Temperature control accelerated degradation method for quickly estimating battery warranty period

Abstract

A temperature control accelerated degradation method for quickly estimating a battery warranty period. The method comprises: S1: on the basis of a typical use scenario of target batteries, determining accelerated test working conditions used in an accelerated degradation test process; S2: using the accelerated test working conditions to perform an accelerated degradation test on the target batteries, wherein the accelerated degradation test comprises a charging stage, a discharging stage, and a standing stage, and the three stages are performed in a random order and alternately; S3: determining a non-accelerated working temperature T of the target batteries on the basis of the type or the typical use scenario of the target batteries; S4: continuously performing an accelerated degradation test on the plurality of target batteries, recording an accumulated usage amount of each battery when the SOH gradually reaches a preset failure threshold, using the accumulated usage amount as an accelerated degradation life of each battery, and calculating a mean value and a variance of the accelerated degradation life; and S5: in the test process in step S4, taking a temperature control measure to ensure that the cell temperature of the target batteries is always maintained at the non-accelerated working temperature T, and using the accelerated degradation life obtained in step S4 as a warranty period of the target batteries. The method can shorten the experimental period of the service life test at the battery manufacturing stage while avoiding the deviation of the battery degradation path and the shortening of the expected service life caused by the accelerated test.

Description

A method for rapidly calculating the lifespan of batteries under warranty using temperature-controlled accelerated degradation Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of battery life testing technology, and in particular to a temperature-controlled accelerated degradation method for rapidly calculating the warranty period of a battery. Background Technology

[0002] The rapid development of battery technology has made batteries crucial in numerous applications, such as electric vehicles, smartphones, and energy storage systems. Battery lifespan directly impacts product reliability, economics, and user experience. Therefore, conducting degradation tests on batteries to obtain reliable lifespan information is essential.

[0003] At the R&D level, lifespan testing of battery samples is a crucial basis for technological iteration. By conducting lifespan tests on batteries with different designs (including design schemes, structures, components, and manufacturing processes), R&D teams can identify differences and weaknesses in battery lifespan, thereby driving technological iteration and improvement, ultimately achieving longer service life. At the market level, lifespan testing of new batteries is an important basis for manufacturers to provide warranty services. By conducting lifespan tests on new batteries, manufacturers can gain a deep understanding of their lifespan performance under real-world usage conditions, ensuring that their lifespan indicators meet industry standards. This allows manufacturers to develop more targeted warranty policies, thereby enhancing consumer trust.

[0004] However, existing battery life testing methods face several challenges, including long testing cycles and discrepancies between test results and actual usage conditions. These methods severely hinder manufacturers' technological iteration at the research and development level and can easily lead to potential economic losses and reputational risks when bringing technologies to market.

[0005] Currently, high-rate (high-current) accelerated degradation testing is frequently used in battery life testing. High-rate (high-current) testing typically involves charging and discharging with a large current, significantly increasing the battery's charge and discharge rate to obtain life test results in a shorter time. However, this also significantly accelerates the battery's aging rate. This is crucial for rapid iteration in R&D and production processes because high-rate (high-current) testing reduces testing time, equipment usage, labor, and other costs. Therefore, with limited resources, high-rate (high-current) testing helps reduce overall costs. While high-rate (high-current) accelerated degradation testing shortens the testing cycle and quickly obtains battery degradation information, batteries typically do not experience such high charge and discharge currents during daily use. Therefore, significant performance degradation often requires prolonged use to observe. It is clear that the accelerated aging mechanism under high-rate (high-current) conditions differs from the actual aging mechanism under normal low-rate (low-current) use. Consequently, the accelerated state-of-the-art (SOH) degradation path obtained from this differs from the normal SOH degradation path, leading to a lower battery life measured in accelerated degradation tests that cannot fully reflect the battery's long-term performance in actual use. This deviation may affect the correct selection of R&D routes and also the accuracy of product warranty life.

[0006] Low-rate (low-current) degradation testing simulates daily battery use by setting lower charge and discharge rates, providing a more effective assessment of battery lifespan under real-world conditions. However, while theoretically feasible, low-rate (low-current) testing is not always practically feasible at the R&D level because using lower charge and discharge rates significantly extends the testing cycle for lifespan assessment. Firstly, at the R&D level, the time cost of low-rate (low-current) testing prolongs the development cycle of battery samples. In battery technology development, rapid response to market application needs and timely introduction of the latest industry technologies are crucial. Although low-rate (low-current) testing can provide more realistic degradation information, its lengthy cycle means that R&D teams may not be able to quickly obtain the necessary test data, thus affecting the speed of technology iteration and updates. Secondly, at the market level, low-rate (low-current) testing significantly extends the time to market for battery products. Due to the lower charge and discharge rates, battery life testing, degradation assessment, and quality inspection processes all require a longer time, which may prevent the accurate determination of the battery's warranty lifespan before market launch, potentially leading to product delays. In the ever-changing energy industry, fierce market competition and rapid product update cycles mean that companies may miss market opportunities if they are even slightly slow. Therefore, although low-rate (low-current) testing has theoretical advantages, its practical application in the research and development stage may be less than ideal due to low efficiency.

[0007] This leads to a very pressing technical bottleneck: in the field of battery technology, existing high-rate (high-current) degradation testing and low-rate (low-current) degradation testing differ fundamentally in their testing methods and conditions, making them completely incompatible. Differences in time costs, technological iteration needs, and market demands further exacerbate this contradiction. While high-rate (high-current) testing can accelerate testing and reduce costs, it cannot accurately reflect the degradation of batteries under actual usage conditions; that is, the obtained state of harmonic equilibrium (SOH) degradation path is an accelerated SOH degradation path, significantly deviating from the normal SOH degradation path. Low-rate (low-current) testing, on the other hand, can more realistically simulate actual usage conditions, but its long testing cycle and high cost may not be suitable for rapid iteration in the R&D phase. In summary, this contradiction is irreconcilable under current technological conditions. There is an urgent need to design a rapid life testing method to quickly obtain non-accelerated degradation information. This method will not only help optimize the R&D process and promote technological iteration but also reduce market risks and enhance the market competitiveness of products.

[0008] There is a need for a technology to address a range of thorny issues facing the industry, namely how to significantly shorten the life testing cycle during the battery manufacturing stage, while avoiding deviations in the battery degradation path and reduced expected lifespan caused by accelerated testing. Summary of the Invention

[0009] This invention provides a temperature-controlled accelerated degradation method for rapidly calculating the battery warranty agreement lifespan, which significantly shortens the lifespan testing cycle during the battery manufacturing stage, while avoiding deviations in the battery degradation path and reductions in expected lifespan caused by accelerated testing.

[0010] To solve the above-mentioned technical problems, this application provides the following technical solution:

[0011] A temperature-controlled accelerated degradation test method for rapidly evaluating battery warranty life information.

[0012] Its characteristic is that it includes the following steps:

[0013] S1: Determine the accelerated testing conditions to be used in the accelerated degradation test based on the typical usage scenarios of the target battery.

[0014] Accelerated degradation testing is used to quickly assess the long-term performance and lifespan of a battery in a short period of time;

[0015] S2: Accelerated degradation testing is performed on the target battery using accelerated testing conditions. The accelerated degradation test is divided into three stages: charging, discharging, and resting. The order of the three stages is not fixed and they are randomly alternated.

[0016] S3: Determine the non-accelerated operating temperature T based on the type of target battery or typical usage scenario;

[0017] The non-accelerated operating temperature T refers to the ambient temperature at which the battery can operate normally and stably during use. Operating at this temperature can ensure the safety of the target battery.

[0018] S4: Continuously perform accelerated degradation tests on multiple target batteries, record the cumulative usage of each battery when the SOH gradually reaches the preset failure threshold, and use it as the accelerated degradation lifetime of each battery, and calculate its mean and variance.

[0019] S5: During the test process in step S4, temperature control measures must be adopted to ensure that the body temperature of the target battery is always maintained at the non-accelerated operating temperature T. This temperature control measure can offset the accelerated degradation effect caused by the accelerated degradation test process. Based on this, the accelerated degradation life obtained in step S4 is taken as the warranty agreement life of the target battery.

[0020] The body temperature defined here includes both surface temperature and internal temperature, which can be obtained in various ways. For example, body temperature can be measured using any common temperature measuring device and equipment, such as thermometers, thermocouples, infrared thermometers, temperature sensors, non-destructive temperature detection equipment, radiation thermometers, semiconductor equipment, and pre-fabricated temperature measuring equipment inside batteries.

[0021] The basic principles and beneficial effects of this scheme are as follows: By controlling the body temperature of the target battery, a suitable operating temperature T is determined based on the battery's typical usage scenarios. This non-accelerated operating temperature T is then applied in the tests of this scheme as the control temperature for accelerated degradation testing. During the charging phase, the target battery is charged at a basic charge value BC, and during the discharging phase, it is discharged at a basic discharge value BD, enabling rapid completion of the charging and discharging process. This scheme also includes a resting phase, with the charging, discharging, and resting phases randomly performed during the test to maximize the simulation of real-world battery usage scenarios. Simultaneously, temperature control measures maintain the battery body temperature at T during the experiment, preventing the battery from generating excessive heat and accelerating degradation during high-current charging and discharging tests. Compared to ordinary accelerated testing, this scheme yields a cumulative battery lifespan closer to actual battery usage. Compared to non-accelerated testing, it increases testing speed and reduces testing time. This scheme can test a more accurate battery warranty lifespan in a shorter time. SOH is an abbreviation for "State of Health," representing the battery's health status or performance level. It is typically used to measure the ratio between a battery's actual capacity and its design capacity, reflecting the degree of battery degradation and remaining lifespan.

[0022] Based on experiments, and using cumulative usage as an indicator of battery life, this study draws the following conclusions:

[0023] 1) The impact of random charge / discharge frequency and random charge / discharge depth on cumulative lifetime is negligible;

[0024] 2) Ambient temperature is the main factor affecting the lifespan of lithium batteries. Lower ambient temperature will extend the battery lifespan, while higher ambient temperature will shorten the battery lifespan.

[0025] 3) The setting of the charging and discharging current will not have a direct impact on the cumulative lifespan of the battery;

[0026] It can be further inferred that the reason for using high-current charging and discharging to accelerate battery degradation is that although high current itself does not directly affect the cumulative lifespan of the battery, it will cause the battery temperature to rise significantly, thus inevitably having an indirect effect on accelerating the aging process of the battery.

[0027] In summary, this rapid life testing method can provide degradation information close to real-world application scenarios without significantly increasing testing time. This allows R&D teams to quickly assess battery performance under real-world conditions, shorten product launch cycles, and reduce economic losses and reputational risks caused by inaccurate test results. In today's competitive market environment, this testing method not only improves R&D efficiency but also ensures product reliability and market competitiveness. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find innovative solutions in the field of battery technology testing to meet the ever-changing market demands and the challenges of technological advancements.

[0028] Therefore, the key technology of the rapid life testing method in this case lies in shortening the single charge-discharge time by setting high-current charging and discharging, thus significantly reducing the test cycle of the life testing experiment. Simultaneously, by setting low-temperature, room-temperature, or constant-temperature environments, the degradation rate of the battery is not accelerated, and the degradation path of the battery is not affected. Under these conditions, even with high-current charging and discharging, the battery temperature will not change significantly, thus not affecting the battery's aging path or lifespan.

[0029] Furthermore, the accelerated test conditions include a basic charging value BC and a basic discharging value BD, wherein the basic charging value BC is the specific setting of the conditions used during the charging process, and the basic discharging value BD is the specific setting of the conditions used during the discharging process; the types of conditions include current, voltage, and power.

[0030] The specific steps for conducting accelerated degradation testing on the target battery using accelerated testing conditions include: accelerating charging using a basic charging value BC during the charging phase, and accelerating discharging using a basic discharging value BD during the discharging phase.

[0031] The specific steps for determining the non-accelerated operating temperature T of the target battery include: setting the industry-standard optimal operating temperature as the non-accelerated operating temperature T based on the typical usage scenarios of the target battery; or / and determining the expected range of ambient temperature variation in the typical usage scenarios of the target battery, and taking the average of the range as the non-accelerated operating temperature T.

[0032] Beneficial effects: Using the average of the recommended operating temperature range of the target battery as the temperature control target in this scheme results in more realistic test results, and the interval-based average temperature is also conducive to control.

[0033] Furthermore, the specific steps for determining the accelerated test conditions of the target battery include: determining the expected operating condition range of the target battery in the actual charge and discharge process based on the typical usage scenarios of the target battery; then taking the upper limit of the expected charging operating condition range as the basic charging value BC, and taking the upper limit of the expected discharging operating condition range as the basic discharging value BD.

[0034] The specific steps for determining the accelerated test conditions of the target battery also include: determining the range of test conditions that the test equipment can set during the charge and discharge test based on the test capabilities of the test equipment; taking the upper limit of the charging test condition range as the basic charging value BC, and taking the upper limit of the discharging test condition range as the basic discharging value BD.

[0035] The specific steps for determining the accelerated test conditions of the target battery also include setting the default optimal operating conditions of the target battery in typical industry usage scenarios as the basic charging value BC and the basic discharging value BD, based on the type of the target battery.

[0036] Technical Benefits: Determining the expected charge and discharge operating conditions (BCs) of the target battery based on its typical usage scenarios helps match the test conditions with the most demanding scenarios in actual battery operation. Using the upper limits of the expected charge and discharge operating conditions as the basic charge and discharge values ​​BC and BD respectively avoids overly broad test conditions, thereby improving the relevance of the test and reflecting the battery's performance within its most critical operating range. Here, the upper limit represents the maximum value. Determining the basic charge and discharge values ​​based on the charge and discharge testing capabilities of the test equipment ensures that the equipment operates within its operational range and avoids inaccurate testing or equipment damage due to exceeding its capabilities. By reasonably setting the basic charge and discharge values, unnecessary test steps can be reduced, test time shortened, and test efficiency improved, especially in large-scale test scenarios.

[0037] In-depth analysis: Using the upper limit for charge-discharge testing can accelerate the aging and performance degradation process of batteries, simulating battery performance under the most demanding operating conditions and reducing testing time. This is highly beneficial for quickly obtaining preliminary results for battery life and performance evaluation, especially during the R&D phase or screening tests.

[0038] Trade-offs: In real-world operating scenarios, batteries do not always operate at maximum current or under the most demanding conditions. Using upper limit testing may lead to excessive performance degradation and fail to accurately reflect the battery's performance under milder or average conditions. Therefore, distorted test scenarios result in results with poor guidance for practical applications. Continuously testing at maximum charge and discharge current may ignore the battery's performance under partial load, especially its performance and lifespan under prolonged or partial load use. Therefore, conclusions drawn from upper limit testing may be overly conservative or fail to cover the battery's overall performance under real-world conditions, reducing data portability and reliability.

[0039] The specific steps for determining the accelerated test conditions of the target battery also include: determining the expected operating condition range of the target battery in the actual charge and discharge process based on the typical usage scenarios of the target battery, and then taking any value within the expected charging operating condition range as the basic charging value BC and any value within the expected discharging operating condition range as the basic discharging value BD; or determining the test operating condition range that the test equipment can set during the charge and discharge test based on the test capabilities of the test equipment, and then taking any value within the charging test operating condition range as the basic charging value BC and any value within the discharging test operating condition range as the basic discharging value BD.

[0040] Beneficial effects: By selecting any value within the expected charge / discharge operating range or the range of the test equipment as the basic charge / discharge value, test conditions can be flexibly adjusted. This flexibility allows for the selection of more suitable test conditions according to specific needs, adapting to different test scenarios and objectives.

[0041] The magnitude of the charging and discharging current can be expressed either as the actual current value or as the charge / discharge rate. The charge / discharge rate C is a constant multiple of the actual current value. Both have the physical meaning of current, so they can be regarded as current in this context.

[0042] Beneficial effect: Ensures the safety of the testing process.

[0043] Furthermore, when accelerating charging using the basic charging value BC in any charging stage, the method for setting the charging current / voltage / power in that charging stage is as follows: ensure that the magnitude of the charging current / voltage / power remains at the basic charging value BC until the end of the single charging stage; here and the symbol " / " below represent "or".

[0044] When accelerating discharge using the basic discharge value BD in any discharge stage, the method for setting the discharge current / voltage / power in that discharge stage is to ensure that the magnitude of the discharge current / voltage / power remains at the basic discharge value BD until the termination of the single discharge stage.

[0045] When accelerating charging using the basic charging value BC in any charging stage, if the testing capabilities of the equipment are limited and it is not possible to completely ensure that the charging current / voltage / power remains constant during the charging stage, the method for setting the charging current / voltage / power in a single charging stage also includes: ensuring that the charging current / voltage / power remains within a range C_range near the basic charging value BC until the end of the single charging stage;

[0046] When accelerating discharge using the basic discharge value BD in any discharge stage, if the testing capabilities of the equipment cannot completely ensure that the discharge current / voltage / power remains constant during the discharge stage, the method for setting the discharge current / voltage / power in a single discharge stage also includes: ensuring that the discharge current / voltage / power remains within a range D_range near the basic discharge value BD until the end of the single discharge stage.

[0047] Beneficial effects: All parameters are within the allowable and recommended range, ensuring the accuracy of the test data and the safety of the testing process.

[0048] Furthermore, after the termination of the resting stage, discharging stage, or charging stage, a charging stage can be initiated. The current charging stage is terminated when the duration of the charging stage exceeds the accelerated charging time limit A, or when the battery terminal voltage of the charging stage rises to the charging cutoff voltage CV.

[0049] After the termination of the resting stage, charging stage, or discharging stage, a discharging stage can be initiated. The current discharging stage is terminated when the duration of the discharging stage reaches the accelerated discharging time limit B, or when the battery terminal voltage of the discharging stage drops to the discharge cutoff voltage DV.

[0050] After the charging or discharging phase ends, a shelving phase can begin. The shelving phase ends when the duration of the shelving phase reaches the accelerated shelving time limit X.

[0051] Beneficial effect: During the charging phase, charging stops when the accelerated charging time limit A is reached or the battery voltage reaches the charging cutoff voltage CV;

[0052] During the discharge phase, discharge stops after the accelerated discharge time limit B is reached or the discharge cutoff voltage DV is reached.

[0053] During the resting phase, the test stops after the accelerated resting time limit X has been reached. The battery randomly enters one of the three phases during the test, preventing overcharging, over-discharging, and resting. This approach saves testing time in scenarios closely resembling real-world usage.

[0054] Furthermore, the values ​​of the accelerated charging time limit A, accelerated discharging time limit B, and accelerated shelving time limit X are constants; the charging cut-off voltage CV and discharging cut-off voltage DV are set according to the type of target battery and / or typical usage scenario, and the charging cut-off voltage CV and discharging cut-off voltage DV are set to any value in the operating voltage range of the target battery.

[0055] Furthermore, any of the charging stages can be replaced by constant voltage / constant power charging using constant charging voltage CCV or constant charging power CCP; the current charging stage is terminated after the duration of the constant voltage / constant power charging stage exceeds the accelerated charging time limit A, or the current constant voltage / constant power charging stage is terminated after the battery terminal current drops to the charging cutoff current CCC.

[0056] Furthermore, any of the discharge stages can be replaced by constant voltage / constant power discharge using constant discharge voltage CDV or constant discharge power CDP; the current constant voltage / constant power discharge stage is terminated after the duration of the constant voltage / constant power discharge stage reaches the accelerated discharge time limit B, or the current constant voltage / constant power discharge stage is terminated after the terminal current of the constant voltage / constant power discharge stage drops to the discharge cutoff current CDC.

[0057] Furthermore, the constant charging voltage CCV and constant discharging voltage CDV are set to any value within the target battery's operating voltage range; the constant charging power CCP and constant discharging power CDP are set to any value within the target battery's operating power range, which can be specifically set according to the type of target battery and / or typical usage scenarios.

[0058] Furthermore, the cumulative usage is the sum of the actual usage of the battery; at a specific moment, the cumulative usage is calculated by accumulating all actual usage from the start of battery use to that moment; the types of cumulative usage include: cumulative discharge, cumulative absolute value of charge and discharge, cumulative number of discharges, cumulative idle time, cumulative number of charges, cumulative charge, cumulative charging time, cumulative number of charge and discharge, cumulative discharge time, cumulative charge and discharge time, cumulative idle time, calendar service time, cumulative result of actual workload generated by the battery during the operation of the power supply equipment, cumulative result of work done, and cumulative result of driving mileage, one or more of these.

[0059] Furthermore, the types of batteries include lithium-based batteries, lithium-ion batteries, lithium sulfide batteries, sodium-based energy storage devices, sodium-ion cells, aluminum-based energy storage devices, aluminum-ion energy storage units, metal-based batteries, graphene-based batteries, sulfur-based batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, lead-acid batteries, all-solid-state power supplies, solid-liquid composite energy storage systems, metal-ion cells, air redox batteries, cylindrical batteries, polymer cells, power energy storage units, halide batteries, silicon-based energy storage devices, supercapacitors, hybrid energy storage systems, smart battery systems, renewable energy storage devices, electric vehicle batteries, energy storage units for solar, wind, geothermal, and ocean energy, energy storage grid equipment, power supplies for portable electronic devices, energy storage devices for drones and robots, flow batteries, hybrid capacitors, graphene supercapacitors, thermoelectric energy storage systems, modular energy storage devices suitable for distributed energy systems, grid energy storage systems supporting bidirectional energy flow, or other recyclable electrical storage devices; as a broader extension, the target battery also includes other recyclable power-consuming devices.

[0060] Furthermore, step S2 also includes: accelerated degradation testing to quickly obtain the SOH degradation path of the battery in a short period of time;

[0061] Furthermore, step S4 also includes: obtaining the SOH degradation path of each battery and using it as the accelerated SOH degradation path for each battery;

[0062] Furthermore, step S5 also includes: during the testing process in step S4, temperature control measures must be adopted to ensure that the body temperature of the target battery is always maintained at the non-accelerated operating temperature T. This temperature control measure can offset the accelerated degradation effect caused by the accelerated degradation test process. Based on this, the accelerated SOH degradation path obtained in step S4 is taken as the normal SOH degradation path of the target battery. The SOH degradation path refers to the trend of SOH change with cumulative usage during battery use, where cumulative usage is regarded as the independent variable and SOH is regarded as the dependent variable. This path is obtained through testing and monitoring and is usually used to evaluate the battery's service life and performance.

[0063] Furthermore, the temperature control measures in step S4 specifically include collecting the surface temperature / internal temperature of the target battery to be tested, and controlling the surface temperature / internal temperature of the battery through a heating device or a heat dissipation device so that the surface temperature / internal temperature of the battery is at the non-accelerated operating temperature T.

[0064] In this process, if the temperature control capability of the heating device or heat dissipation device is limited and it is not possible to completely ensure that the battery surface temperature / internal temperature is kept constant at the non-accelerated operating temperature T, the temperature control measures in step S4 also include: making the battery surface temperature / internal temperature within a temperature range T_range near the non-accelerated operating temperature T.

[0065] Furthermore, the setting method for C_range includes: based on a fixed current value, setting it to any one of the following ranges from ±0.001A, ±0.002A, ±0.004A, ±0.008A, ±0.016A, ±0.032A, ±0.064A, ±0.128A, ±0.256A, ±0.512A, ±1A, ±2A, ±4A, ±8A, ±16A, ±32A, ±64A, ±128A, ±256A, ±512A.

[0066] The C_range setting method also includes: based on a percentage, setting it to any one of the following ranges of the basic charge value BC: ±0.001%, ±0.002%, ±0.004%, ±0.008%, ±0.016%, ±0.032%, ±0.064%, ±0.128%, ±0.256%, ±0.512%, ±1%, ±2%, ±4%, ±8%, ±16%, ±32%, ±64%, ±128%, ±256%, ±512%.

[0067] The C_range setting method also includes: based on the C multiplier, setting it to any one of the following ranges from the basic charging value BC: ±0.001C, ±0.002C, ±0.004C, ±0.008C, ±0.016C, ±0.032C, ±0.064C, ±0.128C, ±0.256C, ±0.512C, ±1C, ±2C, ±4C, ±8C, ±16C, ±32C, ±64C, ±128C, ±256C, ±512C.

[0068] The D_range can be set in one of the following ways: based on a fixed current value, it can be set to any one of the following ranges from the basic discharge value BD: ±0.001A, ±0.002A, ±0.004A, ±0.008A, ±0.016A, ±0.032A, ±0.064A, ±0.128A, ±0.256A, ±0.512A, ±1A, ±2A, ±4A, ±8A, ±16A, ±32A, ±64A, ±128A, ±256A, ±512A.

[0069] The D_range setting method also includes: based on a percentage, setting it to any one of the following ranges of the basic discharge value BD: ±0.001%, ±0.002%, ±0.004%, ±0.008%, ±0.016%, ±0.032%, ±0.064%, ±0.128%, ±0.256%, ±0.512%, ±1%, ±2%, ±4%, ±8%, ±16%, ±32%, ±64%, ±128%, ±256%, ±512%.

[0070] The D_range setting method also includes: based on the C multiplier, setting it to any one of the following ranges of the basic discharge value BD: ±0.001C, ±0.002C, ±0.004C, ±0.008C, ±0.016C, ±0.032C, ±0.064C, ±0.128C, ±0.256C, ±0.512C, ±1C, ±2C, ±4C, ±8C, ±16C, ±32C, ±64C, ±128C, ±256C, ±512C.

[0071] Depending on the requirements of the test scenario, the specific values ​​of the non-accelerated operating temperature T include at least one integer temperature between -50 and 50℃, ±0.25℃ of at least one integer temperature between -50 and 50℃, ±0.5℃ of at least one integer temperature between -50 and 50℃, and ±1℃ of at least one integer temperature between -50 and 50℃.

[0072] Depending on the requirements of the test scenario, the temperature control measures in step S4 can be used to keep the surface / internal temperature of the target battery under test within a specific temperature range T_range. The upper limit of this range is one of the following: 50℃, 45℃, 40℃, 35℃, 30℃, 25℃, 22.5℃, 20℃, 17.5℃, 15℃, 12.5℃, 10℃, 7.5℃, 5℃, 2.5℃, 0℃, -2.5℃, -5℃, -7.5℃, -10℃, -12.5℃, and -15℃. The lower limit of the range is one of the following: 50℃, 47.5℃, 45℃, 42.5℃, 40℃, 37.5℃, 35℃, 32.5℃, 30℃, 27.5℃, 25℃, 22.5℃, 20℃, 17.5℃, 15℃, 12.5℃, 10℃, 7.5℃, 5℃, 2.5℃, 0℃, -2.5℃, -5℃, -7.5℃, -10℃, -12.5℃, -15℃, -17.5℃, -20℃, -22.5℃, -25℃, -27.5℃, and -30℃.

[0073] Depending on the needs of the test scenario, the specific setting method of T_range also includes: based on a fixed temperature value, setting it to any one of the following ranges from the non-accelerated operating temperature T: ±0.001℃, ±0.002℃, ±0.004℃, ±0.008℃, ±0.016℃, ±0.032℃, ±0.064℃, ±0.128℃, ±0.256℃, ±0.512℃, ±1℃, ±2℃, ±4℃, ±8℃, ±16℃, ±32℃, ±64℃, ±128℃, ±256℃, ±512℃.

[0074] Depending on the needs of the test scenario, the specific setting method of T_range also includes: based on a percentage, setting it to any one of the following ranges for the non-accelerated operating temperature T: ±0.001%, ±0.002%, ±0.004%, ±0.008%, ±0.016%, ±0.032%, ±0.064%, ±0.128%, ±0.256%, ±0.512%, ±1%, ±2%, ±4%, ±8%, ±16%, ±32%, ±64%, ±128%, ±256%, ±512%. Attached Figure Description

[0075] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the steps of a temperature-controlled accelerated degradation method for rapidly calculating the lifespan of a battery under warranty.

[0076] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the SOH degradation path of lithium batteries under different ambient temperatures and current settings;

[0077] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the SOH degradation path of lithium batteries under different ambient temperatures and different current settings at random charge / discharge frequencies and depths of charge / discharge.

[0078] Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the key SOH degradation path extracted from the degradation data in Figure 3. Detailed Implementation

[0079] The following detailed description illustrates the specific implementation method:

[0080] Figure 2 shows the SOH degradation path of lithium batteries under different ambient temperatures and current settings, using a complete charge-discharge experimental setup. The horizontal axis represents the cumulative charge-discharge amount of the battery (unit: mAh), and the vertical axis represents the battery capacity (unit: mAh). Different symbols and line types represent the battery performance under different temperature conditions. The experiment was conducted at three different ambient temperatures (0℃, 20℃, and 40℃), with three different charge-discharge currents (high current, medium current, and low current) set at each temperature. When tested at the same temperature using different currents, essentially identical battery SOH degradation paths were obtained. In this experiment, the rated capacity of a single battery was approximately 800mAh; the high current setting corresponds to a 6C current, approximately 4800mA; the medium current setting corresponds to a 1C current, approximately 800mA; and the low current setting corresponds to a 0.1C current, approximately 80mA. The high current condition tests the battery's performance and degradation rate under high load conditions. The medium current reflects the battery's performance and durability under normal daily use conditions. The small current was used to examine the battery's lifespan and performance degradation under low load and long-cycle use.

[0081] In a constant current discharge scenario, for a battery with an actual capacity of 800mAh, the complete discharge time corresponding to a 6C current is approximately 1 / 6 of an hour, the complete discharge time corresponding to a 1C current is approximately 1 hour, and the complete discharge time corresponding to a 0.1C current is approximately 10 hours. The difference in test time among the three is approximately 1:6:60. Clearly, using different charging currents results in drastically different charge and discharge times. Therefore, it can be inferred that using a 6C current for testing can significantly reduce test time: assuming a 0.1C test would take a year, a 6C test would only take about 6 days.

[0082] A typical high-temperature setting of 40℃ was used to subject the lithium battery to a high-temperature environment, observing the accelerating effect of high temperature on the battery's chemical reaction rate and aging speed. A typical room-temperature condition of 20℃ was used to observe the performance and lifespan of the lithium battery under the most common usage environments. A typical low-temperature environment of 0℃ was used to help study changes in battery performance as the temperature decreases. A specially designed cooling system was employed to ensure that the battery temperature remained consistent with the ambient temperature throughout the testing process.

[0083] Experimental Analysis:

[0084] The experimental data here demonstrates the effect of temperature on battery life: the battery SOH degradation path at 0℃ is marked with "o" in the figure, the battery SOH degradation path at 20℃ is marked with "□" in the figure, and the battery SOH degradation path at 40℃ is marked with "+" in the figure.

[0085] The graph clearly shows that ambient temperature is the primary factor affecting lithium battery lifespan. Higher temperatures lead to faster capacity loss and shorter battery life. Increased temperature significantly shortens battery life, while decreased temperature helps extend it. At 0°C, battery capacity decays relatively slowly, with a cumulative charge capacity of approximately 8 x 10^5 mAh. At 20°C, the battery exhibits moderate lifespan and performance, with a cumulative charge capacity of approximately 6 x 10^5 mAh. At 40°C, the aging process is accelerated, with a cumulative charge capacity of approximately 4 x 10^5 mAh.

[0086] However, the data in the figure shows that regardless of the current magnitude (large, medium, small), the SOH degradation path of the battery under the same temperature conditions is almost identical. This indicates that in a temperature-controlled experimental environment, the direct impact of current magnitude on battery life is very limited, while the impact of temperature on battery life is significantly greater than that of current magnitude.

[0087] This indicates that the magnitude of the current is not the key factor determining battery life. Therefore, provided the temperature is well controlled, the charging and discharging current of the battery can be selected more flexibly, without excessive concern about the direct impact of current magnitude on battery life. Furthermore, battery temperature control is more critical than current magnitude. Effective temperature management can not only offset the negative effects that high current may cause, but also significantly extend battery life.

[0088] As shown in Figure 3, this figure displays the SOH (State of Health) degradation data of lithium batteries under different ambient temperatures and current settings. However, unlike the first figure, this figure uses an experimental setting with random charge / discharge frequencies and depths of charge / discharge. Battery SOH degradation data at 40℃ is marked with "+", data at 20℃ with "□", and the SOH degradation path at 0℃ with "o". In each sub-figure, scatter points represent the original data points, while the straight lines represent the key SOH degradation paths extracted from these data. During the experiment, we identified and marked scatter points related to incomplete charge / discharge processes, so these scatter points can be directly removed. In Figure 3, the original data includes these messy scatter points, while Figure 4 only retains the processed key SOH degradation paths. This processing method effectively highlights key trends, allowing Figure 4 to clearly reflect the battery's SOH changes, facilitating subsequent analysis and discussion. These treated key SOH degradation pathways clearly reflect the changing trends of lithium battery SOH over time under different temperature, current conditions, and depth of charge / discharge settings. These data provide important references for further analysis.

[0089] During the testing process, a specially designed cooling system was used to ensure that the battery temperature remained at the ambient temperature throughout the testing process.

[0090] The testing employed random charge / discharge frequencies, with no fixed number of charge / discharge cycles, simulating the irregular charging patterns that batteries might encounter in real-world use. Random depth of charge / discharge was also used, further reflecting real-world battery usage. Here, depth of charge / discharge represents the percentage of the battery's total capacity achieved during each charge / discharge cycle. Furthermore, diverse charge / discharge voltage and power settings were employed. This experimental design aims to evaluate the stability and reliability of lithium-ion batteries under various environmental conditions, especially under highly variable charge / discharge modes. This setup allows for a deeper understanding of how temperature and current jointly affect the long-term performance and lifespan of lithium-ion batteries, while also examining the battery's adaptability to random charge / discharge scenarios encountered in practical applications.

[0091] Experimental Analysis:

[0092] As shown in Figure 3, despite the use of random charge / discharge frequencies and depths under the same temperature and current conditions, the State of Harm (SOH) degradation path of the battery still exhibits significant consistency. This indicates that, with controlled temperature and current, the impact of random charge / discharge frequencies and depths on the battery's SOH degradation path is negligible. This finding has significant practical implications, especially in real-world applications where lithium batteries often need to operate under different usage modes and conditions. For example, in electric vehicles or mobile devices, the battery's charge / discharge patterns are typically not fixed but vary randomly based on user habits and device requirements. These data demonstrate that even under random charge / discharge modes, as long as temperature and current are effectively controlled, the battery's SOH degradation path is not significantly affected by the randomness of charge / discharge.

[0093] Both graphs clearly show that temperature is the primary factor influencing the battery's state of harm (SOH) degradation path. Regardless of whether the charging / discharging cycle is constant or random, a high temperature of 40°C significantly accelerates battery degradation, while a low temperature of 0°C significantly slows down the degradation process. At a moderate temperature of 20°C, the battery exhibits moderate lifespan and performance, as shown in both graphs.

[0094] As shown in Figure 2, different current magnitudes have a relatively small impact on battery capacity degradation, a point also verified in the second figure. Even under random charge-discharge conditions, the SOH degradation path of batteries with different current settings at the same temperature is almost identical. The second figure specifically highlights that even under conditions of random charge-discharge frequency and depth, the SOH degradation path extracted from the data remains consistent with the SOH degradation path obtained during a full charge-discharge process. This indicates that lithium batteries can adapt to varying charge-discharge patterns without significantly affecting their overall lifespan and performance predictions.

[0095] Figures 2 and 3 both demonstrate that during the state of harmonic equilibrium (SOH) degradation of lithium batteries, temperature control is far more important than current magnitude and even more so than complex and random operating conditions. When the temperature is strictly controlled within a certain set value (through a cooling system or other heat dissipation methods), the temperature rise effect caused by high current can be suppressed. In this case, the current magnitude will no longer indirectly affect battery life through temperature.

[0096] In summary, the SOH degradation path of a battery is not affected by the charging and discharging current, but only by the battery's internal temperature (surface temperature / internal temperature) during charging and discharging. Furthermore, various voltage and power settings were used during the testing process, and it was also found that the SOH degradation path of the battery is not affected by the charging and discharging voltage or power.

[0097] In this context, we can further conclude that: if the temperature remains constant during testing and the cumulative usage (e.g., cumulative charging) is used as the metric for battery life, then the final SOH degradation path will be the same regardless of whether a high current or a low current is used for testing; that is, the SOH degradation path obtained by testing with a high current is exactly the same as the SOH degradation path obtained by testing with a low current (which resolves the contradiction between the accelerated SOH degradation path and the normal SOH degradation path).

[0098] The preceding discussion leads to further conclusion 2: using different current values ​​for testing results in vastly different testing times; that is, testing with a higher current takes less time, while testing with a lower current takes longer. Assuming a constant ambient temperature of 20°C and continuous charge-discharge testing with a 6C current, achieving a cumulative charge of 6 x 10^5 mAh would require approximately 6 x 10^5 mAh / 4800mA = 125 hours of charging time, totaling 250 hours of charging and discharging, for a total testing period of 10 days. In a real-world scenario, assuming a constant ambient temperature of 20°C and continuous charge-discharge testing with a 0.1C current, achieving a cumulative charge of 6 x 10^5 mAh would require approximately 6 x 10^5 mAh / 80mA = 7500 hours of charging time. Ignoring rest periods, the total charging and discharging time would be 15000 hours, for a total testing period of 625 days.

[0099] Corollaries 1 and 2 show that the technical solution in this case can significantly reduce the testing time, to approximately 1 / 60th of the time required for the low-rate (low-current) degradation testing scheme; at the same time, the accelerated SOH degradation path obtained by the technical solution in this case is comparable to the normal SOH degradation path corresponding to the low-rate (low-current) degradation testing scheme. Thus, it achieves a "not only...but also" technical effect.

[0100] Example 1, as shown in Figure 1, is a temperature-controlled accelerated degradation test method for rapidly evaluating battery warranty agreement lifespan information, comprising the following steps:

[0101] S1: Determine the accelerated testing conditions to be used in the accelerated degradation test based on the typical usage scenarios of the target battery.

[0102] Accelerated degradation testing is used to quickly assess the long-term performance and lifespan of a battery in a short period of time;

[0103] The accelerated test conditions include a basic charging value BC and a basic discharging value BD, where the basic charging value BC is the specific setting of the conditions used during the charging process, and the basic discharging value BD is the specific setting of the conditions used during the discharging process; the types of conditions include current, voltage, and power.

[0104] The specific steps for conducting accelerated degradation testing on the target battery using accelerated testing conditions include: accelerating charging using a basic charging value BC during the charging phase, and accelerating discharging using a basic discharging value BD during the discharging phase.

[0105] Further elaboration: The examples here limit the definitions of accelerated test conditions, basic charge value (BC), and basic discharge value (BD) to the concept of current, merely for illustrative purposes. In reality, accelerated test conditions can include a wider range of observation parameters, such as voltage and power. These concepts, from different perspectives, while reflecting different battery characteristics, essentially still fall within the scope of accelerated test conditions, BC, and BD. For example, BC can be defined by the voltage value during charging, and BD by the voltage value during discharging. This approach, from a voltage perspective, reflects the battery's potential change. Alternatively, BC can be defined by the power used during charging, and BD by the power used during discharging. Power reflects the rate at which the battery transfers energy and is more suitable for testing in high-energy scenarios. These different observation parameters remain essentially within the framework of accelerated test conditions; they provide different perspectives for evaluating the battery's operating state, but the conceptual scope remains unchanged. Therefore, these extensions can be flexibly applied to different testing needs without affecting the core content of the solution.

[0106] The specific steps for determining the non-accelerated operating temperature T of the target battery include: setting the industry-standard optimal operating temperature as the non-accelerated operating temperature T based on the typical usage scenarios of the target battery; or / and determining the expected range of ambient temperature variation in the typical usage scenarios of the target battery, and taking the average of the range as the non-accelerated operating temperature T.

[0107] The specific steps for determining the accelerated test conditions of the target battery include: determining the expected operating condition range of the target battery in the actual charge and discharge process based on the typical usage scenarios of the target battery; then taking the upper limit of the expected charging operating condition range as the basic charging value BC and the upper limit of the expected discharging operating condition range as the basic discharging value BD.

[0108] The specific steps for determining the accelerated test conditions of the target battery also include: determining the range of test conditions that the test equipment can set during the charge and discharge test based on the test capabilities of the test equipment; taking the upper limit of the charging test condition range as the basic charging value BC, and taking the upper limit of the discharging test condition range as the basic discharging value BD.

[0109] The specific steps for determining the accelerated test conditions of the target battery also include setting the default optimal operating conditions of the target battery in typical industry usage scenarios as the basic charging value BC and the basic discharging value BD, based on the type of the target battery.

[0110] The magnitude of the charging and discharging current can be expressed either by the actual current value or by the charging and discharging rate.

[0111] Technical Benefits: Determining the expected charge and discharge operating conditions (BCs) of the target battery based on its typical usage scenarios helps match the test conditions with the most demanding scenarios in actual battery operation. Using the upper limits of the expected charge and discharge operating conditions as the basic charge and discharge values ​​BC and BD respectively avoids overly broad test conditions, thereby improving the relevance of the test and reflecting the battery's performance within its most critical operating range. Determining the basic charge and discharge values ​​based on the charge and discharge testing capabilities of the test equipment ensures that the equipment operates within its operational range, while also preventing inaccurate testing or equipment damage due to exceeding its capabilities. By reasonably setting the basic charge and discharge values, unnecessary test steps can be reduced, test time shortened, and test efficiency improved, especially in large-scale test scenarios.

[0112] In-depth analysis: Using the upper limit for charge-discharge testing can accelerate the aging and performance degradation process of batteries, simulating battery performance under the most demanding operating conditions and reducing testing time. This is highly beneficial for quickly obtaining preliminary results for battery life and performance evaluation, especially during the R&D phase or screening tests.

[0113] Trade-offs: In real-world operating scenarios, batteries do not always operate at maximum current or under the most demanding conditions. Using upper limit testing may lead to excessive performance degradation and fail to accurately reflect the battery's performance under milder or average conditions. Therefore, distorted test scenarios result in results with poor guidance for practical applications. Continuously testing at maximum charge and discharge current may ignore the battery's performance under partial load, especially its performance and lifespan under prolonged or partial load use. Therefore, conclusions drawn from upper limit testing may be overly conservative or fail to cover the battery's overall performance under real-world conditions, reducing data portability and reliability.

[0114] Further extending this point, the specific steps for determining the accelerated test conditions of the target battery also include: determining the expected operating condition range of the target battery in the actual charge and discharge process based on the typical usage scenarios of the target battery; then using any value within the expected charging operating condition range as the basic charging value BC and any value within the expected discharging operating condition range as the basic discharging value BD; or determining the test operating condition range that the test equipment can set during the charge and discharge test based on the test capabilities of the test equipment; then using any value within the charging test operating condition range as the basic charging value BC and any value within the discharging test operating condition range as the basic discharging value BD.

[0115] In battery management, the settings for non-accelerated operating temperature (T), basic charge value (BC), and basic discharge value (BD) are typically adjusted based on the battery type and specific application scenario. Furthermore, since these operating conditions include current, voltage, and power, the basic charge value (BC) and basic discharge value (BD) can be flexibly selected according to testing requirements. All three parameters—current, voltage, and power—can be set simultaneously, or only one or two parameters can be set depending on the actual application scenario and testing objectives to meet the testing requirements under different operating conditions.

[0116] For example, for electric vehicle (EV) battery packs, the non-accelerated operating temperature (T) is typically set at 25°C, which is the industry-recognized optimal operating temperature. This ensures the battery operates within a stable temperature range, preventing the impact of excessively high or low temperatures on battery life and performance. Simultaneously, the basic charging and discharging currents are typically set at 0.5C to 1C of the battery capacity (e.g., for a 50Ah battery, the basic charging and discharging current is between 25A and 50A). These values ​​meet the charging and discharging requirements of electric vehicles and ensure battery life. The basic charging voltage is generally set at around 400V, and the basic discharging voltage is typically set at around 300V. The basic charging power can reach 12.5kW to 20kW, while the basic discharging power can be set between 7.5kW and 15kW.

[0117] For energy storage system (ESS) battery packs, the non-accelerated operating temperature (T) is typically set between 20°C and 25°C. This temperature range ensures the stability of the energy storage system during long-term use, especially under high-power, long-duration charge and discharge conditions, helping to prevent the battery from overheating or overcooling. The basic charging and discharging currents are generally set at 0.3C of the battery capacity. Lower charging and discharging currents help reduce stress on the battery, thereby extending its lifespan. The basic charging voltage is typically set at around 480V, and the basic discharging voltage at around 360V. The basic charging power is usually between 5kW and 10kW, and the basic discharging power is set between 3kW and 6kW.

[0118] In consumer electronic devices (such as mobile phones and laptops), the non-accelerated operating temperature (T) is typically set between 20°C and 30°C. Within this temperature range, the device maintains good performance without excessively depleting battery life. The basic charging current is usually set to around 0.8C of the battery capacity, while the basic discharging current is set to 1C or higher, depending on the device's performance requirements, to meet the needs of high-frequency use. The basic charging voltage is generally set to around 4.2V, and the basic discharging voltage is typically set to 3.0V. The basic charging power is generally set between 10W and 20W, while the basic discharging power is set between 15W and 30W, depending on the device's performance requirements.

[0119] In uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems, lead-acid batteries typically operate at a non-accelerated operating temperature of 25°C to ensure battery stability in the backup power system. The basic charging current is usually set at 0.2C, and the basic discharging current is set at around 0.5C, providing sufficient power output in emergencies while preventing over-discharge. The basic charging voltage is set between 13.5V and 14.5V, and the basic discharging voltage is typically set at around 10.5V. The basic charging power is generally 40W to 60W, while the basic discharging power is set between 100W and 150W.

[0120] For power tool battery packs, high-rate lithium-ion batteries are typically used. Their non-accelerated operating temperature range is usually set between 15°C and 35°C, as the working environment of power tools varies greatly, and this range covers more extreme usage scenarios. The basic charging current is set to 0.5C, while the basic discharging current is set to 1C to 2C depending on the power tool's power requirements, meeting the tool's high power output needs. The basic charging voltage is set to 4.2V, and the basic discharging voltage is set to 3.0V. The basic charging power is typically between 20W and 50W, while the basic discharging power is set to 100W to 200W depending on the power tool's power requirements.

[0121] In the aerospace field, the non-accelerated operating temperature of batteries is often set between 0°C and 40°C. This is because temperature variations are significant at flight altitudes and in different climates, and a wider temperature range ensures normal battery operation under varying conditions. The basic charging current is typically set at 0.3C, and the basic discharging current is set between 0.8C and 1C to ensure battery reliability and safety. The basic charging voltage is typically set at 28V, and the basic discharging voltage is set between 20V and 24V. The basic charging power is generally between 100W and 300W, and the basic discharging power is set between 150W and 400W.

[0122] These examples demonstrate how to set the non-accelerated operating temperature, base charge value BC, and base discharge value BD according to different battery types and typical usage scenarios to optimize battery performance and lifespan.

[0123] S2: Accelerated degradation testing is performed on the target battery using accelerated testing conditions. The accelerated degradation test is divided into three stages: charging, discharging, and resting. The order of the three stages is not fixed and they are randomly alternated.

[0124] Furthermore, when accelerating charging using the basic charging value BC in any charging stage, the method for setting the charging current / voltage / power in that charging stage is to ensure that the magnitude of the charging current / voltage / power remains at the basic charging value BC until the end of the single charging stage;

[0125] When accelerating discharge using the basic discharge value BD in any discharge stage, the method for setting the discharge current / voltage / power in that discharge stage is to ensure that the magnitude of the discharge current / voltage / power remains at the basic discharge value BD until the termination of the single discharge stage.

[0126] When accelerating charging using the basic charging value BC in any charging stage, if the testing capabilities of the equipment are limited and it is not possible to completely ensure that the charging current / voltage / power remains constant during the charging stage, the method for setting the charging current / voltage / power in a single charging stage also includes: ensuring that the charging current / voltage / power remains within a range C_range near the basic charging value BC until the end of the single charging stage;

[0127] When accelerating discharge using the basic discharge value BD in any discharge stage, if the testing capabilities of the equipment cannot completely ensure that the discharge current / voltage / power remains constant during the discharge stage, the method for setting the discharge current / voltage / power in a single discharge stage also includes: ensuring that the discharge current / voltage / power remains within a range D_range near the basic discharge value BD until the end of the single discharge stage.

[0128] After the termination of the resting phase, discharge phase, or charging phase, the charging phase can proceed. The current charging phase is terminated when the duration of the charging phase exceeds the accelerated charging time limit A, or when the battery terminal voltage of the charging phase rises to the charging cutoff voltage CV.

[0129] After the termination of the resting stage, charging stage, or discharging stage, a discharging stage can be initiated. The current discharging stage is terminated when the duration of the discharging stage reaches the accelerated discharging time limit B, or when the battery terminal voltage of the discharging stage drops to the discharge cutoff voltage DV.

[0130] After the charging or discharging phase ends, a shelving phase can begin. The shelving phase ends when the duration of the shelving phase reaches the accelerated shelving time limit X.

[0131] The values ​​of the accelerated charging time limit A, accelerated discharging time limit B, and accelerated shelving time limit X are constants; the charging cut-off voltage CV and discharging cut-off voltage DV are set according to the type of target battery and / or typical usage scenario, and the charging cut-off voltage CV and discharging cut-off voltage DV are set to any value in the operating voltage range of the target battery.

[0132] Any of the charging stages can be replaced by constant voltage / constant power charging using constant charging voltage CCV or constant charging power CCP; the current charging stage is terminated after the duration of the constant voltage / constant power charging stage exceeds the accelerated charging time limit A, or the current constant voltage / constant power charging stage is terminated after the battery terminal current drops to the charging cutoff current CCC.

[0133] Any of the discharge stages can be replaced by constant voltage / constant power discharge using constant discharge voltage CDV or constant discharge power CDP; the current constant voltage / constant power discharge stage is terminated after the duration of the constant voltage / constant power discharge stage reaches the accelerated discharge time limit B, or the current constant voltage / constant power discharge stage is terminated after the terminal current of the constant voltage / constant power discharge stage drops to the discharge cutoff current CDC.

[0134] The constant charging voltage CCV and constant discharging voltage CDV are set to any value within the target battery's operating voltage range; the constant charging power CCP and constant discharging power CDP are set to any value within the target battery's operating power range, and can be specifically set according to the type of target battery and / or typical usage scenarios.

[0135] In battery management, the settings for the charging cut-off voltage (CV) and discharging cut-off voltage (DV) depend on the battery type and typical usage scenarios. For example, for lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion), commonly found in devices such as smartphones and laptops, the charging cut-off voltage is typically set to 4.2V to prevent overcharging, while the discharging cut-off voltage is generally set between 2.5V and 3.0V. A higher discharging cut-off voltage, such as 3.0V, helps extend battery life. The constant charging voltage (CCV) is usually set to 4.2V, and the constant discharging voltage (CDV) can be set to 2.8V. For lithium iron phosphate batteries (LiFePO4), commonly used in electric vehicles and energy storage systems, the charging cut-off voltage is lower, typically set to 3.65V, and the discharging cut-off voltage is set to 2.0V to 2.5V. The CCV is generally 3.65V, and the CDV is set to 2.5V. For example, nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries are commonly used in household appliances and rechargeable toys. Their charging cut-off voltage is set at 1.5V to 1.6V, and their discharging cut-off voltage is 1.0V. The CCV can be set at 1.6V, and the CDV at 1.0V. Lead-acid batteries are commonly used in backup power systems and automotive starter batteries. Their charging cut-off voltage is typically set at 14.4V to 14.7V, and their discharging cut-off voltage is set between 10.5V and 11.0V. Their CCV is 14.7V, and their CDV is 10.5V. Solid-state batteries are emerging high-energy-density batteries that may be used in next-generation electric vehicles. Their charging cut-off voltage is likely slightly higher than traditional lithium-ion batteries, typically set at 4.3V to 4.5V, and their discharging cut-off voltage is set at 2.5V to 3.0V. Their CCV can be set at 4.4V, and their CDV at 2.8V. These settings are optimized based on the battery's characteristics and specific usage scenarios.

[0136] In battery pack applications, the charging cut-off voltage (CV) and discharging cut-off voltage (DV) are typically adjusted based on the battery pack type and usage scenario. For example, in electric vehicle battery packs, the charging cut-off voltage is usually 4.2V per cell, with the entire pack potentially exceeding 400V, while the discharging cut-off voltage is around 2.5V per cell, reducing the total voltage to 250V or lower. Energy storage system battery packs commonly use lithium iron phosphate batteries, with a charging cut-off voltage of 3.65V per cell and a discharging cut-off voltage of 2.0V per cell to ensure deep discharge. Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems using lead-acid batteries have a charging cut-off voltage of 14.4V per cell and a discharging cut-off voltage of 10.5V. High-rate lithium battery packs for power tools are set with a charging cut-off voltage of 4.2V and a discharging cut-off voltage of 2.8V. These parameters are set according to different application scenarios to optimize the battery pack's performance, safety, and lifespan.

[0137] If the testing capabilities of the equipment cannot fully guarantee that the charging current / voltage / power remains constant during the charging phase, the method for setting the charging current / voltage / power in a single charging phase also includes: ensuring that the charging current / voltage / power remains within a range C_range near the basic charging value BC until the end of the single charging phase;

[0138] If the testing capabilities of the equipment cannot fully guarantee that the discharge current / voltage / power remains constant during the discharge phase, the method for setting the discharge current / voltage / power in a single discharge phase also includes: ensuring that the discharge current / voltage / power remains within a range D_range near the basic discharge value BD until the end of the single discharge phase;

[0139] The C_range setting method includes: based on a fixed current value, setting it to any one of the following ranges from the basic charging value BC: ±0.001A, ±0.002A, ±0.004A, ±0.008A, ±0.016A, ±0.032A, ±0.064A, ±0.128A, ±0.256A, ±0.512A, ±1A, ±2A, ±4A, ±8A, ±16A, ±32A, ±64A, ±128A, ±256A, ±512A.

[0140] The C_range setting method also includes: based on a percentage, setting it to any one of the following ranges of the basic charge value BC: ±0.001%, ±0.002%, ±0.004%, ±0.008%, ±0.016%, ±0.032%, ±0.064%, ±0.128%, ±0.256%, ±0.512%, ±1%, ±2%, ±4%, ±8%, ±16%, ±32%, ±64%, ±128%, ±256%, ±512%.

[0141] The C_range setting method also includes: based on the C multiplier, setting it to any one of the following ranges from the basic charging value BC: ±0.001C, ±0.002C, ±0.004C, ±0.008C, ±0.016C, ±0.032C, ±0.064C, ±0.128C, ±0.256C, ±0.512C, ±1C, ±2C, ±4C, ±8C, ±16C, ±32C, ±64C, ±128C, ±256C, ±512C.

[0142] The D_range can be set in one of the following ways: based on a fixed current value, it can be set to any one of the following ranges from the basic discharge value BD: ±0.001A, ±0.002A, ±0.004A, ±0.008A, ±0.016A, ±0.032A, ±0.064A, ±0.128A, ±0.256A, ±0.512A, ±1A, ±2A, ±4A, ±8A, ±16A, ±32A, ±64A, ±128A, ±256A, ±512A.

[0143] The D_range setting method also includes: based on a percentage, setting it to any one of the following ranges of the basic discharge value BD: ±0.001%, ±0.002%, ±0.004%, ±0.008%, ±0.016%, ±0.032%, ±0.064%, ±0.128%, ±0.256%, ±0.512%, ±1%, ±2%, ±4%, ±8%, ±16%, ±32%, ±64%, ±128%, ±256%, ±512%.

[0144] The D_range setting method also includes: based on the C multiplier, setting it to any one of the following ranges of the basic discharge value BD: ±0.001C, ±0.002C, ±0.004C, ±0.008C, ±0.016C, ±0.032C, ±0.064C, ±0.128C, ±0.256C, ±0.512C, ±1C, ±2C, ±4C, ±8C, ±16C, ±32C, ±64C, ±128C, ±256C, ±512C.

[0145] Accelerated degradation testing is used to quickly obtain the SOH degradation path of a battery in a short period of time;

[0146] S3: Determine the non-accelerated operating temperature T based on the type of target battery or typical usage scenario;

[0147] The non-accelerated operating temperature T refers to the ambient temperature at which the battery can operate normally and stably during use. Operating at this temperature can ensure the safety of the target battery.

[0148] Depending on the requirements of the test scenario, the specific values ​​of the non-accelerated operating temperature T include at least one integer temperature between -50 and 50℃, ±0.25℃ of at least one integer temperature between -50 and 50℃, ±0.5℃ of at least one integer temperature between -50 and 50℃, and ±1℃ of at least one integer temperature between -50 and 50℃.

[0149] Depending on the requirements of the test scenario, the specific values ​​of the non-accelerated operating temperature T include at least one integer temperature between -50 and 50℃, ±0.25℃ of at least one integer temperature between -50 and 50℃, ±0.5℃ of at least one integer temperature between -50 and 50℃, and ±1℃ of at least one integer temperature between -50 and 50℃.

[0150] Depending on the requirements of the test scenario, the non-accelerated operating temperature T can also be set to a specific temperature range. The upper limit of this range is one of the following: 50℃, 45℃, 40℃, 35℃, 30℃, 25℃, 22.5℃, 20℃, 17.5℃, 15℃, 12.5℃, 10℃, 7.5℃, 5℃, 2.5℃, 0℃, -2.5℃, -5℃, -7.5℃, -10℃, -12.5℃, or -15℃; the lower limit of this range is 50℃, 47.5℃, or 47.5℃. One of the following: ℃, 45℃, 42.5℃, 40℃, 37.5℃, 35℃, 32.5℃, 30℃, 27.5℃, 25℃, 22.5℃, 20℃, 17.5℃, 15℃, 12.5℃, 10℃, 7.5℃, 5℃, 2.5℃, 0℃, -2.5℃, -5℃, -7.5℃, -10℃, -12.5℃, -15℃, -17.5℃, -20℃, -22.5℃, -25℃, -27.5℃, -30℃.

[0151] S4: Continuously perform accelerated degradation tests on multiple target batteries, record the cumulative usage of each battery as it gradually reaches the preset failure threshold in SOH, and use this as the accelerated degradation lifetime of each battery, calculating its mean and variance. SOH stands for "State of Health," representing the health status or performance level of a rechargeable battery, a specific type of performance characteristic. The value of this specific type of performance characteristic gradually decays with long-term use of the rechargeable battery and is typically used to measure the battery's health status or performance level. SOH states specifically include: capacity state, internal resistance state, power output state, charge acceptance state, voltage state, temperature state, discharge capacity state, coulombic efficiency state, cycle life state, self-discharge rate state, maximum charging current state, maximum discharging current state, internal pressure state, thermal management capability state, insulation resistance state, energy efficiency state, expansion rate state, electromagnetic field state, ultrasonic state, gas generation state, insulation state, thermal diffusion capability state, SOC hysteresis state, electrolyte state, short circuit detection state, and overcharge protection state.

[0152] "Preset failure threshold" typically refers to a pre-set lower limit for the state of health (SOH) of a battery during accelerated degradation testing. It can be understood as a criterion for determining the end of a battery's lifespan. The preset failure threshold can also be understood as a critical value for the battery's health; when the SOH drops to this threshold, the battery is considered to have failed or is close to failure. During the test, as the target battery's SOH gradually decreases to this threshold, the tester records the cumulative usage (such as the number of charge / discharge cycles or other usage indicators) at that moment. This cumulative usage represents the battery's accelerated degradation lifespan. By conducting this test on multiple batteries and calculating the mean and variance of each battery's lifespan, the overall lifespan distribution characteristics of the battery group can be evaluated.

[0153] Step S4 also includes obtaining the SOH degradation path of each battery and using it as the accelerated SOH degradation path for each battery.

[0154] S5: During the test process in step S4, temperature control measures must be adopted to ensure that the body temperature of the target battery is always maintained at the non-accelerated operating temperature T. This temperature control measure can offset the accelerated degradation effect caused by the accelerated degradation test process. Based on this, the accelerated degradation life obtained in step S4 is taken as the warranty agreement life of the target battery.

[0155] The temperature control measures in step S4 specifically include collecting the surface temperature / internal temperature of the target battery under test, and controlling the surface temperature / internal temperature of the battery through a heating device or a heat dissipation device so that the surface temperature / internal temperature of the battery is at the non-accelerated operating temperature T.

[0156] In this process, if the temperature control capability of the heating device or heat dissipation device is limited and it is not possible to completely ensure that the battery surface temperature / internal temperature is kept constant at the non-accelerated operating temperature T, the temperature control measures in step S4 also include: making the battery surface temperature / internal temperature within a temperature range T_range near the non-accelerated operating temperature T.

[0157] The cumulative usage is the sum of the actual usage of the battery. At a specific moment, the cumulative usage is calculated by accumulating all actual usage from the start of battery use to that moment. The types of cumulative usage include: cumulative discharge, cumulative absolute value of charge and discharge, cumulative number of discharges, cumulative idle time, cumulative number of charges, cumulative charge, cumulative charging time, cumulative number of charge and discharge, cumulative discharge time, cumulative charge and discharge time, cumulative idle time, calendar service time, cumulative result of actual workload generated by the battery during the operation of the power supply equipment, cumulative result of work done, and cumulative result of driving mileage, one or more of these.

[0158] State of capacity (SVC) refers to the absolute value of the battery's current capacity, such as 3000mAh. Generally, the lower the SVC value, the worse the battery's health. When the SVC value reaches a preset failure threshold, it indicates that the battery has failed.

[0159] Internal resistance state refers to the absolute value of the battery's internal resistance, such as 150 milliohms. Generally, the higher the internal resistance state value, the worse the battery's health. When the value reaches a preset failure threshold, it indicates that the battery has failed.

[0160] Power output status refers to the absolute value of the maximum power provided by the battery under specific conditions, such as 80W. Generally, the lower the value of the power output status, the worse the battery's health. When the value reaches a preset failure threshold, it indicates that the battery has failed.

[0161] State of Acceptance (SOC) refers to the absolute value at which a battery can effectively accept charging, such as 85%. Generally, the lower the SOC value, the worse the battery's health. When the SOC value reaches a preset failure threshold, it indicates that the battery has failed.

[0162] State of voltage (SVP) refers to the absolute value of a battery's voltage under specific conditions, such as 3.7V. Generally, the lower the SVP value, the worse the battery's health. When the SVP value reaches a preset failure threshold, it indicates that the battery has failed.

[0163] Temperature state refers to the absolute value of the battery's internal temperature during charging and discharging, such as 25°C. Generally, a higher temperature state value indicates a worse battery health condition, and when the value reaches a preset failure threshold, it indicates that the battery has failed.

[0164] State of discharge (SOP) refers to the absolute value of the maximum capacity a battery can release under standard discharge conditions, such as 2400mAh. Generally, the lower the SOP value, the worse the battery's health. When the SOP value reaches a preset failure threshold, it indicates that the battery has failed.

[0165] Coulomb state of efficiency (CSO) refers to the absolute value of current utilization efficiency during battery charging and discharging, such as 95%. Generally, the lower the CSO value, the worse the battery's health. When the CSO value reaches a preset failure threshold, it indicates that the battery has failed.

[0166] Cycle life refers to the absolute number of charge-discharge cycles a battery has completed, such as 500 cycles. Generally, a higher cycle life value indicates a poorer battery health. When the value reaches a preset failure threshold, the battery has failed.

[0167] The self-discharge rate status refers to the absolute value of the proportion of a battery that naturally discharges under no-load conditions, such as 3%. Generally, the higher the self-discharge rate status value, the worse the battery's health. When the value reaches a preset failure threshold, it indicates that the battery has failed.

[0168] The maximum charging current state refers to the absolute value of the maximum charging current that the battery can accept, such as 70A. Generally, the smaller the value of the maximum charging current state, the worse the battery's health. When its value reaches a preset failure threshold, it indicates that the battery has failed.

[0169] The maximum state of discharge (MSD) refers to the absolute value of the maximum current that a battery can release during discharge, such as 75A. Generally, the smaller the MSD value, the worse the battery's health. When the MSD value reaches a preset failure threshold, it indicates that the battery has failed.

[0170] Internal pressure refers to the absolute value of the pressure caused by the generation of gas inside the battery, such as 125 kPa. Generally, the higher the internal pressure value, the worse the battery's health. When the value reaches a preset failure threshold, it indicates that the battery has failed.

[0171] Thermal management capability status refers to the absolute value of the battery's internal temperature management, such as 10°C. Generally, the higher the thermal management capability status value, the worse the battery's health. When the value reaches a preset failure threshold, it indicates that the battery has failed.

[0172] Insulation resistance status refers to the absolute value of the insulation resistance between the battery electrodes and the casing, such as 50MΩ. Generally, the lower the insulation resistance value, the worse the battery's health. When the value reaches a preset failure threshold, it indicates that the battery has failed.

[0173] State of Energy (SEE) refers to the absolute value of a battery's energy conversion efficiency during charging and discharging, such as 90%. Generally, the lower the SEE value, the worse the battery's health. When the SEE value reaches a preset failure threshold, it indicates that the battery has failed.

[0174] The expansion rate refers to the absolute value of the rate of change of battery volume or thickness, such as 5%. Generally, the higher the expansion rate value, the worse the battery's health. When the value reaches a preset failure threshold, it indicates that the battery has failed.

[0175] Electromagnetic field state refers to the absolute value of the electromagnetic field strength generated by the battery during use, such as a certain critical value. Generally, the higher the value of the electromagnetic field state, the worse the battery's health. When the value reaches a preset failure threshold, it indicates that the battery has failed.

[0176] Ultrasonic status refers to the absolute value of internal defects detected by ultrasonic waves in a battery; for example, it can be a specific detection value. Generally, the lower the ultrasonic status value, the worse the battery's health. When the value reaches a preset failure threshold, it indicates that the battery has failed.

[0177] The gas generation state refers to the absolute value of the amount of gas generated by the battery during charging and discharging, such as a specific gas generation amount. Generally, a higher gas generation state value indicates a worse battery health condition, and when the value reaches a preset failure threshold, it indicates that the battery has failed.

[0178] Insulation status refers to the absolute value of the insulation performance between the battery electrodes and the casing, such as a standard value. Generally, the lower the insulation status value, the worse the battery's health. When the value reaches a preset failure threshold, it indicates that the battery has failed.

[0179] Thermal dissipation capability status refers to the absolute value of a battery's ability to dissipate heat during use, such as a standard value. Generally, the lower the thermal dissipation capability status value, the worse the battery's health. When the value reaches a preset failure threshold, it indicates that the battery has failed.

[0180] State of Charge (SOC) hysteresis refers to the absolute value of the lag between the battery's State of Charge (SOC) indication and its actual capacity; it can be a specific numerical value. Generally, a higher SOC hysteresis value indicates a poorer battery health, and when the value reaches a preset failure threshold, it signifies battery failure.

[0181] Electrolyte state refers to the absolute value of changes in the composition and concentration of the electrolyte inside the battery, such as a certain standard value. Generally, the worse the electrolyte state value, the worse the battery's health. When the value reaches a preset failure threshold, it indicates that the battery has failed.

[0182] The short-circuit detection status refers to the absolute value indicating whether a short circuit has occurred during battery operation; it can be a specific detection value. Generally, a higher short-circuit detection status value indicates a worse battery health condition. When the value reaches a preset failure threshold, it signifies battery failure.

[0183] Overcharge protection status refers to the absolute value of a battery's ability to prevent overcharging during the charging process; for example, it can be a specific protection value. Generally, the worse the overcharge protection status value, the worse the battery's health. When the value reaches a preset failure threshold, it indicates that the battery has failed.

[0184] The state of capacity (SVC) degradation reflects the difference between a battery's current storage capacity and its initial capacity when it was first put into use. There are several methods for calculating SVC degradation, including obtaining an absolute degradation value by subtracting the battery's current SVC from its initial capacity, and obtaining another absolute degradation value by subtracting the battery's current SVC from its rated SVC (or the battery's capacity when it was manufactured). This application does not particularly limit these methods. Furthermore, SVC degradation encompasses not only the absolute degradation value but also the relative degradation rate obtained by dividing the absolute degradation value by the rated capacity; this ratio reflects the degree of capacity change (i.e., a constant-value multiple mathematical transformation).

[0185] Cumulative usage is a comprehensive measure of a battery's actual usage level. It is calculated as the sum of actual usage from when the battery is put into use until a specific point in time. These metrics provide important information for battery management and help assess battery usage and lifespan.

[0186] The main types of cumulative usage data include: cumulative charge amount, cumulative charge / discharge duration, cumulative absolute charge / discharge value, cumulative discharge amount, cumulative charging duration, cumulative idle cycles, cumulative charge cycles, cumulative discharge cycles, cumulative discharge duration, cumulative idle time, cumulative charge / discharge cycles, and calendar service life. These metrics reflect the battery's charge / discharge history and help determine the battery's health and usage efficiency. For example, cumulative charge amount visually displays the total amount of charge the battery receives throughout its entire lifespan, while cumulative discharge amount indicates the battery's energy output capability.

[0187] The cumulative charging power refers to the sum of the charging power corresponding to each charging process within a specific range; the cumulative discharging power is the sum of the discharging power corresponding to each discharging process within the same range. The total cumulative absolute value of charging and discharging power is the sum of the absolute values ​​of the charging and discharging power within a specific range. These indicators can reflect the energy conversion efficiency of the battery during the charging and discharging process, thereby evaluating the battery's performance.

[0188] Furthermore, the cumulative charging time and cumulative discharging time represent the total duration of all charging and discharging processes within a specific range, while the total cumulative charging and discharging time is the sum of both. The cumulative number of charging cycles and cumulative number of discharging cycles record the number of charging and discharging cycles within that range, respectively. These charge and discharge cycles are not limited to complete charging and discharging processes and can include incomplete cycles. The specific cumulative range can be set to a historical period from the battery's manufacturing date to a specific moment, or other settings can be made as needed.

[0189] The actual workload and work done by the battery during the operation of power supply equipment, and its contribution to vehicle travel, can be measured by cumulative results. For example, this could be the total workload generated by the battery when providing power to household appliances (such as refrigerators and air conditioners), or the cumulative value of the work done when power tools (such as drills and saws) are running. Furthermore, the actual range provided by the battery for electric vehicles can also serve as an important performance indicator.

[0190] Furthermore, the types of batteries include lithium-based batteries, lithium-ion batteries, lithium sulfide batteries, sodium-based energy storage devices, sodium-ion cells, aluminum-based energy storage devices, aluminum-ion energy storage units, metal-based batteries, graphene-based batteries, sulfur-based batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, lead-acid batteries, all-solid-state power supplies, solid-liquid composite energy storage systems, metal-ion cells, air redox batteries, cylindrical batteries, polymer cells, power energy storage units, halide batteries, silicon-based energy storage devices, supercapacitors, hybrid energy storage systems, smart battery systems, renewable energy storage devices, electric vehicle batteries, energy storage units for solar, wind, geothermal, and ocean energy, energy storage grid equipment, power supplies for portable electronic devices, energy storage devices for drones and robots, flow batteries, hybrid capacitors, graphene supercapacitors, thermoelectric energy storage systems, modular energy storage devices suitable for distributed energy systems, grid energy storage systems supporting bidirectional energy flow, or other recyclable electrical storage devices; as a broader extension, the target battery also includes other recyclable power-consuming devices.

[0191] Step S2 further includes: accelerated degradation testing to quickly obtain the SOH degradation path of the battery in a short period of time;

[0192] Step S4 further includes: obtaining the SOH degradation path of each battery and using it as the accelerated SOH degradation path for each battery.

[0193] Step S5 further includes: during the testing process in step S4, temperature control measures must be adopted to ensure that the body temperature of the target battery is always maintained at the non-accelerated operating temperature T. This temperature control measure can offset the accelerated degradation effect caused by the accelerated degradation test process. Based on this, the accelerated SOH degradation path obtained in step S4 is taken as the normal SOH degradation path of the target battery. The SOH degradation path refers to the trend of SOH change with cumulative usage during battery use, where cumulative usage is regarded as the independent variable and SOH is regarded as the dependent variable. This path is obtained through testing and monitoring and is usually used to evaluate the battery's service life and performance.

[0194] The temperature control measures in step S4 include active and passive temperature control measures. Active temperature control measures involve using external devices or systems to actively control the battery temperature to ensure that the battery remains within an appropriate temperature range during testing or operation. This method is typically used in applications requiring precise temperature control or where batteries are used in extreme environments. A detailed explanation follows:

[0195] Active temperature control measures: Battery temperature is regulated through external devices, primarily including air cooling, liquid cooling, heating elements, and intelligent thermal management systems. These devices monitor battery temperature in real time and proactively activate cooling or heating devices as needed to ensure the battery remains within its appropriate operating temperature range. For example, air cooling uses a blower to remove heat, liquid cooling uses coolant circulation to remove excess heat, and heating elements are used to raise the battery temperature in low-temperature environments to ensure normal operation.

[0196] 1. Active cooling system:

[0197] Air cooling: Using a fan or blower to blow cool air onto the battery surface to help dissipate heat. This method is suitable for high-temperature environments or scenarios where the battery generates a lot of heat when operating at high power.

[0198] Liquid cooling: Coolants (such as water or ethylene glycol) circulate around the battery to remove excess heat. Liquid cooling systems are more effective than air cooling and are suitable for applications requiring precise temperature control or where battery temperature rises rapidly, such as high-performance applications like electric vehicles and electric aircraft.

[0199] 2. Active heating system:

[0200] Heating element: A heater or heating pad is installed around the battery to maintain it at its operating temperature through resistance heating, especially in low-temperature environments where the battery may experience performance degradation or malfunction due to excessively low temperatures. The heating system ensures the battery operates at its ideal operating temperature by raising the temperature.

[0201] Thermal Management System: The intelligent thermal management system can automatically start or stop the heating device according to the current temperature of the battery to maintain temperature stability.

[0202] 3. Temperature feedback control system:

[0203] This system monitors the battery temperature in real time using sensors and automatically adjusts the intensity of cooling or heating equipment as needed. For example, thermocouples or thermistors can sense the battery temperature, and once the temperature exceeds the set range, the system will actively activate the cooling or heating device to quickly adjust the temperature back to the ideal range.

[0204] 4. Thermoelectric cooling (Peltier element):

[0205] Thermoelectric cooling technology uses solid-state Peltier elements to transfer heat from one side of the battery to the other via current. This technology allows for precise temperature control and has no moving parts, making it suitable for applications requiring high precision.

[0206] 5. Air conditioning system:

[0207] This method controls the battery temperature by regulating the temperature of the air surrounding it. For example, using an air conditioning system or localized cooling system to maintain the air around the battery within a set temperature range. This effectively prevents the battery from being affected by excessively high or low ambient temperatures.

[0208] 6. Integrated Thermal Management System (TMS):

[0209] Modern active temperature control systems typically integrate heating and cooling functions, forming a complete Thermal Management System (TMS) for intelligent control of battery temperature. This system can automatically adjust cooling or heating strategies based on actual usage conditions, ensuring the battery always operates within its optimal temperature range under various environments, extending battery life and improving its performance.

[0210] In summary, active temperature control measures use external devices (such as fans, liquid coolers, heaters, Peltier elements, etc.) to actively heat or cool the battery, combined with a real-time temperature monitoring system to automatically regulate the temperature, ensuring that the battery maintains a stable operating temperature during testing or actual use. This effectively prevents performance degradation or accelerated deterioration caused by overheating or overcooling, making it particularly suitable for temperature-sensitive applications.

[0211] Passive temperature regulation requires no external equipment. It achieves passive temperature control by establishing a constant external temperature environment. This means that the battery's temperature is maintained stably by regulating the ambient temperature around the battery without actively controlling it. This method relies on creating a constant external temperature environment, allowing the battery to naturally remain within an ideal temperature range, reducing the impact of temperature fluctuations on battery performance.

[0212] Passive temperature control does not rely on external electric drives or mechanical equipment. Instead, it stabilizes battery temperature through natural heat dissipation, insulation, and environmental control. This method is more energy-efficient, has lower maintenance costs, and is suitable for environments with minimal temperature fluctuations or for applications where active temperature control is difficult. Through natural heat dissipation design, insulating materials, casing design, and environmental regulation, it ensures the battery operates within a reasonable temperature range, preventing temperature variations from affecting battery performance and lifespan.

[0213] This passive temperature control method does not rely on mechanical or electronic devices to directly regulate battery temperature. Instead, it ensures that the battery's operating temperature is maintained within a safe and stable range through stable external conditions and structural design. This approach is economical and efficient, and is particularly suitable for applications where temperature variations are minimal or the environment can be well controlled.

[0214] Passive temperature control measures utilize natural heat dissipation, insulation, and ambient temperature control to regulate battery temperature, avoiding the use of active control devices. Common methods include the use of thermally insulating materials, natural ventilation designs, heat sinks, and high heat capacity materials. These designs rely on ambient temperature and material properties to maintain battery temperature stability and are suitable for applications where ambient temperature fluctuations are minimal or precise temperature control is not required. Thermal insulation coatings and reflective coatings in the casing design, as well as installing the battery in a constant-temperature environment, are typical passive temperature control methods.

[0215] Constant temperature room or environment: The battery is placed in an area with a stable ambient temperature, such as a constant temperature room, basement, or temperature-controlled room in a building. By controlling the temperature changes of the overall environment, the battery temperature is indirectly regulated. Although the battery is not directly controlled, its stability can be maintained by adjusting the overall ambient temperature.

[0216] Underground or natural temperature control: In external environments with large temperature variations, batteries can be installed underground, in caves, or other places with stable natural temperatures, using natural temperature control mechanisms to help regulate battery temperature.

[0217] Using high heat capacity materials: Adding materials with high heat capacity, such as graphite, ceramics, or certain metals, around the battery or inside the casing. These materials can absorb heat when the battery generates heat and slowly release it when the external temperature decreases. Utilizing the thermal buffering properties of such materials helps the battery maintain a relatively stable temperature under fluctuating environments.

[0218] Thermal buffer design: By designing a dedicated thermal buffer area, heat is absorbed or dissipated by buffer materials before entering the battery. This method helps to control the battery temperature more stably during use.

[0219] Heat pipe technology: Although heat pipes are commonly found in active cooling systems, they can also be used as part of passive temperature control in some cases to help conduct heat from the battery to a more distant location for natural dissipation.

[0220] Passive temperature control does not rely on external electric drives or mechanical equipment. Instead, it stabilizes battery temperature through natural heat dissipation, insulation, and environmental control. This method is more energy-efficient, has lower maintenance costs, and is suitable for environments with minimal temperature fluctuations or for applications where active temperature control is difficult. Through natural heat dissipation design, insulating materials, casing design, and environmental regulation, it ensures the battery operates within a reasonable temperature range, preventing temperature variations from affecting battery performance and lifespan.

[0221] Target battery selection method in step S1

[0222] 1. Determine the battery type:

[0223] First, identify the type of battery you are targeting, such as lithium-ion, nickel-metal hydride, or lead-acid batteries. Different types of batteries have different temperature sensitivities and therefore different rated operating temperature ranges.

[0224] • Lithium-ion batteries: The typical operating temperature is 0°C to 40°C.

[0225] Nickel-metal hydride batteries: Typical operating temperature range is -20°C to 50°C.

[0226] Lead-acid batteries: The typical operating temperature range is -10°C to 40°C.

[0227] 2. Consider typical use cases:

[0228] Considering the battery's intended use is also crucial, as the usage scenario can affect the battery's operating temperature requirements. For example:

[0229] Outdoor applications, such as electric vehicles and solar energy storage devices, may require operation over a wider temperature range.

[0230] Indoor applications: such as consumer electronics, may require a smaller and more stable operating temperature range.

[0231] Determine the temperature range during battery operation based on the usage scenario.

[0232] 3. Consult the battery specifications:

[0233] The rated operating temperature range of a battery can be obtained by consulting the specifications or technical documents provided by the battery manufacturer. This document will typically clearly state the "non-accelerated temperature" (NAT) and the permissible operating temperature range (T_range).

[0234] 4. Comprehensive consideration of environmental factors and standards:

[0235] In some cases, industry standards or environmental factors also need to be considered. For example, certain industries may have specific temperature requirements or need to comply with international standards (such as IEC, UL, etc.). These standards impose different temperature requirements on battery safety and performance.

[0236] 5. Record the non-accelerated operating temperature range:

[0237] The operating temperature range (NAT and T_range) confirmed based on the battery type, usage scenario, specifications and standards will be recorded as the basis for subsequent testing or evaluation.

[0238] Example:

[0239] If the target battery is a lithium-ion battery used in consumer electronics, the battery's specifications may indicate that its normal operating temperature is 0°C to 40°C. In this case, the non-accelerated operating temperature T can be defined as 25°C (intermediate value), and the T_range (non-accelerated operating temperature range) can be defined as 0°C to 40°C. Through these steps, the non-accelerated operating temperature and its temperature range of the target battery are systematically determined, and the experimental conditions are set.

[0240] In our design, we first determined a suitable non-accelerated operating temperature T, which is based on the battery's optimal operating conditions under typical usage environments. We then used this non-accelerated operating temperature T as the control temperature in accelerated degradation testing to simulate the environmental conditions the battery might encounter in actual use.

[0241] During testing, we employed a maximum charge and discharge test method. In the charging phase, we used a basic charge value BC to charge the target battery; and in the discharging phase, we used a basic discharge value BD to discharge it. This testing method accelerates the charging and discharging process, thus completing the test more quickly.

[0242] In addition, we have introduced a rest period, which is performed randomly and includes charging, discharging, and resting. This design can better simulate the various situations that batteries may encounter in real-world use.

[0243] Throughout the testing process, we used temperature control measures to ensure that the battery body temperature remained at T. This avoids overheating of the battery due to high-current charge and discharge tests, thereby preventing the battery from deteriorating faster.

[0244] Compared to traditional accelerated testing, this approach more closely approximates the actual lifespan of a battery; compared to non-accelerated testing, it significantly improves testing speed and shortens testing time. Therefore, this approach can provide more accurate battery lifespan predictions in a shorter time.

[0245] The above are merely embodiments of the present invention. The invention is not limited to the fields covered by these embodiments. Commonly known structures and characteristics are not described in detail here. Those skilled in the art are aware of all common technical knowledge in the field prior to the application date or priority date, are aware of all existing technologies in that field, and have the ability to apply conventional experimental methods prior to that date. Those skilled in the art can, based on the guidance provided in this application, improve and implement this solution in combination with their own capabilities. Some typical known structures or methods should not be obstacles for those skilled in the art to implement this application. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make several modifications and improvements without departing from the structure of the present invention. These should also be considered within the scope of protection of the present invention, and will not affect the effectiveness of the implementation of the present invention or the practicality of the patent. The scope of protection claimed in this application should be determined by the content of its claims, and the specific embodiments described in the specification can be used to interpret the content of the claims.

Claims

1. A method for rapidly calculating the battery warranty life under temperature-controlled accelerated degradation. Its features are, Includes the following steps: S1: Determine the accelerated testing conditions to be used in the accelerated degradation test based on the typical usage scenarios of the target battery. Accelerated degradation testing is used to quickly assess the long-term performance and lifespan of a battery in a short period of time; S2: Accelerated degradation testing is performed on the target battery using accelerated testing conditions. The accelerated degradation test is divided into a charging stage, a discharging stage, and a resting stage. The order of the three stages is not fixed and they are randomly alternated. S3: Determine the non-accelerated operating temperature T based on the type of target battery or typical usage scenario; The non-accelerated operating temperature T refers to the ambient temperature at which the battery can operate normally and stably during use. S4: Continuously perform accelerated degradation tests on multiple target batteries, record the cumulative usage of each battery when the SOH gradually reaches the preset failure threshold, and use it as the accelerated degradation lifetime of each battery, and calculate its mean and variance. S5: During the test process in step S4, temperature control measures must be adopted to ensure that the body temperature of the target battery is always maintained at the non-accelerated operating temperature T. This temperature control measure can offset the accelerated degradation effect caused by the accelerated degradation test process. Based on this, the accelerated degradation life obtained in step S4 is taken as the warranty agreement life of the target battery.

2. The method for rapidly calculating the battery warranty agreement lifespan using temperature-controlled accelerated degradation according to claim 1, characterized in that: The accelerated test conditions include a basic charging value BC and a basic discharging value BD, where the basic charging value BC is the specific setting of the conditions used during the charging process, and the basic discharging value BD is the specific setting of the conditions used during the discharging process; the types of conditions include current, voltage, and power. The specific steps for conducting accelerated degradation testing on the target battery using accelerated testing conditions include: accelerating charging using a basic charging value BC during the charging phase, and accelerating discharging using a basic discharging value BD during the discharging phase. The specific steps for determining the non-accelerated operating temperature T of the target battery include: setting the industry-standard optimal operating temperature as the non-accelerated operating temperature T based on the typical usage scenarios of the target battery; or / and determining the expected range of ambient temperature variation in the typical usage scenarios of the target battery, and taking the average of the range as the non-accelerated operating temperature T.

3. The method for rapidly calculating the battery warranty agreement lifespan using temperature-controlled accelerated degradation according to claim 1, characterized in that: The specific steps for determining the accelerated test conditions of the target battery include: determining the expected operating condition range of the target battery in the actual charge and discharge process based on the typical usage scenarios of the target battery; then taking the upper limit of the expected charging operating condition range as the basic charging value BC and the upper limit of the expected discharging operating condition range as the basic discharging value BD. The specific steps for determining the accelerated test conditions of the target battery also include: determining the range of test conditions that the test equipment can set during the charge and discharge test based on the test capabilities of the test equipment; taking the upper limit of the charging test condition range as the basic charging value BC, and taking the upper limit of the discharging test condition range as the basic discharging value BD.

4. The method for rapidly calculating the battery warranty agreement lifespan using temperature-controlled accelerated degradation according to claim 1, characterized in that: When accelerating charging using the basic charging value BC in any charging stage, the charging current / voltage / power settings for that stage are as follows: ensure that the charging current / voltage / power remains at the basic charging value BC until the end of the single charging stage; when accelerating discharging using the basic discharging value BD in any discharging stage, the discharging current / voltage / power settings for that stage are as follows: ensure that the discharging current / voltage / power remains at the basic discharging value BD until the end of the single discharging stage. Alternatively, when using a basic charging value BC for accelerated charging in any charging phase, if the testing capabilities of the equipment cannot completely guarantee that the charging current / voltage / power remains constant throughout the charging phase, the method for setting the charging current / voltage / power in a single charging phase may also include: ensuring that the charging current / voltage / power remains within a range C_range near the basic charging value BC until the end of the single charging phase; when using a basic discharging value BD for accelerated discharging in any discharging phase, if the testing capabilities of the equipment cannot completely guarantee that the discharging current / voltage / power remains constant throughout the discharging phase, the method for setting the discharging current / voltage / power in a single discharging phase may also include: ensuring that the discharging current / voltage / power remains within a range D_range near the basic discharging value BD until the end of the single discharging phase; The specific steps for determining the accelerated test conditions of the target battery also include setting the default optimal operating conditions in typical industry usage scenarios as the basic charging value BC and the basic discharging value BD, based on the type of the target battery. Alternatively, the specific steps for determining the accelerated test conditions of the target battery may include: determining the expected operating condition range of the target battery in the actual charge and discharge process based on the typical usage scenarios of the target battery, and then using any value within the expected charging operating condition range as the basic charging value BC and any value within the expected discharging operating condition range as the basic discharging value BD; or determining the test operating condition range that the test equipment can set during the charge and discharge test based on the test capabilities of the test equipment, and then using any value within the charging test operating condition range as the basic charging value BC and any value within the discharging test operating condition range as the basic discharging value BD.

5. The method for rapidly calculating the battery warranty agreement lifespan using temperature-controlled accelerated degradation according to claim 1, characterized in that: After the termination of the resting phase, discharge phase, or charging phase, the charging phase can proceed. The current charging phase is terminated when the duration of the charging phase exceeds the accelerated charging time limit A, or when the battery terminal voltage of the charging phase rises to the charging cutoff voltage CV. After the termination of the resting stage, charging stage, or discharging stage, a discharging stage can be initiated. The current discharging stage is terminated when the duration of the discharging stage reaches the accelerated discharging time limit B, or when the battery terminal voltage of the discharging stage drops to the discharge cutoff voltage DV. After the charging or discharging phase ends, a shelving phase can begin. The shelving phase ends when the duration of the shelving phase reaches the accelerated shelving time limit X. The values ​​of the accelerated charging time limit A, accelerated discharging time limit B, and accelerated shelving time limit X are constants; the charging cut-off voltage CV and discharging cut-off voltage DV are set according to the type of target battery and / or typical usage scenario, and the charging cut-off voltage CV and discharging cut-off voltage DV are set to any value in the operating voltage range of the target battery.

6. The method for rapidly calculating the battery warranty agreement lifespan using temperature-controlled accelerated degradation according to claim 1, characterized in that: Replace any of the charging stages with constant voltage / constant power charging using constant charging voltage CCV or constant charging power CCP; the current charging stage is terminated after the duration of the constant voltage / constant power charging stage exceeds the accelerated charging time limit A, or the current constant voltage / constant power charging stage is terminated after the battery terminal current drops to the charging cutoff current CCC. Replace any of the discharge stages with constant voltage / constant power discharge using constant discharge voltage CDV or constant discharge power CDP; the current constant voltage / constant power discharge stage is terminated after the duration of the constant voltage / constant power discharge stage reaches the accelerated discharge time limit B, or the current constant voltage / constant power discharge stage is terminated after the terminal current of the constant voltage / constant power discharge stage drops to the discharge cutoff current CDC. The constant charging voltage CCV and constant discharging voltage CDV are set to any value within the target battery operating voltage range; the constant charging power CCP and constant discharging power CDP are set to any value within the target battery operating power range.

7. The method for rapidly calculating the battery warranty agreement lifespan using temperature-controlled accelerated degradation according to claim 1, characterized in that: The cumulative usage is the sum of the actual usage of the battery. At a specific moment, the cumulative usage is calculated by accumulating all actual usage from the start of battery use to the current moment. The types of cumulative usage include one or more of the following: cumulative discharge amount, cumulative absolute value of charge and discharge, cumulative number of discharges, cumulative idle time, cumulative number of charges, cumulative charge amount, cumulative charging time, cumulative number of charge and discharges, cumulative discharge time, cumulative charge and discharge time, cumulative number of idles, calendar service time, cumulative result of the actual workload generated by the battery during the operation of the power supply equipment, cumulative result of the work done, and cumulative result of the driving mileage.

8. The method for rapidly calculating the battery warranty agreement lifespan using temperature-controlled accelerated degradation according to claim 1, characterized in that: The target battery types include lithium-based batteries, lithium-ion batteries, lithium sulfide batteries, sodium-based energy storage devices, sodium-ion cells, aluminum-based energy storage devices, aluminum-ion energy storage units, metal-based batteries, graphene-based batteries, sulfur-based batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, lead-acid batteries, all-solid-state power supplies, solid-liquid composite energy storage systems, metal-ion cells, air redox batteries, cylindrical batteries, polymer cells, power energy storage units, halide batteries, silicon-based energy storage devices, supercapacitors, hybrid energy storage systems, smart battery systems, renewable energy storage devices, electric vehicle batteries, energy storage units for solar, wind, geothermal and ocean energy, energy storage grid equipment, power supplies for portable electronic devices, energy storage devices for drones and robots, flow batteries, hybrid capacitors, graphene supercapacitors, thermoelectric energy storage systems, modular energy storage devices suitable for distributed energy systems, grid energy storage systems supporting bidirectional energy flow, or other recyclable electrical storage devices; In a broader sense, the target battery also includes other recyclable power-consuming devices.

9. A method for rapidly calculating the lifespan of a battery under warranty according to claim 1, characterized in that: Step S2 further includes: accelerated degradation testing to quickly obtain the SOH degradation path of the battery in a short period of time; Step S4 further includes: obtaining the SOH degradation path of each battery and using it as the accelerated SOH degradation path for each battery. Step S5 further includes: during the testing process in step S4, temperature control measures must be adopted to ensure that the body temperature of the target battery is always maintained at the non-accelerated operating temperature T. This temperature control measure can offset the accelerated degradation effect caused by the accelerated degradation test process. Based on this, the accelerated SOH degradation path obtained in step S4 is taken as the normal SOH degradation path of the target battery. The SOH degradation path refers to the trend of SOH change with cumulative usage during battery use, where cumulative usage is regarded as the independent variable and SOH is regarded as the dependent variable. This path is obtained through testing and monitoring and is usually used to evaluate the battery's service life and performance.

10. A method for rapidly calculating the lifespan of a battery under warranty according to any one of claims 1-9, characterized in that: The temperature control measures in step S4 specifically include collecting the surface temperature / internal temperature of the target battery to be tested, and controlling the surface temperature / internal temperature of the battery through a heating device or a heat dissipation device so that the surface temperature / internal temperature of the battery is at the non-accelerated operating temperature T. In this process, if the temperature control capability of the heating device or heat dissipation device is limited and it is not possible to completely ensure that the battery surface temperature / internal temperature is kept constant at the non-accelerated operating temperature T, the temperature control measures in step S4 also include: making the battery surface temperature / internal temperature within a temperature range T_range near the non-accelerated operating temperature T.

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