Engineered adeno-associated virus capsid protein and the use thereof
Engineering an AAV capsid with a 7-mer peptide insertion enhances T cell transduction efficiency and specificity, addressing genomic risks and improving gene therapy efficacy.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-09-05
- Publication Date
- 2026-03-12
AI Technical Summary
Current AAV6 vectors have limited transduction efficiency for activated primary T cells and can cause genomic instability and insertional oncogenesis, while alternative vectors like γ-retroviral and lentiviral vectors pose risks of random integration and transgene silencing.
Engineering an AAV capsid with a 7-mer peptide insertion in the variable region, optionally with linker amino acids, to enhance transduction efficiency and specificity for T cells, and incorporating a genome for targeted gene expression.
Improves transduction efficiency and reduces genomic risks, enabling effective gene therapy for T cells with targeted antigen receptor expression and reduced insertional oncogenesis.
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Figure CN2025119221_12032026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
ENGINEERED ADENO-ASSOCIATED VIRUS CAPSID PROTEIN AND THE USE THEREOF
[0001] Cross-Reference To Related Applications
[0002] The present application claims the priority to PCT Application No. PCT / CN2024 / 117415, filed on September 6, 2024. The disclosure of the prior application is considered part of the disclosure of the present application and is incorporated herein in its entirety.
[0003] Reference To The Sequence Listing
[0004] The sequence listing titled DCF240783WO-Seq Listing-20240827 which was created on August 27, 2024 and is 98, 100 bytes in size, is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.Technical Field
[0005] The present disclosure relates to the field of adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy, and in particular the engineering of AAV capsid protein, an AAV vector packaged by the engineered capsid, and the use of the AAV vector packaged by the engineered capsid to improve the transduction efficiency of T cells in mammals including humans.Background
[0006] The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and do not necessarily constitute prior art.
[0007] Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) have been used as gene delivery vectors for the treatment of various diseases. The safety and efficacy of rAAVs have been proved in the clinical treatment of hemophilia, spinal muscular atrophy, and congenital amaurosis. Naturally occurring AAVs can transduce multiple cells and organs of various species. AAV serotypes are determined by different capsid proteins. Engineering of AAV capsid can significantly improve its transduction efficiency and tropism. AAV capsid variants can be generated by direct evolution, DNA shuffling, peptide display, and in silicon design to better meet clinical needs (see Wang, D. et al. Adeno-associated virus vector as a platform for gene therapy delivery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 18, 358-378 (2019) ) . Although AAV6 has been identified as having a higher tropism for the activated primary T cells than other naturally occurring capsids, it is highly dose-dependent. Moreover, there is no research describing the efficiency of AAV6 in transducing the activated primary T cells in vivo. So far, the transduction efficiency of modified AAV6 towards the activated primary T cells has been improved to certain extent, at the same time, the modification may greatly reduce the yield of AAV6, or it may not be effective across species.
[0008] Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell (CAR-T) immunotherapy has achieved significant clinical efficacy in the treatment of B-cell lymphoma leukemia. Currently, the FDA approved CAR-T products obtained either by the engineering of γ-retroviral vectors carrying CAR or lentiviral vectors carrying CAR. However, the random integration of either of these two viral vectors in the genome may lead to abnormal transcription and variable transgene expression, increasing the risk of insertional oncogenesis and transgene silencing (see Montini, E. et al. Hematopoietic stem cell gene transfer in a tumor-prone mouse model uncovers low genotoxicity of lentiviral vector integration. Nat Biotechnol 24, 687-696 (2006) ; Ranzani, M. et al. Lentiviral vector-based insertional mutagenesis identifies genes associated with liver cancer. Nat Methods 10, 155-161 (2013) ) . In addition, electroporation-mediated DNA delivery might lead to massive T cell death due to the activation of cGAS-STING (cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) synthase-stimulator of interferon genes) pathway. Anti-CD4 CAR mediated by the AAV-DJ can directly achieve tumor control in T-cell leukemia mice (see An, J. et al. Enhancement of the viability of T cells electroporated with DNA via osmotic dampening of the DNA-sensing cGAS-STING pathway. Nat Biomed Eng (2023) ) .Summary
[0009] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides an engineered AAV (such as recombinant AAV (rAAV) ) comprising an engineered capsid, the engineered capsid comprising a 7-met peptide in the variable region of a parental AAV capsid. The AAV provided herein has an improved or similar cell transduction efficiency in a target cell relative to an AAV comprising the parental AAV capsid.
[0010] In some embodiments, the engineered AAV provided herein is a recombinant AAV (rAAV) , preferably a single-stranded AAV (ssAAV) or a self-complementary AAV (scAAV) .
[0011] In some embodiments, the engineered AAV capsid provided herein further comprises two linker amino acids with each at one end of the 7-mer peptide, preferably, the two linker amino acids are G......G, G......A or A......A, wherein “......” represents the 7-mer peptide.
[0012] In some embodiments, the variable region described herein corresponds to VR-IV, VR-V, or VR-VIII of an AAV2 capsid.
[0013] In some embodiments, the parental AAV capsid protein provided herein is a naturally occurring or an engineered capsid comprising AAV1, AAV2, AAV2.5, AAV2G9, AAV3, AAV3a, AAV3b, AAV3-3, AAV4, AAV4-4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV6.1, AAV6.2, AAV6.1.2, AAV7, AAV7.2, AAV8, AAV9, AAV9.11, AAV9.13, AAV9.16, AAV9.24, AAV9.45, AAV9.47, AAV9.61, AAV9.68, AAV9.84, AAV9.9, AAV10, AAVll, AAV12, AAV13, variants thereof, and combination thereof.
[0014] In some embodiments, the 7-mer peptide provided herein is inserted into the variable region of a parental capsid.
[0015] In some embodiments, the 7-mer peptide of engineered capsid protein provided herein is inserted between amino acids 450-596 of the AAV2 capsid, or at the corresponding positions in another AAV capsid, preferably between amino acids 450-458 or 570-596, more preferably between amino acids 453-456 or 575-591, more preferably between amino acids 453-454, 575-576, 587-588, 588-589, or 590-591.
[0016] In some embodiments, the 7-mer peptide provided herein is inserted into any one site of the following:
[0017] (a) between amino acids 453-454, 587-588, or 588-589 of AAV2 capsid;
[0018] (b) between amino acids 575-576 of AAV5 capsid;
[0019] (c) between amino acids 588-589 of AAV6 capsid;
[0020] (d) between amino acids 590-591 of AAV8 capsid;
[0021] (e) between amino acids 588-589 AAV9 capsid.
[0022] In some embodiments, the 7-mer peptide provided herein comprises SEQ ID NOs: 1-11, 13, 15-22, 24 or 25.
[0023] In some embodiments, the engineered capsid provided herein comprises a peptide that at least 80%, 85%, 88%, 90%, 92%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to a peptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 27-37, 39, 41-48, 50, 51, 53-55, 57, 60, 62, 63, 65, 66 and 69.
[0024] In some embodiments, the target cell described herein is a T cell comprising CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, γδ T cells, regulatory T cells, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the T cell described herein is obtained from in vivo, ex vivo, in vitro, or is derived from a progenitor cell.
[0025] In some embodiments, the engineered AAV provided herein comprises a genome comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a transgene, wherein the transgene comprises protein-coding genes, non-coding genes, long non-coding genes, sgRNAs, shRNAs, siRNAs, miRNAs, and any combination thereof.
[0026] In some embodiments, the genome of the engineered AAV provided herein comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of interest, which is a naturally occurring peptide or an engineered peptide, optionally a Blinatumomab peptide.
[0027] In some embodiments, the polypeptide of interest described herein is a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) , and the CAR targets an antigen comprising a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) , a tumor-specific antigen (TSA) , a viral antigen, or an autoimmune-related antigen.
[0028] In some embodiments, TAAs or TSAs include but are not limited to mutation-derived neoantigens, cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) , oncofetal antigens, and overexpressed self-antigens with restricted tissue distribution, such as melanoma-associated antigen (MAGE) family proteins, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) , and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) . In some embodiments, the tumor-associated antigen comprises CD19, CD22, GPC, CEA, immature laminin receptor, TAG-72, HPV E6, HPV E7, EGFR, Ep-CAM, EphA3, Her2, Her3, ROR2, PSMA, STEAP1, FGFR2, TROP2, B7-H3, B7-H4, B7-H6, FOLR1, BAGE family, CAGE family, GAGE family, MAGE family, SAGE family, XAGE family, SSX-2, Fibronectin, MART-2, PDL-1, VEGFR, CLAUDIN, and any combination thereof.
[0029] In some embodiments, the genome of the engineered AAV provided herein further comprises a gRNA expression cassette, and the gRNA targets a genomic locus corresponding to an immune checkpoint gene or a genomic safe harbor.
[0030] In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint gene described herein comprises PD-1, CTLA-4, LAG3, TIGIT, TIM-3, or BTLA, and the genomic safe harbor described herein comprises AAVS1, CCR5, or Rosa26.
[0031] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a cell comprising the engineered AAV provided herein, or transduced thereby. In some embodiments, the cell described herein is obtained from in vivo, ex vivo, or in vitro, or is derived from a progenitor cells.
[0032] In some embodiments, the cell described herein is a T cell comprising CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, γδ T cells, regulatory T cells, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the T described herein is obtained from in vivo, ex vivo, in vitro, or is derived from a progenitor cell.
[0033] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a composition comprising the engineered AAVs disclosed herein, and / or the cells disclosed herein.
[0034] In some embodiments, the composition provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0035] In some embodiments, the composition provided herein further comprises a compound which improves the transduction efficiency of the engineered AAVs provided herein. In some embodiments, the compound provided herein comprises optionally Amsacrine (A) , Bortezomib (B) , Hydroxyurea (H) , Eeyarestatin I (E) , MG-132 (M) , or any combinations thereof.
[0036] In some embodiments, the composition provided herein further comprises at least one other therapeutic agent.
[0037] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating or preventing a disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the engineered AAVs provided herein, the cells provided herein, and / or the compositions provided herein.
[0038] In some embodiments, the disease is a condition that can benefit from an immune cell-targeting therapy, including tumors, autoimmune diseases, and chronic diseases, wherein the immune cell is selected from T cells, NK cells, macrophages, and Treg cells.
[0039] In some embodiments, the tumor is selected from hematopoietic cancer or solid tumor, such as a myeloma, a leukemia (e.g., T-cell leukemia, B-lymphocytic leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) , chronic lymphocytic leukemia (C-CLL) ) , a lymphoma (e.g., B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) ) , Hodgkin lymphoma and / or T-cell lymphoma) and / or clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) , pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, breast cancer, renal cancer, thyroid cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) , glioblastoma and melanoma.
[0040] In some embodiments, the autoimmune disease is selected from psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, Chron's disease, celiac disease, ulcerative colitis, Grave's disease, Hashimoto's disease, Addison's disease, psoriasis, dermatomyositis, Guillian-Barre syndrome, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Type I diabetes, pernicious anemia, and autoimmune vasculitis.
[0041] In some embodiments, the chronic disease is selected from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (e.g., hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke) , diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (e.g., chronic bronchitis, emphysema, etc. ) , mental disorders, and psychosis.
[0042] In some embodiments, the engineered AAVs provided herein, the cells provided herein, and / or the compositions provided herein are administered via at least one routes selected from intra-tumoral injection, intravenous injection, subcutaneous injection, intramuscular injection, arterial injection, intraperitoneal injection, central nervous system injection, intracavitary perfusion, intravesical perfusion, interventional therapy, oral, trans-dermal, transpulmonary, ocular, and topical administration. In some embodiments, the engineered cells provided herein, the cell provided herein, and / or the composition provided herein may be administered independently or in combination via one or more of said routes. In some embodiments, the administration described herein may occur consecutively or concurrently.
[0043] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for CAR-cell preparation, comprising contacting a cell with the engineered disclosed herein.
[0044] In some embodiments, the cell described herein is obtained from in vivo, ex vivo, or in vitro, or is derived from a progenitor cell.
[0045] In some embodiments, the cell described herein is a T cell comprising CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, γδ T cells, regulatory T cells, or combinations thereof.
[0046] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method comprising contacting the cell with a compound which improves the transduction efficiency of the engineered AAV provided herein, and where the compound comprises optionally Amsacrine (A) , Bortezomib (B) , Hydroxyurea (H) , Eeyarestatin I (E) , MG-132 (M) , or any combinations thereof.
[0047] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides an isolated nucleotide sequence, encoding the capsid proteins of the engineered AAVs disclosed herein.
[0048] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a vector comprising the isolated nucleotide sequence disclosed herein.
[0049] In some embodiments, the vector provided herein is a viral vector or a non-viral vector.
[0050] In some embodiments, the vector provided herein is a recombinant expression vector.
[0051] In some embodiments, the viral vector provided herein is an adenovirus, an AAV, a lentivirus, a retrovirus, a herpes simplex virus, or a baculovirus. In some embodiments, the non-viral vector provided herein is a plasmid, a liposome, a nanoparticle, a polymer, a transposon, an exosome, a minicircle, a cosmid, a YAC vector, or a BAC vector.
[0052] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a cell comprising the isolated nucleotide sequences disclosed herein, and / or the vectors disclosed herein.
[0053] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit comprising the engineered AAVs disclosed herein, the cells disclosed herein, the compositions disclosed herein, the nucleotide sequences disclosed herein, and / or the vectors disclosed herein.Brief Description of Drawings
[0054] The following is a brief description of the drawings, which are presented for the purposes of illustrating the exemplary embodiments disclosed herein and not for the purposes of limiting the same.
[0055] Figure 1 shows the process of AAV2-based capsid library screening.
[0056] Figure 2A-2C show the enrichment of variant capsids after screening. (A) Sequence distribution and abundance in the primary parental library. (B) Sequence distribution and enrichment after the third round of screening in Jurkat-E6 cells. (C) Sequence distribution and enrichment after the third round of screening in human activated primary T cells.
[0057] Figure 3A-3D show the transduction efficiencies of capsid variants. (A) A scheme for the preparation and validation of capsid variants. (B) Expression levels of eGFP in the cells transduced by the rAAVs encapsulated with the indicated capsids. “Blank” indicates the uninfected control. (C) Percentage of eGFP+ cells transduced by the rAAVs encapsulated with the indicated capsids. (D) Median fluorescence intensity (MFI) of total cells transduced by the rAAVs encapsulated with the indicated capsids.
[0058] Figure 4A-4B show the expression and transduction efficiencies of capsid variants. (A) Expression of the indicated capsid proteins during viral packaging in HEK293. VP1 (Viral Particle 1) , VP2, and VP3 were probed using antibody against amino acid 726-733 of AAV2 capsid protein. GAPDH served as the loading control. (B) Percentage of eGFP+ cells transduced by rAAVs encapsulated with the indicated capsids.
[0059] Figure 5A-5B show the expression and transduction efficiencies of capsid variants. (A) Expression of the indicated capsid proteins during packaging in HEK293. VP1, VP2, and VP3 were probed using antibody against amino acid 726-733 of AAV2 capsid protein. GAPDH served as the loading control. (B) Percentage of eGFP+ cells transduced by rAAVs encapsulated with the indicated capsids.
[0060] Figure 6A-6E show the transduction efficiencies of capsid variants. (A) A scheme for the preparation and validation of capsid variants. (B) Percentage of eGFP+ cells transduced by the indicated rAAVs at indicated MOIs in Jurkat-E6 cell line. (C) MFI of total cells transduced by the indicated rAAVs at indicated MOIs in Jurkat-E6 cell line. (D) Percentage of eGFP+ cells transduced by the indicated rAAVs at indicated MOIs in human primary T cells. (E) MFI of total cells transduced by the indicated rAAVs at indicated MOIs in human primary T cells.
[0061] Figure 7A-7E show the in vivo transgene delivery efficiencies of capsid variants. (A) Scheme for in vivo bioluminescence imaging of mice systemically injected luciferase-expressing rAAVs through tail-vein. Images of mice were recorded on the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th day post injection. (B) Luciferase expression in mice injected with the indicated rAAVs at ventral position on the7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th day post injection. “AAV2” , “Tot1” , and “Tot3” indicates serotypes of rAAV used. (C) Luciferase expression in mice injected with the indicated rAAVs at dorsal position on the7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th day post injection. “AAV2” , “Totl ” , and “Tot3” indicates serotypes of rAAV used. (D) Quantification of luciferase expression in mice injected with the indicated rAAVs at ventral position on the7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th day post injection. “AAV2” , “Totl” , and “Tot3” indicates serotypes of rAAV used. (E) Quantification of luciferase expression in mice injected with the indicated rAAVs at dorsal position on the7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th day post injection. “AAV2” , “Totl” , and “Tot3” indicates serotypes of rAAV used. “PBS” indicates the experimental group injected PBS only.
[0062] Figure 8A-8B show the distribution of luciferase in mouse ex vivo tissues detected by bioluminescence imaging. (A) Images of organs from mice injected with indicated rAAVs harvested on the 28th day post injection. “AAV2” , “Totl” , and “Tot3” indicates serotypes of rAAV used. (B) Quantification of luminescence value in the indicated organs from mice injected with indicated rAAVs harvested on the 28th day post injection. “AAV2” , “Totl” , and “Tot3” indicates serotypes of rAAV used. “PBS” indicates the experimental group injected PBS only.
[0063] Figure 9 shows the in vivo transduction of T cells by AAV variants in humanized mice. 6-week immunodeficient NCG mice were injected with human cancer cells Nalm6-GL at a dose of 1 × 105 cells per mouse on day 0. Both human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (2.5 × 106 cells per mouse) and rAAVs expressing the FLAG-tagged chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeting CD19 (5 × 1013 vg / kg) were injected into mice on day 2. Transduced T cells were detected using immunostaining with anti-FLAG antibody and the proportion of CAR+T cells in CD45+ cells was quantified by flow cytometry on day 22. “PBS” indicates the experimental group injected PBS only. “AAV2” , “AAV6” , “Tot3” , and “Tot22” indicates serotypes of rAAV used.
[0064] Figure 10 shows the quantification of viral genome copy numbers in various organs from mice in Figure 9 by qPCR.
[0065] Figure 11A-11G show PD-1 knock-out efficiencies in human activated primary T cells transduced using PD-1 gRNA-expressing rAAV variants in vitro. (A) Schematic graph of ssAAV-KO and scAAV-KO vectors. U6 drives the expression of a PD-1 targeted gRNA and CMV drives the expression of eGFP. (B) The expression level of PD-1 in CD3+T cells in the indicated experimental groups. (C) The expression level of PD-1 in CD4+T cells in the indicated experimental groups. (D) Expression levels of PD-1 in CD8+T cells in the indicated experimental groups. (E) Quantifying the expression level of PD-1 in CD3+T cells in the indicated experimental groups. (F) Quantifying the expression level of PD-1 in CD4+T cells in the indicated experimental groups. (G) Quantifying the expression level of PD-1 in CD8+T cells in the indicated experimental groups. “Cas9” indicates the control group only electroporated with Cas9 protein.
[0066] Figure 12 shows the quantification of indel frequencies in PD-1 gene in the cells from indicated experimental groups using ICE analysis tool.
[0067] Figure 13 shows the in vitro cytotoxicity activity of PD-1 knock-out activated primary T cells from the indicated experimental groups. “Cas9” indicates the control group only electroporated with Cas9 protein.
[0068] Figure 14A-14D show the in vivo anti-tumor activity of PD-1 knock-out human activated primary T cells. B-lymphocytic leukemia (B-ALL) mouse model was established by the tail-vein injection of 2.5×105 cells / mouse Nalm6-PDL1 cells (Nalm6 cells with the expression of eGFP, luciferase, and PD-L1 at the same time) into 6-week NCG mice. Three days later, PD-1 knockout T cells (2.5×l06 / mouse) were injected into mice through tail vein for treatment. (A) Bioluminescence imaging for mice in the indicated treatment groups. (B) Body weight change of individual mouse in the indicated treatment groups. (C) Quantification of luciferase expression in the individual mouse from the indicated treatment groups. (D) Survival curves of mice in the indicated groups. “Cas9” indicates the control group only electroporated with Cas9 protein.
[0069] Figure 15A-15D show the knock-in of Fl9 in the PD-1 gene locus in activated human primary T cells. (A) Scheme for knock-in of F19 expression cassette in PD-1 gene locus using rAAVs. Targeted DNA double-strand break was induced by the electroporation of Cas9 protein and the transduction of ssAAV-F19 in the activated human primary T cells. An EF1-driven, CD 19-targeting CAR F19 expression cassette, flanked by homology arms on the rAAV genome, was inserted into the PD-1 gene locus through homology-dependent repair pathway. (B) Fl9 expression levels in the activated primary T cells infected with the indicated rAAVs at the indicated MOIs detected 5 days post transduction by flow cytometry. (C) MFI of the activated primary T cells transduce with the indicated rAAVs at the indicated MOIs. (D) Percentage of F19+ cells transduced with rAAVs encapsulated with the indicated capsids at the indicated MOIs.
[0070] Figure 16A-16J show the expression of F19 or F1922 knocked in the PD-1 gene locus in T cell subtypes. (A) Scheme for knock-in of F19 or F1922 expression cassette in PD-1 gene locus using rAAVs. Fl9 is a CAR against CD19. F1922 is a CAR against both CD19 and CD22. (B) Expression level of PD1, F19, and F1922 in the CD3+T cells infected with the indicated rAAVs. (C) Expression level of PD1, Fl9, and F1922 in the CD4+T cells infected with the indicated rAAVs. (D) Expression level of PD1, Fl9, and F1922 in the CD8+T cells infected with the indicated rAAVs. (E-G) Percentage of PD-l+ cells in CD3+T, CD4+T, and CD8+T cells in the indicated experimental groups. (H-J) Percentage of CAR+ cells in CD3+T, CD4+T and CD8+T cells in the indicated experimental groups. “Cas9” indicates the control group only electroporated with Cas9 protein.
[0071] Figure 17 shows the secretion levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α in CAR knock-in T cells. Fl9 or F1922 were knocked-in activated human primary T cells using the indicated rAAVs. Transduced cells (effector cells, E) were co-cultured with Nalm6-PDL1 (target cells, T) cells at E: T=1: 1 for 24h. Levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α in the supernatant were detected by ELISA. “Cas9” indicates the control group only electroporated with Cas9 protein.
[0072] Figure 18 shows the in vitro cytotoxicity activity of activated primary T cells from the indicated experimental groups. “Cas9” indicates the control group electroporated only with Cas9 protein.
[0073] Figure 19A-19D show the in vivo anti-tumor activity of human activated primary T cells transduced with indicated rAAVs. Fl9 knock-in T cells (2.5×106 / mouse) were injected into B-ALL mice by tail-vein for treatment. (A) Bioluminescence imaging for mice in the indicated treatment groups. (B) Body weight changes of individual mouse in the indicated treatment groups. (C) Quantification of luciferase expression in the individual mouse from the indicated treatment groups. (D) Survival curves of mice in the indicated groups. “Cas9” indicates mice injected with T cells electroporated only with Cas9 protein.
[0074] Figure 20A-20C show that small molecule drugs enhance the transduction efficiency of rAAV to T cells. Human activated primary T cells were pre-treated using the indicated drags for 2 hours followed by the transduction of eGFP-expressing rAAVs for 48 hours. Flow cytometry was performed to quantify the transduction efficiencies. (A) Expression levels of eGFP in cells from the indicated experimental groups. Blank is the non-treatment control. DMSO is the vehicle control group. (B) Percentage of eGFP+ cells in the indicated experimental groups. DMSO is the vehicle control group. (C) MFI of total cells in the indicated experimental groups. DMSO is the vehicle control group.
[0075] Figure 21 shows that the schematic of rAAV genome. The coding sequence of Blinatumomad peptide, fused with a Sec signal peptide, was flanked by a Kozak sequence and a WPRE element. The ORF was drived by the EF promoter and terminated by a polyA (pA) signal.
[0076] Figure 22 shows the experimental procedure for evaluating the in vivo transduction efficiencies of the evolved capsids in six-week-old NCG mice.
[0077] Figure 23 shows the treatment efficacy in mice using rAAVs. Mock, ssAAV2-EGFP, ssAAV2-P319, ssTotl-P319, and ssTot3-P319 refer to experimental groups in which mice were injected with PBS or the indicated rAAVs on Day 3, respectively.
[0078] Figure 24 shows the treatment efficacy in mice using rAAVs. Luminescence signals were quantified in the Mock, ssAAV2-EGFP, ssAAV2-P319, ssTotl-P319, and ssTot3-P319 groups, in which mice were injected with PBS or the indicated rAAVs on Day 3, respectively.
[0079] Figure 25 shows that body weight change of Mock, ssAAV2-EGFP, ssAAV2-P319, ssTot1-P319, and ssTot3-P319 groups, in which mice were injected with PBS or the indicated rAAVs on Day 3, respectively.
[0080] Figure 26 shows the extended median survival time of mice treated with rAAVs. Mock, ssAAV2-EGFP, ssAAV2-P319, ssTot l-P319, and ssTot3-P319 refer to experimental groups in which mice were injected with PBS or the indicated rAAVs on Day 3, respectively.Detailed Description
[0081] The present disclosure is explained in greater detail below. This description is not intended to be a detailed catalog of all the different ways in which the invention may be implemented or all the features that may be added to the instant invention. For example, features illustrated with respect to one embodiment may be incorporated into other embodiments, and features illustrated with respect to a particular embodiment may be deleted from that embodiment. In addition, numerous variations and additions to the various embodiments suggested herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the instant disclosure which do not depart from the instant invention. Hence, the following description is intended to illustrate some particular embodiments of the invention, and not to exhaustively specify all permutations, combinations and variations thereof.
[0082] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the disclosure pertains. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein may be used in the practice for testing of the present disclosure, the preferred materials and methods are described herein. In describing and claiming the present disclosure, the following terminology will be used.
[0083] Definitions
[0084] Unless clearly indicated otherwise, the term “comprise” , “include” , “contain” , and their variations such as “comprising” , “comprises” as used herein should be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element or step or a group of elements or steps, but not the exclusion of any other element or step or a group of elements or steps.
[0085] Unless clearly contraindicated in the context herein or indicated otherwise, the expression of “A and / or B” includes three situations: (1) A, (2) B, and (3) A and B; the expression of “A, B and / or C” includes seven situations: (1) A, (2) B, (3) C, (4) A and B, (5) A and C, (6) B and C, and (7) A, B and C. The meaning of similar expressions can be inferred in this manner.
[0086] Unless indicated otherwise, a singular form of a referent shall include its plural counterparts, and plural terms shall include the singular counterpart.
[0087] As used herein, “scAAV” refers to self-complementary AAV. As used herein, “ssAAV” refers to single-stranded AAV. For ssAAV vectors, the coding sequence and complementary sequence of the transgene expression cassette are on separate strands and are packaged in separate viral capsids. For scAAV vectors, both the coding and complementary sequence of the transgene expression cassette are present on a self-annealing viral genome DNA.
[0088] As used herein, the term AAV “capsid” refers to the protein shell of an AAV particle that encapsulates the viral genome, including both naturally occurring and engineered capsids. Conceptually, AAV capsid is assembled from three capsid proteins including VP1, VP2, and VP3, which share the common C-terminal sequence and VP2 and VP3 are N-terminally truncated forms of VP1. In some embodiments, the VP1, VP2, and VP3 proteins composing the AAV capsid may be derived from heterologous sources. As used herein, the term AAV “capsid protein” refers to VP1, VP2, and / or VP3 protein. A nucleotide sequence that encodes an AAV “capsid protein” comprises the nucleotide sequence encoding the full-length VP1, as well as nucleotide sequences encoding VP2 or VP3 which derived from the VP1. Unless otherwise specified, the “capsid protein sequence” used herein refers to the full-length amino acid sequence of VP1 of the corresponding AAV capsid. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the amino acid sequences of VP1, VP2, and VP3 can be readily determined from the capsid protein sequences disclosed herein, and all such VP1, VP2, and VP3 sequences, without limitation, are expressly intended to be fully encompassed within, and form an integral part of, the invention as disclosed and claimed herein.
[0089] As used herein, when referring to a specific amino acid position in a “capsid” or a “capsid protein” , it refers to the amino acid at the corresponding position in the full-length VP1 sequence; the amino acid at the corresponding position in VP2 or VP3 relative to VP1; or the position corresponding to the codon in the Cap gene that encodes the amino acid at that position in VP1. ”
[0090] For example, with respect to AAV2, reference to amino acid 488 of the capsid protein corresponds to amino acid 488 in the full-length VP1 sequence, the amino acid at the position in VP2 or VP3 that aligns with VP1 position 488, or the codon in the Cap gene encoding the amino acid at VP1 position 488.
[0091] As used herein, the “variable region (VR) ” of AAV capsid protein refers to the region comprising at least two consecutive amino acids that exhibit high conformational distinctness among AAV serotypes, such as a difference of at least about at the Cα positions upon structural alignment of VP3 regions of two AAV serotypes. The VRs contribute to local topological variations among AAV capsids, as well as functional differences, such as receptor attachment, transducfion efficiency, and antigenic reactivity (For more information, please see Doi: 10.1128 / JVI. 01536-06) .
[0092] The AAV capsids comprises nine VRs, designated VR-I to VR-IX, each corresponding to region on the AAV capsid that aligns with the following amino acid residues of AAV2 VP1 protein: 263-265, 325-330, 381-384, 450-466, 490-503, 527-532, 545-556, 585-596, and 704-713. VR-IV, VR-V, and VR-VIII together form the top of the 3-fold protrusion, which contribute to AAV capsid tropism.
[0093] Modification of VRs of AAV capsids may alter cellular AAV interaction, which may retarget the engineered viral particle to a specific cell or tissue type. Such modification may include, but not limited to, amino acid substitution, deletion, or insertion; peptide insertion; modification of one or more contiguous amino acids; introduction of non-natural or chemically modified amino acids; covalent attachment of other compounds, oligomers, or peptides; or any combination thereof. These modifications can be designed to influence capsid properties such as receptor binding, antigenicity, transducfion efficiency, or intracellular trafficking.
[0094] Wild-type AAV has a genome containing inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) , Rep and Cap open reading frames. As used herein, the term "ITR" refers to the inverted terminal repeats present at both ends of the AAV genome, which is a well-characterized region in the field. Both ITRs work together in cis and function to support AAV replication, rescue, integration and other related processes.
[0095] As used herein, “Rep” refers to the open reading frame encoding Rep proteins, which are essential for AAV genome replication and integration-mediated latent infection in host cells. (For more information, please see e.g., Muzyczka, N. (1992) Current Topics in Microbiol and Immunol. 158, 97-129; Kotin, R.M. (1994) Human Gene Therapy 5, 793-801. )
[0096] As used herein, “Cap” refers to the open reading frame encoding Cap proteins comprising VP1, VP2, and VP3 that assemble to form the viral capsid and encapsulate the viral genome. (For more information, please see e.g., Muzyczka, N. (1992) Current Topics in Microbiol, and Immunol. 158, 97 129; Kotin, R.M. (1994) Human Gene Therapy 5, 793-801. )
[0097] As used herein, the term “antibody” should be understood in its broadest interpretation, including, but not limited to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) , polyclonal antibodies, fusion antibodies, multi-specific (such as bispecific) antibodies, diabodies, nanobodies, triabodies, multivalent antibodies, chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, fully human antibodies, single chain antibodies, and antibody fragments that preserve the antigen binding specificity, such as antigen binding fragments. The antibody may contain additional modifications, such as mutations in non-CDR regions, constant regions, glycosylation sites, post-translational modifications or other suitable modifications, provided that the resulting antibody retains binding specificity to a target antigen.
[0098] As used herein, the term “protein” refers to a complex organic macromolecule composed of one or more chains of amino acids, which are linked by peptide bonds. It is one of the fundamental biological macromolecules essential for all known forms of life, playing critical roles in the structure, function, and regulation of cells, tissues, and organs. Protein's biological function depends heavily on their three-dimensional (3D) structure, which forms through a hierarchical folding process. This structure is typically categorized into four levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The primary structure is the simplest level and refers to the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The secondary structure describes local folding patterns within short segments of the polypeptide chain, stabilized primarily by hydrogen bonds between the backbone atoms. The tertiary structure is the overall 3D shape of a single polypeptide chain, resulting from interactions between the side chains (R groups) of amino acids. Some proteins consist of multiple polypeptide chains (subunits) , which associate to form a functional protein complex. The quaternary structure refers to the arrangement and interaction of these subunits.
[0099] As used herein, the term “peptide” or “polypeptide” can be used interchangeably, and refers to a chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds, which are covalent bonds formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another, with the release of a water molecule.
[0100] AAVs and cells transduced thereby
[0101] The present disclosure provides an engineered adeno-associated AAV (such as rAAV) , comprising an engineered capsid, the engineered capsid comprising a 7-mer peptide in the variable region or a parental capsid. The AAV has an improved or similar transduction efficiency in a target cell relative to an AAV (such as an engineered AAV) comprising the parental AAV capsid.
[0102] In some embodiments, the engineered AAV disclosed herein is a recombinant AAV (rAAV) . In some preferred embodiments, the engineered AAV disclosed herein is an ssAAV or an scAAV.
[0103] In some embodiments, the engineered capsid provided herein further comprises two linker amino acids with each at one end of the 7-mer peptide, preferably, the two linker amino acids are G......G, G......A or A......A, wherein “......” represents the 7-mer peptide.
[0104] In some embodiments, the variable region described herein corresponds to VR-IV, VR-V, or VR-VIII of an AAV2 capsid.
[0105] In some embodiments, the parental AAV capsid protein is a naturally occurring or an engineered capsid comprising AAV1, AAV2, AAV2.5, AAV2G9, AAV3, AAV3a, AAV3b, AAV3-3, AAV4, AAV4-4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV6.1, AAV6.2, AAV6.1.2, AAV7, AAV7.2, AAVS, AAV9, AAV9.11, AAV9.13, AAV9.16, AAV9.24, AAV9.45, AAV9.47, AAV9.61, AAV9.68, AAV9.84, AAV9.9, AAV10, AAVll, AAV12, AAV13, variants thereof, and combination thereof. In some embodiments, the variants are functional variants that preserve at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 99%of the function (such as cell transduction) of the parental AAV capsid protein. In some embodiments, the combination comprises full-length capsid protein combination, partial-length capsid protein combination, and / or full-length and partial-length capsid protein combination.
[0106] In some embodiments, the 7-mer peptide provided herein is inserted into the variable region of a parental capsid.
[0107] In some embodiments, the 7-mer peptide is inserted between amino acids 450-596 of the AAV2 capsid, or the corresponding positions in another AAV capsid. In some preferred embodiments, the 7-mer peptide is inserted between amino acids 450-458 or 570-596 of the AAV2 capsid, or the corresponding positions in another AAV capsid. In some more preferred embodiments, the 7-mer peptide is inserted between amino acids 453-456 or 575-591 of the AAV2 capsid, or the corresponding positions in another AAV capsid. In some more preferred embodiments, the 7-mer peptide is inserted between amino acids 453-454, 575-576, 587-588, 588-589, or 590-591 of the AAV2 capsid, or the corresponding positions in another AAV capsid. In some preferred embodiments, the 7-mer peptide is inserted at amino acid 453, 575, 587, 588, or 590 of the AAV2 capsid, or the corresponding positions in another AAV capsid. In some preferred embodiments, the 7-mer peptide is inserted at amino acid 588 of the AAV2 capsid. In some preferred embodiments, the 7-mer peptide is inserted into a parental AAV capsid proteins at the position corresponding to amino acid 588 of AAV2 capsid protein. In some embodiments, the 7-mer peptide is inserted at amino acid 575 of AAV5 capsid protein, amino acid 588 of AAV6 capsid protein, amino acid 590 of AAV8 capsid protein, or amino acid 588 of AAV9 capsid protein.
[0108] In some embodiments, the 7-mer peptide is inserted into any one site of the following (a) -(e) : (a) between amino acids 453-454, 587-588, or 588-589 of AAV2 capsid protein; (b) between amino acids 575-576 of AAV5 capsid protein; (c) between amino acids 588-589 of AAV6 capsid protein; (d) between amino acids 590-591 of AAV8 capsid protein; (e) between amino acids 588-589 of AAV9 capsid protein.
[0109] In some embodiments, the 7-mer peptide comprises SEQ ID NOs: 1-11, 13, 15-22, 24 or 25.
[0110] In some embodiments, the engineered AAV capsid disclosed herein comprises a peptide that is at least 80%, 85%, 88%, 90%, 92%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9%or 100%identical to a peptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 27-37, 39, 41-48, 50, 51, 53-55, 57, 60, 62, 63, 65, 66 and 69.
[0111] The present disclosure provides an rAAV comprising the engineered AAV capsid disclosed herein.
[0112] In some embodiments, the target cell described herein is a T cell comprising CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, γδ T cells, regulatory T cells, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the T cell described herein is obtained from in vivo, ex vivo, in vitro, or is derived from a progenitor cell.
[0113] In some embodiments, the engineered AAV comprises a genome comprising a nucleic acid encoding a transgene. In some preferred embodiments, the transgene is a therapeutic transgene. In some preferred embodiments, the transgene is selected from the group consisting of protein-coding genes, long non-coding genes, sgRNAs, shRNAs, siRNAs, miRNAs, and any combination thereof.
[0114] As used herein, a “transgene” is a segment of DNA or RNA that is artificially introduced into the genome of an organism (such as an animal, plant, or microorganism) using genetic engineering techniques.
[0115] As used herein, a "therapeutic transgene" refers to a transgene that exerts a therapeutic effect either by itself or through its encoded products, such as proteins or peptides. For example, the transgene encoding blinatumomab directs the production of this bispecific antibody, which exerts a therapeutic effect on certain hematologic malignancies (e.g., relapsed or refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia) by bridging T cells and CD19-positive B cells, thereby triggering an immune response to eliminate cancer cells.
[0116] In some embodiments, the long non-coding genes encode an RNA has at least 500 nucleotides and does not encode a polypepfide, such as Xist RNA. For more information, see e.g., Mattick, J.S., Amaral, P.P., Caminci, P. et al. Long non-coding RNAs: definitions, functions, challenges and recommendations. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 24, 430-447 (2023) .
[0117] In some embodiments, the genome of the engineered AAV comprises a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide of interest, which is a naturally occurring peptide or an engineered peptide, optionally a Blinatumomab peptide.
[0118] In some embodiments, the polypeptide of interest described herein is a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) , and the CAR targets an antigen comprising a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) , a tumor-specific antigen (TSA) , a viral antigen, or an autoimmune-related antigen.
[0119] In some embodiments, TSAs include but are not limited to mutation-derived neoantigens, cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) , oncofetal antigens, and overexpressed self-antigens with restricted tissue distribution, such as melanoma-associated antigen (MAGE) family proteins, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) , and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) .
[0120] In some embodiments, the tumor-associated antigen described herein comprises CD19, CD13, CD22, GPC, CEA, immature laminin receptor, TAG-72, HPV E6, HPV E7, EGFR, Ep-CAM, EphA3, Her2, Her3, ROR2, PSMA, STEAP1, FGFR2, TROP2, B7-H3, B7-H4, B7-H6, FOLR1, BAGE family, CAGE family, GAGE family, MAGE family, SAGE family, XAGE family, SSX-2, Fibronectin, MART-2, PDL-1, VEGFR, CLAUDIN, and any combination thereof.
[0121] In some embodiments, the genome of the engineered AAV provided herein further comprises a gRNA expression cassette, and the gRNA targets a genomic locus corresponding to an immune checkpoint gene or a genomic safe harbor.
[0122] In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint gene described herein comprises PD-1, CTLA-4, LAG3, TIGIT, TIM-3, or BTLA, and the genomic safe harbor described herein comprises AAVS1, CCR5, or Rosa26.
[0123] The present disclosure provides a cell comprising the engineered AAV provided herein, or transduced thereby.
[0124] In some embodiments, the cell described herein is obtained from in vivo, ex vivo, or in vitro, or is derived from a progenitor cells.
[0125] In some embodiments, the cell described herein is a T cell comprising CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, γδ T cells, regulatory T cells, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the T described herein is obtained from in vivo, ex vivo, in vitro, or is derived from a progenitor cell.
[0126] Compositions and combinations
[0127] The present disclosure provides a composition comprising the engineered AAVs disclosed herein, and / or the cells disclosed herein.
[0128] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a composition comprising the engineered AAVs. In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a composition comprising the cells. In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a composition comprising the engineered AAVs and the cells.
[0129] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising the engineered AAVs and / or the cells, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0130] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the engineered AAVs disclosed herein and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the cells disclosed herein and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the engineered AAVs disclosed herein, the cells disclosed herein, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0131] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a mixture of the elements disclosed herein with one or more additional chemical components (such as carriers or excipients) that are compatible with pharmaceutical administration. The pharmaceutical composition facilitates the administration of the elements disclosed herein to the subject in need. Various administration methods are known in the art, including but not limited to subcutaneous, intramuscular, oral, transdermal, parenteral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, transpulmonary, transnasal, ocular, systemic, and topical administration.
[0132] The pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may be configured in a dosage form suitable for administration to a subject by the desired route of administration. Said dosage forms include, but are not limited to, tablets, capsules, caplet, pills, soft gel, troche, powders, syrups, elixir, suspensions, solutions, emulsions, transdermal patches, suppositories, inhalations, creams, pastes, lotions, ointment, sprays, lyophilized preparation, injectables, and gels.
[0133] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient” refers to a carrier or excipient compatible with the other ingredients of the composition and not substantially deleterious to the recipient thereof and / or that such carrier or excipient is approved or approvable for inclusion in a pharmaceutical composition for parenteral administration to subject. The term includes all pharmaceutically acceptable materials, solvents, carders, excipients, stabilizers, diluents, dispersants, suspending agents, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, thickeners and / or excipients. Examples of such carders or excipients include, but are not limited to, water, saline, ringer's solutions, dextrose solution, and 5%human serum albumin, liposomes and non-aqueous vehicles such as fixed oils.
[0134] In some embodiments, the composition disclosed herein further comprises a compound which improves the transduction efficiency of the engineered AAVs provided herein. In some embodiments, the compound provided herein comprises optionally Amsacrine (A) , Bortezomib (B) , Hydroxyurea (H) , Eeyarestatin I (E) , MG-132 (M) , or any combinations thereof.
[0135] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a combination, comprising the composition disclosed herein, and at least one other therapeutic agent.
[0136] In some embodiments, the other therapeutic agent is an anti-tumor compound or combinations thereof.
[0137] Treatment methods and medical uses
[0138] The present disclosure provides a method for treating or preventing a disease, comprising administering an effective amount of the engineered AAVs described herein, the cells described herein, and / or the compositions described herein to a subject in need thereof.
[0139] In some embodiments, the disease is a condition that can benefit from an immune cell-targeting therapy, including tumors, autoimmune diseases and chronic diseases, wherein the immune cell is selected from T cells, NK cells, macrophages, and Treg cells.
[0140] The tumor is selected from hematopoietic cancer or solid multiple, such as myeloma, leukemia (e.g., T cell leukemia, B lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (C-CLL) ) , lymphoma (e.g., B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (B-NHL) , Hodgkin's lymphoma, and / or T cell lymphoma) , and / or clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) , pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, breast cancer, renal cancer, thyroid cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, non-small cell lung (NSCLC) , glioblastoma, and melanoma.
[0141] Autoimmune diseases include but are not limited to psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, Chron's disease, celiac disease, ulcerative colitis, Grave's disease, Hashimoto's disease, Addison's disease, psoriasis, dermatomyositis, Guillian-Barre syndrome, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Type I diabetes, pernicious anemia, and autoimmune vasculitis.
[0142] Chronic diseases are conditions that last 1 year or more and require ongoing medical attention or limit activities of daily living or both.
[0143] Chronic diseases include but are not limited to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (e.g., hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke) , diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (e.g., chronic bronchitis, emphysema, etc. ) , mental disorders, and psychosis.
[0144] The present disclosure provides use of the engineered AAVs disclosed herein, the cells disclosed herein, the composition disclosed herein, or the combination disclosed herein in the preparation of a medicament to treat or prevent diseases.
[0145] As used herein, the term “treat” , “treatment” , or “treating” refers to the alleviation or amelioration of a disease or disorder (i.e., slowing or stopping the progression of a disease or at least one clinical symptom) ; or the alleviation or amelioration of at least one physical parameter or biomarker associated with the disease or disorder.
[0146] As used herein, the term “prevent” or “preventing” includes providing prophylaxis with respect to the occurrence or recurrence of a disease in an individual that may be predisposed to the disease but has not yet been diagnosed with the disease.
[0147] As used herein, the term “disease” refers to any alteration in the state of the body or one or more organs that interrupts or interferes with the performance of a function and / or causes symptoms (e.g., discomfort, dysfunction, distress, or even death) in a subject.
[0148] As used herein, the term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of the therapeutic agent, when administered to a subject, produces a beneficial or therapeutic effect against a disease, while being low enough to avoid serious adverse effects. The therapeutically effective amount of the engineered cells, the pharmaceutical composition, the combination and others disclosed herein will vary at least based on the following factors, the route of administration; the severity of the disease being treated; the age, height, weight and physical condition of the patient; the medical history of the patient; the duration of the treatment; the desired therapeutic effect. However, the therapeutically effective amount can still be determined in a conventional manner by those skilled in the art. In some embodiments, the engineered cells or the pharmaceutical composition is administered via at least one of the following routes, intra-tumoral injection, intravenous injection, subcutaneous injection, intramuscular injection, arterial injection, intraperitoneal injection, central nervous system injection, intracavitary perfusion, intravesical perfusion, interventional therapy, oral, trans-dermal, transpulmonary, ocular, and topical administration; wherein the engineered cell and other therapeutic agent in the combination each independently is administered via at least one of the aforesaid routes, and the engineered cell and other therapeutic agent in the combination are administered consecutively or concurrently.
[0149] As used herein, the term “subject” includes animals such as vertebrate, preferably mammals, such as dogs, rabbits, cats, pigs, sheep, horses, goats, rodents (e.g., mice, rats, guinea pigs) or primates (e.g., gorillas, chimpanzees, monkeys, and humans) .
[0150] Methods for CAR-cell preparation and cells produced thereby
[0151] The present disclosure provides a method for CAR-cell preparation, comprising contacting a cell with the engineered AAVs disclosed herein.
[0152] In some embodiments, the cell described herein is obtained from in vivo, ex vivo, or in vitro, or is derived from a progenitor cell.
[0153] In some embodiments, the cell described herein is a T cell comprising CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, γδ T cells, regulatory T cells, or combinations thereof.
[0154] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method comprising contacting the cell with a compound which improves the transduction efficiency of the engineered AAVs provided herein, and where the compound comprises optionally Amsacrine (A) , Bortezomib (B) , Hydroxyurea (H) , Eeyarestatin I (E) , MG-132 (M) , or any combinations thereof.
[0155] The present disclosure provides an in vitro CAR-cell preparation method, including knocking out target gene in cells and knocking in CAR encoding sequence utilizing gene editing system in combination with the engineered AAV disclosed herein. In some preferred embodiments, the cells are immune cells, such as T cells, NK cells, macrophages, and Treg cells.
[0156] In some embodiments, the gene editing system is selected from at least one of the following, CRISPR / Cas9 system, zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) technology, and transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) system. In some embodiments, the target gene is immune checkpoint gene, preferably PD-1 gene. In some embodiments, the CAR targets Tumor Associated Antigens (TAAs) , preferably CD19 and / or CD22.
[0157] In some embodiments, the in vitro CAR-cell preparation method includes electroporating the cells with Cas9 protein, and then infecting the cells with the engineered AAV disclosed herein, wherein the engineered AAV comprises (a) a gRNA against a target, and (b) a sequence encoding CAR flanked by homologous arm sequences corresponding to the target. In some preferred embodiments, the gRNA against a target is a gRNA against PD-1. In some embodiments, the CAR targets TAA (s) , preferably CD19 and / or CD22. In some preferred embodiments, the sequence encoding CAR flanked by homologous arm sequences corresponding to the target is a sequence encoding an anti-CD19 antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof flanked by homologous arm sequences corresponding to PD-1. In some preferred embodiments, the sequence encoding CAR flanked by homologous arm sequences corresponding to the target is a sequence encoding a bispecific antibody against CD19 and CD22 or an antigen-binding fragment thereof flanked by homologous arm sequences corresponding to PD-1.
[0158] In some embodiments, the activated cells are electroporated with Cas9 protein, and then the engineered AAV disclosed herein infects the cells. The AAV disclosed herein uses a gRNA against PD-1 alongside a sequence encoding an anti-CD19 antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof flanked by homologous arm sequences of PD-1, or a sequence encoding a bispecific antibody against CD19 and CD22 or an antigen binding fragment thereof flanked by homologous arm sequences of PD-1. In some embodiments, the cells are immune cells, such as T cells, NK cells, macrophages, and Treg cells.
[0159] The present disclosure provides an in vivo CAR-cell preparation method, including directly injecting the engineered AAV disclosed herein to transduce cells in an immunodeficient host, wherein the engineered AAV comprises a sequence encoding CAR. In some preferred embodiments, the immunodeficient host is a PBMC humanized mouse. In some preferred embodiments, the cells are immune cells, such as T cells, NK cells, macrophages and Treg cells. In some preferred embodiments, the CAR targets TAA (s) . In some more preferred embodiments, the TAA is CD19 and / or CD22.
[0160] The present disclosure provides an in vivo CAR-cell preparation methods, comprising directly injecting the engineered AAV disclosed herein in vivo to track cells in an immunodeficient host, such as humanized immunodeficient mice, and promoting the generation of CAR-immune cells in vivo after the AAV transduction. In some preferred embodiments, the cells are immune cells, such as T cells, NK cells, macrophages and Treg cells.
[0161] Methods for gene editing and cells produced thereby
[0162] The present disclosure provides methods for gene editing in cells, including knocking out target gene in cells utilizing gene editing system in combination with the engineered AAV disclosed herein. The present disclosure provides methods for gene editing in cells, including knocking in CAR encoding sequence utilizing gene editing system in combination with the engineered AAV disclosed herein. The present disclosure provides methods for gene editing in cells, including knocking out target gene in cells utilizing gene editing system in combination with the engineered AAV disclosed herein, and / or knocking in CAR encoding sequence utilizing gene editing system in combination with the engineered AAV disclosed herein. In some preferred embodiments, the cells are immune cells, such as T cells, NK cells, macrophages and Treg cells. In some embodiments, the target gene is selected from immune checkpoint genes. In some embodiments, the target gene is PD1 gene. In some embodiments, the CAR targets TAA (s) or TSA (s) , preferably, CD19, CD13, CD22, or CD19 and CD22.
[0163] The present disclosure provides methods for gene editing in cells, comprising a gene editing system and the engineered AAV disclosed herein, wherein the cells are infected with the engineered AAV expressing a gRNA targeting an immune checkpoint gene, thereby mediating the knockout of target genes. In some preferred embodiments, the cells are immune cells, such as T cells, NK cells, macrophages and Treg cells.
[0164] Immune checkpoint genes include but are not limited to PD1, CTLA-4, VISTA.
[0165] TAAs include but are not limited to CD19, CD13, CD22, GPC, CEA, immature laminin receptor, TAG-72, HPV E6, HPV E7, EGFR, Ep-CAM, EphA3, Her2, Her3, ROR2, PSMA, STEAP1, FGFR2, TROP2, B7-H3, B7-H4, B7-H6, FOLR1, BAGE family, CAGE family, GAGE family, MAGE family, SAGE family, XAGE family, SSX-2, Fibronectin, MART-2, PDL-1, VEGFR, CLAUDIN, and any combinations thereof.
[0166] TSAs include but are not limited to mutation-derived neoantigens, cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) , oncofetal antigens, and overexpressed self-antigens with restricted tissue distribution, such as melanoma-associated antigen (MAGE) family proteins, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) , and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) .
[0167] Gene editing system includes but is not limited to CRISPR / Cas9 system, zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) technology, and transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) system.
[0168] The present disclosure provides engineered cells prepared by the methods disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the engineered cells are prepared by knocking out the immune checkpoint gene (such as PD-1) and expressing CAR (such as CAR targeting TAAs, such as CD19, CD13, and / or CD22) on the cell surface.
[0169] Nucleotide sequences, vectors, and cells
[0170] The present disclosure provides an isolated nucleotide sequence encoding the capsid proteins of the engineered AAVs disclosed herein.
[0171] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a vector comprising the isolated nucleotide sequence disclosed herein.
[0172] In some embodiments, the vector provided herein is a viral vector or a non-viral vector.
[0173] In some embodiments, the vector provided herein is a recombinant expression vector.
[0174] In some embodiments, the viral vector provided herein is an adenovirus, an AAV, a lentivirus, a retrovirus, a herpes simplex virus, or a baculovirus. In some embodiments, the non-viral vector provided herein is a plasmid, a liposome, a nanoparticle, a polymer, a transposon, an exosome, a minicircle, a cosmid, a YAC vector, or a BAC vector.
[0175] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a cell comprising the isolated nucleotide sequence disclosed herein, and / or the vector disclosed herein.
[0176] Kits
[0177] The present disclosure provides a kit comprising the engineered AAVs disclosed herein, the cells disclosed herein, the compositions disclosed herein, the nucleotide sequences disclosed herein, and / or the vectors disclosed herein.
[0178] Examples
[0179] The inventors selected AAV2 as the parental serotype by comparing the infection efficiency of wild-type AAV1-AAV10 on human activated primary T cells (healthy human donor PBMC) and Jurkat-E6 cell line (provided by the Chinese Academy of Sciences Stem Cell Bank; SCSP-513) and engineered its capsid. When AAV2 enters the host cell, it mainly depends on the two residues in the HSPG (heparan sulfate proteoglycan) binding motif of AAV2, R585 and R588. N587 and R588 are located at the farthest site of the VR-VIII region. Evolution at this site can reduce the impact of the inserted sequence on the virus structure and form a domain at the protrusion to bind to the target cell. In summary, the display peptide library was inserted between N 587 and R588 of AAV2. After three rounds of iterative screening, 25 polypeptide sequences were enriched and cloned into AAV2 capsid at amino acid 587 (hereafter referred to as 587 site) to generate new capsid variants Tot1-Tot25. Following further evaluation of infection efficiency and packaging efficiency, new capsid variants with increased infection efficiency were selected.
[0180] Combining the rAAV with CRISPR / Cas9 system, infection of rAAV with the new serotype capsids effectively knocked out PD-1 and knocked in CAR in human activated primary T cell in vitro, improving the ability of CAR-T cells to inhibit tumors in vivo and in vitro. Injection of rAAV into humanized NCG mice can also transduce T cells in vivo, thereby achieving tumor control. The method for generating CAR-T cells in vitro is as follows. Firstly, the rAAV vector that expresses PD-1 targeting gRNA and contains the donor DNA comprising CAR coding sequence flanked by homology arms is designed and constructed (for example, named ssAAV-F19) . T cells from patients or healthy donors are electroporated with Cas9 protein followed by rAAV infection to cut PD-1 DNA and knock in the CAR expression cassette into PD-1 locus.
[0181] Example 1: AAV capsid engineering process
[0182] Step 1: Library screening process
[0183] The library screening process is shown in Figure 1. (1) Design and synthesize the DNA oligo pool containing GGC (NNK) 7GCA ( (NNK) 7 is a random nucleotide sequence encoding a 7-mer peptide, where N=A / T / C / G, K=T / G; GGC and GCA encode glycine and alanine respectively to provide flexible linkers on both sides of the 7-mer peptide) , and clone the sequence into Cap2 gene at the corresponding site between amino acids 587 and 588 of the wild-type AAV2 capsid protein (Cap2) by Gibson assembly (NEB; E2621L) . After that, co-transfection with adenovirus helper plasmid was used to generate an AAV2-based viral library. Virus aliquot are then treated with DNase I (TransGen; GD201-01) at 37℃ for 30 minutes to remove any residual DNA, followed by EDTA treatment at 65℃ for 10 minutes to inactivate DNase I, followed by Proteinase K (TransGen; GE201-01) treatment at 55℃ for 90 minutes to cleave the viral capsid protein and expose the viral genome, and then treated at 95℃ for 15 minutes to inactivate Proteinase K, followed by phenol-chloroform extraction and isopropanol precipitation to extract the viral genome. DNA fragment containing a random sequence of 146 bp was amplified by PCR from the viral genome, and the DNA fragment was recovered and purified by agarose gel (TransGen; GS201-01) electrophoresis. After ligating with adapters, the DNA fragment was sequenced by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) . Abundance of the library was analyzed, as shown in Figure 2A.
[0184] (2) Immortalized human T cells Jurkat-E6 were infected with viral library at an MOI (Multiplicity of infection) of 5 × 103.
[0185] (3) Enriched sequences were analyzed by NGS using amplicons from the genome of the transduced cells. The method is as follows: collect Jurkat-E6 cells at 24 hours post transduction, remove the media by centrifugation at 300g for 5 minutes, and then wash the cells three times with pre-cooled PBS to remove the residual viral particles on the cell surface. Then, the cells were fully lysed using cell lysis buffer (Tris-HC1; NaC1; Triton X-100 and sterile water) and Proteinase K at 55℃ for 120 minutes. The releasing cellular genome was extracted by phenol-chloroform extraction and isopropanol precipitation. DNA fragment containing a random sequence of 146bp was amplified by PCR, and the DNA fragment was recovered and purified by agarose gel (TransGen; GS201-01) electrophoresis. After ligating with adapters, the DNA fragment was sequenced by NGS. Enriched dominant sequences in the library were analyzed.
[0186] (4) Iterative screening was performed. Enriched dominant sequences in the last step were cloned by Gibson assembly (NEB; E2621L) into Cap2 gene at the corresponding site between amino acids 587 and 588 of wild-type AAV2 capsid protein to construct the second round of library for screening. Repeat the above steps (2) and (3) . After three rounds of iterative screening, AAV capsids with improved infection efficiency for Jurkat cell were screened out, as shown in Figure 2B.
[0187] Similarly, three rounds of evolution were also performed using human activated primary T cells transduced with AAV library at an MOI of 5 × 105 for screening out AAV capsids with improved infection efficiency for activated human primary T cells, as shown in Figure 2C.
[0188] Step 2: In vitro validation of AAV variants.
[0189] The 25 highly enriched peptides were shown in Table 1 as peptide-1 to peptide-25, including 10 peptides from the Jurkat screening group, 11 peptides from the activated human primary T cell screening group, and 4 peptides outstanding from both screening groups. Totl to Tot25 indicated the capsid variants containing peptide-1 to 25 as well as the G......A linker between amino acid 587 and 588 of AAV2 capsid protein, respectively. The amino acid sequences of Totl to Tot25 were shown in Table 1.
[0190] For generating variant AAVs, DNA sequences encoding the above peptides flanked by the linker of GGC......GCA were synthesized and cloned into the vector DBH22 expressing AAV2 replication protein Rep and capsid protein Cap. The cloned plasmids were verified by Sanger sequencing and were co-transfected with both pAd expressing adenovirus gene (Addgene, 112867) and reporter plasmid pds-CB-eGFP into HEK293 cells. After 48 hours, the cells and supernatant were collected, and the virus particles were released by repeated freezing and thawing. After centrifugation to remove cell debris, 2μl lysate were used to infect 1 × 105 Jurkat-E6 cells. Cells were collected for flow cytometry to detect the expression level of reporter gene eGFP at 48 hours post transduction.
[0191] The flow cytometry results show that, except for the three variants Tot12, Tot14 and Tot23, the percentage of eGFP+ cells and the MFI were significantly increased in cells transduced with the indicated rAAV variants compared with the control AAV2. The percentage of eGFP+ cells of Tot1, Tot3 and Tot22 were increased by 18.5 times, 21.9 times and 24.7 times respectively compared with AAV2. Similarly, the MFI was increased by 14.3 times, 13.4 times and 33.3 times respectively, as shown in Figure 3A-D.
[0192] Tot26, Tot27, Tot28, Tot29, Tot30 and Tot31 indicated capsid variants with the insertion of peptide-1 flanked by G......A linker between amino acids 139-140, the peptide-3 flanked by G......A linker between amino acids 139-140, the peptide-1 flanked by G......G linker between amino acids 453-454, the peptide-3 flanked by G......G linker between amino acids 453-454, the peptide-1 flanked by G......G linker between amino acids 588-589, and the peptide-3 flanked by G......G linker between amino acids 588-589 of AAV2 capsid protein, respectively. The amino acid sequences of Tot26-31 were shown in Table 1.
[0193] For generating AAV variants encapsulated with Tot26-31 capsid, DNA sequences encoding the above peptides were cloned into the vector DBH22 expressing AAV2 replication protein Rep and capsid protein Cap. The cloned plasmids were verified by Sanger sequencing and were co-transfected with both pAd (purchased from Addgene, 112867) expressing adenovirus gene and the reporter plasmid pds-CB-eGFP into HEK293 cells. After 48 hours, the cells and supernatant were collected and divided into two parts. One sample was centrifuged to remove the supernatant, and the cells were lysed by RIPA lysis buffer. The expression levels of capsid proteins were detected by Western blotting (WB) . The other sample was repeatedly freezed and thawed to release viral particles. After removing cell debris by centrifugation, 2μl of cell lysate were used to infect 1×105 Jurkat-E6 cells. After 48 hours, the cells were collected for flow cytometry to detect the expression level of the reporter gene eGFP. WB results show that the insertion of peptide-1 between amino acid 139-140 or 588-589 of AAV2 capsid destroyed the expression of the capsid protein, while capsid variants with the insertion of peptide-1 between amino acid 453-454 or 587-588, or the insertion of peptide-3 between amino acid 139-140, 453-454, 587-588, or 588-589 of AAV2 capsid were expressed completely (Figure 4A) . Consistent with the WB results, Tot26 and Tot30 did not infect Jurkat-E6 cells, either. The transduction efficiency of Tot28 (76%) in Jurkat-E6 cells was 21 percentage point lower than that of Tot1 (97%) , while it was 4 times higher than that of AAV2 (19%) . The infection efficiencies of Tot27, Tot29, and Tot31 in Jurkat-E6 cells were reduced to 3.5%, 11.8%, 10.5%, respectively, compared with Tot3 (97%) , and were also lower than that of AAV2 (Figure 4B) . In summary, insertion of peptide-1 or peptide-3 between amino acid 587-588 of AAV2 capsid protein most effectively improved the rAAV transduction in Jurkat-E6 cells; insertion of peptide-1 into amino acid 453-454 of AAV2 capsid protein enhanced the rAAV transduction in Jurkat-E6 cells as well; while transduction efficiencies of capsid variants containing the insertion of peptide-3 between amino acid 453-454 or 588-589 site of AAV2 capsid protein did not show any improvement compared with AAV2.
[0194] Tot32-39 indicated capsid variants containing the insertion of peptide-1 flanked by G......A linker between amino acid 575-576 of AAV5 capsid protein, the insertion of peptide-3 flanked by G......A linker between amino acid 575-576 of AAV5 capsid protein, the insertion of peptide-1 flanked by G......G linker between amino acid 588-589 of AAV6 capsid protein, the insertion of peptide-3 flanked by G......G linker between amino acid 588-589 of AAV6 capsid protein, the insertion of peptide-1 flanked by A......A linker between amino acid 590-591 of AAV8 capsid protein, the insertion of peptide-3 flanked by A......A linker between amino acid 590-591 of AAV8 capsid protein, the insertion of peptide-1 flanked by A......A linker between amino acid 588-589 of AAV9 capsid protein, and the insertion of peptide-3 flanked by A......A linker between amino acid 588-589 of AAV9 capsid protein, respectively (sequences are shown in Table 1) . Those sites correspond to the amino acids 587-588 of AAV2 capsid. The clone capsid-expressing plasmids were co-transfected with both pAd expressing adenovirus gene and the reporter plasmid pds-CB-eGFP into HEK293 cells. After 48 hours of transfection, the cells and supernatant were collected and divided into two parts. One sample was centrifuged to remove the supematant, and the cells were lysed by RIPA lysis buffer. The expression levels of capsid proteins were detected by WB. The other sample was repeatedly freezed and thawed to release viral particles. After removing cell debris by centrifugation, 2μl of lysate was used to infect 1×105 Jurkat-E6 cells. After 48 hours, the cells were collected for flow cytometry to detect the expression level of the reporter gene eGFP. WB results show that all the capsid variants could be expressed (Figure 5A) . Transduction efficiency of Tot34 (98.4%) was similar to Tot1 (97.2%) and Tot3 (99.6%) in Jurkat-E6 cells, and was enhanced 35.4 and 4.2 times relative to AAV6 (2.7%) and AAV2 (19%) , respectively, while that of other variants was significantly reduced or comparable to AAV2 (Figure 5B) . In conclusion, insertion of peptide-1 between amino acid 588-589 of AAV6 capsid protein improved the capsid tropism to Jurkat-E6.
[0195] Example 2: Characterization and functional verification of capsid variants
[0196] (1) Evaluation of rAAVs in vitro transduction efficiency
[0197] scAAV2-eGFP (the AAV2 capsid encapsulates the self-complementary AAV vector carrying the eGFP gene) , scAAV6-eGFP (the AAV6 capsid encapsulates the self-complementary AAV vector carrying the eGFP gene) , scTot3-eGFP (the Tot3 capsid encapsulates the self-complementary AAV vector carrying the eGFP gene) and scTot22-eGFP (the Tot22 capsid encapsulates the self-complementary AAV vector carrying the eGFP gene) were produced using suspension-cultured HEK293. Purified rAAVs were titrated by silver staining and qPCR and transduced Jurkat-E6 cells at MOIs of 100, 300, 900, 2700, 8100 and 24300, respectively. The expression level of the reporter gene eGFP was detected by flow cytometry 48 hours later. The flow cytometry results showed that, in the scAAV2-eGFP group, the percentages of eGFP+ cells were 11.4%, 19.8%, 40.6%, 58.3%, 75.1%and 95.4%, respectively, and the MFIs were 1675, 2447, 5348, 9587, 15616 and 69355, respectively. In scAAV6-eGFP group, the percentages of eGFP+ cells were 2.2%, 2.9%, 8.0%, 12.1%, 22.2%and 44.9%, and the MFIs were 992, 1026, 1341, 2247, 4556 and 12591, respectively. In scTot3-eGFP group, the percentages of eGFP+ cells were 60.6%, 79.6%, 93.9%, 98.7%, 98.6%and 99.7%, and the MFIs were 7175, 13737, 34169, 64745, 80194 and 145850, respectively. In scTot22-eGFP group, the percentages of eGFP+ cells were 80.9%, 89.5%, 96.9%, 99.2%, 99.8%and 99.7%, and the MFIs were 14692, 21443, 49479, 92653, 168899 and 279159, respectively. In summary, under the same condition, the percentage of eGFP+ cells and MFI show a similar trend, which was Tot22>Tot3>AAV2>AAV6, and the transduction efficiencies of capsid variants were significantly higher than that of wild-type capsid in Jurkat-E6 cells.
[0198] Similarly, human activated primary T cells were infected with rAAVs at the MOI of 1000, 3000, 9000, 27000, 81000, 243000, 729000 and 2190000, respectively. Expression level of the reporter gene eGFP was detected by flow cytometry at 48 hours post transduction. In scAAV2-eGFP group, the percentages of eGFP+ cells were1.7%, 3.6%, 5.6%, 20.3%, 32.0%, 64.3%, 73.9%and 81.9%, respectively, and the MFIs were 70, 82, 83, 156, 234, 614, 840 and 1196, respectively. In scAAV6-eGFP group, the percentages of eGFP+ cells were 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 3.7%, 10.8%, 64.8%, 92.5%and 96.7%, and the MFIs were 63, 65, 61, 76, 104, 551, 2114 and 3445, respectively. In scTot3-eGFP group, the percentages of eGFP+ cells were 16.7%, 23.6%, 31.2%, 67.2%, 76.8%, 93.3%, 95.9%and 96.4%, and the MFIs were 134, 168, 211, 666, 891, 2219, 2830 and 3846, respectively. In scTot22-eGFP group, the percentages of eGFP+ cells were 35.6%, 42.6%, 52.9%, 81.8%, 85.5%, 95.5%, 97.1%and 97.1%, respectively, and the MFIs were 238, 294, 424, 1095, 1410, 2859, 3589 and 5053, respectively. In summary, when the MOI was less than 243000, under the same condition, the trend of eGFP+ cell percentage and MFI was consistent, which was Tot22>Tot3>AAV2>AAV6, and the transduction efficiencies of capsid variants were significantly higher than that of wild-type capsid in activated human primary T cells. However, when the MOI exceeded 243000, the transduction efficiency of AAV6 in activated primary T cells was higher than that of AAV2, and the overall ranking of transduction efficiencies was Tot22>Tot3>AAV6>AAV2.
[0199] (2) Evaluation of rAAV transduction efficiency in vivo
[0200] ssAAV2-1uciferase (the AAV2 capsid encapsulates the single-stranded AAV carrying the luciferase gene) , ssTot1-luciferase (the Tot1 capsid encapsulates the single-stranded AAV carrying the luciferase gene) , and ssTot3-1uciferase (the Tot3 capsid encapsulates the single-stranded AAV carrying the luciferase gene) were produced using suspension-cultured HEK293. Purified rAAVs were titrated by silver staining and qPCR. 6-8 weeks Balb / c mice were injected with AAVs via the tail vein at a dose of 2 × 1011 vg / mouse, followed by weekly intraperitoneal injections of firefly luciferin substrate (Abcam; ab143655) for in vivo bioluminescence imaging (Figure 7A) . In vivo imaging results show that AAV2, Tot1, and Tot3 were systemic biodistribution (Figures 7B and 7C) . The comparison of ventral and dorsal luminescence values revealed that the total luminescence values of the ventral position of the AAV2 group from the first to the fourth week were 2.5× 107p / s, 2.4× 107 p / s, 2.0× 107 p / s and 5.9× 106 p / s, respectively, and the total luminescence values of the dorsal position were 1.2× 106 p / s, 1.1 × 107 p / s, 6.4× 106 p / s and 4.0× 106 p / s, respectively. The luciferase luminescence of the AAV2 group was relatively low but stable. The total luminescence values of the ventral surface of the Tot1 group from the first to the fourth week were 6.8× 107 p / s, 1.2× 108 p / s, 1 . 0× 108 p / s and 9.4× 107 p / s, respectively, and the total luminescence values of the dorsal surface were 2.5×107 p / s, 1.7×108 p / s, 1.0×108 p / s and 1.4× 108 p / s, respectively. The luciferase luminescence of the Tot1 group was sustained and stable. The total luminescence values of the ventral position of the Tot3 group from the first to the fourth week were 7.3 × 108 p / s, 3.3 × 107 p / s, 1.1 × 107 p / s and 1.4 × 107 p / s, respectively, and the total luminescence values of the dorsal position were 1.7×108 p / s, 2.4×107 p / s, 1.3×107 p / s and 2.3× 107 p / s, respectively. The luciferase luminescence of the Tot3 group was higher but not sustained (Figure 7D and Figure 7E) . Whether observed from the dorsal or ventral position, the gene expression levels mediated by Tot1 and Tot3 were higher than those mediated by AAV2 (Figure 7B and Figure 7C) . Tot1 can maintain relatively stable and high-level gene expression, and Tot3-mediated gene expression reaches to a peak one week after injection, then drops sharply, and gradually approaches the gene expression level mediated by AAV2 (Figure 7D and Figure 7E) .
[0201] Mice were dissected at 4 weeks after rAAV injection. Important tissues were imaged in vitro (Figure 8A) . Analysis of the luminescence values of various tissues revealed that rAAV injection 4 weeks later, the gene expression levels of AAV2, Tot1 and Tot3 in the heart, liver, spleen, kidney and brain were comparable. The expression level of Tot3 in the lung was 22 times higher than AAV2. The expression level of Tot1 in muscle tissue reached 53 times that of AAV2 (Figure 8B) .
[0202] In vivo transduction efficiencies of AAV6 (the wild-type capsid with the highest transduction efficiency in human activated primary T cells in vitro) , AAV2, Tot3 and Tot22 in T cells were further explored, ssAAV2-F19 (the AAV2 capsid encapsulates the single-stranded AAV genome that carries both the gRNA targeting PD-1 and the F19 expression cassette flanked by PD-1 homology arm sequences) , ssAAV6-F19 (the AAV6 capsid encapsulates the single-stranded AAV genome that carries both the gRNA targeting PD-1 and the F19 expression cassette flanked by PD-1 homology arm sequences) , ssTot3-F19 (the Tot3 capsid encapsulates the single-stranded AAV genome that carries both the gRNA targeting PD-1 and the F19 expression cassette flanked by PD-1 homology arm sequences) and ssTot22-F19 (the Tot22 capsid encapsulates the single-stranded AAV genome that carries both the gRNA targeting PD-1 and the F19 expression cassette flanked by PD-1 homology arm sequences) were produced using suspension-cultured HEK293, where F19 represents a FLAG-tagged Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) sequence against CD19. Activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were injected into tumor-bearing NCG mice by the tail vein. Then AAVs (1 × 1012vg / mouse) was injected into mice to infect T cells. Proportion of CD45+ cells was used to evaluate the degree of humanization of the mice using orbital blood samples at 20 days post injection, while percentage of CD45+ cells higher than 5%indicated the successful humanization. The proportion of CAR+T cells in humanized mice was evaluated by immunostaining with anti-FLAG antibody. Tot22 significantly improved the AAV transduction efficiency of T cells in mice. Flow cytometry results were shown as follows: ssTot22-F19 (10.4%) > ssAAV6-F19 (4.72%) > ssTot3-F19 (1.31%) > ssAAV2-F19 (0.31%) (Figure 9) . The results show that the new capsid variants can efficiently transduce activated primary T cells in mice.
[0203] At the same time, 36 days after rAAV injection, tissue distribution of rAAV was analyzed. The vector genome copy number in each tissue was analyzed by qPCR (ABI, A25742) . It was found that the viral genome was mainly existed in the liver. Mice in Tot3 and Tot22 group had higher genome copy numbers than that of AAV2 group in liver (Figure 10) . In addition, after AAV2, Tot3 and Tot22 were injected into mice by the tail vein, the distribution of vector gene copy numbers in various tissues was significantly different, indicating that the insertion of the 7-mer peptide largely affected the uptake capacity of different cells for viral particles, rAAV using variant capsids can be widely distributed to different organizations.
[0204] (3) Evaluation of rAAV-induced gene knockout efficiency
[0205] ssAAV2-KO (the AAV2 capsid encapsulates the single-stranded AAV carrying the gRNA targeting PD-1) , scAAV2-KO (the AAV2 capsid encapsulates the self-complementary AAV carrying the gRNA targeting PD-1) , ssTot3-KO (the Tot3 capsid encapsulates the single-stranded AAV carrying the gRNA targeting PD-1) , and scTot3-KO (the Tot3 capsid encapsulates the self-complementary AAV carrying the gRNA targeting PD-1) were produced using suspension-cultured HEK293. Activated primary T cells were electroporated with Cas9 protein (IDT, 1081060) and then infected with ssAAV2-KO, scAAV2-KO, ssTot3-KO, or scTot3-KO. Both ssAAV-KO and scAAV-KO vectors express the gRNA against PD-1 and eGFP under the control of U6 and CMV promoter, respectively (Figure 11A) . The flow cytometry results show that when the MOI was 5×105, the proportions of PD-1+ cells in CD3+T cells were: Cas9 group (without infection with ssAAV2-KO, scAAV2-KO, ssTot3-KO, or scTot3-KO) (14.6%) ≈ ssAAV2-KO group (14.95%) > scAAV2-KO group (9.35%) >ssTot3-KO group (8.5%) >scTot3-KO group (4.75%) (Figure 11B and Figure 11E) . The proportions of PD-1+ cells in CD4+T cells were: Cas9 group (18.2%) ≈ ssAAV2-KO (19.3%) > scAAV2-KO (12.1%) >ssTot3-KO (11.3%) >scTot3-KO (4.9%) (Figure 11C and Figure 11F) . PD-1 expression level in the CD8+T cells of Cas9 group was low, and there was no significant difference with experimental groups (Figure 11D and Figure 11G) . In summary, compared with the AAV2-KO group, the expression levels of PD-1 in both CD3+T and CD4+T cells were significantly reduced in the Tot3-KO groups. In particular, PD-1 expression levels in cells in the scAAV-KO groups reduced more obviously than those in the ssAAV-KO groups.
[0206] The genomic DNA of activated primary T cell was extracted and the indel frequency in PD-1 gene locus was analyzed by the Inference of CRISPR Editing (ICE) tool after Sanger sequencing. The results show that when the MOI was 5 × 105, the proportion of indels in PD-1 gene locus in CD3+T was: ssAAV2-KO (2.33%) < ssTot3-KO (29%) <scAAV2-KO (43.33%) <scTot3-KO (59.33%) (Figure 12) . Therefore, the PD-1 targeted editing efficiencies of rAAVs in activated primary T cell were: scTot3-KO> scAAV2-KO> ssTot3-KO> ssAAV2-KO. Compared with the AAV2, PD-1 was knocked out more efficiently using rAAV with Tot3 capsid.
[0207] The above-mentioned groups of PD-1 knockout T cells were co-cultured with Nalm6-PDL1 cells for in vitro cytotoxicity assay. Nalm6-PDL1 is derived from Nalm6 cell line that simultaneously expresses eGFP, luciferase and PDL1 (Nalm6 is provided by Saiku Bio; CC1928) . The results of cytotoxicity assay show that the killing ability of T cells against Nalm6-PDL1 cells was enhanced by rAAV infection, which reduced the expression level of PD-1 by gene editing and impeded the binding of PD-1 and PD-L1 (Figure 13) .
[0208] In order to evaluate the tumor control ability of PD-1 knockout T cells in vivo, Nalm6-PDL1 cells were injected into 6-week NCG mice (Gempharmatech; T00 1475) (2.5 × 1 05 / mouse) by the tail vein to establish the B-lymphocytic leukemia (B-ALL) mouse model. Three days later, PD-1 knockout T cells (2.5× 106 / mouse) were injected into mice by the tail vein for treatment. In vivo imaging and survival curve analysis show that the level of total luminescence was reduced in mice of scTot3-KO group (Figure 14A and Figure 14C) , partially alleviating the sharp weight loss of tumor-bearing mice (Figure 14B) but did not improve the survival of mice (Figure 14D) . The median survival of the Cas9 group, scAAV2-KO group and scTot3-KO group were 25 days, 26 days and 25 days, respectively.
[0209] (4) Evaluation of rAAV-induced cargo knock-in efficiency
[0210] ssAAV2-F19 (the AAV2 capsid encapsulates the single-stranded AAV genome that carries both the gRNA targeting PD-1 and the F19 expression cassette flanked by PD-1 homology arm sequences) , ssAAV6-F19 (the AAV6 capsid encapsulates the single-stranded AAV genome that carries both the gRNA targeting PD-1 and the F19 expression cassette flanked by PD-1 homology arm sequences) , ssTot3-F19 (the Tot3 capsid encapsulates the single-stranded AAV genome that carries both the gRNA targeting PD-1 and the F19 expression cassette flanked by PD-1 homology arm sequences) , and ssTot22-F19 (the Tot22 capsid encapsulates the single-stranded AAV genome that carries both the gRNA targeting PD-1 and the F19 expression cassette flanked by PD-1 homology arm sequences) were produced using suspension-cultured HEK293, which express PD-1 targeting gRNA and contain the donor DNA flanked by homologous arms as shown in Figure 15A. F19 represents the coding sequence of the FLAG-tagged CAR against CD19. Activated primary T cells were electroporated with Cas9 protein and then infected with AAVs to induce the knock-in of transgene at MOIs of 1 × 104, 3 × 104, 9 × 104, 2.7× 105, and 8.1 × 105, respectively. CAR expression level was detected 5 days later (Figure 15B) . The flow cytometry results show that when the MOI did not exceed 2.7 × 105, changing trends of the CAR-positive cells percentage and MFI were consistent (Figure 15C and Figure 15D) . When the MOI was equal to 2.7 × 105, the percentage of CAR-positive cells was ssTot22-F19 (50.75%) > ssTot3-F19 (39.25%) > ssAAV2-F19 (6.32%) > ssAAV6-F19 (5.095%) . The mean fluorescence intensity of CAR was ssTot22-F19 (8982.5) > ssTot3-F19 (6662) > ssAAV2-F19 (1004) > ssAAV6-F19 (876) . rAAVs with variant capsids induced the knock-in of transgene more efficiently in activated primary T cells than that of wild-type rAAV. In particular, the knock-in efficiency still achieved 27.4%even with a MOI as low as 1 × 104 in the ssTot22-F19 group (Figure 15B) . The knock-in efficiency can reach up to about 50%using the method as described above (Figure 15B) . Improving the knock-in efficiency by increasing the amount of virus may lead to cell death. When the MOI is higher than 2.7 × 105, the knock-in efficiency of ssAAV6-F19 will exceed ssAAV2-F19, and MFIs show the same trends.
[0211] ssAAV2-F19, ssAAV2-F1922, ssTot3-F19 and ssTot3-F1922 were produced using suspension-cultured HEK293, which express PD-1 targeting gRNA and contain the donor DNA flanked by homologous arms as shown in Figure 16A. F1922 represents the coding sequence of FLAG-tagged CAR against both CD19 and CD22. Activated primary T cells are electroporated with Cas9 protein and then infected with the above rAAVs. The flow cytometry results show that when the MOI was 5 × 105, the percentages of PD-1 positive cells in CD3+T were Cas9 (17.3%) > ssAAV2-F1922 (7.86%) > ssAAV2-F19 (7.13%) > ssTot3-F1922 (5.82%) >ssTot3-F19 (5.4%) (Figure 16B and Figure 16E) . Therefore, the editing efficiency of PD-1 by different rAAVs on CD3+T cell is ssTot3-F19 > ssTot3-F1922 > ssAAV2-F19 > ssAAV2-F1922. Compared with ssAAV2-F19 and ssAAV2-F1922, ssTot3-F19 and ssTot3-F1922 can knock PD-1 out more efficiently. Additionally, the similar results were observed in CD4+ T cells (Figure 16C and Figure 16F) . At the same time, the percentages of CAR-positive cells in CD3+T were ssTot3-F19> (35.4%) >ssTot3-F1922 (15.87%) >ssAAV2-F19 (14.3 %) >ssAAV2-F1922 (8.39%) >Cas9 (0.631%) (Figure 16B and Figure 16H) . Compared with the ssAAV2-F19 and ssAAV2-F1922, ssTot3-F19 and ssTot3-F1922 can significantly increase the expression of CAR in CD3+T, CD4+T and CD8+T cells (Figure 16B-D and Figure 16H-J) . In addition, the CAR expression level in the ssAAV-F19 group was relatively higher compared with that of the ssAAV-F1922 group (Figure 16B-D and Figure 16H-J) . In summary, compared with AAV2, rAAV with Tot3 capsids not only improved the knockout efficiency of PD-1, but also enhanced the knock-in efficiency of CAR.
[0212] The CAR knock-in T cells in the above groups were co-cultured with Nalm6-PDL1 cells for 24 hours and cytokines in the media were detected by ELISA. ELISA results show that the secretion levels of cytokines IFN-γ (Dakewe Bio; 1110002) and TNF-α (Dakewe Bio; 1117202) were consistent with the expression levels of CAR in Figure 17. The secretion levels of IFN-γ were ssTot3-F19 (333.0 pg / ml) > ssAAV2-F19 (238.23 pg / ml) > ssTot3-F1922 (33.04 pg / ml) > ssAAV2-F1922 (29.85 pg / ml) > Cas9 (5.48 pg / ml) , and the secretion levels of TNF-α were ssTot3-F19 (28.14 pg / ml) > ssAAV2-F19 (17.92pg / ml) > ssTot3-F1922 (5.35 pg / ml) > ssAAV2-F1922 (5.03 pg / ml) >Cas9 (2.59 pg / ml) , ssTot3-F19 and ssTot3-F1922 infection increases the secretion levels of cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α after T cell stimulation, which is due to the lower expression levels of PD-1 and higher percentage of CAR positive cells induced by gene editing.
[0213] For in vitro cytotoxicity assay, the CAR knocked-in T cells from each of the above groups were co-cultured with Nalm6-PDL1 for 24 hours at different effector-target ratios (E: T, effector-target ratio) . The results of the cytotoxicity assay show that the killing ability of the T cells against Nalm6-PDL1 cells was enhanced with the lower PD-1 expression level and higher expression level of CAR. When E: T>1.25: 1, the killing activity of T cells in ssTot3-F19 group can reach higher than 90%, which is much higher than that of the ssAAV2-F19 (more than 50%) treatment group. Although the effect-to-target ratio is as low as E: T=0.3125: 1, the killing activity of T cells against Nalm6-PDL1 cells is ssTot3-F19 (24.54%) > ssAAV2-F19 (-0.55%) , and the killing activity of T cells against Nalm6-PDL1 cells in the ssAAV2-F19 treated group was extremely significantly higher than that in the ssAAV2-F19 treated group (Figure 18) . In summary, the rAAVs-mediated CAR-expressing cassette knock-in, which express CAR on T cells and destroy the expression of PD-1 as well, enhance the killing activity of T cells against tumor cells through impeding the binding between PD-1 and PD-L1.
[0214] In order to evaluate the in vivo tumor killing effect of T cells mentioned above, B-ALL mice were used. In vivo imaging found that, level of the total luminescence in mice injected ssTot3-F19 transducing T cells decreased and the CAR expression level increased (Figure 19A and Figure 19C) , which relieved the sharp weight loss of tumor-bearing mice (Figure 19B) . In particular, the median survival period of the mice in the Cas9 group was 25 days, while injection of ssAAV2-F19 or ssTot3-F19 transduced T cells extended the median survival to 37 days and 47.5 days respectively (Figure 19D) . Knock-in of CAR can significantly inhibit the tumorigenesis, and the mice survival time in ssTot3-F19 group was significantly prolonged compared with the AAV2 group.
[0215] (5) Screening of small molecule drugs that improve rAAV infection of T cells
[0216] In order to screen small molecule drugs that could improve rAAV infection of T cells, small molecule compounds were selected: Amsacrine (A) (MCE; HY13551) , Bortezomib (B) (MCE; HY10227) , Hydroxyurea (H) (MCE; HY-B0313) , Eeyarestatin I (E) (MCE; HY110078) and MG-132 (M) (MCE; HY13259) . Activated primary T cells were pre-treated with Amsacrine (100nM) , Bortezomib (2μM) , Hydroxyurea (100μM) , Eeyarestatin I (200nM) and MG-132 (100nM) for 2 hours followed by infection of eGFP-expressing AAV2, AAV6, Tot1, Tot3, or Tot22 at MOIs of 1 × 105, 1 × 105, 5 × 104, 1 × 104, and 2.5 × 103, respectively, which transduced 20%-60%of T cells in DMSO control group (Figure 20A) . Expression of eGFP was detected by flow cytometry 48 hours after infection. Amsacrine (A) treatment resulted in abnormal T cell morphology. Analysis of the percentage of eGFP-positive cells show that Bortezomib (B) and MG-132 (M) treatment did not alter the infection efficiencies of rAAVs on activated primary T cells compared with the DMSO control, while the Hydroxyurea (H) treatment increased the expression levels of eGFP (Figure 20A) . In detail, infection efficiencies of AAV2, AAV6, Tot1, and Tot22 were increased by 0.32, 1.2, 1.2, and 0.35 times. Analysis of the changes in the MFI of eGFP show that, compared with the DMSO group, MFIs of cells in AAV2, AAV6, Tot1, and Tot22 groups were increased by 2.18, 2.52, 2.52, and 2.81 times with Hydroxyurea (H) pretreatment. After treatment with Eeyarestatin I (E) , the percentage of positive cells could be significantly increased (Figure 20B) , but there was no significant difference in the MFI (Figure 20C) . In summary, when concentration of drug does not affect cell proliferation and viability, the drug Hydroxyurea (H) can significantly improve the efficiency of rAAV transduction of T cells, increase the percentage of positive cells, and enhance the MFI.
[0217] The present disclosure constructs a capsid library by inserting a 7-mer peptide between the 587 and 588 amino acid of wild-type AAV2 capsid. Jurkat-E6 cell and human primary T cells were infected with the library, respectively. After three rounds of screening and enrichment, multiple capsid variants with improved transduction efficiencies in T cells in vitro and in vivo are screened out, which greatly enhances the transduction of rAAV activated primary T cells. New rAAV variants can achieve high-efficiency transduction and editing in T cells at a lower dose.
[0218] Example 3: Evaluation of therapeutic gene delivery using rAAV variants
[0219] ssAAV genomes expressing Blinatumomab peptide (a CD19×CD13 bispecific single chain antibody, which allows the treatment of minimal residual disease in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) ) were packaged using AAV2, Tot1, or Tot3 capsids. The resulting rAAVs were referred to as ssAAV2-P319 (AAV2 capsid encapsulates the genome expressing the Blinatumomab) , ssTot1-P319 (Tot1 capsid encapsulates the genome expressing the Blinatumomab) , or ssTot3-P319 (Tot3 capsid encapsulates the genome expressing the Blinatumomab) in the disclosure, respectively. The schematic of rAAV genome was shown Figure 21 。 . The coding sequence of Blinatumomad peptide, fused with a Sec signal peptide, was flanked by a Kozak sequence and a WPRE element. The ORF (open reading frame) was driven by the EF promoter and terminated by a polyA (pA) signal. Six-week-old NCG mice were used to evaluate the in vivo transduction efficiencies of the evolved capsids. The experimental procedure was illustrated in Figure 22. Firstly, the NCG mice were infused with 5× 105 Nalm6-GL cells (Nalm6 cells co-expressing EGFP and luciferase) per mouse on Day 0. Purified rAAVs were administrated at a dose of 2× 1011 vg / mouse on Day 3. ssAAV2-EGFP (AAV2 capsid encapsulates the Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein) and PBS were used as the negative control and the mock control respectively. 2.5×106 primary T cells were infused into mice on Day 4. Bioluminescence imaging and body weight measurements were performed every 7 days post-Nalm6-GL infusion, and the monitoring period lasted for 102 days.
[0220] As shown in Figure 23, bioluminescence signals increased over time in all the groups, indicating the proliferation of Nalm6-GL cells. Quantification of luminescence signals in Figure 24 revealed that the ssTot 1-P319 or ssTot3-P319 groups exhibited a significantly slower increase in signal intensity as compared with mock or ssAAV2-EGFP groups. Mice injected with ssAAV2-EGFP or PBS experienced a transient gain in body weight followed by a decline, while mice treated using ssAAVs expressing the Blinatumomab showed relatively stable weight gain, suggesting a protection effect (Figure 25) . The median survival times for the mock, ssAAV2-EGFP, ssAAV2-P319, ssTot1-P319, and ssTot3-P319 were 27, 27, 30, 40, 102 days, respectively (Figure 26) . The significant prolonged median survival times in the ssTot1-P319 and especially the ssTot3-P319 groups demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of those vectors as well as the superior delivery efficiencies of the evolved capsids.
[0221] The sequences in Examples 1-3are listed in Table 1.
[0222] Table 1. Sequence Listing
Claims
An engineered adeno-associated virus (AAV) comprising an engineered capsid, wherein the engineered capsid comprises a 7-mer peptide in the variable region of a parental capsid, wherein the AAV has an improved or similar transduction efficiency in a target cell relative to an AAV comprising the parental AAV capsid.The engineered AAV of claim 1, wherein the engineered capsid further comprises two linker amino acids with each at one end of the 7-mer peptide, preferably, the two linker amino acids are G......G, G......A or A......A, wherein “......” represents the 7-mer peptide.The engineered AAV of claim 1 or 2, wherein the variable region corresponds to VR-IV, VR-V or VR-VIII of an AAV2 capsid.The engineered AAV of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the parental AAV capsid is a naturally occurring or an engineered capsid comprising AAV1, AAV2, AAV2.5, AAV2G9, AAV3, AAV3a, AAV3b, AAV3-3, AAV4, AAV4-4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV6.1, AAV6.2, AAV6.1.2, AAV7, AAV7.2, AAV8, AAV9, AAV9.11, AAV9.13, AAV9.16, AAV9.24, AAV9.45, AAV9.47, AAV9.61, AAV9.68, AAV9.84, AAV9.9, AAV10, AAV11, AAV12, AAV13, variants thereof, or combination thereof.The engineered AAV of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the 7-mer peptide is inserted into the variable region of a parental capsid.The engineered AAV of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the 7-mer peptide is inserted between amino acids 450-596 of the AAV2 capsid, or at the corresponding positions in another AAV capsid, preferably between amino acids 450-458 or 570-596, more preferably between amino acids 453-456 or 575-591, more preferably between amino acids 453-454, 575-576, 587-588, 588-589, or 590-591.The engineered AAV of claim 6, wherein the 7-mer peptide is inserted into any one site of the following (a) - (e) :(a) between amino acids 453-454, 587-588, or 588-589 of AAV2 capsid;(b) between amino acids 575-576 of AAV5 capsid;(c) between amino acids 588-589 of AAV6 capsid;(d) between amino acids 590-591 of AAV8 capsid;(e) between amino acids 588-589 of AAV9 capsid.The engineered AAV of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the 7-mer peptide comprises SEQ ID NOs: 1-11, 13, 15-22, 24, or 25.The engineered AAV of claim 8, wherein the engineered capsid comprises a peptide that is at least 80%, 85%, 88%, 90%, 92%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to a peptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 27-37, 39, 41-48, 50, 51, 53-55, 57, 60, 62, 63, 65, 66, and 69.The engineered AAV of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the target cell is a T cell comprising CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, γδ T cells, regulatory T cells, or combinations thereof, and wherein the target cell is obtained from in vivo, ex vivo, in vitro, or is derived from a progenitor cell.The engineered AAV of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the engineered AAV comprises a genome comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a transgene, wherein the transgene comprises protein-coding genes, long non-coding genes, sgRNAs, shRNAs, siRNAs, miRNAs, or any combination thereof.The engineered AAV of claim 11, wherein the genome comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of interest, which is a naturally occurring peptide or an engineered peptide, optionally a Blinatumomab peptide.The engineered AAV of claim 12, wherein the polypeptide of interest is a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) , wherein the CAR targets an antigen comprising a tumor-associated antigen, a rumor-specific antigen, a viral antigen, or an autoimmune-related antigen.The engineered AAV of claim 13, wherein the tumor-associated antigen comprises mutation-derived neoantigens, cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) , oncofetal antigens, and overexpressed self-antigens with restricted tissue distribution, such as melanoma-associated antigen (MAGE) family proteins, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) , and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) , wherein the tumor-associated antigen comprises CD19, CD22, GPC, CEA, immature laminin receptor, TAG-72, HPV E6, HPV E7, EGFR, Ep-CAM, EphA3, Her2, Her3, ROR2, PSMA, STEAP1, FGFR2, TROP2, B7-H3, B7-H4, B7-H6, FOLR1, BAGE family, CAGE family, GAGE family, MAGE family, SAGE family, XAGE family, SSX-2, Fibronectin, MART-2, PDL-1, VEGFR, CLAUDIN, and any combination thereof.The engineered AAV of any one of claims 11 or 12, wherein the genome further comprises a gRNA expression cassette, and wherein the gRNA targets a genomic locus corresponding to an immune checkpoint gene or a genomic safe harbor.The engineered AAV of claim 15, wherein the immune checkpoint gene comprises PD-1, CTLA-4, LAG3, TIGIT, TIM-3, or BTLA, and wherein the genomic safe harbor comprises AAVS 1, CCR5, or Rosa26.A cell comprising the engineered AAVs of any one of claims 1-16, or transduced thereby, and wherein the cell is obtained from in vivo, ex vivo, or in vitro, or is derived from a progenitor cells.The cell of claim 17, wherein the cell is a T cell comprising CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, γδ T cells, regulatory T cells, or combinations thereof, and wherein the T cell is obtained from in vivo, ex vivo, in vitro, or is derived from a progenitor cell.A composition comprising the engineered AAVs of any one of claims 1-16, and / or the cells of any one of claims 17-18.The composition of claim 19, wherein the composition is a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.The composition of any one of claims 19 and 20, wherein the composition further comprises a compound which improves the transduction efficiency of the engineered AAVs of any one of claims 1-16, and wherein the compound comprises optionally Amsacrine (A) , Bortezomib (B) , Hydroxyurea (H) , Eeyarestatin I (E) , MG-132 (M) , or any combinations thereof.The composition of any one of claims 19-21 further comprising at least one other therapeutic agent.A method for treating or preventing a disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the engineered AAVs of any one of claims 1-16, the cells of any one of claims 17-18, and / or the compositions of any one of claims 19-22.The method of claim 23, wherein the disease is a condition that can benefit from an immune cell-targeting therapy, including tumors, autoirmnune diseases and chronic diseases, optionally wherein the immune cell is selected from T cells, NK cells, macrophages, and Treg cells.The method of claim 24, wherein the tumor is selected from hematopoietic cancer or solid tumor, such as a myeloma, a leukemia (e.g., T-cell leukemia, B-lymphocytic leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) , chronic lymphocytic leukemia (C-CLL) ) , a lymphoma (e.g., B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) ) , Hodgkin lymphoma and / or T-cell lymphoma) and / or clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) , pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, breast cancer, renal cancer, thyroid cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) , glioblastoma and melanoma.The method of claim 24, wherein the autoimmune disease is selected from psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, Chron's disease, celiac disease, ulcerative colitis, Grave's disease, Hashimoto's disease, Addison's disease, psoriasis, dermatomyositis, Guillian-Barre syndrome, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Type I diabetes, pernicious anemia, and autoimmune vasculitis.The method of claim 24, wherein the chronic disease is selected from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (e.g., hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke) , diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (e.g., chronic bronchitis, emphysema, etc. ) , mental disorders, and psychosis.The method of any one of claims 23-27, wherein the engineered AAVs, the cells, and / or the compositions is administered via at least one routes selected from intra-tumoral injection, intravenous injection, subcutaneous injection, intramuscular injection, arterial injection, intraperitoneal injection, central nervous system injection, intracavitary perfusion, intravesical perfusion, interventional therapy, oral, trans-dermal, transpulmonary, ocular, and topical administration; wherein the engineered AAVs, the cells, and / or the compositions may be administered independently or in combination via one or more said routes; and wherein such administration may occur consecutively or concurrently.A method for CAR-cell preparation, comprising contacting a cell with the engineered AAVs of any one of claims 1-16, and wherein the cells are obtained in vivo, ex vivo, or in vitro, or is derived from a progenitor cell.The method of claim 29, wherein the cell is a T cell comprising CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, γδ T cells, regulatory T cells, or combinations thereof.The method of claim 29 or 30, comprising contacting the cell with a compound which improves the transduction efficiency of the engineered AAVs of any one of claims 1-16, and where the compound comprises optionally Amsacrine (A) , Bortezomib (B) , Hydroxyurea (H) , Eeyarestatin I (E) , MG-132 (M) , or any combinations thereof.An isolated nucleotide sequence, encoding the capsid proteins of the engineered AAVs of any one of claims 1-16.A vector comprising the isolated nucleotide sequence of claim 32.The vector of claim 33, wherein the vector is a viral vector or a non-viral vector.The vector of claim 33 or 34, wherein the vector is a recombinant expression vector.The vector of any one of claims 33-35, wherein the viral vector is an adenovirus, an AAV, a lentivirus, a retrovirus, a herpes simplex virus, or a baculovirus, and wherein the non-viral vector is a plasmid, a liposome, a nanoparticle, a polymer, a transposon, an exosome, a minicircle, a cosmid, a YAC vector, or a BAC vector.A cell comprising the isolated nucleotide sequence of claim 32, and / or the vector of any one of claims 33-36.A kit comprising the engineered AAVs of any one of claims 1-16, the cells of any one of claims 17, 18, and 37, the compositions of any one of claims 19-23, the nucleotide sequences of claim 32, and / or the vectors of any one of claims 33-36.
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