Closed pressure vessel with a movable lenticular diaphragm and automatic air release function

Abstract

The invention titled Closed pressure vessel with a movable lenticular diaphragm and automatic air release function relates to the field of fluid mechanics and hydraulic engineering, particularly to systems used for water supply and pressure stabilization. The invention introduces a new generation of pressurized tanks that maintain a long-term balance between air and water without the need for frequent manual air bleeding. The system consists of a sealed cylindrical vessel containing a hollow lens-shaped diaphragm that floats on the water surface and moves vertically as the pressure changes. This lenticular diaphragm maintains approximately ninety-nine percent separation between the air chamber above and the water chamber below, which minimizes air absorption into water and prevents the gradual loss of air volume. A perforated circular plate connected to the diaphragm by a stainless steel rod supports the floating structure and stabilizes its horizontal position during operation. The perforated plate also reduces turbulence and equalizes the water flow within the tank, ensuring smooth operation and better air retention. Automatic air management is achieved through upper and lower solenoid valves controlled by an intelligent electrical panel. The panel receives signals from water level sensors and executes a timed sequence that drains, vents, refills, and rebalances the tank automatically. A suction side solenoid valve prevents dry running of the pump, while a pressure switch regulates pump operation based on system demand. The invention eliminates the problems of frequent air loss, unstable pressure, and excessive pump cycling common in conventional systems. It provides consistent water pressure, reduces water wastage, extends equipment lifespan, and allows fully automatic operation without human supervision. This design combines mechanical reliability with intelligent control, offering a durable and efficient solution for modern water supply systems

Description

Closed pressure vessel with a movable lenticular diaphragm and automatic air release function

[0001] The present invention falls within the fields of mechanical engineering and fluid mechanics and relates to the design and construction of closed pressure vessels used in water supply and booster pump systems. The invention features a closed pressure vessel with a movable lenticular diaphragm and an automatic air supply mechanism, developed to maintain the balance between air and water and ensure stable internal pressure. This design enhances operational efficiency and reduces the need for periodic air supply and maintenance in pressurized water systems.

[0002] Pressure vessels and expansion tanks are fundamental components in hydraulic and water supply systems, serving as accumulators that stabilize pressure, reduce pump cycling, and provide temporary storage of pressurized water. These systems generally rely on the coexistence of two phases, air and water, within a confined chamber in which the air acts as a compressible medium that absorbs fluctuations in system pressure. Over time, several operational challenges occur, including gradual air dissolution into the water, loss of the air cushion, and material degradation of internal parts, all of which contribute to performance decline and increase the need for maintenance. To overcome these limitations, a wide range of engineering designs have been introduced worldwide. Common approaches include bladder type pressure tanks, diaphragm type expansion vessels, and air over water systems, each applying different structural principles to separate and preserve the air water interface. Moreover, multiple patents have explored automatic air charging mechanisms, pressure control assemblies, and venting devices that remove trapped air from closed systems.

[0003] The following prior art references illustrate important technological progress in this field. Each example represents a distinct approach to improving the efficiency, reliability, and maintenance performance of pressurized water systems through advanced air water separation and pressure management techniques.

[0004] U.S. Patent No. US6328071B1 relates to a bladder-type pressure tank used in water well and booster pump systems. The tank includes a flexible internal membrane (bladder) that separates the water chamber from a pre-charged air chamber. The air portion is pre-pressurized to a fixed pressure, and the bladder expands or contracts according to the amount of water entering or leaving the tank. The pressure switch of the pump operates according to these pressure variations, enabling automatic on-off control of the pump system. This type of tank prevents direct air-water contact and reduces air absorption into water, but it requires periodic pre-charging of air to compensate for gradual pressure loss and maintenance or replacement of the bladder over time due to material fatigue.

[0005] U.S. Patent Application No. US20090068036A1 relates to a diaphragm pump assembly that incorporates an automatic air expelling mechanism designed to release entrained or trapped air from within a pressurized liquid system. In this configuration, the pump housing includes an integrated chamber equipped with a spring-loaded valve and a floating element that automatically opens when air accumulates and closes once liquid reaches the vent point. The purpose of this arrangement is to maintain stable system pressure, prevent vapor lock, and eliminate the need for manual bleeding. The diaphragm itself acts as a separating interface between the pumping fluid and the pressurizing chamber, allowing continuous operation under variable pressure conditions. This design demonstrates the application of mechanical automation in air discharge and improves the operational reliability of diaphragm-based fluid systems, particularly in small scale hydraulic and water circulation equipment.

[0006] U.S. Patent No. US2198291A discloses an automatic air relief valve developed to remove accumulated air from pipelines, hydraulic circuits, and closed pressure systems without manual operation. The device comprises a compact housing containing a float mechanism that rises and falls in response to the presence of air or liquid. When air collects within the upper portion of the valve, the float descends and opens a discharge orifice that allows the trapped air to escape; once the liquid level returns, the float rises and seals the opening to prevent leakage. This invention represents one of the earliest automatic venting mechanisms introduced for maintaining hydraulic stability in water distribution and pumping systems. Its primary objective was to eliminate vapor pockets, ensure continuous water flow, and protect pumps and valves from cavitation or pressure surges caused by trapped gases. The structure has influenced many subsequent designs for self venting pressure vessels and fluid transfer assemblies in both industrial and domestic applications.

[0007] U.S. Patent No. US1336280A relates to an automatic air-vent mechanism intended for plumbing and fluid systems. The invention comprises a float device arranged within a vent housing and configured to open a discharge port when air accumulates, and to reseal it when liquid rises, thus venting unwanted gas without a continuous vent line. It addresses siphoning issues in trap systems and provides air flow control without manual control.

[0008] U.S. Patent No. US8944109B2 discloses a diaphragm pressure expansion vessel designed for water and fluid systems, wherein a flexible diaphragm separates the internal chamber into an air compartment and a liquid compartment. The diaphragm responds to changes in fluid volume, maintaining internal pressure balance and preventing direct air-water contact. The invention is configured for integration with fluid networks where pressure stability and membrane reliability are crucial.

[0009] U.S. Patent No. US2356327A discloses an automatic self venting valve designed for use in pressurized water tanks and fluid circulation systems. The invention features a compact housing containing a movable float element that rises and falls in response to the liquid level inside the vessel. When air accumulates at the top of the tank, the float descends and opens a small vent passage, allowing the trapped air to escape. Once the air has been discharged and the liquid rises again, the float closes the vent automatically to prevent leakage. This structure enables continuous removal of unwanted air without operator intervention, ensuring that the water chamber remains fully primed and maintaining consistent system pressure. The valve can be directly integrated into closed type expansion tanks or used as an auxiliary device on pump discharge lines to prevent air binding, cavitation, and loss of efficiency in water distribution systems.

[0010] WO Patent Application No. WO2013170323A2 describes an international design for a pressure vessel equipped with a flexible internal bladder that separates gas and liquid phases within a sealed container. The bladder is made of an elastic material that expands and contracts in response to variations in internal pressure, thereby preventing direct contact between air and water. The system includes an inlet and outlet for fluid flow and a gas charging valve that maintains the desired internal pressure level. This configuration was primarily intended for heating and water supply systems where maintaining phase separation and pressure consistency is critical. The flexible enclosure minimizes contamination between the gas and liquid regions and provides a stable compressible air cushion during operation. However, the mechanism relies on periodic gas charging or manual venting to compensate for air loss and does not incorporate a continuous automatic air release system. This publication represents a major step in improving closed vessel reliability and has influenced the development of modern diaphragm and bladder based expansion tanks used globally in domestic and industrial water systems.

[0011] Chinese Patent No. CN111504579A discloses a pressure vessel system equipped with a diaphragm structure and an automatic air supply control mechanism used in domestic and industrial water systems. The invention integrates an air inlet control valve, a pressure sensor, and a feedback circuit that together monitor the internal air pressure and automatically inject air when the pressure drops below a defined threshold. The diaphragm divides the interior of the vessel into two independent chambers, one for compressed air and one for water, preventing direct mixing of the two phases. The system continuously adjusts the air content to maintain pressure balance and protect the pump from frequent cycling. This Chinese design focuses primarily on maintaining the pre charged air volume through automation rather than eliminating trapped air through venting. It introduced electronic control and pneumatic feedback for better long term stability of the vessel and provided a significant improvement over traditional manual air charging methods commonly used in small and medium capacity water supply systems.

[0012] Chinese Patent Application No. CN102454185A describes an automatic air supply device for an air-pressure water supply tank. In this system, a water level sensor, air supply solenoid valve, air tank, and drainage valve are coordinated via an electric control box. When the internal air cushion of the pressure tank diminishes due to air absorption into water, the device opens the air supply valve to admit air, then drains excess water from the air tank, thereby restoring the air volume automatically without manual intervention. The invention is especially useful where frequent manual air charging is not practical and aims to sustain stable internal pressure in water supply tanks.

[0013] German Patent No. DE4330764A1 relates to an automatic vent valve for a fluid pressure vessel. The valve housing comprises an inlet passage, an outlet passage, and a piston chamber divided by a piston. The piston has a fluid channel linking upstream and downstream chambers, and a first orifice restricts gas flow to develop a pressure drop. In series, a second orifice further limits gas flow. A control mechanism senses differential pressure across these orifices and seals the fluid path when a threshold is reached, thereby preventing over-venting. The valve functions without manual intervention and is suitable for integration into sealed pressure vessels for automatic gas release.

[0014] The present invention relates to a closed pressure vessel system developed for water supply applications. It features a movable lens shaped diaphragm and an intelligent automatic air regulation mechanism that together maintain stable pressure balance and enhance the long term durability of the system. The invention is designed to overcome the shortcomings of conventional pressure tanks that depend on fixed or inflatable diaphragms which lose air over time due to absorption into water and therefore require frequent manual air replenishment and maintenance.

[0015] In the proposed design, the diaphragm is a hollow, lightweight, and lens shaped floating element that naturally remains on the water surface inside the vessel. This structural configuration enables nearly complete separation between the air and water layers, preventing the intermixing of air and water molecules and significantly reducing air loss through dissolution. As a result, the system retains its internal air volume and pressure equilibrium for extended operational periods without the need for user intervention.

[0016] Below the floating diaphragm, a perforated stabilizing plate and a central guiding rod maintain the axial position and horizontal alignment of the diaphragm during pressure variations. The perforated plate design promotes smooth and uniform water flow inside the vessel, reducing turbulence and preventing pressure shocks. This mechanical arrangement ensures consistent diaphragm motion, accurate pressure response, and stable hydraulic performance.

[0017] The invention also incorporates an intelligent automatic air control system that monitors and restores the optimal air volume in the vessel. A set of water level sensors installed in the upper section of the tank detect when the water reaches the maximum level, indicating reduced air content. Upon this detection, the control unit initiates an automated multi stage cycle that isolates the consumer line, drains the vessel, releases trapped air, refills the tank, and restores normal operation. This sequence re-establishes the correct air water balance without manual handling or water loss.

[0018] By combining a mechanically innovative lens shaped diaphragm with an automatic air regulation system, this invention provides a self regulating, energy efficient, and low maintenance solution for modern water pressure systems. It minimizes pump wear, prevents unstable pressure cycles, ensures continuous and smooth water delivery, and significantly extends the lifespan and reliability of the entire hydraulic system for residential, commercial, and industrial use.

[0019] In the field of hydraulic and water supply systems, pressure vessels and expansion tanks play a critical role in maintaining stable water pressure, preventing pump over cycling, and ensuring continuous water delivery under varying demand conditions. These vessels function based on the balance between compressible air and incompressible water within a sealed chamber. The trapped air acts as an energy buffer, absorbing pressure fluctuations and enabling the pump to operate efficiently. However, despite their widespread use, conventional closed type pressure tanks suffer from multiple structural and operational deficiencies that directly affect efficiency, stability, and service life.

[0020] A primary technical issue in existing designs arises from the direct contact between air and water, which occurs in conventional (air-over-water) systems. In such configurations, air gradually dissolves into the water due to the natural absorption process driven by pressure and temperature fluctuations. This continuous air loss leads to a decrease in the effective air cushion volume, resulting in loss of pressure equilibrium within the tank. Consequently, the pump must cycle more frequently to restore pressure, causing excessive mechanical wear, higher energy consumption, and reduced operational lifespan of both the tank and the pump.

[0021] Another major problem occurs in systems using fixed or inflatable diaphragms. While these designs were initially developed to prevent air-water mixing, they introduce new limitations. Inflatable bladder-type diaphragms require periodic air charging using an external compressor, which complicates maintenance and increases the likelihood of leakage at the connecting valves. Moreover, over time, the diaphragm materials often made of rubber or synthetic elastomers undergo fatigue, hardening, or cracking due to continuous flexing, exposure to pressure cycles, and contact with water. These material failures compromise the sealing interface and result in loss of functionality.

[0022] In diaphragm-type expansion tanks where the membrane is permanently fixed at the center of the vessel, the limited elasticity and restricted movement range of the diaphragm hinder its ability to adapt dynamically to pressure variations. This results in incomplete separation between the air and water compartments, partial mixing at the interface, and gradual degradation of performance. Additionally, when the diaphragm is rigidly fixed, local stress concentrations and mechanical wear increase the likelihood of rupture or loss of shape stability over long term use.

[0023] A further technical problem involves manual air management and venting. In traditional systems, periodic air recharging or manual venting is necessary to restore the required air water ratio. This process not only demands human intervention but also leads to significant water wastage during draining operations. Frequent maintenance interrupts normal water supply, imposes additional labor costs, and limits the feasibility of deploying such systems in large scale or automated installations.

[0024] In summary, the existing technologies fail to provide a fully self-regulating, durable, and maintenance free pressure vessel capable of maintaining stable internal air water equilibrium over extended periods. The combination of air dissolution, diaphragm fatigue, material degradation, and manual venting requirements represents a major technical obstacle in the advancement of closed type water pressure systems. Therefore, there is a clear need for an innovative structural and control solution that ensures long term air retention, automatic air balance recovery, minimal mechanical wear, and consistent pressure stability without operator intervention.

[0025] The present invention provides a novel closed type pressure vessel system that effectively overcomes the mechanical and operational shortcomings of conventional diaphragm based or air over water tanks by integrating a movable lens shaped diaphragm with an intelligent automatic air regulation system. The structural, material, and control innovations introduced in this design directly address the core issues of air loss, diaphragm fatigue, manual maintenance, and unstable pressure cycles, thereby ensuring long term autonomous operation and consistent hydraulic stability.

[0026] The main structural innovation lies in the lens shaped movable diaphragm which is constructed as a hollow, lightweight, and buoyant element. Unlike fixed or inflatable membranes, this diaphragm is not anchored to the vessel wall but instead remains freely floating on the water surface, maintaining its position and orientation through a central guiding rod and a perforated stabilizing plate. This configuration allows the diaphragm to move vertically in response to pressure changes while remaining horizontally aligned. The lens geometry and low density structure enable the diaphragm to achieve near complete separation between the air and water layers, minimizing molecular diffusion and preventing air absorption into water. Consequently, the internal air cushion remains intact for extended operational periods, eliminating the need for periodic air recharging.

[0027] The perforated stabilizing plate attached beneath the diaphragm serves dual mechanical and fluid dynamic functions. Structurally, it stabilizes the diaphragm’s motion and prevents rotational displacement or tilting during pressure fluctuations. Hydraulically, the evenly distributed perforations guide the inflowing water to move uniformly across the cross section of the tank, thereby suppressing turbulence and wave formation during filling and discharge cycles. This results in smoother pressure transitions, reduced water air mixing, and extended air retention time within the vessel.

[0028] The invention further introduces an intelligent automatic air control system designed to continuously monitor and restore the air water equilibrium inside the tank. This system employs water level sensors installed at the upper section of the vessel to detect the reduction of air volume by sensing the rise of the water level. When air loss is detected, the control panel activates a pre programmed sequence involving multiple solenoid valves located at the top and bottom of the vessel. Through this sequence, the consumer line is temporarily isolated, the tank is partially or completely drained, trapped air is vented, new air is automatically introduced, and the system is refilled to its nominal pressure condition. This entire cycle is executed automatically without manual intervention or water wastage.

[0029] The integration of mechanical and electronic control elements within a single system ensures that air volume, water level, and internal pressure are maintained within optimal limits. The system’s feedback logic prevents overfilling, under pressurization, and excessive cycling of the pump. By maintaining the standard air water ratio automatically, the invention prevents pressure instability and eliminates the operational inefficiencies associated with traditional tanks.

[0030] In addition to resolving air management and pressure instability issues, the invention significantly improves durability and reduces maintenance demands. The floating diaphragm experiences minimal mechanical stress compared to fixed or stretchable membranes which are prone to fatigue and rupture. The absence of an inflatable bladder or fixed membrane eliminates leakage points and the need for external air charging. The stainless steel components and balanced motion of the diaphragm minimize wear, ensuring extended service life and reliable long term operation under varying load and temperature conditions.

[0031] Through this combination of structural innovation, fluid dynamic optimization, and intelligent automatic control, the present invention provides a fully self regulating pressure vessel that autonomously maintains internal air water balance, prevents pressure fluctuations, protects the pump from excessive cycling, and eliminates the need for manual maintenance. This represents a significant advancement in the field of hydraulic engineering and offers an efficient, durable, and maintenance free solution for modern water supply systems.

[0032] The present invention offers several significant technical and operational advantages over conventional pressure vessels and diaphragm-type expansion tanks. The combined mechanical, hydraulic, and electronic innovations result in improved stability, efficiency, and durability across a wide range of operating conditions. The major advantages and effects of the invention are as follows:

[0033] (1) Extended Air Retention and Pressure Stability:

[0034] The lens-shaped movable diaphragm maintains near-complete separation between the air and water phases, preventing air absorption and ensuring long-term preservation of the internal air cushion. This maintains constant internal pressure and eliminates the need for frequent air replenishment.

[0035] (2) Elimination of Inflatable Bladder Components:

[0036] By replacing conventional inflatable or fixed rubber membranes with a freely movable diaphragm, the system removes the weak points associated with leakage, puncture, or material fatigue, significantly extending the service life of the vessel.

[0037] (3) Automatic Air Regulation and Self Operation:

[0038] The integrated intelligent control system continuously monitors the air-water ratio and automatically performs a multi-stage air regulation cycle without human intervention. This eliminates manual air charging, reduces maintenance frequency, and ensures uninterrupted system operation.

[0039] (4) Reduced Pump Cycling and Energy Consumption:

[0040] Stable internal pressure reduces frequent pump activation and shutdown cycles, lowering mechanical stress on the pump and saving electrical energy during long-term operation.

[0041] (5) Enhanced Hydraulic Performance:

[0042] The perforated stabilizing plate under the diaphragm directs water flow evenly inside the vessel, suppressing turbulence and wave formation during filling and discharge. This ensures smoother hydraulic transitions and improves overall system efficiency.

[0043] (6) Increased Structural Reliability and Durability:

[0044] The floating diaphragm design minimizes mechanical stress compared to fixed membranes. Combined with corrosion resistant materials such as Polyethylene (PE), the system achieves extended operational lifespan under continuous load and temperature variation.

[0045] (7) Maintenance Free and User Friendly Operation:

[0046] The automatic air control function, durable diaphragm, and intelligent sensor based monitoring eliminate the need for regular manual inspection or air refilling, making the system suitable for unattended or remote installations.

[0047] (8) Environmental and Resource Efficiency:

[0048] By eliminating manual venting and unnecessary water discharge, the system minimizes water waste and operational losses, contributing to environmentally sustainable water management.

[0049] (9) Applicability Across Multiple Water System Configurations:

[0050] The invention can be applied to domestic, commercial, and industrial water supply systems, including booster pumps, distribution networks, and closed hydraulic circuits. Its modular design allows easy adaptation to various tank capacities and pressure ranges.Fig.1

[0051] shows the external view of the closed pressure vessel, illustrating the outer control components and connections, including the pressure gauge, solenoid valves, and water level sensors mounted on the body.Fig.2

[0052] shows a sectional view of the closed pressure vessel illustrating the internal arrangement of its main components. The figure depicts the movable lenticular diaphragm floating on the water surface, the supporting perforated plate positioned below it, and the connection structure between them.Fig.3

[0053] shows a side view of the movable diaphragm assembly. The figure illustrates the hollow lens-shaped diaphragm floating on the water surface, along with the central connecting rod and the perforated supporting plate beneath it. This assembly represents the internal mechanical structure of the system, ensuring the horizontal stability of the diaphragm and the effective separation of air and water within the pressure vessel.Fig.4

[0054] illustrates a perspective view of the floating diaphragm assembly. The figure shows the hollow diaphragm positioned above the perforated supporting plate, connected by a central rod. The holes in the plate allow for smooth and uniform water circulation while maintaining the diaphragm’s horizontal stability and effective separation of air and water.Fig.5

[0055] illustrates the complete schematic layout of the automatic air control and water supply system associated with the closed pressure vessel. The diagram shows the interconnection between the storage tank, the main water pump, the control panel, and the solenoid valves located at the upper and lower sections of the pressure vessel. The electrical control panel coordinates the operation of the solenoid valves, pump, and sensors during the automatic air discharge and refilling process. The figure also indicates the direction of water flow from the storage reservoir to the consumer line through the pump and pressure vessel, as well as the return and drainage paths used during the air regulation cycle.

[0056] The present invention relates to a closed pressure vessel system designed to maintain stable and self-regulating hydraulic pressure through a movable lens shaped diaphragm and an intelligent automatic air control mechanism. The system achieves mechanical separation between air and water phases while continuously maintaining the correct air water ratio without manual operation. This invention addresses the instability and maintenance challenges found in conventional fixed diaphragm or bladder-type vessels by combining floating diaphragm technology, dynamic air regulation, and automated control sequencing.

[0057] Referring to Figures 1 to 5, the structural body of the system consists of element 100 forming a sealed cylindrical container serving as the main chamber for water and compressed air. The upper and lower hemispherical ends are identified as elements 101 and are welded or mechanically joined to the body of 100. The vessel is supported by elements 104a and 104b which act as base legs providing mechanical stability and maintaining the vessel in a vertical position under pressurized conditions.

[0058] Inside element 100, a floating diaphragm identified as element 102 is positioned near the upper section. The structure of 102 is lens shaped and hollow, enabling it to float naturally on the surface of the water contained within 100. The floating nature of 102 ensures that it always maintains separation between the upper air chamber and the lower water chamber. The hollow internal design reduces weight, allowing immediate response to pressure variations inside the vessel.

[0059] Element 102 is centrally connected to a vertical guiding component identified as element 201, which extends through the internal height of 100 and connects at its lower end to a circular perforated plate identified as element 103. The mechanical coupling between components 102, 201, and 103 is secured using a set of fastening nuts designated as elements 401a, 401b, 401c, and 401d. Nut 401a, positioned on the upper side of element 102, ensures the stable attachment of 102 to the upper section of the rod 201. Nut 401c, located on the lower side of 102, functions as the opposing locking nut, preventing any undesired axial displacement during operation. Similarly, nut 401d, placed at the upper interface of element 103, and nut 401b, positioned beneath element 103, firmly clamp the perforated plate 103 onto the lower end of the rod 201. The combined action of the paired nuts 401c–401a and 401d–401b provides a reliable bidirectional locking mechanism that guarantees structural rigidity, accurate axial alignment, and stable vertical motion of the assembly throughout operation. The guiding function of rod 201 ensures that the horizontal orientation of element 102 is consistently maintained, while the fastening elements 401a–401d sustain the required mechanical integrity under dynamic loads.

[0060] The function of 103 is dual. Mechanically, it prevents tilting or rotation of 102 around its horizontal axes during dynamic fluid motion. Hydraulically, the uniformly distributed openings identified as elements 501 on 103 guide the water flow evenly within 100. These perforations allow continuous upward and downward passage of water without generating vortices or turbulence. This arrangement ensures laminar flow during both filling and discharge phases, leading to reduced mechanical stress on 102 and improved stability of the air water interface.

[0061] The upper part of 100 contains element 304, which is installed on the housing identified as 303b. Element 304 operates as the upper solenoid valve responsible for controlling the intake and release of air during the automatic regulation cycle. The lower part of 100 includes element 302a and 302b installed on housing 303a, which functions as the lower solenoid valve for draining and refilling operations. Both valves are connected through electrical wiring to a control circuit that manages their actuation sequences in coordination with the sensors and pump.

[0062] Mounted on the lateral surface of 100 is element 301, a pressure monitoring instrument providing real-time internal pressure readings for both the air and water chambers. Two additional sensors identified as 305a and 305b are positioned at the upper and lower sections of 100 respectively. These components detect the presence and level of water, allowing the control system to evaluate the available air volume and initiate corrective actions when necessary.

[0063] In the standard operating state, the pump connected to the system draws water from the external storage reservoir and directs it into element 100. During this process, element 302a and 302b remains closed to prevent any backflow. As water accumulates inside the vessel, element 102 progressively moves upward along the guiding axis provided by the rod 201. The stable and controlled vertical displacement of element 102 is ensured not only by the guiding function of rod 201 but also by the fastening assembly consisting of nuts 401a, 401b, 401c, and 401d. Nuts 401a and 401c, positioned respectively above and below element 102, secure the component firmly to rod 201, preventing rotational movement, axial misalignment, or unintended displacement under increasing internal pressure. This mechanical locking ensures that the upward motion of 102 remains linear, precise, and fully synchronized with the volume of incoming water. Similarly, nuts 401d and 401b, which clamp element 103 to the lower end of rod 201, distribute the transmitted vertical load evenly throughout the structure, preventing angular deviation or lateral shifting of the guiding rod during operation. This dual-side fastening configuration provides structural rigidity to the 201–102–103 assembly, allowing it to withstand hydraulic shocks and pressure fluctuations. As element 102 rises, the air located above it becomes compressed, forming a stable pressure cushion that regulates and stabilizes the system’s output pressure. The optimal operational condition is achieved when approximately three-quarters of the vessel’s volume is filled with water, while the remaining one-quarter contains compressed air.

[0064] Over prolonged operation, partial air absorption into the water reduces the air cushion volume. When this occurs, the rising water level activates element 305a, signaling the control system that the minimum permissible air volume has been reached. The control unit then initiates the automatic air regulation cycle to restore balance between the air and water sections.

[0065] The automatic regulation process is performed in five distinct stages controlled entirely by the electrical control panel. In the first stage, the control system closes the outlet valve connected to the consumer pipeline to isolate the network and prevent pressure loss. In the second stage, elements 302a and 302b and 304 are opened simultaneously. This operation allows pressurized water to exit through the lower discharge port while residual air escapes through the upper valve, fully emptying 100. In the third stage, the control panel closes both valves to prepare for the next sequence. In the fourth stage, the system activates the inlet solenoid valve identified as element 302c, refilling 100 with water while introducing air through element 304 until the internal pressure reaches the pre-calibrated level. In the fifth stage, after stable equilibrium between air and water is reestablished, the control system reopens the consumer outlet valve to resume normal operation.

[0066] The synchronization of these actions is achieved through an integrated control logic that processes input signals from elements 305a, 305b, and 301 while governing the actuation of elements 302a and 302b and 304. A built-in timer ensures precise duration for each operational phase based on the capacity of 100. This system prevents overfilling, incomplete draining, or uncontrolled air leakage, ensuring safe and autonomous operation at all times.

[0067] illustrates the complete schematic configuration of the automatic air control and water supply system associated with the closed pressure vessel. The figure shows the integration of the hydraulic and electrical subsystems forming a unified operational circuit that enables automatic air regulation, controlled refilling, and protection against dry running.

[0068] The main pressure vessel identified as 100 is connected to a water storage reservoir identified as 402 through a set of water pipelines represented by 503. The reservoir 402 stores water which is delivered to the suction line of the main pump identified as 403. The pump 403 is responsible for supplying pressurized water into the system. A valve identified as 306 is installed on the suction pipeline as a manual gate valve that allows isolation or maintenance of the line. Upstream of the gate valve 306, an electric solenoid valve identified as 307 is installed. This valve prevents dry running by cutting off the suction flow when no water is detected in 402 or when the system is deactivated.

[0069] The discharge side of the pump 403 is connected to the pressure vessel 100 through the delivery pipeline 503. A pressure automation switch identified as 308 is mounted at the discharge line to detect system pressure and automatically command the pump to start or stop based on the user pressure demand.

[0070] The vessel 100 includes upper and lower dome sections 101, supported by base legs 104a and 104b, and is equipped with solenoid valves 304 and 302a which operate under electrical control. The internal pressure of 100 is monitored by element 301. Sensors 305a and 305b are installed at the upper and lower positions of 100 to monitor water level conditions. These sensors are electrically connected to the control panel identified as 404 through electrical cables represented by 502.

[0071] The control panel 404 is the operational brain of the system. It receives electrical signals from 305a and 305b to determine the internal water and air status inside 100. It also controls the actuation of solenoid valves 304, 302a, and 307, as well as the starting and stopping of pump 403. The control panel 404 is supplied with electrical power through a power meter and breaker assembly identified as 405, which connects to the mains through phase L and neutral N.

[0072] The water pipelines identified as 503 represent the flow circuits connecting 403, 100, and 402. The electrical wiring network identified as 502 establishes communication between 404, 305a, 305b, 304, 302a, 307, and 308. Together, these connections ensure synchronized operation between the hydraulic and electrical systems.

[0073] During standard operation, water is drawn from 402 through 306 and 307 by 403 and delivered into 100. As the water level inside 100 rises, the air above the diaphragm is compressed, creating a stable pressure zone. When the pressure in the discharge line drops due to water consumption, 308 detects the decrease and signals 403 to restart automatically.

[0074] When air loss occurs inside 100, 305a detects a high water level and sends a signal to 404. The control panel then commands 304 and 302a to open, allowing 100 to discharge water and trapped air. Once air has been vented, both valves are closed and the pump 403 is activated to refill 100 through 503, restoring the correct air water ratio. The process is completely automated and requires no manual intervention.

[0075] The system integrates several protection and efficiency features. The solenoid valve 307 protects 403 against dry running by preventing suction in the absence of water in 402. The control panel 404 ensures that all electrical operations occur sequentially and within safe pressure limits. The configuration of 502 and 503 provides clear separation between electrical and hydraulic circuits, preventing interference and ensuring operational safety.

[0076] The design ofdemonstrates the integration of mechanical, electrical, and control components to achieve a fully autonomous pressure regulation system. It maintains the ideal air water balance in 100, prevents pump over cycling, avoids cavitation, and provides consistent water pressure to the consumer network. The modular arrangement also allows the system to be adapted to various capacities and operational environments while retaining its automatic functionality.

[0077] The present invention is industrially applicable in the field of hydraulic engineering and water supply systems where stable pressure and autonomous operation are essential. The closed pressure vessel with a movable lens shaped diaphragm and automatic air regulation system can be used in domestic, commercial, and industrial booster pump installations, water distribution networks, and automated pressure maintenance units. Its self regulating function eliminates the need for manual air charging and ensures long term operation without maintenance. The design can be manufactured in various capacities and pressure ratings, allowing application in residential buildings, irrigation systems, and industrial process lines. The use of durable and corrosion resistant materials ensures reliability under different environmental conditions while the integration capability with electronic control panels and smart systems makes it suitable for modern automated infrastructure. Overall the invention provides an efficient, durable, and scalable solution that can be easily produced with standard industrial manufacturing technologies.

Claims

A closed pressure vessel comprising a main cylindrical body numbered 100, equipped with a movable lenticular diaphragm numbered 102 and an automatic air release system, wherein the diaphragm 102 is hollow and lens shaped and floats on the water surface inside the vessel to separate the upper air chamber from the lower water chamber with approximately ninety nine percent isolation. The diaphragm 102 is connected by a stainless steel rod numbered 201 to a perforated circular support plate numbered 103 located beneath it to provide horizontal stability and balanced movement. The vessel 100 further includes an upper solenoid valve numbered 304, a primary lower drain solenoid valve numbered 302a, an auxiliary safety drain solenoid valve numbered 302b, and an inlet-line solenoid valve numbered 302c, along with two water level sensors numbered 305a and 305b, an electrical control panel numbered 404, and a water pump numbered 403, all of which cooperate to maintain stable pressure and automatic air balance within the system.The closed pressure vessel according to claim 1, wherein the perforated support plate 103 reduces water turbulence during inflow, ensures smooth and uniform water circulation inside the vessel, prevents undesired air mixing, and extends the retained air volume for a period of six to twelve months without manual air bleeding.The closed pressure vessel according to claim 1, wherein the control panel 404 receives electrical signals from sensors 305a and 305b through wiring numbered 502 and sequentially controls the solenoid valves 304, 302a, 302b, and 302c, performing automatic steps including consumer line isolation, vessel drainage, air supply, valve closure, and refilling of the vessel to restore the optimal air to water ratio.The closed pressure vessel according to claim 1, wherein a suction line solenoid valve numbered 307 is installed upstream of the pump 403 and is configured to automatically close the suction path when no water is detected in the storage tank numbered 402, thereby preventing the pump from operating under dry conditions.The closed pressure vessel according to claim 1, wherein the pressure switch numbered 308 is electrically connected to the control panel 404 and operates the pump 403 automatically based on preset pressure thresholds to maintain constant and balanced outlet pressure for the consumer network.The closed pressure vessel according to claim 1, wherein the diaphragm 102 and the perforated plate 103 are made of lightweight corrosion resistant materials providing buoyancy stability and long term mechanical durability under varying pressure conditions.The closed pressure vessel according to claim 1, wherein the electrical and hydraulic circuits represented respectively by wiring lines 502 and pipeline lines 503 are integrated into a coordinated control architecture under the supervision of the control panel 404 to enable fully automatic operation without human intervention.The closed pressure vessel according to claim 1, wherein the automatic air release system executes a predefined time-based cycle controlled by the control panel 404 during which the solenoid valves 304, 302a, 302b, and 302c open and close and the pump 403 is activated in coordination to maintain the designed air to water ratio in the vessel 100.The closed pressure vessel according to claim 1, wherein the overall configuration prevents frequent cycling of the pump 403, eliminates pressure fluctuations, prevents cavitation, and increases the lifespan of the water supply equipment while maintaining stable pressure in the consumer network.

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