Zwitterionic polymeric compositions and uses thereof

Abstract

Polymeric compositions are provided having one or more first constitutional units derived from one or more zwitterionic monomers and one or more second constitutional units derived from one or more polysaccharides. Electrodes, electrochemical cells, and batteries including the polymeric compositions are also provided.

Description

[0001] Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 ZWITTERIONIC POLYMERIC COMPOSITIONS AND USES THEREOF CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of priority to United States Provisional Application No. 63 / 667,228, filed July 3, 2024, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT This invention was made with government support under Grant No. W911NF-22-2- 0021 awarded by the Army Research Office. The Government has certain rights in the invention. BACKGROUND Silicon-based anodes offer higher capacity than the graphite anodes currently employed in lithium-ion batteries. However, the practical application of silicon anodes is hampered by huge volume change, particle cracking / pulverization, continuous formation of solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer that consumes active lithium and involves electrolyte decomposition, resulting in inferior cycle life. The binders used in making the electrodes can help improve the mechanical properties, accommodate volume changes smoothly, and regulate and improve the stability of SEI during cell cycling. Crosslinked polymer binders with weak / strong supramolecular interactions can offer self-healing abilities while providing desired mechanical properties. There is a clear need for binders that regulate SEI formation and improve cycle life. This disclosure addresses this as well as other needs. SUMMARY The present disclosure provides polymeric compositions which may find use as binders in electrodes. Such electrodes, as well as electrochemical cells and batteries including the same, are also provided. Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 In one aspect, a polymeric composition is provided including one or more first constitutional units derived from one or more zwitterionic monomers and one or more second constitutional units derived from one or more polysaccharides. In another aspect, a polymeric composition is provided formed from one or more zwitterionic monomers and one or more polysaccharides. In another aspect, an electrode is provided including a polymeric composition described herein. In yet another aspect, an electrochemical cell is provided including an electrode described herein and an electrolyte. In a further aspect, a battery is provided including one or more electrochemical cells described herein. A process for preparing a polymeric composition described herein is also provided, the process including reacting one or more zwitterionic monomers with one or more polysaccharides to form the polymeric composition. The details of one or more aspects of the disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the disclosure will be apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims. DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS FIGs. 1A-1F depict and provide data regarding (FIG. 1A) Chemical structures of pullulan, PMA, and PTA. The ovals in the bottom left highlight the intermolecular interactions within PTA, with the darker coloration indicating a stronger interaction strength. (FIG.1B) Temperature-dependent FTIR spectra, obtained at intervals of 2 °C from 30 to 100 °C, of PTA, with the inset showing C=O (1,680 ~ 1,790 cm-1), O=P−O–(1,190 ~ 1,290 cm-1) and C−N+(945 ~ 975 cm-1) regions. (FIG.1C) 2DCOS synchronous (white background) and asynchronous (pale green background) spectra generated from FIG. 1B. (FIG. 1D) Reduced modulus, hardness, and elastic recovery ratio of different polymer films obtained from nanoindentation tests. Error bars were calculated based on the standard deviation of three parallel experiments. Cross-section SEM images of (FIG. 1E) CMCSBR- and (FIG. 1F) PTA-based Si-Gr electrodes before and after 30 cycles. FIGs. 2A-2I depict and provide data regarding (FIG. 2A) FTIR spectra of the PTA and CMCSBR films after immersing within the electrolyte (1M LiPF6 in a mixture of Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 EC / EMC, 3:7 by weight) for two days. RDFs and corresponding CN of Li+-OPTA, Li+- OPF6−, Li+-OEC, Li+-OEMC within 0.3 nm from (FIG.2B) PTA and (FIG.2C) CMCSBR surfaces. Details of each component in the MD simulation are summarized in the Supporting Information. (FIG. 2D) Areal density of the binder-containing Li+solvation structures and ratio of the major Li+solvation structures within the binder- electrolyte interphases, obtained from the MD simulation results. (FIG.2E) Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels of the major Li+solvation structures (more than 5%) in the binder-electrolyte interphases. (FIG. 2F) Cyclic voltammetry curves of PTA- and CMCSBR-based Si-Gr half cells between 0.005 and 1.2 V. (g) Schematic of the influences of the binder species on Li+solvation structures in the binder-electrolyte interphases. (FIG. 2H) Arrhenius plots for the ionic conductivities of PTA or CMCSBR in the presence of 30 μL electrolytes. (FIG. 2I) Rinternal and DLi+of different binder-based Si-Gr half cells during the charge / discharge process obtained from the GITT plots. FIGs. 3A-3F depict and provide data regarding (FIG. 3A) Normalized (to maximum) ToF-SIMS depth profiles of characteristic fragments sputtered from the cycled Si-Gr anodes in Si-Gr || NMC811 full cells. (FIG. 3B) Average SEI thickness. Error bars are calculated based on the standard deviation of three locations on the cycled PTA anode (or four locations on the cycled CMCSBR anode). (FIG. 3C) 3D renders (first two rows) and the summed yield maps (X-Y plane, bottom two rows) of the fragments of interest at designated portions of the sputtering depth. (FIG.3D) Relative correlation matrix for the fragments of interest (LiF2–, Ni–, C5POF2–, C2H2O–, PO2–, and LiO2–) on PTA-based Si-Gr.0% and 100% indicate, respectively, low and high similarity between the spatial distributions of two secondary-ion fragments. (FIG. 3E) Average integrated yields of selected fragments within the respective thickness of SEIs on the cycled PTA- and CMCSBR-based Si-Gr anodes. Error bars are calculated based on the standard deviation of three locations on the cycled PTA anode (or four locations on the cycled CMCSBR anode). (FIG. 3F) Secondary electron (SE) and ToF-SIMS mapping images of the cross-sections of the cycled PTA- and CMCSBR-based Si-Gr anodes prepared by FIB. FIGs. 4A-4B depict schematic illustrations of the degradation process of Si-Gr || high-Ni layered oxides full cells with (FIG. 4A) PTA and (FIG. 4B) CMCSBR binders. Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 FIGs.5A-5G depict and provide data regarding (FIG.5A) Cycling performances of nano-Si || Li cells at 4 A g-1(three formation cycles at 0.5 A g-1). (FIG. 5B) Cyclabilities of Si-Gr || Li cells with 2.6 mg cm-2at 0.5C (one formation cycle at 0.3C rate). (FIG. 5C) Rate performances of Si-Gr || Li half cells. (FIG. 5D) Cyclabilities of Si-Gr || Li cells with high mass loading (8.33, 11.72, and 14.38 mg cm-2) at C / 50 rate (25 cycles) and then C / 20 rate. The inset gives the plots of mass loadings vs. stable capacities at different C rates. Stable capacities were calculated by averaging the capacities from the second cycle to the final cycle at each corresponding C rate. Cyclabilities of Si-Gr || NMC811 full cells with (FIG. 5E) 1.74 mAh cm-2at C / 2 rate (two formation cycles at C / 5 rate) and (FIG. 5F) 3.31 mAh cm-2at C / 3 rate (fifteen formation cycles at C / 5 rate) and 4.04 mAh cm-2at C / 3 rate (two formation cycles at C / 10 rate and eleven formation cycles at C / 5 rate) in coin cell configuration, and (FIG. 5G) 2.0 mAh cm-2at C / 2 rate (two formation cycles at C / 5 rate) in pouch cell configuration between 2.5 and 4.3 V. The inset in (FIG.5G) shows LEDs being lit by the pouch cell. FIGs. 6A-6F depict and provide data regarding: (FIG. 6A) Synthesis process of PTA. (FIG. 6B)1H-NMR and (FIG. 6C)13C-NMR spectra of pullulan, PMA, and PTA. (FIG. 6D) Temperature-dependent FTIR spectra of PTA within –OH region (3,000 ~ 3,800 cm-1). Chemical structures of simplified (FIG. 6E) PTA and (FIG. 6F) CMCSBR for MD simulations. FIGs. 7A-7B provide data regarding: (FIG. 7A) Load-indentation depth curves of polymer films at a fixed maximum load of 500 µN. (FIG. 7B) Elastic recovery ratio equals the ratio of elastic recovery length to max penetration depth. FIG. 8 provides the chemical structure of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose- carboxylic styrene butadiene rubber (CMCSBR). FIG.9 provides data regarding the storage modulus (G’) and loss modulus (G’’) as a function of the oscillation strain of silicon slurries (with the same composition as the slurry used for electrode preparation) obtained from a strain amplitude sweep test (0.1 to 100%) at a 3 rad s-1angular frequency. The G’ value of PTA-based Si-Gr slurry is higher than the G’’ value in the linear viscoelastic region (LVR), indicating the solid-like nature of the slurry. This could be attributed to the synergistic effect of the ester-involved hydrogen bonding, the polyzwitterion interchain complexation, and the phosphate-involved hydrogen bonding within the PTA. At higher shear strains, Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 the higher G’’ than the G’ reveals the breakage of those reversible intermolecular interactions. FIG. 10 depicts the calculated electrostatic potential (ESP) of PTA. FIGs. 11A-11B provide EIS plots of (FIG. 11A) stainless steel (SS) | PTA-coated membrane | SS and (FIG. 11B) SS | CMCSBR-coated membrane | SS symmetric cells. 200 μL of 0.05 g mL–1binder aqueous solution was dropped onto a filtration membrane (Durapore) and then the binder-coated membranes were completely dried at 60 °C under vacuum.30 μL electrolyte (same recipe as the cycling tests) was injected onto both sides of the membrane, and the assembled symmetric cell was rested for 12 h to ensure that the electrolyte can fully wet the membrane. The ionic conductivity (σ, S cm-1) was calculated by the following equation: ^= ^^^^where Rb is the bulk resistance, L of the membrane, and S is the contact area between the membrane and SS. The activation energy Eawas calculated based on the following Arrhenius equation: ^^^^ = ^ exp −^^ ^^^ ^where A is the pre-exponential factor, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the absolute temperature. FIG. 12 provides GITT curves of the Li || Si-Gr half cells and zoom-in on the discharge process to demonstrate the value of voltage drops (iRinternal). Internal resistances (Rinternal) were calculated by dividing the voltage drops by the pulse current (i). i×Rinternal= |Δ V QOCV-CCV| where i is the applied current, Rinternal is the internal resistance, and ΔV is the voltage difference between the points of quasi-OCV and closed circuit voltage. FIG. 13 provides SEM images of the PTA- and CMCSBR-based Si-Gr anodes retrieved from the cycled Si-Gr || NMC811 coin full cells (after 500 cycles at C / 2 rate). SEM images and the corresponding EDS mapping of the fresh Si-Gr particles. Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 FIG.14 provides data regarding Raw depth profile comparisons of the key secondary ion fragments at different locations (referred to as loc 1, loc 2, loc 3, and loc 4) on the cycled PTA- and CMCSBR-based Si-Gr anodes, including LiF2–, LiO2–, PO2–, C2H2O–, C5POF2–, Ni–, NiF3–, CoF3–, MnF3–, C5–, and Si–. As seen, the absolute yields of these secondary-ion fragments on the PTA anode show fairly high consistency regardless of location and sputtering depth, suggesting a more uniform SEI layer on it. In addition, compared to the CMCSBR control binder, the key organic and inorganic fragments (LiF2–, PO2–, C2H2O–, Ni–, NiF3–, CoF3–, MnF3–) originating from electrolyte decomposition and transition-metal dissolution are more concentrated within the outmost surface of the PTA anode with lower absolute yields. FIG. 15 provides summed yield maps for the fragments of interest ((PO2–, LiF2–, C2H2O–, Ni–, C5POF2–and LiO2–) in the X-Y plane at designated portions of the sputtering depth (0 ~ 30 and 60 ~ 90 nm). The summed yield maps in the X-Y plane are the 2D projections of the 3D renders along Z axis that emphasize the signal strength of a secondary-ion fragment at Z axis. The secondary-ion yields of the fragments are directly proportional to their concentration in the samples. Therefore, a certain fragment can be quantitatively compared among different samples by yield maps. FIG. 16 provides integrated yields of the depth profiles for fragments of interest at designated portions of the sputtering depth (0 ~ 30 and 60 ~ 90 nm with exact values listed in Table S2 and Table S3, respectively). The integrated yields of C5POF2–and LiO2–within the outmost 30 nm of PTA-based Si-Gr surface are nearly a magnitude higher over the CMCSBR control. FIG.17 provides 3D renders (cropped at different depths) of C5POF2–, C2H2O–, PO2–, and LiO2–fragments collected on cycled PTA-based Si-Gr. FIG.18 provides the summed yield maps (within 0 ~ 30 nm of the sputtered depth) of PO2–, LiF2–, C2H2O–, C5POF2–and LiO2–fragments after the smoothing and normalizing algorithms in Igor Pro. FIG. 19 provides squared deviation maps calculated between each two smoothed, normalized, summed yield maps (within 0 ~ 30 nm of the sputtered depth). Data were collected on a PTA-based Si-Gr anode that was cycled for 500 cycles at 0.5C rate between a voltage window of 2.5 and 4.3 V vs. Li / Li+. Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 FIGs.20A-20C provide data regarding: (FIG.20A) Color-coded matrix map of the net squared deviation for the fragments of interest (LiF2–, Ni–, C5POF2–, C2H2O–, PO2–, and LiO2–). The exact values of (FIG. 20B) the net squared deviations and (FIG. 20C) the relative correlations that were calculated in Igor Pro. Data were collected on a PTA-based Si-Gr anode that was cycled for 500 cycles at 0.5C rate between a voltage window of 2.5 and 4.3 V vs. Li / Li+. FIGs. 21A-21C depict and provide data regarding: Overlaid maps of selected fragments (LiF2–, Ni–, C5POF2–, C2H2O–, PO2–, and LiO2–) in (FIG.21A) PTA-based Si-Gr and (FIG. 21B) CMCSBR-based Si-Gr anode for multifractal analyses. (FIG. 21C) Dimension (D) versus exponent factor (Q) of PTA and CMCSBR anodes analyzed using multifractional analysis. D(Q0), D(Q1), and D(Q2) represent the coverage of the object in the image, uniformity of the object (distribution), and the clustering level (local clusters), respectively. Higher D(Q0), D(Q1), and D(Q2) values indicate that the object has higher coverage, more even distribution, and fewer local clusters. FIG. 22 provides secondary electron (SE) images of the cross-sections of the cycled PTA- and CMCSBR-based Si-Gr anodes, and the ToF-SIMS images of key fragments composing the SEI and the active materials in the bulk. FIG.23 depicts and provides data regarding the specific discharge capacities of high mass loading Si-Gr half cells in FIG. 5D. The SEM images on the right display the thicknesses of the high mass loading Si-Gr electrodes. FIGs. 24A-24D provide data regarding voltage profiles in the first cycle of prelithiated S-Gr || Li cells with (FIG.24A) 2.70, (FIG.24B) 5.02, and (FIG.24C) 6.01 mg cm-2loadings. All the Si-Gr anodes in full cells were prelithiated in advance by directly contacting with fresh Li chips in the presence of electrolyte for a certain time. Prelithiation time was determined by screening the initial Coulombic efficiency of Si-Gr || Li cells approaching 100%. FIG. 24D provides a table summarizing the same. FIGs.25A-25B provide voltage profiles of 1.74 mAh cm-2Si-Gr || NMC811 full cells with (FIG. 25A) PTA-based Si-Gr anode and (FIG. 25B) CMCSBR-based Si-Gr anode in FIG.5E. Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 DETAILED DESCRIPTION The following description of the disclosure is provided as an enabling teaching of the disclosure in its best, currently known aspects. Many modifications and other aspects disclosed herein will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which the disclosed compositions and methods pertain, benefiting from the teachings presented in the descriptions herein and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is understood that the disclosures are not limited to the specific aspects disclosed and that modifications and other aspects are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. The skilled artisan will recognize many variants and adaptations of the aspects described herein. These variants and adaptations are intended to be included in the teachings of this disclosure and to be encompassed by the claims herein. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. As apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading this disclosure, each of the individual aspects described and illustrated herein has discrete components and features that may be readily separated from or combined with the features of any of the other several aspects without departing from the scope or spirit of the present disclosure. Any recited method can be carried out in the order of events recited or any other order that is logically possible. Unless otherwise expressly stated, it is in no way intended that any method or aspect set forth herein be construed as requiring that its steps be performed in a specific order. Accordingly, where a method claim does not explicitly state in the claims or descriptions that the steps are to be limited to a particular order, it is in no way intended that an order be inferred in any respect. This holds for any possible non-express basis for interpretation, including logic concerning the arrangement of steps or operational flow, meaning derived from grammatical organization or punctuation, or the number or type of aspects described in the specification. All publications mentioned herein are incorporated by reference to disclose and describe the methods or materials in connection with which the publications are cited. The publications discussed herein are provided solely for their disclosure before the filing date of the present application. Further, the dates of publication Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 provided herein can be different from the actual publication dates, which can require independent confirmation. It is also to be understood that the terminology herein describes particular aspects only and is not intended to be limiting. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the disclosed compositions and methods belong. It can be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the specification and relevant art and should not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly defined herein. Before describing the various aspects of the present disclosure, the following definitions are provided and should be used unless otherwise indicated. Additional terms may be defined elsewhere in the present disclosure. Definitions As used herein, “comprising” is interpreted as specifying the presence of the stated features, integers, steps, or components but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more features, integers, steps, components, or groups thereof. Moreover, each of the terms “by,” “comprising,” “comprises,” “comprised of,” “including,” “includes,” “included,” “involving,” “involves,” “involved,” and “such as” are used in their open, non-limiting sense and may be used interchangeably. Further, the term “comprising” is intended to include examples and aspects encompassed by the terms “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of.” Similarly, “consisting essentially of” is intended to include examples encompassed by the term “consisting of.” As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context dictates otherwise. Ratios, concentrations, amounts, and other numerical data can be expressed herein in a range format. Further, the endpoints of each range are significant both in relation to the other endpoint and independently of the other endpoint. There are many values disclosed herein, and each value is also disclosed as “about” that particular value in addition to the value itself. For example, if the value “10” is disclosed, then “about 10” is also disclosed. Ranges can be expressed herein as from “about” one Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 particular value and to “about” another particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, using the antecedent “about,” the particular value forms a further aspect. For example, if the value “about 10” is disclosed, then “10” is also disclosed. When a range is expressed, a further aspect includes from the one particular value and to the other particular value. For example, where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in the disclosure, e.g., the phrase “x to y” includes the range from ‘x’ to ‘y’ as well as the range greater than ‘x’ and less than ‘y’. The range can also be expressed as an upper limit, e.g. ‘about x, y, z, or less’ and should be interpreted to include the specific ranges of ‘about x,’ ‘about y,’ and ‘about z’ as well as the ranges of ‘less than x,’ ‘less than y.’ and ‘less than z.’ Likewise, the phrase ‘about x, y, z, or greater’ should be interpreted to include the specific ranges of ‘about x,’ ‘about y,’ and ‘about z’ as well as the ranges of ‘greater than x,’ greater than y,’ and ‘greater than z.’ In addition, the phrase “about ‘x’ to ‘y’,” where ‘x’ and ‘y’ are numerical values, includes “about ‘x’ to about ‘y’.” Such a range format is used for convenience and brevity and thus, should be interpreted flexibly to include not only the numerical values explicitly recited as the limits of the range but also to include all the individual numerical values or sub- ranges encompassed within that range as if each numerical value and sub-range is explicitly recited. To illustrate, a numerical range of “about 0.1% to 5%” should be interpreted to include not only the explicitly recited values of about 0.1% to about 5%, but also include individual values (e.g., about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, and about 4%) and the sub-ranges (e.g., about 0.5% to about 1.1%; about 5% to about 2.4%; about 0.5% to about 3.2%, and about 0.5% to about 4.4%, and other possible sub- ranges) within the indicated range. As used herein, the terms “about,” “approximate,” “at or about,” and “substantially” mean that the amount or value in question can be the exact value or a value that provides equivalent results or effects as recited in the claims or taught herein. That is, amounts, sizes, formulations, parameters, and other quantities and characteristics are not and need not be exact but may be approximate, larger or smaller, as desired, reflecting tolerances, conversion factors, rounding, measurement error, and the like, and other factors known to those of skill in the art such that equivalent results or Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 effects are obtained. In some circumstances, the value that provides equivalent results or effects cannot be reasonably determined. In such cases, as used herein, “about” and “at or about” mean the nominal value indicated ±10% variation unless otherwise indicated or inferred. In general, an amount, size, formulation, parameter, or other quantity or characteristic is “about,” “approximate,” or “at or about,” whether or not expressly stated to be such. Where “about,” “approximate,” or “at or about” is used before a quantitative value, the parameter also includes the specific quantitative value itself unless expressly stated otherwise. As used herein, “optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance can or cannot occur. The description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and those where it does not. As used herein, the term or phrase “effective,” “effective amount,” or “conditions effective to” refers to such amount or condition that is capable of performing the function or property for which an effective amount or condition is expressed. As will be pointed out below, the exact amount or particular condition required will vary from one aspect to another, depending on recognized variables such as the materials employed and the processing conditions observed. Thus, it is not always possible to specify an exact “effective amount” or “condition effective to.” However, it should be understood that an appropriate effective amount will be readily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using only routine experimentation. Although the operations of exemplary aspects of the disclosed method may be described in a particular sequential order for convenient presentation, it should be understood that disclosed aspects can encompass an order of operations other than the particular sequential order disclosed. For example, operations described sequentially may, in some cases, be rearranged or performed concurrently. Further, descriptions and disclosures provided in association with one particular aspect are not limited to that aspect and may be applied to any aspect disclosed. The terms “coupled” and “associated” generally mean electrically, electromagnetically, and / or physically (e.g., mechanically or chemically) coupled or linked and do not exclude the presence of intermediate elements between the coupled or associated items. Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being "connected" or "coupled" to another element, it can be directly connected or coupled to the other element, or intervening elements can be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being "directly connected" or "directly coupled" to another element, there are no intervening elements present. Other words used to describe the relationship between elements or layers should be interpreted in a like fashion (e.g., "between" versus "directly between," "adjacent" versus "directly adjacent," "on" versus "directly on"). It will be understood that although the terms "first," "second," etc., can be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers, and / or sections. These elements, components, regions, layers, and / or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer, or section from another element, component, region, layer, or section. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer, or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer, or section without departing from the teachings of example aspects. Spatially relative terms, such as, “"beneath," "below," "lower," "above," "upper," “upward,” “downward,” “top,” “bottom,” and the like, can be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation, in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over, elements described as "below" or "beneath" other elements or features would then be oriented "above" the other elements or features. Thus, the term "below" can encompass both an orientation of above and below. The device can be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations), and the spatially relative descriptors used herein are interpreted accordingly. Terms such as “proximal,” “distal,” “ radially outward,” “radially inward,” “outer,” “inner,” and “side” describe the orientation and / or location of portions of the components or elements within a consistent but arbitrary frame of reference which is made clear by reference to the text and the associated drawings describing the components or elements under discussion. Such terminology can include the words Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 specifically mentioned above, derivatives thereof, and words of similar import. Similarly, the terms “first,” “second,” and other such numerical terms referring to structures neither imply a sequence nor order unless clearly indicated by the context. As used herein, the term "substantially" means that the subsequently described event or circumstance completely occurs or that the subsequently described event or circumstance generally, typically, or approximately occurs. Still further, the term “substantially” can, in some aspects, refer to at least about 90 %, at least about 91 %, at least about 92 %, at least about 93 %, at least about 94 %, at least about 95 %, at least about 96 %, at least about 97 %, at least about 98 %, at least about 99 %, or about 100 % of the stated property, component, composition, or other condition for which substantially is used to characterize or otherwise quantify an amount. As used herein, the term “substantially,” in, for example, the context “substantially identical” or “substantially similar,” refers to a method or a system, or a component that is at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or about 100% by similar to the method, system, or the component it is compared to. Chemical Definitions Compounds are described using standard nomenclature. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. The compounds described herein include enantiomers, mixtures of enantiomers, diastereomers, tautomers, racemates, and other isomers, such as rotamers, as if each is specifically described unless otherwise indicated or otherwise excluded by context. It is to be understood that the compounds provided herein may contain chiral centers. Such chiral centers may be of either the (R) or (S) configuration. The compounds provided herein may either be enantiomerically pure or be diastereomeric or enantiomeric mixtures. Unless stated to the contrary, a formula with chemical bonds shown only as solid lines and not as wedges or dashed lines contemplates each possible isomer, e.g., each enantiomer, diastereomer, and meso compound, and a mixture of isomers, such as a racemic or scalemic mixture. Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 Compounds described herein may contain one or more double bonds and, thus, potentially give rise to cis / trans (E / Z) isomers, as well as other conformational isomers. Unless stated to the contrary, all such possible isomers and mixtures of such isomers are contemplated. Compounds described herein may also present as an equilibrium of tautomers. For example, ketones with an α-hydrogen can exist in an equilibrium of the keto form and the enol form. Likewise, amides with an N-hydrogen can exist in an equilibrium of the amide form and the imidic acid form. Unless stated to the contrary, all possible tautomers of the compounds described herein are contemplated. A dash (“-”) that is not between two letters or symbols indicates a point of attachment for a For example, -(C=O)NH2 is attached through the carbon of the keto (C=O) group. The term “substituted,” as used herein, means that any one or more hydrogens on the designated atom or group are replaced with a moiety selected from the indicated group, provided that the designated atom’s normal valence is not exceeded and the resulting compound is stable. For example, when the substituent is oxo (i.e., =O), two hydrogens on the atom are replaced. For example, a pyridyl group substituted by oxo is a pyridine. Combinations of substituents and / or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds or useful synthetic intermediates. A stable active compound refers to a compound that can be isolated and / or formulated into a form with a shelf life of at least one month. A stable manufacturing intermediate or precursor to an active compound is stable if it does not degrade within the period needed for reaction or other use. A stable moiety or substituent group does not degrade, react, or fall apart within the period necessary for use. Non- limiting examples of unstable moieties combine heteroatoms in an unstable arrangement, as typically known and identifiable to those of skill in the art. Any suitable group may be present on a “substituted” or “optionally substituted” position that forms a stable molecule and meets the desired purpose of the disclosure and includes, but is not limited to: halo, nitro, cyano, azido, oxo, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, (C3-C7 cycloalkyl)(C0-C3 alkyl)-, (3- to 8- membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycle)-(C0-C6 alkyl)-, (6- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic aryl)-(C0-C6alkyl)-, (5- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl)-(C0-C6 alkyl)-, AxO-(C0-C6 alkyl)-, AxS-(C0-C6 alkyl)-, (AxAyN)-(C0-C6 Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 alkyl)-, AzC(O)-(C0-C6 alkyl)-, AzC(N)-(C0-C6 alkyl)-, and AzS(O)-(C0-C6 alkyl)-, and AzS(O)2-(C0-C6 alkyl)-, wherein Axand Ayare independently selected at each occurrence from Aa, AzC(O)-, AzC(N)-, AzS(O)-, and AzS(O)2-, each of which may be optionally substituted with one or more B groups as allowed by valency; wherein Azis independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, halo, C1-C6alkyl, C1- C6haloalkyl, C2-C6alkenyl, C2-C6alkynyl, (C3-C7 cycloalkyl)-(C0-C3 alkyl)-, (4- to 6- membered heterocycle)-(C0-C3 alkyl)-, (5- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic aryl)-(C0-C3 alkyl)-, (5- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl)-(C0-C3 alkyl)-, -OAa, -SAa, and -NAaAb, each of which may be optionally substituted with one or more B groups as allowed by valency; wherein Aaand Abare independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6haloalkyl, C2-C6alkenyl, C2-C6alkynyl, (C3-C7 cycloalkyl)-(C0-C3 alkyl)-, (4- to 6-membered heterocycle)-(C0- C3 alkyl)-, (5- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic aryl)-(C0-C3 alkyl)-, (5- to 10- membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl)-(C0-C3 alkyl)-, each of which may be optionally substituted by one or more B groups as allowed by valency; and wherein B is independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, halo, nitro, cyano, azido, oxo, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, (C3-C7 cycloalkyl)(C0-C3 alkyl)-, (3- to 8-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycle)-(C0- C6 alkyl)-, (6- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic aryl)-(C0-C6 alkyl)-, (5- to 10- membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl)-(C0-C6 alkyl)-, ApO-, ApS-, ApAqN-, AoC(O)-, AoC(O)-O-, AoC(O)-NAq-, AoS(O)2-, AoS(O)2-O-, and AoS(O)2-NAq-, wherein Aois independently selected at each occurrence from Ap, halo, ApO-, and ApAqN-, and wherein Apand Aqare independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, (C3-C7 cycloalkyl)(C0-C3 alkyl)-, (3- to 8-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heterocycle)-(C0- C6 alkyl)-, (6- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic aryl)-(C0-C6 alkyl)-, and (5- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl)-(C0-C6 alkyl)-. The terms for various functional groups as used herein are not intended to be limited to monovalent radicals and may include polyvalent radical groups as appropriate, such as divalent, trivalent, tetravalent, pentavalent, and hexavalent groups, and the like, based on the position and location of such groups in the compounds described herein as would be readily understood by the skilled person in the context in which said functional groups are recited. Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1As used herein, the symbol “ ” (which hereinafter can be referred to as “a pointof attachment bond”) bond that is a point of attachment between two chemical entities, one is depicted as being attached to the point of attachment bond and the other of which is not depicted as being attached to the pointof attachment bond. For example, “ ” indicates that the chemical entity “XY”is bonded to another chemical point of attachment bond. Furthermore, the specific point of attachment to non-depicted chemical entity can be specifiedby inference. For example, the compound CH3-R3, wherein R3 is H or “ ”infers that when R3is “XY”, the point of attachment bond is the same bond as the bond by which R3is depicted as being bonded to CH3. “Halo” or “halogen” independently indicates any fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo. The term “nitro,” as used herein, is represented by the formula —NO2. The term “cyano,” as used herein, is represented by the formula —CN The term “azido,” as used herein, is represented by the formula –N3. The term “oxo,” as used herein, is represented by the formula =O. “Alkyl” is a straight chain or branched saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group. In certain aspects, the alkyl is C1-C2, C1-C3, or C1-C6 (i.e., the alkyl chain can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbons in length). The specified ranges as used herein indicate an alkyl group with the length of each member of the range described as an independent species. For example, C1-C6alkyl, as used herein, indicates an alkyl group having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms and is intended to mean that each of these is described as an independent species, and C1-C4alkyl, as used herein, indicates an alkyl group having 1, 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms and is intended to mean that each of these is described as an independent species. When C0-Cnalkyl is used herein in conjunction with another group, for example (C3-C7 cycloalkyl)C0-C4alkyl, or -C0-C4(C3-C7 cycloalkyl), the indicated group, in this case cycloalkyl, is either directly bound by a single covalent bond (C0alkyl), or attached by an alkyl chain, in this case 1, 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms. Alkyls can also be attached via other groups, such as heteroatoms, such as -O-C0- C4alkyl(C3-C7 cycloalkyl). Examples of alkyl include but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, tert-pentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2- Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane. In some aspects, the alkyl group is optionally substituted as described herein. “Haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with one or more halo groups, e.g., fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, or combinations thereof. “Cycloalkyl” is a saturated or partially unsaturated mono- or multicyclic hydrocarbon ring system. When composed of two or more rings, the rings may be joined together in a fused or bridged fashion. Non-limiting examples of typical cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cycloheptyl. In some aspects, the cycloalkyl group is optionally substituted as described herein. “Alkenyl” is a straight or branched chain aliphatic hydrocarbon group having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, each of which is independently either cis or trans, that may occur at a stable point along the chain. Non-limiting examples include C2- C4alkenyl and C2-C6alkenyl (i.e., having 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbons). The specified ranges as used herein indicate an alkenyl group, with each member of the range described as an independent species, as described above for the alkyl moiety. Examples of alkenyl include, but are not limited to, ethenyl and propenyl. In one aspect, the alkenyl group is optionally substituted as described herein. “Alkynyl” is a straight or branched chain aliphatic hydrocarbon group having one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds that may occur at any stable point along the chain, for example, C2-C4alkynyl or C2-C6alkynyl (i.e., having 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbons). The specified ranges as used herein indicate an alkynyl group, with each member of the range described as an independent species, as described above for the alkyl moiety. Examples of alkynyl include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2- butynyl, 3-butynyl, 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 4-pentynyl, 1-hexynyl, 2- hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 4-hexynyl, and 5-hexynyl. In one aspect, the alkynyl group is optionally substituted as described herein. “Aryl” indicates an aromatic group containing only carbon in the aromatic ring or rings. In one aspect, the aryl group contains 1 to 3 separate or fused rings and is 6 to 14 or 18 ring atoms, without heteroatoms as ring members. When indicated, such aryl groups may be further substituted with carbon or non-carbon atoms or groups. Such substitution may include the fusion to a 4- to 7- or 5- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated cyclic group that optionally contains 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 independently selected from N, O, B, P, Si, and S, to form, for example, a 3,4- methylenedioxyphenyl group. Aryl groups include, for example, phenyl and naphthyl, including 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl. In one aspect, aryl groups are pendant. An example of a pendant ring is a phenyl group substituted with a phenyl group. In one aspect, the aryl group is optionally substituted as described herein. The term “heterocycle” refers to saturated and partially saturated heteroatom- containing ring radicals, where the heteroatoms may be selected from N, O, and S. The term heterocycle includes monocyclic 3-12 members rings, as well as bicyclic 5- 16 membered ring systems (which can include fused, bridged, or spiro bicyclic ring systems). It does not include rings containing -O-O-, -O-S-, and -S-S- portions. Examples of saturated heterocycle groups, including saturated 4- to 7-membered monocyclic groups containing 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms [e.g., pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolinyl, azetidinyl, piperazinyl, and pyrazolidinyl]; saturated 4- to 6-membered monocyclic groups containing 1 to 2 oxygen atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms [e.g., morpholinyl]; and saturated 3- to 6-membered heteromonocyclic groups containing 1 to 2 sulfur atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms [e.g., thiazolidinyl]. Examples of partially saturated heterocycle radicals include, but are not limited to, dihydrothienyl, dihydropyranyl, dihydrofuryl, and dihydrothiazolyl. Examples of partially saturated and saturated heterocycle groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thiazolidinyl, dihydrothienyl, 2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxanyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, dihydrobenzothienyl, dihydrobenzofuryl, isochromanyl, chromanyl, 1,2- dihydroquinolyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinolyl, 2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-3-aza-fluorenyl, 5,6,7-trihydro-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4- a]isoquinolyl, 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]oxazinyl, benzo[1,4]dioxanyl, 2,3,- dihydro-1H-benzo[d]isothazol-6-yl, dihydropyranyl, dihydrofuryl, and dihydrothiazolyl. Bicyclic heterocycle includes groups wherein the heterocyclic radical is fused with an aryl radical, and the point of attachment is the heterocycle ring. Bicyclic heterocycle also includes heterocyclic radicals that are fused with a carbocyclic radical. Representative examples include but are not limited to, partially unsaturated condensed heterocyclic groups containing 1 to 5 nitrogen atoms, for example, indoline and isoindoline, partially unsaturated condensed heterocyclic groups containing 1 to 2 oxygen atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms, partially Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 unsaturated condensed heterocyclic groups containing 1 to 2 sulfur atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms, and saturated condensed heterocyclic groups containing 1 to 2 oxygen or sulfur atoms. In one aspect, the heterocycle group is optionally substituted as described herein. “Heteroaryl” refers to a stable monocyclic, bicyclic, or multicyclic aromatic ring that contains from 1 to 4, or in some aspects 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, S, B, and P (and typically selected from N, O, and S) with remaining ring atoms being carbon, or a stable bicyclic or tricyclic system containing at least one 5, 6, or 7 membered aromatic ring which contains from 1 to 4, or in some aspects from 1 to 3 or from 1 to 2, heteroatoms selected from N, O, S, B, or P, with remaining ring atoms being carbon. In one aspect, the only heteroatom is nitrogen. In one aspect, the only heteroatom is oxygen. In one aspect, the only heteroatom is sulfur. Monocyclic heteroaryl groups typically have from 5 to 6 ring atoms. In some aspects, bicyclic heteroaryl groups are 8- to 10-membered heteroaryl groups, that is groups containing 8 or 10 ring atoms in which one 5-, 6-, or 7-membered aromatic ring which contains from 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, S, B, or P is fused to a second aromatic or non-aromatic ring, wherein the point of attachment is an aromatic ring. When the total number of S and O atoms in the heteroaryl ring exceeds 1, these heteroatoms are not adjacent to one another within the ring. In one aspect, the total number of S and O atoms in the heteroaryl ring is not more than 2. In another aspect, the total number of S and O atoms in the heteroaryl ring is not more than 1. Examples of heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl, imidazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazinyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, indolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, cinnolinyl, indazolyl, indolizinyl, phthalazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, isoindolyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, furazanyl, benzofurazanyl, benzothiophenyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, naphthyridinyl, and furopyridinyl. In one aspect, the heteroaryl group is optionally substituted as described herein. Certain materials, compounds, compositions, and components disclosed herein can be obtained commercially or readily synthesized using techniques generally known to those of skill in the art. For example, the starting materials and reagents used in Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 preparing the disclosed compounds and compositions are either available from commercial suppliers, such as Sigma-Aldrich (formally MilliporeSigma, Burlington, MA) or Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (Waltham, MA), or are prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art following procedures set forth in references such as Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis (John Wiley and Sons, 2007); Organic Reactions (John Wiley and Sons, 2004); March's Advanced Organic Chemistry, (John Wiley and Sons, 8thEdition); and Larock's Comprehensive Organic Transformations (John Wiley and Sons, 3rdedition, 2017). Variations on compounds used in the processes described herein can include the addition, subtraction, or movement of various constituents as described for each compounds. Similarly, when one or more chiral centers are present in a molecule, the chirality of the molecule can be changed. Additionally, the synthesis of the compounds used in these processes can involve the protection of various chemical groups, and further the compounds prepared by the disclosed processes may be subsequently deprotected as appropriate. The use of protection and deprotection, and the selection of appropriate protecting groups, would be readily known to one skilled in the art. “Protecting group”, as used herein, refers to any convention functional group that allows one to obtain chemoselectivity in a subsequent chemical reaction. Protecting groups are described, for example, in Peter G. M. Wuts, Greene’s Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 5thEd., Wiley & Sons, 2014. For a particular compound and / or a particular chemical reaction, a person skilled in the art knows how to select and implement appropriate protecting groups and their associated synthetic methods. Examples of amine protecting groups include acyl and alkoxy carbonyl groups, such a t-butoxycarbonyl (BOC) and [2- (trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methoxy (SEM). Examples of carboxyl protecting groups include C1-C6 alkoxy groups, such as methyl, ethyl, and t-butyl. Examples of alcohol protecting groups include benzyl, trityl, silyl ethers, and the like. The described processes, or reactions to produce the compounds used in the described processes, can be carried out in solvents indicated herein, or in solvents which can be selected by one of skill in the art of organic synthesis. Solvents can be substantially nonreactive with the starting materials (reactants), intermediates, or products under the conditions of the reaction, i.e., temperature and pressure. Reactions can be carried out in one solvent or a mixture of more than one solvent. Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 Product or intermediate formation can be monitored according to any suitable method known in the art. For example, product formation can be monitored by spectroscopic means, such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (e.g.,1H and13C), infrared spectroscopy, spectrophotometry (e.g., UV-visible), or mass spectrometry, or by chromatography such as high liquid chromatography (HPLC) or thin layer chromatography (TLC). As used herein, a “monomer” refers to a molecule that can react together with other monomer molecules to form a larger polymer chain or three-dimensional network in a process called polymerization. A monomer is a molecule that can undergo polymerization, thereby contributing constitutional units to the essential structure of a macromolecule. As used herein, a “constitutional unit” refers to an atom or group of atoms (with pendant atoms or groups if any) including a part of the essential structure of a macromolecule, an oligomer molecule, a block, or a chain. As used herein, a “zwitterion” or “zwitterionic” compound refers to a molecule that contains an equal number of positively and negatively charged functional groups. In some aspects, a zwitterion may include a “betaine,” i.e., a zwitterion that cannot isomerize to an all-neutral form. Polymeric Compositions The present disclosure provides polymeric compositions that may find use as binders in electrodes as described further herein. In some aspects, the polymeric composition may include a polymer having one or more first constitutional units derived from one or more zwitterionic monomers. In some aspects, the polymer may be formed from one or more zwitterionic monomers. In some aspects, the one or more zwitterionic monomers include one or more polymerizable vinyl moieties. In some aspects, the one or more zwitterionic monomers include one or more acrylate, methacrylate, or styrene moieties, or derivatives thereof. In some aspects, the one or more zwitterionic monomers may include a carboxybetaine monomer, a sulfobetaine monomer, a phosphorylcholine monomer, a phosphonate betaine monomer, a phosphate betaine monomer, a sulfonium Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 zwitterion monomer, a heteroaromatic zwitterion monomer, or combinations thereof. In some aspects, the one or more zwitterionic monomers may include a monomer of Formula I, Formula II, or combinations thereof: P-L1-Cat1-L2-An1(I) P-L1-An2-L2-Cat2(II) wherein: P is a polymerizable moiety; L1and L2are independently selected from a bond or a linker moiety; Cat1and Cat2are independently a cationic moiety; and An1and An2are independently an anionic moiety. In some aspects of Formula I or Formula II, P can include , wherein: R1, R2, and R3can be independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; X1can be selected from a , wherein R4can be selected from X2can be selected from a bond, -O-, and -NR5-, wherein R5can be selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl. In some aspects, P can be optionally substituted as described herein. In some aspects, P can be selected from: Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 In some aspects, L1can be C1 alkyl. In some aspects, L1can be C2 alkyl. In some aspects, L1can be C3 alkyl. In some aspects, L1can be C4 alkyl. In some aspects, L1can be C5 alkyl. In some aspects, L1can be C6 alkyl. In some aspects, L1can be selected from methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene, and hexylene. In some aspects, L2can be optionally substituted as described herein. In some aspects, L2can be a bond. In some aspects, L2can be C1-C6 alkyl. In some aspects, L2can be C1 alkyl. In some aspects, L2can be C2 alkyl. In some aspects, L2can be C3 alkyl. In some aspects, L2can be C4 alkyl. In some aspects, L2can be C5 alkyl. In some aspects, L2can be C6 alkyl. In some aspects, L2can be selected from methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene, and hexylene. In some aspects, L2can be optionally substituted as described herein. In some aspects, Cat1, wherein R6and R6’can be independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl monocyclic or bicyclic aryl. In some aspects, Cat1. Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 In some aspects, Cat1, wherein R9can be selected from C1-C6 alkyl and 6- to 10- bicyclic aryl. In some aspects, Cat1can be selected from . as described herein. In some aspects, An1. In some aspects, An1. In some aspects, An1can be selected , , wherein R7is selected from C1-C6 alkyl and 6- to 10-membered aryl. In some aspects, An1can be optionally substituted as described herein. Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 In some aspects, An2can be selected O . In some aspects, An2. In some aspects, An2 as described herein. In some aspects, Cat2, wherein R8, R8’, and R8”are each independently selected In some aspects, Cat2can , wherein R10and R10’are each independently selected from In some aspects, Cat2can be optionally substituted as described herein. Representative examples of zwitterionic monomers which can be used include, but are not limited to, N-(Carboxymethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2- Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 (methacryloyloxy)ethanaminium inner salt, 1-Carboxy-N,N-dimethyl-N-(3′- acrylamidopropyl)ethanaminium inner salt, 2-Carboxy-N,N-dimethyl-N-(3′- acrylamidopropyl)ethanaminium inner salt, [2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethyl] dimethyl- ammonio acetate, [2-(Acryloyloxy)ethyl] dimethyl-ammonio acetate, N-(3- Methacrylamidopropyl)-N,N-dimethyl-ammonio acetate, [2- (Methacryloyloxy)ethyl] dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide (inner salt), [2-(Acryloyloxy)ethyl] dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide, N-(3- Sulfopropyl)-N-[3-(methacrylamido)propyl]dimethyl-ammonium inner salt, N-(2- Sulfoethyl)-N-[2-(methacrylamido)ethyl]dimethyl-ammonium inner salt, 4- Vinylbenzyl-dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium inner salt, 2- (Methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine, 2-(Acryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine, N-(3-Methacrylamidopropyl) phosphorylcholine, 2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethyl dimethyl-ammonio methyl-phosphonate inner salt, 1-(3-Sulfopropyl)-3-vinyl- imidazolium betaine, or combinations thereof. In some aspects, the polymer may further include one or more second constitutional units derived from one or more polysaccharides. In some aspects, the polymer may be formed from one or more polysaccharides. In some aspects, the one or more polysaccharides can include a polysaccharide with α-glycosidic linkages. In some aspects, the one or more polysaccharides can include a polysaccharide with β- glycosidic linkages. In some aspects, the one or more polysaccharides can include a polysaccharide with both α-glycosidic and β-glycosidic linkages. Representative examples of polysaccharides which can be used include, but are not limited to, starch (such as amylose and amylopectin), glycogen, dextran, pullulan, inulin / levan-type fructans, cellulose, chitin / chitosan, mannans, xylan, β-glucans (such as curdlan and laminarin), arabinoxylan, glucomannan, pectin, gum arabic, guar gum, and peach gum. Other natural gums or chemically modified derivatives of polysaccharides may also be used. In some aspects, the one or more first constitutional units derived from one or more zwitterionic monomers and the one or more second constitutional units derived from one or more polysaccharides may be present in a ratio from about 10:1 to about 1:10 by weight based on the total weight of the polymeric composition, including exemplary values of about 10:1, about 9:1, about 8:1, about 7:1, about 6:1, about 5:1, about 4:1, about 3:1, about 2:1, about 1:1, about 0.5:1, about 1:0.5, about 1:1, about Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 1:2, about 1:3, about 1:4, about 1:5, about 1:6, about 1:7, about 1:8, about 1:9, about 1:10, or any subrange formed from the above exemplary values. In some aspects, the polymeric composition may include a block copolymer. In some aspects, the one or more first constitutional units derived from the one or more zwitterionic monomers and the one or more second constitutional units derived from one or more polysaccharides constitute different blocks within the block copolymer. In some aspects, the polymeric composition may include a graft copolymer. In some aspects, the one or more first constitutional units derived from the one or more zwitterionic monomers constitute a graft onto a main chain including the one or more second constitutional units derived from the one or more polysaccharides. In some aspects, the polymer may optionally further include one or more third constitutional units derived from one or more additional monomers. In some aspects, the one or more third constitutional units differ structurally from the one or more first constitutional units or the one or more second constitutional units. In some aspects, the polymer may be further formed from one or more additional monomers. In some aspects, the one or more third constitutional units may constitute a block within a block copolymer as described herein. In some aspects, the one or more third constitutional units may include a graft onto a main chain of a graft copolymer as described herein. In some aspects, the one or more third constitutional units may link a graft of the one or more first constitutional units to a main chain including the one or more second constitutional units in a graft copolymer as described herein. The one or more additional monomers may include any suitable monomer for applications in electrodes, electrochemical cells, and batteries. In some aspects, the one or more monomers may include one or more polymerizable vinyl moieties. In some aspects, the one or more additional monomers may include an acid halide (such as acryloyl chloride and methacryloyl chloride), an acid anhydride (such as methacrylic anhydride, acrylic anhydride, maleic anhydride, and itaconic anhydride), an epoxide (such as glycidyl methacrylate), an isocyanate (such as 2- isocyanatoethyl methacrylate), an activated ester or similar moiety (such as N- succinimidyl methacrylate and vinyl sulfone), an allyl or vinyl donor (such as vinyl acetic anhydride and allyl chloroformate), or combinations thereof. Electrodes, Electrochemical Cells, and Batteries Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 In another aspect, an electrode is provided including a polymeric composition described herein. In some aspects, the polymeric composition functions as a binder within the electrode. In some aspects, the electrode can be an anode. In some aspects, the polymeric composition may be present as a binder within the anode. In some aspects, the polymeric composition may be present in the anode with one or more further anode materials. Any known in the art anode materials can be present. For example, and without limitations, the anode electrode includes one or more metallic alkali and / or alkaline earth foils, alkali and / or alkaline earth powder, alkali and / or alkaline earth meshes, alkali and / or alkaline earth alloys, carbon materials, non-alkali and / or non- alkaline earth metal alloys, nonmetal alloys, compound materials, or any combination thereof. Yet in still further aspects, the anode electrode includes Li metal, Li metal alloy, lithium titanium oxide, titanium niobium oxide, silicon alloy, silicon tin alloy, tin, aluminum, carbon, graphite, carbonaceous anodes, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, the electrode can be a cathode. In some aspects, the polymeric composition may be present as a binder within the cathode. In some aspects, the polymeric composition may be present in the cathode with one or more further cathode materials. Any known in the art cathodes can be used. For example, and without limitations, the cathode electrode can include one or more layered oxides, spinel oxides, olivines, polyanion-based cathodes, Prussian Blue analogs, Prussian White analogs sulfur-based cathodes, selenium-based cathodes, vanadium-based cathodes, sulfide-based cathodes, or any combination thereof. In another aspect, an electrochemical cell is provided. The electrochemical cell includes an electrode having the polymeric composition described herein and an electrolyte. In some aspects, the electrode can be an anode. In other aspects, the electrode can be a cathode. In aspects where the electrode is an anode, the electrochemical cell may optionally further include a cathode electrode. In aspects where the electrode is a cathode, the electrochemical cell may optionally further include an anode electrode. For the optionally further included anode electrode of the electrochemical cells described herein, i.e., when the cathode includes the polymeric composition described herein, any known in the art anode materials can be present. For example, Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 and without limitations, the anode electrode includes one or more metallic alkali and / or alkaline earth foils, alkali and / or alkaline earth powder, alkali and / or alkaline earth meshes, alkali and / or alkaline earth alloys, carbon materials, non-alkali and / or non-alkaline earth metal alloys, nonmetal alloys, compound materials, or any combination thereof. Yet in still further aspects, the anode electrode includes Li metal, Li metal alloy, lithium titanium oxide, titanium niobium oxide, silicon alloy, silicon tin alloy, tin, aluminum, carbon, graphite, carbonaceous anodes, or any combination thereof. Yet in still further aspects, the electrochemical cell can be “anodeless.” In such aspects, the anode electrode is a current collector for an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal deposition during a plating step. In such aspects, the current collectors can be a metal or another conductive material, such as (but not limited to) nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), stainless steel, or conductive carbon materials. The current collector may be a foil, a foam, or a polymer substrate coated with a conductive material. For the optionally further included cathode electrode of the electrochemical cells described herein, i.e., when the anode includes the polymeric composition described herein, any known in the art cathodes can be used. For example, and without limitations, the cathode electrode can include one or more layered oxides, spinel oxides, olivines, polyanion-based cathodes, Prussian Blue analogs, Prussian White analogs sulfur-based cathodes, selenium-based cathodes, vanadium-based cathodes, or any combination thereof. In yet still further aspects, the cathodes are sulfide-based cathodes. In still further aspects, the electrolyte is a liquid electrolyte including a salt and a solvent. In such aspects, the salt can include one or more of a lithium, sodium, or potassium salt of fluorophosphate (e.g., LiPF6, NaPF6, KPF6), fluoroborate (e.g., LiBF4, NaBF4, KBF4), tetraphenylborate (e.g., LiBPh4, NaBPh4, KBPh4), bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (e.g., LiFSI, NaFSI, KFSI), bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (e.g., LiTFSI, NaTFSI, KTFSI), (fluorosulfonyl)(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (e.g., LiFTFSI, NaFTFSI, KFTFSI), perchlorate (e.g., LiClO4, NaClO4, KClO4), nitrate (e.g., LiNO3, NaNO3, KNO3), 4,5- dicyano-2-(trifluoromethyl)imidazole (e.g., LiTDI, NaTDI, KTDI), 4,5-dicyano-2- (pentafluoromethyl)imidazole (e.g., LiPDI, NaPDI, KPDI), and Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 difluorooxalatoborate (e.g., LiDFOB, NaDFOB, KDFOB), or any combination thereof. In yet further aspects, the solvent includes one or more of ethylene carbonate (EC), 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME), propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), tetrahydrofuran (THF), diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme), triethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TDEM), tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME), and vinylene carbonate (VC), bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether (BTFE), 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropylether (TTE), tris(2,2,2- trilfuoroethyl) orthoformate (TFEO), trimethylphosphate (TMP), triethylphosphate (TEP), methyl acetate, propionate, butyrate, or any combination thereof. It is understood that the electrolyte can include one solvent or a mixture of two or more solvents. If more than one solvent is present, such solvents can be in any weight or volume ratio relative to each other. In still further aspects, the salt can be present in the electrolyte in any amount that provides the desired conductivity and can be dictated by the solubility of the salt in a specific solvent. In certain aspects, the salt is present in an amount of 0.01 M to 3 M, including exemplary values of 0.05 M, 0.1 M, 0.2 M, 0.3 M, 0.4 M, 0.5 M, 0.6 M, 0.7 M, 0.8 M, 0.9 M, 1 M, 1.1 M, 1.2 M, 1.3 M, 1.4 M, 1.5 M, 1.6 M, 1.7 M, 1.8 M, 1.9 M, 2 M, 2.1 M, 2.2 M, 2.3 M, 2.4 M, 2.5 M, 2.6 M, 2.7 M, 2.8 M, and 2.9 M. In still further aspects, the salt can be present in any amount between any two foregoing values. In yet still further aspects, the sale can be present in an amount that falls within a range formed by any two values described above. For example, the salt can be present in an amount of 0.05 M to 3 M, 0.1 M to 3 M, 0.5 M to 3 M, 1 M to 3 M, about 1.5 M to 3 M, 2 M to 3 M, and so on. It is understood, however, that in certain aspects, when the solubility of the salt allows it, the salt can be present in an amount higher than 3 M, higher than 3.5 M, higher than 4 M, higher than 4.5 M, or even higher than 5 M. In still further aspects, it is understood that the salt amount can be presented in different units, such as molality or weight (wt) %. In aspects where the salt amount is presented in wt%, the weight percent of the salt is calculated based on the total weight of the electrolyte. Yet also disclosed herein are aspects where the electrolyte is a solid electrolyte. In still further aspects, the battery can include any solid or hybrid electrolyte known in Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 the art. In certain aspects, the electrolyte is a solid electrolyte and includes an inorganic ceramic / glass-ceramic, organic polymer, and ceramic-polymer composite electrolytes. For example, and without limitations, the solid electrolyte can include doped and undoped LISICON-type compounds, perovskite-type and anti-perovskite- type compounds, nitrides, oxynitrides, beta-alumina, Cryolite-type, argyrodite-type, or polymer-based electrolytes, or ceramic-polymer composite electrolytes, or any combination thereof. If the electrolyte is polymer-based electrolytes, such electrolytes can further include an alkali metal, an alkaline-earth metal salt, or a combination thereof. In still further aspects, where electrochemical cells include a liquid electrolyte, for example, the electrochemical cell can further include a separator. In such aspects, any known in the art separators that are capable of achieving the desired results can be used. For example, and without limitations, the separators can include glass fiber, a porous polymer film (e.g., polyethylene- or polypropylene-based material) with or without a ceramic coating, or a composite (e.g., a porous film of inorganic particles and a binder). One exemplary polymeric separator is a polyethylene (PE) membrane. Another exemplary polymeric separator is a polypropylene (PP) membrane. The separator may be infused with any of the disclosed herein electrolytes. In still further aspects, the electrochemical cell can operate at a voltage of 2.0 V to 4.4 V, including exemplary values of 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3 V. In still further aspects, the battery can operate at any voltage that falls between any two foregoing values or within the range formed by any two foregoing values. For example, the electrochemical cell can operate at a voltage of 2.0 V to 4.5 V, 2.0 V to 4.3 V, 2.0 V to 3.5 V, 2.0 to 3.0 V, 2.5 V to 4.3 V, 2.5 V to 4 V, 2.5 V to 3.5 V, 2.5 V to 3 V, 3 V to 4. 4V, 3.5 V to 4.4 V, 4 V to 4.4 V, 3.6 V to 4.3 V, 3.6 V to 4 V, 3.6 V to 3.8 V, and so on. In still further aspects, the electrochemical cell disclosed herein can exhibit a capacity retention of at least 75% over at least 200 cycles. Yet in still further aspects, the electrochemical cell disclosed herein can exhibit capacity retention of at least 75% over at least 500 cycles. In yet still further aspects, the electrochemical cell exhibits a capacity retention of at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, and at least 99% over at least 500 cycles. It is understood that such capacity Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 retention can also be observed for at least 700 cycles, at least 1,000 cycles, at least 5,000 cycles, at least 10,000 cycles, or at least 20,000 cycles. In still further aspects, the electrochemical cells disclosed herein can exhibit a Coulombic efficiency greater than 80%, greater than 85%, greater than 90%, greater than 95%, or greater than 99% over at least 500 cycles. It is understood that such Coulombic efficiency can also be observed for at least 700 cycles, at least 1,000 cycles, at least 5,000 cycles, at least 10,000 cycles, or at least 20,000 cycles. In still further aspects, the electrochemical cells disclosed herein are capable of operating in a temperature range from -30 °C to 60 °C, including exemplary values of -25 °C, -20 °C, -15 °C, -10 °C, -5 °C, 0 °C, t 5 °C, 10 °C, 15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, 35 °C, 40 °C, 45 °C, 50 °C, and 55 °C. It is further understood that the electrochemical cells can operate at any value that falls between any foregoing values on in any range or in any range that is formed by the disclosed values. For example, the electrochemical cells disclosed herein are capable of operating in a temperature range from -25 °C to 60 °C, -10 °C to 60 °C, 0 °C to 60 °C, 10 °C to 60 °C, 20 °C to 60 °C, 30 °C to 60 °C, or 40 °C to 60 °C, or -30 °C to 50 °C, -30 °C to 40 °C, -30 °C to 30 °C, -30 °C to 20 °C, -30 °C to 10 °C, t -30 °C to 0 °C, and so on. In still further aspects, the electrochemical cells disclosed herein exhibit a specific capacity of 100 mAh g-1to 400 mAh g-1at a discharge rate of at least 0.1C. For example, the electrochemical cell can exhibit a specific capacity of 100 mAh g-1to 400 mAh g-1, including exemplary values of 110 mAh g-1, 120 mAh g-1, 145 mAh g-1, 150 mAh g-1, 200 mAh g-1, 250 mAh g-1, 300 mAh g-1, and 350 mAh g-1, at a discharge rate of at least 0.1C, of at least 0.2C, of at least 0.5C, of at least 1C, of at least 2C, of at least 3C, of at least 4C, of at least 5C, and so on. It is understood that the specific capacity can fall between any disclosed above values or can fall within any range formed by the disclosed above values. In certain aspects, the electrochemical cells disclosed herein exhibit a specific capacity of 100 mAh g-1to 400 mAh g-1, 145 mAh g-1to 400 mAh g-1, 200 mAh g-1to 400 mAh g-1, 300 mAh g-1to 400 mAh g-1, 100 mAh g-1to 350 mAh g-1, 100 mAh g-1to 300 mAh g-1, 100 mAh g-1to 250 mAh g-1, 100 mAh g-1to 200 mAh g-1, 110 mAh g-1to 190 mAh g-1, 120 mAh g-1to 180 mAh g-1, 130 mAh g-1to 170 mAh g-1, 140 mAh g-1to 160 mAh g-1, and so on at any of the disclosed above discharge rates. Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 In another aspect, a battery is provided including one or more electrochemical cells as described herein. In some aspects, the battery is a primary battery. In other aspects, the battery is a secondary battery. In some aspects, the battery can be a lithium-ion battery, sodium-ion battery, lithium-sulfur battery, sodium-sulfur battery, or other type of battery. By way of example, the batteries of the present disclosure may be used in portable batteries, including those in hand-held and / or wearable electronic devices, such as a phone, watch, or laptop computer; in stationary electronic devices, such as a desktop or mainframe computer; in an electric tool, such as a power drill; in an electric or hybrid land, water, or air-based vehicle, such as a boat, submarine, bus, train, truck, car, motorcycle, moped, powered bicycle, airplane, drone, other flying vehicle, or toy versions thereof; for other toys; for energy storage, such as in storing electric power from wind, solar, wave, hydropower, or nuclear energy and / or in grid storage, or as a stationary power store for small-scale use, such as for a home, business, or hospital. In addition, according to the present disclosure, the batteries can be multi-cell batteries containing at least 10, at least 100, at least 500, between 10 and 10,000, between 100 and 10,000, between 1,000 and 10,000, between 10 and 1000, between 100 and 1,000, or between 500 and 1,000 individual electrochemical cells of the present disclosure. Cells in multi-cell batteries may be arranged in parallel or in series. Manufacturing Processes In another aspect, a process for preparing a polymeric composition described herein is provided. In some aspects, the process includes reacting one or more polysaccharides with one or more zwitterionic monomers to form the polymeric composition. In some aspects, the process includes reacting one or more polysaccharides with one or more additional monomers as described herein to form a first composition, and reacting the first composition with one or more zwitterionic monomers to form the polymeric composition. The polymeric composition may be prepared according to any suitable polymerization process in the art. In some aspects, the polymeric composition can be prepared via radical polymerization. In such aspects, the radical polymerization may be initiated via a radical initiator. Representative examples of radical initiators that Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 may be used include azo compounds (such as 2,2’-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN), 1,1-azobis(cyclohexanecarbonitrile) (ACHN), and 4,4’-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) (ACVA)), organic peroxides (such as benzoyl peroxide, methyl ether ketone peroxide, ter-butyl hydroperoxide, and cumene hydroperoxide), inorganic peroxides and persulfates (such as potassium persulfate and ammonium persulfate), photoinitiators (such as benzoin derivatives like benzoin methyl ether and 2,2’- dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone), or other oxidants (such as ceric ammonium nitrate). In some aspects, the initiator can be a mixture of oxidizing agents (such as hydrogen peroxide and persulfates) and reducing agents (such as sulfites and bisulfites). In some aspects, the polymeric composition may be prepared by first reacting the one or more additional monomers with the one or more polysaccharides (typically via esterification of the polysaccharide with the one or more additional monomers) to form a first composition, followed by radical polymerization of the first composition to form the polymeric composition. An exemplary, non-limiting synthesis of a polymeric composition as described herein can follow a two-step procedure. First, methacrylic anhydride can be introduced into the parent polymer (pullulan) backbone to obtain methacrylated pullulan through an esterification reaction at 4 °C for 24 h. After dialyzing and lyophilizing, zwitterion monomers (2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate) are polymerized with methacrylated pullulan at 70 °C for several hours under argon protection. Following dialysis and lyophilization, the polymeric composition is obtained. Other synthesis methods and raw materials can be used to simplify the preparation, decrease the cost, and improve the electrochemical performance of the polymeric compositions. In terms of synthesis methods, (i) the first step of reacting methacrylic anhydride and parent polymer at 4 °C for 24 h can be simplified by heating a mixture of initiator (ammonium persulfate or potassium persulfate) and parent polymer at 70 °C for 10 min. While not wishing to be bound to any one theory, the generated sulfate anion-radicals by initiator decomposition under heating can strip down the hydrogen from the single bond -OH groups on the parent polymer to form macro- radicals. These macro-radicals can induce the polymerization of zwitterion monomers. (ii) The initiator can be a combination of oxidizing and reducing agents, Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 which effectively induces the polymerization reaction at low temperatures. The oxidizing agents can be hydrogen peroxide and persulfates, while the reducing agents can be sulfites and bisulfites. In terms of raw materials, the parent polymer can include, but is not limited to, other polysaccharides containing α-glycosidic linkages, such as starch, dextran, pullulan, alginate, guar gum, and carrageenan. While not wishing to be bound to any one theory, the chair-to-boat transition ability of α-glycosidic linkages enables conformational change of constituent pyranose rings in the parent polymers. This ability may allow them to release external stress by increasing the dimensional distance between neighboring glycosidic oxygens, which is desirable for Si-based anodes. The zwitterion monomers can include, but are not limited to. N- (carboxymethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2-(methacryloyloxy) ethanaminium, 1-carboxy- N,N-dimethyl-N-(3′-acrylamidopropyl) ethanaminium inner salt, 2-carboxy-N,N- dimethyl-N-(3′-acrylamidopropyl) ethanaminium inner salt, 2- (Methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide, or 2- acryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide. In addition, other comonomers, such as acrylic acid or 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid can be used to copolymerize with the zwitterion monomer and parent polymer. These cheap comonomers may form hydrogen bonds with electrodes, thereby enhancing the adhesion of the prepared binders. The polymeric compositions described herein can help to enhance lithium-ion transport. Zwitterions have cationic and anionic groups, which can (i) interact with each other to enhance the structural stability of the anode, (ii) regulate the lithium- ion solvation structure at the anode-electrolyte interface, and (iii) modify / modulate the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy thereby enhancing the reductive stability of the electrolyte. The polymeric composition described herein provides better structural stability, reduces excessive SEI growth on silicon anode, facilitates longer cycle life. The polymeric composition described herein provides better cycle life compared to the commonly used binders, such as PAA, CMC, SBR, PVDF, etc. The electrode with the polymeric compositions described herein can be made in aqueous solutions. The polymeric compositions can be synthesized with an easy process in aqueous medium. Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 The polymeric compositions described herein can be employed with silicon-based anodes in lithium-ion batteries, as well as other anodes and cathodes for lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, sodium-sulfur batteries, or other batteries. Also disclosed herein is a method including: providing any of the disclosed herein cathode electrodes; providing any of the disclosed herein anode electrodes; providing any of the disclosed herein electrolytes; and providing any of the disclosed herein separators; forming any of the disclosed herein electrochemical cells, wherein at least onr of the disclosed herein cathode electrodes or the disclosed herein anode electrodes includes a polymeric composition described herein. Additional Aspects In view of the described compounds, compositions, devices, and methods, hereinbelow are described certain more particular aspects of the disclosure. These particularly recited aspects should not, however, be interpreted to have any limiting effect on any different claims containing different or more general teachings described herein, or that the “particular” aspects are somehow limited in some way other than the inherent meanings of the language and formulae literally used therein. First Additional Aspects Aspect A1. A polymeric composition comprising: one or more first constitutional units derived from a polysaccharide having one or more α-glycosidic linkages; one or more second constitutional units derived from one or more acrylate or methacrylate monomers; and one or more third constitutional units derived from one or more zwitterionic monomers. Aspect A2. A polymeric composition formed from: a polysaccharide having one or more α-glycosidic linkages; one or more acrylate or methacrylate monomers; and one or more zwitterionic monomers. Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 Aspect A3. The polymeric composition of aspect A1 or aspect A2, wherein the polysaccharide is selected from pullulan, starch, dextran, alginate, guar gum, carrageenan, or combinations thereof. Aspect A4. The polymeric composition of any one of aspects A1-A3, wherein the polysaccharide comprises pullulan. Aspect A5. The polymeric composition of any one of aspects A1-A4, wherein the one or more acrylate or methacrylate monomers comprise methacrylate or methacrylic anhydride. Aspect A6. The polymeric composition of any one of aspects A1-A5, wherein the one or more zwitterionic monomers are selected from 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl 2- (trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate, N-(carboxymethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2- (methacryloyloxy) ethanaminium, 1-carboxy-N,N-dimethyl-N-(3′- acrylamidopropyl) ethanaminium inner salt, 2-carboxy-N,N-dimethyl-N-(3′- acrylamidopropyl) ethanaminium inner salt, 2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3- sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide, 2-acryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3- sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide, or combinations thereof. Aspect A7. The polymeric composition of any one of aspects A1-A5, wherein the one or more zwitterionic monomers comprises 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl 2- (trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate. Aspect A8. A process for preparing a polymeric composition comprising: reacting a polysaccharide having one or more α-glycosidic linkages with one or more acrylate or methacrylate monomers to form a first composition; and reacting the first composition with one or more zwitterionic monomers to form the polymeric composition. Aspect A9. A polymeric composition formed by a process of aspect A8. Aspect A10. A battery comprising a polymeric composition of any one of aspects A1- A7 andA9. Second Additional Aspects Aspect B1. A polymeric composition comprising: Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 one or more first constitutional units derived from one or more zwitterionic monomers; and one or more second constitutional units derived from one or more polysaccharides. Aspect B2. The polymeric composition of aspect B1, wherein the one or more zwitterionic monomers comprise one or more polymerizable vinyl moieties. Aspect B3. The polymeric composition of aspect B1 or aspect B2, wherein the one or more zwitterionic monomers comprise one or more acrylate, methacrylate, or styrene moieties, or derivatives thereof. Aspect B4. The polymeric composition of any one of aspects B1-B3, wherein the one or more zwitterionic monomers comprise a carboxybetaine monomer, a sulfobetaine monomer, a phosphorylcholine monomer, a phosphonate betaine monomer, a phosphate betaine monomer, a sulfonium zwitterion monomer, a heteroaromatic zwitterion monomer, or combinations thereof. Aspect B5. The polymeric composition of any one of aspects B1-B4, wherein the one or more zwitterionic monomers comprise a monomer of Formula I, Formula II, or combinations thereof: P-L1-Cat1-L2-An1(I) P-L1-An2-L2-Cat2(II) wherein: P is a polymerizable moiety; L1and L2are independently selected from a bond or a linker moiety; Cat1and Cat2are independently a cationic moiety; and An1and An2are independently an anionic moiety. Aspect B6. The polymeric composition of aspect B5, wherein P comprises Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 , wherein: R1, R2, and R3are independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; X1is selected from a , wherein R4is selected from hydrogen, X2is selected from a bond, -O-, and -NR5-, wherein R5is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl. Aspect B7. The polymeric composition of aspect B5 or aspect B6, wherein P is selected from: any one L1is a bond or C1-C6 alkyl. Aspect B9. The polymeric composition of any one of aspects B5-B8, wherein L2is a bond or C1-C6 alkyl. Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 Aspect B10. The polymeric composition of any one of aspects B5-B9, wherein Cat1is selected from: , monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, and R9is selected from C1-C6 alkyl and 6- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic aryl. Aspect B11. The polymeric composition of any one of aspects B5-B10, wherein An1is selected from: , bicyclic aryl. Aspect B12. The polymeric composition of any one of aspects B5-B9, wherein An1is selected from O , B9 and B12, wherein Cat2is selected from Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl, and R10 and R10’are each independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl. Aspect B14. The polymeric composition of aspect B1, wherein the one or more zwitterionic monomers are selected from N-(Carboxymethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2- (methacryloyloxy)ethanaminium inner salt, 1-Carboxy-N,N-dimethyl-N-(3′- acrylamidopropyl)ethanaminium inner salt, 2-Carboxy-N,N-dimethyl-N-(3′- acrylamidopropyl)ethanaminium inner salt, [2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethyl] dimethyl- ammonio acetate, [2-(Acryloyloxy)ethyl] dimethyl-ammonio acetate, N-(3- Methacrylamidopropyl)-N,N-dimethyl-ammonio acetate, [2- (Methacryloyloxy)ethyl] dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide (inner salt), [2-(Acryloyloxy)ethyl] dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide, N-(3- Sulfopropyl)-N-[3-(methacrylamido)propyl]dimethyl-ammonium inner salt, N-(2- Sulfoethyl)-N-[2-(methacrylamido)ethyl]dimethyl-ammonium inner salt, 4- Vinylbenzyl-dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium inner salt, 2- (Methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine, 2-(Acryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine, N-(3-Methacrylamidopropyl) phosphorylcholine, 2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethyl dimethyl-ammonio methyl-phosphonate inner salt, 1-(3-Sulfopropyl)-3-vinyl- imidazolium betaine, or combinations thereof. Aspect B15. The polymeric composition of aspect B1, wherein the one or more zwitterionic monomers comprise 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl 2- (trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate. Aspect B16. The polymeric composition of any one of aspects B1-B15, wherein the one or more polysaccharides are selected from starch (such as amylose and amylopectin), glycogen, dextran, pullulan, inulin / levan-type fructans, cellulose, chitin / chitosan, mannans, xylan, β-glucans (such as curdlan and laminarin), arabinoxylan, glucomannan, pectin, gum arabic, guar gum, and peach gum. Aspect B17. The polymeric composition of any one of aspects B1-B16, wherein the one or more polysaccharides comprise pullulan. Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 Aspect B18. The polymeric composition of any one of aspects B1-B16, wherein a ratio of the one or more zwitterionic monomers to the one or more polysaccharides is from about 10:1 to about 1:10 based on a total weight of the polymeric composition. Aspect B19. The polymeric composition of any one of aspects B1-B18, wherein the polymeric composition further includes one or more third constitutional units derived from one or more additional monomers. Aspect B20. The polymeric composition of aspect B19, wherein the one or more additional monomers comprise one or more polymerizable vinyl moieties. Aspect B21. The polymeric composition of aspect B19 or aspect B20, wherein the one or more additional monomers are selected from an acid halide (such as acryloyl chloride and methacryloyl chloride), an acid anhydride (such as methacrylic anhydride, acrylic anhydride, maleic anhydride, and itaconic anhydride), an epoxide (such as glycidyl methacrylate), an isocyanate (such as 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate), an activated ester or similar moiety (such as N-succinimidyl methacrylate and vinyl sulfone), an allyl or vinyl donor (such as vinyl acetic anhydride and allyl chloroformate), or combinations thereof. Aspect B22. A polymeric composition formed from: one or more zwitterionic monomers; and one or more polysaccharides. Aspect B23. The polymeric composition of aspect B22, wherein the one or more zwitterionic monomers comprise one or more polymerizable vinyl moieties. Aspect B24. The polymeric composition of aspect 22 or aspect B23, wherein the one or more zwitterionic monomers comprise one or more acrylate, methacrylate, or styrene moieties, or derivatives thereof. Aspect B25. The polymeric composition of any one of aspects B22-B24, wherein the one or more zwitterionic monomers comprise a carboxybetaine monomer, a sulfobetaine monomer, a phosphorylcholine monomer, a phosphonate betaine monomer, a phosphate betaine monomer, a sulfonium zwitterion monomer, a heteroaromatic zwitterion monomer, or combinations thereof. Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 Aspect B26. The polymeric composition of any one of aspects B22-B25, wherein the one or more zwitterionic monomers comprise a monomer of Formula I, Formula II, or combinations thereof: P-L1-Cat1-L2-An1(I) P-L1-An2-L2-Cat2(II) wherein: P is a polymerizable moiety; L1and L2are independently selected from a bond or a linker moiety; Cat1and Cat2are independently a cationic moiety; and An1and An2are independently an anionic moiety. Aspect B27. The polymeric composition of aspect B26, wherein P comprises , wherein: R1, R2, and R3are independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; X1is selected from a , wherein R4is selected from hydrogen, X2is selected from a bond, -O-, and -NR5-, wherein R5is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl. Aspect B28. The polymeric composition of aspect B26 or aspect B27, wherein P is selected from: Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 wherein L1is a bond or C1-C6 alkyl. Aspect B30. The polymeric composition of any one of aspects B26-B29, wherein L2is a bond or C1-C6 alkyl. Aspect B31. The polymeric composition of any one of aspects B26-B30, wherein Cat1is selected from: , monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, and R9is selected from C1-C6 alkyl and 6- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic aryl. Aspect B32. The polymeric composition of any one of aspects B22-B31, wherein An1is selected from: , bicyclic aryl. Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 Aspect B33. The polymeric composition of any one of aspects B22-B30, wherein An1is selected from O , B30 and B33, wherein Cat2is selected from independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl, and R10and R10’are each independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl. Aspect B35. The polymeric composition of aspect B22, wherein the one or more zwitterionic monomers are selected from N-(Carboxymethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2- (methacryloyloxy)ethanaminium inner salt, 1-Carboxy-N,N-dimethyl-N-(3′- acrylamidopropyl)ethanaminium inner salt, 2-Carboxy-N,N-dimethyl-N-(3′- acrylamidopropyl)ethanaminium inner salt, [2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethyl] dimethyl- ammonio acetate, [2-(Acryloyloxy)ethyl] dimethyl-ammonio acetate, N-(3- Methacrylamidopropyl)-N,N-dimethyl-ammonio acetate, [2- (Methacryloyloxy)ethyl] dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide (inner salt), [2-(Acryloyloxy)ethyl] dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide, N-(3- Sulfopropyl)-N-[3-(methacrylamido)propyl]dimethyl-ammonium inner salt, N-(2- Sulfoethyl)-N-[2-(methacrylamido)ethyl]dimethyl-ammonium inner salt, 4- Vinylbenzyl-dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium inner salt, 2- (Methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine, 2-(Acryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine, Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 N-(3-Methacrylamidopropyl) phosphorylcholine, 2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethyl dimethyl-ammonio methyl-phosphonate inner salt, 1-(3-Sulfopropyl)-3-vinyl- imidazolium betaine, or combinations thereof. Aspect B36. The polymeric composition of aspect B22, wherein the one or more zwitterionic monomers comprise 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl 2- (trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate. Aspect B37. The polymeric composition of any one of aspects B22-B36, wherein the one or more polysaccharides are selected from starch (such as amylose and amylopectin), glycogen, dextran, pullulan, inulin / levan-type fructans, cellulose, chitin / chitosan, mannans, xylan, β-glucans (such as curdlan and laminarin), arabinoxylan, glucomannan, pectin, gum arabic, guar gum, and peach gum. Aspect B38. The polymeric composition of any one of aspects B22-B37, wherein the one or more polysaccharides comprise pullulan. Aspect B39. The polymeric composition of any one of aspects B22-B37, wherein a ratio of the one or more zwitterionic monomers to the one or more polysaccharides is from about 10:1 to about 1:10 based on a total weight of the polymeric composition. Aspect B40. The polymeric composition of any one of aspects B22-B39, wherein the polymeric composition is further formed from one or more additional monomers. Aspect B41. The polymeric composition of aspect B40, wherein the one or more additional monomers comprise one or more polymerizable vinyl moieties. Aspect B42. The polymeric composition of aspect B40 or aspect B41, wherein the one or more additional monomers are selected from an acid halide (such as acryloyl chloride and methacryloyl chloride), an acid anhydride (such as methacrylic anhydride, acrylic anhydride, maleic anhydride, and itaconic anhydride), an epoxide (such as glycidyl methacrylate), an isocyanate (such as 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate), an activated ester or similar moiety (such as N-succinimidyl methacrylate and vinyl sulfone), an allyl or vinyl donor (such as vinyl acetic anhydride and allyl chloroformate), or combinations thereof. Aspect B43. An electrode comprising a polymeric composition of any one of aspects B1-B42. Aspect B44. The electrode of aspect B43, wherein the electrode is a cathode. Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 Aspect B45. The electrode of aspect B43, wherein the electrode is an anode. Aspect B46. The electrode of aspect B45, wherein the anode is a silicon-based anode. Aspect B47. An electrochemical cell comprising: an electrode of any one of aspects B43-B46; and an electrolyte. Aspect B48. The electrochemical cell of aspect B47, wherein the electrolyte comprises a salt and a solvent. Aspect B49. The electrochemical cell of aspect B48, wherein the salt comprises one or more of a lithium, sodium, or potassium salt of fluorophosphate (e.g., LiPF6, NaPF6, KPF6), fluoroborate (e.g., LiBF4, NaBF4, KBF4), tetraphenylborate (e.g., LiBPh4, NaBPh4, KBPh4), bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (e.g., LiFSI, NaFSI, KFSI), bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (e.g., LiTFSI, NaTFSI, KTFSI), (fluorosulfonyl)(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (e.g., LiFTFSI, NaFTFSI, KFTFSI), perchlorate (e.g., LiClO4, NaClO4, KClO4), nitrate (e.g., LiNO3, NaNO3, KNO3), 4,5- dicyano-2-(trifluoromethyl)imidazole (e.g., LiTDI, NaTDI, KTDI), 4,5-dicyano-2- (pentafluoromethyl)imidazole (e.g., LiPDI, NaPDI, KPDI), and difluorooxalatoborate (e.g., LiDFOB, NaDFOB, KDFOB), or combinations thereof. Aspect B50. The electrochemical cell of aspect B48 or aspect B49, wherein the solvent comprises ethylene carbonate (EC), 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME), propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), 1,2- dimethoxyethane (DME), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), tetrahydrofuran (THF), diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme), triethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TDEM), tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME), and vinylene carbonate (VC), bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether (BTFE), 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl 2,2,3,3- tetrafluoropropylether (TTE), tris(2,2,2-trilfuoroethyl) orthoformate (TFEO), trimethylphosphate (TMP), triethylphosphate (TEP), methyl acetate, propionate, butyrate, or combinations thereof. Aspect B51. The electrochemical cell of any one of aspects B47-B50, wherein the electrode is a cathode. Aspect B52. The electrochemical cell of aspect B51, further comprising an anode. Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 Aspect B53. The electrochemical cell of aspect B52, wherein the anode comprises Li metal, Li metal alloy, lithium titanium oxide, titanium niobium oxide, silicon alloy, silicon tin alloy, tin, aluminum, carbon, graphite, carbonaceous anodes, or combinations thereof. Aspect B54. The electrochemical cell of any one of aspects B47-B50, wherein the electrode is an anode. Aspect B55. The electrochemical cell of aspect B54, further comprising a cathode. Aspect B56. The electrochemical cell of aspect B55, wherein the cathode comprises more layered oxides, spinel oxides, olivines, polyanion-based cathodes, Prussian Blue analogs, Prussian White analogs, sulfur-based cathodes, selenium-based cathodes, vanadium-based cathodes, or combinations thereof. Aspect B57. A battery comprising one or more electrochemical cells of any one of aspects B47-B56. Aspect B58. The battery of aspect B57, wherein the battery is a secondary battery. Aspect B59. The battery of aspect B57 or aspect B58, wherein the battery is a lithium-ion battery, sodium-ion battery, lithium-sulfur battery, or sodium-sulfur battery. Aspect B60. A process for preparing a polymeric composition of any one of aspects B1-B42 comprising: reacting one or more zwitterionic monomers with one or more polysaccharides to form the polymeric composition. Aspect B61. The process of aspect B60, wherein the polymeric composition is formed by radical polymerization. Aspect B62. The process of aspect B61, wherein the polymeric composition is formed in the presence of a radical initiator. Aspect B63. The process of aspect B62, wherein the radical initiator comprises potassium persulfate, ammonium persulfate, ceric ammonium nitrate, or combinations thereof. Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 Aspect B64. The process of aspect B62, wherein the radical initiator includes an oxidizing agent (such as hydrogen peroxide or a persulfate) and a reducing agent (such as a sulfite or a bisulfite). Third Additional Aspects Aspect C1. A polymeric composition comprising: one or more first constitutional units derived from one or more zwitterionic monomers; and one or more second constitutional units derived from one or more polysaccharides. Aspect C2. The polymeric composition of aspect C1, wherein the one or more zwitterionic monomers comprise one or more polymerizable vinyl moieties. Aspect C3. The polymeric composition of aspect C1, wherein the one or more zwitterionic monomers comprise a carboxybetaine monomer, a sulfobetaine monomer, a phosphorylcholine monomer, a phosphonate betaine monomer, a phosphate betaine monomer, a sulfonium zwitterion monomer, a heteroaromatic zwitterion monomer, or combinations thereof. Aspect C4. The polymeric composition of aspect C1, wherein the one or more zwitterionic monomers comprise a monomer of Formula I, Formula II, or combinations thereof: P-L1-Cat1-L2-An1(I) P-L1-An2-L2-Cat2(II) wherein: P is a polymerizable moiety; L1and L2are independently selected from a bond or a linker moiety; Cat1and Cat2are independently a cationic moiety; and An1and An2are independently an anionic moiety. Aspect C5. The polymeric composition of aspect C4, wherein P comprises Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 , wherein: R1, R2, and R3are independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; X1is selected from a , wherein R4is selected from hydrogen, X2is selected from a bond, -O-, and -NR5-, wherein R5is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl. Aspect C6. The polymeric composition of aspect C4, wherein L1and L2are each independently a bond or C1-C6 alkyl. Aspect C7. The polymeric composition of any one of aspect C4, wherein Cat1is selected from: , monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, and R9is selected from C1-C6 alkyl and 6- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, and wherein An1is selected from: Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 , bicyclic aryl. Aspect C8. The polymeric composition of aspect C4, wherein An1is selected from O , , independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl, and R10and R10’are each independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl. Aspect C9. The polymeric composition of aspect C1, wherein the one or more zwitterionic monomers are selected from N-(Carboxymethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2- (methacryloyloxy)ethanaminium inner salt, 1-Carboxy-N,N-dimethyl-N-(3′- acrylamidopropyl)ethanaminium inner salt, 2-Carboxy-N,N-dimethyl-N-(3′- acrylamidopropyl)ethanaminium inner salt, [2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethyl] dimethyl- ammonio acetate, [2-(Acryloyloxy)ethyl] dimethyl-ammonio acetate, N-(3- Methacrylamidopropyl)-N,N-dimethyl-ammonio acetate, [2- (Methacryloyloxy)ethyl] dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide (inner salt), Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 [2-(Acryloyloxy)ethyl] dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide, N-(3- Sulfopropyl)-N-[3-(methacrylamido)propyl]dimethyl-ammonium inner salt, N-(2- Sulfoethyl)-N-[2-(methacrylamido)ethyl]dimethyl-ammonium inner salt, 4- Vinylbenzyl-dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium inner salt, 2- (Methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine, 2-(Acryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine, N-(3-Methacrylamidopropyl) phosphorylcholine, 2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethyl dimethyl-ammonio methyl-phosphonate inner salt, 1-(3-Sulfopropyl)-3-vinyl- imidazolium betaine, or combinations thereof. Aspect C10. The polymeric composition of aspect C1, wherein the one or more zwitterionic monomers comprise 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl 2- (trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate. Aspect C11. The polymeric composition of aspect C1, wherein the one or more polysaccharides are selected from starch (such as amylose and amylopectin), glycogen, dextran, pullulan, inulin / levan-type fructans, cellulose, chitin / chitosan, mannans, xylan, β-glucans (such as curdlan and laminarin), arabinoxylan, glucomannan, pectin, gum arabic, guar gum, and peach gum. Aspect C12. The polymeric composition of aspect C1, wherein the one or more polysaccharides comprise pullulan. Aspect C13. The polymeric composition of aspect C1, wherein a ratio of the one or more zwitterionic monomers to the one or more polysaccharides is from about 10:1 to about 1:10 based on a total weight of the polymeric composition. Aspect C14. The polymeric composition of aspect C1, wherein the polymer further includes one or more third constitutional units derived from one or more additional monomers. Aspect C15. The polymeric composition of aspect C14, wherein the one or more additional monomers comprise one or more polymerizable vinyl moieties. Aspect C16. The polymeric composition of aspect C14, wherein the one or more additional monomers are selected from an acid halide (such as acryloyl chloride and methacryloyl chloride), an acid anhydride (such as methacrylic anhydride, acrylic anhydride, maleic anhydride, and itaconic anhydride), an epoxide (such as glycidyl methacrylate), an isocyanate (such as 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate), an activated ester or similar moiety (such as N-succinimidyl methacrylate and vinyl sulfone), an Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 allyl or vinyl donor (such as vinyl acetic anhydride and allyl chloroformate), or combinations thereof. Aspect C17. An electrode comprising a polymeric composition of aspect C1. Aspect C18. The electrode of aspect C17, wherein the electrode is an anode. Aspect C19. An electrochemical cell comprising an electrode of aspect C17 and an electrolyte. Aspect C20. A battery comprising one or more electrochemical cells of aspect C19. A number of aspects of the disclosure have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, other aspects are within the scope of the following claims. By way of non-limiting illustration, examples of certain aspects of the present disclosure are given below. EXAMPLES The following examples are set forth below to illustrate the compounds, compositions, articles, devices, and methods claimed herein, along with associated methods and results according to the disclosed subject matter. These examples are not intended to be inclusive of all aspects of the subject matter disclosed herein, but rather to illustrate representative methods and results. These examples are not intended to exclude equivalents and variations of the present disclosure, which are apparent to one skilled in the art. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.), but some errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, temperature is in °C or is at ambient temperature, and pressure is at or near atmospheric. There are numerous variations and combinations of reaction conditions, e.g., component concentrations, temperatures, pressures, and other reaction ranges and conditions that can be used to optimize the product purity and yield obtained from the described process. Only reasonable and routine experimentation will be required to optimize such process conditions. Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 Regulating Anode-electrolyte Interphasial Reactions by Zwitterionic Binder Chemistry in Lithium-ion Batteries with High-nickel Layered Oxide Cathodes and Silicon-Graphite Anodes The practical application of silicon (Si)-based anodes faces challenges due to severe structural and interphasial degradations. These challenges are exacerbated in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) employing Si-based anodes with high-nickel layered oxide cathodes, as significant transition-metal crossover catalyzes serious parasitic side reactions, leading to faster cell failure. While enhancing the mechanical properties of polymer binders has been acknowledged as an effective means of improving solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) stability on Si-based anodes, an in- depth understanding of how the binder chemistry influences the SEI is lacking. In this example, a representative zwitterionic binder with an ability to manipulate the chemical composition and spatial distribution of the SEI layer is designed for Si- based anodes. It is evidenced that the electrically charged microenvironment created by the zwitterionic species alters the solvation environment on the Si-based anode, featuring rich anions and weakened Li+-solvent interactions. Such a binder-regulated solvation environment induces a thin, uniform, robust SEI on Si-based anodes, which is found to be the key to withstanding transition-metal deposition and minimizing their detrimental impact on catalyzing electrolyte decomposition and devitalizing bulk Si. As a result, albeit possessing comparable mechanical properties to those of commercial binders, the exemplary zwitterionic binder described enables superior cycling performances in high-energy-density LIBs under demanding operating conditions. Introduction In response to the rising market demand, significant efforts are being made to develop rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high-energy-density, prolonged service life, and lower cost.[1]Silicon (Si) and its derivatives, such as silicon oxides (SiOx) and Si (or SiOx)-graphite (Gr) composites, have been considered as promising anode materials due to their high theoretical capacity and abundant resource.[2]However, upon cycling, Si-based anodes inherently suffer from structural deteriorations and interphasial degradations.[3]Specifically, the strong internal stress induced by anisotropic volume expansion / shrinkage during lithiation / delithiation leads to severe particle pulverization, repeated Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 destruction / regeneration of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, and electrolyte / active lithium (Li) depletion.[4]More importantly, these challenges intensify in full cell systems that pair Si-based anodes with high-nickel (high-Ni) layered oxide cathodes at a strict negative-to-positive capacity ratio (N / P ratio), wherein serious transition-metal crossover catalyzes excessive SEI growth and significantly compromises the cyclability of Si-based anodes.[5]Developing advanced polymer binders is believed to be a powerful solution to alleviate the capacity decay pathways in Si-based anodes.[6]Numerous studies have demonstrated that properly manipulating the intermolecular bonds and architectures of polymer binders can effectively stabilize cracked Si particles and thus ensure the mechanochemical stability of SEI.[7]Specifically, cross-linking polymer chains through weak / strong supramolecular interactions,[8]covalent bonds,[9]mechanical bonds,

[0010] or their combinations have been developed to construct branched polymer binders with gradient hydrogen-bonding structure,

[0011] hard-soft interweaved structure,

[0012] helical structure,

[0013] hierarchical structure,

[0014] etc. These elaborate architectures endow the as-developed binders with superior mechanical strength and desired self-healing abilities, enabling them to simultaneously serve as robust scaffold to accommodate volume changes and dissipate concentrated mechanical strain to the branched chains by sacrificially breaking reversible bonds.

[0015] So far, the molecular-level structure design principles of polymer binder for Si-based anode are fairly understood and established.

[0016] Notably, some recent studies have revealed that the initial establishment of electrode-electrolyte interphase layer is largely determined by binder component prior to their mechanical contributions.

[0017] For instance, poly(acrylic acid) and citric acid can quickly induce a thin and uniform passivating layer on the Si surface, thereby suppressing the continuous reduction of the electrolyte.

[0018] Similar results are also present in the cationic binder-based LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode system, where PF6–, vulnerable to decomposition, is preferentially adjacent to the cationic binder due to electrostatic attraction, thus establishing a robust LiF-rich cathode-electrolyte interphase (CEI) layer.

[0019] However, in practical LIBs pairing high-Ni layered oxide cathodes with Si-based anodes, how to directly manipulate the chemical composition and spatial distribution of the SEI layer through binder chemistry engineering remains elusive; also, an in- Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 depth understanding of the mechanisms behind binder-intervened SEI formation at a molecular scale is largely missing. In this example, by grafting and polymerizing zwitterions on commercial polysaccharides, a zwitterionic binder is presented for Si-based anodes, with a focus on regulating the anode-electrolyte interfacial reactions. To begin with, we control the mechanical properties of the as-prepared zwitterionic binder to be comparable to those of an advanced hard-soft network baseline binder, guided by temperature- dependent Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and nanoindentation analyses. On this basis, both theoretical simulations and experimental analyses are conducted to clarify the influence of the zwitterionic binder chemistry on the configuration and stability of the solvation environments at the anode-electrolyte interphase. Further, high-resolution time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) depth profiling is employed to compare the composition and distribution of the SEI formed on the cycled Si-Gr (26 wt. % Si) || LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811) full cells with the zwitterionic binder and a control binder. Insights into the correlations between binder-derived SEI components, transition metals, and electrolyte decomposition products found on the surface or within the bulk of the cycled Si-Gr anodes are unraveled with the net squared deviation analysis. This example reveals that the designed zwitterionic binder, capable of intervening in the formation of a high-quality SEI featuring a uniform distribution and less transition- metal deposition, represents an effective strategy to improve the long-term cyclability of high-energy-density LIBs. This example also highlights the detrimental impact of transition metals on devitalizing bulk Si particles, beyond their well- recognized role in catalyzing electrolyte decomposition. Results and Discussion Preparation and Characterization of the Zwitterionic Binder Natural polysaccharides with abundant carboxylate or hydroxyl groups are extensively applied as binders in Si-based anodes owing to their strong adhesion to Si surface through hydrogen bonding and ion-dipole interactions.

[0020] We screened pullulan, a low cost polysaccharide composed of α-1,6-linked maltotriose units and α-1,4-connected glucose residues, as a polymer backbone. While not wishing to be bound to any one theory, and unlike other polysaccharides based on stable β glycosidic linkages, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMCNa) and alginate, Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 the chair-to-boat transition ability of α glycosidic linkages enables conformational change of constituent pyranose rings in pullulan. This distinct ability allows pullulan to release external stress by increasing the dimensional distance between neighboring glycosidic oxygens, which is desirable in Si-based anodes.

[0021] Therefore, 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate (MTP), a zwitterionic monomer containing both quaternary ammonium cation and phosphate anion in the same molecule, is polymerized and grafted on pullulan to serve as the binder (referred as PTA) for Si-based anodes. The synthesis schematic of PTA is shown in FIGs. 1A and 6A. First, the polymerizable methacrylate groups were introduced onto the pullulan backbone to obtain methacrylated pullulan (PMA) through esterification. This is confirmed by the appearance1H and13C shifts of the vinyl (CH2=CH2, h5 / c8), methyl (−CH3, h6 / c9), and carboxyl moieties from the methacrylate motifs in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (FIGs. 6B-6C). Afterward, by polymerizing MTP with the as-synthesized PMA, PTA was obtained. This reaction occurred successfully, and residual monomers were completely removed, as evidenced by the emerging1H and13C shifts of −N+(CH3)3 (h8 / c12) and the vanished1H and13C shifts of CH2=CH2 . The slight up-shift of the C=O peak from 172.0 ppm to 179.4 ppm (c10) provides further evidence of the successful grafting of polyMTP onto pullulan; while not wishing to be bound to any one theory, the opened vinyl double bonds in the methacrylate groups no longer supply electrons to the adjacent C=O moieties through the conjugation effect, thereby reducing their electron density.

[0022] Since appropriate mechanical properties (modulus and elasticity) of the binder are essential for a good cycle life of Si-based electrodes,

[0023] after the material synthesis, diverse characterizations were conducted to elucidate the intermolecular interactions within PTA and their impact on mechanical properties. Temperature- dependent FTIR spectra (FIG. 1B) indicate that as the temperature increases, v(O=P−O–) and v(C=O) shift to higher wavenumbers, while v(C−N+) shifts to lower wavenumbers, suggesting the dissociation of O−H∙∙∙O=P−O–∙∙∙H−O and C=O∙∙∙H−O hydrogen bonding, as well as O=P−O–∙∙∙N+−C ionic complexation. Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) analysis (FIG. 1C), capable of discerning the sequential thermal response,

[0024] further compares the strength of these interactions within PTA. Considering the signs in both synchronous and asynchronous spectra Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 along with Noda’s rule,

[0025] the response order of different groups to temperature increase is v(C=O) (mainly free polyMTP) → v(O=P−O–) (H-bonded polyMTP) → v(O=P−O–) (free polyMTP) → v(C−N+) (free polyMTP) → v(N+−C) (polyMTP interchain complexation) → v(C=O) (mainly H-bonded polyMTP) (→ means prior to, and the determination details are shown in Table 1). Given that the weaker interactions exhibit higher thermal sensitivity, this sequence indicates that the ester involved hydrogen bonding shows the highest strength among the intermolecular interactions within PTA, followed by the polyzwitterion interchain complexation, with phosphate involved hydrogen bonding being the weakest. Noting that these gradient intermolecular interactions generally stemming from the polyMTP side chains construct the interconnected binder network, we can readily adjust the mechanical properties of the PTA binder by changing the mass ratio of MTP / PMA. Table 1. Results of the multiplication of the signs of each cross-peaks in 2DCOS synchronous and asynchronous spectra of PTA 950 (free N+−C) + − + + − Nanoindentation results (FIGs. 1D and 7A-7B) demonstrate that the increasing MTP content enhances the reduced modulus and hardness of PTA at the expense of Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 elasticity. It is pointed out that the control binder employed for comparison in this work is a mixture of CMCNa and carboxylic styrene butadiene rubber (cSBR), denoted as CMCSBR (FIG. 8). The high elasticity of cSBR can offset the high brittleness of CMCNa, and more importantly, the carboxyl groups in cSBR can in situ form ester bonds with CMCNa to create a soft-hard polymer network, known to exhibit superior mechanical properties in Si-based anodes.

[0026] Here, PTA with a 0.5 mass ratio of MTP / PMA (PTA0.5), which exhibits reduced modulus and elastic recovery ratio (1 GPa and 48%, respectively) comparable to CMCSBR control (0.8 GPa and 47%, respectively), is chosen for further evaluation. Rheological measurements of PTA0.5-based Si-Gr slurry confirm a feasible electrode manufacturing process (FIG.9). Cross-section scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis further indicates that the Si-Gr electrodes with PTA or CMCSBR binders exhibit similar thickness variations after cycling (FIGs. 1E-1F). Given such minimized influence from mechanical properties of binders, hereafter we can scientifically elucidate the impacts of zwitterionic binder chemistry on the chemistry and architecture of the SEI layer. Regulating Interphasial Solvation Structures by Zwitterionic Binder Chemistry The impact of PTA on the chemical environment of surrounding solvents and salts was initially assessed with FTIR measurements of the electrolyte-containing binder films (FIG.2A). Compared to CMCSBR, the characteristic peak assigned to the C=O stretching vibrations of Li+-coordinated ethylene carbonate (EC) in the PTA film shows an up-shift (from 1,763 to 1,767 cm–1) along with a decrease in the intensity. In the meantime, a down-shift of the P–F peak (from 839 to 836 cm–1) was also observed in the FTIR spectrum of the PTA film. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was further conducted to quantify such different solvation environments. Radial distribution functions (RDFs) in FIGs. 2B-2C reveal that the initial peak areas of the Li+-OPTA and Li+-PF6−pairs are greater, while those of Li+-OEC and Li+-OEMC pairs in the PTA-electrolyte interphase are weaker compared to that in the CMCSBR control. The corresponding coordination number (CN) are calculated to be Li+(OPTA)2.2-(FPF6−)1.1-(OEC)0.4-(OEMC)1.6 and Li+(OCMCSBR)1.5-(FPF6−)0.7-(OEC)1.0- (OEMC)1.7, respectively, confirming a decreased EC / ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) and an increased PF6−presence in the solvation shell due to the entry of PTA. Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 Electrostatic potential (ESP) calculations indicate that negative and positive charges are strongly concentrated on the phosphate and quaternary ammonium groups in PTA molecules, respectively (FIG. 10), endowing it with coordination ability with Li+and electrostatic attraction to PF6−. Statistical results indicate a significantly higher areal density of binder-containing Li+-solvents structures and anion-rich Li+- solvents structures in the PTA-electrolyte interphase over the CMCSBR control (FIG. 2D). This is favorable because during lithiation the competitive coordination of PTA with Li+could weaken the Li+-solvents interactions, lowering its reductive probability and enabling Li+easier to be de-solvated and alloyed / intercalated into Si-Gr anode.[17c]In the meantime, more PF6−recruited into the solvation shell could be preferentially decomposed on anode before the solvents, thereby forming a protective inorganic-rich SEI layer (FIG. 2G). More importantly, we found that even in the absence of direct participation of PTA molecules, the reductive stability of other major Li+solvation structures are still notably influenced by PTA. As shown in FIGs. 2D-2E, the most predominant Li+solvation structure in the PTA system (Li+-(FPF6−)3-(OEMC)3) demonstrates the highest LUMO energy level (-0.15 eV). Additionally, the solvation configuration Li+- (FPF6−)1-(OEC)1-(OEMC)4, presenting in both binder-electrolyte interphases with approximate proportions, exhibits a relatively higher LUMO energy level in PTA (- 0.23 eV) over CMCSBR (-0.28 eV). These results imply greater difficulties in reducing the coordinated complexes near the PTA binder.

[0027] Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements of the Si-Gr half cells with different binders (FIG. 2F) further corroborate a milder reductive reaction with PTA intervention. While not wishing to be bound to any one theory, such a substantial impact of PTA chemistry on the reductive stability of Li+solvation structures may largely affect the chemical composition and the spatial distribution of the SEIs during the discharge process, which will be discussed in the next section. Additionally, due to the lithophilic environment generated by the grafted zwitterionic side chains in PTA, Li+ions can readily access the active materials with the transport driven by ion-dipole interactions, potentially enabling high-mass loading electrodes to deliver high-areal capacity at an ideal C-rate.

[0028] Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis of the stainless steel (SS) || binder-coated membrane || SS symmetric cells (FIGs.2H and 11A-11B) was then conducted to directly elucidate Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 the ionic conductivity (σ) of the electrolyte-filled binder films. The PTA-coated membrane displays a particularly prominent increase in σ at low temperatures and a lower activation energy compared to that of the CMCSBR-coated one. Owing to the effective regulation of Li+flux, the resultant PTA-based Si-Gr anode exhibits lower polarization and faster charge-transfer rate during operation, as verified by the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) analysis. As seen in FIGs. 2I and 12, the PTA anode displays lower internal resistances (Rinternal) and higher Li+diffusion coefficients (DLi+) over the entire discharge-charge cycle. Manipulation of the Chemistry and Architecture of SEI by Zwitterionic Binder Chemistry Here, we focus on unraveling the correlation between the binder chemistry and SEI quality within a practical full-cell system, where the influence from high-Ni layered oxide cathodes, such as transition-metal crossover, are taken into consideration. The investigated Si-Gr anodes were harvested from Si-Gr || NMC811 cells after 500 cycles at 0.5C rate between 2.5 and 4.3 V. The SEM images of the two different binder-based Si-Gr anodes reveal clear discrepancies in the morphologies, where the cycled CMCSBR-based Si-Gr surface is covered with a thicker SEI layer with noticeable cracks (FIG.13). ToF-SIMS characterization with high chemical sensitivity was then conducted to identify, locate, and quantify the SEI components.

[0029] In this analysis, carbonate solvent reduction products are represented by C2H2O–, salts decomposition products by LiF2–, PO2–, and POF2–, and crossed over transition metals (TM) by Ni–, NiF3–, CoF3–, and MnF3–. Bulk Si-Gr is represented by C5–and Si–. The thicknesses of the SEIs are determined from the point where the deepest SEI species (LiO2–for the PTA anode and LiF2–for the CMCNa-cSBR anode) intersect 0.6 level of the normalized yield. Normalized (to their respective maxima) depth profiles (FIG.3A) of the representative secondary-ion fragments at various locations on both anodes reveal a notably thinner SEI layer on the PTA-based Si-Gr (103 ± 7 nm) compared to the CMCSBR-based Si-Gr (199 ± 33 nm) (FIG.3B). The raw depth profiles shown in FIG.14 further demonstrate nearly overlapped trajectories of the absolute secondary-ion yields versus sputtering depth at different locations for each fragment of interest, highlighting the homogenous SEI layer on the PTA-based Si-Gr. Furthermore, the depth distribution of selected SEI-related secondary-ion fragments reveals that the SEIs formed on both anodes can be decoupled into inner and outer Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 layers, with colored scale bars at the top of FIG. 3A indicating their thicknesses. Specifically, the PTA-based Si-Gr profile exhibits a hybrid inorganic-organic outer layer (≈ 30 nm), comprising inorganic phosphates, fluorophosphates, and lithium fluorides, as well as organic alkyl carbonates species. These components generate ions, such as PO2–, POF2–, LiF2–, and C2H2O–, with TM deposits (Ni–) buried underneath. Meanwhile, the inner SEI layer (~ 73 nm) on the PTA-based Si- Gr is predominantly inorganic, characterized by LiO2–fragment. In contrast, although the inorganic phosphates species (PO2–) are still more prominent in the outer layer of the CMCSBR-based Si-Gr (~ 45 nm), other species originating from electrolyte decomposition reactions (POF2–, LiF2–, and C2H2O–), as well as TM dissolution fragments (Ni–), extend deeply and comprise a hybrid inorganic-organic inner layer (~ 163 nm). Such a significant disparity in the spatial distribution of SEI chemistries can be visually observed from the 3D spatial renders of representative fragments (FIG. 3C). Summed (or total) yield maps of the 3D renders in X-Y plane (FIGs.3C and 15, Tables 2 and 3) and integrated yields of the depth profiles (FIG. 16) for these fragments at designated portions of the sputtering depth (that is, selected layers) further give a quantitative comparison of the concentration of the same species present in both anodes. As seen, a greater amount of PO2–, LiF2–, C2H2O–, and Ni–fragments are simultaneously found within both the outer layer (0 ~ 30 nm) and the inner layer (60 ~ 90 nm) of the CMCSBR baseline cell, emphasizing the severity of parasitic surface side reactions on CMCSBR-based Si-Gr. Table 2. Integrated yields of fragments of interest within the outmost 0 ~ 30 nm of the sputtered depth. Error bars are calculated based on the standard deviation of the yields acquired at three locations on the cycled PTA anode (or four locations on the cycled CMCSBR anode). 0~30 nm LiF2–PO2–Ni–LiO2–C5POF2–C2H2O–6 6 6 Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 Average 1.74E+07 1.59E+07 1.06E+06 3.38E+05 1.05E+06 2.14E+06 4 6 6 6 6 6 5 Table 3. Integrated yields of fragments of interest within the 60 ~ 90 nm of the sputtered depth. Error bars were calculated based on the standard deviation of the yields acquired at three locations on the cycled PTA anode (or four locations on the cycled CMCSBR anode). 60 ~ 90 LiF2–PO2–Ni–LiO2–C5POF2–C2H2O–6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 Average 3.91E+07 2.94E+07 1.62E+06 1.07E+05 3.17E+04 2.71E+06 5 Interestingly, the distribution of alkyl fluorophosphates and lithium oxides, as indicated by the C5POF2–and LiO2–signals, respectively, display a disparate behavior relative to the typical “LiPF6 / carbonates-derived” species. For instance, noticeably abundant C5POF2–and LiO2–fragments reside, respectively, within the outermost surface of (~ 10 nm, FIG. 17) and throughout (FIG. 17) the SEI on the PTA-based Si-Gr, whereas these species are scarcely found in the SEI on the CMCSBR-based Si- Gr. While not wishing to be bound to any one theory, and given that the only difference between the two anodes in the Si-Gr || NMC811 full-cell system is the binder, the formation of the alkyl fluorophosphates and lithium oxides products likely results from the reactions between the PTA polymer and the Lewis acidic PF5 from the salt.

[0030] These “binder-derived” components are beneficial to mitigate transition-metal deposition onto Si-Gr anodes, in turn suppressing the catalytically induced electrolyte decomposition at anode-electrolyte interphase. This is corroborated by the net squared deviation analysis between the summed yield maps of Ni–and C5POF2–fragments (FIGs.18, 19, and 20A-20C). Briefly, the net squared deviation analysis established previously is a method to clearly quantify the degree of similarity between two yield maps.

[0031] A larger net squared deviation indicates a lower similarity between the maps of the two fragments, that is, the greater difference in their distribution. Here, for better clarification, we project the net squareddeviation (∑^,^ ^^^^^ ^ − ^^^^ ^^^ , F(x,y) represents the value of the summed yield at(x,y) after smoothing and normalizing) to relative correlation (0~100%), where the maximum net squared deviation corresponds to 0% relative correlation. Qualitatively, the summed yield maps of Ni–and C5POF2–fragments in FIG. 3C demonstrate that the purple regions with high secondary-ion signals for Ni–align well with the blue regions in the C5POF2–map, indicating that the transition metals primarily reside in areas lacking PTA-derived products. FIG. 3D shows the color- coded matrix map of the relative correlations for the fragments of interest (LiF2–, Ni–, C5POF2–, C2H2O–, PO2–, and LiO2–) on PTA-based Si-Gr, with the corresponding values provided in FIGs. 20A-20C. The relative correlation between Ni–and Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 C5POF2–is extremely low (0%), reflecting the pivotal role of PTA binder in preventing transition metal deposition. Notably, the relative correlations among C2H2O–, PO2–, LiF2–, and Ni−exhibit a distinct difference (ranging from 31% to 82%) in their respective distributions on the surface of the PTA-based Si-Gr. This contrasts with the previous observations where the major electrolyte decomposition fragments consistently localized in regions with high concentrations of deposited transition metals.

[0031] Such heterogeneous distribution of SEI constituents is considered to severely undermine the shielding effectiveness of the SEI layers in restraining further electrolyte decomposition within the anode.

[0032] In this example, the PTA-involved sacrificial reactions not only demonstrate an ability to withstand the destabilizing effect of transition metals by repelling their deposition, but also produce properly distributed decomposition products. These products collectively compose a robust SEI layer across the anode with higher space coverage, more even distribution, and fewer local clusters compared to the CMCSBR control, as confirmed by multifractal analyses (FIGs. 21A-21C). Considering that the outermost SEI layer is primarily in contact with the electrolyte, a deficient layer on CMCSBR-based Si-Gr is vulnerable to electrolyte infiltration and leads to a sustained decomposition of electrolytes. ToF-SIMS mapping on cross sections prepared by focused ion beam (FIB) in the ToF-SIMS instrument was then conducted on both anodes to give more visually comparison. It allows the analysis of a far larger depth than a depth profile with virtually no unwanted sputtering effects that result from voids or high variations in concentration over large depths. Compared to PTA anode, a greater amount of electrolyte decomposition products and crossed-over transition metals are observed to propagate through the inner SEI to the bulk anode (FIG. 22). This corresponds well to the substantial increase in the total integrated yields of LiF2–, PO2–, POF2–, C2H2O–, Ni–, NiF3–, CoF3–, and MnF3–fragments on the cycled CMCSBR anode, nearly a magnitude higher than those on the PTA anode (FIG. 3E and Table 4).It is also pointed out that the depth profiles (FIG. 3A) and ToF-SIMS maps (FIG. 3F) of the Li–and Ni–fragments reveal varying degrees of penetration into the bulk of both anodes, so their depth profiles are not used to determine the SEI thickness in FIG. 3B. Generally, the presence of Li–species in cycled anode has been associated with “dead” Li without electrochemical activity, with higher detected Li–levels indicating less accessible Li inventory in the anode.

[0033] However, although there is a high integrated yield of Li–on the cycled PTA anode Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 (FIG. 3E), as will be shown in the next section, the Si-Gr || NMC811 cell with PTA anode delivers significantly greater discharge capacity compared to that with CMCSBR anode (154 vs.120 mAh g-1, FIG.5D). ToF-SIMS maps (FIG.3F) of cross- sections indicate that in certain regions on the PTA anode, the presence of Li–species correlates strongly with Si–, implying that the detected Li–may not solely represent “dead” Li, but rather originate from incompletely charged Li-Si alloy that retains electrochemical activity.

[0034] In contrast, the majority of Li–species observed in the CMCSBR anode accumulate in the SEI layer or around the Si particles, albeit with a similar integrated yield relative to PTA, indicating that the Li+ions are primarily depleted in the side reactions occurring in the CMCSBR cell. Table 4. Integrated yields of fragments of interest within the respective SEI thicknesses of the sputtered depth. Errors bars were calculated based on the standard deviation of the yields acquired at three locations on the cycled PTA anode (or four locations on the cycled CMCSBR anode). LiF2–PO2–Ni–LiO2–C5POF2–C2H2O–6 6 6 6 5 7 7 7 7 7 6 Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 SEI LiO2–Li–NiF3–CoF3–MnF3–thickness Further, we observed a spontaneous accumulation of crossed-over Ni–within the bulk Si particles for both PTA and CMCSBR anodes (FIG. 3F), irrespective of the huge disparity of their concentrations in the SEIs. This is understandable that the electrolyte-soluble Ni2+ions generated from the NMC811 cathode side migrate together with Li+ions during the charging process, which eventually diffuse into the Si particles owing to their similar ionic radii (0.76 Å for Li+and 0.69 Å for Ni2+).

[0035] However, this can be inherently problematic for the electrochemical activity of Si materials, as Ni2+is likely to exist as an inactive NiSi2 phase in Si particles according to the Si-Ni phase diagram.

[0036] In essence, the devitalizing effects of diffused transition metals in the bulk Si anode can be as crucial as their catalytic role in electrolyte decomposition, with respect to driving cell degradation in a Si-based anode || layered oxide cathode full cell system during long-term cycling. Therefore, Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 the robust PTA-regulated SEI layer, capable of lowering the overall concentration of transition metals at the Si-Gr anode, undoubtedly favors extending cell lifetime. Overall, FIGs. 4A-4B show schematics summarizing the pros and cons of applying PTA and CMCSBR as anode binders in Si-Gr || high-Ni layered oxides full cell systems. By virtue of the competitive coordination and electrostatic attraction capabilities, PTA acts as a solvation structure regulator, which ameliorates the anode-electrolyte interphasial reactions. In comparison to CMCSBR, the electrolyte at PTA-based Si-Gr anode is more resistant to reductive decomposition. In the meantime, a protective PTA-derived SEI layer is formed on the outmost surface of the anode, providing effective passivation with less transition-metal deposition and penetration. In the case of CMCSBR control cell, despite featuring an advanced hard- soft network structure, it is still insufficient to withstand the intrinsic electrolyte decomposition, especially in a worse scenario where massive catalytic transition metals are present. As a result, thick and heterogeneous electrolyte decomposition products are formed on the CMCSBR-based Si-Gr anode. This, coupled with the devitalization of active Si driven by the formation of inactive NiSi2 phase, is likely to contribute to substantial and permanent capacity loss in the cell. Cell Performance With the benefits discussed above, the PTA binder enables impressive electrochemical performances. As shown in FIG.5A, the nano-Si || Li half-cell with the PTA binder maintains a discharge capacity of 1,000 mAh g-1after 500 cycle at 4 A g-1, while the CMC-SBR control only achieves 87 mAh g-1after 300 cycle. The corresponding initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) and average CE of the PTA cell are, respectively, 93.7% and 99.8%, higher than that of the CMC-SBR counterpart (90.5% and 99.2%, respectively). As for commercial-level Si-Gr anode with high Si content of up to 26%, the superiority of PTA is further demonstrated in FIG. 5B. The Si-Gr || Li half-cell with the PTA binder delivers an initial capacity of 740 mAh g-1at 0.5C rate (1C = 950 mAh g-1), which stabilizes at ~ 660 mAh g-1during the subsequent 200 cycles, and then fades to 580 mAh g-1after 300 cycles, outperforming that with CMCSBR binder (127 mAh g-1after 300 cycles). At various C-rates from 0.1C to 0.5C, the PTA-based Si-Gr electrode also delivers higher capacities compared to the CMCSBR electrode, especially at higher C-rates (FIG.5C). Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 Developing high-loading anodes with conventional water-based binder remains an exceptionally challenging task, as crack formation and electrode particle delamination commonly occur during electrode drying due to the high surface tension of water.

[0037] Impressively, we demonstrate here that PTA enables a stable cycling of high loading Si-Gr anodes with Si-Gr loadings ranging from 8 to 15 mg cm-2. FIGs.5D and 23 indicate that the areal capacities of PTA anodes increase with the Si-Gr loading (from 7 to 12 mAh cm-2at 0.02C rate and from 5 to 10 mAh cm-2at 0.05C rate), while their specific capacities remain reversible and nearly unchanged (~ 800 mAh g-1at 0.02C rate and ~ 700 mAh g-1at 0.05C rate). Moreover, when evaluating the PTA-based Si-Gr anode in a practical full cell system paired with an NMC811 cathode (N / P ratio 1.05, all the Si-Gr anodes were prelithiated in advance with details shown in FIGs. 24A-24D),

[0038] it still exhibits competitive long-term cycle life. FIG. 5E shows that a capacity retention of 82% is realized with PTA after 500 deep cycles at 0.5C rate (1C = 180 mAh g-1) between 2.5 and 4.3 V, evidently exceeding the CMCSBR baseline with only 64% retention. Such a discrepancy is also evident in the corresponding voltage profiles in FIGs.25A-25B, where the PTA cell demonstrates significantly lower polarization during long-term cycling. Furthermore, the high loading PTA-based Si-Gr || NMC811 coin full cells, i.e., 5.02 mg cm-2Si-Gr || 16.54 mg cm-2NMC811 and 6.01 mg cm-2Si-Gr || 19.74 mg cm-2NMC811 cells, display initial areal capacities of, respectively, 3.31 at 0.2C rate and 4.04 mAh cm-2at 0.1C rate. After 500 deep cycles at 0.33C rate, areal capacities of 2.48 and 2.62 mAh cm-2are maintained, corresponding to 79% and 68% capacity retention (FIG. 5F). In addition, a remarkable 97% capacity retention is achieved with the PTA-based pouch cell after 200 cycles at 0.5C rate (FIG. 5G), further illustrating the effectiveness of our binder chemistry regulation strategy even under more stringent conditions. Conclusion In summary, this example shows the critical role of binder chemistry, rather than solely contributing to the mechanical properties, in determining the lifespan of high- energy-density LIBs coupling Si-based anodes with high-Ni layered oxide cathodes. With coexisting cationic and anionic species at a molecular level, the designed zwitterionic binder is able to tune the ion-ion and ion-dipole interactions in the solvation environment at the anode-electrolyte interphase. Theoretical simulation Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 and ToF-SIMS analyses together confirm that in such binder-regulated solvation environment, the electrolyte reduction is significantly suppressed while binder / anions are participating in the SEI formation process, which contributes to a thin yet reinforced SEI coverage on Si-based anodes. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the SEI further reveal that the deposition / distribution / penetration of transition metals on the surface or within the bulk of Si-based anodes is significantly suppressed by the binder-derived SEI components, which is essential for minimizing the catalytic electrolyte decomposition and Si devitalization. Experimental Methods Materials 2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate (MTP) and methacrylic anhydride (MA) were obtained from TCI America. Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMCNa) was obtained from MSE Supplies. Pullulan was offered by Freda. Ammonium persulfate (APS) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Carboxylic styrene butadiene rubber (cSBR) emulsion (51.3 wt%) was obtained from Nanografi. Si nanoparticles (Si NPs, 100 nm) were obtained from Shanghai St-Nano Science and Technology. Silicon graphite composite (Si-Gr, theoretical capacity 950 mAh g-1, Figure S8) was purchased from Guangdong Canrd New Energy Technology. Synthesis of the Zwitterionic Binder First, pullulan (1 g) was fully dissolved in DI water at a weight concentration of 10 wt%. MA (0.03 g) was then added dropwise and reacted at 4 °C for 24 h, meanwhile the pH was maintained between 7.5 and 8.5 by 1 M NaOH solution. The resulting methacrylated pullulan (PMA) solution was purified by dialyzing followed by lyophilizing overnight. Second, PMA (1 g), MTP (0.5 g) and APS (0.0175 g) were dissolved in deionized water (35 mL) and then reacted at 70 °C under argon protection. After 12 h of polymerization, the zwitterion grafted polysaccharide binder was lyophilized and is hereafter denoted as PTA. Two PTAs (denoted as PTA0.5 and PTA0.6) were synthesized with an MTP / PMA ratio of 0.5 and 0.6, respectively. Electrode preparation The hydroxide precursor of the LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NMC811) powder was synthesized by a hydroxide coprecipitation method. NMC811 cathodes were prepared by casting the slurries containing active material, Super P, and poly(vinylidene Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 fluoride) (PVdF, Arkema Kynar®HSV 180) with a mass ratio of 90 : 5 : 5 on an aluminum foil with a doctor-blade. Specifically, PVdF was dissolved in N-methyl-2- pyrrolidone (NMP) with 12 wt.% concentration in advance. Then, 0.1111 g Super P, 2 g NMC811, and 1.33 g NMP were mixed for 2 min at 1,500 rpm with a Thinky mixer (AR-100, Thinky Corp.). After that, 0.926 g PVdF solution was added and mixed for 3 min at 2,000 rpm. Finally, 1.2 g NMP was added and mixed for 2 min at 2,000 rpm. The casted electrodes were dried at 110 °C for 15 min and another 24 h at 110 °C under vacuum. After drying, the electrodes were punched into round discs with a diameter of 12 mm for coin cell tests or into rectangular sheets with a size of 2.5 × 3.6 cm2for pouch cell assembly. Si and Si-Gr anodes were prepared by casting the slurries containing active materials, Super P, and PTA (or CMCSBR) with a mass ratio of 80 : 10 : 10 on a copper foil. Specifically, PTA (or CMCNa) was first dissolved in deionized water with 4 wt.% (or 1.5 wt.%) concentration. Then, 0.125 g Super P and 0.3125 g PTA solution (or 1.24 g CMCNa solution) were mixed for 2 min at 2,000 rpm with a Thinky mixer. After that, 1 g Si-Gr and 1 g PTA solution (or 2.92 g CMCNa solution) were added and mixed for 6 min at 2,000 rpm. Finally, 1.8125 g PTA solution (or 0.12 g cSBR emulsion) was added and mixed for 2 min at 2,000 rpm. The casted electrodes were dried at 70 °C for 30 min and another 2 h at 110 °C under vacuum. After drying, the electrodes were punched into round discs with a diameter of 12 mm for coin half-cell tests, 9 / 16 inch for coin full-cell tests, or into rectangular sheets with a size of 2.9 × 4.0 cm2for pouch cell assembly. The mass loadings of the electrodes were controlled by changing the height of the doctor-blade. Electrochemical measurements Unless otherwise specified, the electrolyte is composed of 1 M LiPF6 in a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) (3 : 7, mass ratio, Gotion Corp., referred to as LP57) with 1 wt.% vinylene carbonate (VC) and 10 % fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) as additives. Specifically, 30 g LP57, 3.3708 g FEC, and 0.3371 g VC were fully mixed with a stir bar for 1 h at 400 rpm. All the half and full cells were cycled at a certain C-rate for several formation cycles (detail is shown in FIGs. 5A-5G). The potential ranges are 0.005 to 1.2 V for Si and Si-Gr coin half- cell, and 2.5 to 4.3 V for Si-Gr || NMC811 coin / pouch full cell. All the Si-Gr anodes in full cells were prelithiated in advance by directly contacting with fresh Li chips in the Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 presence of electrolyte (detail is shown in Figure S19). Ionic conductivities of binders and activation energies were obtained with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analyses (Biologic) in the frequency range of 1 MHz to 0.01 Hz with an AC voltage amplitude of 10 mV. The chemical diffusion coefficients of Li+ion (DLi+) in Si-Gr anode between 0.05 to 1.2 V were determined by galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT). Characterizations Temperature-dependent Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were collected with a Thermo Scientific Nicolet iS50 FTIR spectrometer, equipped with an in situ high-temperature transmission cell. The FTIR sample was prepared by finely grinding the PTA powder with potassium bromide (1.5 wt. % PTA) under infrared light. The mixture was then pressed into a pellet. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were performed via a Bruker Avance III 500 MHz NMR spectrometer. Nanoindentation tests of the polymer films were conducted with a Keysight UTM150 nanoindentation system equipped with a Berkovich indenter. Polymer films were obtained by drop-casting polymer aqueous solution onto stainless steel discs (approximately 16 mm in diameter) and then completely drying them at 70 °C. The thickness of the polymer films was > 300 μm. Rheological measurements of the anode slurries were conducted on a Discovery HR-2 hybrid rheometer. A 20 mm flat plate geometry was used with a fixed gap of 250 µm between the plates. The temperature was maintained at 25 °C throughout all experiments. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the Si-Gr anodes were obtained with an FEI Quanta 650 ESEM. The cross-sections of fresh and cycled electrodes were prepared with a blade. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) (M6 spectrometer, ION-TOF GmbH) was employed to analyze the composition of the chemistry and architecture of the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on cycled electrodes. A 500 eV Cs+ion beam was used to sputter the electrodes at a sputtering rate of ~ 0.03 nm s−1. A 30 keV Bi+beam was applied to detect the depth profiles at a high current or burst alignment mode over a 100 × 100 µm2area centered within the 300 × 300 µm2sputtered region in an ultra-high vacuum (10−9Torr). Cross-sections of the cycled electrodes were acquired by focused ion beam (FIB) with Ga+beam sputtering and cleaning. Cycled anodes were washed three times with dimethyl carbonate, dried in a glovebox antechamber in advance, and then transferred by an air-free capsule. Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 For the net squared deviation analysis among the yield maps of secondary-ion fragments of interest obtained by ToF-SIMS measurements, a software was developed in Igor Pro (Fortran). For example, the squared deviation maps of two selected yield maps were computed by (i) first conducting a 3-point interpolation across the profiles in the X-Y plane (smoothing step) for each map, (ii) then normalizing each map to [0, 1] range (normalizing step), and (iii) last subtracting andsquaring the values in each pixel (∑ ^^ − ^ ^^^,^ ^^^ ^ ^^^ ^ ). The resulting squareddeviation map represents the squared difference between each corresponding pixel of the two maps. The net squared deviation was obtained by summing all the values in the squared deviation map. For the multifractal analysis, first, the overlaid images of fragments of interest were obtained after applying the normalizing algorithm in Igor Pro. Specifically, all the individual yield maps of a certain fragment of interest were normalized to their respective ranges in advance and then added up. We performed box-counting multifractal analysis on the overlaid images with the FracLac plugin in ImageJ; meanwhile, all the overlaid images were auto-converted to binary images. Analyzing parameters were set as 12 grid orientations with a maximum box size of 80% and a minimum box size of 10 pixels. The moment q was set to [−10, 10]. The special scan options “check pixel” and “tighten grid” were chosen. Briefly, based on the –– – – – –distribution of fragments of interest (LiF2 , Ni , C5POF2 , C2H2O , PO2 , and LiO2 ) in the image, the dimension (D) of these species was calculated at different exponent factors (Q) to quantitatively characterize the distribution of these species on the surface of different binder-based anodes. Theoretical simulations The partial charge of simplified PTA (Figure S1e), simplified CMCSBR (Figure S1f), LiPF6, EC, EMC, FEC, and VC molecules were calculated with Gaussian 16 code, and the 6-311g(d,p) basis functions were applied. (See Gaussian 16, Revision C.01, Gaussian, Inc., Wallingford CT, 2019; Petersson, G. A.; Al-Laham, M.A. A complete basis set model chemistry. II. Open-shell systems and the total energies of the first- row atoms, J. Chem. Phys. 1991, 94, 6081-609) The OPLS-AA force field and Auxiliary Tools of Force Field (AuToFF) were applied to parametrize all atoms, such as the bond parameters, angle parameters, and dihedral angles, etc. The parameters − of PF6 were derived from the OPLS-2009IL force field. (See Jorgensen, W. L.; Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 Maxwell, D. S.; Tirado-Rives, J. Development and testing of the OPLS all-atom force field on conformational energetics and properties of organic liquids. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118 (45): 11225-11236; Doherty, B.; Zhong, X.; Gathiaka, S.; Li, B.; Acevedo, O. Revisiting OPLS Force Field Parameters for Ionic Liquid Simulations. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2017, 12 (13): 6131-6145) The coordination structures of solvents, cations, and anions in different electrolytes were simulated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. First, 40 simplified PTA and 40 simplified CMCSBR were randomly inserted into 7 × 7 × 7 nm3simulation boxes, respectively, and 20 ns dynamic equilibrium simulation was performed under NPT ensemble to obtain stable simplified PTA and simplified CMCSBR substrates. On the sub-basis, the simplified PTA and simplified CMCSBR were extended along the Z-axis, and the electrolyte molecules were randomly inserted into a cube box. The monomer ratio of electrolyte molecules is LiPF6 : EC : EMC : VC : FEC = 1 : 3.25 : 6.42 : 0.144 : 1.179. The MD simulations were performed in the GROMACS 2021 software package. (See Spoel, D. V. D.; Lindahl, E.; Hess, B.; Groenhof, G.; Mark, A. E.; Berendsene, H. J. C. GROMACS: fast, flexible, and free. J. Comput. Chem. 2005, 26 (16): 1701-1718; Abraham, M. J.; Murtola, T.; Schulz, R.; Páll, S.; Smith, J. C.; Hess, B.; Lindahl, E. GROMACS: high performance molecular simulations through multi-level parallelism from laptops to supercomputers, SoftwareX. 2015, 1-2, 19-25; Berendsen, H. J. C.; Spoel, D.; Drunen, R. GROMACS: A message-passing parallel molecular dynamics implementation, Comp. Phys. Comm. 1995, 91, 43-56) The steepest descent method was applied to minimize the initial energy for each system with a force tolerance of 1 kJ mol−1nm−1and a maximum step size of 0.002 ps before MD calculations. (See Van Gunsteren, W. F.; Berendsen, H. A leap-frog algorithm for stochastic dynamics. Mol. Simul. 1988, 1 (3), 173-185) In all three directions, periodic boundary conditions were imposed. Leapfrog algorithm was used to integrate the Newtonian equation of motion. In NPT simulations, the pressure was maintained at 1 bar by the Berendsen barostat, and the temperature was maintained by the V-rescale thermostat at 298.15 K. The Particle-Mesh-Ewald (PME) with a fourth-order interpolation was used to evaluate the electrostatic interactions whereas a cutoff of 1.0 nm was employed to calculate the short-range van der Waals interactions. (See Hess, B.; Bekker, H.; Berendsen, H. J.; Fraaije, J. G., LINCS: a linear constraint solver for molecular simulations. J. Comput. Chem. 1997, 18 (12), 1463-1472; Darden, T.; York, D.; Pedersen, L. Particle Mesh Ewald: An Nlog (N) Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 Method for Ewald Sums in Large Systems. J. Chem. Phys. 1993, 98 (12):10089- 10092) Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were conducted using Gaussian16 software package, Revision A.03. (See Gaussian 16, Revision A.03, Gaussian, Inc., Wallingford CT, 2016) Geometry optimization of all molecules was performed with PBE0 functional and the 6-31+G(d) basis set. (See Adamo, C.; Barone, V. Toward reliable density functional methods without adjustable parameters: The PBE0 model. J. Chem. Phys.1999, 110, 6158-6169) The following single-point calculations were performed with the 6-311+G(d, p) basis set. Grimme’s dispersion correction with Becke-Johnson damping was added. (See Grimme, S.; Ehrlich, S.; Goerigk, L. Effect of the damping function in dispersion corrected density functional theory. J. Comp. Chem. 2011, 32, 1456-1465) The integral equation formalism variant of the polarizable continuum model (IEFPCM) was used to account for the solvent effects. (See Miertuš, S.; Scrocco, E.; Tomasi, J. Electrostatic Interaction of a Solute with a Continuum. A Direct Utilization of ab initio Molecular Potentials for the Prevision of Solvent Effects. Chem. 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Claims

Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A polymeric composition comprising: one or more first constitutional units derived from one or more zwitterionic monomers; and one or more second constitutional units derived from one or more polysaccharides.

2. The polymeric composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more zwitterionic monomers comprise one or more polymerizable vinyl moieties.

3. The polymeric composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more zwitterionic monomers comprise a carboxybetaine monomer, a sulfobetaine monomer, a phosphorylcholine monomer, a phosphonate betaine monomer, a phosphate betaine monomer, a sulfonium zwitterion monomer, a heteroaromatic zwitterion monomer, or combinations thereof.

4. The polymeric composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more zwitterionic monomers comprise a monomer of Formula I, Formula II, or combinations thereof: P-L1-Cat1-L2-An1(I) P-L1-An2-L2-Cat2(II) wherein: P is a polymerizable moiety; L1and L2are independently selected from a bond or a linker moiety; Cat1and Cat2are independently a cationic moiety; and An1and An2are independently an anionic moiety.

5. The polymeric composition of claim 4, wherein P comprises ,Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 wherein: R1, R2, and R3are independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; X1is selected from a , wherein R4is selected from hydrogen,X2is selected from a bond, -O-, and -NR5-, wherein R5is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl.

6. The polymeric composition of claim 4, wherein L1and L2are each independently a bond or C1-C6 alkyl.

7. The polymeric composition of any one of claim 4, wherein Cat1is selected from: ,monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, and R9is selected from C1-C6 alkyl and 6- to 10-membered monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, and wherein An1is selected from: ,bicyclic aryl.

8. The polymeric composition of claim 4, wherein An1is selected fromAttorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 O ,wherein Cat2is selected , wherein R8, R8’, and R8”areC1-C6alkyl, and R10and R10’are each independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl.

9. The polymeric composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more zwitterionic monomers are selected from N-(Carboxymethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2- (methacryloyloxy)ethanaminium inner salt, 1-Carboxy-N,N-dimethyl-N-(3′- acrylamidopropyl)ethanaminium inner salt, 2-Carboxy-N,N-dimethyl-N-(3′- acrylamidopropyl)ethanaminium inner salt, [2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethyl] dimethyl- ammonio acetate, [2-(Acryloyloxy)ethyl] dimethyl-ammonio acetate, N-(3- Methacrylamidopropyl)-N,N-dimethyl-ammonio acetate, [2- (Methacryloyloxy)ethyl] dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide (inner salt), [2-(Acryloyloxy)ethyl] dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide, N-(3- Sulfopropyl)-N-[3-(methacrylamido)propyl]dimethyl-ammonium inner salt, N-(2- Sulfoethyl)-N-[2-(methacrylamido)ethyl]dimethyl-ammonium inner salt, 4- Vinylbenzyl-dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium inner salt, 2- (Methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine, 2-(Acryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine, N-(3-Methacrylamidopropyl) phosphorylcholine, 2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethyl dimethyl-ammonio methyl-phosphonate inner salt, 1-(3-Sulfopropyl)-3-vinyl- imidazolium betaine, or combinations thereof.Attorney Docket No.10046-630WO1 10. The polymeric composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more zwitterionic monomers comprise 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate.

11. The polymeric composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more polysaccharides are selected from starch (such as amylose and amylopectin), glycogen, dextran, pullulan, inulin / levan-type fructans, cellulose, chitin / chitosan, mannans, xylan, β-glucans (such as curdlan and laminarin), arabinoxylan, glucomannan, pectin, gum arabic, guar gum, and peach gum.

12. The polymeric composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more polysaccharides comprise pullulan.

13. The polymeric composition of claim 1, wherein a ratio of the one or more zwitterionic monomers to the one or more polysaccharides is from about 10:1 to about 1:10 based on a total weight of the polymeric composition.

14. The polymeric composition of claim 1, wherein the polymeric composition further includes one or more third constitutional units derived from one or more additional monomers.

15. The polymeric composition of claim 14, wherein the one or more additional monomers comprise one or more polymerizable vinyl moieties.

16. The polymeric composition of claim 14, wherein the one or more additional monomers are selected from an acid halide (such as acryloyl chloride and methacryloyl chloride), an acid anhydride (such as methacrylic anhydride, acrylic anhydride, maleic anhydride, and itaconic anhydride), an epoxide (such as glycidyl methacrylate), an isocyanate (such as 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate), an activated ester or similar moiety (such as N-succinimidyl methacrylate and vinyl sulfone), an allyl or vinyl donor (such as vinyl acetic anhydride and allyl chloroformate), or combinations thereof.

17. An electrode comprising a polymeric composition of claim 1.

18. The electrode of claim 17, wherein the electrode is an anode.

19. An electrochemical cell comprising an electrode of claim 17 and an electrolyte.

20. A battery comprising one or more electrochemical cells of claim 19.

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