB size does not meet the criteria ( "NOT state 1" ) , abnormal handling is also triggered on the UE side. For an "other state, " the UE does not expect to receive ACK feedback for the previous transmission with a retransmission indication, and this value set can be used to imply a state different from states 0, 1, and 2.
[0153] Abnormal Handling -UE performs HARQ re-sync
[0154] A potential DCI missing case can be judged from misalignment of the NDI, HARQ ACK / NACK feedback, L2 retransmission indication, and / or a mismatch between the implied state from the scheduled TB size. The UE may decide to trigger abnormal handling when the values of the received indicators represent mutually exclusive states. For example, in Embodiment 1, if the UE receives "NDI = false" (i.e., indicating state 1) and also receives "L2 retransmission = true" (i.e., indicating state 2) , since state 1 and state 2 are mutually exclusive, the UE triggers an abnormal handling case. In Embodiment 2, if the UE receives "NDI =false" (i.e., indicating state 1) and also detects that "the scheduled TB size differs from the previously scheduled TB size" (i.e., indicating state 0 or state 2) , as state 1 is mutually exclusive with state 0 or state 2, the UE triggers an abnormal handling case.
[0155] In such cases, the UE assumes it may have missed a DCI during the process or encountered an exceptional condition requiring error handling, indicating it to fall back to predefined error recovery behavior.
[0156] If abnormal handling is triggered, the UE performs HARQ re-synchronization (re-sync) as follows: the principle is to prevent packet loss and provide packet transmission reliability through retransmission, where the UE decides between HARQ retransmission or L2 retransmission based on one or multiple conditions as follows:
[0157] (1) if the scheduled TB size matches the previously scheduled TB size, HARQ retransmission is performed;
[0158] (2) if the scheduled TB size does not match the previously scheduled TB size, L2 retransmission is performed, with the HARQ buffer flushed and new TB (s) generated;
[0159] (3) if the DCI is received within the HARQ lifetime and the TB size matches the previously scheduled TB size, HARQ retransmission is performed;
[0160] (4) if the DCI is received outside the HARQ lifetime and the HARQ buffer is empty, HARQ retransmission is performed; and
[0161] (5) if the DCI is received outside the HARQ lifetime and the HARQ buffer is not empty, L2 retransmission is performed, with the HARQ buffer flushed and new TB (s) generated.
[0162] Additionally, if an explicit ACK is received, the UE may flush the HARQ buffer, generate new TB (s) for a new transmission, and release the corresponding data in the L2 buffer of the successful transmission.
[0163] During error handling, if the UE can use additional information, such as the scheduled TB size, to refine its state determination (i.e., distinguishing among states 0, 1, or 2) , it will proceed according to the inferred state.
[0164] However, if ambiguity persists, the UE defaults to the most conservative approach: assuming the gNB expects a HARQ retransmission and proceeding accordingly. This conservative decision-making prioritizes preventing packet loss above all else.
[0165] Proposal 1 -Embodiment 1: DCI with NDI and L2 Retransmission Indication
[0166] In this embodiment, the NDI (1 bit) uses a toggled value to indicate HARQ buffer flushing, new TB generation, and a new transmission for the HARQ process, while the L2 retransmission indicator (1 bit) set to "true" indicates a L2 retransmission of the data from the transmitted TB of the HARQ process.
[0167] The combinations of DCI fields and their values are as follows: [NDI = no change, L2 retransmission = false] indicates an L1 HARQ retransmission on the HP ID; [NDI = toggle, L2 retransmission = false] indicates that the TB generated before the NDI toggle was successfully received, with a new transmission scheduled on the HP ID; [NDI = toggle, L2 retransmission = true] indicates an L2 retransmission of the TB generated before the NDI toggle, with a new transmission scheduled on the HP ID; and [NDI = no change, L2 retransmission = true] indicates a scenario where the UE missed the DCI or the gNB missed the data, requiring the UE to check the TB size to determine whether an L1 or L2 retransmission should be performed.
[0168] Proposal 1 -Embodiment 1: DCI with NDI and L2 Retransmission Indication
[0169] In the first embodiment of Proposal 1, the control information design employs a dual-indicator approach combining the New Data Indicator (NDI) with an explicit Layer-2 (L2) retransmission indicator to enable unambiguous signaling of three distinct operational states. The NDI operates as a 1-bit toggle indicator where a toggled value signals HARQ buffer flushing, new transport block (TB) generation, and scheduling of a new transmission for the HARQ process. Complementing this, the L2 retransmission indicator serves as a 1-bit flag where a "true" value explicitly instructs the UE to perform Layer-2 retransmission on the data from the previously transmitted TB of the HARQ process. This combination creates a robust signaling framework capable of distinguishing between successful transmissions requiring new data, failed transmissions requiring L1 HARQ retransmission, and failed transmissions requiring L2 retransmission with simultaneous new data scheduling.
[0170] The interpretation matrix for the combined DCI fields establishes four distinct signaling combinations. When both indicators show [NDI=no change, L2 retx=false] , this unambiguously signals a standard L1 HARQ retransmission on the HARQ Process (HP) ID, maintaining the existing HARQ buffer contents for physical layer retransmission. The combination [NDI=toggle, L2 retx=false] indicates that the transport block generated before the NDI toggling was successfully received by the network, and a new transmission is now scheduled on the HP ID, allowing the UE to release the corresponding data from its L2 buffer. When [NDI=toggle, L2 retx=true] is signaled, this instructs the UE to perform an L2 retransmission of the TB generated before the NDI toggling while simultaneously scheduling a new transmission on the HP ID, effectively recycling failed data back to the L2 queue while preparing new data for the current opportunity. The fourth combination [NDI=no change, L2 retx=true] represents an ambiguous scenario typically arising when the UE has missed a DCI or the gNB has missed uplink data, requiring the UE to employ the scheduled TB size as a disambiguation mechanism to determine whether L1 or L2 retransmission is appropriate.
[0171] FIG. 13 illustrates Case 1 of this embodiment through diagram 1300, demonstrating the scheme’s robustness against DCI miss-detection scenarios that occur with approximately 1%probability in wireless communications. The sequence begins with the gNB transmitting DCI#0 containing [NDI=toggle, L2 retx=false] to schedule a new transmission at Step 1. Upon reception, the UE generates TB#0 for HARQ Process ID 0 at Step A and transmits it on the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) . When the gNB fails to decode this PUSCH transmission at Step 2, it must determine how to handle the retransmission while potentially scheduling new data for efficiency.
[0172] At Step 3, the gNB makes a decision to indicate an L2 retransmission of the failed TB#0 while simultaneously scheduling the HARQ process with a new transmission. This is achieved by transmitting DCI#1 with [NDI=toggle, L2 retx=true] . The toggled NDI instructs the UE to flush its HARQ buffer and prepare new data, while the L2 retx=true flag explicitly indicates that the previously transmitted data should be recycled back to the L2 buffer for future retransmission rather than being discarded. This dual-purpose signaling maximizes resource utilization by allowing new data transmission while preserving failed data for L2-level recovery.
[0173] The reliability mechanism is demonstrated in Step 4, where the gNB, after failing to decode the expected PUSCH transmission, sends DCI#2 with [NDI=no change, L2 retx=true] . The key design aspect here is the persistent setting of L2 retx=true despite the non-toggled NDI. This persistent L2 retransmission flag serves as a reliability anchor that preserves the L2 retransmission instruction even when DCI miss-detection occurs. By maintaining L2 retx=true across multiple DCI transmissions, the scheme provides that the UE will correctly interpret the network’s intention to perform L2 retransmission regardless of which specific DCI it successfully receives.
[0174] The diagram presents two alternative UE reception paths that demonstrate the scheme’s robustness. In the primary path labeled as Step B, the UE fails to decode DCI#1 due to the inherent miss-detection probability in the wireless channel. Consequently, when the UE receives DCI#2, it compares the NDI value to its last successfully received DCI, which was DCI#0. The UE observes that the NDI has been toggled (comparing DCI#2 to DCI#0) and L2 retx is set to true. Despite having missed the intermediate DCI#1, the UE correctly interprets this combination as an instruction to recycle TB#0 data back to the L2 buffer for future retransmission and generate TB#1 for the current transmission opportunity. This demonstrates that the signaling scheme remains coherent even when intermediate control messages are lost.
[0175] The alternative path, denoted as Step B’ , illustrates the scenario where the UE successfully decodes DCI#1. In this case, the UE immediately processes the [NDI=toggle, L2 retx=true] instruction, recycling TB#0 data to the L2 buffer and generating TB#1 for the HARQ buffer. When DCI#2 subsequently arrives with [NDI=no change, L2 retx=true] , the UE compares this to DCI#1 rather than DCI#0. The non-toggled NDI relative to DCI#1, combined with L2 retx=true, triggers the TB size checking mechanism. Since the scheduled TB size in DCI#2 matches the size of TB#1 currently in the HARQ buffer, the UE correctly interprets this as a standard L1 HARQ retransmission request for TB#1. This path confirms that the scheme operates correctly regardless of whether intermediate DCIs are successfully received, with the same network signaling producing appropriate UE behavior in both scenarios.
[0176] The scheduled TB size serves as an essential disambiguation mechanism when the combination [NDI=no change, L2 retx=true] is received. This combination inherently carries ambiguity as it could indicate either that the UE missed a previous DCI containing new scheduling information, or that the gNB missed uplink data and is requesting retransmission. The UE resolves this ambiguity through a systematic check of whether the scheduled TB size in the current DCI matches the size of data currently stored in its HARQ buffer. If the sizes match, the UE performs a standard L1 HARQ retransmission, maintaining the existing buffer contents. If the sizes differ, this indicates a scheduling change has occurred, triggering an L2 retransmission where the current HARQ buffer data is recycled to the L2 queue and new data is generated for the current transmission. This TB size validation provides an additional layer of robustness that complements the primary indicator-based signaling.
[0177] Finally, at Step 5, the gNB successfully decodes TB#1 from the PUSCH and transmits DCI#3 with [NDI=toggle, L2 retx=false] . This combination signals to the UE that the previous transmission of TB#1 was successful and schedules another new transmission. The toggled NDI with L2 retx=false allows the UE to confidently release the TB#1 data from its L2 buffer while generating new data for the next transmission. Importantly, this also provides that the original TB#0 data, which was recycled to the L2 buffer in earlier steps, remains queued for future L2 retransmission as originally intended by the network.
[0178] Through this combination of NDI toggling behavior, explicit L2 retransmission indication, and TB size validation, Embodiment 1 may achieves reliable operation even in the presence of DCI miss-detection events. Through the persistent L2 retransmission flag mechanism, retransmission instructions are preserved across multiple DCI transmissions, while the TB size checking provides a fallback disambiguation method. This design distinguishes between L1 HARQ retransmissions that maintain buffer contents, L2 retransmissions that recycle data with new transmissions, and successful completions that allow data release with new transmissions. The scheme thus provides a framework that handles various error scenarios while maximizing resource utilization through the ability to schedule new data even when retransmissions are pending.
[0179] FIG. 14 is a diagram 1400 illustrating Case 2 of the DCI with NDI and L2 retransmission indication in Embodiment 1 of Proposal 1, demonstrating a critical scenario where the gNB persistently signals L2 retransmission across multiple consecutive DCI transmissions. This case specifically addresses the challenge of maintaining correct UE behavior when the network repeatedly attempts to indicate L2 retransmission while the UE experiences DCI reception failures.
[0180] The distinction of Case 2 from Case 1 is in the initial DCI configuration. At Step 1, when the gNB schedules the initial new transmission, DCI#0 is transmitted with [NDI=toggle, L2 retx=true] , unlike Case 1 where DCI#0 contained L2 retx=false. This initial setting of L2 retx=true establishes a different baseline for subsequent UE interpretation. Upon receiving DCI#0 at Step A, the UE generates TB#0 for HARQ Process ID 0. The toggled NDI instructs the UE to flush any existing HARQ buffer content and prepare new data, while the L2 retx=true flag, though not immediately actionable for a new transmission, sets the context for future DCI interpretation.
[0181] When the gNB fails to decode TB#0 from the PUSCH at Step 2, it determines that L2 retransmission is appropriate for the failed data. At Step 3, the gNB transmits DCI#1 with [NDI=toggle, L2 retx=true] . From the gNB’s perspective, this toggled NDI (relative to the network’s internal state tracking) signals both the recycling of TB#0 to L2 and the scheduling of new data. The persistent L2 retx=true reinforces the L2 retransmission requirement. Following another decoding failure, the gNB at Step 4 transmits DCI#2, again with [NDI=toggle, L2 retx=true] , maintaining the same signaling pattern to provide that the L2 retransmission instruction reaches the UE regardless of potential DCI loss.
[0182] The UE behavior occurs when DCI#1 is lost due to the inherent miss-detection probability in wireless channels, as shown at Step B. When the UE subsequently receives and decodes DCI#2 at Step C, it must interpret the control information based on its last successfully received DCI, which was DCI#0. An aspect of the NDI toggling mechanism becomes apparent here: while the gNB has toggled the NDI bit twice (once for DCI#1 relative to DCI#0, and once for DCI#2 relative to DCI#1) , the binary nature of the toggle means that DCI#2’s NDI bit value returns to the same state as DCI#0’s NDI bit value. Consequently, from the UE’s perspective comparing DCI#2 directly to DCI#0, the NDI appears non-toggled.
[0183] The combination of [NDI=no change, L2 retx=true] that the UE observes triggers specific interpretation logic defined in the embodiment. According to the UE behavior rules for this embodiment, when NDI is not toggled and L2 retx=true is received, the UE must examine additional context. Under Option 1 of the embodiment rules, the UE checks whether the previous successfully received DCI (DCI#0) also had L2 retx=true. Since DCI#0 indeed had L2 retx=true, the UE proceeds to check the scheduled TB size. If the scheduled TB size in DCI#2 matches the size of data currently in the HARQ buffer (TB#0) , the UE would perform HARQ retransmission. However, if the sizes differ, or under Option 2 where only TB size checking applies, the UE performs L2 retransmission.
[0184] In this specific scenario, the persistent L2 retx=true across all DCIs serves as a reliability anchor. Even though the apparent non-toggled NDI might typically suggest HARQ retransmission, the combination with L2 retx=true and the context of the previous DCI also having L2 retx=true guides the UE to the correct action. The UE recycles the TB#0 data back to the L2 buffer for future retransmission and generates TB#1 for the current PUSCH transmission opportunity scheduled by DCI#2. This demonstrates that the scheme maintains coherence even when consecutive L2 retransmission indications are transmitted and intermediate DCIs are lost.
[0185] The robustness of this design becomes evident when considering the alternative reception path. Had the UE successfully received DCI#1, it would have immediately processed the [NDI=toggle, L2 retx=true] instruction relative to DCI#0, recycling TB#0 and generating TB#1. Subsequently receiving DCI#2 with the same field values but now comparing to DCI#1 as the reference point, the UE would observe [NDI=toggle, L2 retx=true] again, triggering another L2 retransmission cycle. This consistent behavior regardless of which specific DCIs are successfully received demonstrates the scheme’s resilience.
[0186] The significance of Case 2 extends beyond simple error recovery. It illustrates how the persistent L2 retransmission indicator across multiple DCIs creates a "sticky" state that survives DCI loss. Unlike traditional HARQ operations where each DCI independently determines the operation, this approach provides that critical L2 retransmission instructions are preserved even when the communication channel experiences typical error rates. The UE’s ability to correctly interpret the network’s intent despite missing intermediate control messages is achieved through the careful design of the indicator combinations and the systematic application of disambiguation rules based on previous DCI states and scheduled TB sizes.
[0187] This case also demonstrates the importance of the dual-indicator approach. While the NDI’s binary toggling creates ambiguity after even numbers of toggles are missed, the L2 retransmission indicator provides the additional context needed for correct interpretation. The persistent setting of L2 retx=true across multiple transmissions effectively creates a "retransmission window" during which the UE will correctly handle the failed data regardless of the specific DCI reception pattern. As such, the system maintains data integrity and efficient resource utilization even under challenging channel conditions with significant control channel error rates.
[0188] Proposal 1 -Embodiment 2: DCI with NDI and ACK for Previous Transmission
[0189] FIG. 15 is a diagram 1500 illustrating Case 1 of Embodiment 2 in Proposal 1, which demonstrates a dual-indicator control signaling framework that combines the New Data Indicator (NDI) with an explicit ACK indicator for previous transmissions. This embodiment employs a toggling mechanism where both the NDI and ACK indicators operate as 1-bit toggle fields. For the NDI, a toggled value relative to the previous DCI for the same HARQ process signals the UE to flush the HARQ buffer, generate new Transport Blocks (TBs) , and prepare for new transmission. For the ACK indicator, a toggled value explicitly signals that the previous transmission was successfully received (ACK) , while a non-toggled value indicates failure (NACK) . This dual-toggling architecture creates four distinct operational states that enable unambiguous signaling of transmission outcomes and scheduling decisions.
[0190] The interpretation framework for these combined DCI fields establishes a comprehensive state machine with four distinct signaling combinations. When the UE receives [NDI=no change, ACK=no change] , this signals a standard L1 HARQ retransmission on the HARQ Process ID, with the UE maintaining the existing HARQ buffer contents for physical layer retransmission if the scheduled TB size meets the expected criteria. If the scheduled TB size differs from the expected size, the UE interprets this as requiring L2 retransmission of the data in the HARQ buffer. The combination [NDI=toggle, ACK=no change] unambiguously indicates that the previous transmission failed but the gNB is scheduling new data transmission, instructing the UE to perform L2 retransmission by recycling the data from the HARQ buffer back to the L2 queue, flush the HARQ buffer, and generate new data for the current transmission opportunity. When [NDI=toggle, ACK=toggle] is received, this confirms that the previous transmission was successfully decoded by the gNB and a new transmission is scheduled, enabling the UE to confidently release the successfully transmitted data from its L2 buffer while preparing new data. The fourth combination [NDI=no change, ACK=toggle] represents an abnormal case that triggers error handling procedures, as receiving an ACK without NDI toggling creates a logical contradiction in the normal operational flow.
[0191] The sequence illustrated in FIG. 15 demonstrates the robustness of this dual-indicator scheme against DCI miss-detection scenarios, which occur with approximately 1%probability in typical wireless channels. At Step 1, the gNB initiates the communication sequence by transmitting DCI#0 with both indicators toggled [NDI=toggle, ACK=toggle] , scheduling a new transmission for the UE. This initial configuration establishes the baseline toggle states, with both indicators set to indicate successful completion of any previous transmissions and scheduling of new data. Upon receiving DCI#0 at Step A, the UE interprets these toggled values, generates TB#0 for HARQ Process ID 0, and transmits it on the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) .
[0192] When the gNB fails to decode TB#0 from the PUSCH at Step 2, it must signal this failure while potentially scheduling new data to maintain resource efficiency. At Step 3, the gNB transmits DCI#1 with [NDI=toggle, ACK=no change] . The toggled NDI relative to DCI#0 instructs the UE to prepare for new data transmission by flushing the HARQ buffer and generating a new TB. The non-toggled ACK indicator explicitly signals that the previous transmission (TB#0) was not successfully received (NACK) . This combination of toggled NDI with non-toggled ACK unambiguously indicates State 2: the UE should recycle TB#0 to the L2 buffer for future retransmission while simultaneously preparing new data for the current transmission opportunity.
[0193] Following another PUSCH decoding failure at the gNB, Step 4 shows the transmission of DCI#2 with [NDI=no change, ACK=no change] relative to DCI#1. Both indicators remain unchanged from DCI#1, signaling a standard HARQ retransmission request. From the gNB’s perspective, this maintains consistency with the previous signaling state while requesting retransmission of the data it expects in the UE’s HARQ buffer.
[0194] The robustness feature of this embodiment is demonstrated at Step B, where the UE fails to decode DCI#1 due to wireless channel impairments but successfully receives DCI#2. When interpreting DCI#2, the UE must compare it against its last successfully received DCI, which was DCI#0. From this perspective, the UE observes that the NDI has been toggled (as the NDI bit value in DCI#2 differs from that in DCI#0, due to the single toggle performed by the gNB for DCI#1) . Meanwhile, the ACK indicator remains non-toggled throughout the entire sequence -the gNB maintained it in the non-toggled state from DCI#1 through DCI#2 to consistently signal that TB#0 was never successfully decoded.
[0195] According to the embodiment’s interpretation rules, the combination [NDI=toggle, ACK=no change] that the UE observes when comparing DCI#2 to DCI#0 correctly instructs the UE to perform L2 retransmission on TB#0 while generating TB#1 for the current transmission. Despite missing the intermediate DCI#1, the UE arrives at the intended operational state: TB#0 data is preserved for L2-level recovery through recycling to the L2 buffer, and new data (TB#1) is prepared for the scheduled PUSCH transmission. This demonstrates the fundamental advantage of the toggling-based ACK indicator design -the persistent non-toggled state serves as a reliable marker that no successful reception has occurred, regardless of which specific DCI messages are received or lost.
[0196] The significance of using toggling for the ACK indicator, rather than absolute binary values, becomes particularly evident in this miss-detection scenario. The ACK indicator’s toggle state functions as a cumulative acknowledgment mechanism that maintains consistency across multiple DCI transmissions. Since the gNB never toggles the ACK indicator throughout Steps 1-4 (maintaining it in the non-toggled state after the initial DCI#0) , the persistent non-toggled state provides that the UE correctly interprets that TB#0 was never successfully received, regardless of intermediate DCI losses. This design principle provides that critical acknowledgment information remains interpretable even when the communication experiences typical control channel error rates.
[0197] At Step 5, upon successfully decoding TB#1 from the PUSCH, the gNB transmits DCI#3 with [NDI=toggle, ACK=toggle] . Both indicators are toggled relative to DCI#2, creating a clear signal that the previous transmission (TB#1) was successfully received and another new transmission is being scheduled. The toggled ACK indicator enables the UE to confidently release TB#1 data from its L2 buffer, completing the successful transmission cycle, while the toggled NDI instructs the generation of new data for the next transmission opportunity. Importantly, the original TB#0 data, which was recycled to the L2 buffer during the L2 retransmission indication, remains queued for future transmission as intended by the network’s signaling.
[0198] The embodiment also incorporates the scheduled TB size as an auxiliary disambiguation mechanism to enhance robustness. When the UE receives [NDI=no change, ACK=no change] , it faces a potential ambiguity that could arise from missed DCIs or other exceptional conditions. The UE resolves this by comparing the scheduled TB size in the current DCI with the size of data currently stored in its HARQ buffer. If the sizes match within acceptable tolerances, the UE performs standard L1 HARQ retransmission, maintaining the existing buffer contents. If the sizes differ significantly, this indicates that a scheduling change has occurred, triggering L2 retransmission where the current HARQ buffer data is recycled to the L2 queue and new data is generated for the current transmission opportunity.
[0199] Through this dual-indicator approach with sophisticated toggling mechanisms, Embodiment 2 achieves several critical advantages over simpler control schemes. The explicit ACK indicator eliminates ambiguity about previous transmission outcomes, enabling confident and immediate L2 buffer management decisions. The toggling mechanism provides that acknowledgment status remains consistently interpretable across DCI miss-detection events, maintaining system coherence even with typical control channel error rates. The combination of NDI and ACK indicators creates a complete and unambiguous state space that covers all operational scenarios while maintaining backward compatibility with existing NDI behavior patterns. This comprehensive control information design enables reliable and efficient UL HARQ process management, providing data integrity and optimal resource utilization even in challenging wireless channel conditions with intermittent control message losses.
[0200] FIG. 16 is a diagram 1600 illustrating Case 2 of DCI with NDI and ACK for previous transmission in Embodiment 2 of Proposal 1. This case demonstrates the system’s robustness when the gNB persistently signals failure through consecutive L2 retransmission indications while the UE experiences DCI reception failures.
[0201] The sequence initiates at Step 1 with the gNB scheduling a new transmission. Upon receiving DCI#0 containing [NDI=toggle, ACK=toggle] , the UE generates TB#0 for HARQ Process ID 0 at Step A. Both indicators are toggled, establishing the baseline state for new data transmission. When the gNB fails to decode TB#0 from the PUSCH at Step 2, it must signal this failure while maintaining scheduling efficiency.
[0202] At Step 3, the gNB transmits DCI#1 with [NDI=toggle, ACK=no change] . The toggled NDI instructs buffer flushing and new data preparation, while the non-toggled ACK explicitly signals NACK for TB#0. This combination unambiguously indicates that the UE should perform L2 retransmission by recycling TB#0 to the L2 buffer while generating new data. Following another PUSCH decoding failure, the gNB at Step 4 transmits DCI#2 with [NDI=toggle, ACK=no change] , maintaining the same signaling pattern relative to DCI#1.
[0203] The scenario emerges when the UE fails to decode DCI#1 at Step B. When subsequently receiving DCI#2 at Step C, the UE must interpret the control information based on DCI#0, its last successfully received DCI. Due to the binary nature of the NDI toggle mechanism, two consecutive toggles by the gNB (DCI#1 relative to DCI#0, and DCI#2 relative to DCI#1) cause the NDI bit value to return to its original state. Consequently, from the UE’s perspective comparing DCI#2 to DCI#0, the NDI appears non-toggled.
[0204] The UE observes [NDI=no change, ACK=no change] when comparing DCI#2 to DCI#0. According to the embodiment’s interpretation rules, this combination typically indicates L1 HARQ retransmission when the scheduled TB size matches the buffer content. However, the UE performs TB size validation and finds that the scheduled TB size in DCI#2 does not meet the criteria for matching TB#0’s size, as the gNB has scheduled resources for different data. This mismatch triggers the UE to correctly interpret the situation as requiring L2 retransmission. The UE recycles TB#0 data to the L2 buffer and generates TB#1 for the new transmission opportunity.
[0205] The persistent non-toggled state of the ACK indicator throughout Steps 3 and 4 serves as a reliability anchor. Despite the NDI ambiguity created by the double toggle, the consistently non-toggled ACK provides that the UE correctly understands that TB#0 was never successfully received. This demonstrates how the dual-indicator approach provides redundancy against the limitations of binary toggling mechanisms.
[0206] FIG. 17 is a diagram 1700 illustrating Case 3 of DCI with NDI and ACK for previous transmission in Embodiment 2 of Proposal 1. This case demonstrates the framework’s ability to handle transitions from successful to failed transmissions when intermediate control messages are lost.
[0207] At Step 1, the gNB schedules a new transmission by transmitting DCI#0 with [NDI=toggle, ACK=toggle] . The UE receives this at Step A, generates TB#0 for HARQ Process ID 0, and transmits it on the PUSCH. Notably, at Step 2, the gNB successfully decodes TB#0, distinguishing this case from typical failure scenarios.
[0208] Following the successful decoding, the gNB at Step 3 transmits DCI#1 with [NDI=toggle, ACK=toggle] . Both indicators are toggled relative to DCI#0, signaling that TB#0 was successfully received and another new transmission is scheduled. However, when the subsequent PUSCH transmission fails to decode, the gNB at Step 4 transmits DCI#2 with [NDI=toggle, ACK=no change] . The toggled NDI (relative to DCI#1) schedules new data with buffer flushing, while the non-toggled ACK signals failure of the transmission following DCI#1.
[0209] The robustness mechanism is demonstrated when the UE fails to decode DCI#1 at Step B but successfully receives DCI#2 at Step C. Comparing DCI#2 to DCI#0, the UE observes an interesting pattern. The NDI has been toggled twice by the gNB (once in DCI#1 and once in DCI#2) , causing the bit value to return to its original state, appearing non-toggled from the UE’s perspective. However, the ACK indicator presents differently: it was toggled in DCI#1 but not in DCI#2, resulting in a net toggled state when comparing DCI#2 to DCI#0.
[0210] The UE thus observes [NDI=no change, ACK=toggle] when comparing DCI#2 to DCI#0. This represents an apparent contradiction in normal operation, as a non-toggled NDI suggests retransmission while a toggled ACK indicates success. The embodiment resolves this through a defined hierarchy where the explicit ACK indication takes precedence. The toggled ACK state persisting from the missed DCI#1 correctly informs the UE that TB#0 was indeed successfully received at some point between DCI#0 and DCI#2.
[0211] Therefore, at Step C, the UE flushes the HARQ buffer, releases TB#0 data from the L2 buffer (correctly interpreting its successful reception) , and generates TB#1 for the new transmission. This demonstrates an advantage of the toggling-based acknowledgment mechanism: the ACK toggle acts as a cumulative state change indicator that survives DCI miss-detection events, maintaining data management integrity despite control channel impairments.
[0212] The UE behavior for Embodiment 2 follows a hierarchical interpretation structure prioritizing ACK indicator evaluation. When the DCI ACK indicator is toggled compared to the previously received DCI, the UE performs a new transmission on the HARQ process and releases the acknowledged data from the L2 buffer, regardless of NDI state. This ACK-first approach provides prompt buffer clearing for successfully transmitted data.
[0213] When the ACK indicator is not toggled (indicating NACK) , the UE determines between L1 HARQ retransmission and L2 retransmission based on additional indicators. A toggled NDI with non-toggled ACK unambiguously indicates L2 retransmission, where the UE recycles previous transmission data to the L2 buffer and generates new data. When neither indicator is toggled, the UE validates using the scheduled TB size: matching sizes trigger L1 HARQ retransmission, while mismatches trigger L2 retransmission.
[0214] This hierarchical mechanism, combined with persistent toggle states and TB size validation, creates a robust control framework maintaining correct operation even with significant DCI loss rates. The dual-indicator design provides both data integrity and resource efficiency across diverse channel conditions.
[0215] Embodiment 3 of Proposal 1 presents a minimal control signaling approach that employs only a single ACK indicator for previous transmission, eliminating both the New Data Indicator (NDI) and the explicit L2 retransmission indicator. This design prioritizes control information efficiency by reducing the signaling overhead to a single bit, though it imposes a significant constraint on gNB scheduling flexibility. Specifically, the gNB must deliberately schedule L2 retransmissions with different Transport Block (TB) sizes compared to the original transmission to enable the UE to distinguish between L1 HARQ retransmission and L2 retransmission scenarios.
[0216] The operating principle uses the inherent relationship between TB size and retransmission type. In physical layer operations, L1 HARQ retransmissions require identical TB sizes to enable soft combining at the receiver. Therefore, when the gNB schedules a retransmission with the same TB size as the previous transmission, this unambiguously indicates L1 HARQ retransmission. Conversely, when the scheduled TB size differs from the previous transmission, this implicitly signals that L1 HARQ soft combining is not intended, thereby indicating L2 retransmission when combined with a NACK indication.
[0217] The control information structure consists solely of the ACK / NACK indicator within the DCI. When the DCI carries an ACK indication (representing successful previous transmission) , the UE interprets this as confirmation to proceed with new transmission while releasing the successfully transmitted data from its L2 buffer. When the DCI carries a NACK indication (representing failed previous transmission) , the UE must examine the scheduled TB size to determine the appropriate action. If the scheduled TB size matches the previously transmitted TB size, the UE performs standard L1 HARQ retransmission, maintaining the existing HARQ buffer contents. If the scheduled TB size differs from the previous transmission, the UE interprets this as an L2 retransmission instruction, recycling the failed data back to the L2 buffer while generating new data for the current transmission opportunity.
[0218] The UE behavior can be configured in two operational modes. Under Option 1, which employs absolute binary values, an ACK value of 1 triggers new transmission with L2 buffer release for acknowledged data, while an ACK value of 0 triggers either L1 HARQ retransmission (when TB sizes match) or L2 retransmission with new transmission (when TB sizes differ) . Under Option 2, which uses bit-toggling indication, a toggled ACK bit signals successful previous transmission with new transmission and L2 buffer release, while a non-toggled bit combined with TB size validation determines between L1 HARQ retransmission and L2 retransmission.
[0219] FIG. 18 is a diagram 1800 illustrating Case 1 of Embodiment 3. This case demonstrates the scheme’s operation when DCI miss-detection occurs. The sequence begins at Step 1, where the gNB schedules a new transmission by transmitting DCI#0 containing an ACK indication with TB size A. This initial ACK confirms that any previous transmissions were successful, establishing a clean baseline state for the HARQ process.
[0220] Upon receiving DCI#0 at Step A, the UE interprets the ACK as confirmation to proceed with new data generation. The UE creates TB#0 with size A for HARQ Process ID 0 and transmits it on the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) . When the gNB fails to decode TB#0 at Step 2, it must signal this failure while potentially scheduling different resources for efficiency.
[0221] At Step 3, the gNB transmits DCI#1 containing a NACK indication with TB size B. The NACK explicitly signals transmission failure, while the different TB size B (compared to the original TB size A) serves as the implicit indicator for L2 retransmission. This dual signaling mechanism -explicit NACK combined with implicit TB size differentiation -creates an unambiguous instruction despite using only a single control bit.
[0222] Following another decoding failure, the gNB at Step 4 transmits DCI#2, maintaining the NACK indication with TB size B. This consistent signaling pattern provides that the network’s intent remains clear even if intermediate DCIs are lost. The persistence of both the NACK indication and the specific TB size B across multiple transmissions creates robustness against control channel errors.
[0223] The robustness feature is demonstrated at Step B, where the UE fails to decode DCI#1 but successfully receives DCI#2. When processing DCI#2, the UE observes a NACK indication with scheduled TB size B. The UE compares this against TB size A from its last successfully received DCI#0. Since TB size B differs from TB size A, the UE correctly interprets this as an L2 retransmission indication. The UE therefore recycles the TB#0 data back to the L2 buffer for future retransmission and generates TB#1 with the new TB size B for the current transmission opportunity.
[0224] This interpretation mechanism demonstrates an advantage of the TB size-based disambiguation approach. The absolute TB size values, rather than relative changes or toggle states, determine the operation. Whether the UE receives DCI#1 or misses it entirely, the fact that DCI#2 schedules TB size B (different from the original TB size A) unambiguously indicates L2 retransmission when combined with the NACK indication.
[0225] At Step 5, upon successfully decoding TB#1, the gNB transmits DCI#3 with a NACK indication and TB size C. While this NACK might seem contradictory given the successful decoding of TB#1, it represents the gNB’s continued indication that the original TB#0 requires retransmission through L2 mechanisms. The different TB size C provides that the UE continues to interpret this as an L2 retransmission scenario, maintaining TB#0 data in the L2 queue while generating new data for each transmission opportunity.
[0226] In this case, the gNB cannot freely choose the most resource-efficient TB size when indicating L2 retransmission; it must deliberately select a different size from the previous transmission to provide correct UE interpretation. This constraint may lead to suboptimal resource allocation in scenarios where maintaining the same TB size would be more efficient. However, the benefit of reduced control signaling overhead -requiring only a single bit instead of multiple indicators -makes this embodiment particularly valuable for bandwidth-constrained deployments or scenarios with high control channel error rates where minimizing critical control bits enhances overall reliability.
[0227] The TB size matching criteria may incorporate tolerance margins to account for minor scheduling variations while maintaining clear state disambiguation. The gNB may configure a threshold percentage such that TB sizes are considered matching if they differ by less than this threshold and considered different if they exceed it. This flexibility allows the system to accommodate small resource allocation adjustments due to channel conditions or scheduling constraints while maintaining unambiguous state determination.
[0228] Through this single-indicator design supplemented by TB size validation, Embodiment 3 achieves control signaling efficiency while maintaining operational robustness. The approach demonstrates that multi-state HARQ control can be achieved with minimal explicit signaling when implicit scheduling parameters are leveraged effectively.
[0229] FIG. 19 is a diagram 1900 illustrating Case 2 of the minimal control signaling approach in Embodiment 3 of Proposal 1, which employs only an ACK indicator for previous transmission control. This case demonstrates a scenario where the UE remains unaware of a successful transmission due to DCI miss-detection, yet the system maintains data integrity through Transport Block (TB) size-based disambiguation. In this embodiment, the gNB must deliberately schedule different TB sizes when indicating Layer-2 (L2) retransmission, as the combination of NACK with a different TB size serves as the implicit L2 retransmission signal, while NACK with matching TB size indicates Layer-1 (L1) HARQ retransmission.
[0230] The sequence initiates from the network (gNB) perspective with Step 1, where the gNB schedules a new transmission by sending DCI#0 containing an ACK indication with TB size A. This establishes the baseline state, confirming any prior transmissions were successful. Upon receiving DCI#0, the UE at Step A generates TB#0 with size A for HARQ Process ID 0 and transmits it on the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) . At Step 2, the gNB successfully decodes TB#0, marking a critical distinction from typical failure scenarios-the data has been successfully received, though the UE will remain unaware of this success due to subsequent control channel failures.
[0231] Following the successful TB#0 reception, at Step 3, the gNB transmits DCI#1 containing an ACK indication with a new TB size B. This ACK confirms TB#0’s successful reception and schedules another new transmission with different resources. The TB size change from A to B represents normal scheduling flexibility when transitioning between successful transmissions. However, the subsequent system behavior diverges when the UE fails to decode DCI#1 at Step B, creating an information asymmetry-the gNB expects TB#1 with size B based on DCI#1, while the UE remains unaware that TB#0 was successful and that new data was requested.
[0232] When the gNB fails to receive the expected PUSCH transmission (because the UE never generated TB#1 due to missing DCI#1) , it responds at Step 4 by transmitting DCI#2 with a NACK indication and TB size B. From the gNB’s perspective, this NACK refers to the missing TB#1 transmission. The gNB maintains TB size B in DCI#2, consistent with what was scheduled in the missed DCI#1, as it attempts to reschedule the same resources for the data it expected but did not receive.
[0233] In particular, at Step C, when the UE successfully receives DCI#2, the UE interprets this DCI in view of its last successfully received DCI, which was DCI#0. Observing a NACK indication with TB size B, the UE compares this against the TB size A from DCI#0. The mismatch between TB size B and TB size A, combined with the NACK indication, triggers the L2 retransmission interpretation according to Embodiment 3’s rules. Consequently, the UE recycles TB#0 data back to the L2 buffer for future retransmission and generates TB#1 with the newly specified size B for the current transmission opportunity.
[0234] As shown, the absolute TB size values serve as persistent state indicators that survive DCI miss-detection events. Unlike toggling mechanisms that can create ambiguity when an even number of messages are lost, the absolute TB size comparison provides unambiguous interpretation regardless of which specific DCIs are successfully received. The UE correctly preserves TB#0 data for L2 retransmission, even though TB#0 was actually successfully received by the gNB. As such, no data loss occurs despite the control channel impairment.
[0235] At Step 5, when the gNB successfully decodes TB#1, it transmits DCI#3 with an ACK indication and a new TB size C. This ACK confirms TB#1’s successful reception, allowing the UE to release TB#1 data from its L2 buffer and schedule another new transmission with size C. The TB#0 data, having been recycled to the L2 buffer at Step C, remains queued for potential future retransmission. While this represents a redundancy (since the gNB actually received TB#0 successfully) , this conservative behavior is preferable to potential data loss and will be resolved through higher-layer mechanisms or subsequent successful transmissions of the recycled data.
[0236] The UE behavior rules for this embodiment provide two implementation options. Under Option 1 using absolute binary values, DCI ACK = 1 triggers new transmission with L2 buffer release for acknowledged data, while DCI ACK = 0 requires TB size validation-matching sizes trigger L1 HARQ retransmission, while differing sizes trigger L2 retransmission with new transmission. Under Option 2 using bit-toggling indication, a toggling ACK bit signals successful previous transmission with new transmission and data release, while a non-toggling bit similarly employs TB size validation for disambiguation between L1 and L2 retransmission. Both options leverage the fundamental principle that TB size changes implicitly indicate the network’s intent when explicit multi-bit signaling is unavailable.
[0237] Case 2 illustrates how the single-indicator design with TB size disambiguation creates a self-consistent system that maintains data integrity even when control and data plane states become temporarily misaligned. The scheme accepts the trade-off of occasional redundant L2 queueing (as with TB#0 in this case) in exchange for guaranteed data preservation and simplified control signaling.
[0238] It is noteworthy that the L1 actions (new transmission versus HARQ retransmission) and L2 actions (data release versus recycling to L2 buffer) represent conceptually parallel decisions rather than strictly sequential states. While the flowchart presentation suggests a cascade decision flow for clarity, the underlying UE implementation evaluates both the HARQ-level transmission behavior based on the ACK indicator and the L2 buffer management based on the success / failure indication simultaneously. This parallel evaluation structure enables more efficient implementation without constraining the UE to a rigid sequential decision tree, allowing for optimized processing that can adapt to specific implementation requirements while maintaining the specified external behavior.
[0239] Proposal 2: UL HARQ control Information indicating in MAC CE
[0240] FIG. 20 is a diagram 2000 illustrating the general building block of Proposal 2, which introduces a comprehensive framework for UL HARQ control information through Medium Access Control Control Elements (MAC CEs) . This proposal differs from DCI-based signaling due to the asynchronous nature of MAC CE delivery. While DCI provides all control information in a single, time-aligned transmission enabling immediate and unified interpretation by the UE, MAC CE-carried acknowledgments arrive separately from the initial scheduling grant, potentially after subsequent DCIs for the same HARQ process. This temporal decoupling introduces a "timeline confusion" challenge, where the UE may struggle to correctly associate late-arriving ACK / NACK feedback with its corresponding DCI-scheduled transmission.
[0241] The flowchart in FIG. 20 begins at the Start state and immediately branches based on the transmission mechanism for control information. The top of the flowchart shows "control information transmitted to UE corresponding to a UL HP according to [proposed constraints] , " which represents the network-side decision point where the base station (gNB) determines how to convey HARQ control information to the UE. These proposed constraints are essential to the operation of Proposal 2 and directly relate to the three solutions designed to prevent timeline confusion. The constraints provide that the gNB coordinates its transmission of control information through different channels (DCI and MAC CE) in a manner that maintains unambiguous interpretation at the UE side.
[0242] From this initial decision point, the flowchart splits into two primary paths representing the dual signaling mechanisms. The left path shows "control information received in DCI, " while the right path shows " [control information] received in MAC CE. " This dual-path architecture allows the system to leverage both synchronous DCI-based control and asynchronous MAC CE-based feedback, providing flexibility in different traffic scenarios and network conditions.
[0243] The DCI path on the left maintains compatibility with existing NR procedures while enabling integration with Proposal 1’s enhancements. When control information arrives via DCI, and If proposal 1 is integrated, a hybrid solution is used. This hybrid solution represents one of the three key mechanisms for resolving timeline confusion. In the hybrid approach, the system combines Proposal 1’s explicit Layer-2 (L2) retransmission indicator in DCI with Proposal 2’s MAC CE-based feedback. The DCI path includes two sub-components: "Get L2 retx indication" followed by either "Recycle data back to L2 buffer" and "Flush HARQ buffer, generate new TB, newtx" for L2 retransmission scenarios, or proceeding to "Flush HARQ buffer, generate new TB, newtx" directly for new transmissions. Alternatively, the path may lead to "L1 HARQ retx" for standard physical layer retransmissions.
[0244] The MAC CE path on the right represents the innovation of Proposal 2. Upon receiving control information in a MAC CE, the UE encounters a decode decision point. The flowchart branches into "Decode success" and "Decode fail" paths, with the failure path connecting to the "solutions proposed to resolve decoding failure issue that causes timeline confusion" box.
[0245] When MAC CE decoding succeeds, the UE proceeds to "Get HARQ feedback ACK / NACK report. " This report contains explicit HARQ feedback that can be provided at various granularities. According to the features specified, the MAC CE includes one or multiple fields: Carrier ID (s) or HARQ Entity ID (s) for the indicated HARQ Process (es) , HARQ Process ID (s) , and ACK / NACK (s) for the HARQ process UL data. The granularity of this feedback is flexible and can range from coarse (ACK for ALL or NACK for ALL) to fine (ACK / NACK in bitmap for each code block, code block group, or transport block) , enabling efficient partial retransmission mechanisms.
[0246] Based on the HARQ feedback content, the flow has two subsequent paths. If the feedback contains NACK indications, the flow proceeds to "L2 retx on NACK data, " followed by "Recycle NACK data back to L2 buffer, " where failed data is preserved for future retransmission at the Layer-2 level. If the feedback contains ACK indications, the flow proceeds to "Release ACK data in L2 buffer, " allowing the UE to free memory resources associated with successfully transmitted data. Both paths ultimately converge at the End state, completing the control information processing cycle.
[0247] The timeline confusion issue, central to Proposal 2’s design challenges, occurs in two primary scenarios. First, when a MAC CE is successfully decoded after the UE has already received another DCI scheduling the same HARQ process ID, the temporal misalignment can cause the UE to incorrectly associate the feedback with the wrong transmission. Second, when the UE fails to decode the MAC CE entirely, it loses critical feedback information that affects buffer management decisions. These scenarios necessitate robust solutions to maintain system coherence.
[0248] To address these timeline confusion challenges, Proposal 2 incorporates three distinct solutions, each represented within the flowchart structure. Solution 1, shown as the "proposed constraints" , imposes gNB-side scheduling restrictions. Under these constraints, the gNB only indicates the UE to flush the HARQ buffer and perform new transmission on a HARQ Process ID when either it has received an ACK from the UE on the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) whose MAC CE carries HARQ feedback for the same HARQ Process ID, or it has not transmitted any HARQ feedback for the same HARQ Process ID in MAC CE since the latest new transmission was scheduled for this process. This solution effectively serializes the control signaling to prevent ambiguity, though it may limit scheduling flexibility in high-traffic scenarios.
[0249] Solution 2, shown as the "hybrid solution" when Proposal 1 is integrated, combines the explicit L2 retransmission indicator from Proposal 1’s DCI-based approach with Proposal 2’s MAC CE feedback mechanism. This hybrid approach allows the gNB to flexibly choose between DCI-based L2 retransmission indication and MAC CE-based feedback depending on the operational context. The constraint for this solution requires that when using both mechanisms, a sufficient time gap N (representing the UE’s processing time for PDSCH decoding and MAC CE content reading) must be maintained between the MAC CE transmission and any subsequent DCI for the same HARQ process. This temporal separation provides that the UE has adequate time to process the MAC CE feedback before receiving new scheduling instructions, preventing timeline confusion while maintaining scheduling flexibility.
[0250] Solution 3, inherent in the MAC CE structure, addresses timeline confusion by embedding scheduling DCI timing information directly within the MAC CE alongside the HARQ feedback. This timing information, which can be expressed as PDCCH periodicity, Time Division Duplex (TDD) pattern periodicity, slot number, or subframe / frame number, explicitly links each piece of HARQ feedback to its corresponding scheduling grant. By including this temporal reference, the MAC CE effectively carries a "timestamp" that allows the UE to unambiguously correlate asynchronous feedback with specific transmissions, eliminating confusion even when MAC CEs arrive significantly delayed or out of order.
[0251] Error handling mechanisms activate when MAC CE decoding fails or when timeline ambiguity is detected. These mechanisms may include falling back to conservative assumptions (such as treating unclear cases as requiring retransmission to prevent data loss) , using scheduled TB size as a disambiguation factor, or triggering higher-layer recovery procedures. The presence of these solutions throughout the flowchart emphasizes that Proposal 2 provides comprehensive handling for both normal operations and exceptional cases.
[0252] The flexibility in HARQ feedback granularity provided by the MAC CE mechanism enables significant efficiency improvements over traditional all-or-nothing acknowledgment schemes. When partial failures occur within a transport block, the finer granularity feedback allows the UE to selectively retransmit only the failed portions (specific code blocks or code block groups) rather than the entire transport block. This selective retransmission capability, combined with the ability to release successfully transmitted portions from the L2 buffer, optimizes both spectrum efficiency and memory utilization at the UE.
[0253] The three solutions for timeline confusion, the dual-path architecture, and the flexible feedback granularity collectively enable robust and efficient UL HARQ process management even in challenging scenarios with asynchronous control information delivery and potential message loss.
[0254] FIG. 21 is a diagram 2100 illustrating the timeline confusion issue that arises when HARQ feedback is carried in MAC CE for uplink transmissions in Proposal 2. This diagram depicts a critical scenario where asynchronous delivery of control information leads to potential misinterpretation at the UE side, resulting in unintended data loss. The figure shows a horizontal timeline with the gNB entity positioned at the top and the UE entity at the bottom, with various transmission events and buffer states illustrated through arrows and blocks. The sequence demonstrates how a UE can misinterpret HARQ feedback when a MAC CE arrives after the UE’s operational context has been updated by a subsequent DCI grant for the same HARQ process, ultimately leading to the permanent loss of user data.
[0255] The timeline sequence begins with the network side operations. At Step 1, the gNB transmits HARQ feedback within MAC CE#0, which is carried on a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) . This MAC CE#0 contains a negative acknowledgment (NACK) for TB#0, which was previously transmitted by the UE on HARQ process ID 0, labeled as "MAC CE #0, HP #0 [NACK] " . That is, the gNB attempts to inform the UE that TB#0 was not successfully decoded and requires retransmission.
[0256] Before receiving confirmation that MAC CE#0 was successfully delivered to the UE, the gNB proceeds with Step 2 by scheduling a new uplink transmission for the same HARQ process ID 0, labeled as "UL DCI NDI toggle, HP #0" . The DCI contains a toggled New Data Indicator (NDI) , which instructs the UE to flush its HARQ buffer and prepare for a new data transmission. This scheduling decision, made before confirming MAC CE#0 delivery, may create the timeline confusion problem, as it advances the state of HARQ process ID 0 from the network’s perspective while the UE may not yet be aware of the previous transmission’s failure.
[0257] Subsequently at Step 3, after the gNB receives a NACK from the UE for the PDSCH that carried MAC CE#0, indicating that the UE failed to decode that PDSCH, the gNB retransmits the same HARQ feedback. This retransmission is shown as MAC CE#1, labeled as "retx MAC CE#1, HP #0 [NACK] " . The gNB sends this retransmitted feedback to provide the critical NACK information for TB#0 reaches the UE, maintaining the same NACK content that was originally sent in MAC CE#0.
[0258] From the UE’s perspective, the sequence of events creates a misalignment between the actual feedback target and the UE’s interpretation. At Step A, shown as "Decode fail" , the UE fails to decode the PDSCH carrying MAC CE#0. This decoding failure means the UE remains unaware that the gNB sent a NACK for TB#0.
[0259] Following the MAC CE#0 decoding failure, at Step B marked as point B on the timeline, the UE successfully receives and processes the UL DCI from Step 2. The toggled NDI in this DCI instructs the UE to flush its HARQ buffer for process ID 0 and generate new data. Consequently, the UE generates TB#1 for the new transmission opportunity. The UE UL buffer state changes from "HP #0 TB #0" to "HP #0 TB #1" . This buffer state transition represents the UE’s shift from the original TB#0 to the new TB#1, creating a misalignment with the gNB’s pending feedback.
[0260] The timeline confusion culminates at Step C, marked as "Decode success. " At this point, the UE successfully decodes the retransmitted MAC CE#1 and extracts the NACK feedback. However, because the UE’s current context for HARQ process ID 0 has already transitioned to TB#1 (due to receiving the toggled NDI in Step B) , the UE misinterprets this NACK as applying to TB#1 rather than the original TB#0 for which it was intended.
[0261] The consequence of this misinterpretation is severe and is illustrated through the final buffer states and transmission actions. Acting on the incorrect assumption that the NACK applies to TB#1, the UE may perform a Layer-2 retransmission (L2 retx) on TB#1’s data. Meanwhile, the original TB#0 data is permanently lost without being retransmitted. The UE had already flushed TB#0 from its HARQ buffer upon receiving the toggled NDI in Step B, and since the explicit NACK for TB#0 was misinterpreted as being for TB#1, the UE never performs the necessary retransmission for TB#0’s data. This data loss scenario demonstrates the problem that the timeline constraint solutions in Proposal 2 are designed to prevent.
[0262] Proposal 2, Solution 1: MAC CE Control Information with Timeline Constraint
[0263] Proposal 2, Solution 1 introduces a robust timeline constraint mechanism to resolve the ambiguity and potential data loss that can arise when HARQ feedback is carried asynchronously in a MAC CE. This solution is particularly beneficial in low UL traffic scenarios where a UE may have no further data to transmit, causing the network (gNB) to cease sending DCI for that HARQ process. In such cases, the UE remains uncertain whether its last transmission was successful. By using a MAC CE to deliver explicit HARQ feedback, the gNB can inform the UE of the transmission outcome. However, this asynchronous delivery creates a "timeline confusion" issue, as illustrated in FIG. 21, where a UE might misinterpret late-arriving feedback as applying to a newer transmission, leading to data loss. Solution 1 prevents this by enforcing a strict serialization of feedback delivery and new transmission scheduling.
[0264] In this solution, the gNB is prohibited from scheduling a new transmission on a given HARQ process until it can be assured that any pending feedback for that process has been successfully processed by the UE. This constraint is defined by two conditions under which a new transmission is permitted. First, the gNB may schedule a new transmission if it has not transmitted any HARQ feedback via MAC CE for that specific HARQ process since the last new transmission was scheduled, which applies when the feedback loop is clear. Second, and more critically, the gNB may schedule a new transmission only after it has received an explicit Acknowledgment (ACK) from the UE confirming the successful reception of the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) that carried the MAC CE with the HARQ feedback. As such, the pending feedback is delivered and processed before the HARQ process state is advanced, effectively trading some scheduling aggressiveness for guaranteed data integrity. The HARQ feedback itself, carried in the MAC CE, can support finer granularity (e.g., per code block) , allowing for more efficient partial retransmissions.
[0265] FIG. 22 is a diagram 2200 illustrating a detailed embodiment of this timeline constraint mechanism, demonstrating how it prevents data loss by enforcing a strict sequence of operations between the gNB and the UE. The diagram shows the UE’s UL buffer initially containing transport block TB#0 for HARQ process ID 0 (HP #0) .
[0266] The sequence of operations begins from the gNB’s perspective. At Step 1, the gNB transmits HARQ feedback for a previously received UL transmission. This feedback is contained in MAC CE#0, which indicates a Negative Acknowledgment (NACK) for TB#0, as labeled "MAC CE #0, HP #0 [NACK] " . This MAC CE is carried on a PDSCH to the UE. From the UE’s perspective, at Step A, it fails to decode this PDSCH, as indicated by "Decode fail A" . Consequently, the UE transmits a NACK back to the gNB for the PDSCH, and remains unaware of the NACK for TB#0 contained within the failed MAC CE.
[0267] At Step 2, upon receiving the PDSCH NACK from the UE, the gNB understands that its initial feedback was not delivered. The gNB retransmits the HARQ feedback in a new MAC CE, labeled "retx MAC CE#1, HP #0 [NACK] " . This retransmission contains the same NACK for TB#0. At Step B, the UE successfully decodes this retransmitted MAC CE#1, as indicated by "Decode success B" . Upon extracting the feedback, the UE correctly interprets the NACK for TB#0 and, in response, performs a Layer-2 (L2) retransmission on the data of TB#0, which involves recycling the data back to the L2 buffer for a future transmission attempt.
[0268] The enforcement of the timeline constraint is demonstrated at Step 3. Only after the feedback loop has been addressed (in this case, by retransmitting the MAC CE at Step 2) , does the gNB schedule a new transmission for HARQ process ID 0. The gNB transmits a new UL DCI with a toggled New Data Indicator (NDI) , labeled "UL DCI NDI toggle, HP #0" . This strict sequencing provides that new scheduling instructions that advance the HARQ state are only sent after the outcome of the previous transmission has been reliably communicated.
[0269] Finally, at Step C, the UE receives the UL DCI from Step 3. Because the UE has already successfully received MAC CE#1 and processed the NACK for TB#0 at Step B, there is no ambiguity. The UE understands that the NACK pertained to the old data (TB#0) , which has been properly recycled to the L2 buffer. The toggled NDI in the new DCI is therefore correctly interpreted as an instruction to generate a new transport block, TB#1. The UE’s UL buffer state transitions to "HP #0 TB #1" , and the UE proceeds to transmit this new TB#1 on the PUSCH. This sequence successfully prevents the data loss scenario of FIG. 21, as the NACK for TB#0 was correctly interpreted and acted upon before the instruction to generate TB#1 was received.
[0270] Proposal 2 -Solution 2: MAC CE Control Information Including HARQ Feedback with Hybrid Approach
[0271] Solution 2 of Proposal 2 introduces a hybrid approach that combines elements from both Proposal 1 and Proposal 2 to address the limitations encountered in high uplink traffic loading scenarios. While Solution 1 effectively handles timeline confusion in low uplink traffic scenarios through strict serialization constraints, it becomes problematic when most UL HARQ processes are actively utilized for ongoing transmissions. In such high-traffic conditions, the gNB frequently needs to schedule new transmissions on HARQ processes for which it has already transmitted MAC CE HARQ feedback but has not yet received acknowledgment from the UE. The strict waiting requirement of Solution 1 may lead to inefficient resource utilization and increased latency. This hybrid solution resolves the insufficient availability of UL HARQ processes for new transmission scheduling by introducing a dual-signaling mechanism that provides the gNB with flexible options for indicating retransmission requirements.
[0272] The hybrid approach integrates a 1-bit L2 retransmission indicator within the DCI, as specified in Proposal 1, with the HARQ feedback delivery mechanism via MAC CE, as defined in Proposal 2. A parameter in this solution is the processing time N, which represents the duration required by the UE to decode the PDSCH and extract the MAC CE content contained within. This time parameter N serves as the foundation for the temporal constraints that prevent timeline confusion while maintaining scheduling flexibility. By incorporating the explicit L2 retransmission indicator from Proposal 1 into the DCI structure, the gNB gains implementation flexibility to choose between synchronous L2 retransmission indication via DCI or asynchronous indication via MAC CE, with the choice determined by current network conditions and the specific constraints defined for each signaling method.
[0273] The solution operates under carefully defined constraints that provide unambiguous interpretation at the UE while maximizing scheduling flexibility. In the first operational mode, the gNB may transmit a DCI instructing the UE to flush the HARQ buffer and perform a new transmission on a specific HARQ Process ID under the constraint that either the gNB has received an ACK from the UE for the PDSCH that carried the MAC CE containing HARQ feedback for that same HARQ Process ID, or the gNB has not transmitted any HARQ feedback for that HARQ Process ID via MAC CE since the most recent new transmission was scheduled for that process. Accordingly, any pending asynchronous feedback has been resolved before advancing the HARQ process state.
[0274] In the second operational mode, the gNB may transmit a DCI instructing the UE to perform L2 retransmission, flush the HARQ buffer, and perform a new transmission on a HARQ Process ID under the constraint that the gNB has not transmitted any HARQ feedback for that HARQ Process ID via MAC CE since the latest new transmission was scheduled for that process, and additionally, the time gap between the current DCI transmission time and the previous MAC CE transmission time carrying HARQ feedback exceeds the processing time N. This temporal separation provides that the UE has sufficient time to process any previously sent MAC CE feedback before receiving new, potentially conflicting instructions via DCI.
[0275] FIG. 23 is a diagram 2300 illustrating the detailed operation of this hybrid approach, demonstrating the coordination between DCI and MAC CE signaling mechanisms across different reception scenarios. The sequence begins at Step 1, where the gNB schedules a new uplink transmission on HARQ process ID 0 by transmitting UL DCI #0. This DCI contains a toggled New Data Indicator (NDI) to signal new data and sets the L2 retransmission (L2 retx) indicator to false, establishing the initial transmission context. In response, at Step A, the UE generates Transport Block TB#0 and transmits it on the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) . At Step 2, the gNB fails to decode this PUSCH transmission, necessitating a retransmission strategy.
[0276] At Step 3, the gNB transmits HARQ feedback within MAC CE#0, explicitly indicating a Negative Acknowledgment (NACK) for TB#0 on HARQ process ID 0. This MAC CE is carried on a PDSCH, but the gNB has not yet received an ACK from the UE confirming its successful reception, creating a state of uncertainty. At Step 4, the gNB needs to schedule a new transmission on HARQ process ID 0 despite the pending MAC CE feedback. To prevent timeline confusion, the gNB enforces the temporal constraint by providing that the time gap between the upcoming UL DCI transmission and the earlier MAC CE#0 transmission exceeds the processing time N. After confirming this constraint is met, the gNB transmits UL DCI #1 with a toggled NDI bit, which instructs the UE to flush the HARQ buffer and prepare new data. Crucially, the gNB also sets the L2 retransmission indicator to true in this DCI, explicitly signaling that the previous transmission requires L2-level retransmission despite the new data scheduling.
[0277] The robustness of the hybrid approach is demonstrated through two distinct UE reception cases. In UE reception case 1, the UE fails to decode the PDSCH carrying MAC CE#0, representing the scenario where asynchronous feedback is lost. At Step B-1, the UE fails to decode the PDSCH and consequently transmits a NACK to the gNB for the PDSCH reception failure, remaining unaware of the NACK feedback for TB#0 contained within the lost MAC CE. When the UE subsequently receives UL DCI #1 at Step C-1, it observes the toggled NDI along with the L2 retransmission indicator set to true. The UE interprets this combination as a dual instruction: it performs L2 retransmission by recycling the data from TB#0 back to the L2 buffer for future retransmission, and simultaneously generates new Transport Block TB#1 for the current transmission opportunity. The failed TB#0 data is preserved for recovery while new data transmission proceeds without delay.
[0278] In UE reception case 2, the UE successfully decodes the MAC CE, demonstrating the scenario where both synchronous and asynchronous signaling are received. After transmitting TB#0 at Step A, the UE at Step B-2 successfully decodes MAC CE#0 within the time duration N and immediately processes the NACK feedback. Upon receiving this explicit NACK for TB#0, the UE proactively performs L2 retransmission for the data in the NACKed TB#0, recycling it to the L2 buffer. Subsequently, at Step C-2, when the UE receives UL DCI #1 with the toggled NDI and L2 retransmission indicator set to true, it generates TB#1 for the new transmission as instructed by the toggled NDI. However, the UE may ignore the L2 retransmission indication in the DCI because it has already performed the L2 retransmission for TB#0 based on the earlier MAC CE feedback. This handling prevents redundant operations while providing data integrity.
[0279] This hybrid solution maintains compatibility with other enhancement fields from Proposal 1 that may be included in the DCI, such as an explicit ACK indicator for previous transmission. These additional fields are not precluded and can work in conjunction with the L2 retransmission indicator to provide even more comprehensive control information. Furthermore, the HARQ feedback carried in the MAC CE can utilize finer granularity, such as per-code-block or per-code-block-group feedback, enabling more efficient partial retransmission mechanisms when combined with the hybrid signaling approach. The solution provides dual signaling paths with well-defined constraints and temporal separation requirements. Retransmission information reaches the UE through either synchronous or asynchronous means while preventing the timeline confusion that could lead to data loss.
[0280] Proposal 2, Solution 3: MAC CE Control Information Including HARQ Feedback and DCI Scheduling Time
[0281] Solution 3 under Proposal 2 also addresses the timeline confusion issue inherent in asynchronous MAC CE based feedback by embedding explicit DCI scheduling time information directly within the MAC CE alongside the HARQ feedback. This approach creates an unambiguous temporal link between HARQ acknowledgment / negative acknowledgment (ACK / NACK) feedback and the specific uplink grants to which it pertains. The timing information functions as an explicit timestamp or reference marker that enables the UE to correctly associate feedback with its corresponding transmission, even when control messages arrive significantly delayed, out of sequence, or after the UE has already transitioned to processing newer transmissions for the same HARQ process. This temporal referencing mechanism prevents the misinterpretation of feedback that could otherwise lead to data loss when a UE incorrectly applies late-arriving feedback to wrong transport blocks.
[0282] The scheduling DCI timing information can be conveyed with varying levels of granularity to accommodate different system configurations and deployment scenarios. The timing can be indicated using Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) periodicity for systems with regular PDCCH occasions, Time Division Duplex (TDD) pattern periodicity for TDD deployments where the pattern defines the timing structure, slot numbers for direct slot-level referencing, or subframe / frame numbers for broader timing contexts. This flexibility in granularity allows the system to optimize between timing precision and signaling overhead based on specific deployment requirements and channel conditions.
[0283] To manage the potential unbounded growth of timing values over extended operation periods, the scheduling DCI timing employs a wrap-around mechanism. The timing values wrap around based on either a preconfigured duration of time, such as 1 second or 100 milliseconds, or a preconfigured counting number, such as 64 times the PDCCH period. Accordingly, that timing values remain within a manageable range while maintaining sufficient resolution to disambiguate feedback across realistic delay spreads. The reference point for this timing system is established by aligning the value of "scheduling DCI timing = 0" with a system-wide synchronization point, either when the system frame number equals 0 or when the system frame number modulo a preconfigured divisor d equals 0. As such, timing interpretation is consistent across all network elements and UEs within the system.
[0284] The MAC CE content embodiment for this solution includes several essential fields that enable both identification and temporal correlation of feedback. The carrier ID specifies the relevant carrier in multi-carrier deployments, the HARQ process ID identifies the specific HARQ process to which the feedback applies, the scheduling DCI timing field contains one or more timing values corresponding to the DCIs that scheduled the transmissions being acknowledged, and the ACK / NACK field provides the actual feedback information. The ACK / NACK feedback can be configured with varying granularity: all ACK for complete success, all NACK for complete failure, or a detailed bitmap providing per-code-block, per-code-block-group, or per-transport-block feedback for partial retransmission scenarios.
[0285] FIG. 24 is a diagram 2400 illustrating the operation of Solution 3, demonstrating how the inclusion of DCI timing information in the MAC CE prevents misinterpretation of feedback even when both DCI and Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) decoding failures occur. The diagram depicts a communication sequence between a base station (gNB) and a UE for HARQ process ID 0 (HP #0) , with transmissions occurring across multiple slots labeled as slot #n, slot #m, and slot #l. The sequence begins at Step 1 in slot #n, where the gNB transmits uplink DCI#0 with a toggled New Data Indicator (NDI) to schedule a new transmission. However, at Step A, the UE fails to decode DCI#0 and thus remains unaware of the scheduling attempt. Subsequently, at Step 2 in slot #m, the gNB transmits DCI#1 with a non-toggled NDI, intending to schedule a retransmission. At Step B, the UE successfully receives DCI#1 and, because its HARQ buffer is empty, interprets it as a request for new data, generating transport block TB#0 and transmitting it on the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) . The gNB then fails to decode this PUSCH transmission containing TB#0.
[0286] Following the PUSCH decoding failure, the gNB at Step 3 transmits MAC CE#0 containing HARQ feedback. Critically, this MAC CE includes not only the HARQ process ID (HP #0) and a NACK for TB#0, but also the DCI timing information [x, y] , where x and y are the wrapped-around timing values for slot #n and slot #m, respectively. This timing information creates an explicit link between the NACK and the grants that prompted TB#0’s transmission. However, at Step C, the UE fails to decode the PDSCH carrying MAC CE#0 and replies with a NACK to the gNB, remaining unaware of the feedback for TB#0. To advance the process, the gNB at Step 4 in slot #l schedules another new transmission via DCI#2 with a toggled NDI. At Step D, the UE successfully decodes DCI#2 and, per the toggled NDI, generates a new transport block, TB#1, for HP #0. This action advances the UE’s internal state, creating the potential for timeline confusion.
[0287] The resolution of this confusion begins at Step 5, when the gNB, in response to the PDSCH NACK from Step C, retransmits the feedback in MAC CE#1, which contains the same content as MAC CE#0: HP #0, DCI timing [x, y] , and a NACK for TB#0. At Step E, the UE successfully decodes MAC CE#1. The UE now faces an ambiguity: it has most recently generated TB#1 for HP #0 but receives a NACK for the same process. Without context, this NACK could be misinterpreted as applying to TB#1, leading to the permanent loss of TB#0’s data. However, the DCI timing information [x, y] provides the crucial disambiguation. The UE tracks back the timing values x and y to slots #n and #m, correctly correlating the NACK with the older TB#0. Based on this correct interpretation, the UE performs a Layer-2 (L2) retransmission on the data from TB#0 and replies with an ACK to the gNB for the successfully decoded PDSCH. This mechanism demonstrates how embedding explicit timing references within asynchronous MAC CE feedback creates a robust system against timeline confusion, providing accurate feedback association and data integrity even when control messages are delayed or lost.
[0288] Proposal 3: UL HARQ Control Information with Finer Granularity HARQ Feedback in DCI
[0289] Proposal 3 introduces an advanced framework for UL HARQ control information that incorporates finer-granularity feedback mechanisms directly within the DCI. This proposal represents a significant evolution beyond the binary ACK / NACK paradigm by enabling selective acknowledgment and retransmission at sub-transport-block levels. The control information can be conveyed through either a legacy single DCI transmitted on the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) or a more sophisticated two-stage DCI architecture. In the two-stage approach, the first stage DCI on the PDCCH indicates resource allocation for the second stage DCI, which then carries the detailed scheduling information and finer-granularity feedback. This architectural flexibility allows adaptation to varying reliability requirements, with the first stage typically encoded with a 16-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) for efficient blind decoding and the second stage using a 24-bit CRC for enhanced reliability of the detailed control information.
[0290] The core innovation of Proposal 3 lies in its ability to provide differentiated feedback for individual portions of a transmission. Rather than treating an entire transport block (TB) as a monolithic unit that either succeeds or fails completely, the framework enables the network to indicate success or failure at granular levels such as per-code-block (CB) , per-code-block-group (CBG) , or per-transport-block in multi-TB scenarios. This granular feedback mechanism allows the UE to selectively retransmit only the portions that failed, significantly improving resource efficiency by avoiding redundant retransmission of successfully decoded segments. The finer-granularity ACK / NACK feedback can be implemented as a bitmap where each bit corresponds to a specific data segment, enabling precise indication of which portions require retransmission. This capability gives rise to a more sophisticated five-state operational model, providing comprehensive handling for all possible granular feedback scenarios, from complete success through mixed outcomes to complete failure, with appropriate buffer management and retransmission strategies for each case.
[0291] FIG. 25 is a diagram 2500 illustrating the building block and operational flow of Proposal 3. The flowchart begins at the Start state with control information being transmitted to the UE corresponding to a UL HARQ process in DCI. This control information includes the HARQ Process (HP) ID, one or multiple 1-bit indicators such as the New Data Indicator (NDI) and Layer-2 (L2) retransmission indicator, and critically, the finer-granularity ACK / NACK HARQ feedback field. The scheduled TB size is also considered during state interpretation to resolve potential ambiguities and validate the intended operation. Upon receiving the control information, the process immediately branches based on the decoding outcome. When decoding succeeds, the UE proceeds to the "Interpret control information" step. A decoding failure triggers the "value setting is proposed to resolve decoding fail issue" path, which implements error recovery mechanisms, such as those detailed in Proposal 1, to maintain system stability and handle abnormal or synchronization-lost cases.
[0292] Following a successful decoding, the UE interprets the combination of indicators and feedback bits to determine the appropriate action. This interpretation leads to the "Act by one of [Proposed states] " step, which branches into a decision tree based on the previous transmission outcome as determined from the finer-granularity feedback. The three primary scenarios are: "Previous transmission all succeeded, " "Partial of previous transmission failed, " and "Previous transmission all failed. " This three-way categorization represents a fundamental departure from traditional binary success / failure models and enables more nuanced retransmission strategies.
[0293] When the previous transmission completely succeeded, as indicated by an all-ACK feedback, the process follows the rightmost path, corresponding to State 0. In this state, the UE performs three key actions: it flushes the HARQ buffer to clear the successfully transmitted data, generates a new TB or TBs for the upcoming transmission opportunity, and releases the corresponding successfully transmitted data from the L2 buffer. This complete success path enables efficient buffer management by immediately freeing resources associated with acknowledged data, allowing the UE to proceed with entirely new data transmission.
[0294] When the previous transmission failed completely, as indicated by an all-NACK feedback, the process follows the leftmost path, which provides two operational options. The first option is State 3, where the UE performs a standard L1 HARQ retransmission on all the failed data or TBs. The entire HARQ buffer content is maintained and retransmitted to enable soft combining at the receiver. The second option is State 4, where the UE performs an L2 retransmission on all the failed data. This involves recycling the entire failed transmission back to the L2 buffer for higher-layer recovery, flushing the HARQ buffer completely, and generating entirely new TBs for the current transmission opportunity.
[0295] The partial failure scenario, represented by the middle branch, is triggered when the feedback indicates a mix of ACKs and NACKs. This branch introduces sophisticated, parallel handling for mixed success / failure outcomes and further divides into two distinct operational modes. In both modes, the UE releases the successfully acknowledged data from the L2 buffer, optimizing memory usage. The first mode, leading to State 1, instructs the UE to perform L1 HARQ retransmission specifically on the failed data portions or TBs identified by the NACK bits in the feedback bitmap. The HARQ buffer maintains only the failed portions for soft combining during retransmission. The second mode, leading to State 2, instructs the UE to perform L2 retransmission on the NACKed data portions. This involves recycling the failed data back to the L2 buffer for higher-layer recovery mechanisms, flushing the entire HARQ buffer, and generating new TBs for the current transmission opportunity. The choice between State 1 and State 2 depends on factors including the scheduled TB size and explicit indicators in the control information.
[0296] The parallel nature of the partial failure handling is a key aspect of this proposal. When the finer-granularity feedback indicates mixed ACK / NACK results, the UE simultaneously processes two aspects: the release of successfully transmitted portions from the L2 buffer and the retransmission handling of failed portions. This parallel processing provides that successfully transmitted data does not consume unnecessary buffer space while failed data receives appropriate retransmission treatment. The granular feedback enables this simultaneous dual-action approach, where ACKed code blocks or code block groups can be immediately released while NACKed portions undergo either L1 or L2 retransmission procedures.
[0297] The scheduled TB size plays a crucial role in state disambiguation, particularly when indicator combinations might otherwise create ambiguity. When the scheduled TB size differs from the sum of the NACK-indicated segments (whether measured in TBs, CBs, or CBGs) , this mismatch serves as an implicit indication that State 1 (partial L1 HARQ retransmission) is not intended, as L1 retransmission requires a matching size for soft combining. In such cases, the system would transition to either State 0 or State 2 depending on other indicators. This TB size validation mechanism provides an additional layer of robustness against misinterpretation and helps resolve cases where DCI miss-detection might have created indicator ambiguity. All operational paths ultimately converge at the End state, providing systematic completion of the control information processing.
[0298] Proposal 3 introduces an advanced framework for uplink HARQ control information that incorporates finer-granularity feedback mechanisms directly within the DCI. The network can partition a transport block into smaller logical units, such as individual code blocks (CBs) , code block groups (CBGs) , or in scenarios with multiple transport blocks per HARQ process, provide per-transport-block feedback. This granular approach allows the UE to perform selective retransmission of only the failed portions, thereby improving resource efficiency by avoiding redundant retransmission of successfully decoded segments.
[0299] The control information framework supports two distinct DCI architectures for conveying this enhanced feedback. The first approach utilizes a legacy single DCI transmitted on the PDCCH, maintaining compatibility with existing infrastructure while adding the finer-granularity feedback fields. The second approach employs a two-stage DCI structure, where the first stage DCI on the PDCCH indicates resource allocation for the second stage DCI. The UE performs blind decoding on the PDCCH to obtain the first stage DCI information, which then directs it to the second stage DCI carrying the detailed scheduling information for the PDSCH. The finer-granularity HARQ feedback and associated control information are embedded in this second stage DCI. For reliability differentiation, the first stage DCI is encoded with a 16-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) to facilitate efficient blind decoding, while the second stage DCI employs a 24-bit CRC for enhanced error detection capability on the detailed control information.
[0300] The combination of finer-granularity feedback and control indicators enables the indication of five distinct operational states to guide UE scheduling behavior. State 0 applies when all-ACK feedback is received for the previous transmission, prompting the UE to flush the HARQ buffer, generate new transport blocks for transmission, and release the acknowledged data from the Layer-2 buffer. State 1 addresses partial success scenarios where the feedback contains both ACK and NACK indications, instructing the UE to perform Layer-1 HARQ retransmission specifically on the negatively acknowledged data or transport blocks while releasing the positively acknowledged portions from the L2 buffer. State 2 also handles partial ACK / NACK scenarios but directs Layer-2 retransmission for the failed portions, followed by HARQ buffer flushing, new transport block generation, and release of successfully transmitted data from the L2 buffer. State 3 applies when all-NACK feedback is received, triggering Layer-1 HARQ retransmission of the entire previous transmission. State 4 also responds to all-NACK feedback but initiates Layer-2 retransmission of the complete previous transmission, accompanied by HARQ buffer flushing and new transport block generation.
[0301] Beyond the explicit indicators carried in the DCI, the scheduled transport block size calculated by the UE from the scheduling information serves as an implicit state disambiguation mechanism. For a given HARQ process, when the scheduled transport block size differs from the summation of sizes for the negatively acknowledged segments (whether measured in transport blocks, code blocks, or code block groups) , this mismatch implicitly indicates that State 1 is not intended. This size-based validation leverages the fact that Layer-1 HARQ retransmission requires matching transport block sizes for soft combining. Therefore, a size mismatch eliminates State 1 from consideration, leaving either State 0 or State 2 as possibilities depending on other indicators. In a practical embodiment, consider a scenario where the gNB previously scheduled the UE to transmit three code block groups (CBG#0, CBG#1, and CBG#2) on HARQ process #0. If the subsequent DCI indicates NACK for CBG#0 and CBG#1, which could correspond to either State 1 or State 2, the UE performs transport block size validation. If the scheduled transport block size equals the combined size of CBG#0 and CBG#1, the UE executes Layer-1 HARQ retransmission on these specific code block groups. Conversely, if the scheduled size differs from this sum, the UE performs Layer-2 retransmission, recognizing that the network intends to schedule different resources incompatible with Layer-1 soft combining.
[0302] FIG. 26 illustrates a comprehensive framework detailing how various DCI field indicators can be combined to signal one of the five operational states defined in Proposal 3. The diagram presents three distinct embodiments, each representing a different approach to achieving state indication. These embodiments provide implementation flexibility, allowing system designers to balance control signaling overhead with operational directness while maintaining unambiguous state determination for the UE.
[0303] The first embodiment, shown in the top table of FIG. 26, combines the New Data Indicator (NDI) with the finer-granularity HARQ feedback. This approach uses the NDI’s established role in signaling new data versus retransmission and augments it with granular feedback. When the NDI is true (toggled) , it signals that new data is being scheduled. If the HARQ feedback is all-ACK (Value set 1) , the implication is State 0, confirming previous success and scheduling a new transmission. If the feedback is partial ACK / NACK (Value set 2) , State 2 is implied, directing the UE to perform L2 retransmission on failed portions while generating new data. If the feedback is all-NACK (Value set 3) , State 4 is implied, triggering a complete L2 retransmission alongside new data generation. Conversely, when the NDI is false (non-toggled) , it signals a retransmission. If the feedback is partial ACK / NACK (Value set 5) , this clearly indicates State 1 for partial L1 HARQ retransmission. If the feedback is all-NACK (Value set 6) , it indicates State 3 for complete L1 HARQ retransmission. The combination of a false NDI with all-ACK feedback (Value set 4) represents a logical contradiction, as it signals both retransmission and success, thereby triggering an abnormal handling procedure.
[0304] The second embodiment, depicted in the middle table of FIG. 26, replaces the NDI with an explicit Layer-2 (L2) retransmission indicator, which is combined with the finer-granularity HARQ feedback. This method provides more direct control over L2 operations. When the L2 retransmission indicator is true, it signals an L2-level action. Combined with partial ACK / NACK feedback (Value set 2) , it implies State 2 for partial L2 retransmission. With all-NACK feedback (Value set 3) , it implies State 4 for complete L2 retransmission. The combination of a true L2 indicator with all-ACK feedback (Value set 1) is contradictory and thus triggers abnormal handling. When the L2 retransmission indicator is false, the system defaults to either new transmission or L1 retransmission. A false L2 indicator with all-ACK feedback (Value set 4) implies State 0. With partial ACK / NACK feedback (Value set 5) , it implies State 1 for partial L1 retransmission, and with all-NACK feedback (Value set 6) , it implies State 3 for complete L1 retransmission.
[0305] The third embodiment, shown in the bottom table of FIG. 26, presents a minimalist approach that utilizes only the finer-granularity HARQ feedback, relying on the scheduled PUSCH size for state disambiguation. This design reduces control signaling overhead. An all-ACK feedback (Value 1) unambiguously indicates State 0. For partial ACK / NACK feedback (Value 2) , the UE must differentiate between State 1 and State 2 by comparing the scheduled PUSCH size to the size required for retransmitting the NACKed data. A matching size implies State 1 (L1 HARQ retransmission) , whereas a mismatched size implies State 2 (L2 retransmission) . Similarly, for all-NACK feedback (Value 3) , the UE uses the PUSCH size to distinguish between State 3 (L1 HARQ retransmission) and State 4 (L2 retransmission) .
[0306] Abnormal handling procedures, referenced in the embodiments, are activated when the UE encounters contradictory indicator combinations or when an interpreted state conflicts with physical constraints, such as a transport block size mismatch for an L1 HARQ retransmission. In such cases, the UE may adopt the criteria and actions defined in Proposal 1, such as defaulting to a conservative retransmission behavior to prevent data loss. The framework is also flexible regarding implementation details. A "true" indication can be represented by either bit-toggling or an absolute value of 1, while a "false" indication can be a non-toggling bit or a value of 0. Furthermore, if the network does not support a specific state, such as State 1 (partial L1 HARQ retransmission) , the UE may default to a related state, like State 3 (complete L1 HARQ retransmission) , to maintain operational compatibility. The framework remains extensible, as other combinations of fields and value settings are not precluded.
[0307] Embodiment 1 of Proposal 3 introduces a control signaling framework that employs a two-stage Downlink Control Information (DCI) architecture to convey finer-granularity Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) feedback at the code block level. The proposal addresses the inefficiency of managing Layer-1 (L1) HARQ and Layer-2 (L2) retransmissions separately by integrating granular feedback directly into the DCI. This allows the network to provide precise acknowledgment status for individual code blocks (CBs) within a transport block (TB) , enabling more efficient resource utilization. The framework operates on a fundamental design constraint that L1 HARQ retransmission on partial code blocks is not supported by the network. This constraint simplifies physical layer implementation by avoiding complex partial soft-buffer management and selective combining operations. Consequently, any partial transmission failures are directed to L2 retransmission mechanisms, while L1 retransmission is reserved for the entire transport block.
[0308] The two-stage DCI architecture provides a hierarchical approach to delivering the detailed control information. The first stage DCI, transmitted on the PDCCH, indicates the resource allocation for the second stage DCI. The UE performs blind decoding on the PDCCH to obtain this first stage DCI, which is protected by a 16-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) for efficient detection. The second stage DCI, located using the information from the first stage, carries the detailed scheduling grant for the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) and the finer-granularity HARQ feedback. This second stage is protected by a more robust 24-bit CRC to provide enhanced error detection for the critical control payload. The key fields within the second stage DCI include a toggling New Data Indicator (NDI) and a HARQ feedback bitmap, where each bit corresponds to an individual code block of the previous transmission.
[0309] The UE interprets the combination of the NDI state and the HARQ feedback bitmap to determine its subsequent actions. This interpretation can be understood as a set of parallel decisions regarding L1 transmission behavior and L2 buffer management, all derived from a single control message. The UE’s behavior is governed by a structured decision framework based on whether the NDI is toggled relative to the previous DCI received for the same HARQ process.
[0310] When the DCI NDI is toggled, it signals that a new transmission is scheduled. If the HARQ feedback bitmap indicates all ACKs, this confirms the complete success of the previous transmission. The UE performs a new transmission on the HARQ process and releases the corresponding data from its L2 buffer. If the feedback bitmap contains any NACKs (representing either partial or complete failure) , the UE performs L2 retransmission on the code blocks marked as NACK by recycling their data to the L2 buffer for higher-layer recovery. Simultaneously, as instructed by the toggled NDI, the UE performs a new transmission with newly generated data for the current grant. This approach allows new data to be transmitted without delay, even when portions of a previous transmission have failed.
[0311] When the DCI NDI is not toggled, it signals a retransmission scenario. If the HARQ feedback bitmap indicates all ACKs, this represents a logical contradiction, as a retransmission is requested for a transmission that was successful. This triggers an abnormal handling case, where the UE performs a new transmission on the HARQ process to maintain forward progress and avoid a deadlock. If the feedback bitmap contains any NACKs, the UE performs L1 HARQ retransmission on the *entire*previous transmission data. This all-or-nothing L1 retransmission approach is a direct consequence of the constraint against partial L1 retransmission and requires the UE to maintain the complete HARQ buffer for soft combining at the receiver.
[0312] FIG. 27 is a diagram 2700 illustrating a detailed operational sequence of this two-stage DCI mechanism. The diagram shows the interaction between the base station (gNB) and the UE for HARQ process ID 0. The sequence begins at Step 1, where the gNB transmits the first stage DCI#0, which provides the UE with the resource allocation information needed to locate the second stage DCI#0. At Step 2, the gNB schedules a new transmission in the second stage DCI#0. This DCI contains a toggled NDI and a baseline HARQ feedback of [ACK, ACK] , instructing the UE to generate transport block TB#0, which contains two code blocks, CB#0 and CB#1.
[0313] At Step A, the UE successfully receives the first stage DCI#0 and uses it to decode the second stage DCI#0. Following the scheduling grant, the UE generates TB#0 with CB#0 and CB#1 for HARQ process ID 0 and transmits it on the PUSCH. The gNB then attempts to decode this PUSCH transmission and experiences a partial decoding failure, where it successfully decodes CB#1 but fails to decode CB#0.
[0314] Following this failure, the gNB initiates the feedback and re-scheduling process. At Step 3, the gNB transmits the first stage DCI#1 to point to the resource allocation for the next control message, second stage DCI#1. At Step 4, within second stage DCI#1, the gNB provides the finer-granularity HARQ feedback. The DCI targets HARQ process ID 0, contains a toggled NDI to schedule a new transmission, and includes the HARQ feedback bitmap [NACK, ACK] . This bitmap explicitly indicates that CB#0 failed while CB#1 was successfully received.
[0315] The sequence culminates at Step B, where the UE receives and decodes the first and second stage DCI#1. The UE interprets the combination of the toggled NDI and the partial [NACK, ACK] feedback. According to the defined rules, this instructs the UE to perform several coordinated actions. First, it performs L2 retransmission on the data from the NACKed code block, CB#0, by recycling its data to the L2 buffer for future transmission. Second, it releases the data corresponding to the ACKed code block, CB#1, from its L2 buffer. Third, in response to the toggled NDI, it generates a new transport block, TB#1 (containing a new code block, CB#2) , for transmission on the newly scheduled PUSCH resources. This sequence demonstrates the efficiency of the proposal, as failed data is preserved for L2 recovery, successful data is cleared from the buffer, and new data transmission proceeds without interruption.
[0316] FIG. 28 illustrates a flow chart 2800 of a process for uplink HARQ process control information. This process involves interactions between a network (NW) and a UE (e.g., the UE 104) through a base station (e.g., the base station 102) .
[0317] At block 2802, the UE receives an uplink (UL) grant on a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) .
[0318] At block 2804, the UE delivers the UL grant and associated Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) information to a HARQ entity.
[0319] At block 2806, the UE identifies a HARQ process associated with the UL grant.
[0320] At block 2808, the UE interpreting the associated HARQ information in the HARQ entity to determine a transmission state from a plurality of transmission states. The plurality of transmission states may include an initial transmission state, a HARQ retransmission state, and a Layer 2 (L2) retransmission state.
[0321] At block 2810, in response to determining the L2 retransmission state, the UE recycles data in a HARQ buffer of the identified HARQ process back to an L2 buffer; and flushes the HARQ buffer.
[0322] In certain configurations, the associated HARQ information may be received in Downlink Control Information (DCI) .
[0323] In certain configurations, the associated HARQ information may include at least one of: a new data indicator (NDI) , an L2 retransmission indicator, or an ACK indicator for previous transmission.
[0324] In certain configurations, the L2 retransmission indicator may be a 1-bit indicator. The L2 retransmission state may be determined when the L2 retransmission indicator is set to true.
[0325] In certain configurations, the initial transmission state or the HARQ retransmission state may be determined when the L2 retransmission indicator is set to false.
[0326] In certain configurations, when a plurality of indicators are present in the associated HARQ information, the UE may combine implications of each indicator to determine the transmission state.
[0327] In certain configurations, when the combined implications of the indicators indicate more than one mutually exclusive transmission state, the UE may further trigger an abnormal handling procedure to select one transmission state from the plurality of transmission states.
[0328] In certain configurations, the abnormal handling procedure may include: comparing a scheduled transport block (TB) size indicated in the UL grant with a TB size of a previous transmission for the identified HARQ process; and determining the HARQ retransmission state when the scheduled TB size matches the TB size of the previous transmission, or determining the L2 retransmission state when the scheduled TB size differs from the TB size of the previous transmission.
[0329] In certain configurations, in response to determining the initial transmission state, the UE may further release data corresponding to a previous successful transmission from the L2 buffer for the identified HARQ process.
[0330] FIG. 29 illustrates a flow chart 2900 of another process for uplink HARQ process control information.
[0331] At block 2902, the UE receives HARQ information from control information.
[0332] At block 2904, the UE identifies a HARQ process associated with the control information.
[0333] At block 2906, the UE determines an acknowledgement (ACK) statement from the HARQ information. The ACK statement may indicate that a previous uplink transmission for the identified HARQ process was successfully decoded.
[0334] At block 2908, the UE releases data corresponding to the previous uplink transmission from an L2 buffer based on the ACK statement.
[0335] In certain configurations, the control information may be carried in a Medium Access Control Control Element (MAC CE) .
[0336] In certain configurations, the control information in the MAC CE may further include timing information that associates the HARQ information with a specific Downlink Control Information (DCI) that scheduled the previous uplink transmission.
[0337] In certain configurations, the control information may be carried in Downlink Control Information (DCI) .
[0338] In certain configurations, the HARQ information may include an ACK indicator for previous transmission. The ACK statement may be determined when the HARQ-ACK indicator is set to true.
[0339] In certain configurations, the HARQ information may include a new data indicator (NDI) and an L2 retransmission indicator. The ACK statement may be determined when the NDI is set to true and the L2 retransmission indicator is set to false.
[0340] In certain configurations, the associated HARQ information may include finer-granularity HARQ feedback for a plurality of data segments from previous transmission, the UE may further identify one or more data segments indicated as successfully decoded and one or more data segments indicated as unsuccessfully decoded. In response to determining the L2 retransmission state for the unsuccessfully decoded data segments, the UE may recycle only the unsuccessfully decoded data segments from the HARQ buffer to the L2 buffer; and release the successfully decoded data segments from the L2 buffer.
[0341] In certain configurations, the finer-granularity HARQ feedback may include an ACK / NACK bitmap, and each bit in the bitmap may correspond to one of: a code block, a code block group, or a transport block.
[0342] In certain configurations, the UL grant and the associated HARQ information may be received in a two-stage DCI. The UE may receive a first-stage DCI on the PDCCH indicating resource allocation for a second-stage DCI; and receive the second-stage DCI carrying scheduling information and the associated HARQ information with finer-granularity feedback.
[0343] In certain configurations, the associated HARQ information may include both the NDI and the L2 retransmission indicator, and determining the transmission state may include: when the NDI is toggled and the L2 retransmission indicator is true, determining the L2 retransmission state; when the NDI is toggled and the L2 retransmission indicator is false, determining the initial transmission state with an implicit ACK for a previous transmission; and when the NDI is not toggled and the L2 retransmission indicator is false, determining the HARQ retransmission state.
[0344] In certain configurations, the UE may further receive a subsequent UL grant in DCI for the same HARQ process. The subsequent UL grant may be received only after: transmitting an ACK for a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) that carried the MAC CE containing the HARQ information for the HARQ process; or a time gap between reception of the MAC CE and reception of the subsequent UL grant exceeds a predetermined processing time required for PDSCH decoding and MAC CE content extraction.
[0345] It is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes / flowcharts disclosed is an illustration of exemplary approaches. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes / flowcharts may be rearranged. Further, some blocks may be combined or omitted. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various blocks in a sample order, and are not meant to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.
[0346] The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but is to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language claims, wherein reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more. ” The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration. ” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. Combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C, ” “one or more of A, B, or C, ” “at least one of A, B, and C, ” “one or more of A, B, and C, ” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” include any combination of A, B, and / or C, and may include multiples of A, multiples of B, or multiples of C. Specifically, combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C, ” “one or more of A, B, or C, ” “at least one of A, B, and C, ” “one or more of A, B, and C, ” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” may be A only, B only, C only, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C, where any such combinations may contain one or more member or members of A, B, or C. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. The words “module, ” “mechanism, ” “element, ” “device, ” and the like may not be a substitute for the word “means. ” As such, no claim element is to be construed as a means plus function unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for. ”
Claims
1.A method of wireless communication of a user equipment (UE) , comprising:receiving an uplink (UL) grant on a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) ;delivering the UL grant and associated Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) information to a HARQ entity;identifying a HARQ process associated with the UL grant;interpreting the associated HARQ information in the HARQ entity to determine a transmission state from a plurality of transmission states, wherein the plurality of transmission states comprises an initial transmission state, a HARQ retransmission state, and a Layer 2 (L2) retransmission state; andin response to determining the L2 retransmission state:recycling data in a HARQ buffer of the identified HARQ process back to an L2 buffer; andflushing the HARQ buffer.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the associated HARQ information is received in Downlink Control Information (DCI) .3.The method of claim 1, wherein the associated HARQ information comprises at least one of: a new data indicator (NDI) , an L2 retransmission indicator, or an ACK indicator for previous transmission.4.The method of claim 3, wherein the L2 retransmission indicator is a 1-bit indicator, and wherein the L2 retransmission state is determined when the L2 retransmission indicator is set to true.5.The method of claim 4, wherein the initial transmission state or the HARQ retransmission state is determined when the L2 retransmission indicator is set to false.6.The method of claim 3, wherein when a plurality of indicators are present in the associated HARQ information, the method further comprises combining implications of each indicator to determine the transmission state.7.The method of claim 6, further comprising:when the combined implications of the indicators indicate more than one mutually exclusive transmission state, triggering an abnormal handling procedure to select one transmission state from the plurality of transmission states.8.The method of claim 7, wherein the abnormal handling procedure comprises:comparing a scheduled transport block (TB) size indicated in the UL grant with a TB size of a previous transmission for the identified HARQ process; anddetermining the HARQ retransmission state when the scheduled TB size matches the TB size of the previous transmission, or determining the L2 retransmission state when the scheduled TB size differs from the TB size of the previous transmission.9.The method of claim 1, further comprising:in response to determining the initial transmission state, releasing data corresponding to a previous successful transmission from the L2 buffer for the identified HARQ process.10.A method of wireless communication of a user equipment (UE) , comprising:receiving HARQ information from control information;identifying a HARQ process associated with the control information;determining an acknowledgement (ACK) statement from the HARQ information, wherein the ACK statement indicates that a previous uplink transmission for the identified HARQ process was successfully decoded; andreleasing data corresponding to the previous uplink transmission from an L2 buffer based on the ACK statement.11.The method of claim 10, wherein the control information is carried in a Medium Access Control Control Element (MAC CE) .12.The method of claim 11, wherein the control information in the MAC CE further comprises timing information that associates the HARQ information with a specific Downlink Control Information (DCI) that scheduled the previous uplink transmission.13.The method of claim 10, wherein the control information is carried in Downlink Control Information (DCI) .14.The method of claim 13, wherein the HARQ information comprises an ACK indicator for previous transmission, and wherein the ACK statement is determined when the HARQ-ACK indicator is set to true.15.The method of claim 13, wherein the HARQ information comprises a new data indicator (NDI) and an L2 retransmission indicator, and wherein the ACK statement is determined when the NDI is set to true and the L2 retransmission indicator is set to false.16.The method of claim 1, wherein the associated HARQ information comprises finer-granularity HARQ feedback for a plurality of data segments from previous transmission, the method further comprising:identifying one or more data segments indicated as successfully decoded and one or more data segments indicated as unsuccessfully decoded;in response to determining the L2 retransmission state for the unsuccessfully decoded data segments:recycling only the unsuccessfully decoded data segments from the HARQ buffer to the L2 buffer; andreleasing the successfully decoded data segments from the L2 buffer.17.The method of claim 16, wherein the finer-granularity HARQ feedback comprises an ACK / NACK bitmap, wherein each bit in the bitmap corresponds to one of: a code block, a code block group, or a transport block.18.The method of claim 1, wherein the UL grant and the associated HARQ information are received in a two-stage DCI, comprising:receiving a first-stage DCI on the PDCCH indicating resource allocation for a second-stage DCI; andreceiving the second-stage DCI carrying scheduling information and the associated HARQ information with finer-granularity feedback.19.The method of claim 3, wherein the associated HARQ information comprises both the NDI and the L2 retransmission indicator, and wherein determining the transmission state comprises:when the NDI is toggled and the L2 retransmission indicator is true, determining the L2 retransmission state;when the NDI is toggled and the L2 retransmission indicator is false, determining the initial transmission state with an implicit ACK for a previous transmission; andwhen the NDI is not toggled and the L2 retransmission indicator is false, determining the HARQ retransmission state.20.The method of claim 11, further comprising:receiving a subsequent UL grant in DCI for the same HARQ process;wherein the subsequent UL grant is received only after:transmitting an ACK for a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) that carried the MAC CE containing the HARQ information for the HARQ process; ora time gap between reception of the MAC CE and reception of the subsequent UL grant exceeds a predetermined processing time required for PDSCH decoding and MAC CE content extraction.21.An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus being a user equipment (UE) , comprising:a memory; andat least one processor coupled to the memory and configured to:receive an uplink (UL) grant on a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) ;deliver the UL grant and associated Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) information to a HARQ entity;identify a HARQ process associated with the UL grant;interprete the associated HARQ information in the HARQ entity to determine a transmission state from a plurality of transmission states, wherein the plurality of transmission states comprises an initial transmission state, a HARQ retransmission state, and a Layer 2 (L2) retransmission state; andin response to determining the L2 retransmission state:recycle data in a HARQ buffer of the identified HARQ process back to an L2 buffer; andflush the HARQ buffer.22.A computer-readable medium storing computer executable code for wireless communication of a user equipment (UE) , comprising code to:receive an uplink (UL) grant on a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) ;deliver the UL grant and associated Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) information to a HARQ entity;identify a HARQ process associated with the UL grant;interprete the associated HARQ information in the HARQ entity to determine a transmission state from a plurality of transmission states, wherein the plurality of transmission states comprises an initial transmission state, a HARQ retransmission state, and a Layer 2 (L2) retransmission state; andin response to determining the L2 retransmission state:recycle data in a HARQ buffer of the identified HARQ process back to an L2 buffer; andflush the HARQ buffer.23.An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus being a user equipment (UE) , comprising:a memory; andat least one processor coupled to the memory and configured to:receive HARQ information from control information;identify a HARQ process associated with the control information;determine an acknowledgement (ACK) statement from the HARQ information, wherein the ACK statement indicates that a previous uplink transmission for the identified HARQ process was successfully decoded; andrelease data corresponding to the previous uplink transmission from an L2 buffer based on the ACK statement.24.A computer-readable medium storing computer executable code for wireless communication of a user equipment (UE) , comprising code to:receive HARQ information from control information;identify a HARQ process associated with the control information;determine an acknowledgement (ACK) statement from the HARQ information, wherein the ACK statement indicates that a previous uplink transmission for the identified HARQ process was successfully decoded; andrelease data corresponding to the previous uplink transmission from an L2 buffer based on the ACK statement.
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