Supporting probabilistic amplitude shaping (PAS) with lower channel coding rate
By mapping shaped and unshaped bits to different subsets of QAM symbols, the method addresses coding rate limitations in probabilistic amplitude shaping, enhancing error correction and reliability in fading channels.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- QUALCOMM INC
- Filing Date
- 2024-10-31
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-07
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless communication systems face challenges in maintaining power efficiency and error correction capabilities in fading channels due to coding rate limitations in probabilistic amplitude shaping (PAS) and higher modulation orders, which can compromise transmission reliability.
Implementing a method that maps shaped and unshaped bits to different subsets of QAM symbols, allowing for coding rates lower than the conventional PAS, while preserving shaping gain and enabling additional parity bits to be mapped to amplitude and sign bits, thereby enhancing error correction capabilities.
This approach maintains power efficiency and improves robustness in fading channels by supporting lower coding rates, ensuring reliable transmission without compromising shaping gain.
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Figure CN2024128763_07052026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
SUPPORTING PROBABILISTIC AMPLITUDE SHAPING (PAS) WITH LOWER CHANNEL CODING RATE
[0001] FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to wireless communications, and more specifically to supporting probabilistic amplitude shaping (PAS) with lower channel coding rate.BACKGROUND
[0003] Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunications services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasts. Typical wireless communications systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communications with multiple users by sharing available system resources (for example, bandwidth, transmit power, and / or the like) . Examples of such multiple-access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency-division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems, and long term evolution (LTE) . LTE / LTE-Advanced is a set of enhancements to the universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) mobile standard promulgated by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . Narrowband (NB) -Internet of things (IoT) and enhanced machine-type communications (eMTC) are a set of enhancements to LTE for machine type communications.
[0004] A wireless communications network may include a number of base stations (BSs) that can support communications for a number of user equipment (UEs) . A user equipment (UE) may communicate with a base station (BS) via the downlink and uplink. The downlink (or forward link) refers to the communication link from the BS to the UE, and the uplink (or reverse link) refers to the communication link from the UE to the BS. As will be described in more detail, a BS may be referred to as a Node B, an evolved Node B (eNB) , a gNB, an access point (AP) , a radio head, a transmit and receive point (TRP) , a new radio (NR) BS, a 5G Node B, and / or the like.
[0005] The above multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunications standards to provide a common protocol that enables different user equipment to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, and even global level. New radio (NR) , which may also be referred to as 5G, is a set of enhancements to the LTE mobile standard promulgated by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . NR is designed to better support mobile broadband Internet access by improving spectral efficiency, lowering costs, improving services, making use of new spectrum, and better integrating with other open standards using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with a cyclic prefix (CP) (CP-OFDM) on the downlink (DL) , using CP-OFDM and / or SC-FDM (for example, also known as discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) ) on the uplink (UL) , as well as supporting beamforming, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, and carrier aggregation.
[0006] In wireless communication systems, quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is a modulation technique that changes an amplitude of two carrier waves, which are 90 degrees out of phase with each other (in quadrature) . These carrier waves represent two signal components: the in-phase (I) and the quadrature-phase (Q) components. The combined I and Q components form a QAM constellation, which is a grid of discrete points in a two-dimensional plane where each point represents a specific amplitude and phase combination. A number of points in the QAM constellation corresponds to the modulation order. For example, 16-QAM has 16 points in the constellation, representing 16 unique symbols, while 256-QAM has 256 points. Each point in the constellation corresponds to a specific symbol or combination of bits, and the distance between points (representing amplitude and phase differences) determines how susceptible the system is to noise and errors.
[0007] In some cases, probabilistic shaping may generate non-uniformly distributed QAM constellations. Probabilistic amplitude shaping (PAS) is an example of probabilistic shaping, where a distribution of amplitude in the QAM constellation is shaped while a sign remains uniform. In PAS, shaping is applied prior to coding, and a forward error correction (FEC) preserves the shaping on the information bits.SUMMARY
[0008] In some aspects of the present disclosure, a method of wireless communication at a wireless device includes performing an amplitude shaping encoding operation on a set of information bits of a code block, where the amplitude shaping encoding operation generates a set of shaped information bits. The method further includes performing a systematic encoding operation on the set of shaped information bits and a set of unshaped information bits of the code block, generating a set of parity bits. The method also includes mapping the set of shaped information bits, unshaped information bits, and parity bits to quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) symbols. Each respective QAM symbol may be associated with a sign bit and a set of amplitude bits. The mapping includes: mapping at least a first subset of shaped bits to respective amplitude bits in a first subset of QAM symbols; at least a first subset of unshaped bits to amplitude bits in a second subset of QAM symbols; and at least a first subset of parity bits of the set of parity bits to respective sign bits in the first and the second subsets of QAM symbols and to respective amplitude bits in the second subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols. A quantity of QAM symbols in the second subset of QAM symbols may be a function of at least a quantity of QAM symbols in the set of QAM symbols, a channel coding rate for the code block, and a modulation order associated with the set of QAM symbols. The method further includes transmitting the set of QAM symbols in accordance with mapping the set of shaped information bits, the set of unshaped information bits, and the set of parity bits.
[0009] Other aspects of the present disclosure are directed to an apparatus. The apparatus includes means for performing an amplitude shaping encoding operation on a set of information bits of a code block, where the amplitude shaping encoding operation generates a set of shaped information bits. The apparatus also includes means for performing a systematic encoding operation on the set of shaped information bits and a set of unshaped information bits of the code block, generating a set of parity bits. The apparatus further includes means for mapping the set of shaped information bits, unshaped information bits, and parity bits to quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) symbols. Each respective QAM symbol may be associated with a sign bit and a set of amplitude bits. The mapping includes: mapping at least a first subset of shaped bits to respective amplitude bits in a first subset of QAM symbols; at least a first subset of unshaped bits to amplitude bits in a second subset of QAM symbols; and at least a first subset of parity bits of the set of parity bits to respective sign bits in the first and the second subsets of QAM symbols and to respective amplitude bits in the second subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols. A quantity of QAM symbols in the second subset of QAM symbols may be a function of at least a quantity of QAM symbols in the set of QAM symbols, a channel coding rate for the code block, and a modulation order associated with the set of QAM symbols. The apparatus also includes means for transmitting the set of QAM symbols in accordance with mapping the set of shaped information bits, the set of unshaped information bits, and the set of parity bits.
[0010] In other aspects of the present disclosure, a non-transitory computer-readable medium is provided with program code recorded thereon. The program code is executed by one or more processors and includes program code to perform an amplitude shaping encoding operation on a set of information bits of a code block, generating a set of shaped bits. The program code also includes program code to perform a systematic encoding operation on the set of shaped information bits and on a set of unshaped information bits of the code block, the systematic encoding operation generating a set of parity bits. Additionally, the program code includes program code to map the set of shaped information bits, unshaped information bits, and parity bits to quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) symbols. Each respective QAM symbol may be associated with a sign bit and a set of amplitude bits. The mapping includes: mapping at least a first subset of shaped bits to respective amplitude bits in a first subset of QAM symbols; at least a first subset of unshaped bits to amplitude bits in a second subset of QAM symbols; and at least a first subset of parity bits of the set of parity bits to respective sign bits in the first and the second subsets of QAM symbols and to respective amplitude bits in the second subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols. A quantity of QAM symbols in the second subset of QAM symbols may be a function of at least a quantity of QAM symbols in the set of QAM symbols, a channel coding rate for the code block, and a modulation order associated with the set of QAM symbols. The program code further comprises program code to transmit the set of QAM symbols in accordance with mapping the set of shaped information bits, the set of unshaped information bits, and the set of parity bits.
[0011] Other aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a wireless device, including one or more processors and a memory storing processor-executable code that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the wireless device to perform an amplitude shaping encoding operation on a set of information bits of a code block, generating a set of shaped bits. Execution of the processor-executable code also causes the wireless device to perform a systematic encoding operation on the set of shaped information bits and on a set of unshaped information bits of the code block, the systematic encoding operation generating a set of parity bits. Execution of the processor-executable code further causes the wireless device to map the set of shaped information bits, unshaped information bits, and parity bits to quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) symbols. Each respective QAM symbol may be associated with a sign bit and a set of amplitude bits. The mapping includes: mapping at least a first subset of shaped bits to respective amplitude bits in a first subset of QAM symbols; at least a first subset of unshaped bits to amplitude bits in a second subset of QAM symbols; and at least a first subset of parity bits of the set of parity bits to respective sign bits in the first and the second subsets of QAM symbols and to respective amplitude bits in the second subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols. A quantity of QAM symbols in the second subset of QAM symbols may be a function of at least a quantity of QAM symbols in the set of QAM symbols, a channel coding rate for the code block, and a modulation order associated with the set of QAM symbols. Execution of the processor-executable code also causes the wireless device to transmit the set of QAM symbols in accordance with mapping the set of shaped information bits, the set of unshaped information bits, and the set of parity bits.
[0012] Aspects generally include a method, apparatus, system, computer program product, non-transitory computer-readable medium, user equipment, base station, wireless communication device, and processing system as substantially described with reference to and as illustrated by the accompanying drawings and specification.
[0013] The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of examples according to the disclosure in order that the detailed description that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages will be described. The conception and specific examples disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present disclosure. Such equivalent constructions do not depart from the scope of the appended claims. Characteristics of the concepts disclosed, both their organization and method of operation, together with associated advantages will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures. Each of the figures is provided for the purposes of illustration and description, and not as a definition of the limits of the claims.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] So that features of the present disclosure can be understood in detail, a particular description may be had by reference to aspects, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only certain aspects of this disclosure and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the description may admit to other equally effective aspects. The same reference numbers in different drawings may identify the same or similar elements.
[0015] Figure 1 is a block diagram conceptually illustrating an example of a wireless communications network, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0016] Figure 2 is a block diagram conceptually illustrating an example of a base station in communication with a user equipment (UE) in a wireless communications network, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0017] Figure 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example disaggregated base station architecture, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0018] Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of a process for generating a non-uniformly distributed quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellation.
[0019] Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a first set of QAM symbols associated with shaped amplitude bits and a second set of QAM symbols only associated with unshaped amplitude bits, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0020] Figure 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of all QAM symbols in a code block associated with one or more shaped amplitude bits and one or more unshaped amplitude bits, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0021] Figure 7A is a diagram illustrating an example of a first set of QAM symbols associated with shaped amplitude bits and a second set of QAM symbols associated with unshaped amplitude bits and shaped amplitude bits, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0022] Figure 7B is a diagram illustrating an example of partly shaping two different sets of QAM symbols, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0023] Figure 7C is a diagram illustrating an example of shaping one or more different sets of QAM symbols, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0024] Figure 8 is a diagram illustrating an example of interleaving an output of a forward error correction (FEC) encoder, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0025] Figure 9 is a block diagram illustrating an example wireless communication device that supports probabilistic amplitude shaping, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0026] Figure 10 is a flow diagram illustrating an example of a process for probabilistic amplitude shaping in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0027] Various aspects of the disclosure are described more fully below with reference to the accompanying drawings. This disclosure may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to any specific structure or function presented throughout this disclosure. Rather, these aspects are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. Based on the teachings, one skilled in the art should appreciate that the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover any aspect of the disclosure, whether implemented independently of or combined with any other aspect of the disclosure. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth. In addition, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover such an apparatus or method, which is practiced using other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to or other than the various aspects of the disclosure set forth. It should be understood that any aspect of the disclosure disclosed may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.
[0028] Several aspects of telecommunications systems will now be presented with reference to various apparatuses and techniques. These apparatuses and techniques will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, modules, components, circuits, steps, processes, algorithms, and / or the like (collectively referred to as “elements” ) . These elements may be implemented using hardware, software, or combinations thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
[0029] It should be noted that while aspects may be described using terminology commonly associated with 5G and later wireless technologies, aspects of the present disclosure can be applied in other generation-based communications systems, such as and including 3G and / or 4G technologies.
[0030] In some cases, probabilistic amplitude shaping (PAS) may be used by a wireless transmitter, such as a network node, to shape a set of information bits to improve an amplitude distribution of a modulation constellation. Shaping refers to performing an amplitude shaping encoding operation on the set of information bits to generate a set of shaped information bits. Unshaped information bits do not undergo the amplitude shaping encoding operation and maintain a uniform distribution. The shaping process occurs before error correction coding, where high-rate systematic forward error correction (FEC) may be used to generate parity bits while preserving the shaping of information bits. Parity bits generated during the FEC process may be mapped to the sign bits of the constellation. PAS may achieve a shaping gain of 1.53 dB over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels, with potentially greater gains in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) fading channels through interference shaping. However, PAS specifies a channel coding rate greater than or equal to where m represents the modulation order (for example, m is four for 256-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) , m is five for 1024-QAM, and m is three for 64-QAM) .
[0031] In new radio (NR) low-density parity-check (LDPC) coding, a base graph may define a relationship between information bits and parity bits for error correction. Specifically, the base graph may specify an error correction capability and coding rate of LDPC codes used in NR communication systems, and other communication systems, such as 6G and later communication systems. In some cases, puncturing two columns from the base graph increases the coding rate by reducing redundancy, as these punctured bits are not transmitted. To compensate, two additional parity columns are added to maintain error correction capabilities. This process constrains the coding rate to where Kb represents a number of bits in the base graph. For example, base graph 1 (BG1) in NR defines different modulation orders that correspond to minimum coding rates, with higher modulation orders (for example, 1024-QAM) requiring higher minimum coding rates for reliability. Higher modulation orders improve spectral efficiency but specify higher coding rates, which may not be ideal in fading channels, where signal strength varies due to interference. In such environments, lower coding rates add more redundancy, improving robustness against communication errors. However, coding rate limitations can restrict this redundancy, potentially decreasing performance in fading channels. By reducing the coding rate, error correction can improve while preserving shaping, which may improve transmission reliability in fading conditions.
[0032] Various aspects of the present disclosure are directed to supporting coding rates less than in transmissions encoded in accordance with PAS. In such aspects, the coding rate is supported by mapping at least one or more parity bits to respective amplitude bits of one or more QAM symbols of a set of QAM symbols associated with a coding block. In some examples, an amplitude shaping encoding operation may be performed on a set of information bits, of a code block, to generate a set of shaped information bits. Additionally, a systematic encoding operation may be performed on the set of shaped information bits and on a set of unshaped information bits, of the code block, to generate a set of parity bits. The set of shaped information bits, the set of unshaped information bits, and the set of parity bits may then be mapped to a set of QAM symbols. Each respective QAM symbol may be associated with a set of sign bits and a set of amplitude bits. The set of QAM symbols may include a first subset of QAM symbols and a second subset of QAM symbols. The mapping includes mapping, at least, a first subset of shaped bits of the set of shaped bits to respective amplitude bits in the first subset of QAM symbols. The mapping further includes mapping, at least, a first subset of unshaped bits of the set of unshaped bits to respective amplitude bits in the second subset of QAM symbols. The mapping further includes mapping, at least, a first subset of parity bits of the set of parity bits to respective sign bits in the first and the second subsets of QAM symbols and to respective amplitude bits in the second subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols. The set of QAM symbols may then be transmitted in accordance with mapping the set of shaped information bits, the set of unshaped information bits, and the set of parity bits.
[0033] In some examples, all shaped bits in the set of shaped bits are mapped to respective amplitude bits in the first subset of QAM symbols, such that no shaped bits of the set of shaped bits are mapped to amplitude bits associated with the second subset of QAM symbols. Additionally, in such examples, all unshaped bits of the set of unshaped bits are mapped to respective amplitude bits in the second subset of QAM symbols, such that no unshaped bits of the set of unshaped bits are mapped to amplitude bits associated with the first subset of QAM symbols. Furthermore, in such examples, all parity bits of the set of parity bits are mapped to respective sign bits in the first and the second subsets of QAM symbols and to respective amplitude bits in the second subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols, such that no parity bits of the set of parity bits are mapped to amplitude bits associated with the first subset of QAM symbols. In such examples, a quantity of QAM symbols in the second subset of QAM symbols may be a function of one or more of a quantity of QAM symbols in the set of QAM symbols, a channel coding rate for the code block, and a modulation order associated with the set of QAM symbols, or a quantity of punctured amplitude bits in the set of QAM symbols.
[0034] In some other examples, a second subset of shaped bits of the set of shaped bits may be mapped to respective amplitude bits in the second subset of QAM symbols. In such examples, a second subset of unshaped bits of the set of unshaped bits may be mapped to respective amplitude bits in the first subset of QAM symbols. A quantity of the first subset of unshaped bits mapped to the second subset of QAM symbols is greater than a quantity of the second subset of unshaped bits mapped to the first subset of QAM symbols. Additionally, in such examples, a second subset of the set of parity bits may be mapped to respective amplitude bits in the first subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols. In such examples, a quantity of QAM symbols in the second subset of QAM symbols may be a function of one or more of a quantity of QAM symbols in the set of QAM symbols, a channel coding rate for the code block, and a modulation order associated with the set of QAM symbols, a quantity of the first subset of shaped bits, a quantity of the second subset of shaped bits, or a quantity of punctured amplitude bits in the set of QAM symbols.
[0035] Particular aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, the described techniques, such as mapping shaped and unshaped bits to respective amplitude bits in different subsets of QAM symbols, may maintain power efficiency of probabilistic shaping while increasing error correction capabilities. Additionally, these techniques support coding rates less than in PAS transmissions, while improving robustness in fading channels by enabling additional parity bits to be mapped to amplitude and sign bits, without compromising the shaping gain of the system.
[0036] Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating a wireless network 100 in which aspects of the present disclosure may be practiced. The wireless network 100 may be a 5G or NR network or some other wireless network, such as an LTE network. The wireless network 100 may include a number of BSs 110 (shown as BS 110a, BS 110b, BS 110c, and BS 110d) and other network entities. A BS is an entity that communicates with user equipment (UEs) and may also be referred to as a base station, an NR BS, a Node B, a gNB, a 5G Node B, an access point, a transmit and receive point (TRP) , a network node, a network entity, and / or the like. A base station can be implemented as an aggregated base station, as a disaggregated base station, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a relay node, a sidelink node, etc. The base station can be implemented in an aggregated or monolithic base station architecture, or alternatively, in a disaggregated base station architecture, and may include one or more of a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a radio unit (RU) , a near-real time (near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC) , or a non-real time (non-RT) RIC.
[0037] Each BS may provide communications coverage for a particular geographic area. In 3GPP, the term “cell” can refer to a coverage area of a BS and / or a BS subsystem serving this coverage area, depending on the context in which the term is used.
[0038] A BS may provide communications coverage for a macro cell, a pico cell, a femto cell, and / or another type of cell. A macro cell may cover a relatively large geographic area (for example, several kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by UEs with service subscription. A pico cell may cover a relatively small geographic area and may allow unrestricted access by UEs with service subscription. A femto cell may cover a relatively small geographic area (for example, a home) and may allow restricted access by UEs having association with the femto cell (for example, UEs in a closed subscriber group (CSG) ) . A BS for a macro cell may be referred to as a macro BS. A BS for a pico cell may be referred to as a pico BS. A BS for a femto cell may be referred to as a femto BS or a home BS. In the example shown in Figure 1, a BS 110a may be a macro BS for a macro cell 102a, a BS 110b may be a pico BS for a pico cell 102b, and a BS 110c may be a femto BS for a femto cell 102c. A BS may support one or multiple (for example, three) cells. The terms “eNB, ” “base station, ” “NR BS, ” “gNB, ” “AP, ” “Node B, ” “5G NB, ” “TRP, ” and “cell” may be used interchangeably.
[0039] In some aspects, a cell may not necessarily be stationary, and the geographic area of the cell may move according to the location of a mobile BS. In some aspects, the BSs may be interconnected to one another and / or to one or more other BSs or network nodes (not shown) in the wireless network 100 through various types of backhaul interfaces such as a direct physical connection, a virtual network, and / or the like using any suitable transport network.
[0040] The wireless network 100 may also include relay stations. A relay station is an entity that can receive a transmission of data from an upstream station (for example, a BS or a UE) and send a transmission of the data to a downstream station (for example, a UE or a BS) . A relay station may also be a UE that can relay transmissions for other UEs. In the example shown in Figure 1, a relay station 110d may communicate with macro BS 110a and a UE 120d in order to facilitate communications between the BS 110a and UE 120d. A relay station may also be referred to as a relay BS, a relay base station, a relay, and / or the like.
[0041] The wireless network 100 may be a heterogeneous network that includes BSs of different types (for example, macro BSs, pico BSs, femto BSs, relay BSs, and / or the like) . These different types of BSs may have different transmit power levels, different coverage areas, and different impact on interference in the wireless network 100. For example, macro BSs may have a high transmit power level (for example, 5 to 40 watts) whereas pico BSs, femto BSs, and relay BSs may have lower transmit power levels (for example, 0.1 to 2 watts) .
[0042] As an example, the BSs 110 (shown as BS 110a, BS 110b, BS 110c, and BS 110d) and the core network 130 may exchange communications via backhaul links 132 (for example, S1, etc. ) . Base stations 110 may communicate with one another over other backhaul links (for example, X2, etc. ) either directly or indirectly (for example, through core network 130) .
[0043] The core network 130 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) , which may include at least one mobility management entity (MME) , at least one serving gateway (S-GW) , and at least one packet data network (PDN) gateway (P-GW) . The MME may be the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 120 and the EPC. All user IP packets may be transferred through the S-GW, which itself may be connected to the P-GW. The P-GW may provide IP address allocation as well as other functions. The P-GW may be connected to the network operator's IP services. The operator's IP services may include the Internet, the Intranet, an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) , and a packet-switched (PS) streaming service.
[0044] The core network 130 may provide user authentication, access authorization, tracking, IP connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. One or more of the base stations 110 or access node controllers (ANCs) may interface with the core network 130 through backhaul links 132 (for example, S1, S2, etc. ) and may perform radio configuration and scheduling for communications with the UEs 120. In some configurations, various functions of each access network entity or base station 110 may be distributed across various network devices (for example, radio heads and access network controllers) or consolidated into a single network device (for example, a base station 110) .
[0045] UEs 120 (for example, 120a, 120b, 120c) may be dispersed throughout the wireless network 100, and each UE may be stationary or mobile. A UE may also be referred to as an access terminal, a terminal, a mobile station, a subscriber unit, a station, and / or the like. A UE may be a cellular phone (for example, a smart phone) , a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a wireless modem, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a laptop computer, a cordless phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, a tablet, a camera, a gaming device, a netbook, a smartbook, an ultrabook, a medical device or equipment, biometric sensors / devices, wearable devices (smart watches, smart clothing, smart glasses, smart wrist bands, smart jewelry (for example, smart ring, smart bracelet) ) , an entertainment device (for example, a music or video device, or a satellite radio) , a vehicular component or sensor, smart meters / sensors, industrial manufacturing equipment, a global positioning system device, or any other suitable device that is configured to communicate via a wireless or wired medium.
[0046] One or more UEs 120 may establish a protocol data unit (PDU) session for a network slice. In some cases, the UE 120 may select a network slice based on an application or subscription service. By having different network slices serving different applications or subscriptions, the UE 120 may improve its resource utilization in the wireless network 100, while also satisfying performance specifications of individual applications of the UE 120. In some cases, the network slices used by UE 120 may be served by an AMF (not shown in Figure 1) associated with one or both of the base station 110 or core network 130. In addition, session management of the network slices may be performed by an access and mobility management function (AMF) .
[0047] The UEs 120 may include a PAS module 140. For brevity, only one UE 120d is shown as including the PAS module 140. The PAS module 140 may perform one or more operations, such as one or more operations of the process 1000 described with reference to Figure 10.
[0048] The core network 130, the base stations 110, or any other network device (for example, as disclosed with reference to Figure 3) may include a PAS module 138 that may perform one or more operations, such as one or more operations of the process 1000 described with reference to Figure 10.
[0049] Some UEs may be considered machine-type communications (MTC) or evolved or enhanced machine-type communications (eMTC) UEs. MTC and eMTC UEs include, for example, robots, drones, remote devices, sensors, meters, monitors, location tags, and / or the like, that may communicate with a base station, another device (for example, remote device) , or some other entity. A wireless node may provide, for example, connectivity for or to a network (for example, a wide area network such as Internet or a cellular network) via a wired or wireless communication link. Some UEs may be considered Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices, and / or may be implemented as NB-IoT (narrowband internet of things) devices. Some UEs may be considered a customer premises equipment (CPE) . UE 120 may be included inside a housing that houses components of UE 120, such as processor components, memory components, and / or the like.
[0050] In general, any number of wireless networks may be deployed in a given geographic area. Each wireless network may support a particular radio access technology (RAT) and may operate on one or more frequencies. A RAT may also be referred to as a radio technology, an air interface, and / or the like. A frequency may also be referred to as a carrier, a frequency channel, and / or the like. Each frequency may support a single RAT in a given geographic area in order to avoid interference between wireless networks of different RATs. In some cases, NR or 5G RAT networks may be deployed.
[0051] In some aspects, two or more UEs 120 (for example, shown as UE 120a and UE 120e) may communicate directly using one or more sidelink channels (for example, without using a base station 110 as an intermediary to communicate with one another) . For example, the UEs 120 may communicate using peer-to-peer (P2P) communications, device-to-device (D2D) communications, a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) protocol (for example, which may include a vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) protocol, a vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) protocol, and / or the like) , a mesh network, and / or the like. In this case, the UE 120 may perform scheduling operations, resource selection operations, and / or other operations described elsewhere as being performed by the base station 110. For example, the base station 110 may configure a UE 120 via downlink control information (DCI) , radio resource control (RRC) signaling, a media access control- control element (MAC-CE) or via system information (for example, a system information block (SIB) .
[0052] As indicated above, Figure 1 is provided merely as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to Figure 1.
[0053] Figure 2 shows a block diagram of a design 200 of the base station 110 and UE 120, which may be one of the base stations and one of the UEs in Figure 1. The base station 110 may be equipped with T antennas 234a through 234t, and UE 120 may be equipped with R antennas 252a through 252r, where in general T ≥ 1 and R ≥ 1.
[0054] At the base station 110, a transmit processor 220 may receive data from a data source 212 for one or more UEs, select one or more modulation and coding schemes (MCS) for each UE based at least in part on channel quality indicators (CQIs) received from the UE, process (for example, encode and modulate) the data for each UE based at least in part on the MCS (s) selected for the UE, and provide data symbols for all UEs. Decreasing the MCS lowers throughput but increases reliability of the transmission. The transmit processor 220 may also process system information (for example, for semi-static resource partitioning information (SRPI) and / or the like) and control information (for example, CQI requests, grants, upper layer signaling, and / or the like) and provide overhead symbols and control symbols. The transmit processor 220 may also generate reference symbols for reference signals (for example, the cell-specific reference signal (CRS) ) and synchronization signals (for example, the primary synchronization signal (PSS) and secondary synchronization signal (SSS) ) . A transmit (TX) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processor 230 may perform spatial processing (for example, precoding) on the data symbols, the control symbols, the overhead symbols, and / or the reference symbols, if applicable, and may provide T output symbol streams to T modulators (MODs) 232a through 232t. Each modulator 232 may process a respective output symbol stream (for example, for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and / or the like) to obtain an output sample stream. Each modulator 232 may further process (for example, convert to analog, amplify, filter, and upconvert) the output sample stream to obtain a downlink signal. T downlink signals from modulators 232a through 232t may be transmitted via T antennas 234a through 234t, respectively. According to various aspects described in more detail below, the synchronization signals can be generated with location encoding to convey additional information.
[0055] At the UE 120, antennas 252a through 252r may receive the downlink signals from the base station 110 and / or other base stations and may provide received signals to demodulators (DEMODs) 254a through 254r, respectively. Each demodulator 254 may condition (for example, filter, amplify, downconvert, and digitize) a received signal to obtain input samples. Each demodulator 254 may further process the input samples (for example, for OFDM and / or the like) to obtain received symbols. A MIMO detector 256 may obtain received symbols from all R demodulators 254a through 254r, perform MIMO detection on the received symbols if applicable, and provide detected symbols. A receive processor 258 may process (for example, demodulate and decode) the detected symbols, provide decoded data for the UE 120 to a data sink 260, and provide decoded control information and system information to a controller / processor 280. A channel processor may determine reference signal received power (RSRP) , received signal strength indicator (RSSI) , reference signal received quality (RSRQ) , channel quality indicator (CQI) , and / or the like. In some aspects, one or more components of the UE 120 may be included in a housing.
[0056] On the uplink, at the UE 120, a transmit processor 264 may receive and process data from a data source 262 and control information (for example, for reports comprising RSRP, RSSI, RSRQ, CQI, and / or the like) from the controller / processor 280. Transmit processor 264 may also generate reference symbols for one or more reference signals. The symbols from the transmit processor 264 may be precoded by a TX MIMO processor 266 if applicable, further processed by modulators 254a through 254r (for example, for discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) , CP-OFDM, and / or the like) , and transmitted to the base station 110. At the base station 110, the uplink signals from the UE 120 and other UEs may be received by the antennas 234, processed by the demodulators 254, detected by a MIMO detector 236 if applicable, and further processed by a receive processor 238 to obtain decoded data and control information sent by the UE 120. The receive processor 238 may provide the decoded data to a data sink 239 and the decoded control information to a controller / processor 240. The base station 110 may include communications unit 244 and communicate to the core network 130 via the communications unit 244. The core network 130 may include a communications unit 294, a controller / processor 290, and a memory 292.
[0057] The controller / processor 240 of the base station 110, the controller / processor 280 of the UE 120, and / or any other component (s) of Figure 2 may perform one or more techniques associated with probabilistic amplitude shaping as described in more detail elsewhere. For example, the controller / processor 240 of the base station 110, the controller / processor 280 of the UE 120, and / or any other component (s) of Figure 2 may perform or direct operations of, for example, the process 1000 of Figure 10 and / or other processes as described. Memories 242 and 282 may store data and program codes for the base station 110 and UE 120, respectively. A scheduler 246 may schedule UEs for data transmission on the downlink and / or uplink.
[0058] As indicated above, Figure 2 is provided merely as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to Figure 2.
[0059] Deployment of communication systems, such as 5G new radio (NR) systems, may be arranged in multiple manners with various components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR system, or network, a network node, a network entity, a mobility element of a network, a radio access network (RAN) node, a core network node, a network element, or a network equipment, such as a base station (BS) , or one or more units (or one or more components) performing base station functionality, may be implemented in an aggregated or disaggregated architecture. For example, a BS (such as a Node B (NB) , an evolved NB (eNB) , an NR BS, 5G NB, an access point (AP) , a transmit and receive point (TRP) , or a cell, etc. ) may be implemented as an aggregated base station (also known as a standalone BS or a monolithic BS) or a disaggregated base station.
[0060] An aggregated base station may be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. A disaggregated base station may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more units (such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs) , one or more distributed units (DUs) , or one or more radio units (RUs) ) . In some aspects, a CU may be implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs may be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, may be geographically or virtually distributed throughout one or multiple other RAN nodes. The DUs may be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU, and RU also can be implemented as virtual units (for example, a virtual central unit (VCU) , a virtual distributed unit (VDU) , or a virtual radio unit (VRU) ) .
[0061] Base station-type operations or network designs may consider aggregation characteristics of base station functionality. For example, disaggregated base stations may be utilized in an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open radio access network (O-RAN (such as the network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance) ) , or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN, also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN) ) . Disaggregation may include distributing functionality across two or more units at various physical locations, as well as distributing functionality for at least one unit virtually, which can enable flexibility in network design. The various units of the disaggregated base station, or disaggregated RAN architecture, can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit.
[0062] In some cases, different types of devices supporting different types of applications and / or services may coexist in a cell. Examples of different types of devices include UE handsets, customer premises equipment (CPEs) , vehicles, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and / or the like. Examples of different types of applications include ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) applications, massive machine-type communications (mMTC) applications, enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) applications, vehicle-to-anything (V2X) applications, and / or the like. Furthermore, in some cases, a single device may support different applications or services simultaneously.
[0063] Figure 3 shows a diagram illustrating an example disaggregated base station 300 architecture. The disaggregated base station 300 architecture may include one or more central units (CUs) 310 that can communicate directly with a core network 320 via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 320 through one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a near-real time (near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC) 325 via an E2 link, or a non-real time (non-RT) RIC 315 associated with a service management and orchestration (SMO) framework 305, or both) . A CU 310 may communicate with one or more distributed units (DUs) 330 via respective midhaul links, such as an F1 interface. The DUs 330 may communicate with one or more radio units (RUs) 340 via respective fronthaul links. The RUs 340 may communicate with respective UEs 120 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, the UE 120 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 340.
[0064] Each of the units (for example, the CUs 310, the DUs 330, the RUs 340, as well as the near-RT RICs 325, the non-RT RICs 315, and the SMO framework 305) may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communication interfaces of the units, can be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units can include a wired interface configured to receive or transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units. Additionally, the units can include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter or transceiver (such as a radio frequency (RF) transceiver) , configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other units.
[0065] In some aspects, the CU 310 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include radio resource control (RRC) , packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) , service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) , or the like. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 310. The CU 310 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (for example, central unit –user plane (CU-UP) ) , control plane functionality (for example, central unit –control Plane (CU-CP) ) , or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 310 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit can communicate bi-directionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 310 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 330, as necessary, for network control and signaling.
[0066] The DU 330 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 340. In some aspects, the DU 330 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as those defined by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . In some aspects, the DU 330 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 330, or with the control functions hosted by the CU 310.
[0067] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 340. In some deployments, an RU 340, controlled by a DU 330, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT) , inverse FFT (iFFT) , digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like) , or both, based at least in part on the functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RU (s) 340 can be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 120. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communication with the RU (s) 340 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 330. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU (s) 330 and the CU 310 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.
[0068] The SMO framework 305 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO framework 305 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements, which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface) . For virtualized network elements, the SMO framework 305 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-cloud) 390) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface) . Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 310, DUs 330, RUs 340, and near-RT RICs 325. In some implementations, the SMO framework 305 can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 311, via an O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO framework 305 can communicate directly with one or more RUs 340 via an O1 interface. The SMO framework 305 also may include a non-RT RIC 315 configured to support functionality of the SMO framework 305.
[0069] The non-RT RIC 315 may be configured to include a logical function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the near-RT RIC 325. The non-RT RIC 315 may be coupled to or communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the near-RT RIC 325. The near-RT RIC 325 may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 310, one or more DUs 330, or both, as well as the O-eNB 311, with the near-RT RIC 325.
[0070] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the near-RT RIC 325, the non-RT RIC 315 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the near-RT RIC 325 and may be received at the SMO framework 305 or the non-RT RIC 315 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the non-RT RIC 315 or the near-RT RIC 325 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the non-RT RIC 315 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO framework 305 (such as reconfiguration via O1) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 policies) .
[0071] Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of a process for generating a non-uniformly distributed QAM constellation. In the example of Figure 4, a process begins with K information bits, representing data to be transmitted. These bits may be divided into two parts through a shaping component 402. Probabilistic shaping is applied to a first set of bits (M1 shaped bits) to generate a set of shaped bits that are assigned to lower-energy points in the QAM constellation, following a non-uniform distribution. A second set of bits (M2 uniform bits) are unshaped and may be referred to as a set of unshaped bits. The set of unshaped bits follows a uniform distribution across the constellation points and does not undergo probabilistic shaping.
[0072] After shaping, both sets of bits (for example, shaped bits and unshaped bits) pass through a high-rate systematic forward error correction (FEC) encoder 404, which generates shaped systematic bits 406, unshaped systematic bits 408, and parity bits 410 for error correction. The parity bits 410 provide redundancy to detect and correct errors during transmission. The output of the FEC encoder 404 then maps to components of a group of QAM symbols in a code block. The shaped systematic bits 406 map to the amplitude bits of the QAM symbols, where lower-energy points are favored to conserve power. The unshaped systematic bits 408 and parity bits 410 map to the sign bits of the QAM symbols, such that error correction is applied without affecting the distribution of the shaped systematic bits 406. Finally, QAM modulation is performed, with each QAM symbol represented by both amplitude and phase values in the QAM constellation. This process results in non-uniformly distributed QAM constellations, where the amplitude is shaped for power efficiency, and sign bits are used for error correction.
[0073] As shown with respect to Figure 4, in conventional probabilistic amplitude shaping (PAS) , an amplitude distribution of a modulation constellation is shaped, while the sign of the constellation is kept uniform. In PAS, the shaping process is applied prior to coding, and high-rate systematic FEC preserves the shaping of the information bits. The parity bits generated by the FEC process are then mapped to the sign bits of the constellation. PAS can achieve a shaping gain of 1.53 dB over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels, and potentially even greater gains in MIMO fading channels through interference shaping. However, PAS specifies a channel coding rate to be greater than or equal to where m represents a modulation order per in-phase (I) / quadrature-phase (Q) dimension. For example, m equals five for 1024-QAM, m equals four for 256-QAM, and m equals three for 64-QAM.
[0074] In NR LDPC coding, two columns from a base graph may be punctured, such that punctured bits are not transmitted. This puncturing increases the coding rate by reducing redundancy. To maintain the specified error correction capabilities, the wireless transmission device (for example, a UE or network node) compensates by adding two parity columns at the same coding rate. These parity columns provide the specified error-checking functionality. As a result of this process, the coding rate R is constrained based on the following function: where Kb represents a number of bits in the base graph (for example, a size of the base graph) . In the context of LDPC codes, the base graph refers to the foundational structure defining the relationships between information bits and parity bits in the error-correcting process. In 5G NR, two base graphs are used for LDPC encoding, commonly known as base graph 1 (BG1) and base graph 2 (BG2) .
[0075] For BG1, the relationship between the modulation order and the minimum coding rate R, constrained by is shown in TABLE 1.
[0076] As the modulation order increases (for example, moving from 16-QAM to 1024-QAM or higher) , a number of symbols represented by each transmission increases. The increase in the number of symbols enables more bits to be transmitted per symbol, improving spectral efficiency. The coding rate is a ratio of information bits to a total number of bits transmitted (including parity bits used for error correction) . Higher modulation orders generally specify higher minimum coding rates for reliability.
[0077] In the example of TABLE 1, this limit on the coding rate might be too stringent for environments with fading channels. In fading channels, the signal can experience significant variations in strength due to obstacles, distance, or interference, which makes transmission more vulnerable to errors. In such conditions, a lower coding rate may be desirable to introduce more redundancy through additional parity bits. This added redundancy improves the robustness of the system against fading, increasing the likelihood that the data can be recovered accurately even in poor signal conditions. The requirement for a coding rate greater than or limits an amount of redundancy that can be added, making it difficult to correct errors and degrading the overall performance in fading or fluctuating environments. Lowering the coding rate may increase error correction but at the expense of data throughput because more bits are dedicated to error correction. In contrast, higher coding rates increase throughput but reduce error correction capabilities. It may be desirable to support coding rates less than in a PAS system. Such PAS systems may maintain shaping while providing additional protection against errors in fading channels.
[0078] Various aspects of the present disclosure are directed to enabling a coding rate that is less than in a PAS system. In some examples, shaped systematic bits and unshaped systematic bits may map to respective amplitude bits of a group of amplitude bits. Based on the mapping, some amplitude bits may be referred to as shaped amplitude bits, and other amplitude bits may be referred to as unshaped amplitude bits. Each QAM symbol of a group of QAM symbols may be associated with a respective subset of the group of amplitude bits. A respective sign bit may also be associated with QAM symbol of the group of QAM symbols. To improve error correction, a respective parity bit may map to each sign bit associated with a respective QAM symbol of the group of QAM symbols, and to each unshaped amplitude bit.
[0079] In some examples, a first set of QAM symbols is only associated with shaped amplitude bits, and remaining QAM symbols (for example, a second set of QAM symbols) are only associated with unshaped amplitude bits. Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a first set of QAM symbols 500 associated with shaped amplitude bits and a second set of QAM symbols 502 only associated with unshaped amplitude bits, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The first set of QAM symbols 500 and the second set of QAM symbols 502 represent all of the QAM symbols in a code block. The first set of QAM symbols 500 may be referred to as shaped symbols and the second set of QAM symbols 502 may be referred to as unshaped symbols. In the example of Figure 5, each QAM symbol of the sets of QAM symbols 500 and 502 may be associated with a first amplitude bit, a second amplitude bit, a third amplitude bit, and a sign bit. For example, as shown in the example of Figure 5, a first QAM symbol 500A of the first set of QAM symbols 500 is associated with a first amplitude bit, a second amplitude bit, a third amplitude bit, and a sign bit. A quantity of amplitude bits associated with each QAM may be based on a modulation order.
[0080] In the example of Figure 5, all shaped bits (shown as shaded symbols) of a set of shaped bits are mapped to respective amplitude bits in the first set of QAM symbols 500. Additionally, one or more unshaped bits of a set of unshaped bits are mapped to respective amplitude bits in the second set of QAM symbols 502. Furthermore, all parity bits may be mapped to respective sign bits in the first and the second sets of QAM symbols 500 and 502 and to respective amplitude bits in the second set of QAM symbols 502.
[0081] In the example of Figure 5, a modulation size is denoted by m, where m=log2. Additionally, a shaping rate may be defined as a ratio of a number of information bits before shaping to a number of shaped bits. Furthermore, R represents a coding rate for the entire code block, where N represents a total number of QAM symbols used in the code block, and U represents a number of QAM symbols that are associated with unshaped amplitude bits (for example, a number of QAM symbols in the second set of QAM symbols) . A relationship between the coding rate R, the total number of QAM symbols N, the number of unshaped QAM symbols U, and the modulation size m, may be represented as This function may be rewritten as so that a wireless device may determine the number of unshaped QAM symbols U that may be allocated based on the coding rate R, the total number of QAM symbols N, and the modulation size m.
[0082] In some examples, one or more shaped or unshaped bits may be punctured. For example, one or more information bits or one or more parity bits may be punctured. In such examples, Q represents a number of punctured information bits. In such examples, the coding rate R may be represented as and the number of unshaped QAM symbols U may be represented as In some other examples, a parity bit mapped to a sign bit or an unshaped amplitude bit may be punctured. In such examples, the coding rate R may be represented as and the number of unshaped QAM symbols U may be represented as
[0083] In some examples, all QAM symbols in a code block may be associated with one or more shaped amplitude bits and one or more unshaped amplitude bits. Figure 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of all QAM symbols in a code block associated with one or more shaped amplitude bits and one or more unshaped amplitude bits, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. A set of QAM symbols 600 may be referred to as partly shaped symbols. In the example of Figure 6, each respective QAM symbol of the set of QAM symbols 600 may be associated with a first amplitude bit, a second amplitude bit, a third amplitude bit, and a sign bit. For example, as shown in the example of Figure 6, a first QAM symbol 600A is associated with a first amplitude bit, a second amplitude bit, a third amplitude bit, and a sign bit. A quantity of amplitude bits associated with each QAM symbol may be based on a modulation order.
[0084] In the example of Figure 6, all shaped bits (shown as shaded symbols) of a set of shaped bits are mapped to a first subset of amplitude bits in each QAM symbol of the set of QAM symbols 600. Additionally, one or more unshaped bits of a set of unshaped bits are mapped to a second subset of amplitude bits in one or more QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols 600. In the example of Figure 6, two shaped bits are mapped to two amplitude bits in each QAM symbol. Furthermore, all parity bits may map to respective sign bits in the set of QAM symbols 600 and to respective amplitude bits (for example, unshaped amplitude bits) in one or more QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols 600.
[0085] In the example of Figure 6, the channel coding rate R may be represented as R=j / m, where the variable j represents a number of shaped amplitude bits from a total quantity of bits allocated to each QAM symbol. In the example of Figure 6, j is equal to two, and m is equal to four. In such examples, the coding rate R is dependent on how many bits j are shaped for each QAM symbol. A shaping rate may be a ratio of information bits to the number of shaped bits. The example described with reference to Figure 6 maintains a consistent coding rate across symbols.
[0086] In some examples, one or more information bits may be punctured. In such examples, Q represents a number of punctured information bits. In such examples, the coding rate R may be represented as In some other examples, one or more parity bits may be punctured. In such examples, the coding rate R may be represented as
[0087] In some others examples, a first set of QAM symbols is only associated with shaped amplitude bits and remaining QAM symbols (for example, a second set of QAM symbols) are associated with one or more unshaped amplitude bits and one or more shaped amplitude bits. Figure 7A is a diagram illustrating an example of a first set of QAM symbols 700 associated with shaped amplitude bits and a second set of QAM symbols 702 associated with unshaped amplitude bits and shaped amplitude bits, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0088] In the example of Figure 7A, the first set of QAM symbols 700 and the second set of QAM symbols 702 represent all of the QAM symbols in a code block. The first set of QAM symbols 700 may be referred to as shaped symbols and the second set of QAM symbols 702 may be referred to as partly shaped symbols. In the example of Figure 7A, each respective QAM symbol of the sets of QAM symbols 700 and 702 may be associated with a first amplitude bit, a second amplitude bit, a third amplitude bit, and a sign bit. For example, as shown in the example of Figure 7A, a first QAM symbol 700A of the first set of QAM symbols 700 is associated with a first amplitude bit, a second amplitude bit, a third amplitude bit, and a sign bit. A quantity of amplitude bits associated with each QAM symbol may be based on a modulation order.
[0089] In the example of Figure 7A, a first subset of shaped bits (shown as shaded symbols) of a set of shaped bits map to respective amplitude bits in the first set of QAM symbols 700. Additionally, a second subset of shaped bits (shown as shaded symbols) of the set of shaped bits map to one or more respective amplitude bits in the second set of QAM symbols 702. Furthermore, one or more unshaped bits of a set of unshaped bits map to respective amplitude bits in the second set of QAM symbols 702. Furthermore, all parity bits may map to respective sign bits in the first and the second sets of QAM symbols 700 and 702 and to one or more respective amplitude bits (for example, unshaped amplitude bits) in the second sets of QAM symbols 702.
[0090] In the example of Figure 7A, different symbols of a code block may be shaped with a different probability distribution. Additionally, in the example of Figure 7A, a modulation size is denoted by m, where m=log2. Additionally, a shaping rate may be defined as a ratio of a number of information bits before shaping to a number of shaped bits. Furthermore, R represents a coding rate for the entire code block, where N represents a total number of QAM symbols used in the code block, and P represents a number of partly shaped QAM symbols (for example, a number of QAM symbols in the second set of QAM symbols) . A relationship between the coding rate R, the total number of QAM symbols N, the number of partly shaped QAM symbols P, and the modulation size m, may be represented as This function may be rewritten as P=N (m-1-mR) , so that a wireless device may determine the number of partly shaped QAM symbols P that may be allocated based on the coding rate R, the total number of QAM symbols N, and the modulation size m. In such examples, the coding rate R is between and
[0091] In some examples, one or more information bits may be punctured. In such examples, Q represents a number of punctured information bits. In such examples, the coding rate R may be represented as and the number of partly shaped QAM symbols P may be represented as P=N (m-1-mR) +Q. Additionally, if one or more parity bits are punctured, then the coding rate R may be represented as and the number of partly QAM symbols P may be represented as P=N (m-1) -R (Nm+Q) .
[0092] In some examples, a first set of QAM symbols may be fully shaped or partly shaped. Figure 7B is a diagram illustrating an example of partly shaping two different sets of QAM symbols 750 and 752, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In the example of Figure 7B, the first set of QAM symbols 750 and the second set of QAM symbols 752 represent all of the QAM symbols in a code block. The first set of QAM symbols 700 and the second set of QAM symbols 702 may be referred to as partly shaped symbols. In the example of Figure 7B, each respective QAM symbol of the sets of QAM symbols 750 and 752 may be associated with a first amplitude bit, a second amplitude bit, a third amplitude bit, and a sign bit. For example, as shown in the example of Figure 7A, a first QAM symbol 750A of the first set of QAM symbols 750 is associated with a first amplitude bit, a second amplitude bit, a third amplitude bit, and a sign bit. A quantity of amplitude bits associated with each QAM may be based on a modulation order.
[0093] In the example of Figure 7B, a first subset of shaped bits (shown as shaded symbols) of a set of shaped bits maps to respective amplitude bits in the first set of QAM symbols 750. Additionally, a second subset of shaped bits (shown as shaded symbols) of the set of shaped bits maps to one or more respective amplitude bits in the second set of QAM symbols 752. Furthermore, one or more unshaped bits of a set of unshaped bits map to respective amplitude bits in the first and second sets of QAM symbols 750 and 752. Furthermore, all parity bits may map to respective sign bits in the first and the second sets of QAM symbols 750 and 752 and to one or more respective amplitude bits (for example, unshaped amplitude bits) in the first and the second sets of QAM symbols 750 and 752.
[0094] In such examples, a first quantity of bit levels shaped in a first set of QAM symbols 750 may be based on a value j, where j<m-1 bit levels and a second quantity of bit levels shaped in a second set of QAM symbols 752 may be represented as j-1. In such examples, a coding rate R may be represented as and the number of partly shaped QAM symbols P (for example, the second set of symbols corresponding to the j-1 bit level) may be represented as P=N (j-mR) . In some examples, one or more information bits may be punctured. In such examples, Q represents a number of punctured information bits. In such examples, the coding rate R may be represented as and the number of partly shaped QAM symbols P may be represented as P=N (j-mR) +Q . Additionally, if one or more parity bits are punctured, then the coding rate R may be represented as and the number of partly QAM symbols P may be represented as P=Nj-R (Nm+Q) .
[0095] Figure 7C is a diagram illustrating an example of shaping one or more different sets of QAM symbols 770 and 772, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In the example of Figure 7C, the first set of QAM symbols 770 and the second set of QAM symbols 772 represent all of the QAM symbols in a code block. The second set of QAM symbols 772 may be referred to as partly shaped symbols. The first set of QAM symbols 770 may be referred to as partly shaped symbols or shaped symbols depending on whether shaped bits map to all respective amplitude bits associated with the first set of QAM symbols 770. In the example of Figure 7C, each respective QAM symbol of the sets of QAM symbols 770 and 772 may be associated with a first amplitude bit, a second amplitude bit, a third amplitude bit, and a sign bit. For example, as shown in the example of Figure 7C, a first QAM symbol 770A of the first set of QAM symbols 770 is associated with a first amplitude bit, a second amplitude bit, a third amplitude bit, and a sign bit. A quantity of amplitude bits associated with each QAM may be based on a modulation order.
[0096] In the example of Figure 7C, a first subset of shaped bits (shown as shaded symbols) of a set of shaped bits map to respective amplitude bits in the first set of QAM symbols 770. Additionally, a second subset of shaped bits (shown as shaded symbols) of the set of shaped bits map to one or more respective amplitude bits in the second set of QAM symbols 772. Furthermore, one or more unshaped bits of a set of unshaped bits map to respective amplitude bits in the second set of QAM symbols 772. Additionally, in some cases, one or more unshaped bits of the set of unshaped bits map to respective amplitude bits in the first set of QAM symbols 770 (not shown in the example of Figure 7C) . Alternatively, as shown in the example of Figure 7C, no unshaped bits map to amplitude bits associated with the first set of QAM symbols 770. Furthermore, parity bits may map to respective sign bits in the first and the second sets of QAM symbols 750 and 752 and to one or more respective amplitude bits (for example, unshaped amplitude bits) in the second set of QAM symbols 772. In some cases, parity bits may map to one or more respective amplitude bits in the first set of QAM symbols 770 if shaped bits have not been mapped to the one or more respective amplitude bits.
[0097] In such examples, a first quantity of bit levels shaped in a first set of QAM symbols 770 may be based on a value j, where j<m-1 bit levels and a second quantity of bit levels shaped in a second set of QAM symbols 772 may be represented as k<j bit levels. In such examples, a coding rate R may be represented as and the number of partly shaped QAM symbols P (for example, the second set of symbols corresponding to the j-1 bit level) may be represented as
[0098] In some examples, one or more information bits may be punctured. In such examples, Q represents a number of punctured information bits. In such examples, the coding rate R may be represented as and the number of partly shaped QAM symbols P may be represented as In other examples, one or more parity bits may be punctured. In such examples, the coding rate R may be represented as and the number of partly shaped QAM symbols P may be represented as
[0099] In some examples, an output of an FEC encoder, such as the FEC encoder 404 described with reference to Figure 4, may be interleaved to a code block in a row in column out manner. Figure 8 is a diagram illustrating an example of interleaving an output 802 of an FEC encoder, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in the example of Figure 8, the output 802 of the FEC encoder is written to a code block 804 row by row and is read out column by column.
[0100] Specifically, as shown in the example of Figure 8, a row-in column-out interleaver may facilitate a mapping of output bits from the FEC encoder, where systematic bits are followed by parity bits. The input bits are written to QAM symbols as rows in the interleaver, starting from positions c0, c1, c2, c3, c4…c27, as shown in the example of Figure 8. In such examples, the systematic bits remain organized while the parity bits are appropriately allocated to one or more QAM symbols based on an allocation scheme, such as an allocation scheme described with reference to Figures 5, 6, 7A, 7B, or 7C.
[0101] Once the bits are organized in rows, they are read column by column. For instance, bits in positions c0, c7, c14, c21 form a first QAM symbol 810 in an I or Q domain. Similarly, bits at positions c1, c8, c15, c22 form a second QAM symbol 812, and this process continues for the additional QAM symbols. A final QAM symbol 816 is associated with bits at positions c6, c13, c20, c27.
[0102] In a conventional sign-bit position mapping (SBPM) interleaver, a sign bit is positioned as a most significant bit (MSB) at a beginning of a sequence, followed by amplitude bits, where a third amplitude bit is treated as a least significant bit (LSB) . This arrangement is used to map the sign and amplitude bits in conventional QAM modulation schemes. However, in the context of probabilistic amplitude shaping, the sign bit takes on a more critical role.
[0103] Specifically, in probabilistic amplitude shaping, the sign bit has a special importance because parity bits, generated through forward error correction, are mapped to the sign bit. This is a departure from conventional systems where the sign bit position primarily indicates the signal's quadrant in the QAM constellation. To ensure that this mapping of parity bits to the sign bit is effective and does not interfere with the probabilistic shaping process, the sign bit is placed at the end of the sequence rather than at the beginning, as in the SBPM interleaver. This adjustment maintains the desired non-uniform distribution of amplitude points in the QAM constellation while still providing error correction through the parity bits.
[0104] Figure 9 is a block diagram illustrating an example wireless communication device 900 that supports probabilistic amplitude shaping, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communication device 900 may be an example of aspects of a UE 120, a base station 110 described with respect to Figures 1 and 2, or a DU 330, an RU 340, or a CU 310 described with reference to Figure 3. The wireless communication device 900 may include a receiver 910, a communications manager 905, a transmitter 920, an encoding component 930, and a mapping component 940, which may be in communication with one another (for example, via one or more buses) . In some examples, the wireless communication device 900 is configured to perform operations, including operations of the process 1000 described below with reference to Figure 10.
[0105] In some examples, the wireless communication device 900 can include a chip, chipset, package, or device that includes at least one processor and at least one modem (for example, a 5G modem or other cellular modem) . In some examples, the communications manager 905, or its sub-components, may be separate and distinct components. In some examples, at least some components of the communications manager 905 are implemented at least in part as software stored in a memory. For example, portions of one or more of the components of the communications manager 405 can be implemented as non-transitory code executable by the processor to perform the functions or operations of the respective component.
[0106] The receiver 910 may receive one or more of reference signals (for example, periodically configured channel state information reference signals (CSI-RSs) , aperiodically configured CSI-RSs, or multi-beam-specific reference signals) , synchronization signals (for example, synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) ) , control information and data information, such as in the form of packets, from one or more other wireless communication devices via various channels including control channels (for example, a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) , physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) , or physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) ) and data channels (for example, a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) , physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , or a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) ) . The other wireless communication devices may include, but are not limited to, a base station 110 described with reference to Figures 1 and 2, a DU 330, an RU 340, or a CU 310 described with reference to Figure 3, or a UE 120 described with reference to Figures 1, 2, and 3.
[0107] The received information may be passed on to other components of the wireless communication device 900. The receiver 910 may be an example of aspects of the receive processor 258 described with reference to Figure 2. The receiver 910 may include a set of radio frequency (RF) chains that are coupled with or otherwise utilize a set of antennas (for example, the set of antennas may be an example of aspects of the antennas 252 described with reference to Figure 2) .
[0108] The transmitter 920 may transmit signals generated by the communications manager 905 or other components of the wireless communication device 900. In some examples, the transmitter 920 may be collocated with the receiver 910 in a transceiver. The transmitter 920 may be an example of aspects of the transmit processor 294 described with reference to Figure 2. The transmitter 920 may be coupled with or otherwise utilize a set of antennas (for example, the set of antennas may be an example of aspects of the antennas 252 described with reference to Figure 2) , which may be antenna elements shared with the receiver 910. In some examples, the transmitter 920 is configured to transmit control information in a PUCCH, PSCCH, or PDCCH and data in a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) , PSSCH, or PDSCH.
[0109] The communications manager 905 may be an example of aspects of the controller / processor 280 described with reference to Figure 2. The communications manager 905 may include the encoding component 930, and a mapping component 940. In some examples, the encoding component 930 may perform an amplitude shaping encoding operation on a set of information bits of a code block. The amplitude shaping encoding operation generates a set of shaped information bits. The encoding component 930 may also perform a systematic encoding operation on the set of shaped information bits and on a set of unshaped information bits of the code block. The systematic encoding operation generates a set of parity bits. Working in conjunction with the encoding component 930, the mapping component 940 maps the set of shaped information bits, the set of unshaped information bits, and the set of parity bits to a set of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) symbols. Each respective QAM symbol may be associated with a set of sign bits and a set of amplitude bits. The mapping includes: mapping at least a first subset of shaped bits of the set of shaped bits to respective amplitude bits in a first subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols; mapping at least a first subset of unshaped bits of the set of unshaped bits to respective amplitude bits in a second subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols; and mapping at least a first subset of parity bits of the set of parity bits to respective sign bits in the first and the second subsets of QAM symbols and to respective amplitude bits in the second subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols. A quantity of QAM symbols in the second subset of QAM symbols may be a function of at least a quantity of QAM symbols in the set of QAM symbols, a channel coding rate for the code block, and a modulation order associated with the set of QAM symbols. Working in conjunction with the mapping component 940, the transmitter 920 transmits the set of QAM symbols in accordance with mapping the set of shaped information bits, the set of unshaped information bits, and the set of parity bits.
[0110] Figure 10 is a flow diagram illustrating an example of a process 1000 for probabilistic amplitude shaping in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The process 1000 may be performed by a UE such as a UE 120 described with respect to Figures 1, 2, and 3. Alternatively, the process 1000 may be performed by a network node such as a base station 110 described with respect to Figures 1 and 2 The process 1000 begins at block 1002 by performing an amplitude shaping encoding operation on a set of information bits of a code block. The amplitude shaping encoding operation generates a set of shaped information bits. At block 1004, the process 1000 performs a systematic encoding operation on the set of shaped information bits and on a set of unshaped information bits of the code block. The systematic encoding operation generates a set of parity bits. At block 1006, the process 1000 maps the set of shaped information bits, the set of unshaped information bits, and the set of parity bits to a set of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) symbols. Each respective QAM symbol may be associated with a set of sign bits and a set of amplitude bits. The mapping includes: mapping at least a first subset of shaped bits of the set of shaped bits to respective amplitude bits in a first subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols; mapping at least a first subset of unshaped bits of the set of unshaped bits to respective amplitude bits in a second subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols; and mapping at least a first subset of parity bits of the set of parity bits to respective sign bits in the first and the second subsets of QAM symbols and to respective amplitude bits in the second subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols. A quantity of QAM symbols in the second subset of QAM symbols may be a function of at least a quantity of QAM symbols in the set of QAM symbols, a channel coding rate for the code block, and a modulation order associated with the set of QAM symbols. At block 1008, the process 1000 transmits the set of QAM symbols in accordance with mapping the set of shaped information bits, the set of unshaped information bits, and the set of parity bits.
[0111] Implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses:
[0112] Clause 1. A method of wireless communication at a wireless device, comprising: performing an amplitude shaping encoding operation on a set of information bits of a code block, the amplitude shaping encoding operation generating a set of shaped information bits; performing a systematic encoding operation on the set of shaped information bits and on a set of unshaped information bits of the code block, the systematic encoding operation generating a set of parity bits; mapping the set of shaped information bits, the set of unshaped information bits, and the set of parity bits to a set of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) symbols, each respective QAM symbol being associated with a sign bit and a set of amplitude bits, the mapping comprising: mapping at least a first subset of shaped bits of the set of shaped bits to respective amplitude bits in a first subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols; mapping at least a first subset of unshaped bits of the set of unshaped bits to respective amplitude bits in a second subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols, a quantity of QAM symbols in the second subset of QAM symbols being a function of at least a quantity of QAM symbols in the set of QAM symbols, a channel coding rate for the code block, and a modulation order associated with the set of QAM symbols; and mapping at least a first subset of parity bits of the set of parity bits to respective sign bits in the first and the second subsets of QAM symbols and to respective amplitude bits in the second subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols; and transmitting the set of QAM symbols in accordance with mapping the set of shaped information bits, the set of unshaped information bits, and the set of parity bits.
[0113] Clause 2. The method of Clause 1, wherein: no unshaped bits of the set of unshaped bits are mapped to amplitude bits associated with the first subset of QAM symbols; no shaped bits of the set of shaped bits are mapped to amplitude bits associated with the second subset of QAM symbols; and no parity bits of the set of parity bits are mapped to amplitude bits associated with the first subset of QAM symbols.
[0114] Clause 3. The method of Clause 2, wherein a quantity of QAM symbols in the second subset of QAM symbols is further the function of a quantity of punctured amplitude bits in the set of QAM symbols.
[0115] Clause 4. The method of Clause 1, further comprising mapping a second subset of shaped bits of the set of shaped bits to respective amplitude bits in the second subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols, wherein no bits of the set of unshaped bits are mapped to the first subset of QAM symbols.
[0116] Clause 5. The method of Clause 4, wherein a quantity of QAM symbols in the second subset of QAM symbols is further the function of a quantity of punctured amplitude bits in the set of QAM symbols.
[0117] Clause 6. The method of Clause 1, further comprising: mapping a second subset of shaped bits of the set of shaped bits to respective amplitude bits in the second subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols; mapping a second subset of unshaped bits of the set of unshaped bits to respective amplitude bits in the first subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols; and mapping a second subset the set of parity bits to respective amplitude bits in the first subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols, wherein a first quantity of the first subset of unshaped bits is greater than a second quantity of the second subset of unshaped bits.
[0118] Clause 7. The method of Clause 6, wherein a quantity of QAM symbols in the second subset of QAM symbols is further the function of one or more of a quantity of punctured amplitude bits in the set of QAM symbols, a quantity of the first subset of shaped bits, or a quantity of the second subset of shaped bits.
[0119] Clause 8. An apparatus comprising a processor, memory coupled with the processor, and instructions stored in the memory and operable, when executed by the processor to cause the apparatus to perform any one of Clauses 1-7.
[0120] Clause 9. An apparatus comprising at least one means for performing any one of Clauses 1-7.
[0121] Clause 10. A computer program comprising code for causing an apparatus to perform any one of Clauses 1-7.
[0122] The foregoing disclosure provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the aspects to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations may be made in light of the above disclosure or may be acquired from practice of the aspects.
[0123] As used, the term “component” is intended to be broadly construed as hardware, firmware, and / or a combination of hardware and software. As used, a processor is implemented in hardware, firmware, and / or a combination of hardware and software.
[0124] Some aspects are described in connection with thresholds. As used, satisfying a threshold may, depending on the context, refer to a value being greater than the threshold, greater than or equal to the threshold, less than the threshold, less than or equal to the threshold, equal to the threshold, not equal to the threshold, and / or the like.
[0125] It will be apparent that systems and / or methods described may be implemented in different forms of hardware, firmware, and / or a combination of hardware and software. The actual specialized control hardware or software code used to implement these systems and / or methods is not limiting of the aspects. Thus, the operation and behavior of the systems and / or methods were described without reference to specific software code-it being understood that software and hardware can be designed to implement the systems and / or methods based, at least in part, on the description.
[0126] Even though particular combinations of features are recited in the claims and / or disclosed in the specification, these combinations are not intended to limit the disclosure of various aspects. In fact, many of these features may be combined in ways not specifically recited in the claims and / or disclosed in the specification. Although each dependent claim listed below may directly depend on only one claim, the disclosure of various aspects includes each dependent claim in combination with every other claim in the claim set. A phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover a, b, c, a-b, a-c, b-c, and a-b-c, as well as any combination with multiples of the same element (for example, a-a, a-a-a, a-a-b, a-a-c, a-b-b, a-c-c, b-b, b-b-b, b-b-c, c-c, and c-c-c or any other ordering of a, b, and c) .
[0127] No element, act, or instruction used should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly described as such. Also, as used, the articles “a” and “an” are intended to include one or more items, and may be used interchangeably with “one or more. ” Furthermore, as used, the terms “set” and “group” are intended to include one or more items (for example, related items, unrelated items, a combination of related and unrelated items, and / or the like) , and may be used interchangeably with “one or more. ” Where only one item is intended, the phrase “only one” or similar language is used. Also, as used, the terms “has, ” “have, ” “having, ” and / or the like are intended to be open-ended terms. Further, the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “based, at least in part, on” unless explicitly stated otherwise.
Claims
1.A method of wireless communication at a wireless device, comprising:performing an amplitude shaping encoding operation on a set of information bits of a code block, the amplitude shaping encoding operation generating a set of shaped information bits;performing a systematic encoding operation on the set of shaped information bits and on a set of unshaped information bits of the code block, the systematic encoding operation generating a set of parity bits;mapping the set of shaped information bits, the set of unshaped information bits, and the set of parity bits to a set of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) symbols, each respective QAM symbol being associated with a sign bit and a set of amplitude bits, the mapping comprising:mapping at least a first subset of shaped bits of the set of shaped bits to respective amplitude bits in a first subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols;mapping at least a first subset of unshaped bits of the set of unshaped bits to respective amplitude bits in a second subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols, a quantity of QAM symbols in the second subset of QAM symbols being a function of at least a quantity of QAM symbols in the set of QAM symbols, a channel coding rate for the code block, and a modulation order associated with the set of QAM symbols; andmapping at least a first subset of parity bits of the set of parity bits to respective sign bits in the first and the second subsets of QAM symbols and to respective amplitude bits in the second subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols; andtransmitting the set of QAM symbols in accordance with mapping the set of shaped information bits, the set of unshaped information bits, and the set of parity bits.2.The method of claim 1, wherein:no unshaped bits of the set of unshaped bits are mapped to amplitude bits associated with the first subset of QAM symbols;no shaped bits of the set of shaped bits are mapped to amplitude bits associated with the second subset of QAM symbols; andno parity bits of the set of parity bits are mapped to amplitude bits associated with the first subset of QAM symbols.3.The method of claim 2, wherein a quantity of QAM symbols in the second subset of QAM symbols is further the function of a quantity of punctured amplitude bits in the set of QAM symbols.4.The method of claim 1, further comprising mapping a second subset of shaped bits of the set of shaped bits to respective amplitude bits in the second subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols, wherein no bits of the set of unshaped bits are mapped to the first subset of QAM symbols.5.The method of claim 4, wherein a quantity of QAM symbols in the second subset of QAM symbols is further the function of a quantity of punctured amplitude bits in the set of QAM symbols.6.The method of claim 1, further comprising:mapping a second subset of shaped bits of the set of shaped bits to respective amplitude bits in the second subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols;mapping a second subset of unshaped bits of the set of unshaped bits to respective amplitude bits in the first subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols; andmapping a second subset the set of parity bits to respective amplitude bits in the first subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols, wherein a first quantity of the first subset of unshaped bits is greater than a second quantity of the second subset of unshaped bits.7.The method of claim 6, wherein a quantity of QAM symbols in the second subset of QAM symbols is further the function of one or more of a quantity of punctured amplitude bits in the set of QAM symbols, a quantity of the first subset of shaped bits, or a quantity of the second subset of shaped bits.8.A wireless communication device, comprising:one or more processors; andone or more memories coupled with the one or more processors and storing processor-executable code that, when executed by the one or more processors, is configured to cause the wireless communication device to:perform an amplitude shaping encoding operation on a set of information bits of a code block, the amplitude shaping encoding operation generating a set of shaped information bits;perform a systematic encoding operation on the set of shaped information bits and on a set of unshaped information bits of the code block, the systematic encoding operation generating a set of parity bits;map the set of shaped information bits, the set of unshaped information bits, and the set of parity bits to a set of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) symbols, each respective QAM symbol being associated with a sign bit and a set of amplitude bits, the mapping comprising:mapping at least a first subset of shaped bits of the set of shaped bits to respective amplitude bits in a first subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols;mapping at least a first subset of unshaped bits of the set of unshaped bits to respective amplitude bits in a second subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols, a quantity of QAM symbols in the second subset of QAM symbols being a function of at least a quantity of QAM symbols in the set of QAM symbols, a channel coding rate for the code block, and a modulation order associated with the set of QAM symbols; andmap at least a first subset of parity bits of the set of parity bits to respective sign bits in the first and the second subsets of QAM symbols and to respective amplitude bits in the second subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols;transmit the set of QAM symbols in accordance with the mapping of the set of shaped information bits, the set of unshaped information bits, and the set of parity bits.9.The wireless communication device of claim 8, wherein:no unshaped bits of the set of unshaped bits are mapped to amplitude bits associated with the first subset of QAM symbols;no shaped bits of the set of shaped bits are mapped to amplitude bits associated with the second subset of QAM symbols; andno parity bits of the set of parity bits are mapped to amplitude bits associated with the first subset of QAM symbols.10.The wireless communication device of claim 9, wherein a quantity of QAM symbols in the second subset of QAM symbols is further a function of a quantity of punctured amplitude bits in the set of QAM symbols.11.The apparatus of claim 8, wherein execution of the processor-executable code further cause the apparatus to map a second subset of shaped bits of the set of shaped bits to respective amplitude bits in the second subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols, wherein no bits of the set of unshaped bits are mapped to the first subset of QAM symbols.12.The apparatus of claim 11, wherein a quantity of QAM symbols in the second subset of QAM symbols is further a function of a quantity of punctured amplitude bits in the set of QAM symbols.13.The apparatus of claim 8, wherein execution of the processor-executable code further cause the apparatus to:map a second subset of shaped bits of the set of shaped bits to respective amplitude bits in the second subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols;map a second subset of unshaped bits of the set of unshaped bits to respective amplitude bits in the first subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols; andmap a second subset of the set of parity bits to respective amplitude bits in the first subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols, wherein a first quantity of the first subset of unshaped bits is greater than a second quantity of the second subset of unshaped bits.14.The apparatus of claim 13, wherein a quantity of QAM symbols in the second subset of QAM symbols is further a function of one or more of a quantity of punctured amplitude bits in the set of QAM symbols, a quantity of the first subset of shaped bits, or a quantity of the second subset of shaped bits.15.A non-transitory computer-readable medium having program code recorded thereon for wireless communication at a wireless communication device, the program code executed by one or more processors and comprising:program code to perform an amplitude shaping encoding operation on a set of information bits of a code block, the amplitude shaping encoding operation generating a set of shaped information bits;program code to perform a systematic encoding operation on the set of shaped information bits and on a set of unshaped information bits of the code block, the systematic encoding operation generating a set of parity bits;program code to map the set of shaped information bits, the set of unshaped information bits, and the set of parity bits to a set of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) symbols, each respective QAM symbol being associated with a sign bit and a set of amplitude bits, the mapping comprising:mapping at least a first subset of shaped bits of the set of shaped bits to respective amplitude bits in a first subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols;mapping at least a first subset of unshaped bits of the set of unshaped bits to respective amplitude bits in a second subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols, a quantity of QAM symbols in the second subset of QAM symbols being a function of at least a quantity of QAM symbols in the set of QAM symbols, a channel coding rate for the code block, and a modulation order associated with the set of QAM symbols; andmapping at least a first subset of parity bits of the set of parity bits to respective sign bits in the first and the second subsets of QAM symbols and to respective amplitude bits in the second subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols;program code to transmit the set of QAM symbols in accordance with the mapping of the set of shaped information bits, the set of unshaped information bits, and the set of parity bits.16.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein:no unshaped bits of the set of unshaped bits are mapped to amplitude bits associated with the first subset of QAM symbols;no shaped bits of the set of shaped bits are mapped to amplitude bits associated with the second subset of QAM symbols; andno parity bits of the set of parity bits are mapped to amplitude bits associated with the first subset of QAM symbols.17.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 16, wherein a quantity of QAM symbols in the second subset of QAM symbols is further a function of a quantity of punctured amplitude bits in the set of QAM symbols.18.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the program code further comprises program code to map a second subset of shaped bits of the set of shaped bits to respective amplitude bits in the second subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols, wherein no bits of the set of unshaped bits are mapped to the first subset of QAM symbols.19.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 18, wherein a quantity of QAM symbols in the second subset of QAM symbols is further a function of a quantity of punctured amplitude bits in the set of QAM symbols.20.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the program code further comprises:program code to map a second subset of shaped bits of the set of shaped bits to respective amplitude bits in the second subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols;program code to map a second subset of unshaped bits of the set of unshaped bits to respective amplitude bits in the first subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols; andprogram code to map a second subset of the set of parity bits to respective amplitude bits in the first subset of QAM symbols of the set of QAM symbols, wherein a first quantity of the first subset of unshaped bits is greater than a second quantity of the second subset of unshaped bits.
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