Gloves having antimicrobial properties and methods of manufacturing the same

Abstract

Described herein are gloves having antimicrobial properties, as well as compositions (e.g., coagulant formulations) and methods for producing such gloves. In some embodiments, the gloves comprise an ionophore-ion functional group complex (e.g., Ca2+- carboxylate complex) at the outer surface, which imparts antimicrobial properties to the gloves.

Description

2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WOGLOVES HAVING ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES AND METHODS OF MANUFACTURING THE SAMEBACKGROUND

[0001] Disposable gloves are essential items in many environments, particularly healthcare, where they protect workers and patients from exposure to potentially dangerous microbes and provide essential hygiene. However, existing gloves do not possess antimicrobial properties, and after exposure to bacteria and viruses, the gloves can become contaminated and spread the bacteria and viruses to other surfaces. Thus, at least in healthcare settings, there is a need to provide antimicrobial properties for the safe use of gloves. However, the existing methods of imparting antimicrobial properties to gloves often require applying a separate antimicrobial coating to the gloves, which adds additional manufacturing costs and is at risk of cracking or being rubbed off in use. Further, such antimicrobial coatings often have limited efficacy and tend to impair the physical properties of the gloves (flexibility, touch sensitivity, etc.).

[0002] There is a need for gloves with improved antimicrobial properties. The present disclosure provides such gloves, method of manufacturing the same, and more.SUMMARY

[0003] In one aspect, the disclosure provides gloves comprising a plurality of cations and a plurality of ionophore functional groups on at least one surface of the glove, wherein the average atomic ratio of (a) the cation on the at least one surface of the glove to (b) the total non-hydrogen atoms present on the at least one surface of the glove is at least about 0.5%, and wherein the average atomic ratio is determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a) to (b) is at least about 0.75%, at least about 1%, at least about 1.5%, or at least about 2%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a) to (b) is at least about 1%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a) to (b) is between about 0.5% and about 10%, about 0.5% and about 9%, about 0.5% and about 8%, about 0.5% and about 7%, about 0.5% and about 6%, about 0.5% and about 5%, about 0.5% and about 4%, about 0.5% and about 3%, about 1% and about 10%, about 1% and about 9%, about 1% and about 8%, about 1% and about 7%, about 1% and about 6%, about 1% and about 5%, about 1% and about2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO4%, or about 1% and about 3%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a) to (b) is between about 1% and about 4%.

[0004] In some embodiments, the at least one surface has an average surface pH of > 7.4. In some embodiments, the at least one surface has the average surface pH of between 7.4 and 8.5, between 7.5 and 8.5, or between 7.5 and 8.1.

[0005] In some embodiments, the at least one surface has an average surface charge of < about -20 mV. In some embodiments, the at least one surface has the average surface charge of between about -80 mV and about -20 mV, about -70 mV and about -20 mV, about -60 mV and about -20 mV, about -60 mV and about -30 mV, or about -55 mV and about -30 mV.

[0006] In one aspect, the disclosure provides gloves comprising a plurality of cations and a plurality of ionophore functional groups on at least one surface of the glove, wherein the at least one surface has an average surface pH of > 7.4. In some embodiments, the at least one surface has the average surface pH of between 7.4 and 8.5, between 7.5 and 8.5, or between 7.5 and 8.1.

[0007] In one aspect, the disclosure provides gloves comprising a plurality of cations and a plurality of ionophore functional groups on at least one surface of the glove, wherein the at least one surface has an average surface charge of < about -20 mV. In some embodiments, the at least one surface has the average surface charge of between about -80 mV and about -20 mV, about -70 mV and about -20 mV, about -60 mV and about -20 mV, about -60 mV and about -30 mV, or about -55 mV and about -30 mV.

[0008] In some embodiments, at least a part of the plurality of cations and at least a part of the plurality of ionophore functional groups form an ion-ionophore or ionophore-ion functional group complex. The terms “ion-ionophore” and “ionophore-ion” are herein used interchangeably, and the term “ionophore-ion” will be used hereinafter.

[0009] In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a- 3) the cation in the ionophore-ion functional group complex present on the at least one surface to (b) the total nonhydrogen atoms present on the at least one surface of the glove is at least about 0.75%.

[0010] In one aspect, the disclosure provides gloves comprising a plurality of cations and a plurality of ionophore functional groups on at least one surface of the glove, wherein at least a part of the plurality of cations and at least a part of the plurality of ionophore functional groups form an ionophore-ion functional group complex, wherein the average atomic ratio of (a-3) the cation in the ionophore-ion functional group complex present on the at least one surface to (b) the2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO total non-hydrogen atoms present on the at least one surface of the glove is at least about 0.7%, and wherein the average atomic ratio is determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).

[0011] In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a- 3) the cation in the ionophore-ion functional group complex present on the at least one surface to (b) the total nonhydrogen atoms present on the at least one surface of the glove is between about 0.7% and about 10%, about 0.7% and about 9%, about 0.7% and about 8%, about 0.7% and about 7%, about 0.7% and about 6%, about 0.7% and about 5%, about 0.7% and about 4%, about 0.7% and about 3%, about 0.7% and about 2%, about 1% and about 10%, about 1% and about 9%, about 1% and about 8%, about 1% and about 7%, about 1% and about 6%, about 1% and about 5%, about 1% and about 4%, about 1% and about 3%, or about 1% and about 2%.

[0012] In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a- 3) the cation in the ionophore-ion functional group complex present on the at least one surface to (b) the total nonhydrogen atoms present on the at least one surface of the glove is between about 0.8% and about 2%.

[0013] In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-4) the total non-hydrogen atoms in the ionophore functional group in complex with the cation present on the at least one surface to (b) the total non-hydrogen atoms present on the at least one surface of the glove is at least about 2%.

[0014] In one aspect, the disclosure provides gloves comprising a plurality of cations and a plurality of ionophore functional groups on at least one surface of the glove, wherein at least a part of the plurality of cations and at least a part of the plurality of ionophore functional groups form an ionophore-ion functional group complex, wherein the average atomic ratio of (a-4) the total non-hydrogen atoms in the ionophore functional group in complex with the cation present on the at least one surface to (b) the total non-hydrogen atoms present on the at least one surface of the glove is at least about 0.2%, and wherein the average atomic ratio is determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).

[0015] In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-4) the total non-hydrogen atoms in the ionophore functional group in complex with the cation present on the at least one surface to (b) the total non-hydrogen atoms present on the at least one surface of the glove is between about 2% and about 3%, about 3% and about 4%, about 4% and about 6%, about 6% and about 8%, about 8% and about 12%, or about 12% and about 16%. In some embodiments, the2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO average atomic ratio of (a-4) the total non-hydrogen atoms in the ionophore functional group present on the at least one surface to (b) the total non-hydrogen atoms present on the at least one surface of the glove is between about 2.4% and about 8%.

[0016] In some embodiments, at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, or at least about 40%, of the cation on the at least one surface of the glove is in the ionophore-ion functional group complex.

[0017] In some embodiments, between about 10% and about 20%, about 20% and about 40%, about 40% and about 60%, about 60% and about 80%, or about 80% and about 100%, of the cation on the at least one surface of the glove is in the ionophore-ion functional group complex. In some embodiments, between about 30% and about 90% of the cation on the at least one surface of the glove is in the ionophore-ion functional group complex.

[0018] In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-1) the total non-hydrogen atoms in the ionophore functional group present on the at least one surface to (b) the total nonhydrogen atoms present on the at least one surface is at least about 0.5%, at least about 1%, at least about 2%, at least about 5%, or at least about 10%.

[0019] In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-1) to (b) is between about 0.5% and about 1%, about 1% and about 2%, about 2% and about 4%, about 4% and about 8%, about 8% and about 12%, about 12% and about 16%, or about 16% and about 20%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-1) to (b) is between about 4% and about 8%.

[0020] In some embodiments, at least a portion of the plurality of cations is coordinated with at least a portion of the plurality of ionophore functional groups.

[0021] In some embodiments, between about 4% and about 8%, about 8% and about 16%, about 16% and about 32%, about 32% and about 48%, about 48% and about 64%, about 64% and about 80%, or about 80% and about 100%, of the ionophore functional group is coordinated with the cation. In some embodiments, between about 80% and about 100% of the ionophore functional group is coordinated with the cation.

[0022] In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-2) the total non-hydrogen atoms in the ionophore-ion functional group complex present on the at least one surface to (b) the total non-hydrogen atoms present on the at least one surface is at least about 0.5%, at least about 1%, at least about 2%, at least about 5%, or at least about 10%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-2) to (b) is between about 0.5% and about 1%, about 1% and about 2%,2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO about 2% and about 4%, about 4% and about 8%, about 8% and about 12%, about 12% and about 16%, or about 16% and about 20%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-2) to (b) is between about 4% and about 10%.

[0023] In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (c-1) the carbon atoms in the ionophore functional groups present on the at least one surface to (c-2) the total carbon atoms present on the at least one surface is at least about 0.5%, at least about 1%, at least about 2%, at least about 5%, or at least about 10%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (c-1) to (c-2) is between about 0.5% and about 1%, about 1% and about 2%, about 2% and about 4%, about 4% and about 8%, about 8% and about 12%, about 12% and about 16%, or about 16% and about 20%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (c-1) to (c-2) is between about 1% and about 4%.

[0024] In some embodiments, the at least one surface has a depth of no more than about 1 nm, no more than about 2 nm, no more than about 5 nm, or no more than about 10 nm. In some embodiments, the at least one surface has a depth of between about 0.1 nm and about 0.5 nm, between about 0.5 nm and about 1 nm, between about 1 nm and about 2 nm, between about 2 nm and about 5 nm, or between about 5 nm and about 10 nm. In some embodiments, the at least one surface has a depth of between about 1 nm and about 2 nm.

[0025] In some embodiments, the at least one surface comprises at least 5 cm2, at least 10 cm2, at least 20 cm2, at least 50 cm2, at least 100 cm2at least 500 cm2, at least 1000 cm2, at least 1500 cm2, or at least 2000 cm2of area. In some embodiments, the at least one surface comprises between 5 cm2and 10 cm2, 10 cm2and 20 cm2, 20 cm2and 50 cm2, 50 cm2and 100 cm2, 100 cm2and 200 cm2, 200 cm2and 500 cm2, 500 cm2and 1000 cm2, or 1000 cm2and 2000 cm2, of area. In some embodiments, the at least one surface comprises between 200 cm2and 500 cm2of area. In some embodiments, the at least one surface comprises between 500 cm2and 1500 cm2of area. In some embodiments, the at least one surface comprises between 1500 cm2and 3000 cm2of area.

[0026] In some embodiments, the at least one surface is an outer surface of the glove. In some embodiments, the at least one surface is an outer surface within the palm area of the glove. In some embodiments, the at least one surface is an outer surface within the finger area of the glove. In some embodiments, the at least one surface of the glove is analyzed when the glove is stored at 20°C for less than 1 week after manufacturing. In some embodiments, the at least one2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO surface of the glove is analyzed when the glove has undergone a 3 years old accelerated aging process.

[0027] In some embodiments, the standard deviation of the atomic ratio in five different spots of the at least one surface, as determined using XPS with a size of about 400x400 micrometres squared (pm2) for each of the spots, is less than 1%, less than 2%, less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, or less than 50%.

[0028] In some embodiments, the glove comprises at least one polymer material, and the ionophore functional group is covalently linked to at least one polymer material of the glove. In some embodiments, the polymer material is hydrophilic or amphiphilic. In some embodiments, the polymer material is water soluble or water dispersible.

[0029] In some embodiments, the ionophore functional group is provided by cellulose, ethyl cellulose (EC), methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), cellulose acetate and cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose nitrate, cellulose triacetate, ethylene / vinyl acetate, poly(acrylic acid), poly(methyl methacrylate), polypropylene oxide), poly(vinyl acetate), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly (2-phenyl-2-oxazoline) (PPhOx), polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyphydroxy ethyl methacrylate), poly (1,2-butylene glycol) (PBG), polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, poly(vinyl acetate), water-based resins, latex, water- based acrylics, polyurethanes, nitrile latex, natural rubbers, styrene-butadiene, carboxylated styrenebutadiene, cationic surfactants such as dicetyldimonium chloride, anionic surfactants such as sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, ammonium dodecyl benzenesulfonate, non-ionic surfactants such as nonylphenol ethoxylated (NPE), polyoxyethylene oleyl ether, or any combination thereof.

[0030] In some embodiments, the ionophore functional group is provided by nitrile latex or carboxylated styrene-butadiene, or a combination thereof.

[0031] In some embodiments, each ionophore functional group comprises carboxylate, carboxylic acid, carbonyl, hydroxyl, ether, sulfonate, sulfate, phosphate, amine, pyridinyl, imidazolyl, or any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the ionophore functional group comprises a hydroxyl group. In some embodiments, the ionophore functional group comprises a carboxylic acid group and / or a carboxylate group. In some embodiments, the ionophore functional group is not derived from ethyl cellulose (EC). In some embodiments, the glove does not comprise ethanol. In some embodiments, the glove does not comprise alcohol. In some embodiments, the ionophore functional group is not a hydroxyl group.2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO

[0032] In some embodiments, the cation is a metal ion selected from Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mn2+, Mg2+, Sr2+, Ti2+, Ti4+, Ba2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Al3+, Cr3+, Bi3+, and any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the cation comprises or is Ca2+. In some embodiments, the ionophore-ion functional group complex comprises a carboxylate-Ca2+complex.

[0033] In some embodiments, coordination of the cation and the ionophore comprises chelating, unidentate and / or bidentate coordination.

[0034] In some embodiments, the glove comprises nitrile, vinyl, and / or latex. In some embodiments, the nitrile, vinyl, and / or latex comprises at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% (w / w) of the glove.

[0035] In some embodiments, the glove comprises carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR), carboxylated styrene butadiene rubber (XSBR) latex, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the glove comprises both the XNBR and the XSBR covalently linked to each other. In some embodiments, the ionophore comprises a carboxylic acid group of XNBR and / or XSBR.

[0036] In some embodiments, the glove has a thickness ranging from about 0.04 mm to about 0.4 mm.

[0037] In some embodiments, the glove does not comprise an antimicrobial coating. In some embodiments, the glove does not comprise a coating material.

[0038] In some embodiments, the glove does not comprise an antimicrobial additive.

[0039] In some embodiments, the ionophore-ion functional group complex imparts antimicrobial properties to the glove.

[0040] In some embodiments, the glove comprises a sufficient amount of the ionophore functional groups to retain the cation on the one surface of the glove.

[0041] In some embodiments, the gloves kill at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% of a bacterium within about 1 minute after the bacterium is in contact with the at least one surface of the glove. In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 1 log, 2 log, 3 log, 4 log, or 5 log reduction of the number of a bacterium on the at least one surface of the glove within 1, 5, 10, 20, 30 minutes, or within 1 or 2 hours. In some embodiments, when the bacterium is a gram positive strain, the gloves achieve at least a 1 log, 2 log, 3 log, 4 log, or 5 log reduction of the number of a bacterium on at least one surface of the glove within 1, 5, 10, 20 or 30 minutes. In some embodiments, for instance when the bacterium is a gram negative strain, the gloves achieve at least2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO a 1 log, 2 log, 3 log, 4 log, or 5 log reduction of the number of a bacterium on at least one surface of the glove within 1 or 2 hours. In some embodiments, the bacterium is selected from the group consisting of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus epidermidis, Corynebacterium xerosis, and any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the bacterium is selected from the group consisting of Acetobacter aurantius, Acinetobacter baumannii, Actinomyces israelii, Agrobacterium radiobacter, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Anaplasma phagocy tophilum, Azorhizobium caulinodans, Azotobacter vinelandii, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus fusiformis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides gingivalis, Bacteroides melaninogenicus, Bartonella henselae, Bartonella Quintana, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Bordetella pertussis, Borrelia burgdorferi. Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis, Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia cepacia, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter fetus, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter pylori, Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Chlamydophila psittaci, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani, Corynebacterium diphtheria, Corynebacterium fusiforme, Coxiella burnetii, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterococcus avium, Enterococcus durans, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus gallinarum, Enterococcus maloratus, Francisella tularensis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Gardnerella vaginalis, Haemophilus ducreyi, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Haemophilus pertussis, Haemophilus vaginalis, Helicobacter pylori, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactococcus lactis, Legionella pneumophila, Listeria monocytogenes, Methylobacterium extroquens, Microbacterium multiforme, Micrococcus luteus, Moraxella catarrhalis, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium diphtheriae, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium lepraemurium, Mycobacterium phlei, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycoplasma fermentans, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma penetrans, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella tularensis,2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WOPeptostreptococcus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella melaninogenica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Rhizobium radiobacter, Rickettsia prowazekii, Rickettsia psittaci, Rickettsia quintana, Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsia trachomas, Rochalimaea henselae, Rochalimaea quintana, Rothia dentocariosa, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia marcescens, Shigella dysenteriae, Spirillum volutans, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus avium, Streptococcus bovis, Streptococcus cricetus, Streptococcus faecium, Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus ferus, Streptococcus gallinarum, Streptococcus lactis, Streptococcus mitior, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oxalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus rattus, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus sobrinus, Treponema pallidum, Treponema denticola, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio comma, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, Viridans streptococci, Wolbachia, Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pestis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the bacterium is selected from the group consisting of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Enterococcus faecium, Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria innocua, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus methicillin-resistant (MRSA), Staphylococcus epidermidis, Corynebacterium Xerosis, and any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the bacterium is selected from the group consisting of Acinetobacter baumannii, Actinomyces israelii, Agrobacterium radiobacter, Anaplasma phagocy tophilum, Azorhizobium caulinodans, Azotobacter vinelandii, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus fusiformis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus Thuringiensis, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides gingivalis, Bacteroides melaninogenicus, Bartonella henselae, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Bordetella pertussis, Borrelia burgdorferi. Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis, Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia cepacia, Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter fetus, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter pylori, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Chlamydophila psittaci, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Coxiella burnetii, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterococcus avium, Enterococcus durans, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus gallinarum,2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WOEnterococcus maloratus, Francisella tularensis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Gardnerella vaginalis, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Haemophilus pertussis, Helicobacter pylori, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactocaseibacillus casei, Lactococcus lactis, Legionella pneumophila, Listeria innocua, Listeria monocytogenes, Methylobacterium extroquens, Microbacterium multiforme, Micrococcus luteus, Moraxella catarrhalis, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium lepraemurium, Mycobacterium phlei, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycoplasma fermentans, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella tularensis, Peptostreptococcus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella melaninogenica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Rickettsia prowazekii, Rothia dentocariosa, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia marcescens, Shigella dysenteriae, Spirillum volutans, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus bovis, Streptococcus cricetus, Streptococcus ferus, Streptococcus gallinarum, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus rattus, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus sobrinus, Treponema pallidum, Treponema denticola, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, Viridans streptococci, Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pestis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and any combinations thereof.

[0042] In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 1 log, 2 log, 3 log, 4 log, or 5 log reduction of the number of a virus on the at least one surface of the glove within 1, 5, 10, 20, or 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the virus is an Adenovirus, Herpes simplex virus type 1, Herpes simplex virus type 2, Varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, Human cytomegalovirus, Human herpesvirus type 8, Smallpox, Human papillomavirus, BK virus, JC virus, Parvovirus Bl 9, Rotavirus, Orbivirus, Coltivirus, Banna virus, Human astrovirus, Norwalk virus, coxsackievirus, Hepatitis A virus, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Hepatitis D virus, Hepatitis E virus, poliovirus, rhinovirus, Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, yellow fever virus, dengue virus, West Nile virus, TBE virus, Rubella virus, Lassa virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Hantaan virus, Ebola virus, Marburg virus, Measles virus, Mumps virus, Parainfluenza virus, Respiratory syncytial virus, Rabies virus, Influenza virus, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 1 log, 2 log, 32025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO log, 4 log, or 5 log reduction of the number of a virus on the at least one surface of the glove within 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60 or 120 minutes. In some embodiments, the virus is an Adenovirus, Herpes simplex virus type 1 , Herpes simplex virus type 2, Varicella-zoster virus, Human cytomegalovirus, Human herpesvirus type 8, Parvovirus Bl 9, Rotavirus, Human astrovirus, Norwalk virus, coxsackievirus, Hepatitis A virus, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Hepatitis D virus, Hepatitis E virus, poliovirus, rhinovirus, Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, Rubella virus, Lassa virus, Measles virus, Mumps virus, Parainfluenza virus, Respiratory syncytial virus, Influenza virus, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a coronavirus or any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the virus is an enveloped virus. In some embodiments, the virus is Herpes simplex virus type 1, Herpes simplex virus type 2, a coronavirus or an Influenza virus.

[0043] In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 1 log, 2 log, 3 log, 4 log, or 5 log reduction of the number of a fungus on the at least one surface of the glove within 1, 5, 10, 20, or 30 minutes, or within 1 or 2 hours, or within 24 or 48 hours. In some embodiments, the fungus is an Agaricus species, Amanita species, Armillaria species, Aspergillus species, Boletus species, Caloplaca species, Candida species, Cladonia species, Coprinellus species, Coprinopsis species, Cortinarius species, Cyathus species, Deadly fungus species, Entoloma species, Fusarium species, Gymnopilus species, Gymnopus species, Hebeloma species, Hygrocybe species, Hygrophorus species, Inocybe species, Lactarius species, Lactifluus species, Lecanora species, Lepiota species, Leucoagaricus species, Lichen species of Montana, Leccinum species, Marasmius species, Pleurotus species, Mycosphaerella species, Panaeolus species, Penicillium species, Peniophora species, Pertusaria species, Phaeocollybia species, Pholiota species, Pholiotina species, Pluteus species, Poisonous fungus species, Psathyrella species, Psilocybe species, Psilocybin mushroom species, Puccinia species, Russula species, Scleroderma species, Serpula species, Trametes species, Tricholoma species, Tuber species, Tulostoma species, or any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the fungus is an Agaricus species, Amanita species, Armillaria species, Aspergillus species, Boletus species, Caloplaca species, Candida species, Cladonia species, Coprinellus species, Coprinopsis species, Cortinarius species, Cyathus species, Entoloma species, Fusarium species, Gymnopilus species, Gymnopus species, Hebeloma species, Hygrocybe species, Hygrophorus species, Inocybe species, Lactarius species, Lactifluus species, Lecanora species, Lepiota species, Leucoagaricus species, Lichen species of Montana, Leccinum species, Marasmius species, Pleurotus species, Mycosphaerella species, Panaeolus species, Penicillium species,2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WOPeniophora species, Pertusaria species, Phaeocollybia species, Pholiota species, Pholiotina species, Pluteus species, Poisonous fungus species, Psathyrella species, Psilocybe species, Psilocybin mushroom species, Puccinia species, Russula species, Scleroderma species, Serpula species, Trametes species, Tricholoma species, Tuber species, Tulostoma species, or any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the fungus is a yeast or a mould. The fungus may be a yeast - for instance, a Candida species. In some embodiments, the fungus is a mould. For instance, the fungus may be an Aspergillus species.

[0044] In one aspect, the disclosure provides coagulant formulations comprising:(a) an anti-tack agent,(b) an ionophore polymer,(c) a coagulation agent,(d) a surfactant, and(e) a solvent, optionally, wherein the anti-tack agent comprises calcium stearate, or the ionophore polymer comprises carboxylated styrene butadiene latex, or the coagulation agent comprises calcium nitrate, or the surfactant comprises polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether, or the solvent comprises water.

[0045] In some embodiments, the anti-tack agent comprises calcium stearate and has a concentration of about 0.5% (w / w) to about 5% (w / w).

[0046] In some embodiments, the ionophore polymer comprises carboxylated styrene butadiene latex and has a concentration of about 0.3% (w / w) to about 3% (w / w).

[0047] In some embodiments, the coagulation agent comprises calcium nitrate and has a concentration of about 5% (w / w) to about 50% (w / w).

[0048] In some embodiments, the surfactant comprises polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether.

[0049] In some embodiments, the coagulant formulation comprises:(a) about 0.5% (w / w) to about 5% (w / w) calcium stearate,(b) about 0.3% (w / w) to about 3% (w / w) carboxylated styrene butadiene latex,(c) about 5% (w / w) to about 50% (w / w) calcium nitrate, and(d) about 0.02% (w / w) to about 2% (w / w) polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether.

[0050] In some embodiments, the coagulant formulation comprises: (e) about 60% (w / w) to about 90% (w / w) water.2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO

[0051] In some embodiments, the coagulant formulation is prepared by the steps of: a) mixing an amount of the ionophore polymer with the surfactant to form a mixture; b) mixing the mixture from step a) with the solvent to create a solution; c) adding an amount of the coagulation agent to the solution from step b); d) adding an amount of the anti-tack agent to the solution from step c); and e) mixing the solution from step d) to form a homogeneous dispersion of the coagulant formulation.

[0052] In one aspect, the disclosure provides methods for producing a glove, comprising the steps of: a) Dipping a former in the coagulant formulation of the disclosure to produce a coagulantdipped former, b) Drying the dipped former to produce a dried coagulant-dipped former, c) Cooling the dried coagulant-dipped former, d) Dipping the dried former in a solution comprising an elastic polymer to produce a coated former, and e) Curing and vulcanizing the coated former to produce the glove.

[0053] In some embodiments, the elastic polymer comprises carboxylated butadiene acrylonitrile polymer latex (nitrile rubber).

[0054] In some embodiments, the dried coagulant-dipped former is cooled to about 25°C in step c).

[0055] In some embodiments, the method comprises pre-polymerizing the dipped former in step b).

[0056] In one aspect, the disclosure provides gloves produced by the method of the disclosure.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0057] Figure 1A shows a schematic diagram of glove manufacturing. Figure IB shows an exemplary flowchart of glove manufacturing. Figure 1C shows a picture of the glove product.

[0058] Figure 2 shows schematic coordination of Ca2+ions with carboxylic acid groups of XNBR and XSBR on the surface of the gloves and possible chelating (a), uni- (or mono-) dentate (b), and bidentate (c) coordination of Ca2+ions with carboxylate on the surface of gloves2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO

[0059] Figure 3 is a chart showing the Ca2+influx in bacteria contacting the surface of gloves.

[0060] Figure 4A shows the FT-IR spectra of fresh and 3 -year-old accelerated aged gloves, coagulant side (outer surface); Seriesl: 3-year-old accelerated aged gloves; Series 2: fresh gloves.

[0061] Figure 4B shows the FT-IR spectra of fresh gloves and 3-years-old accelerated aged gloves, Nitrile side (inner surface); Seriesl: 3-year-old accelerated gloves; Series 2: fresh gloves.

[0062] Figure 4C shows comparison of the FT-IR spectra of the coagulant side (outer surface) of fresh gloves with the Nitrile side (inner surface) of the fresh gloves; Series 1 : coagulant side; Series 2: Nitrile side.

[0063] Figure 4D shows comparison of the FT-IR spectra of 3-year-old accelerated-aged glove's coagulant side (outer surface) with its Nitrile side (inner surface); Series 1 : coagulant side; Series 2: Nitrile side.

[0064] Figure 5A shows SEM images of different regions of the outer surface of fresh gloves (coagulant side).

[0065] Figure 5B shows SEM images of different regions of 3-years old accelerated aged gloves.

[0066] Figure 6 shows SEM-3D roughness measurements of different regions of the outer surface of fresh gloves surface (coagulant side) and measured values of all passes.

[0067] Figure 7 shows SEM-3D roughness measurements of different regions of the outer surface of fresh gloves surface (coagulant side) and measured values of all passes.

[0068] Figure 8 shows SEM-3D roughness measurements of different regions of the outer surface of 3-years-old accelerated aged gloves surface (coagulant side) and measured values of all passes.

[0069] Figure 9 shows SEM-3D roughness measurements of different regions of the outer surface of 3-years-old accelerated aged gloves surface (coagulant side) and measured values of all passes.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WODefinitions

[0070] The indefinite articles “a” and “an” and the definite article “the” are intended to include both the singular and the plural, unless the context in which they are used clearly indicates otherwise.

[0071] ‘At least one” and “one or more” are used interchangeably to mean that the article may include one or more than one of the listed elements.

[0072] As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

[0073] It is understood that aspects and embodiments of the disclosure described herein include “comprising,” “consisting,” and “consisting essentially of’ aspects and embodiments. As used herein, “comprising” is synonymous with “including,” “containing,” or “characterized by,” and is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps. As used herein, “consisting of’ excludes any elements, steps, or ingredients not specified in the claimed composition or method. As used herein, “consisting essentially of’ does not exclude materials or steps that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed composition or method. Any recitation herein of the term “comprising”, particularly in a description of components of a composition or in a description of steps of a method, is understood to encompass those compositions and methods consisting essentially of or consisting of the recited components or step.

[0074] Unless otherwise indicated, it is to be understood that all numbers expressing quantities, ratios, and numerical properties of ingredients, reaction conditions, and so forth, used in the specification and claims are contemplated to be able to be modified in all instances by the term “about”.

[0075] Throughout this application, the term “about” is used to indicate that a value includes the inherent variation of error for the device or the method being employed to determine the value, or the variation that exists among the samples being measured. Unless otherwise stated or otherwise evident from the context, the term “about” means within 10% above or below the reported numerical value (except where such a number would exceed 100% of a possible value or go below 0%). When used in conjunction with a range or series of values, the term “about” applies to the endpoints of the range or each of the values enumerated in the series, unless otherwise2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO indicated. As used in this application, the terms “about” and “approximately” are used as equivalents.

[0076] Ranges in this document should be understood to be inclusive of their end points, unless otherwise indicated. A content range of 1-5% w / w of an ingredient, for example, includes contents of 1.0% w / w and 5.0% w / w. And the term “between” when used in reference to a range includes the endpoint numbers on both limits of the range — for example, a content between about 1 % w / w and about 5% w / w of an ingredient, includes about 1.0% w / w and about 5.0% w / w. Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lower limit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range, is encompassed within the disclosure. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included in the smaller ranges, and are also encompassed within the disclosure, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits (e.g., as described by “ranging from” or “between”), ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in the disclosure.

[0077] The term “including all ranges and subranges therebetween” or equivalents, are used herein to denote the intention that disclosure of any range or series of possible values, inherently also discloses all ranges and subranges encompassed by the highest and lowest values disclosed. This term includes the entire range from highest to lowest disclosed values, as well as subranges from any two or more disclosed points. This term is also intended to disclose any subranges encompassed anywhere within the highest and lowest disclosed values, including between two points that are explicitly recited in the document, up to one decimal point. Thus, disclosure of values 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, including all ranges and subranges therebetween, should be interpreted as also encompassing a range from 0-20, a range from 0-5 or 5-15, as well as a range from 2-16, or 3.1 to 19.8, etc.

[0078] Unless otherwise indicated, it is to be understood that all numbers expressing quantities, ratios, and numerical properties of ingredients, reaction conditions, and so forth, used in the specification are contemplated to be able to be modified in all instances by the term “including all ranges and subranges therebetween”.

[0079] The term “nitrile” encompasses nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), Buna-N, and acrylonitrile butadiene rubber.2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO

[0080] The term “antimicrobial property” or “antimicrobial effect” refers to inhibiting or preventing growth of, or killing, microorganisms including bacteria, fungi and viruses.

[0081] As used herein, the term “ionophore” refers to any chemical species (including polymeric substance) that comprises a group that is capable of non-covalently (reversibly) binding to a cation (e.g. Ca2+) and making the cation available to a microorganism. In some embodiments, the ionophore facilitates transmission of the cation across a lipid barrier (as in a cell membrane) by combining with the cation or by increasing the permeability of the barrier to it.

[0082] As used herein, the term “ionophore functional group” refers to a group on an ionophore that is capable of forming a non-covalent bond with a cation in a manner that releases ion-the cation when the ionophore contacts a microorganism. Examples of non-covalent bonds include ionic bonds (cation-anion), hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole interactions, and dispersion forces (Van der Waals interactions). In embodiments, the ionophore forms an ionic bond with the cation. In embodiments, the ionophore functional group can have one or more free pairs of electrons that can form an ionic bond with the cation. In some embodiments, the ionophore functional group is an electron donating group. For purposes of calculating the atomic ratios described herein, the ionophore functional group includes the non-hydrogen atom or atoms that interact (e.g., through an ionic bond) with the cation. When more than one atom on a functional group is capable of forming a non-covalent bond with the cation, the ionophore functional group includes the non-hydrogen atom that bonds all such atoms. For example, in embodiments, the ionophore functional group is a carboxylate (-COO ), and the carbon atom and the two oxygen atoms are considered part of the ionophore functional group.

[0083] Depending on pH, the ionophore functional group may exist in a protonated or deprotonated form. The present disclosure covers both forms. For example, when the ionophore is a carboxylic acid, depending on the pH of the environment, the ionophore may exist as the carboxylic acid or it may be deprotonated and exist on the surface of the glove as a carboxylate. The disclosure covers both the carboxylate and carboxylic acid form (and similarly covers protonated and deprotonated forms of other functional groups), and reference to one form (e.g., carboxylate) does not exclude the other (e.g., carboxylic acid). Indeed, the XPS characterization described herein does not include hydrogen atoms when measuring atomic ratios of certain elements.2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WOOverview

[0084] In one aspect, the present disclosure relates to gloves and formable materials that have antimicrobial properties. In some embodiments, the gloves are disposable gloves. In some embodiments, such antimicrobial properties are integrated into the material by virtue of the fabrication process (as opposed to a coating applied to the glove’s surface). Specifically, in some embodiments, components imparting antimicrobial properties are incorporated into the coagulant composition that is applied to the mold, and when the mold is dipped in a polymeric material used form the glove, the antimicrobial properties are dispersed throughout each glove in an amount and distribution sufficient to kill or inhibit bacteria, preferably to kill substantially all bacteria . See Figure 1A for details of the glove manufacturing process. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial properties are imparted, at least in part, by the presence of an effective amount of ionophore-ion functional groups (e.g., a carboxylic acid / carboxylate-Ca2+complex) on the glove’s surface. Such materials and properties have particular applications to synthetic and non-synthetic elastic and inelastic polymers, especially in disposable gloves.Gloves

[0085] In one aspect, the disclosure provides gloves having antimicrobial properties. In some embodiments, the gloves are disposable gloves. The gloves may be made of any suitable material, including latex, vinyl, and nitrile. These materials may be chemically modified to include or increase the concentration of ionophore functional groups in the materials used to make gloves, such that at least one surface of the glove has an effective amount of the ionophore-ion functional group.

[0086] In some embodiments, the glove comprises a plurality of cations and a plurality of ionophore functional groups on at least one surface of the glove. In some embodiments, the plurality of cations and ionophore functional groups form an ionophore-ion functional group complex that imparts the anti-microbial properties to the gloves. In some embodiments, the glove does not comprise an additional antimicrobial additive (e.g., an additional antimicrobial agent of the disclosure). In some embodiments, the glove does not comprise an antimicrobial coating. In some embodiments, the ionophore-ion functional group is encapsulated within the polymer material of the glove. In some embodiments, the glove does not comprise a coating material.

[0087] In some embodiments, the average concentration of the ionophore-ion functional group complex is higher on the outer surface of the glove than in the rest of the gloves.2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO

[0088] In some embodiments, the gloves are made from one of the following materials: nitrile, latex, vinyl, and a blend of nitrile and vinyl.

[0089] For decades, latex has been the material of choice, particularly in the medical disposable glove world. This is because latex gloves were recommended in the 1980s and 1990s against bloodborne pathogens like HIV. But, as their popularity increased, so did cases of allergic reactions. This led to more demand for latex-free disposable glove alternatives, like nitrile and vinyl. For those who are not allergic, latex gloves are comfortable, relatively cost-effective, and offer a high degree of touch sensitivity.

[0090] Vinyl gloves are made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a petroleum-based film and a monomeric material. A plasticizer is sometimes added to make the material suitably flexible for glove use. The primary benefit of vinyl disposable gloves is that they are inexpensive to manufacture. However, they are less durable than latex and nitrile, and they offer limited protection against chemical or biomedical exposure. When vinyl gloves are stretched or flexed, the individual molecules separate, and the integrity of the protective barrier is compromised. Vinyl gloves are also a concern in terms of their environmental impact. Due to their low cost and low protection levels, vinyl gloves are commonly used in non-hazardous and low-infection environments.

[0091] Nitrile gloves came to prominence in the 1990s as a leading alternative to latex. While they are not as elastic or flexible as their latex counterparts, disposable nitrile gloves are notably more durable and resistant to chemicals. As such, these gloves are the ideal choice for anyone who has to handle potentially hazardous and corrosive chemicals. They are also perfectly suited for most medical environments, being exceptionally puncture-resistant and eliminating the risk of latex allergy reactions.

[0092] Nitrile is a copolymer of butadiene and acrylonitrile. This is important for nitrile because it derives several key benefits from both butadiene and acrylonitrile. Acrylonitrile is a volatile synthetic liquid with a strong smell and butadiene is a colorless gas and organic compound that can easily become liquid.

[0093] Acrylonitrile (C3H3N) is made through the SOHIO process which reacts propane, ammonia, water, and air to synthesize both acrylonitrile and acetonitrile. Acetonitrile is used in the synthesis of butadiene. Butadiene (C4H5) is made as a by-product in the production of ethylene, which happens through steam cracking. Butadiene is then obtained through extractive distillation: this process filters through heavier by-products in order to extract butadiene. Nitrile is then formed2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO through the co-polymerization of both acrylonitrile and butadiene, in which they are reacted together and ultimately formed into crude, synthetic rubber. The nitrile is then molded into gloves.

[0094] Butadiene provides nitrile with flexibility and puncture / tear resistance (three times as puncture resistant as latex), while acrylonitrile enhances the chemical resistance. These unique chemical qualities are what give each material its benefits as a glove. Latex, for example, is the most flexible of the three, while nitrile is the most durable, and vinyl is the least expensive.

[0095] Thanks to butadiene and acrylonitrile, nitrile gloves have a few unique benefits that are not found in other gloves. First and foremost is nitrile’s tensile strength. Nitrile is one of the most durable glove materials currently on the market, offering three times the durability of latex. In addition, nitrile offers impressive heat resistance, with a functional temperature range between -4°C and 110°C. This makes nitrile an excellent choice for the handling of hot and cold materials for extended periods of time.

[0096] In some embodiments, the glove has a thickness ranging from about 0.01 mm to about 2 mm. In some embodiments, the glove has a thickness of between about 0.01 mm and about 0.02 mm, about 0.02 mm and about 0.03 mm, about 0.03 mm and about 0.04 mm, about 0.04 mm and about 0.05 mm, about 0.05 mm and about 0.06 mm, about 0.06 mm and about 0.07 mm, about 0.07 mm and about 0.08 mm, about 0.08 mm and about 0.09 mm, about 0.09 mm and about 0.1 mm, about 0.1 mm and about 0.2 mm, about 0.2 mm and about 0.3 mm, about 0.3 mm and about 0.4 mm, about 0.4 mm and about 0.5 mm, about 0.5 mm and about 0.7 mm, about 0.7 mm and about 1 mm, or about 1 mm and about 2 mm.

[0097] In some embodiments, the glove comprises one or more of the following: a palm side, a back side, a thumb finger part, an index finger part, a middle finger part, a ring finger part, and a pinky finger part. In some embodiments, the glove further comprises a wrist panel.

[0098] In some embodiments, the glove material comprises a polymer. In some embodiments, the polymer is a synthetic or natural polymer material, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the polymer material is elastic, for example elastomeric or rubber. In some embodiments, the polymer material is inelastic. In some embodiments, the polymer comprises latex, nitrile, vinyl, or a blend of nitrile and vinyl. In some embodiments, the synthetic inelastic polymer is selected from poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polylactic acid (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyamide (PA), and polyurethane (PU). In some embodiments,2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO the natural inelastic polymer is selected from a biopolymer such as polysaccharides (such as starch, chitosan and cellulose), gelatin, silk and collagen.

[0099] In some embodiments, the polymer comprises latex, nitrile, vinyl, or a blend of nitrile and vinyl. In some embodiments, the nitrile, vinyl, and / or latex comprises at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% (w / w) of the glove. In some embodiments, the nitrile comprises at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% (w / w) of the glove. In some embodiments, the vinyl comprises at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% (w / w) of the glove. In some embodiments, the latex comprises at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% (w / w) of the glove. In some embodiments, the blend of nitrile and vinyl comprises at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% (w / w) of the glove.

[0100] In some embodiments, the glove comprises carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR), carboxylated styrene butadiene rubber (XSBR) latex, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the glove comprises carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR). In some embodiments, the glove comprises carboxylated styrene butadiene rubber (XSBR) latex.

[0101] In some embodiments, the glove comprises carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR) and carboxylated styrene butadiene rubber (XSBR) latex. In some embodiments, the XNBR and the XSBR are covalently linked to each other.

[0102] In some embodiments, the ionophore comprises a carboxylic acid group of XNBR and / or XSBR.

[0103] In some embodiments, the glove of the disclosure comprises no more than 0.1% (w / w), no more than 0.05% (w / w), no more than 0.01% (w / w), no more than 0.005% (w / w), or no more than 0.001% (w / w), of ethanol. In some embodiments, the glove of the disclosure does not comprise any ethanol.

[0104] In some embodiments, the glove of the disclosure comprises no more than 0.1% (w / w), no more than 0.05% (w / w), no more than 0.01% (w / w), no more than 0.005% (w / w), or no2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO more than 0.001% (w / w), of alcohol. Exemplary alcohol includes ethanol, methanol, and isopropanol. In some embodiments, the glove of the disclosure does not comprise any alcohol.

[0105] Further descriptions of gloves can be found, for example, in W02024074830, the content of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.Ionophore-ion Complex

[0106] Unless indicated otherwise, the term “cation” as used in this disclosure specifically excludes proton (H+), especially with regard to the cation in the ionophore-ion functional group complex. In other words, unless clearly indicated otherwise based on the context (e.g., when referring to a proton donated by a Bronsted-Lowry acid), the term “cation” as used in this disclosure refers to non-proton cations. In some embodiments, the cation in the ionophore-ion functional group complex is a metal ion. In some embodiments, the cation in the ionophore-ion functional group complex is selected from Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mn2+, Mg2+, Sr2+, Ti2+, Ti4+, Ba2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Al3+, Cr3+, Bi3+, and any combination thereof.

[0107] In some embodiments, the positive charge of the cation in the ionophore: ion complex may be enhanced by the use of a higher valency cation and / or the inclusion of more than one ion species in the formulation. For example, different valences of manganese may be used. In some embodiments, the cation is selected from K+, Ca2+, Al3+, and any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the cation comprises Ca2+.

[0108] In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a) the cation on the at least one surface of the glove to (b) the total non-hydrogen atoms present on the at least one surface of the glove is at least about 0.1%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a) to (b) is at least about 0.2%, at least about 0.3%, at least about 0.4%, at least about 0.5%, at least about 0.6%, at least about 0.7%, at least about 0.8%, at least about 0.9%, at least about 1%, at least about 1.2%, at least about 1.4%, at least about 1.6%, at least about 1.8%, at least about 2%, at least about 2.2%, at least about 2.5%, at least about 3%, at least about 3.5%, at least about 4%, at least about 4.5%, at least about 5%, at least about 6%, at least about 7%, at least about 8%, at least about 9%, or at least about 10%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a) to (b) is at least about 0.5%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a) to (b) is at least about 0.75%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a) to (b) is at least about 1%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a) to (b) is at least about 1.5%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a) to (b) is at least about 2%.2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO

[0109] In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a) to (b) is between about 0.1% and about 20% (e.g., about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1.0%, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%, about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about 1.6%, about 1.7%, about 1.8%, about 1.9% about 2%, about 2.1%, about 2.2%, about 2.3%, about 2.4%, about 2.5%, about 3%, about 3.5%, about 4%, about 4.5% about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, or about 50%, including all ranges and subranges therebetween). In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a) to (b) is between about 0.1% and about 0.2%, about 0.2% and about 0.3%, about 0.3% and about 0.4%, about 0.4% and about 0.5%, about 0.5% and about 0.6%, about 0.6% and about 0.7%, about 0.7% and about 0.8%, about 0.8% and about 0.9%, about 0.9% and about 1%, about 1% and about 1.2%, about 1.2% and about 1.4%, about 1.4% and about 1.6%, about 1.6% and about 1.8%, about 1.8% and about 2%, about 2% and about 2.2%, about 2.2% and about 2.5%, about 2.5% and about 3%, about 3% and about 3.5%, about 3.5% and about 4%, about 4% and about 4.5%, about 4.5% and about 5%, about 5% and about 6%, about 6% and about 7%, about 7% and about 8%, about 8% and about 9%, about 9% and about 10%, about 10% and about 15%, about 15% and about 20%, about 20% and about 25%, about 25% and about 30%, about 30% and about 35%, about 35% and about 40%, about 40% and about 45%, or about 45% and about 50%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a) to (b) is between from about 1% and about 5%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a) to (b) is between about 1.5% and about 5%.

[0110] In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a) to (b) is between about 0.75% and about 10%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a) to (b) is between about 0.75% and about 10%, about 0.75% and about 8%, about 0.75% and about 7%, about 0.75% and about 6%, about 0.75% and about 5%, about 0.75% and about 4%, about 0.75% and about 3%, about 0.75% and about 2%, about 1% and about 10%, about 1% and about 8%, about 1% and about 7%, about 1% and about 6%, about 1% and about 5%, about 1% and about 4%, about 1% and about 3%, about 1% and about 2%, about 1.5% and about 10%, about 1.5% and about 8%, about 1.5% and about 7%, about 1.5% and about 6%, about 1.5% and about 5%, about 1.5% and about 4%, about 1.5% and about 3%, about 1.5% and about 2%, about 2% and about 10%, about 2% and about 8%, about 2% and about 7%, about 2% and about 6%, about 2% and about 5%,2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO about 2% and about 4%, or about 2% and about 3%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a) to (b) is between about 1% and about 3%.

[0111] In some embodiments, at least about 0.5% of the cation is coordinated with the ionophore functional group (i.e., in the ionophore-ion functional group complex). In some embodiments, at least about 1%, at least about 2%, at least about 3%, at least about 4%, at least about 5%, at least about 6%, at least about 7%, at least about 8%, at least about 9%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, or at least about 95%, of the cation is coordinated with the ionophore functional group. In some embodiments, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 100%, of the cation is coordinated with the ionophore functional group. In some embodiments, between about 0.5% and about 1%, about 1% and about 2%, about 2% and about 3%, about 3% and about 4%, about 4% and about 5%, about 5% and about 6%, about 6% and about 7%, about 7% and about 8%, about 8% and about 9%, about 9% and about 10%, about 10% and about 15%, about 15% and about 20%, about 20% and about 25%, about 25% and about 30%, about 30% and about 35%, about 35% and about 40%, about 40% and about 45%, about 45% and about 50%, about 50% and about 55%, about 55% and about 60%, about 60% and about 65%, about 65% and about 70%, about 70% and about 75%, about 75% and about 80%, about 80% and about 85%, about 85% and about 90%, about 90% and about 95%, or about 95% and about 100%, of the cation is coordinated with the ionophore functional group. In some embodiments, between about 10% and about 100%, about 10% and about 90%, about 10% and about 80%, about 10% and about 70%, about 10% and about 60%, about 10% and about 50%, about 10% and about 40%, about 10% and about 30%, about 10% and about 20%, about 20% and about 100%, about 20% and about 90%, about 20% and about 80%, about 20% and about 70%, about 20% and about 60%, about 20% and about 50%, about 20% and about 40%, about 20% and about 30%, about 30% and about 100%, about 30% and about 90%, about 30% and about 80%, about 30% and about 70%, about 30% and about 60%, about 30% and about 50%, about 30% and about 40%, about 40% and about 100%, about 40% and about2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO90%, about 40% and about 80%, about 40% and about 70%, about 40% and about 60%, about 40% and about 50%, about 50% and about 100%, about 50% and about 90%, about 50% and about 80%, about 50% and about 70%, about 50% and about 60%, about 60% and about 100%, about 60% and about 90%, about 60% and about 80%, about 60% and about 70%, about 70% and about 100%, about 70% and about 90%, about 70% and about 80%, about 80% and about 100%, about 80% and about 90%, or about 90% and about 100%, of the cation is coordinated with the ionophore functional group (i.e., in the ionophore-ion functional group complex).

[0112] In some embodiments, between about 10% and about 100% of the cation is coordinated with the ionophore functional group (i.e., in the ionophore-ion functional group complex). In some embodiments, between about 20% and about 90% of the cation is in the ionophore-ion functional group complex. In some embodiments, between about 30% and about 90% of the cation is in the ionophore-ion functional group complex. In some embodiments, between about 30% and about 70%, or about 40% and about 80%, of the cation is in the ionophore-ion functional group complex. In some embodiments, between about 30% and about 60%, about 40% and about 70%, or about 50% and about 80% of the cation is in the ionophoreion functional group complex.

[0113] In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a) the cation on the at least one surface of the glove to (b) the total non-hydrogen atoms present on the at least one surface of the glove, and the percentage of the cation that is coordinated with the ionophore functional group (i.e., in the ionophore-ion functional group complex) on the at least one surface of the glove, is according to any one of the Embodiments listed in Table 1 below. In some embodiments, the ratios are determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In some embodiments, the surface of the glove has an area of about 200 cm2.Table 1. Non-limiting Embodiments of the Atomic Ratio of the Cation and its Coordination Ratio with the Ionophore Functional Group.2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO

[0114] The ionophore functional group can be any suitable chemical group that can non- covalently coordinate a cation in a manner that releases the cation when the glove contacts a bacterium or virus. In some embodiments, the ionophore functional group can be any moiety that can form a monodentate, bidentate, or multidentate complex with the cation. In some embodiments, the ionophore functional group comprises a Bronsted Acid. In some embodiments, the ionophore functional group comprises carboxylate, carboxylic acid, carbonyl, hydroxyl, ether, sulfonate, sulfate, phosphate, amine, pyridinyl, imidazolyl, or any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the ionophore functional group comprises carboxylate and / or carboxylic acid. In some embodiments, the ionophore functional group comprises or is carboxylate.

[0115] In some embodiments, the ionophore is not derived from ethyl cellulose (EC). In some embodiments, the ionophore functional group is not a hydroxyl group.

[0116] In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-1) the total non-hydrogen atoms in the ionophore functional groups present on the at least one surface to (b) the total nonhydrogen atoms present on the at least one surface is at least about 0.1%. The total non-hydrogen atoms in a given ionophore functional group, and thus the corresponding average atomic ratio of (a-1) to (b) is calculated from XPS data, for example as described in Table 5. For example, when the ionophore functional group is a carboxylate functional group, the functional group contains one carbon and two oxygen atoms (i.e., the carboxylate functional groups contain 3 total nonhydrogen atoms). Because XPS measures the atomic ratio of the carbon atom in the carboxylate group, the atomic ratio for the carbon is multiplied by 3 to calculate the atomic ratio of the nonhydrogen atoms in the functional group. For example, if the ionophore functional group is carboxylate and the average atomic ratio of carbon in the carboxylate group to the total nonhydrogen atoms present on the surface is 1%, as determined by XPS, then the average atomic ratio of (a-1) to (b) is 3% in such a case. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-1) to (b) is at least about 0.2%, at least about 0.3%, at least about 0.4%, at least about 0.5%, at least about 0.6%, at least about 0.7%, at least about 0.8%, at least about 0.9%, at least about 1%, at least about2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO1.2%, at least about 1.4%, at least about 1.6%, at least about 1.8%, at least about 2%, at least about 2.2%, at least about 2.5%, at least about 3%, at least about 3.5%, at least about 4%, at least about 4.5%, at least about 5%, at least about 6%, at least about 7%, at least about 8%, at least about 9%, or at least about 10%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-1) to (b) is between about 0.1% and about 0.2%, about 0.2% and about 0.3%, about 0.3% and about 0.4%, about 0.4% and about 0.5%, about 0.5% and about 0.6%, about 0.6% and about 0.7%, about 0.7% and about 0.8%, about 0.8% and about 0.9%, about 0.9% and about 1%, about 1% and about 1.2%, about 1.2% and about 1.4%, about 1.4% and about 1.6%, about 1.6% and about 1.8%, about 1.8% and about 2%, about 2% and about 2.2%, about 2.2% and about 2.5%, about 2.5% and about 3%, about 3% and about 3.5%, about 3.5% and about 4%, about 4% and about 4.5%, about 4.5% and about 5%, about 5% and about 6%, about 6% and about 7%, about 7% and about 8%, about 8% and about 9%, about 9% and about 10%, about 10% and about 15%, about 15% and about 20%, about 20% and about 25%, about 25% and about 30%, about 30% and about 35%, about 35% and about 40%, about 40% and about 45%, about 45% and about 50%, about 50% and about 55%, about 55% and about 60%, or about 60% and about 65%.

[0117] In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-1) to (b) is between about 1% and about 20%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-1) to (b) is between about 1% and about 20%, about 1% and about 15%, about 1% and about 12%, about 1% and about 11%, about 1% and about 10%, about 1% and about 9%, about 1% and about 8%, about 1% and about 7%, about 1% and about 6%, about 2% and about 20%, about 2% and about 15%, about 2% and about 12%, about 2% and about 11%, about 2% and about 10%, about 2% and about 9%, about 2% and about 8%, about 2% and about 7%, about 2% and about 6%, about 3% and about 20%, about 3% and about 15%, about 3% and about 12%, about 3% and about 11%, about 3% and about 10%, about 3% and about 9%, about 3% and about 8%, about 3% and about 7%, about 3% and about 6%, about 4% and about 20%, about 4% and about 15%, about 4% and about 12%, about 4% and about 11%, about 4% and about 10%, about 4% and about 9%, about 4% and about 8%, about 4% and about 7%, about 4% and about 6%, about 5% and about 20%, about 5% and about 15%, about 5% and about 12%, about 5% and about 11%, about 5% and about 10%, about 5% and about 9%, about 5% and about 8%, about 5% and about 7%, or about 5% and about 6%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-1) to (b) is between about 4% and about 8%.2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO

[0118] In some embodiments, at least a part of the plurality of cations and at least a part of the plurality of ionophore functional groups form an ionophore-ion functional group complex. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-2) the total non-hydrogen atoms in the ionophore-ion functional group complex present on the at least one surface to (b) the total nonhydrogen atoms present on the at least one surface is at least about 0.1%. The total non-hydrogen atoms in a given ionophore-ion functional group complex, and thus the corresponding average atomic ratio of (a-2) to (b) is calculated from XPS data, for example as described in Table 5. For example, when the ionophore-ion functional group complex is a carboxylate-Ca2+complex, the complex contains four atoms: one calcium, one carbon, and two oxygen atoms (i.e., the ratio of calcium to the total non-hydrogen atoms in this complex is 1:4). If the average atomic ratio of calcium in such a complex to the total non-hydrogen atoms present on the surface is 1%, as determined by XPS, then the average atomic ratio of (a-2) to (b) is 4% in such a case (because there are four total atoms in the complex). In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a- 2) to (b) is at least about 0.2%, at least about 0.3%, at least about 0.4%, at least about 0.5%, at least about 0.6%, at least about 0.7%, at least about 0.8%, at least about 0.9%, at least about 1%, at least about 1.2%, at least about 1.4%, at least about 1.6%, at least about 1.8%, at least about 2%, at least about 2.2%, at least about 2.5%, at least about 3%, at least about 3.5%, at least about 4%, at least about 4.5%, at least about 5%, at least about 6%, at least about 7%, at least about 8%, at least about 9%, or at least about 10%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-2) to (b) is between about 0.1% and about 0.2%, about 0.2% and about 0.3%, about 0.3% and about 0.4%, about 0.4% and about 0.5%, about 0.5% and about 0.6%, about 0.6% and about 0.7%, about 0.7% and about 0.8%, about 0.8% and about 0.9%, about 0.9% and about 1%, about 1% and about 1.2%, about 1.2% and about 1.4%, about 1.4% and about 1.6%, about 1.6% and about 1.8%, about 1.8% and about 2%, about 2% and about 2.2%, about 2.2% and about 2.5%, about 2.5% and about 3%, about 3% and about 3.5%, about 3.5% and about 4%, about 4% and about 4.5%, about 4.5% and about 5%, about 5% and about 6%, about 6% and about 7%, about 7% and about 8%, about 8% and about 9%, about 9% and about 10%, about 10% and about 15%, about 15% and about 20%, about 20% and about 25%, about 25% and about 30%, about 30% and about 35%, about 35% and about 40%, about 40% and about 45%, about 45% and about 50%, about 50% and about 55%, about 55% and about 60%, or about 60% and about 65%.2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO

[0119] In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-2) to (b) is between about 1% and about 25%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-2) to (b) is between about 1% and about 25%, about 1% and about 20%, about 1% and about 15%, about 1% and about 12%, about 1% and about 10%, about 1% and about 9%, about 1% and about 8%, about 1% and about 7%, about 1% and about 6%, about 2% and about 25%, about 2% and about 20%, about 2% and about 15%, about 2% and about 12%, about 2% and about 10%, about 2% and about 9%, about 2% and about 8%, about 2% and about 7%, about 2% and about 6%, about 3% and about 25%, about 3% and about 20%, about 3% and about 15%, about 3% and about 12%, about 3% and about 10%, about 3% and about 9%, about 3% and about 8%, about 3% and about 7%, about 3% and about 6%, about 4% and about 25%, about 4% and about 20%, about 4% and about 15%, about 4% and about 12%, about 4% and about 10%, about 4% and about 9%, about 4% and about 8%, about 4% and about 7%, about 4% and about 6%, about 5% and about 25%, about 5% and about 20%, about 5% and about 15%, about 5% and about 12%, about 5% and about 10%, about 5% and about 9%, about 5% and about 8%, about 5% and about 7%, about 5% and about 6%, about 6% and about 25%, about 6% and about 20%, about 6% and about 15%, about 6% and about 12%, about 6% and about 10%, about 6% and about 9%, about 6% and about 8%, or about 6% and about 7%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-2) to (b) is between about 4% and about 10%.

[0120] In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-3) the cation in the ionophore-ion functional group complex present on the at least one surface to (b) the total nonhydrogen atoms present on the at least one surface of the glove is at least about 0.1%. The total cation in the ionophore-ion functional group complex present on the at least one surface, and thus the corresponding average atomic ratio of (a-3) to (b) is calculated from XPS data, for example as described in Table 5. For example, when the ionophore-ion functional group complex is a carboxylate-Ca2+complex, and the calcium in Ca (COO)2 is determined to have an atomic ratio of 1% to the total non-hydrogen atoms, as determined by XPS, then the average atomic ratio of (a-3) to (b) is 1% in such a case. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-3) to (b) is at least about 0.2%, at least about 0.3%, at least about 0.4%, at least about 0.5%, at least about 0.6%, at least about 0.7%, at least about 0.8%, at least about 0.9%, at least about 1%, at least about 1.2%, at least about 1.4%, at least about 1.6%, at least about 1.8%, at least about 2%, at least about 2.2%, at least about 2.5%, at least about 3%, at least about 3.5%, at least about 4%, at least about 4.5%,2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO at least about 5%, at least about 6%, at least about 7%, at least about 8%, at least about 9%, or at least about 10%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-3) to (b) is at least about 0.5%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-3) to (b) is at least about 0.75%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-3) to (b) is at least about 1%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-3) to (b) is at least about 1.5%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-3) to (b) is at least about 2%.

[0121] In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-3) to (b) is between about 0.1% and about 20% (e.g., about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1.0%, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%, about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about 1.6%, about 1.7%, about 1.8%, about 1.9% about 2%, about 2.1%, about 2.2%, about 2.3%, about 2.4%, about 2.5%, about 3%, about 3.5%, about 4%, about 4.5% about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, or about 50%, including all ranges and subranges therebetween). In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-3) to (b) is between about 0.1% and about 0.2%, about 0.2% and about 0.3%, about 0.3% and about 0.4%, about 0.4% and about 0.5%, about 0.5% and about 0.6%, about 0.6% and about 0.7%, about 0.7% and about 0.8%, about 0.8% and about 0.9%, about 0.9% and about 1%, about 1% and about 1.2%, about 1.2% and about 1.4%, about 1.4% and about 1.6%, about 1.6% and about 1.8%, about 1.8% and about 2%, about 2% and about 2.2%, about 2.2% and about 2.5%, about 2.5% and about 3%, about 3% and about 3.5%, about 3.5% and about 4%, about 4% and about 4.5%, about 4.5% and about 5%, about 5% and about 6%, about 6% and about 7%, about 7% and about 8%, about 8% and about 9%, about 9% and about 10%, about 10% and about 15%, about 15% and about 20%, about 20% and about 25%, about 25% and about 30%, about 30% and about 35%, about 35% and about 40%, about 40% and about 45%, or about 45% and about 50%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-3) to (b) is between from about 1% and about 5%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-3) to (b) is between about 0.8% and about 3%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-3) to (b) is between about 0.8% and about 2%.

[0122] In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-3) to (b) is between about 0.75% and about 10%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-3) to (b) is between about 0.75% and about 10%, about 0.75% and about 8%, about 0.75% and about 7%, about 0.75% and about 6%, about 0.75% and about 5%, about 0.75% and about 4%, about 0.75% and about2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO3%, about 0.75% and about 2%, about 1% and about 10%, about 1% and about 8%, about 1% and about 7%, about 1% and about 6%, about 1% and about 5%, about 1% and about 4%, about 1% and about 3%, about 1% and about 2%, about 1.5% and about 10%, about 1.5% and about 8%, about 1.5% and about 7%, about 1.5% and about 6%, about 1.5% and about 5%, about 1.5% and about 4%, about 1.5% and about 3%, about 1.5% and about 2%, about 2% and about 10%, about 2% and about 8%, about 2% and about 7%, about 2% and about 6%, about 2% and about 5%, about 2% and about 4%, or about 2% and about 3%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-3) to (b) is between about 1% and about 3%.

[0123] In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-4) the total non-hydrogen atoms in the ionophore functional group in complex with the cation present on the at least one surface to (b) the total non-hydrogen atoms present on the at least one surface is at least about 0.1%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-4) to (b) is at least about 0.2%, at least about 0.3%, at least about 0.4%, at least about 0.5%, at least about 0.6%, at least about 0.7%, at least about 0.8%, at least about 0.9%, at least about 1%, at least about 1.2%, at least about 1.4%, at least about 1.6%, at least about 1.8%, at least about 2%, at least about 2.2%, at least about 2.5%, at least about 3%, at least about 3.5%, at least about 4%, at least about 4.5%, at least about 5%, at least about 6%, at least about 7%, at least about 8%, at least about 9%, or at least about 10%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-4) to (b) is between about 0.1% and about 0.2%, about 0.2% and about 0.3%, about 0.3% and about 0.4%, about 0.4% and about 0.5%, about 0.5% and about 0.6%, about 0.6% and about 0.7%, about 0.7% and about 0.8%, about 0.8% and about 0.9%, about 0.9% and about 1%, about 1% and about 1.2%, about 1.2% and about 1.4%, about 1.4% and about 1.6%, about 1.6% and about 1.8%, about 1.8% and about 2%, about 2% and about 2.2%, about 2.2% and about 2.5%, about 2.5% and about 3%, about 3% and about 3.5%, about 3.5% and about 4%, about 4% and about 4.5%, about 4.5% and about 5%, about 5% and about 6%, about 6% and about 7%, about 7% and about 8%, about 8% and about 9%, about 9% and about 10%, about 10% and about 15%, about 15% and about 20%, about 20% and about 25%, about 25% and about 30%, about 30% and about 35%, about 35% and about 40%, about 40% and about 45%, about 45% and about 50%, about 50% and about 55%, about 55% and about 60%, or about 60% and about 65%.

[0124] In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-4) to (b) is between about 1% and about 25%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-4) to (b) is between about2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO1% and about 25%, about 1% and about 20%, about 1% and about 15%, about 1% and about 12%, about 1% and about 10%, about 1% and about 9%, about 1% and about 8%, about 1% and about 7%, about 1% and about 6%, about 2% and about 25%, about 2% and about 20%, about 2% and about 15%, about 2% and about 12%, about 2% and about 10%, about 2% and about 9%, about 2% and about 8%, about 2% and about 7%, about 2% and about 6%, about 3% and about 25%, about 3% and about 20%, about 3% and about 15%, about 3% and about 12%, about 3% and about 10%, about 3% and about 9%, about 3% and about 8%, about 3% and about 7%, about 3% and about 6%, about 4% and about 25%, about 4% and about 20%, about 4% and about 15%, about 4% and about 12%, about 4% and about 10%, about 4% and about 9%, about 4% and about 8%, about 4% and about 7%, about 4% and about 6%, about 5% and about 25%, about 5% and about 20%, about 5% and about 15%, about 5% and about 12%, about 5% and about 10%, about 5% and about 9%, about 5% and about 8%, about 5% and about 7%, about 5% and about 6%, about 6% and about 25%, about 6% and about 20%, about 6% and about 15%, about 6% and about 12%, about 6% and about 10%, about 6% and about 9%, about 6% and about 8%, or about 6% and about 7%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-4) to (b) is between about 2.4% and about 8%.

[0125] In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (c-1) the carbon atoms in the ionophore functional groups present on the at least one surface to (c-2) the total carbon atoms present on the at least one surface is at least about 0.1%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (c-1) to (c-2) is at least about 0.2%, at least about 0.3%, at least about 0.4%, at least about 0.5%, at least about 0.6%, at least about 0.7%, at least about 0.8%, at least about 0.9%, at least about 1%, at least about 1.2%, at least about 1.4%, at least about 1.6%, at least about 1.8%, at least about 2%, at least about 2.2%, at least about 2.5%, at least about 3%, at least about 3.5%, at least about 4%, at least about 4.5%, at least about 5%, at least about 6%, at least about 7%, at least about 8%, at least about 9%, or at least about 10%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (c-1) to (c-2) is at least about 0.5%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (c-1) to (c- 2) is at least about 0.75%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (c-1) to (c-2) is at least about 1%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (c-1) to (c-2) is at least about 1.5%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (c-1) to (c-2) is at least about 2%.

[0126] In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (c-1) to (c-2) is between about 0.1% and about 20% (e.g., about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1.0%, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%, about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about 1.6%, about 1.7%, about 1.8%, about 1.9% about 2%, about 2.1%, about 2.2%, about 2.3%, about 2.4%, about 2.5%, about 3%, about 3.5%, about 4%, about 4.5% about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, or about 50%, including all ranges and subranges therebetween). In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (c-1) to (c-2) is between about 0.1% and about 0.2%, about 0.2% and about 0.3%, about 0.3% and about 0.4%, about 0.4% and about 0.5%, about 0.5% and about 0.6%, about 0.6% and about 0.7%, about 0.7% and about 0.8%, about 0.8% and about 0.9%, about 0.9% and about 1%, about 1% and about 1.2%, about 1.2% and about 1.4%, about 1.4% and about 1.6%, about 1.6% and about 1.8%, about 1.8% and about 2%, about 2% and about 2.2%, about 2.2% and about 2.5%, about 2.5% and about 3%, about 3% and about 3.5%, about 3.5% and about 4%, about 4% and about 4.5%, about 4.5% and about 5%, about 5% and about 6%, about 6% and about 7%, about 7% and about 8%, about 8% and about 9%, about 9% and about 10%, about 10% and about 15%, about 15% and about 20%, about 20% and about 25%, about 25% and about 30%, about 30% and about 35%, about 35% and about 40%, about 40% and about 45%, or about 45% and about 50%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (c-1) to (c-2) is between from about 1% and about 5%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (c-1) to (c-2) is between about 1.5% and about 5%.

[0127] In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (c-1) to (c-2) is between about 0.75% and about 10%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (c-1) to (c-2) is between about 0.75% and about 10%, about 0.75% and about 8%, about 0.75% and about 7%, about 0.75% and about 6%, about 0.75% and about 5%, about 0.75% and about 4%, about 0.75% and about 3%, about 0.75% and about 2%, about 1% and about 10%, about 1% and about 8%, about 1% and about 7%, about 1% and about 6%, about 1% and about 5%, about 1% and about 4%, about 1% and about 3%, about 1% and about 2%, about 1.5% and about 10%, about 1.5% and about 8%, about 1.5% and about 7%, about 1.5% and about 6%, about 1.5% and about 5%, about 1.5% and about 4%, about 1.5% and about 3%, about 1.5% and about 2%, about 2% and about 10%, about 2% and about 8%, about 2% and about 7%, about 2% and about 6%, about 2% and about 5%, about 2% and about 4%, or about 2% and about 3%. In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (c-1) to (c-2) is between about 1% and about 3%.2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO

[0128] In some embodiments, at least about 0.5% of the ionophore functional group is coordinated with the cation (i.e., in the ionophore-ion functional group complex). In some embodiments, at least about 1%, at least about 2%, at least about 3%, at least about 4%, at least about 5%, at least about 6%, at least about 7%, at least about 8%, at least about 9%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, or at least about 95%, of the ionophore functional group is coordinated with the cation. In some embodiments, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 100%, of the ionophore functional group is coordinated with the cation. In some embodiments, between about 0.5% and about 1%, about 1% and about 2%, about 2% and about 3%, about 3% and about 4%, about 4% and about 5%, about 5% and about 6%, about 6% and about 7%, about 7% and about 8%, about 8% and about 9%, about 9% and about 10%, about 10% and about 15%, about 15% and about 20%, about 20% and about 25%, about 25% and about 30%, about 30% and about 35%, about 35% and about 40%, about 40% and about 45%, about 45% and about 50%, about 50% and about 55%, about 55% and about 60%, about 60% and about 65%, about 65% and about 70%, about 70% and about 75%, about 75% and about 80%, about 80% and about 85%, about 85% and about 90%, about 90% and about 95%, or about 95% and about 100%, of the ionophore functional group is coordinated with the cation.

[0129] In some embodiments, between about 5% and about 100% of the ionophore functional group is coordinated with the cation (i.e., in the ionophore-ion functional group complex). In some embodiments, between about 5% and about 100%, about 5% and about 90%, about 5% and about 80%, about 5% and about 70%, about 5% and about 60%, about 5% and about 50%, about 5% and about 40%, about 5% and about 30%, about 5% and about 20%, about 10% and about 100%, about 10% and about 90%, about 10% and about 80%, about 10% and about 70%, about 10% and about 60%, about 10% and about 50%, about 10% and about 40%, about 10% and about 30%, about 10% and about 20%, about 20% and about 100%, about 20% and about 90%, about 20% and about 80%, about 20% and about 70%, about 20% and about 60%, about2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO20% and about 50%, about 20% and about 40%, about 20% and about 30%, about 30% and about 100%, about 30% and about 90%, about 30% and about 80%, about 30% and about 70%, about 30% and about 60%, about 30% and about 50%, about 30% and about 40%, about 40% and about 100%, about 40% and about 90%, about 40% and about 80%, about 40% and about 70%, about 40% and about 60%, about 40% and about 50%, about 50% and about 100%, about 50% and about 90%, about 50% and about 80%, about 50% and about 70%, about 50% and about 60%, about 60% and about 100%, about 60% and about 90%, about 60% and about 80%, about 60% and about 70%, about 70% and about 100%, about 70% and about 90%, about 70% and about 80%, about 80% and about 100%, about 80% and about 90%, or about 90% and about 100%, of the ionophore functional group is coordinated with the cation (i.e., in the ionophore-ion functional group complex). In some embodiments, between about 80% and about 100% of the ionophore functional group is coordinated with the cation.

[0130] In embodiments, each glove comprises a plurality of cations and a plurality of ionophore functional groups on at least one surface of the glove. In embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a) the cation on the at least one surface of the glove to (b) the total non-hydrogen atoms present on the at least one surface of the glove is at least about 0.5%. In embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a) to (b) is at least about 1%. In embodiments, the average atomic ratio of(a) to (b) is between about 0.5% and about 5%. In embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a) to(b) is between about 1% and about 4%. In embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-1) the total non-hydrogen atoms in the ionophore functional groups present on the at least one surface to (b) the total non-hydrogen atoms present on the at least one surface is at least about 3%. In embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-1) to (b) is at least about 4%. In embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-1) to (b) is between about 1.5% and about 15%. In embodiments, the average atomic ratio of (a-1) to (b) is between about 4% and about 8%. In some embodiments, at least about 20% of the cation on the at least one surface of the glove is in the ionophore-ion functional group complex. In embodiments, between about 30% and about 90% of the cation on the at least one surface of the glove is in the ionophore-ion functional group complex.

[0131] In some embodiments, the ionophore-ion functional group complex comprises a carboxylate-Ca2+complex.

[0132] In some embodiments, coordination of the cation and the ionophore comprises chelating, unidentate and / or bidentate coordination. In some embodiments, coordination of the2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO cation and the ionophore comprises chelating. In some embodiments, coordination of the cation and the ionophore comprises unidentate coordination. In some embodiments, coordination of the cation and the ionophore comprises bidentate coordination.

[0133] In some embodiments, the ionophore functional group of the complex is provided by ethyl cellulose (EC) and the cation of the complex comprises Ca2+. In some embodiments, such an ionophore-ion functional group complex is provided by an ethanol-based coagulant formulation.

[0134] In some embodiments, the at least one surface has a negative surface charge. In some embodiments, the at least one surface has an average surface charge of no more than about -20 mV (e.g., -20 mV, -30 mV, or -40 mV). The negative surface charge is measured by a Surface pH Meter PCE-228SF at 20°C using standard protocol provided by the manufacturer. In some embodiments, the at least one surface has an average surface charge of no more than about -20 mV, -21 mV, -22 mV, -23 mV, -24 mV, -25 mV, -26 mV, -27 mV, -28 mV, -29 mV, -30 mV, -31 mV, -32 mV, -33 mV, -34 mV, -35 mV, -36 mV, -37 mV, -38 mV, -39 mV, -40 mV, -41 mV, -42 mV, -43 mV, -44 mV, -45 mV, -46 mV, -47 mV, -48 mV, -49 mV, -50 mV, -51 mV, -52 mV, -53 mV, -54 mV, -55 mV, -56 mV, -57 mV, -58 mV, -59 mV, or -60 mV. In some embodiments, the at least one surface has an average surface charge of no more than about -20 mV. In some embodiments, the at least one surface has an average surface charge of no more than about -25 mV. In some embodiments, the at least one surface has an average surface charge of no more than about -30 mV. In some embodiments, the at least one surface has an average surface charge of no more than about -35 mV. In some embodiments, the at least one surface has an average surface charge of no more than about -40 mV. In some embodiments, the at least one surface has an average surface charge of no more than about -45 mV. In some embodiments, the at least one surface has an average surface charge of no more than about -50 mV. In some embodiments, the at least one surface has an average surface charge of between about -15 mv and about -20 mV, about -20 mv and about -25 mV, about -25 mv and about -30 mV, about -30 mv and about -35 mV, about -35 mv and about -40 mV, about -40 mv and about -45 mV, about -45 mv and about - 50 mV, about -50 mv and about -55 mV, about -55 mv and about -60 mV, about -10 mv and about -20 mV, about -15 mv and about -25 mV, about -20 mv and about -30 mV, about -25 mv and about -35 mV, about -30 mv and about -40 mV, about -35 mv and about -45 mV, about -40 mv and about -50 mV, about -45 mv and about -55 mV, about -50 mv and about -60 mV, about -10 mv and about2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO-25 mV, about -15 mv and about -30 mV, about -20 mv and about -35 mV, about -25 mv and about-40 mV, about -30 mv and about -45 mV, about -35 mv and about -50 mV, about -40 mv and about-55 mV, about -45 mv and about -60 mV, about -10 mv and about -30 mV, about -15 mv and about-35 mV, about -20 mv and about -40 mV, about -25 mv and about -45 mV, about -30 mv and about -50 mV, about -35 mv and about -55 mV, about -40 mv and about -60 mV, about -10 mv and about -35 mV, about -15 mv and about -40 mV, about -20 mv and about -45 mV, about -25 mv and about -50 mV, about -30 mv and about -55 mV, about -35 mv and about -60 mV, about -10 mv and about-40 mV, about -15 mv and about -45 mV, about -20 mv and about -50 mV, about -25 mv and about -55 mV, about -30 mv and about -60 mV, about -10 mv and about -45 mV, about -15 mv and about-50 mV, about -20 mv and about -55 mV, about -25 mv and about -60 mV, about -10 mv and about-50 mV, about -15 mv and about -55 mV, about -20 mv and about -60 mV, about -10 mv and about-55 mV, about -15 mv and about -60 mV, or about -10 mv and about -60 mV. In some embodiments, the at least one surface has an average surface charge of between about -30 mv and about -40 mV (e.g., for at least one surface of a fresh glove). In some embodiments, the at least one surface has an average surface charge of between about -40 mv and about -50 mV (e.g., for at least one surface of a 3 years old accelerated aged glove).

[0135] In some embodiments, the at least one surface has a basic average surface pH. In some embodiments, the at least one surface has an average surface pH of no less than 7.1 (e.g., a pH of 7.5, 7.8, or 8.0). In some embodiments, the negative surface charge is measured by a Surface pH Meter PCE-228SF at 20°C using standard protocol provided by the manufacturer. In some embodiments, the at least one surface has an average surface pH of no less than 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 8, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, or 8.5. In some embodiments, the at least one surface has an average surface pH of no less than 7.4. In some embodiments, the at least one surface has an average surface pH of no less than 7.5. In some embodiments, the at least one surface has an average surface pH of no less than 7.6. In some embodiments, the at least one surface has an average surface pH of no less than 7.7. In some embodiments, the at least one surface has an average surface pH of no less than 7.8. In some embodiments, the at least one surface has an average surface pH of no less than 7.9. In some embodiments, the at least one surface has an average surface pH of no less than 8.0. In some embodiments, the at least one surface has an average surface pH of between 7.2 and 7.3, between 7.3 and 7.4, between 7.4 and 7.5, between 7.5 and 7.6, between 7.6 and 7.7, between 7.7 and 7.8, between 7.8 and 7.9, between 7.9 and 8,2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO between 8 and 8.1, between 8.1 and 8.2, between 7.2 and 7.4, between 7.3 and 7.5, between 7.4 and 7.6, between 7.5 and 7.7, between 7.6 and 7.8, between 7.7 and 7.9, between 7.8 and 8, between 7.9 and 8.1, between 8 and 8.2, between 7.2 and 7.5, between 7.3 and 7.6, between 7.4 and 7.7, between 7.5 and 7.8, between 7.6 and 7.9, between 7.7 and 8, between 7.8 and 8.1, between 7.9 and 8.2, between 7.2 and 7.6, between 7.3 and 7.7, between 7.4 and 7.8, between 7.5 and 7.9, between 7.6 and 8, between 7.7 and 8.1, between 7.8 and 8.2, between 7.2 and 7.7, between 7.3 and 7.8, between 7.4 and 7.9, between 7.5 and 8, between 7.6 and 8.1, between 7.7 and 8.2, between 7.2 and 7.8, between 7.3 and 7.9, between 7.4 and 8, between 7.5 and 8.1, between 7.6 and 8.2, between 7.2 and 7.9, between 7.3 and 8, between 7.4 and 8.1, between 7.5 and 8.2, between 7.2 and 8, between 7.3 and 8.1, between 7.4 and 8.2, between 7.2 and 8.1, between 7.3 and 8.2, or between 7.2 and 8.2. In some embodiments, the at least one surface has an average surface pH of between 7.5 and 7.8 (e.g., for at least one surface of a fresh glove). In some embodiments, the at least one surface has an average surface pH of between 7.5 and 7.8 (e.g., for at least one surface of a fresh glove). In some embodiments, the at least one surface has an average surface pH of between 7.8 and 8.2 (e.g., for at least one surface of a 3 years old accelerated aged glove).

[0136] In some embodiments, the at least one surface has a depth of no more than about 0.5 nm, no more than about 0.6 nm, no more than about 0.7 nm, no more than about 0.8 nm, no more than about 0.9 nm, no more than about 1 nm, no more than about 2 nm, no more than about 3 nm, no more than about 4 nm, no more than about 5 nm, no more than about 6 nm, no more than about 7 nm, no more than about 8 nm, no more than about 9 nm, no more than about 10 nm, no more than about 11 nm, no more than about 12 nm, no more than about 13 nm, no more than about 14 nm, no more than about 15 nm, no more than about 16 nm, no more than about 17 nm, no more than about 18 nm, no more than about 19 nm, or no more than about 20 nm. In some embodiments, the at least one surface has a depth of about 0.1 nm, about 0.2 nm, about 0.3 nm, about 0.4 nm, about 0.5 nm, about 0.6 nm, about 0.7 nm, about 0.8 nm, about 0.9 nm, about 1 nm, about 2 nm, about 3 nm, about 4 nm, about 5 nm, about 6 nm, about 7 nm, about 8 nm, about 9 nm, about 10 nm, about 11 nm, about 12 nm, about 13 nm, about 14 nm, about 15 nm, about 16 nm, about 17 nm, about 18 nm, about 19 nm, or about 20 nm. In some embodiments, the at least one surface has a depth of between about 0.1 nm and about 0.2 nm, about 0.2 nm and about 0.3 nm, about 0.3 nm and about 0.4 nm, about 0.4 nm and about 0.5 nm, about 0.5 nm and about 0.6 nm, about 0.6 nm2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO and about 0.7 nm, about 0.7 nm and about 0.8 nm, about 0.8 nm and about 0.9 nm, about 0.9 nm and about 1 nm, about 1 nm and about 2 nm, about 2 nm and about 3 nm, about 3 nm and about 4 nm, about 4 nm and about 5 nm, about 5 nm and about 6 nm, about 6 nm and about 7 nm, about 7 nm and about 8 nm, about 8 nm and about 9 nm, about 9 nm and about 10 nm, about 10 nm and about 11 nm, about 11 nm and about 12 nm, about 12 nm and about 13 nm, about 13 nm and about 14 nm, about 14 nm and about 15 nm, about 15 nm and about 16 nm, about 16 nm and about 17 nm, about 17 nm and about 18 nm, about 18 nm and about 19 nm, or about 19 nm and about 20 nm. In some embodiments, the at least one surface has a depth of about Inm.

[0137] In some embodiments, the at least one surface comprises at least 5 cm2of area. In some embodiments, the at least one surface comprises at least 10 cm2, at least 20 cm2, at least 30 cm2, at least 40 cm2, at least 50 cm2, at least 70 cm2, at least 100 cm2, at least 150 cm2, at least 200 cm2, at least 300 cm2, at least 400 cm2, or at least 500 cm2, of area. In some embodiments, the at least one surface comprises about 5 cm2, about 10 cm2, about 20 cm2, about 30 cm2, about 40 cm2, about 50 cm2, about 70 cm2, about 100 cm2, about 150 cm2, about 200 cm2, about 300 cm2, about 400 cm2, about 500 cm2, about 600 cm2, about 700 cm2, about 800 cm2, about 900 cm2, about 1000 cm2, about 1100 cm2, about 1200 cm2, about 1300 cm2, about 1400 cm2, about 1500 cm2, about 1600 cm2, about 1700 cm2, about 1800 cm2, about 1900 cm2, or about 2000 cm2of area, including all ranges and subranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the at least one surface comprises between about 5 cm2and about 10 cm2, about 10 cm2and about 20 cm2, about 20 cm2and about 30 cm2, about 30 cm2and about 40 cm2, about 40 cm2and about 50 cm2, about 50 cm2and about 70 cm2, about 70 cm2and about 100 cm2, about 100 cm2and about 150 cm2, about 150 cm2and about 200 cm2, about 200 cm2and about 300 cm2, about 300 cm2and about 400 cm2, about 400 cm2and about 500 cm2, about 500 cm2and about 600 cm2, about 600 cm2and about 700 cm2, about 700 cm2and about 800 cm2, about 800 cm2and about 900 cm2, about 900 cm2and about 1000 cm2, about 1000 cm2and about 1100 cm2, about 1100 cm2and about 1200 cm2, about 1200 cm2and about 1300 cm2, about 1300 cm2and about 1400 cm2, about 1400 cm2and about 1500 cm2, or about 1500 cm2and about 2000 cm2, of area.

[0138] In some embodiments, the glove is extra-small (XS) in size and the at least one surface has between about 100 cm2and about 300 cm2of area. In some embodiments, the glove is extra-small (XS) in size and the at least one surface has about 100 cm2. In some embodiments, the at least one surface is an outer surface of the glove.2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO

[0139] In some embodiments, the glove is small (S) in size and the at least one surface has between about 200 cm2and about 400 cm2of area. In some embodiments, the glove is small (S) in size and the at least one surface has about 200 cm2. In some embodiments, the at least one surface is an outer surface of the glove.

[0140] In some embodiments, the glove is medium (M) in size and the at least one surface has between about 300 cm2and about 600 cm2of area. In some embodiments, the glove is medium (M) in size and the at least one surface has about 300 cm2. In some embodiments, the at least one surface is an outer surface of the glove.

[0141] In some embodiments, the glove is large (L) in size and the at least one surface has between about 600 cm2and about 1500 cm2of area. In some embodiments, the glove is large (L) in size and the at least one surface has about 600 cm2. In some embodiments, the at least one surface is an outer surface of the glove.

[0142] In some embodiments, the glove is extra-large (XL) in size and the at least one surface has between about 1000 cm2and about 2000 cm2of area. In some embodiments, the glove is extra- large (XL) in size and the at least one surface has about 1000 cm2. In some embodiments, the at least one surface is an outer surface of the glove.

[0143] In some embodiments, the at least one surface is an outer surface of the glove. In some embodiments, the at least one surface is an inner surface of the glove (i.e., the surface that is directly in contact with the wearer’s hand).

[0144] In some embodiments, the average atomic ratio is determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The terms “atomic ratio” and “atomic percentage” are used interchangeably herein, the value of which is calculated using an "atomic percent" method for the XPS data, wherein the signal from each element is normalized against the total amount of all the detected elements (hydrogen is excluded), which is taken as 100%. In some embodiments, the quantity of each element present in a material was determined by:1. Acquire XPS spectra: a solid surface was exposed to an X-ray beam, and the kinetic energy of the electrons emitted from the top 1-10 nanometers of the material was measured; preferably from the top 1 nanometer.2. Interpret the spectra: each element generated a distinct set of peaks that aligned with the electron configuration of the atoms. The number of electrons detected in each peak was directly linked to the amount of that particular element in the material.2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO3. Compute atomic percentages: the raw XPS signal was adjusted by dividing the intensity by a relative sensitivity factor (RSF) for each peak area, and then the signal was standardized across all the detected elements. Eventually, the total amount of all the identified elements was considered as 100%.

[0145] In some embodiments, each of the at least one surface analyzed by XPS is an outer surface having a depth of about 1 nm and an area of about 5 cm2. In some embodiments, the XPS analyzes five different spots (400x400 pm2for each of the spots) of the at least one surface to calculate the average (i.e., arithmetic mean of) atomic ratios of the disclosure. These five spots are picked randomly on the extended glove surface, but any two of these five spots shall have a spatial distance of at least 1 cm between them. In some embodiments, the standard deviation of the atomic ratio in five different spots of the at least one surface, as determined using XPS with a size of about 400x400 pm2for each of the spots, is less than 1%, less than 2%, less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, or less than 50%. Likewise, for other surface properties such as surface charge and surface pH, their “average” values (e.g., “average surface charge” or “average surface pH”) on a particular surface can be calculated from such five different spots as described herein. Surface pH and charge can be measured using Surface pH Meter PCE-228SF at room temperature, according to the specification and standard protocol as described in the link: world wide web (www). pce-instruments.com / english / measuring-instruments / test-meters / ph- meter-ph-tester-pce-instruments-surface-ph-meter-pce-228sf-det_5860016.htm.

[0146] In some embodiments, the at least one surface is an outer surface within the palm area of the glove. In some embodiments, the at least one surface is an outer surface within the (non- thumb) finger area of the glove. In some embodiments, the at least one surface is an outer surface within the thumb area of the glove. In some embodiments, the at least one surface is an outer surface within the wrist area of the glove. In some embodiments, the at least one surface is an outer surface collected and analyzed when the glove is stored at 20°C for less than 1 week after manufacturing. In some embodiments, the at least one surface is an outer surface collected and analyzed when the glove has just undergone an accelerated aging process equivalent to 3 years old.

[0147] In some embodiments, the ionophore functional group of the ionophore-ion functional group complex is a part of the polymer material. In some embodiments, the polymer material is hydrophilic and / or amphiphilic. In some embodiments, the polymer material is2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO hydrophilic. In some embodiments, the polymer material is amphiphilic. In some embodiments, the polymer material is water soluble. In some embodiments, the polymer material is water dispersible.

[0148] In some embodiments, the polymer material is selected from cellulose, ethyl cellulose (EC), methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), cellulose acetate and cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose nitrate, cellulose triacetate, ethylene / vinyl acetate, poly(acrylic acid), poly(methyl methacrylate), polypropylene oxide), poly(vinyl acetate), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly (2-phenyl-2-oxazoline) (PPhOx), polyethylene oxide (PEO), poly(2 -hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly (1,2 butylene glycol) (PBG), polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl acetate, water-based resins or latex, water-based acrylics, polyurethanes, nitrile latex and natural rubbers, styrene-butadiene and carboxylated styrenebutadiene, cationic surfactants such as dicetyldimonium chloride, anionic surfactants such as sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and ammonium dodecyl benzenesulfonate, non-ionic surfactants such as nonylphenol ethoxylated (NPE) and ECO BRIJ® O10, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the ionophore functional group is derived from nitrile latex or carboxylated styrenebutadiene, or a combination thereof.

[0149] In some embodiments, the polymer material is functionalized to provide the ionophore functional group. In some embodiments, the functionalization creates a chemical bond with the substrate (e.g., nitrile) during the vulcanization stage by the vulcanization agents. In some embodiments, the polymer material is functionalized with acrylates, allylics, vinyls, methacrylates, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, functionalization is achieved by the inclusion of one or more functionalizing agents. In some embodiments, the one or more functionalizing agents are selected from a mono-, di- or multi-factional acrylic, a methacrylic monomer, and acrylic macromonomer, a methacrylic macromonomer, acryloyl chloride, vinyl chloride, vinyl bromide, vinyl iodide, methacryloyl chloride, methacryloyl bromide, allyl chloride, allyl iodide, allyl bromide, allyl glycidil, methacrylate glycidil, 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl acrylate, 3- (Triethoxysilyl)propyl acrylate, 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate, 3-(Triethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylat, 3-(Dimethylchlorosilyl)propyl methacrylate, 3-(Dimethylchlorosilyl)propyl acrylate, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the polymer material is functionalized with acrylate. In some embodiments, acryloyl chloride or acrylic acid is included to add acrylic moieties.2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WOAntimicrobial Properties

[0150] In some embodiments, the glove of the disclosure has antimicrobial properties. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial antiviral properties are imparted, at least in part, by the ionophore-ion functional group complex of the glove.

[0151] In some embodiments, the antimicrobial property comprises antibacterial property. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial property comprises inhibiting or preventing growth of a bacterium. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial property comprises killing a bacterium. In some embodiments, the gloves kill at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 99% of the bacterium within 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60 or 120 minutes after the bacterium is in contact with the at least one surface of the glove. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial property comprises killing a bacterium. In some embodiments, the gloves kill at least about 90% of the bacterium within about 1 -5 minutes after the bacterium is in contact with the at least one surface of the glove. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial property comprises killing a bacterium. In some embodiments, the gloves kill at least about 95% of the bacterium within about 1-5 minutes after the bacterium is in contact with the at least one surface of the glove. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial property comprises killing a bacterium. In some embodiments, the gloves kill at least about 99% of the bacterium within about 1-5 minutes after the bacterium is in contact with the at least one surface of the glove. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial property comprises killing a bacterium. In some embodiments, the gloves kill at least about 99% of the bacterium within about 1 minute after the bacterium is in contact with the at least one surface of the glove.

[0152] In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 1 log, 2 log, 3 log, 4 log, or 5 log reduction of the number of bacteria within 1, 5, 10, 20, or 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 1 log reduction of the number of bacteria within 1, 5, 10, 20, or 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 2 log reduction of the number of bacteria within 1, 5, 10, 20, or 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 3 log reduction of the number of bacteria within 1, 5, 10, 20, or 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 4 log reduction of the number of bacteria within 1, 5, 10, 20, or 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 5 log reduction of the number of bacteria within 1, 5, 10, 20, or 30 minutes.2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO

[0153] In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 4 log reduction of the number of bacteria within 1, 5, 10, 20, or 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 4 log reduction of the number of bacteria within 10 minutes. In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 4 log reduction of the number of bacteria within 5 minutes.

[0154] In some embodiments, the bacterium is selected from the group consisting of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Enterococcus faeium Vancomycin resistant, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecalis Vancomycin resistant, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus epidermidis, Corynebacterium Xerosis, and any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the bacterium is selected from the group consisting of Acetobacter aurantius, Acinetobacter baumannii, Actinomyces israelii, Agrobacterium radiobacter, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Anaplasma phagocy tophilum, Azorhizobium caulinodans, Azotobacter vinelandii, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus fusiformis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus Thuringiensis, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides gingivalis, Bacteroides melaninogenicus, Bartonella henselae, Bartonella Quintana, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Bordetella pertussis, Borrelia burgdorferi. Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis, Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia cepacia, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter fetus, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter pylori, Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Chlamydophila psittaci, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani, Corynebacterium diphtherias, Corynebacterium fusiforme, Coxiella burnetii, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterococcus avium, Enterococcus durans, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus galllinarum, Enterococcus maloratus, Francisella tularensis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Gardnerella vaginalis, Haemophilus ducreyi, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Haemophilus pertussis, Haemophilus vaginalis, Helicobacter pylori, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactococcus lactis, Legionella pneumophila, Listeria monocytogenes, Methanobacterium extroquens, Microbacterium multiforme, Micrococcus luteus, Moraxella catarrhalis, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium diphtherias, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium lepraemurium, Mycobacterium phlei, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO tuberculosis, Mycoplasma fermentans, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma penetrans, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella tularensis, Peptostreptococcus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella melaninogenica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Rhizobium radiobacter, Rickettsia prow azekii, Rickettsia psittaci, Rickettsia quintana, Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsia trachomas, Rochalimaea henselae, Rochalimaea quintana, Rothia dentocariosa, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia marcescens, Shigella dysenteriae, Spirillum volutans, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus avium, Streptococcus bovis, Streptococcus cricetus, Streptococcus faceium, Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus ferus, Streptococcus gallinarum, Streptococcus lactis, Streptococcus mitior, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oxalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus rattus, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus sobrinus, Treponema pallidum, Treponema denticola, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio comma, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, Viridans streptococci, Wolbachia, Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pestis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the bacterium is selected from the group consisting of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Enterococcus faecium, Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium , Enterococcus faecalis, Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria innocua, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus epidermidis, Corynebacterium Xerosis, and any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the bacterium is selected from the group consisting of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Enterococcus faecium, Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria innocua, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus epidermidis, Corynebacterium Xerosis, and any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the bacterium is selected from the group consisting of Acinetobacter baumannii, Actinomyces israelii, Agrobacterium radiobacter, Anaplasma phagocy tophilum, Azorhizobium caulinodans, Azotobacter vinelandii, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus fusiformis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus stearothermophilus,2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WOBacillus subtilis, Bacillus Thuringiensis, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides gingivalis, Bacteroides melaninogenicus, Bartonella henselae, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Bordetella pertussis, Borrelia burgdorferi. Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis, Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia cepacia, Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter fetus, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter pylori, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Chlamydophila psittaci, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Coxiella burnetii, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterococcus avium, Enterococcus durans, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus gallinarum, Enterococcus maloratus, Francisella tularensis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Gardnerella vaginalis, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Haemophilus pertussis, Helicobacter pylori, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactocaseibacillus casei, Lactococcus lactis, Legionella pneumophila, Listeria innocua, Listeria monocytogenes, Methylobacterium extroquens, Microbacterium multiforme, Micrococcus luteus, Moraxella catarrhalis, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium lepraemurium, Mycobacterium phlei, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycoplasma fermentans, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella tularensis, Peptostreptococcus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella melaninogenica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Rickettsia prowazekii, Rothia dentocariosa, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia marcescens, Shigella dysenteriae, Spirillum volutans, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus bovis, Streptococcus cricetus, Streptococcus ferus, Streptococcus gallinarum, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus rattus, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus sobrinus, Treponema pallidum, Treponema denticola, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, Viridans streptococci, Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pestis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and any combinations thereof.

[0155] In some embodiments, the antimicrobial property comprises antiviral property. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial property comprises inhibiting or preventing growth of a virus. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial property comprises inactivating and / or killing a virus. In some embodiments, the gloves kill at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO99% of the viruses within 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60 or 120 minutes after the virus is in contact with the at least one surface of the glove. In some embodiments, the gloves kill at least about 90% of the viruses within about 1- 5 minutes after the virus is in contact with the at least one surface of the glove. In some embodiments, the gloves kill at least about 95% of the viruses within about 1-5 minutes after the virus is in contact with the at least one surface of the glove. In some embodiments, the gloves kill at least about 99% of the viruses within about 1-5 minutes after the virus is in contact with the at least one surface of the glove. In some embodiments, the gloves kill at least about 99% of the viruses within about 1 minute after the virus is in contact with the at least one surface of the glove.

[0156] In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 1 log, 2 log, 3 log, 4 log, or 5 log reduction of the number of viruses within 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60 or 120 minutes. In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 1 log, 2 log, 3 log or 4 log reduction of the number of viruses within 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60 or 120 minutes. In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 1 log reduction of the number of viruses within 1, 5, 10, 20, or 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 2 log reduction of the number of viruses within 1 , 5, 10, 20, or 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 3 log reduction of the number of viruses within 1, 5, 10, 20, or 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 4 log reduction of the number of viruses within 1, 5, 10, 20, or 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 5 log reduction of the number of viruses within 1 , 5, 10, 20, or 30 minutes.

[0157] In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 4 log reduction of the number of viruses within 1, 5, 10, 20, or 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 3 log reduction of the number of viruses within 1, 5, 10, 20, or 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 4 log reduction of the number of viruses within 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 4 log reduction of the number of viruses within 10 minutes. In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 4 log reduction of the number of viruses within 5 minutes.

[0158] In some embodiments, the virus is an Adenovirus, Herpes simplex virus type 1, Herpes simplex virus type 2, Varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, Human cytomegalovirus, Human herpesvirus type 8, Smallpox, Human papillomavirus, BK virus, JC virus, Parvovirus Bl 9, Rotavirus, Orbivirus, Coltivirus, Banna virus, Human astrovirus, Norwalk virus, coxsackievirus,2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WOHepatitis A virus, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Hepatitis D virus, Hepatitis E virus, poliovirus, rhinovirus, Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, yellow fever virus, dengue virus, West Nile virus, TBE virus, Rubella virus, Lassa virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Hantaan virus, Ebola virus, Marburg virus, Measles virus, Mumps virus, Parainfluenza virus, Respiratory syncytial virus, Rabies virus, Influenza virus, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the virus is a member of the Adenoviridae, Herpesviridae, Poxviridae, Papillomaviridae, Polyomaviridae, Parvoviridae, Reoviridae, Astroviridae, Caliciviridae, Picornaviridae, Coronaviridae, Hepeviridae, Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Retroviridae, or Hepadnaviridae. In some embodiments, the virus is an Adenovirus, Herpes simplex virus type 1, Herpes simplex virus type 2, Varicella-zoster virus, Human cytomegalovirus, Human herpesvirus type 8, Parvovirus Bl 9, Rotavirus, Human astrovirus, Norwalk virus, coxsackievirus, Hepatitis A virus, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Hepatitis D virus, Hepatitis E virus, poliovirus, rhinovirus, Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, Rubella virus, Lassa virus, Measles virus, Mumps virus, Parainfluenza virus, Respiratory syncytial virus, Influenza virus, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a coronavirus or any combination thereof.

[0159] In some embodiments, the antimicrobial property comprises antifungal property. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial property comprises inhibiting or preventing growth of a fungus. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial property comprises killing a fungus. In some embodiments, the gloves kill at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 99% of the fungi within 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, or 60 minutes after the fungi is in contact with the at least one surface of the glove. In some embodiments, the gloves kill at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 99% of the fungi within 30 minutes after the fungi is in contact with the at least one surface of the glove. In some embodiments, the gloves kill at least about 90% of the fungi within about 1 -5 minutes after the fungi is in contact with the at least one surface of the glove. In some embodiments, the gloves kill at least about 95% of the fungi within about 1-5 minutes after the fungi is in contact with the at least one surface of the glove. In some embodiments, the gloves kill at least about 99% of the fungi within about 1 -5 minutes after the fungi is in contact with the at least one surface of the glove. In some embodiments, the gloves kill at least about 99% of the fungi within about 1 minute2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO after the fungi is in contact with the at least one surface of the glove. In some embodiments, the gloves kill at least about 99% of the fungi within about 30 minutes after the fungi is in contact with the at least one surface of the glove.

[0160] In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 1 log, 2 log, 3 log, 4 log, or 5 log reduction of the number of fungi within 1, 5, 10, 20, or 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 1 log, 2 log, 3 log or 4 log reduction of the number of fungi within 1, 5, 10, 20, or 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 1 log reduction of the number of fungi within 1, 5, 10, 20, or 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 2 log reduction of the number of fungi within 1, 5, 10, 20, or 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 3 log reduction of the number of fungi within 1, 5, 10, 20, or 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 4 log reduction of the number of fungi within 1, 5, 10, 20, or 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 5 log reduction of the number of fungi within 1, 5, 10, 20, or 30 minutes.

[0161] In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 4 log reduction of the number of fungi within 1, 5, 10, 20, or 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 4 log reduction of the number of fungi within 10 minutes. In some embodiments, the gloves achieve at least a 4 log reduction of the number of fungi within 5 minutes.

[0162] In some embodiments, the fungus is an Agaricus species, Amanita species, Armillaria species, Aspergillus species, Boletus species, Caloplaca species, Candida species, Cladonia species, Coprinellus species, Coprinopsis species, Cortinarius species, Cyathus species, Deadly fungus species, Entoloma species, Fusarium species, Gymnopilus species, Gymnopus species, Hebeloma species, Hygrocybe species, Hygrophorus species, Inocybe species, Lactarius species, Lactifluus species, Lecanora species, Lepiota species, Leucoagaricus species, Lichen species of Montana, Leccinum species, Marasmius species, Pleurotus species, Mycosphaerella species, Panaeolus species, Penicillium species, Peniophora species, Pertusaria species, Phaeocollybia species, Pholiota species, Pholiotina species, Pluteus species, Poisonous fungus species, Psathyrella species, Psilocybe species, Psilocybin mushroom species, Puccinia species, Russula species, Scleroderma species, Serpula species, Trametes species, Tricholoma species, Tuber species, Tulostoma species, or any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the fungus is an Agaricus species, Amanita species, Armillaria species, Aspergillus species, Boletus species, Caloplaca species, Candida species, Cladonia species, Coprinellus species, Coprinopsis species,2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WOCortinarius species, Cyathus species, Entoloma species, Fusarium species, Gymnopilus species, Gymnopus species, Hebeloma species, Hygrocybe species, Hygrophorus species, Inocybe species, Lactarius species, Lactifluus species, Lecanora species, Lepiota species, Leucoagaricus species, Lichen species of Montana, Leccinum species, Marasmius species, Pleurotus species, Mycosphaerella species, Panaeolus species, Penicillium species, Peniophora species, Pertusaria species, Phaeocollybia species, Pholiota species, Pholiotina species, Pluteus species, Poisonous fungus species, Psathyrella species, Psilocybe species, Psilocybin mushroom species, Puccinia species, Russula species, Scleroderma species, Serpula species, Trametes species, Tricholoma species, Tuber species, Tulostoma species, or any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the fungus is a yeast.

[0163] Further descriptions of the microorganisms (e.g., pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and / or fungi) can be found, for example, in US 2018 / 0243333 and US2019 / 0119728, the content of each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.Other Components and Properties of the Gloves

[0164] In some embodiments, the glove of the disclosure further comprises at least one antimicrobial agent. Such an agent may be a basic or acidic compound such as a metal hydroxide, a metal hydrate, a metal nitrate, a metal silicate, a metal halide, a metal acetate, metal sulphide, a tertiary amine, and / or a benzene-based carboxylic acid. In some embodiments, the additional of the antimicrobial agent to the gloves enhances its antimicrobial property (e.g., against a wider range of microbial species, such as additional gram-negative and / or gram-positive bacteria). In some embodiments, the antimicrobial agent comprises a salt of a positively charged ion. In some embodiments, the positively charged ion may be a metal ion such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mn2+, Mg2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Al3+, Cr3+and Bi3+. In some embodiments, the salt is selected from a nitrate, chloride, hydroxide, acetate, carbonate, silicate, formates and diformates, and benzoate. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial agent is a potassium salt such as potassium hydroxide, potassium nitrate, potassium carbonate, potassium chloride, potassium acetate, or potassium benzoate. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial agent is a sodium salt, such as sodium hydroxide, sodium nitrate, sodium chloride, sodium acetate, or sodium benzoate.

[0165] Potassium hydroxide (KOH) is highly effective against gram-negative bacteria, as are other soluble metal oxides, such NaOH. KOH is an antimicrobial salt that works by dissolving the thin peptidoglycan layer of the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria. This leads to disintegration2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO of the gram-negative cell wall and lyses the cell and releases its contents. Benzoic acid is a water- soluble agent for gram-positive bacteria with high anti microbial efficiency. Other water-soluble organic acids include tannic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, uric acid, malic acid, and tartaric acid and are similarly suitable for use in the formulation of the present invention. Potassium benzoate is the product of the reaction of benzoic acid and KOH and also has antimicrobial activity.

[0166] In some embodiments, the antimicrobial agent comprises an agent selected from O- phenylphenol; sodium phenolate; glycol ethers such as propylene glycol phenyl ether (PGPE), 1- phenoxy-2-propanol, phenoxyethanol, 2-Butoxyethanol and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether; cationic polymers / surfactants such as polyethylenimine, dimethylaminoethyl acrylate (DA), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); and benzoyl peroxide. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial agent comprises an agent selected from phenols, thymols (terpenes and terpenoids) and cymenes (alkylbenzene). A particular example of a phenol is eugenol.

[0167] In some embodiments, the antimicrobial agent comprises a non-biological antimicrobial agent such as a disinfectant, a cleaning and / or sanitizing agent, a bleach, an alcohol, an oxidant, a weak acid, and combinations thereof. Examples of such agents include electrolyzed water, hypochlorous acid, a metal oxide, a poloxamer, a quaternary ammonium salt, fluoride ions, chitosan, poly(hexamethylene guanidine) (PHMG), carnosol, alpha-tocopherol, glutaraldehyde, hyaluronic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, an alcohol, chlorhexidine digluconate, and combinations thereof.

[0168] In some embodiments, more than one antimicrobial agent is present in the glove.

[0169] In some embodiments, the glove comprises one or more of materials selected from an anti-tack agent, a coagulation agent, and a surfactant. In some embodiments, the anti-tack agent, coagulation agent, and / or surfactant is a residual agent left in the glove after manufacturing.

[0170] In some embodiments, the glove comprises an ant-tack agent. In some embodiments, the anti-tack agent comprises calcium stearate. In some embodiments, the amount of the anti -tack agent is no more than 0.1% (w / w), no more than 0.05% (w / w), no more than 0.01% (w / w), no more than 0.005% (w / w), or no more than 0.001% (w / w), of the glove. In some embodiments, the amount (w / w) of the anti-tack agent is between about 0.001% and about 0.005%, about 0.005% and about 0.01%, about 0.01% and about 0.05%, or 0.05% and about 0.1%, of the glove.2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO

[0171] In some embodiments, the glove comprises a coagulation agent. In some embodiments, the coagulation agent comprises calcium nitrate. In some embodiments, the amount of the coagulation agent is no more than about 30% (w / w), no more than about 20% (w / w), no more than about 10% (w / w), no more than about 5% (w / w), no more than about 2% (w / w), no more than about 1% (w / w), no more than about 0.5% (w / w), no more than about 0.2% (w / w), no more than 0.1% (w / w), no more than 0.05% (w / w), no more than 0.01% (w / w), no more than 0.005% (w / w), or no more than 0.001% (w / w), of the glove. In some embodiments, the amount (w / w) of the coagulation agent is between about 0.01% and about 0.02%, about 0.02% and about 0.05%, about 0.05% and about 0.1%, about 0.1% and about 0.2%, about 0.2% and about 0.5%, about 0.5% and about 1%, about 1% and about 2%, about 2% and about 4%, about 4% and about 8%, about 8% and about 16%, or about 16% and about 32% on the at least one surface of the glove.

[0172] In some embodiments, the glove comprises a surfactant. In some embodiments, the surfactant comprises Brij® 35 (i.e., polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether). In some embodiments, the amount of the surfactant is no more than 0.1% (w / w), no more than 0.05% (w / w), no more than 0.01% (w / w), no more than 0.005% (w / w), or no more than 0.001% (w / w), of the glove. In some embodiments, the amount (w / w) of the surfactant is between about 0.001% and about 0.005%, about 0.005% and about 0.01%, about 0.01% and about 0.05%, or 0.05% and about 0.1%, of the glove.Manufacturing of Gloves

[0173] The manufacturing process described below and illustrated in Figures 1A-1B mainly focuses on nitrile gloves, but the concept is applicable equally to all four types of glove material.

[0174] First, the manufacturing equipment runs porcelain, ceramic or aluminum handshaped formers through water and bleach to clean them and remove residue from previous manufacturing runs. The formers are then dried before being dipped in a mixture of calcium carbonate and calcium nitrate, which helps the synthetic materials coagulate around the formers. The formers are then dried again.

[0175] Next, the formers are dipped in tanks of NBR, Latex or PVC, depending on the type of glove being made. The gloves are then heated at a high temperature (vulcanization) to form the gloves as they dry.2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO

[0176] To help nitrile gloves go on more easily, they may undergo one of two processes: polymer coating or chlorination. Polymer coating involves adding a layer of polymer to lubricate the glove’s surface, whereas chlorination exposes the glove to a chlorine acid or gas mixture to make the material harder and slicker.

[0177] The last phase of the production process is called the stripping phase, in which blasts of air remove the gloves from the formers.

[0178] In some embodiments, the coagulant formulation comprises or consists of calcium nitrate, an anti-tack (demolding) ingredient such as calcium stearate which aids the removal of the glove from the former, wetting agents and solvents.

[0179] Antimicrobial properties can be imparted to the gloves. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial property comprises antibacterial, antifungal, and / or antiviral properties

[0180] One way to confer antimicrobial properties is through coating. Exemplary antimicrobial additives, such as silver ion, copper, zinc and organic additives including phenolic biocides, quaternary ammonium compounds and fungicides (e.g. thiabendazole), may be included in the coagulation tank. In embodiments, the glove material utilizes ZnO and TiO2 in its coagulant formulation.Coagulant formulation

[0181] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a coagulant formulation for use in the manufacture of formed materials, in which the formulation leads to the formation of an ionophore-ion functional group complex on the polymer material, which imparts antimicrobial properties to an external surface of the gloves. This complex may alternatively be referred to as the polymeric ionophore: ion complex.

[0182] In some embodiments, the coagulant formulation comprises a coagulant, a wetting agent surfactant, a solvent, and an anti-tack agent. In some embodiments, the coagulant comprises an ionophore-ion functional group complex, and wherein the ionophore-ion functional group complex imparts antimicrobial properties to the material.

[0183] In some embodiments, the cation of the ionophore-ion functional group complex is provided in the formulation as a salt. In some embodiments, the salt is selected from a nitrate, chloride, hydroxide, carbonate, stearate, iodide, triiodide, iodite, hypoiodite, periodate, iodate, acetate, and any combinations thereof.2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO

[0184] In some embodiments, the coagulant formulation is used in the manufacture of a polymer material formed by dipping.

[0185] In some embodiments, the ionophore functional group don complex is present in the coagulant formulation in an amount of between about 0.1% and about 10% (e.g., about 0.1%, about 0.5%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, or about 10%, including all values and ranges therein). In some embodiments, the concentration of the ionophore: ion complex in the coagulant formulation is between about 1% and 2%, such as about 1.5%. In some embodiments and without being bound by theory, the ionophore functional group: ion complex present in the coagulant formulation assembles into particles that are relatively large in size, thus preventing deep diffusion of the complex into the gloves and concentrating the ionophore functional group: ion complex at the glove surface during vulcanization.

[0186] In some embodiments, the ionophore: ion complex is ethyl cellulose : calcium or ethyl cellulose : potassium.

[0187] In some embodiments, the ionophore-ion functional group complex comprises a carboxylic acid / carboxylate-Ca2+complex.

[0188] In some embodiments, the coagulant formulation comprises:(a) about 0.5% (w / w) to about 5% (w / w) calcium stearate,(b) about 0.3% (w / w) to about 3% (w / w) carboxylated styrene butadiene latex,(c) about 5% (w / w) to about 50% (w / w) calcium nitrate, and(d) about 0.02% (w / w) to about 2% (w / w) polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether .

[0189] In some embodiments, the coagulant formulation comprises a solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent comprises water, an alcohol such as ethanol, or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent comprises water. In some embodiments, the coagulant formulation comprises about 60% (w / w) to about 90% (w / w) water. In some embodiments, the coagulant formulation comprises about 76% (w / w) to about 80% (w / w) water. In some embodiments, the solvent may comprise other constituents such as acetone. In some embodiments, the solvent may be 100% alcohol or a dilution thereof.

[0190] In some embodiments, the coagulant formulation may include at least one plasticizer. Alternatively, the polymeric ionophore: ion complex may be selected also for its plasticizer properties. It will be appreciated that a plasticizer is a substance added to a formulation2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO to produce or promote plasticity and flexibility and to reduce brittleness. Suitable plasticizers include Dibutyl sebacate (DBS), Hydroxyl end group PDMS (poly dimethyl siloxane), glycerol, sorbitol, sucrose, dibutyl phthalate, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, tri ethylene glycol, tetra ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, oleic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, soybean oil, dodecanol, lauric acid, tributyrin, trilaurin, epoxidised soybean oil, mannitol, diethanolamine, Fatty acids, triethyl citrate, and / or sucrose esters, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the plasticizer concentration in the formulation is between about 0.1% and about 5%.

[0191] In some embodiments, the glove comprises at least one polymeric material. The polymeric material may comprise an ionophore, which may be referred to as the polymer ionophore. The polymer ionophore may form a complex with an ion known as the polymeric ionophore: ion complex. In some embodiments, there is a chemical interaction between the coagulant formulation and the material being formed during the formation of polymeric material. In some embodiments, the formulation may be mixed with the polymeric material and so the constituent parts of the formulation are incorporated into the polymer matrix. In some embodiments, this can be achieved by direct mixing of substrate polymer and the polymeric ionophore: ion complex (e.g., using compatible polymers in terms of solvent, solubility and miscibility) and subject the mixture to the curing / vulcanization process to confer antimicrobial properties to the gloves.

[0192] In some embodiments, the polymer being formed may be a substrate on which a layer or coating of coagulant formulation is deposited. The chemical interaction between the substrate and the resulting coagulant layer may then be via weak Van der Waals forces between the substrate polymer and the polymer in the ionophore: ion complex which imparts antimicrobial properties on the gloves, and may herein be referred to as an antimicrobial ionophore: ion complex.

[0193] Alternatively, there may be a covalent bond between the substrate polymer and the polymer in the ionophore: ion complex. In some embodiments, achieving covalent bonding requires compatible polymers with appropriate functional groups which can create covalent bonds, and / or the use of appropriate functionalizer(s) to functionalize the polymer(s) to create covalent bonds with the substrate polymer. In some embodiments, an appropriate functionalizer(s) is chosen based on the polymeric ionophore: ion complex and substrate polymer compatibility.

[0194] In some embodiments, the coagulant formulation of the present disclosure is suitable for use in all three of the chemical interactions described above.2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO

[0195] In some embodiments, the coagulant formulation further comprises at least one antimicrobial agent. Such an agent may be a basic or acidic compound such as a metal hydroxide, a metal hydrate, a metal nitrate, a metal silicate, a metal halide, a metal acetate, metal sulfides, a tertiary amine, and / or a benzene-based carboxylic acid. In some embodiments, the addition of the antimicrobial agent to the formulation enhances its antimicrobial effect (e.g., targeting a wider range of microbial species, such as additional gram-negative and / or gram-positive bacteria). In some embodiments, the antimicrobial agent comprises a salt of a positively charged ion. In some embodiments, the positively charged ion may be a metal ion such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mn2+, Mg2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Al3+, Cr3+and Bi3+. In some embodiments, the salt is selected from a nitrate, chloride, hydroxide, acetate, carbonate, silicate, formates and diformates, and benzoate. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial agent is a potassium salt such as potassium hydroxide, potassium nitrate, potassium carbonate, potassium chloride, potassium acetate, or potassium benzoate. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial agent is a sodium salt, such as sodium hydroxide, sodium nitrate, sodium chloride, sodium acetate, or sodium benzoate.

[0196] In some embodiments, the antimicrobial agent is present in the formulation in an amount ranging from about 0.5% w / v and about 10% w / v. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial agent is potassium hydroxide, the agent may be present in the formulation in an amount of about 2% w / v, about 4% w / v, about 5% w / v, about 6% w / v or about 8% w / v.

[0197] In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises at least one ionic, or nonionic surfactant. Brij® 35 (polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether) is a particular example of a suitable non-ionic surfactant. In some embodiments, the ionic or non-ionic surfactants can act as additional ionophores.

[0198] In some embodiments, the ion in the polymeric ionophore: ion complex is calcium (such as provided by calcium nitrate), and the solvent includes one or more components that dissolve calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). Calcium salts can react with hydroxides present in the formulation, such as KOH, to form insoluble Ca(OH)2 which then precipitates out of the formulation as sediment. Such sediment has a tendency to make the coagulant non-homogenous, remains on the former during material manufacture, make pinholes and leave powdery residues on the prepared material. Ca(OH)2 (or slaked lime) is extremely insoluble in ethanolic solution and is only slightly soluble in water. Examples of suitable solvents for dissolving Ca(OH)2 in coagulant2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO formulation include water, glycerol (glycine) and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the Ca(OH)2 solvent is present in an amount of between about 0.1% and about 10% in the formulation.

[0199] In some embodiments, the coagulant is present in the formulation in an amount of between about 2% w / v and about 20% w / v, optionally about 14% w / v.

[0200] Suitable wetting agent surfactants are known to the skilled person and may be selected according to preference and final utility of the material, in accordance with standard skill and knowledge. Two common wetting agents used in coagulants are Teric® 320 and Surfynol® TG.

[0201] In some embodiments, the formulation comprises one or more anti-tack agents, such as a stearate salt, examples of which include calcium stearate, zinc stearate, potassium stearate and magnesium stearate. In some embodiments, one or more anti-tack agents are present in the formulation in an amount of between about 0.1% w / v and about 5% w / v, optionally about 1.8% w / v.

[0202] In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises a neutral, pleasant, or unpleasant fragrance and / or flavoring, and / or colorant.

[0203] It will be appreciated that the components of the formulations of the invention may be combined in any order and steps that are suitable to produce a homogenous coagulant solution (dispersion). In some embodiments, a method of producing the formulation as described herein comprises the steps of: a) Dissolving an amount of a polymeric ionophore in a solvent; b) Adding an amount of a functionalizer to form a first mixture; c) Once both the polymeric ionophore and functionalizer are completely dissolved, adding an amount of a positive ion in the form of a salt and an amount of an anti-tack agent to form a second mixture.

[0204] In some embodiments, ethyl cellulose (as the provider of ionophore functional group) is dissolved in ethanol (solvent), followed by acryloyl chloride (functionalizer) to form a first mixture. Once these components have dissolved completely, calcium nitrate (ion in the polymeric ionophore: ion complex), and calcium stearate (anti -tack agent) is added to the first mixture to create a second mixture which is stirred before use.

[0205] In some embodiments, a component of the formulation contains both the ionophore functional group and the functionalizer. For example, in some embodiments, the formulation2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO comprises carboxylated styrene butadiene latex containing both the ionophore functional group (carboxylate) and the functionalizer (double bond). In some embodiments, a method of producing the formulation as described herein comprises the steps of: a) Dissolving an amount of a component comprising an ionophore functional group and a functionalizer (e.g., carboxylated styrene butadiene latex) in a solvent (e.g., water) to form a first mixture; and then b) adding an amount of a positive ion in the form of a salt (e.g., calcium nitrate) and an amount of an anti -tack agent (e.g., calcium stearate) to form a second mixture.

[0206] In some embodiments, the method of producing the coagulant formulation comprises the following steps: a) mixing an amount of a component comprising an ionophore functional group and a functionalizer (e.g., carboxylated styrene butadiene latex) with an amount of a surfactant (e.g., Brij® 35), and mixing the resultant mixture with a solvent (e.g., water); b) adding an amount of a positive ion in the form of a salt (e.g., calcium nitrate) to the solution produced in step a); c) adding an amount of an anti-tack agent (e.g., calcium stearate) to the solution produced in step b), and mixing the solution to ensure a homogeneous dispersion of the coagulant formulation.

[0207] In some embodiments, the coagulant is a homogeneous formulation. In some embodiments, the methodology of coagulant preparation and the step at which additional components, such as antimicrobial agents, are added to the coagulant achieves homogeneity of the final formulation. In some embodiments, the method further includes the step of dissolving an antimicrobial agent in the solvent in step a) before adding the polymeric ionophore. In some embodiments, a part of the amount of the antimicrobial agent is added to the solvent in step a), and the remainder of the amount is added in the step of adding the positive ion. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial agent is added to the formulation in batches at different time point, to enhance the homogeneity of the mixture. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial agent is a hydroxide (e.g., KOH), which plays two roles in the coagulant formulation: the first role is acting as a base for the functionalization reaction, and the second role is antimicrobial activity against gramnegative bacteria.2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO

[0208] In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding, in the step of adding the Ca2+ion, one or more components that dissolve Ca(OH)2. For example, water and / or glycerol may be added together with calcium nitrate and calcium stearate in that step.

[0209] While the antimicrobial properties may be imparted to the nitrile material by way of the coagulant formulation, antimicrobial properties may be additionally imparted via the elastic polymer. For example, a part of the required amount of the antimicrobial agent may be included in the coagulant formulation and the remainder is added to nitrile. Specifically, a third or half of the required amount of KOH may be included in the coagulant formulation and the remaining amount may be included in the nitrile. Such a method minimizes the amount of reaction time between KOH and other coagulant ingredients.

[0210] In some embodiments, the coagulant includes potassium carbonate in the coagulant tank with some water (e.g. 5% as potassium carbonate (K2CO3) is also insoluble in ethanol), while the water-based nitrile tank includes Ca(OH)2, which has suitable solubility in water. In some embodiments, the coagulant may include Ca(OH)2 in the coagulant tank, while the nitrile tank includes K2CO3. In this way, KOH may be prepared by the reaction between Ca(OH)2 and K2CO3, with the end products being KOH and calcium carbonate (CaCCF,).

[0211] In some embodiments, the coagulant formulation of the disclosure is particularly suitable for use in the forming of synthetic and natural polymers, both elastic and inelastic, especially in the dipping processes as described herein.

[0212] Manufacture of the formable materials may be by any suitable method, including the commercial and well-known method illustrated in Figure 1A. The design of manufacturing processes is driven by the desired results, cost and time. In some situations, a single coagulant layer may be required, but in others, different layers imparting different properties to the formable material may be required. For example, an insulating layer may be required on the outer surface of the formable material, or additional coatings may be required to add or increase certain functionalities such as antimicrobial properties. In some embodiments, layer-by-layer forming methods such as the ones described herein require the use of two-, three- or four-tank dipping methods.

[0213] Accordingly, in some embodiments, the method for producing a formable material comprises the steps of:2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO a) dipping a former in a coagulant formulation of the disclosure to produce a coagulantdipped former, b) drying the dipped former to produce a dried coagulant-dipped former, c) cooling the dried coagulant-dipped former to around 25 °C, d) dipping the dried coagulant-dipped former in a solution comprising an elastic polymer to produce a coated former, and e) curing and vulcanizing the coated former.

[0214] In some embodiments, coagulant dipping is the first step in the manufacture of elastic (“rubber”) materials, such as latex, nitrile, vinyl and / or nitrile / vinyl, so that the coagulation layer will be then exposing the outside layer of the material once cured and removed from formers.

[0215] In some embodiments, the former is dipped in coagulant formulation for between about 10 seconds and up to about 5 minutes. Suitable time periods may be about 1 second, 30 seconds, about 1 minute, about 2 minutes, about 3 minutes, about 4 minutes, or about 5 minutes. This time period is termed the “dwell” time and it influences the thickness of the material. A suitable temperature for dipping is room temperature, for example around 25 °C. Dipping temperatures of between about 25 °C and 40 °C may also be suitable.

[0216] In some embodiments, the coagulant-dipped former from step a) may be dried for between about 10 seconds and about 20 minutes. Suitable time periods may be 1 second, 30 seconds, about 1 minute, about 5 minutes, about 10 minutes or about 15 minutes. Without wishing to be bound by theory, a pre-polymerization of the ionophore / carrier polymer occurs as double bonds of the polymer are radicalized and made ready to participate in the vulcanization in step e). By “radicalized” it means the functional group, which is now attached to the polymeric ionophore, has the capability to be polymerized. During the controlled heating (in terms of temperature and duration), this functional group is partially polymerized (under a radical thermal polymerization reaction) to enable the polymeric ionophore to participate in the final vulcanization step and to form a covalent bond between ionophore polymer and the polymer substrate.

[0217] In some embodiments, the temperature for drying is about 100 °C.

[0218] In some embodiments, the dried coagulant-dipped former is pre-dipped one or more further times in an additional formulation. The additional formulation may comprise ingredients to impart functionality, such as insulation, to the resulting material, wherein the first additional layer comprises an antimicrobial agent. The former is dried after each additional dipping step.2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO

[0219] The additional layers may have the same or different formulations. In addition, the time and temperature for dipping may be the same or different between layers. Additionally, the layers may or may not be dried in between, at the same or different temperatures and / or for the same or different periods of time.

[0220] In some embodiments, the dried coagulant-dipped former may be dipped in the elastic polymer solution for between about 10 seconds and about 5 minutes. Suitable time periods may be 1 second, 30 seconds, about 2 minutes or between about 3 minutes and about 5 minutes. A suitable temperature for dipping is room temperature, such as about 25 °C.

[0221] In some embodiments, the coated former from step c) may be cured and vulcanized for between about 6 minutes and about 20 minutes. In some embodiments, the time period is about 6 minutes, about 15 minutes or about 20 minutes. In some embodiments, the temperature for curing and vulcanization is between about 90 °C and about 130 °C. In some embodiments, the temperature is about 90 °C, between about 100 °C to about 125 °C, or about 130 °C.

[0222] In some embodiments, the method further comprises a pre-step in which the former is heated before being dipped in coagulant formulation. In some embodiments, the former may be heated for about 30 seconds to about 10 minutes. In some embodiments, the heating temperature is around 100 °C.

[0223] Also described herein are methods for producing the coagulant formulations described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises the steps of: a) Dissolving an amount of a polymeric ionophore in a solvent; b) Adding an amount of a functionalizer to form a first mixture; c) Once both the polymeric ionophore and functionalizer are completely dissolved, adding an amount of a positive ion in the form of a salt and an amount of an anti-tack agent to form a second mixture.

[0224] In some embodiments, the method further comprises the step of adding an amount of an antimicrobial agent to the solvent in step a) before the polymeric ionophore. In some embodiments, a part of the antimicrobial agent is added to the solvent before step a) and the remainder of the amount is added in step c). In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding in step c) one or more components that dissolve Ca(OH)2.2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WOExemplary Antibacterial Testing Protocols

[0225] Antibacterial studies were performed against the bacterial strains as indicated in Tables 11 and 12 below, according to ASTM D7907-14 ‘Standard Test Methods for Determination of Bactericidal Efficacy on the Surface of Medical Examination Gloves'), on samples as described in more detail below. Contact times of 0, 5, 10, 20 and 30 minutes were followed. Additional shorter and longer contact times were added, including but not limited to, 1- minute, 2-hours and 24-hours.

[0226] Bacteria were streaked from -80°C stocks on appropriate nutrient-rich growth agar and incubated for 24 hours at 37°C prior to testing to allow for colony growth. To prepare the cell suspension for testing, 5-10 colonies were selected with a sterile loop and were mixed into 5 ml of phosphate buffer saline (PBS). Suspension optical density was measured at 625 nm and adjusted to 0.5 McFarland standard (OD625). The suspension was diluted 1 in 2 with liquid media (Tryptic soya broth (TSB) or Mueller Hinton Broth (MHB), to give a 20 pl inoculum containing 106colony forming units (CFU). In replicate, the bacteria suspension was serially diluted in liquid media and plated on agar media (Tryptic Soya agar (TSA) or Mueller Hinton agar (MHA) to confirm initial CFU / ml. Dilutions were also made in the neutralisation solution that is used during testing (Dey and Engley broth, liquid media with Tween 80, or liquid media with arabic gum) as an additional control.

[0227] During challenge testing, a 20 pl sample of the bacterial suspension was placed onto each sample, and a glass coverslip placed on top with sterile tweezers. Samples were left for the contact-time period (from 1 -minute to 2-hours) and then transferred into 10 ml of neutralization solution and agitated (via inversion, or vortexing for 15 or 30 seconds) to neutralize the solution and re-suspend any viable bacteria cells. Samples were serially diluted with replicates and incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours. Colonies were counted manually, and the average LoglO of the CFU / mL was calculated. The log reduction was calculated by subtracting the log number of colonies obtained from the test sample from either the control sample or the initial inoculum. During testing, various controls were set alongside the test samples; negative experimental control to ensure viability of bacteria during testing (polypropylene sheet or glass slide); commercially available glove inoculated and immediately neutralized to ensure sufficient recovery of bacteria during testing, and a positive control (glove sprayed with 20K ppm HOG).2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WOEXAMPLESExample 1: Gloves comprising a high concentration of ionophore-ion complex achieve excellent antimicrobial effect.Manufacturing of Nitrile Gloves with Antimicrobial Properties

[0228] A coagulant formulation as listed in Table 2 was used in the manufacturing of the gloves to impart antimicrobial properties. The coagulant formulation comprises a coagulation agent (calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (CN)), a surfactant (Brij® 35), an anti-tack agent (calcium stearate (CS)), an ionophore polymer (carboxylated styrene-butadiene (SB) latex), and a solvent (water).

[0229] A pre-self-assembled ionophore-ion complex was created at the coagulant stage and formed in situ during the multiple dipping steps. The coagulant was deposited on the surface of the mold in the first step, which was followed by nitrile dipping, thus allowing the ionophoreion complex to form on the coagulant side of the glove during vulcanization (curing) step. Once the nitrile material cured, the glove was stripped from the mold by being turned inside out. The external contacting surface of the finished glove is the material that is in direct contact with the forming mold, thus forming an antimicrobial surface on the external side of the final finished gloves. Specifically, manufacturing of the nitrile glove includes the following steps:1. Dipping of a hand-mold (hand shaped former) into a standard coagulant tank;2. Drying;3. Dipping into nitrile;4. Pre-leaching in water;5. Beading;6. Vulcanization (curing);7. Chlorination;8. Post-leaching;9. Drying;10. Cooling and removal of finished glove.Afterwards, the hand molds are cleaned and dried in oven to repeat the process in a continuous run.2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO

[0230] Schematics of the exemplary glove manufacturing process is shown in Figures 1A- 1B, and an exemplary glove product is shown in Figure 1C.

[0231] Notably, the coagulant formulation did not add any additional steps to the manufacturing process of currently marketed nitrile medical examination gloves. It does not introduce an additional antimicrobial coating, or an additional antimicrobial agent, to the gloves. Instead, this manufacturing process increases the concentration of carboxylate / carboxylic acid- calcium ion complex on the outer surface of gloves, resulting in the fully encapsulated ionophoreion complex being uniformly crosslinked and integrated into the nitrile glove to produce the antimicrobial effect. This process has several distinct advantages, including ensuring uniform distribution of these complexes on and within the glove and ensuring that they are incorporated into the glove rather than being an external coating that is applied or sprayed on after the gloves are formed.

[0232] The SB latex particles in water were stabilized by using Brij® 35, which prevented the SB latex particles from aggregating and enhanced the dispersion and adsorption capacity of the SB latex particles towards the Ca2+ions of calcium nitrate, thus promoting the interaction of the Ca2+ions with the carboxylate / carboxylic acid functional groups and subsequently forming a pre-self-assembled ionophore-ion complex. Depending on pH, the carboxylic acid may be deprotonated and exist on the surface of the glove as a carboxylate. The pre-encapsulated ionophore-ion complex and excess calcium nitrate were then deposited on the surface of the mold during the coagulant dipping step. Once dried, the mold containing the pre-self-assembled ionophore-ion complex (carboxylated SB latex-Ca2+ions) was dipped in the nitrile tank. During the nitrile dipping step, the free carboxylic groups of XNBR present in the nitrile tank act as a functional group and coordinate with Ca2+ions of calcium nitrate present in the coagulant dispersion formulation.

[0233] The pre-encapsulated pre-self-assembled ionophore-ion complexes were relatively large in size which prevented deep diffusion into the nitrile during the nitrile dipping step and helped with formation of the encapsulated ionophore-ion complex within the nitrile surface during vulcanization. During vulcanization, covalent bonds were formed between the double bonds of the SB latex and the XNBR, cross-linking the two together.Table 1: Raw materials of the nitrile component of Gloves2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WOTable 2: Raw materials of the coagulant dispersion formulationQuantitative XPS analysis of the antimicrobial functional groups (ionophore-ion complexes) on the surface of gloves

[0234] X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used as a surface technique to quantitatively analyze the chemical compositions, as well as the chemical environment and their oxidation states of the elements on the glove surface, and to provide quantitative information regarding carboxylic acid-Ca2+complex as the antimicrobial ionophore-ion functional group on the surface of fresh and 3 years old accelerated aged gloves. The aged glove samples prepared2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO according to ASTM D7160-16 Standard Practice for Determination of Expiration Dating for Medical Gloves protocol which is equal to 3 years old gloves. The small, medium and large size gloves were chosen randomly and 6 cm2area (2cm x 3 cm) were cut from different areas of gloves such as fingers and palm. The measurement was performed using a Thermo Scientific Escalab 250Xi fitted with a monochromated Al ka X-ray source (1486.7 eV), a bi-polar hemispherical sector analyser with six channel electron multipliers.

[0235] The results are shown in Tables 3-5 below. Table 3 below shows the chemical compositions for fresh and aged gloves. Table 4 shows carbon functional group ratios for the outer surfaces of the fresh and aged gloves. The calculation of the concentration of calcium carboxylate and nitrate is presented in Table 5. An "atomic percent" method was used to interpret XPS data, wherein the signal from each element is normalized against the total amount of all the detected elements, which is taken as 100%. The quantity of each element present in a material was determined by:1. Acquire XPS spectra: a solid surface was exposed to an X-ray beam, and the kinetic energy of the electrons emitted from the top 1-10 nanometers of the material was measured;2. Interpret the spectra: each element generated a distinct set of peaks that aligned with the electron configuration of the atoms. The number of electrons detected in each peak was directly linked to the amount of that particular element in the material.3. Compute atomic percentages: the raw XPS signal was adjusted by dividing the intensity by a relative sensitivity factor (RSF) for each peak area, and then the signal was standardized across all the detected elements. Eventually, the total amount of all the identified elements was considered as 100%.

[0236] Due to the varying concentration of C-0 among different samples, only C=O was taken into account of carboxylate formation. The variations (including the negative value) of the residual calcium may result from different ways of coordination between calcium and carboxylate, which are shown in Figure 2 (schematic coordination of Ca2+ions with carboxylic acid groups of XNBR and XSBR on the surface of the gloves).Table 3: Elemental atomic concentrations of the outer surfaces of the fresh and 3 years old accelerated aged gloves2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WOTable 4: Carbon functional group ratios existing on the outer and inner surfaces of the fresh and 3 years old accelerated aged gloves2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WOTable 5: Atomic Ratio calculations for the outer and inner surfaces of the fresh and 3 years old accelerated aged gloves

[0237] The results demonstrate that the gloves contained high amounts of carboxylic acid groups-calcium ion (Ca+2) complex distributed uniformly on the glove surfaces. Approximately 2% of the outer surface of the gloves was composed of ionophore-ion complex, and its distribution was homogenous on the surface. The chemical composition of the gloves and antimicrobial functionality were stable and without degradation in accelerated aged gloves.

[0238] Such results were achieved by adding the carboxylated SB latex dispersion and increasing the amount of calcium nitrate in the coagulant to form a pre-encapsulated ionophoreion complex. Later in the nitrile dipping step, this complex was integrated with the nitrile layer and takes part in vulcanization step. As the carboxylated ionophore-ion complex formation started in the coagulant, it increased the chances of the carboxylic acid-calcium ion complex being on the outer surface of the gloves and producing the antimicrobial effect. During vulcanization, covalent2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO bonds were formed between the double bonds of the SB latex and the XNBR, cross-linking them together. These covalent bonds helped form and integrate the solid ionophore-ion complex into the nitrile substrate, creating a strong network and adhesion between the nitrile and the ionophoreion complex on the outer surface of the final gloves. To summarize, the pre-encapsulation ionophore-ion complex was formed in the coagulant tank, then deposited on the former during coagulant dipping and stabilized on the surface of the nitrile during nitrile dipping. Finally, the formation of encapsulated ionophore-ion complex was completed during the vulcanization (curing) step by cross-linking.

[0239] These assays were repeated in a separate study on a new batch of gloves, resulting in similar measurements as shown in Table 6 below.Table 6: Atomic Ratio calculations for surface of gloves2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO

[0240] In contrast to the antimicrobial gloves manufactured according to the Examples of this application, the reference gloves, which do not possess such antimicrobial properties, contains much lower amounts of carboxylic acid groups-calcium ion (Ca+2) complex, as shown in Table 7 below.Table 7: Atomic Ratio calculations for the outer surface of reference gloves2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WOQuantitative analysis of the surface pH and surface charge of the gloves

[0241] The surface pH and surface charge of the antimicrobial gloves manufactured according to the Examples here also differ significantly from those of reference gloves that do not possess such antimicrobial properties. Surface pH and charge of different parts of gloves were measured using Surface pH Meter PCE-228SF at room temperature, according to the specification and standard protocol as described in the link: world wide web (www).pce- instruments.com / english / measuring-instruments / test-meters / ph-meter-ph-tester-pce-instruments- surface-ph-meter-pce-228sf-det_5860016.htm. As shown in Tables 8-10 below, the anti microbial gloves have a higher surface pH and a lower surface charge, compared to those of non- antimicrobial reference gloves. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the formation of carboxylic acid groups-calcium ion (Ca+2) complex may contribute to the differences in the pH and surface charge, which in turn may contribute to the antimicrobial properties of the gloves.Table 8: pH and surface charge of fresh antimicrobial gloves2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WOTable 9: pH and surface charge of 3 years old accelerated aged antimicrobial glovesTable 10: pH and surface charge of non-antimicrobial reference gloves2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WOAnalysis of Antimicrobial Properties

[0242] Most bacteria can influence the surrounding pH outside the body. While bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus do not directly control external pH, some can acidify their immediate environment. For example, during the fermentation process, bacteria break down sugars or other organic molecules in the absence of oxygen, producing acidic byproducts like lactic acid or acetic acid. Often times, the amount of acid produced by bacteria is small and only affects the immediate vicinity around the bacteria, without significantly changing the bulk pH of the surrounding environment. In addition, the extent of acidification depends on several factors such as (i) bacterial species (different bacteria have varying fermentation capabilities and produce different amounts of acid), (ii) buffering capacity of the environment (if the environment has a high buffering capacity, the bacteria's acid production will have a smaller impact on the overall pH).In addition, teichoic acids, particularly wall teichoic acids (WTA), are anionic polymers present on the surface of gram-positive bacteria and are responsible for key cellular events including regulation of cell division and cell shape. The polyphosphate group of teichoic acids is evidenced to provide a binding site for metal ions such as Ca2+and Mg2+. The WTA accumulates these ions, and then through differences in binding affinities, ions can easily reach the cytoplasmic membrane.

[0243] Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) studies were conducted to demonstrate that release of the Ca2+ions is also pH dependent. The data suggested that many bacteria on the surface of the glove can produce acidic environments during their metabolisms. This protonation results in a lowering of pH on the surface of the gloves which in turn leads to the release of Ca2+on the surface of the glove, leading to an increased transport of Ca2+ions into the2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO cell. Ion influx and efflux homeostasis is an essential process for bacterial survival, responsible for osmoregulation, pH homeostasis, regulation of protein synthesis, enzyme activation, membrane potential adjustment and electrical signaling. Potassium, sodium, calcium and hydrogen ion gradients exist within the cell, and disruption in any of these may kill the bacteria. For example, an influx of Ca2+ions can disrupt the membrane of the cells, as well as cell structure, motility, transport, and differentiation. The high level of Ca2+ions on the surface of the glove can be carried across the bacteria membrane via the acidic WTAs on the cell surface causing a rapid influx of Ca2+ions and the resulting dissipation of other ion gradients. An influx of sodium ions results in an efflux of potassium ions, and reduces hydrogen ion efflux (hydrogen ions are expelled from the cells during the ATP reaction), thus increasing cellular pH and causing cell death.

[0244] Acetoxymethyl (AM) ester versions of ion-sensitive fluorescent indicators were used to analyze this mechanism of killing gram-positive bacteria via an influx of Ca2+after the bacteria contacted the glove surface. The Fura-2 / AM indicator specifically binds intracellular Ca2+ ions. Once the indicator was loaded into the bacterial cells, the fluorescence was measured before and after exposure to the glove. An increase in intracellular Ca2+ions (suggesting Ca2+influx) resulted in an increase in fluorescence caused by the binding of the AM ester indicator to the Ca2+ions. As shown in Figure 3, when S. aureus was exposed to the device, fluorescence increased to levels similar to lonomycin, a calcium salt ionophore used as a positive control, demonstrating the presence of Ca2+influx after the bacteria contacting the glove surface. A commercially available glove was also tested for comparison, showing the gloves manufactured according to this disclosure achieved significantly higher Ca2+influx due to the ionophore-ion complex.

[0245] Gram-negative bacteria have an additional outer membrane which is amphipathic in nature, which is a highly effective barrier against hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules from entering the cell. One entry point to the cell is through porin proteins, located on the surface of the outer membrane which have very selective permeability. As a result, gram-negative bacteria are harder to kill, and often need longer contact times between an antimicrobial and bacteria to have the desired effect. Nonetheless, the gloves manufactured according to this disclosure achieved effective growth inhibition of gram-negative bacteria with a longer contact time.2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO

[0246] As shown in Tables 11 and 12 below, the gloves displayed impressive antimicrobial properties across various microorganisms including gram positive bacteria, gram negative bacteria, viruses, and fungi (yeast).2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WOTable 11: Antimicrobial efficacy of the gloves (log reduction)2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WOTable 12: Antimicrobial efficacy of the gloves (percentage log reduction)2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WOAnalysis of the distribution and release of antimicrobial functional groups on the surface of the gloves.

[0247] FT-IR spectroscopy was used to study the distribution of antimicrobial functional groups on the surface of fresh and 3 -year-old accelerated-aged gloves. The carboxylic acid interaction with Ca2+as an encapsulated ionophore-ion complex on the outer surface of gloves was investigated. In addition, the effect on the bonding strength after immersing the gloves in neutral, acidic, and basic solutions over time at different temperatures was studied to understand the mechanism and kinetics of Ca2+ions released from the gloves' surface in different pHs, times, and temperatures. The small, medium, and large size gloves were chosen and 6 cm2area (2cm x 3 cm) were cut from different regions of gloves such as fingers, palm, cuff, etc. randomly. The results are shown in Figures 4A-4D.

[0248] The baseline-corrected spectra were analyzed using OPUS software for the wave number and the intensity of the transmitting band maxima of the functional groups’ presence on the surface of gloves which have significant roles in the antimicrobial activity of gloves, for example, carbonyl (C=O) at 1730 cm-1, Carboxylate (COO') at 1540cm'1and 1575 cm'1, etc. These peaks were similar in all chosen areas of the glove surfaces, demonstrating a uniform distribution of the antimicrobial functional groups on the surfaces.

[0249] All the infrared spectra of the outer surface of gloves showed the characteristic peaks at 966 cm'1and 700 cm'1, indicating the vibration of =CH2 in butadiene of XNBR and SB latex and C-H in the benzene ring of SB Latex. These spectra showed that the SB latex was bonded to the surface covalently and contributed to the vulcanization step. The differences in the intensity of peaks in the samples were potentially due to the non-reacted butadiene functional groups on the surface of gloves, which is normal in the glove vulcanization process in the manufacturing line.

[0250] The characteristic peaks at 1358 cm'1and 1437-1453 cm'1can be attributed to the -CH2- and -CH3 vibrations, which overlaps with calcium nitrate (Ca(NO,)2) characteristic peaks.

[0251] The IR measurements also showed the interaction between Ca2+ions and the carboxylate groups of XNBR and SB latex on the surface of gloves. The double splitting was observed on all gloves surfaces at 1540cm'1and 1575 cm'1, resulting from asymmetric vibration of carboxylate groups, thus indicating two different denticities in the coordination structure of encapsulated Ca2+ions and carboxylate groups, and showing that significant interaction had2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO occurred between the carboxylates and the Ca2+ion. The results demonstrate that carboxylate groups play an important role in Ca2+ions binding on the surface of gloves (with the different binding mode shown in Figure 2). The characteristic band C=O stretching is identified at 1730 -1 cm

[0252] The FT-IR spectra of the nitrile side of both fresh and 3-year-old accelerated-aged gloves show the strong peak of the carboxylic acid group at 1645 cm'1and the carbonyl group at 1730 cm'1, indicating the absence of Ca2+ions bonding the surface compared with the coagulant side.

[0253] To summarize, the results confirm the uniform distribution of carboxylic acid groups on the surface of fresh and aged gloves and the coordination of Ca2+ions with these groups on the outer surface.

[0254] The effect of antimicrobial surface modification on the morphology and texture of fresh and 3-year-old accelerated aged gloves was analyzed using a qualitative SEM method. Specifically, scanning electron spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) was used to measure the 3D roughness of the fresh gloves and 3-year-old accelerated aged gloves, and to analyze the texture, surface topography and surface characteristics of the gloves. Analysis by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX) is used to determine the mass concentration of the chemical elements present on the outer surface of the fresh and 3-year-old accelerated aged gloves. The small, medium, and large size gloves were chosen and 1 cm2areas (1cm x 1cm) were cut from different areas of gloves such as fingers and palm randomly. The averaged thickness of aged and fresh gloves was 0.05mm. The SEM images of fresh and aged gloves are presented in Figure 5A and Figure 5B respectively.

[0255] The SEM-3D Roughness Measurement of the different regions of the coagulant side (outer surface) of fresh gloves are shown in Figures 6-7. Same measurements were performed on 3 -years-old-accelerated-aged gloves and results are shown in Figures 8-9.

[0256] No pinhole was observed in both fresh and 3-years-old accelerated aged gloves. Thus, incorporating the antimicrobial functionality did not change the surface morphology of the gloves. The micrometer size roughness can be observed on the outer surface of all measured regions of fresh and 3-years-old accelerated aged gloves. These surface features on fresh and 3- years-old accelerated aged gloves were similar and may play a crucial role in both grip enhancement and tactile sensitivity by increasing the surface area which leads to more contact2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO points between gloves and objects. Also, they can create friction and prevent slippage. Beyond grip, these microstructures may also contribute significantly to tactile perception, increasing the sensitivity to surface textures, and enhancing dexterity. The grip and tactile sensitivity in nitrile gloves are important features for medical examination gloves, as they can enhance patient comfort, improve procedure accuracy and precise handling. In addition, the distribution of the bright surface features (appearing as white dots in the SEM micrographs) on both fresh and aged gloves are homogenous.

[0257] The 3D Surface Roughness images are shown in a heat map of the fresh gloves surface, indicating the roughness changes that include random linear path selections (numbered colored arrows) to measure the measured values of all paths, and their profiles in the main measurement screen of 3D Roughness Reconstruction software. As shown in Table 13, the average surface roughness values and standard deviations obtained for fresh and 3 -years old accelerated aged gloves were roughly, indicating that the surface texture of gloves were consistent and did not change significantly after aging.Table 13: Average Surface Roughness Values and Standard Deviations Obtained for fresh and 3-year old accelerated aged GlovesRa: Arithmetic Averaged Roughness - a common parameter used to quantify the averaged deviation of a surface profile from its mean line. In simpler terms, it reflects the overall height difference between the peaks and valleys on the surface. Higher Ra values indicate a rougher surface.2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WORs: Reference Surface, Rs may represent the reference plane used to calculate the roughness parameters. This reference plane is a virtual flat surface established from the overall profile to determine the deviations for Ra and potentially Rs.Rz: a common parameter used for quantifying surface roughness in SEM analysis and understanding the maximum depth of features like grooves or pits on the surface. It stands for Peak-to-Valley Height and represents the vertical distance between the highest peak and the lowest valley within a defined evaluation length. Rz focuses on the extremes of the surface profile, capturing the overall height difference between the highest peak and lowest valley.Sa: Represents the averaged deviation of the surface profile from a mean plane. It provides an overall picture of how much the surface "roughness" fluctuates throughout the analyzed area.Field of View (FOV): the actual area of the sample surface that is visible in the final SEM images (i.e., the "window" through which the sample's topography can be seen). FOV is typically measured in micrometers (pm) or nanometers (nm) and depends on the magnification used during imaging.Xs (lambda s): represents the sampling length used for roughness analysis. It is the length of the line or profile extracted from the SEM images over which the surface height variations are measured. The sampling length is chosen based on the scale of the surface features of interest.

[0258] All documents, patents, patent applications, publications, product descriptions, and protocols which are cited throughout this application are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all purposes.

[0259] The embodiments illustrated and discussed in this specification are intended only to teach those skilled in the art the best way known to the inventors to make and use the disclosure. Modifications and variation of the above-described embodiments of the disclosure are possible without departing from the disclosure, as appreciated by those skilled in the art in light of the above teachings. It is therefore understood that, within the scope of the claims and their equivalents, the disclosure may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.

Claims

1. 2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WOCLAIMS:

1. A glove comprising a plurality of cations and a plurality of ionophore functional groups on at least one surface of the glove, wherein the average atomic ratio of (a) the cation on the at least one surface of the glove to (b) the total non-hydrogen atoms present on the at least one surface of the glove is at least about 0.5%, and wherein the average atomic ratio is determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).

2. The glove of claim 1, wherein the average atomic ratio of (a) to (b) is at least about 0.75%, at least about 1%, at least about 1.5%, or at least about 2%.

3. The glove of claim 1, wherein the average atomic ratio of (a) to (b) is at least about 1%.

4. The glove of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the average atomic ratio of (a) to (b) is between about 0.5% and about 10%, about 0.5% and about 9%, about 0.5% and about 8%, about 0.5% and about 7%, about 0.5% and about 6%, about 0.5% and about 5%, about 0.5% and about 4%, about 0.5% and about 3%, about 1% and about 10%, about 1% and about 9%, about 1% and about 8%, about 1% and about 7%, about 1% and about 6%, about 1% and about 5%, about 1% and about 4%, or about 1% and about 3%.

5. The glove of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the average atomic ratio of (a) to (b) is between about 1% and about 4%.

6. The glove of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the at least one surface has an average surface pH of > 7.4.

7. The glove of claim 6, wherein the at least one surface has the average surface pH of between 7.4 and 8.5, between 7.5 and 8.5, or between 7.5 and 8.1.

8. The glove of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the at least one surface has an average surface charge of < about -20 mV.2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO9. The glove of claim 8, wherein the at least one surface has the average surface charge of between about -80 mV and about -20 mV, about -70 mV and about -20 mV, about -60 mV and about -20 mV, about -60 mV and about -30 mV, or about -55 mV and about -30 mV.

10. A glove comprising a plurality of cations and a plurality of ionophore functional groups on at least one surface of the glove, wherein the at least one surface has an average surface pH of > 7.4.

11. The glove of claim 10, wherein the at least one surface has the average surface pH of between 7.4 and 8.5, between 7.5 and 8.5, or between 7.5 and 8.1.

12. A glove comprising a plurality of cations and a plurality of ionophore functional groups on at least one surface of the glove, wherein the at least one surface has an average surface charge of < about -20 mV.

13. The glove of claim 12, wherein the at least one surface has the average surface charge of between about -80 mV and about -20 mV, about -70 mV and about -20 mV, about -60 mV and about -20 mV, about -60 mV and about -30 mV, or about -55 mV and about -30 mV.

14. The glove of any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least a part of the plurality of cations and at least a part of the plurality of ionophore functional groups form an ionophore-ion functional group complex.

15. The glove of claim 14, wherein the average atomic ratio of (a-3) the cation in the ionophoreion functional group complex present on the at least one surface to (b) the total non-hydrogen atoms present on the at least one surface of the glove is at least about 0.75%.

16. A glove comprising a plurality of cations and a plurality of ionophore functional groups on at least one surface of the glove, wherein at least a part of the plurality of cations and at least a part of the plurality of ionophore functional groups form an ionophore-ion functional group complex, wherein the average atomic ratio of (a-3) the cation in the ionophore-ion functional group complex2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO present on the at least one surface to (b) the total non-hydrogen atoms present on the at least one surface of the glove is at least about 0.7%, and wherein the average atomic ratio is determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).

17. The glove of claim 15 or 16, wherein the average atomic ratio of (a- 3) the cation in the ionophore-ion functional group complex present on the at least one surface to (b) the total nonhydrogen atoms present on the at least one surface of the glove is between about 0.7% and about 10%, about 0.7% and about 9%, about 0.7% and about 8%, about 0.7% and about 7%, about 0.7% and about 6%, about 0.7% and about 5%, about 0.7% and about 4%, about 0.7% and about 3%, about 0.7% and about 2%, about 1% and about 10%, about 1% and about 9%, about 1% and about 8%, about 1% and about 7%, about 1% and about 6%, about 1% and about 5%, about 1% and about 4%, about 1% and about 3%, or about 1% and about 2%.

18. The glove of any of claims 15-17, wherein the average atomic ratio of (a-3) the cation in the ionophore-ion functional group complex present on the at least one surface to (b) the total nonhydrogen atoms present on the at least one surface of the glove is between about 0.8% and about 2%.

19. The glove of any of claims 14-18, wherein the average atomic ratio of (a-4) the total nonhydrogen atoms in the ionophore functional group in complex with the cation present on the at least one surface to (b) the total non-hydrogen atoms present on the at least one surface of the glove is at least about 2%.

20. A glove comprising a plurality of cations and a plurality of ionophore functional groups on at least one surface of the glove, wherein at least a part of the plurality of cations and at least a part of the plurality of ionophore functional groups form an ionophore-ion functional group complex, wherein the average atomic ratio of (a-4) the total non-hydrogen atoms in the ionophore functional group in complex with the cation present on the at least one surface to (b) the total non-hydrogen atoms present on the at least one surface of the glove is at least about 0.2%, and wherein the average atomic ratio is determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO21. The glove of claim 19 or 20, wherein the average atomic ratio of (a-4) the total non-hydrogen atoms in the ionophore functional group in complex with the cation present on the at least one surface to (b) the total non-hydrogen atoms present on the at least one surface of the glove is between about 2% and about 3%, about 3% and about 4%, about 4% and about 6%, about 6% and about 8%, about 8% and about 12%, or about 12% and about 16%.

22. The glove of claim 21, wherein the average atomic ratio of (a-4) the total non-hydrogen atoms in the ionophore functional group present on the at least one surface to (b) the total non-hydrogen atoms present on the at least one surface of the glove is between about 2.4% and about 8%.

23. The glove of any one of claims 14-22, wherein at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, or at least about 40%, of the cation on the at least one surface of the glove is in the ionophore-ion functional group complex.

24. The glove of any one of claims 14-23, wherein between about 10% and about 20%, about 20% and about 40%, about 40% and about 60%, about 60% and about 80%, or about 80% and about 100%, of the cation on the at least one surface of the glove is in the ionophore-ion functional group complex.

25. The glove of any one of claims 14-24, wherein between about 30% and about 90% of the cation on the at least one surface of the glove is in the ionophore-ion functional group complex.

26. The glove of any one of claims 1-25, wherein the average atomic ratio of (a-1) the total nonhydrogen atoms in the ionophore functional group present on the at least one surface to (b) the total non-hydrogen atoms present on the at least one surface is at least about 0.5%, at least about 1%, at least about 2%, at least about 5%, or at least about 10%.

27. The glove of claim 26, wherein the average atomic ratio of (a-1) to (b) is between about 0.5% and about 1%, about 1% and about 2%, about 2% and about 4%, about 4% and about 8%, about 8% and about 12%, about 12% and about 16%, or about 16% and about 20%.2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO28. The glove of claim 26 or 27, wherein the average atomic ratio of (a-1) to (b) is between about 4% and about 8%.

29. The glove of any one of claims 1-28, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of cations is coordinated with at least a portion of the plurality of ionophore functional groups.

30. The glove of any one of claims 1-29, wherein between about 4% and about 8%, about 8% and about 16%, about 16% and about 32%, about 32% and about 48%, about 48% and about 64%, about 64% and about 80%, or about 80% and about 100%, of the ionophore functional group is coordinated with the cation.

31. The glove of any one of claims 1-30, wherein between about 80% and about 100% of the ionophore functional group is coordinated with the cation.

32. The glove of any one of claims 14-31, wherein the average atomic ratio of (a- 2) the total nonhydrogen atoms in the ionophore-ion functional group complex present on the at least one surface to (b) the total non-hydrogen atoms present on the at least one surface is at least about 0.5%, at least about 1%, at least about 2%, at least about 5%, or at least about 10%.

33. The glove of claim 32, wherein the average atomic ratio of (a- 2) to (b) is between about 0.5% and about 1%, about 1% and about 2%, about 2% and about 4%, about 4% and about 8%, about 8% and about 12%, about 12% and about 16%, or about 16% and about 20%.

34. The glove of claim 32 or 33, wherein the average atomic ratio of (a- 2) to (b) is between about 4% and about 10%.

35. The glove of any one of claims 1-34, wherein the average atomic ratio of (c-1) the carbon atoms in the ionophore functional groups present on the at least one surface to (c-2) the total carbon atoms present on the at least one surface is at least about 0.5%, at least about 1%, at least about 2%, at least about 5%, or at least about 10%.2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO36. The glove of claim 35, wherein the average atomic ratio of (c-1) to (c-2) is between about 0.5% and about 1%, about 1% and about 2%, about 2% and about 4%, about 4% and about 8%, about 8% and about 12%, about 12% and about 16%, or about 16% and about 20%.

37. The glove of any one of claims 35-36, wherein the average atomic ratio of (c-1) to (c-2) is between about 1% and about 4%.

38. The glove of any one of claims 1-37, wherein the at least one surface has a depth of no more than about 1 nm, no more than about 2 nm, no more than about 5 nm, or no more than about 10 nm.

39. The glove of claim 38, wherein the at least one surface has a depth of between about 0. 1 nm and about 0.5 nm, between about 0.5 nm and about 1 nm, between about 1 nm and about 2 nm, between about 2 nm and about 5 nm, or between about 5 nm and about 10 nm.

40. The glove of claim 38 or 39, wherein the at least one surface has a depth of between about 1 nm and about 2 nm.

41. The glove of any one of claims 1-40, wherein the at least one surface comprises at least 5 cm2, at least 10 cm2, at least 20 cm2, at least 50 cm2, at least 100 cm2at least 500 cm2, at least 1000 cm2, at least 1500 cm2, or at least 2000 cm2of area.

42. The glove of claim 41, wherein the at least one surface comprises between 5 cm2and 10 cm2, 10 cm2and 20 cm2, 20 cm2and 50 cm2, 50 cm2and 100 cm2, 100 cm2and 200 cm2, 200 cm2and 500 cm2, 500 cm2and 1000 cm2, or 1000 cm2and 2000 cm2, of area.

43. The glove of claim 41, wherein the at least one surface comprises between 200 cm2and 500 cm2of area.

44. The glove of claim 41, wherein the at least one surface comprises between 500 cm2and 1500 cm2of area.2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO45. The glove of claim 41, wherein the at least one surface comprises between 1500 cm2and 3000 cm2of area.

46. The glove of any one of claims 1-45, wherein the at least one surface is an outer surface of the glove.

47. The glove of claim 46, wherein the at least one surface is an outer surface within the palm area of the glove.

48. The glove of claim 46, wherein the at least one surface is an outer surface within the finger area of the glove.

49. The glove of any one of claims 1-48, wherein the at least one surface of the glove is analyzed when the glove is stored at 20°C for less than 1 week after manufacturing.

50. The glove of any one of claims 1-48, wherein the at least one surface of the glove is analyzed when the glove has undergone a 3 years old accelerated aging process.

51. The glove of any one of claims 1-50, wherein the standard deviation of the atomic ratio in five different spots of the at least one surface, as determined using XPS with a size of about 400x400 pm2for each of the spots, is less than 1%, less than 2%, less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, or less than 50%.

52. The glove of any one of claims 1-51, wherein the glove comprises at least one polymer material, and the ionophore functional group is covalently linked to at least one polymer material of the glove.

53. The glove of claim 52, wherein the polymer material is hydrophilic or amphiphilic.2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO54. The glove of any one of claims 52-53, wherein the polymer material is water soluble or water dispersible.

55. The glove of any one of claims 1-54, wherein the ionophore functional group is provided by cellulose, ethyl cellulose (EC), methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), cellulose acetate and cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose nitrate, cellulose triacetate, ethylene / vinyl acetate, poly(acrylic acid), poly(methyl methacrylate), polypropylene oxide), poly(vinyl acetate), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly (2-phenyl-2-oxazoline) (PPhOx), polyethylene oxide (PEO), poly(2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate), poly (1,2-butylene glycol) (PBG), polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, poly(vinyl acetate), water-based resins, latex, waterbased acrylics, polyurethanes, nitrile latex, natural rubbers, styrene-butadiene, carboxylated styrene-butadiene, cationic surfactants such as dicetyldimonium chloride, anionic surfactants such as sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, ammonium dodecyl benzenesulfonate, non-ionic surfactants such as nonylphenol ethoxylated (NPE), polyoxyethylene oleyl ether, or any combination thereof.

56. The glove of any one of claims 1-55, wherein the ionophore functional group is provided by nitrile latex or carboxylated styrene-butadiene, or a combination thereof.

57. The glove of any one of claims 1-56, wherein each ionophore functional group comprises carboxylate, carboxylic acid, carbonyl, hydroxyl, ether, sulfonate, sulfate, phosphate, amine, pyridinyl, imidazolyl, or any combinations thereof.

58. The glove of any one of claims 1-57, wherein the ionophore functional group comprises a hydroxyl group.

59. The glove of any one of claims 1-58, wherein the ionophore functional group comprises a carboxylic acid group and / or a carboxylate group.

60. The glove of any one of claims 1-59, wherein the ionophore functional group is not derived from ethyl cellulose (EC).2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO61. The glove of any one of claims 1-60, wherein the glove does not comprise ethanol.

62. The glove of any one of claims 1-61, wherein the glove does not comprise alcohol.

63. The glove of any one of claims 1-57 and 59-62, wherein the ionophore functional group is not a hydroxyl group.

64. The glove of any one of claims 1-63, wherein the cation is a metal ion selected from Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mn2+, Mg2+, Sr2+, TI2+, TI4+, Ba2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Al3+, Cr3+, BI3+, and any combinations thereof.

65. The glove of any one of claims 1-64, wherein the cation comprises or is Ca2+.

66. The glove of any one of claims 1-65, wherein the ionophore-ion functional group complex comprises a carboxylate-Ca2+complex.

67. The glove of any one of claims 1-66, wherein coordination of the cation and the ionophore comprises chelating, unidentate and / or bidentate coordination.

68. The glove of any one of claims 1-67, wherein the glove comprises nitrile, vinyl, and / or latex.

69. The glove of claim 68, wherein the nitrile, vinyl, and / or latex comprises at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% (w / w) of the glove.

70. The glove of any one of claims 68-69, wherein the glove comprises carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR), carboxylated styrene butadiene rubber (XSBR) latex, or a combination thereof.

71. The glove of claim 70, wherein the glove comprises both the XNBR and the XSBR covalently linked to each other.2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO72. The glove of any one of claims 70-71, wherein the ionophore comprises a carboxylic acid group of XNBR and / or XSBR.

73. The glove of any one of claims 1-72, wherein the glove has a thickness ranging from about 0.04 mm to about 0.4 mm.

74. The glove of any one of claims 1-73, wherein the glove does not comprise an antimicrobial coating.

75. The glove of any one of claims 1-74, wherein the glove does not comprise a coating material.

76. The glove of any one of claims 1-75, wherein the glove does not comprise an antimicrobial additive.

77. The glove of any one of claims 1-76, wherein the ionophore-ion functional group complex imparts antimicrobial properties to the glove.

78. The glove of any one of claims 1-77, wherein the glove comprises a sufficient amount of the ionophore functional groups to retain the cation on the one surface of the glove.

79. The glove of any one of claims 1-78, wherein the gloves kill at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% of a bacterium within about 1 minute after the bacterium is in contact with the at least one surface of the glove.

80. The glove of any one of claims 1-79, wherein the gloves achieve at least a 1 log, 2 log, 3 log, 4 log, or 5 log reduction of the number of a bacterium on the at least one surface of the glove within 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60 or 120 minutes.

81. The glove of claim 79 or 80, wherein the bacterium is selected from the group consisting of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus epidermidis, Corynebacterium Xerosis, and any combinations thereof.

82. The glove of any one of claims 79-81, wherein the bacterium is selected from the group consisting of Acinetobacter baumannii, Actinomyces israelii, Agrobacterium radiobacter, Anaplasma phagocy tophilum, Azorhizobium caulinodans, Azotobacter vinelandii, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus fusiformis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus Thuringiensis, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides gingivalis, Bacteroides melaninogenicus, Bartonella henselae, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Bordetella pertussis, Borrelia burgdorferi. Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis, Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia cepacia, Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter fetus, Campylobacter jejuni, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Chlamydophila psittaci, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Coxiella burnetii, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterococcus avium, Enterococcus durans, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus gallinarum, Enterococcus maloratus, Francisella tularensis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Gardnerella vaginalis, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Haemophilus pertussis, Helicobacter pylori, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactocaseibacillus casei, Lactococcus lactis, Legionella pneumophila, Listeria innocua, Listeria monocytogenes, Methylobacterium extroquens, Microbacterium multiforme, Micrococcus luteus, Moraxella catarrhalis, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium lepraemurium, Mycobacterium phlei, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycoplasma fermentans, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella tularensis, Peptostreptococcus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella melaninogenica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Rickettsia prowazekii, Rothia dentocariosa, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia marcescens, Shigella dysenteriae, Spirillum volutans, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus bovis, Streptococcus cricetus, Streptococcus ferus, Streptococcus gallinarum, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO rattus, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus sobrinus, Treponema pallidum, Treponema denticola, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, Viridans streptococci, Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pestis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and any combinations thereof.

83. The glove of any one of claims 1-82, wherein the gloves achieve at least a 1 log, 2 log, 3 log, 4 log, or 5 log reduction of the number of a virus on the at least one surface of the glove within 1 , 5, 10, 20, 30, 60 or 120 minutes.

84. The glove of claim 83, wherein the virus is an Adenovirus, Herpes simplex virus type 1, Herpes simplex virus type 2, Varicella-zoster virus, Human cytomegalovirus, Human herpesvirus type 8, Parvovirus Bl 9, Rotavirus, Human astrovirus, Norwalk virus, coxsackievirus, Hepatitis A virus, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Hepatitis D virus, Hepatitis E virus, poliovirus, rhinovirus, Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, Rubella virus, Lassa virus, Measles virus, Mumps virus, Parainfluenza virus, Respiratory syncytial virus, Influenza virus, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a coronavirus or any combination thereof.

85. The glove of any one of claims 1-84, wherein the gloves achieve at least a 1 log, 2 log, 3 log, 4 log, or 5 log reduction of the number of a fungus on the at least one surface of the glove within 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60 or 120 minutes.

86. The glove of claim 85, wherein the fungus is anAgaricus species, Amanita species, Armillaria species, Aspergillus species, Boletus species, Caloplaca species, Candida species, Cladonia species, Coprinellus species, Coprinopsis species, Cortinarius species, Cyathus species, Entoloma species, Fusarium species, Gymnopilus species, Gymnopus species, Hebeloma species, Hygrocybe species, Hygrophorus species, Inocybe species, Lactarius species, Lactifluus species, Lecanora species, Lepiota species, Leucoagaricus species, Lichen species of Montana, Leccinum species, Marasmius species, Pleurotus species, Mycosphaerella species, Panaeolus species, Penicillium species, Peniophora species, Pertusaria species, Phaeocollybia species, Pholiota species, Pholiotina species, Pluteus species, Poisonous fungus species, Psathyrella species, Psilocybe species, Psilocybin mushroom species, Puccinia species, Russula species, Scleroderma species,2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WOSerpula species, Trametes species, Tricholoma species, Tuber species, Tulostoma species, or any combinations thereof.

87. A coagulant formulation comprising:(a) an anti-tack agent,(b) an ionophore polymer,(c) a coagulation agent,(d) a surfactant, and(e) a solvent, optionally, wherein the anti-tack agent comprises calcium stearate, or the ionophore polymer comprises carboxylated styrene butadiene latex, or the coagulation agent comprises calcium nitrate, or the surfactant comprises polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether, or the solvent comprises water.

88. The coagulant formulation of claim 87, wherein the anti-tack agent comprises calcium stearate and has a concentration of about 0.5% (w / w) to about 5% (w / w).

89. The coagulant formulation of any one of claims 87-88, wherein the ionophore polymer comprises carboxylated styrene butadiene latex and has a concentration of about 0.3% (w / w) to about 3% (w / w).

90. The coagulant formulation of any one of claims 87-89, wherein the coagulation agent comprises calcium nitrate and has a concentration of about 5% (w / w) to about 50% (w / w).

91. The coagulant formulation of any one of claims 87-90, wherein the surfactant comprises polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether.

92. The coagulant formulation of any one of claims 87-91, comprising:(a) about 0.5% (w / w) to about 5% (w / w) calcium stearate,(b) about 0.3% (w / w) to about 3% (w / w) carboxylated styrene butadiene latex,(c) about 5% (w / w) to about 50% (w / w) calcium nitrate, and2025.10.02 PCT SPECIFICATION AS FILED Impact IP Ref: P000939WO(d) about 0.02% (w / w) to about 2% (w / w) polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether.

93. The coagulant formulation of any one of claim 87-92, comprising:(e) about 60% (w / w) to about 90% (w / w) water.

94. The coagulant formulation of any one of claims 87-93, wherein the coagulant formulation is prepared by the steps of: a) mixing an amount of the ionophore polymer with the surfactant to form a mixture; b) mixing the mixture from step a) with the solvent to create a solution; c) adding an amount of the coagulation agent to the solution from step b); d) adding an amount of the anti-tack agent to the solution from step c); and e) mixing the solution from step d) to form a homogeneous dispersion of the coagulant formulation.

95. A method for producing a glove, comprising the steps of: a) Dipping a former in the coagulant formulation of any one of claims 87-94 to produce a coagulant-dipped former, b) Drying the dipped former to produce a dried coagulant-dipped former, c) Cooling the dried coagulant-dipped former, d) Dipping the dried former in a solution comprising an elastic polymer to produce a coated former, and e) Curing and vulcanizing the coated former to produce the glove.

96. The method of claim 95, wherein the elastic polymer comprises carboxylated butadiene acrylonitrile polymer latex (nitrile rubber).

97. The method of claim 95 or 96, wherein the dried coagulant-dipped former is cooled to about 25°C in step c).

98. The method of any of claims 95-97, wherein the method comprises pre-polymerizing the dipped former in step b).

99. A glove produced by the method of any of claims 95-98.

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