Solar cell and preparation method therefor, photovoltaic module, power generation device, and electrical device

Abstract

The present disclosure provides a perovskite solar cell, comprising a first electrode, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, and a second electrode that are sequentially stacked. The perovskite light-absorbing layer comprises particles having a core-shell structure, the core of the particles comprises perovskite grains, and the shell comprises a silane cross-linked material.

Description

Solar cell, preparation method thereof, photovoltaic module, power generation device and power utilization device

[0001] Cross Reference to Related Applications

[0002] The present disclosure is based on and claims priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 202411389218.0, filed on September 30, 2024, entitled “Solar cell, preparation method thereof, photovoltaic module, power generation device and power utilization device”, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. TECHNICAL FIELD

[0003] The present disclosure relates to the technical field of batteries, and in particular to a solar cell, a preparation method thereof, a photovoltaic module, a power generation device and a power utilization device. BACKGROUND

[0004] In recent years, global energy shortage and environmental pollution problems have become increasingly prominent, and solar cells, as an ideal renewable energy source, have received more and more attention. Solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells, are devices that convert light energy directly into electrical energy through photoelectric or photochemical effects.

[0005] Perovskite solar cells are solar cells that use perovskite materials as light-absorbing materials. Compared with other solar cells, perovskite solar cells stand out in the field of solar cells due to their low cost, high efficiency, simple process and other advantages.

[0006] With the development of perovskite batteries, higher requirements are placed on their optimal efficiency and service life. Therefore, how to improve the optimal efficiency and service life of perovskite solar cells is still a technical problem to be solved. SUMMARY

[0007] The present disclosure is made in view of the above-mentioned problems, and aims to provide a solar cell, a preparation method thereof, a photovoltaic module, a power generation device and a power utilization device. The solar cell has improved water and oxygen stability, thereby improving the optimal efficiency and service life of the solar cell.

[0008] To achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the present disclosure provides, in a first aspect, a solar cell, comprising a first electrode, a perovskite light-absorbing layer and a second electrode which are sequentially stacked; wherein the perovskite light-absorbing layer comprises particles having a core-shell structure, the core of the particles comprises perovskite grains, and the shell comprises silane cross-linking products.

[0009] By setting the particle with core-shell structure, the perovskite grain surface and grain boundary have silane crosslinking, which can effectively block water and oxygen in the external environment, prevent them from penetrating into the perovskite grain inside, thereby improving the water and oxygen stability of the perovskite grain, and prolonging the service life of the solar cell.

[0010] In some embodiments, the silane crosslinking includes a structure shown in Formula I:

[0011] wherein the crosslinking degree of the silane crosslinking is 2-250,

[0012] R1each independently includes at least one of substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkylene, -NR c -, -NR c -R a -, -R a -NR c -R b -, -R a -O-R b -, -R a -S-R b -;

[0013] R2each independently includes -OH, -NR c R d , -C(=O)R c , -C(=O)OR c , -OC(=O)R c , halogen, amido, vinyl, at least one of substituted or unsubstituted 6- to 14-membered aryl or 5- to 12-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3-6 cycloalkyl or 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl;

[0014] wherein R a and R b each independently include at least one of substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkylene, R c and R d each independently include at least one of H, C 1-4 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl;

[0015] denotes being connected to another structure shown in Formula I through the single bond.

[0016] When R1and R2each independently include the above-mentioned groups and have the above-mentioned crosslinking degree, the crosslinking structure in the silane crosslinker molecule has a moderate size, can effectively hinder water and oxygen, and R2in the structure can passivate the perovskite surface and / or internal defects, thereby improving the photoelectric performance and stability of the solar cell.

[0017] In some embodiments, R1each independently includes at least one of C 1-5 alkylene, -NR c -R a -, -R a -NR c -R b -, -R a -O-R b -, -R a -S-R b -; and / or, R2each independently includes at least one of -NR c R d , halogen, substituted or unsubstituted 6- to 14-membered aryl, amido, wherein R a and R b each independently include substituted or unsubstituted C 1-4 alkylene, R c and R d each independently include at least one of H, C 1-4 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl.

[0018] When R1and R2each independently include the above-mentioned groups, further make the crosslinking structure in the silane crosslinker molecule have a moderate size, effectively hinder water and oxygen, thereby facilitating further improving the stability of the solar cell.

[0019] In some embodiments, in R1, when the 6- to 14-membered aryl or 5- to 12-membered heteroaryl has a substituent, the substituent includes one or more of halogen, amino, C 1-4 alkyl, or halogenated C 1-4 alkyl.

[0020] In some embodiments, R1each independently includes at least one of C 2-5 alkylene, -NR c -R a -, -R a -NR c -R b -, -R a -O-R b -, -R a -S-R b -; and / or, R2each independently includes at least one of -NR c Rd at least one of Cl, Br, I, phenyl, halogen-substituted phenyl, halogen-substituted alkyl-substituted phenyl, amino-substituted phenyl, amido, wherein R a and R b each independently comprises at least one of substituted or unsubstituted C 1-3 alkylene, R c and R d each independently comprises at least one of H and methyl. Thus, the cross-linking structure in the silane cross-linker molecule is further made to have a moderate size, effectively hindering water and oxygen, thereby favorably further improving the stability of the solar cell.

[0021] In some embodiments, the shell of the particle comprises a silane cross-linker having the structure shown below:

[0022] denotes a bond to another structure shown below, which is the same or different.

[0023] In some embodiments, the silane cross-linker has a cross-linking degree of 50-180. Thus, by controlling the cross-linking degree of the silane cross-linker in the above range, the cross-linking structure in the silane cross-linker molecule is controlled to have a moderate size, which can effectively hinder water and oxygen, and R2 in the structure can passivate the perovskite surface and / or internal defects without affecting the carrier transport, thereby improving the photoelectric performance and stability of the solar cell.

[0024] In some embodiments, the perovskite crystal grain comprises at least one of a compound shown in formula (II), a compound shown in formula (III): [A][B][X]3 (II), [A]2[C][D][X]6 (III).

[0025] wherein A comprises at least one of inorganic or organic monovalent cations, B comprises at least one of inorganic or organic divalent cations, C comprises at least one of inorganic or organic monovalent cations, D comprises at least one of inorganic or organic trivalent cations, and X comprises at least one of inorganic or organic monovalent anions. Thus, the core-shell structure of the present disclosure is suitable for a wide range of perovskite materials, thereby providing a broad application prospect.

[0026] In some embodiments, the perovskite crystal grain comprises a compound shown in formula (II), wherein A comprises (NR 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 ) + , (R 1 R 2N=CR 3 R 4 ) + , (R 1 R 2 N-C(R 5 ) = NR 3 R 4 ) + or (R 1 R 2 N-C(NR 5 R 6 ) = NR 3 R 4 ) + , Li + , Na + , K + , Rb + , Cs + , Cu + , Ag + , Au + or Hg + , wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 each independently include at least one of H, C1-C20 alkyl or aryl; and B includes one or more of Pb 2+ , Sn 2+ , Be 2+ , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , Ba 2+ , Zn 2+ , Ge 2+ , Fe 2+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cd 2+ , Cu 2+ , Mn 2+ , Pd 2+ , Yb 2+ or Eu 2+ ;

[0027] and / or

[0028] X includes F - , Cl - , Br - , I - , SCN - , CNO - , OCN - , OSCN - ,, SH - , CN - , SeCN - . For the above perovskite materials, the core-shell structure of the present disclosure effectively blocks water and oxygen, thereby further improving the water and oxygen stability of such perovskite grains.

[0029] In some embodiments, the perovskite grains comprise a compound represented by formula (II), wherein A comprises at least one of CH(NH2)2 + , CH3NH3 + , Li + , Na + , K + , Rb + , or Cs + ; B comprises Sn 2+ ; and X comprises at least one of Cl - , Br - , I - , SCN - , CNO - , OCN - , OSCN - , SH - , OH - , CP - , CN - , SeCN - , N3 - , NO2-.

[0030] In some embodiments, the molar ratio of the silane crosslinker to the perovskite grains in the perovskite light-absorbing layer is greater than zero and less than or equal to 1:20. The amount of silane crosslinker in this range enables the transport of charge carriers to be maintained, thereby facilitating the photoelectric performance of the device.

[0031] In some embodiments, the solar cell comprises: a first charge carrier transport layer disposed between the first electrode and the perovskite light-absorbing layer; and a second charge carrier transport layer disposed between the perovskite light-absorbing layer and the second electrode; one of the first charge carrier transport layer and the second charge carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer, and the other is a hole transport layer. By providing the first charge carrier transport layer and the second charge carrier transport layer, the dissociation effect of electrons and holes can be enhanced.

[0032] In some embodiments, the first electrode is a transparent electrode, the first charge carrier transport layer is a hole transport layer, and the second charge carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer.

[0033] The second aspect of the present disclosure provides a method for preparing a perovskite solar cell, comprising sequentially preparing a first electrode, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, and a second electrode. The preparation of the perovskite light-absorbing layer comprises:

[0034] dissolving perovskite precursors and silane molecules in a solvent to obtain a first mixed solution;

[0035] growing the perovskite precursors in the first mixed solution into perovskite grains; and

[0036] adding a weak base solution with a pH of 7.1 to 10.

[0037] During the perovskite crystallization process, the silane molecules cannot enter the crystal lattice of the perovskite due to their large molecular size, and are thus squeezed to the surface and grain boundaries of the perovskite grains. When the weak base solution is added, the silane molecules undergo a hydrolysis reaction and spontaneously form a crosslinked network on the surface and grain boundaries of the grains, forming a core-shell structure with the perovskite grains, which blocks water and oxygen, thereby improving the water and oxygen stability of the perovskite and further improving the long-term stability of the solar cell.

[0038] In some embodiments, the silane molecules include a molecule represented by the formula (R3O)3-Si-R1-R2, where each R1 independently includes at least one of a substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkylene group, -NR c -, -NR c -R a -, -R a -NR c -R b -, -R a -O-R b -, -R a -S-R b -; each R2 independently includes at least one of -OH, -NR c R d , -C(=O)R c , -C(=O)OR c , -OC(=O)R c , halogen, amido, vinyl, a substituted or unsubstituted 6- to 14-membered aryl group or 5- to 12-membered heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 6-membered cycloalkyl group or 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl group; each R3 independently includes at least one of a substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl group, -C(=O)R e , where R a and R b each independently include a substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkylene group, R c and R d each independently include at least one of H, C 1-4 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl, and R e independently includes a substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6alkyl. The silane molecules described above can be easily hydrolyzed in a weak base environment, thereby facilitating the cross-linking to form silane cross-linkers.

[0039] In some embodiments, each R1independently includes C 2-5 alkylene, -NR c -R a -, -R a -NR c -R b -, -R a -O-R b -, -R a -S-R b -; and / or

[0040] each R2independently includes -NR c R d , halogen, substituted or unsubstituted 6- to 14-membered aryl, amido; and / or

[0041] R3includes substituted or unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl, -C(=O)R e ; wherein R a and R b each independently include substituted or unsubstituted C 1-4 alkylene, R c and R d each independently include H, C 1-4 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl, R e independently includes substituted or unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl. In this way, the silane molecules can be more easily hydrolyzed in a weak base environment to form silane cross-linkers.

[0042] In some embodiments, the silane molecules include one or more of the following compounds:

[0043] The silane molecules described above facilitate the formation of silane cross-linkers, thereby facilitating the improvement of water-oxygen stability of perovskite, and further facilitating the service life of solar cells.

[0044] In some embodiments, the molar ratio of the weak base in the weak base solution to the silane molecules is 1:1 to 10:1.

[0045] In this way, the amount of weak base in the alkaline solution is regulated so that the silane molecules are sufficiently hydrolyzed, while further reducing the damage of the alkaline solution to the perovskite grains.

[0046] The third aspect of the present disclosure provides a photovoltaic module, which comprises the perovskite solar cell of the first aspect or the solar cell prepared by the method of the second aspect.

[0047] The fourth aspect of the present disclosure provides a power generation device, which comprises the perovskite solar cell of the first aspect or the solar cell prepared by the method of the second aspect.

[0048] The fifth aspect of the present disclosure provides a power consumption device, which comprises the perovskite solar cell of the first aspect or the solar cell prepared by the method of the second aspect.

[0049] The photovoltaic module, the power generation device and the power consumption device of the present disclosure comprise the perovskite solar cell provided by the present disclosure, and thus have at least the same advantages as the solar cell. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0050] FIG. 1 shows a structural schematic diagram of a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0051] FIG. 2 shows a structural schematic diagram of a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0052] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a cross-sectional structure of a perovskite solar cell according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0053] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a preparation process of a perovskite solar cell according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0054] Reference Signs: 10, 100: solar cell; 11: first electrode; 12: second electrode; 13: perovskite light-absorbing layer; 151: hole transport layer; 152: electron transport layer. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0055] Hereinafter, specific embodiments of the perovskite solar cell and the preparation method thereof, the photovoltaic module, the power generation device and the power consumption device of the present disclosure will be described in detail with appropriate reference to the accompanying drawings. However, there will be cases where unnecessary detailed description is omitted. For example, there will be cases where detailed description of matters known well and repeated description of substantially the same structure are omitted. This is to avoid the following description from becoming unnecessarily lengthy and to facilitate understanding by those skilled in the art. In addition, the accompanying drawings and the following description are provided so that those skilled in the art can fully understand the present disclosure, and are not intended to limit the subject matter recited in the claims.

[0056] The ranges disclosed herein are defined by their lower and upper endpoints, given that a range is defined by selecting a lower endpoint and an upper endpoint, the selected lower and upper endpoints define the boundaries of the particular range. Ranges defined by endpoints can be either inclusive or exclusive without further qualifiers. Ranges can be arbitrarily combined, i.e., any lower endpoint of a range can be combined with any upper endpoint of another range to form a new range. For example, if ranges of 60-120 and 80-110 are listed, it is understood that ranges of 60-110 and 80-120 are also contemplated. Furthermore, if minimum range values of 1 and 2 are listed, and if maximum range values of 3, 4, and 5 are listed, then the following ranges are all contemplated: 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 2-3, 2-4, and 2-5. In the present disclosure, unless otherwise stated, a numerical range "a-b" indicates a shorthand way of describing all of the individual real combinations of a to b, where a and b are both real numbers. For example, the numerical range "0-5" indicates that all of the real numbers between 0 and 5 have been listed herein, and "0-5" is merely a shorthand way of describing these numerical combinations. Also, when a parameter is stated to be an integer ≥ 2, it is equivalent to disclose that the parameter is, for example, an integer of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc.

[0057] Unless otherwise specified, all embodiments and optional embodiments of the present disclosure can be combined with each other to form new technical solutions.

[0058] Unless otherwise specified, all technical features and optional technical features of the present disclosure can be combined with each other to form new technical solutions.

[0059] Unless otherwise specified, all steps of the present disclosure can be performed in sequence or randomly, and are preferably performed in sequence. For example, a method comprising steps (a) and (b) indicates that the method can comprise steps (a) and (b) performed in sequence, or steps (b) and (a) performed in sequence. For example, it is mentioned that the method can further comprise step (c), which indicates that step (c) can be added to the method in any order, for example, the method can comprise steps (a), (b) and (c), or steps (a), (c) and (b), or steps (c), (a) and (b), etc.

[0060] Unless otherwise specified, the terms used in the present disclosure have the commonly understood meanings understood by those skilled in the art.

[0061] Unless otherwise specified, the values of the parameters mentioned in the present disclosure can be measured by various test methods commonly used in the art, for example, can be measured according to the test methods given in the present disclosure.

[0062] In the drawings, the size of layers, regions, elements, and the like can be exaggerated for clarity. It will be understood that when an element such as a layer, region or element is referred to as being "on" another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening layers can also be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being "directly on" another element, there are no intervening layers present. Like reference numerals designate like elements throughout the specification. It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, third etc. can be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions and steps, these elements, components, regions and steps should not be limited by these terms since such terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region or step from another element, component, region or step.

[0063] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms "comprises" and / or "comprising", when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and / or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or groups thereof. As used herein, the term "and / or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

[0064] In the present disclosure, the term "core-shell structure" refers to a structure comprising two different materials, one of which is located at the center position, and the outer periphery of which surrounds / encapsulates the other material. It should be understood that the "shell" can be a network structure, a layer structure, etc.

[0065] In the present disclosure, the term "degree of crosslinking" is used to represent the degree of crosslinking of a molecule. In the present disclosure, the degree of crosslinking of a silane crosslinker can be determined by gel chromatography. For example, using a Waters 1525 / 2414 / 2489 model gel chromatography (GPC) instrument, the sample is taken as tetrahydrofuran as the mobile phase (mass fraction about 5 thousandths), the flow rate is 1.0 mL / min, polystyrene is used as the standard sample, and the GPC spectrum is measured at 35°C using a differential refractive index detector, mainly investigating the number average molecular weight (Mn). The degree of crosslinking is calculated using the following formula:

[0066] Wherein, Mn represents the number average molecular weight of the crosslinker obtained by GPC test, M is the molecular weight of the crosslinking monomer.

[0067] The term "halogen" includes any one of F, Cl, Br, I.

[0068] The term "alkylene" refers to a divalent alkyl group having two points of attachment. Optionally, it contains 1 to 6 carbon atoms, i.e. C1-C6 alkylene. Examples of alkylene groups include, but are not limited to, methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene, hexylene.

[0069] The term "6- to 14-membered aryl" refers to an aromatic group having "4n+2" (pi) electrons in a conjugated monocyclic or polycyclic ring system, and having from 6 to 14 ring atoms, where n is an integer from 1 to 3. The polycyclic ring system includes at least one aromatic ring. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl (Ph), naphthyl, indenyl, benzocyclooctenyl, benzocycloheptenyl, azulenyl, acenaphthylenyl, fluorenyl, phenanthryl, anthryl, and the like. The term aryl includes unsubstituted aryl groups and substituted aryl groups, such as C1-C4 alkyl, haloC1-C4 alkyl (such as trifluoromethyl), hydroxy, amino, and the like substituted phenyl groups.

[0070] The term "5- to 12-membered heteroaryl" refers to a 5- to 12-membered monocyclic or fused polycyclic group having a conjugated pi-electron system, wherein at least one carbon atom in the monocyclic or fused polycyclic ring system is replaced with a heteroatom including O, N, S. Examples of heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, and the like.

[0071] The term "C 3-6 Cycloalkyl" refers to a cyclic alkane group consisting of 3 to 6 carbon atoms. Exemplarily, C 3-6 Cycloalkyl includes, but is not limited to, cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, and the like.

[0072] The term "3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl" refers to a group having at least one carbon atom in a C 3-6 Cycloalkyl ring is replaced with a heteroatom including O, N, S, and the like.

[0073] It should be understood, that the term "substituted" or "substitution" as used herein includes the implicit proviso that such substitution is in accordance with permitted valence of the substituted atoms and the substituent groups, and that the substitution results in a stable compound, i.e., a compound that does not spontaneously undergo rearrangement, cyclization, eliminations, and the like. The term "substituted" as used herein includes all permissible substituents of organic compounds. In a broad aspect, the permissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and nonaromatic, radicals of organic compounds. The substituent(s) can be one or more. The term "substituted" means that when a described group is substituted with more than one substituent, the substituent groups can be the same or different. The term "substituted" refers to the replacement of hydrogen in the above groups with a substituent group, including but not limited to, halogen, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, amino, hydroxy, phenyl, and the like.

[0074] The term "layer" as used in the present disclosure refers to any substantially layer-like structure. A layer can have a thickness that varies over the extent of the layer. Typically, a layer has a thickness that is approximately constant. The "thickness" of a layer as used in the present disclosure refers to the average thickness of the layer. The thickness of a layer can be measured by methods conventional in the art. For example, a Zygo NewView 9000 model white light interferometer can be employed.

[0075] A perovskite solar cell is a solar cell that utilizes a perovskite material as a light-absorbing material. Compared with other solar cells, a perovskite solar cell has a high photoelectric conversion efficiency. In the following, a solar cell refers to a solar cell whose light-absorbing layer contains a perovskite material, which can also be referred to as a perovskite solar cell.

[0076] The photoelectric conversion principle of a perovskite solar cell is as follows: incident light (e.g., sunlight) enters the inside of the device from the light-transmitting side, and then reaches the perovskite light-absorbing layer and is absorbed thereby. Under the excitation of the incident light, the perovskite light-absorbing layer generates hole-electron pairs, and under the action of an electric field, the holes and the electrons are separated, the electrons are transported to one electrode, and the holes are transported to the other electrode. Subsequently, a loop is formed via an external circuit, which can be used to drive a load to work.

[0077] However, perovskite is highly sensitive to water and oxygen, and in particular, a tin-based narrow band gap. Water and oxygen can cause divalent tin to be oxidized to tetravalent tin, resulting in degradation of the perovskite. When the perovskite is in contact with water and oxygen, degradation occurs, which deteriorates the performance of the solar cell. In the related art, an external package or a passivation layer containing a hydrophobic chain is often formed on the surface of the perovskite light-absorbing layer to block water and oxygen from contacting the perovskite. However, the above-mentioned method blocks water and oxygen in the environment after the completion of the device, and cannot block water and oxygen in the preparation process, and therefore the degree of blocking water and oxygen is limited.

[0078] Therefore, it is necessary to provide a further improved water and oxygen stability of the perovskite light-absorbing layer to improve the service life of the perovskite solar cell.

[0079] Based on this, the present disclosure provides a perovskite solar cell. The present disclosure and optional embodiments are described in more detail below.

[0080] Solar cell

[0081] A first aspect of the present disclosure provides a solar cell. The solar cell includes a first electrode, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, and a second electrode which are sequentially stacked; wherein the perovskite light-absorbing layer includes particles having a core-shell structure, the core of the particles includes perovskite grains, and the shell includes silane cross-linkers.

[0082] By setting the particle with core-shell structure, wherein the perovskite crystal grains are located at the center as the "core" of the particle, and the silane crosslinker is surrounded around the perovskite crystal grains as the "shell" of the particle. That is, the surface and grain boundary of the perovskite crystal grains have the silane crosslinker, so that the Si-O-Si crosslinking structure in the silane crosslinker forms a protective network on the surface of the perovskite crystal grains, so as to effectively block the water and oxygen in the external environment from penetrating into the perovskite crystal grains inside, thereby improving the water and oxygen stability of the perovskite crystal grains, and further prolonging the service life of the solar cell.

[0083] In the present disclosure, SEM-EDX is used to scan the perovskite light-absorbing layer at a scale of 500 nm, and it is found that there are Si and O elements at the grain boundary and surface of the perovskite crystal grains, thereby indicating the core-shell structure mentioned in the present disclosure.

[0084] In some embodiments, the silane crosslinker comprises a structure shown in Formula I:

[0085] wherein the crosslinking degree of the silane crosslinker is 2-250,

[0086] each R1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkylene, -NR c -, -NR c -R a -, -R a -NR c -R b -, -R a -O-R b -, -R a -S-R b -;

[0087] each R2 is independently selected from -OH, -NR c R d , -C(=O)R c , -C(=O)OR c , -OC(=O)R c , halogen, amido, vinyl, substituted or unsubstituted 6- to 14-membered aryl or 5- to 12-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3-6 cycloalkyl or 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl; wherein,

[0088] R a and R b are each independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkylene,

[0089] R c and R d are each independently selected from H, C 1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl,

[0090] represents a single bond or a double bond.

[0091] When R1, R2 are selected from the above groups and have the above cross-linking degree, the cross-linking structure in the silane cross-linker molecule has a moderate size, which can effectively hinder water and oxygen and block their contact with the perovskite crystal grains. Meanwhile, the silane cross-linker has a long-chain hydrophobic structure, which can further block water and oxygen and further improve the water and oxygen stability of the perovskite crystal grains. In addition, the R2 group in the structure can passivate the surface and / or grain boundary defects of the perovskite layer, reduce non-radiative recombination, and thus improve the overall performance and stability of the perovskite solar cell.

[0092] It can be understood that R1 of formula I can be selected as the same or different groups, for example, R1 can be selected as the same group, such as both being C 1-6 alkylene; in another example, R1 can be selected as different groups, such as being C 1-6 alkylene and -NR c , which is not limited here.

[0093] It can be understood that R2 of formula I can be selected as the same or different groups, for example, R2 can be selected as the same group, such as both being -NR c R d ; in another example, R2 can be selected as different groups, such as being -NR c R d and -C(=O)R c , which is not limited here.

[0094] In some embodiments, the cross-linking degree of the silane cross-linker is 2-250, which can be 2, 10, 50, 80, 100, 101, 111, 120, 130, 136, 150, 152, 174, 180, 200, 223, 250, or a range composed of any two of the above values, such as 10-100, 100-130, 100-200, etc. It can further be selected as 50-180. In this way, the cross-linking degree of the silane cross-linker is controlled in the above range, which can control the cross-linking structure in the silane cross-linker molecule to have a moderate size, which can effectively hinder water and oxygen, and the R2 in the structure can passivate the surface and / or internal defects of the perovskite, without affecting the carrier transport, thereby improving the photoelectric performance and stability of the solar cell.

[0095] In some embodiments, R1 is each independently selected from C 1-5 alkylene, -NR c -R a -, -Ra -NR c -R b -、-R a -OR b -、-R a -SR b -, where R a and R b Each is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted C 1-4 Alkylene, R c Selected from H, C 1-4 Alkyl, C 2-4 Alkenyl groups. R1 plays a connecting role in silane crosslinking. When R1 is selected from the above-mentioned groups, the resulting steric hindrance is small, which can increase the flexibility of silane crosslinking, effectively hinder water and oxygen, and help improve the stability of solar cells.

[0096] In some implementations, R2 is independently selected from -NR. c R d , halogen, substituted or unsubstituted 6- to 14-membered aryl, amide groups, wherein R c and R d Each is independently selected from H and C. 1-4 Alkyl, C 2-4 Alkenyl. When R2 is selected from the above groups, the structure shown in Formula I is easily obtained, and at the same time, the cross-linking structure in the silane cross-linked molecule has a moderate size, which effectively hinders water and oxygen and is beneficial to improving the stability of solar cells.

[0097] In some implementations, R1 is independently selected from C. 2-5 Alkylene, -NR c -R a -、-R a -NR c -R b -、-R a -OR b -、-R a -SR b -, where R a and R b Each is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted C 1-3 Alkylene groups. The R1 group plays a connecting role in the silane crosslinker. When R1 is selected from the above groups, the steric hindrance is smaller, which can further increase the flexibility of the silane crosslinker and improve the encapsulation of the perovskite grains by the silane crosslinker, thereby further improving the water and oxygen stability of the perovskite light-absorbing layer. At the same time, the structure shown in Formula I is easier to obtain.

[0098] In some implementations, R2 is selected from -NR c R dsuch as -NH2), CI, Br, I, phenyl, halogen-substituted phenyl, halogen-substituted alkyl-substituted phenyl, amido, wherein R c and R d each independently is selected from H, methyl. Thus, the formed silane crosslinker can passivate defects at the perovskite surface or grain boundaries. For example, when R2is substituted or unsubstituted -NH2, X-site defects can be effectively passivated, reducing defects in the perovskite layer, thereby facilitating improved optoelectronic performance of the solar cell.

[0099] In some embodiments, the shell of the particle comprises a silane crosslinker of the structure shown below:

[0100] denotes attachment to another structure shown, which can be the same or different.

[0101] It can be appreciated that the silane crosslinker can be attached to the same structure described above, or to multiple different structures.

[0102] In some embodiments, the molar ratio of the silane crosslinker to the perovskite in the perovskite light absorbing layer is greater than zero and less than or equal to 1 :20. The amount of silane crosslinker in this range allows for interfacial transport to be maintained, thereby facilitating the optoelectronic performance of the device.

[0103] The perovskite solar cell of the present disclosure is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0104] FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The solar cell 10 comprises a first electrode 11 and a second electrode 12, and a perovskite light absorbing layer 13 disposed between the first electrode 11 and the second electrode 12.

[0105] The first electrode 11 and the second electrode 12 are used to collect electrons / holes. In some embodiments, one of the first electrode and the second electrode is a transparent electrode. The transparent electrode is the electrode that first receives incident light. Illustratively, the transparent electrode can comprise a transparent conductive material. The present disclosure does not have a particular limitation on the transparent conductive material. Illustratively, the transparent conductive material comprises one or more of tin oxide, indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), indium-doped zinc oxide (IZO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), boron-doped zinc oxide, antimony-doped tin oxide, indium-doped tungsten oxide (IWO), indium-doped chromium oxide (ICrO), indium-doped titanium oxide (ITiO), graphene.

[0106] In some embodiments, the other one of the first electrode and the second electrode can include the transparent conductive material or other conductive material described above. The present disclosure does not have a particular limitation on the other conductive material. For example, the other conductive material includes one or more of a metal and an alloy thereof, a carbon elemental material. Illustratively, the metal and the alloy thereof include one or more of gold, silver, copper, aluminum, nickel, chromium, bismuth, platinum, magnesium, molybdenum, tungsten. Illustratively, the carbon elemental material includes one or more of graphite, graphene, carbon nanotube. Illustratively, the organic conductive material includes at least one of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polythiophene, polyacetylene.

[0107] In some embodiments, the first electrode is a transparent electrode, or also referred to as a front electrode; and the second electrode is an electrode formed of the other conductive material described above, or also referred to as a back electrode. Illustratively, the thicknesses of the first electrode 11 and the second electrode 12 are in the range of 10 nm to 1000 nm, respectively.

[0108] The perovskite light-absorbing layer 13 is disposed between the first electrode 11 and the second electrode 12, and can generate electron-hole pairs based on excitation of incident light. The present disclosure does not have a particular limitation on the band gap of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 13, and a band gap of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 13 commonly used in the art can be adopted. Illustratively, the band gap of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 13 can be in the range of 1.20 eV to 2.30 eV. The present disclosure does not have a particular limitation on the measurement method of the band gap. Illustratively, the measurement method of the band gap can include: first, obtaining an ultraviolet absorption curve by ultraviolet absorption spectrum test; and then calculating the band gap of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 13 by Tauc equation. The present disclosure does not have a particular limitation on the thickness of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 13, and a thickness of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 13 commonly used in the art can be adopted. Illustratively, the thickness of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 13 is in the range of 200 nm to 1000 nm.

[0109] The perovskite light-absorbing layer 13 includes a perovskite material. In some embodiments, the perovskite material includes at least one of a compound represented by formula (II) and a compound represented by formula (III): [A][B][X]3 (II), [A]2[C][D][X]6 (III).

[0110] wherein A includes at least one of an inorganic or organic monovalent cation, B includes at least one of an inorganic or organic divalent cation, C includes at least one of an inorganic or organic monovalent cation, D includes at least one of an inorganic or organic trivalent cation, and X includes at least one of an inorganic or organic monovalent anion.

[0111] Illustratively, the organic monovalent cation includes: (NR 1 R 2 R3 R 4 ) + , (R 1 R 2 N = CR3R4) + , (R 1 R 2 N - C(R 5 ) = NR 3 R 4 ) + or (R 1 R 2 N - C(NR 5 R 6 ) = NR 3 R 4 ) + , wherein each of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6is independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl. For example, the organic monovalent cations include at least one of (H2N=CH-NH2) + (simplified as FA), CH3NH3 + (simplified as MA).

[0112] Exemplary inorganic monovalent cations include at least one of Li + , Na + , K + , Rb + , Cs + , Cu + , Ag + , Au + , or Hg + .

[0113] Exemplary inorganic divalent cations include at least one of Pb 2+ , Sn 2+ , Be 2+ , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , Ba 2+ , Zn 2+ , Ge 2+ , Fe 2+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cd 2+ , Cu 2+ , Mn 2+ , Pd 2+ , Yb 2+ , or Eu 2+ .

[0114] Exemplary inorganic trivalent cations include Bi3+ , Sb 3+ , Cr 3+ , Fe 3+ , Co 3+ , Ga 3+ , As 3+ , Ru 3+ , Rh 3+ , In 3+ , Ir 3+ , Au 3+ , or Al 3+ .

[0115] Exemplary monovalent anions include at least one of: F - , Cl - , Br - , I - , SCN - , CNO - , OCN - , OSCN - , SH - , CN - , BF 4- , PF 6- , HCOO - , SeCN - .

[0116] In some embodiments, the perovskite crystalline grain comprises a compound represented by formula (II),

[0117] wherein A comprises (NR 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 ) + , (R 1 R 2 N = CR 3 R 4 ) + , (R 1 R 2 N - C (R 5 ) = NR 3 R 4 ) + , or (R 1 R 2 N - C (N R 5 R 6 ) = NR 3 R 4 ) + , Li + , Na + , K + , Rb + , Cs +one or more of Cu + Ag + Au + or Hg + wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are each independently selected from H, C1-C20 alkyl or aryl;

[0118] B comprises at least one of Pb 2+ Sn 2+ ; and

[0119] X comprises at least one of F - , Cl - , Br - , I - , SCN - , CNO - , OCN - , OSCN - , SH - , CN - , SeCN - .

[0120] In some embodiments, A comprises HC(NH2)2+, CH(NH2)2 + , HCH3(NH2)2+, CH3NH3 + , Li + , Na + , K + , Rb + , or Cs + ;

[0121] B comprises Sn 2+ .

[0122] X comprises at least one of Cl - , Br - , I - , SCN - , CNO - , OCN - , OSCN - , SH - , OH - , CP - , CN - , SeCN - , N3 - , NO2-.

[0123] In some embodiments, A comprises (H2N=CH-NH2) + (abbreviated as FA), CH3NH3 + (abbreviated as MA), Cs + one or more of;

[0124] B comprises Pb 2+ , Sn 2+ one or more of; and

[0125] X comprises one or more of Cl - , Br - , I - .

[0126] The perovskite material mentioned above is more sensitive to water and oxygen, so that the blocking of water and oxygen by the core-shell structure of the present disclosure can play a greater advantage, further benefiting the photoelectric performance and stability of such perovskite solar cells.

[0127] In some embodiments, the perovskite light-absorbing layer comprises MA x FA 1-x Pb y Sn 1-y Br z I 3-z , wherein 0≤x≤1, 0 0.2 FA 0.8 Pb 0.5 Sn 0.5 I3.

[0128] In some embodiments, the solar cell further comprises a first carrier transport layer disposed between the first electrode and the perovskite light-absorbing layer; and a second carrier transport layer disposed between the perovskite light-absorbing layer and the second electrode; wherein the first carrier transport layer is one of an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer; and the second carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer (ETL) or a hole transport layer (HTL), but different from the first carrier transport layer. By disposing the first carrier transport layer and the second carrier transport layer, the dissociation effect of electrons and holes can be enhanced.

[0129] FIG. 2 shows a structural schematic diagram of a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In this embodiment, the solar cell 100 comprises, in sequence along the direction of light incidence, a first electrode 11, a hole transport layer 151, a perovskite light-absorbing layer 13, an electron transport layer 152, and a second electrode 12.

[0130] In the present disclosure, the electron transport layer 152 has the function of transporting electrons, for transporting the electrons generated by the excitation of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 13 to the adjacent electrode, and preventing the transport of holes.

[0131] The electron transport material employed by the present disclosure for the electron transport layer 152 is not particularly limited, and any conventional electron transport material can be employed. For example, the electron transport material includes at least one of an imide compound, a quinone compound, a fullerene and a derivative thereof, a metal oxide, a semiconductor material oxide, a titanate, a fluoride and a derivative thereof, and a material obtained by doping or passivating the above. For example, the imide compound includes at least one of phthalimide, succinimide, N-bromosuccinimide, glutarimide, or maleimide. For example, the quinone compound includes at least one of benzoquinone, naphthoquinone, phenanthraquinone, or anthraquinone. For example, the fullerene and the derivative thereof include at least one of fullerene C 60 , fullerene C 70 , [6,6]-phenyl C 61 butyric acid methyl ester (PC 61 BM), [6,6]-phenyl C 71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC 71 BM), or the like. For example, the metal element included in the metal oxide includes at least one of Mg, Cd, Zn, In, Pb, W, Sb, Bi, Hg, Ti, Ag, Mn, Fe, V, Sn, Zr, Sr, Ga, or Cr. Optionally, the metal oxide includes at least one of tin dioxide (Sn02) or titanium dioxide (Ti02). For example, the semiconductor material oxide includes silicon oxide. For example, the titanate includes at least one of strontium titanate or calcium titanate. For example, the fluoride includes at least one of lithium fluoride or calcium fluoride.

[0132] The thickness of the electron transport layer is not particularly limited in the present disclosure, and any conventional thickness of the electron transport layer can be employed. For example, the thickness of the electron transport layer is 5 nm to 100 nm.

[0133] In the present disclosure, a barrier layer can be present between the electron transport layer 152 and the second electrode 12. The barrier layer has a low valence band, and can effectively block the transport of holes, thereby reducing the energy loss caused by charge recombination. The barrier layer includes, but is not limited to, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), Sn02, ZnO, CeOx, or the like, and has a thickness of 0.5 nm to 20 nm.

[0134] In the present disclosure, the hole transport layer 151 has a function of extracting and transporting holes, and is used to transport the holes generated by the excitation of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 13 to the adjacent electrode, and to prevent the transport of electrons.

[0135] The hole transport material employed by the present disclosure for the hole transport layer is not particularly limited, and any conventional hole transport material can be employed. For example, the hole transport material includes nickel oxide (NiO xat least one of cuprous iodide (Cul), cuprous oxide (Cu20), cuprous thiocyanate (CuSCN), 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD), 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(di-p-tolylamino)spiro-9,9'-bifluorene (Spiro-TTB), poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA), self-assembled molecules, etc. Exemplary, self-assembled molecules include, but are not limited to, [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (Me-4PACz), [4-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (MeO-4PACz), [4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (4PACz), (4-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid (Br-4PACz), [2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (MeO-2PACz), (2-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (Me-2PACz), (2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (2PACz), (2-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (Br-2PACz), etc.

[0136] The thickness of the hole transport layer is not particularly limited in the present disclosure, and the thickness of the hole transport layer commonly used in the art can be used. Exemplarily, the thickness of the hole transport layer is 1 nm to 200 nm.

[0137] In the present disclosure, the perovskite solar cell further comprises a passivation layer disposed on at least one surface of the perovskite light-absorbing layer, thereby facilitating the reduction of defects at the interface and further improving the performance of the solar cell.

[0138] The passivation layer can comprise passivation agents commonly used in the art for passivating the perovskite light-absorbing layer, such as organic small molecules, organic salts, inorganic salts, polymers, etc. The organic small molecule passivation agent includes, but is not limited to, phenethylamine, ethylenediamine, pyridine, butanethiol, 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid, etc. The organic salt passivation material includes, but is not limited to, piperazine iodine, phenethylamine hydroiodide, dodecylhydroiodide, guanidine bromide, thiophene ethylamine hydroiodide, ethylenediamine hydroiodide, oleylamine iodine. The inorganic salt passivation material includes, but is not limited to, zinc chloride, potassium chloride, gallium chloride. The polymer passivation material includes, but is not limited to, polymethyl methacrylate, polyethylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl alcohol.

[0139] Method for preparing a solar cell

[0140] The present disclosure also provides a method for preparing a perovskite solar cell, comprising sequentially preparing a first electrode, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, and a second electrode.

[0141] In the present disclosure, the preparation of the perovskite light-absorbing layer comprises:

[0142] dissolving the perovskite precursor and the silane molecule in a solvent to obtain a first mixed solution;

[0143] growing the perovskite precursor in the first mixed solution into perovskite grains; and

[0144] adding a weak base solution with a pH of 7.1 to 10, optionally 8, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.5, 8.6, 8.8, 9, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, or any range consisting of these values.

[0145] During the perovskite crystallization process, O in the silane molecule can coordinate with the metal in the perovskite, delaying the perovskite crystallization, and the silane molecule cannot enter the crystal lattice of the perovskite due to its large molecular size, and is thus squeezed to the surface and grain boundary of the perovskite grains. When the weak base solution is added, the silane molecule will undergo a hydrolysis reaction and spontaneously form a cross-linked network on the surface and grain boundary of the grains (as shown in FIG. 4), blocking water and oxygen, thereby improving the water and oxygen stability of the perovskite and further improving the long-term stability of the solar cell.

[0146] In the present disclosure, the silane molecule comprises a molecule represented by the formula (R3O)3-Si-R1-R2, wherein each R1 is independently selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkylene, -NH-, -NH-R a -, -R a -NH-R b -, -R a -O-R b -, -R a -S-R b , wherein R a and R b are each independently selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkylene; each R2 is independently selected from -OH, -NR c R d , -C(=O)R c , -C(=O)OR c , -OC(=O)R c , halogen, amido, vinyl, a substituted or unsubstituted 6- to 14-membered aryl or 5- to 12-membered heteroaryl, a substituted or unsubstituted C 3-6 cycloalkyl or 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, wherein R c and R deach independently selected from H, C 1-4 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl; each R3is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, -C(=O)R e wherein R e is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl. The above silane molecules can be easily hydrolyzed in a weak base environment, thereby facilitating the cross-linking to form silane cross-linking.

[0147] In the present disclosure, R3is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C 1-3 alkyl, -C(=O)R e wherein R e is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl. The above silane molecules can be easily hydrolyzed in a weak base environment, thereby facilitating the cross-linking to form silane cross-linking.

[0148] In some embodiments, the silane molecule is selected from the compounds shown in Table 1 below.

[0149] Table 1

[0150] The above silane molecules facilitate the formation of silane cross-linking, thereby facilitating the improvement of the water-oxygen stability of perovskite, and further facilitating the service life of the solar cell.

[0151] In the present disclosure, the molar ratio of the weak base in the weak base to the silane molecule is 1:1-10:1.

[0152] In this way, the amount of alkaline solution is regulated, so that the silane molecule is sufficiently hydrolyzed, and at the same time, the damage of the weak base solution to the perovskite grains is further reduced.

[0153] The molar ratio of the weak base in the weak base to the silane molecule can be 1:1, 2:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 8:1, 10:1, etc., or a range composed of any two of the above values, such as 1:1-5:1, 4:1-10:1, 1:1-7:1, etc. Further, 2:1 can be selected. In some embodiments, the weak base solution can be ammonia water, ammonium hydroxide solution, ammonium bicarbonate solution, sodium bicarbonate solution, etc.

[0154] Further, the method for preparing each functional layer (first electrode, second electrode, perovskite light-absorbing layer, hole transport layer, passivation layer, electron transport layer) of the solar cell is not particularly limited and can include a method conventionally used in the art. For example, a spin coating method, a spray coating method, a slot coating method, a doctor blade coating method, a chemical bath deposition method, an electrochemical deposition method, a chemical vapor deposition method, a physical epitaxial growth method, a vacuum thermal evaporation method, an atomic layer deposition method, a magnetron sputtering method, a mechanical compression method, and the like.

[0155] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell of the present disclosure can be exemplarily obtained by a preparation method described as follows. The preparation method comprises the following steps:

[0156] Step S1: providing a transparent conductive glass substrate as a first electrode, and performing pretreatments such as etching, cleaning and drying on the transparent conductive glass substrate for standby;

[0157] Step S2: preparing a hole transport layer on the transparent conductive glass substrate;

[0158] Step S3: preparing a perovskite light-absorbing layer on the hole transport layer, and the method for preparing the perovskite light-absorbing layer comprises:

[0159] dissolving the perovskite precursor and the silane molecules in a solvent to obtain a first mixed solution;

[0160] growing the perovskite precursor in the first mixed solution into perovskite grains; and

[0161] adding a weak base solution with a pH of 7.1 to 10 to obtain the perovskite light-absorbing layer;

[0162] Step S4: preparing an electron transport layer on the perovskite light-absorbing layer;

[0163] Optional step S5: preparing a hole blocking layer on the electron transport layer;

[0164] Step S6: preparing a metal electrode as a second electrode on the electron transport layer or the hole blocking layer if present; and

[0165] Step S7: packaging the laminated structure obtained through steps S1 to S6 to obtain a perovskite solar cell.

[0166] Photovoltaic module

[0167] The embodiments of the present disclosure further provide a photovoltaic module comprising the solar cell provided by the above-mentioned embodiments. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic module further comprises a solder strip connecting a plurality of solar cells, a junction box for current transmission, and a cell packaging component.

[0168] In some embodiments, the battery packaging component includes photovoltaic glass. The photovoltaic glass covers the solar cell and protects the solar cell. Meanwhile, the photovoltaic glass has good light transmittance and high hardness, and can adapt to large diurnal temperature range and harsh weather environment.

[0169] In some embodiments, the battery packaging component includes an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) film arranged between the photovoltaic glass and the solar cell, and used for bonding the photovoltaic glass and the solar cell.

[0170] In some embodiments, the battery packaging component includes a photovoltaic backboard. The photovoltaic backboard protects the solar cell.

[0171] Optionally, the material of the photovoltaic backboard can include a polyvinyl fluoride composite film or a thermoplastic elastomer. The material of the photovoltaic backboard has the characteristics of insulation, waterproofness, and aging resistance.

[0172] In some embodiments, the battery packaging component includes a solar aluminum frame including an aluminum alloy material, and having the characteristics of high strength and corrosion resistance. The solar aluminum frame can support and protect the solar cell.

[0173] Power generation device

[0174] The embodiments of the present disclosure also provide a power generation device including the solar cell provided by the above embodiments.

[0175] Power consumption device

[0176] The embodiments of the present disclosure also provide a power consumption device including the solar cell provided by the above embodiments.

[0177] In some embodiments, the power consumption device can include a lighting device, an energy storage device, and the like, but is not limited thereto. For example, the power consumption device includes a solar water heater, a solar street lamp, a solar photovoltaic generator, and the like.

[0178] Embodiments

[0179] Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described. The embodiments described below are exemplary and are intended to explain the present disclosure, and should not be understood as a limitation of the present disclosure. In the embodiments, specific techniques or conditions not described are performed according to the techniques or conditions described in the literature in the art or according to the product manual. The reagents or instruments not described by the manufacturer are all conventional products that can be obtained on the market.

[0180] Embodiment 1. Preparation of a solar cell

[0181] 1. Provide a first electrode

[0182] FTO conductive glass substrates with a size of 2.0 x 2.0 cm were used, both ends of which were removed by laser etching to expose the glass substrate, and then the substrates were cleaned with deionized water, acetone and isopropanol, and dried under a nitrogen gun. The cleaned substrates were irradiated in a UV ozone machine for 20 minutes and were ready for use.

[0183] 2. Preparation of hole transport layer

[0184] A 100 μL volume of a water solution of nano-nickel oxide (10 mg / mL) was added dropwise to the FTO conductive glass substrate and spin-coated at a speed of 4000 rpm for 30 seconds. The nickel oxide layer, i.e. the hole transport layer, with a thickness of 100 nm was obtained by annealing on a hot stage at 100°C for 30 minutes.

[0185] 3. Preparation of perovskite light absorbing layer

[0186] 1.19 mmol of FAI, 0.51 mmol of MAI, 0.85 mmol of PbI2, 0.85 mmol of SnI2, and 0.0425 mmol of the molecule 1 (silane molecule) in Table 1 above were added to 1 mL of a mixed solvent of DMF and DMSO (volume ratio of DMF to DMSO was 2:1), and stirred on a magnetic stirrer at a speed of 600 rpm for 2 hours. The first mixed solution was obtained by filtering. 100 μL of the first mixed solution was spin-coated on the hole transport layer, first at a spin-coating speed of 1000 rpm and an acceleration of 200 rpm / s for 10 seconds, and then at a spin-coating speed of 3000 rpm and an acceleration of 1000 rpm / s for 20 seconds. Then, 500 μL of ethyl acetate was added dropwise to the spin-coated first mixed solution, and the first mixed solution was spin-coated again at a spin-coating speed of 4000 rpm for 20 seconds. Subsequently, the sample was transferred to a hot stage and annealed at 100°C for 10 minutes to form a MA 0.3 FA 0.7 b 0.5 Sn 0.5 I3perovskite layer.

[0187] Subsequently, 6.35 μL of ammonia water with a mass concentration of 25% was added to the perovskite layer, and after standing for 10 minutes, annealing was performed at 100°C for 5 minutes to obtain a perovskite light absorbing layer with a thickness of 1 μm.

[0188] 4. Preparation of electron transport layer

[0189] 40 μL of a PCBM solution (20 mg / mL) was added dropwise to the perovskite light absorbing layer and spin-coated at a speed of 5000 rpm for 30 seconds. The electron transport layer with a thickness of 10 nm was obtained by annealing at 100°C for 10 minutes.

[0190] 5. Preparation of the second electrode

[0191] A metal silver with a thickness of 100 nm was evaporated as the second electrode on the electron transport layer at an evaporation rate of 0.5 nm / s.

[0192] A perovskite solar cell was obtained from the above.

[0193] Examples 2 to 19

[0194] A perovskite solar cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the perovskite light-absorbing layer was prepared using molecules 2 to 19 as shown in Table 1 above, respectively.

[0195] Examples 20 to 22

[0196] A perovskite solar cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 0.0085 mmol, 0.023 mmol and 0.085 mmol of molecule 1 was used to prepare the perovskite light-absorbing layer, respectively, and then 1.27 μL, 12.7 μL and 12.7 μL of ammonia water with a mass concentration of 25% was added to the perovskite layer, respectively.

[0197] Comparative Example 1

[0198] A perovskite solar cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that no silane molecules were added in the preparation of the perovskite light-absorbing layer.

[0199] Comparative Example 2

[0200] A perovskite solar cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the perovskite light-absorbing layer was prepared in the following manner.

[0201] Preparation of the perovskite light-absorbing layer

[0202] 1.19 mmol of FAI, 0.51 mmol of MAI, 0.85 mmol of PbI2and 0.85 mmol of SnI2were added to 1 mL of a mixed solvent of DMF and DMSO (volume ratio of DMF to DMSO was 2:1), stirred on a magnetic stirrer at a speed of 600 rpm for 2 h, filtered, and a first mixed solution was obtained; 100 μL of the first mixed solution was spin-coated onto the hole transport layer, first spin-coated at a spin-coating speed of 1000 rpm and an acceleration of 200 rpm / s for 10 s, then spin-coated at a spin-coating speed of 3000 rpm and an acceleration of 1000 rpm / s for 20 s, then 500 μL of ethyl acetate was added dropwise to the spin-coated first mixed solution, and the solution was spin-coated again at a spin-coating speed of 4000 rpm for 20 s, and then transferred to a hot stage for annealing at 100°C for 10 min, to form a MA0.3 FA 0.7 b 0.5 Sn 0.5 I3 perovskite layer.

[0203] Subsequently, 0.0425 mmol of the silane molecule of molecule 1 in Table 1 above, 10 μL of ammonia water with a concentration of 25%, were added to the perovskite layer, and after standing for 10 minutes, annealing was performed at 100°C for 5 minutes to obtain a perovskite light-absorbing layer with a thickness of 1 μm.

[0204] In this comparative example, the perovskite light-absorbing layer was scanned with a scale of 500 nm by SEM-EDX, and it was found that at the surface of the perovskite crystal grains, Si and O elements were present, but at the grain boundaries, Si and O elements were not found.

[0205] Performance test of solar cell:

[0206] According to the national standard IEC61215, the intensity of the light was corrected by using the solar simulator of the light source, and the intensity of the light was made to reach 1 sun intensity, AM 1.5, the solar cell was connected with the digital source table, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell of Example 1-19 and Comparative Example 1-2 was tested under illumination.

[0207] The test voltage range was -0.2V-1.2V, and the scanning rate was 50 mV / s.

[0208] The optimal efficiency was the highest efficiency of the device after 1-10 days of natural aging (storage in the dark state, nitrogen environment), and the 30th day efficiency was the efficiency of the device after storage in the dark state under nitrogen.

[0209] The test results are recorded in Table 2.

[0210] Table 2: Photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cell of Example 1-19 and Comparative Example 1-2

[0211] As can be seen from the data in Table 2, by setting the perovskite light-absorbing layer including the particles with core-shell structure, the perovskite solar cell obtained has improved photoelectric conversion efficiency and service life.

[0212] It should be noted that the present disclosure is not limited to the above-described embodiments. The above-described embodiments are only examples, and embodiments having substantially the same configuration and playing the same role and effect within the scope of the technical solutions of the present disclosure are all included in the technical scope of the present disclosure. In addition, within the scope of the main idea of the present disclosure, various modifications that can be thought of by those skilled in the art, and other ways constructed by combining part of the components of the embodiments are also included in the scope of the present disclosure.

Claims

1. A perovskite solar cell, the perovskite solar cell comprising: The first electrode, the perovskite light-absorbing layer and the second electrode are sequentially stacked; The perovskite light-absorbing layer comprises particles with a core-shell structure, the core of the particle comprises perovskite grains, and the shell comprises silane cross-linking products.

2. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, wherein The silane crosslinker includes a structure shown in Formula I: The cross-linking degree of the silane cross-linking product is 2-250. R1each independently includes at least one of substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkylene, -NR c -, -NR c -R a -, -R a -NR c -R b -, -R a -O-R b -, -R a -S-R b - R2each independently includes -OH, -NR c R d , -C(=O)R c , -C(=O)OR c , -OC(=O)R c , halogen, amido, vinyl, at least one of substituted or unsubstituted 6- to 14-membered aryl or 5- to 12-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl; wherein R a and R b each independently includes at least one of H, C 1-6 alkylene, R c and R d each independently includes at least one of H, C 1-4 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl, represents being connected to another structure shown in the same or different formula I through a single bond.

3. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 2, wherein, R1each independently includes C 1-5 alkylene, -NR c -R a -, -R a -NR c -R b -, -R a -O-R b -, -R a -S-R b - at least one of; and / or R2each independently includes -NR c R d , halogen, substituted or unsubstituted 6- to 14-membered aryl, at least one of amido groups; wherein R a and R b each independently comprises at least one of H, C 1-4 alkylene; R c and R d each independently comprises at least one of H, C 1-4 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl.

4. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 2 or 3, wherein In R1, in the case where the 6- to 14-membered aryl group or 5- to 12-membered heteroaryl group has a substituent, the substituent includes halogen, amino, C 1-4 alkyl or haloC 1-4 alkyl one or more.

5. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 2-4, wherein, R1each independently includes C 2-5 alkylene, -NR c -R a -, -R a -NR c -R b -, -R a -O-R b -, -R a -S-R b - of at least one; and / or R2each independently includes -NR c R d , Cl, Br, I, phenyl, halogen substituted phenyl, haloalkyl substituted phenyl, amino substituted phenyl, amido. wherein R a and R b each independently comprises at least one of H and methyl. In some embodiments, R 1-3 alkylene, R c and R d each independently comprises at least one of H and methyl.

6. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein The shell comprises silane crosslinks of the structure shown below: represents being connected to another structure shown in the same or different formula I through a single bond.

7. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 2 to 6, wherein, The cross-linking degree of the silane cross-linking product is 50-180.

8. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein The perovskite grains comprise at least one corresponding grain of a compound shown in formula (II) or a compound shown in formula (III): [A][B][X]3 (II), [A]2[C][D][X]6 (III); A comprises at least one of inorganic or organic monovalent cations, B comprises at least one of inorganic or organic divalent cations, C comprises at least one of inorganic or organic monovalent cations, D comprises at least one of inorganic or organic trivalent cations, and X comprises at least one of inorganic or organic monovalent anions.

9. The perovskite solar cell of claim 8, wherein, The perovskite grains comprise a compound shown in formula (II), wherein A comprises (NR 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 ) + , (R 1 R 2 N=CR 3 R 4 ) + , (R 1 R 2 N-C(R 5 )=NR 3 R 4 ) + or (R 1 R 2 N-C(NR 5 R 6 )=NR 3 R 4 ) + , Li + , Na + , K + , Rb + , Cs + , Cu + , Ag + , Au + or Hg + , wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are each independently selected from H, C1-C20 alkyl or aryl; B comprises one or more of Pb 2+ , Sn 2+ , Be 2+ , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , Ba 2+ , Zn 2+ , Ge 2+ , Fe 2+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cd 2+ , Cu 2+ , Mn 2+ , Pd 2+ , Yb 2+ , or Eu 2+ . and / or X comprises one or several of F - , Cl - , Br - , I - , SCN - , CNO - , OCN - , OSCN - , SH - , CN - , SeCN - .

10. The perovskite solar cell of claim 8, wherein, The perovskite grains comprise a compound shown in formula (II), wherein A comprises at least one of CH(NH2)2 + , CH3NH3 + , Li + , Na + , K + , Rb + , or Cs + . B comprises Sn 2+ ; X comprises at least one of Cl - , Br - , I - , SCN - , CNO - , OCN - , OSCN - , SH - , OH - , CP - , CN - , SeCN - , N3 - , NO2 11. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein In the perovskite light-absorbing layer, the molar ratio of the silane cross-linking product to the perovskite grains is greater than zero and less than or equal to 1:

20.

12. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein, The solar cell comprises a first carrier transport layer arranged between the first electrode and the perovskite light-absorbing layer, and a second carrier transport layer arranged between the perovskite light-absorbing layer and the second electrode. One of the first carrier transport layer and the second carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer, and the other is a hole transport layer.

13. The perovskite solar cell of claim 12, wherein, The first electrode is a transparent electrode, the first carrier transport layer is a hole transport layer, and the second carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer.

14. A method for preparing a perovskite solar cell, comprising sequentially preparing a first electrode, a perovskite light-absorbing layer and a second electrode, wherein the preparation of the perovskite light-absorbing layer comprises: dissolving a perovskite precursor and a silane molecule in a solvent to obtain a first mixed solution; growing the perovskite precursor in the first mixed solution into perovskite grains; and adding a weak base solution with a pH of 7.1-10.

15. The method of manufacturing according to claim 14, wherein, The silane molecule comprises a molecule shown in formula (R3O)3-Si-R1-R2, wherein, R1each independently includes a substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkylene, -NR c -, -NR c -R a -, -R a -NR c -R b -, -R a -O-R b -, -R a -S-R b - R2each independently includes -OH, -NR c R d , -C(=O)R c , -C(=O)OR c , -OC(=O)R c , halogen, amido, vinyl, at least one of substituted or unsubstituted 6- to 14-membered aryl or 5- to 12-membered heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3-6 cycloalkyl, or 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl; wherein R a and R b each independently comprises at least one of H, C 1-6 alkylene, R c and R d each independently comprises at least one of H, C 1-4 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl; R3each independently includes substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, -C(=O)R e wherein R e independently includes substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl.

16. The method of making of claim 15, wherein each R1 independently comprises C 2-5 alkylene, -NR c -R a -, -R a -NR c -R b -, -R a -O-R b -, -R a -S-R b - of at least one; and / or R2each independently includes -NR c R d , halogen, substituted or unsubstituted 6- to 14-membered aryl, at least one of amido; and / or R3each independently includes a substituted or unsubstituted C 1-3 alkyl, -C(=O)R e at least one of; wherein R a and R b each independently includes at least one of H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-4 alkylene, R c and R d each independently includes at least one of H, C 1-4 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl, R e independently includes substituted or unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl.

17. The production method according to claim 15 or 16, wherein In R1, in the case where the 6- to 14-membered aryl group or 5- to 12-membered heteroaryl group has a substituent, the substituent includes halogen, amino, C 1-4 alkyl or haloC 1-4 alkyl one or more.

18. The production method according to any one of claims 14 to 17, wherein, The silane molecules include one or more of the following compounds:

19. The production process according to any one of claims 14 to 18, wherein, The molar ratio of the weak base in the weak base solution to the silane molecule is 1:1-10:

1.

20. A photovoltaic module, comprising the perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1-13 or the perovskite solar cell obtained by the preparation method according to any one of claims 14-19.

21. A power generation device, comprising the perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1-13 or the perovskite solar cell obtained by the preparation method according to any one of claims 14-19.

22. An electric consumer comprising the perovskite solar cell of any one of claims 1 to 13 or the perovskite solar cell obtained from the preparation method of any one of claims 14 to 19.

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