Display device and electronic apparatus

Abstract

Provided is a display device in which the light emission efficiency can be improved.　A display device (101) comprises: a plurality of light-emitting elements (12R, 12G, 12B) that are two-dimensionally arranged; a plurality of first refractive index parts (13) that are provided in a manner corresponding to the plurality of light-emitting elements, and that have a first refractive index n1; a plurality of second refractive index parts (14) that surround the respective first refractive index parts, and that have a second refractive index n2; and a third refractive index part (15) that fills the interval of adjacent ones of the second refractive index parts, and that has a third refractive index n3. The first refractive index n1, the second refractive index n2, and the third refractive index n3 have the relationship of n1>n2>n3.

Description

Display device and electronic device

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a display device and an electronic device including the same.

[0002] In recent years, in display devices, there has been a demand for improving luminous efficiency in order to reduce power consumption. For example, Patent Document 1 discloses the following as techniques for improving luminous efficiency. A subpixel is composed of a plurality of light-emitting elements having a width of 400 nm to 800 nm. A first protective film is formed on each light-emitting element, and a second protective film is embedded between adjacent first protective films and is composed of a material having a refractive index lower than that of the first protective film. Since the first protective film functions like a waveguide and guides more of the light from the light-emitting element upward, the light extraction efficiency of the light-emitting device can be improved.

[0003] International Publication No. 2023 / 095857

[0004] As described above, in recent years, improvement of the luminous efficiency of display devices has been demanded. In an electronic device using a battery as a power supply, if the luminous efficiency of the display device is poor, the operating time of the electronic device becomes short. Therefore, in a display device used for this type of electronic device, improvement of the luminous efficiency is particularly demanded.

[0005] An object of the present disclosure is to provide a display device capable of improving luminous efficiency and an electronic device including the same.

[0006] In order to solve the above problems, a display device according to a first aspect of the present disclosure includes: a plurality of light-emitting elements two-dimensionally arranged; a plurality of first refractive index portions provided corresponding to the plurality of light-emitting elements respectively and having a first refractive index n １ ; a plurality of second refractive index portions surrounding the plurality of first refractive index portions respectively and having a second refractive index n ２ ; a third refractive index portion filling between adjacent second refractive index portions and having a third refractive index n ３ ; and the first refractive index n １ , the second refractive index n ２ and the third refractive index n ３ satisfy n １ > n ２ > n ３They have a relationship.

[0007] A display device according to a second aspect of the present disclosure comprises: a plurality of two-dimensionally arranged light-emitting elements; a protective layer covering the plurality of light-emitting elements and having a plurality of protrusions corresponding to each of the plurality of light-emitting elements; an intermediate layer covering the sides of the protrusions; and a filling portion filling the space between adjacent protrusions, wherein the refractive index of the intermediate layer is lower than that of the protective layer, and the refractive index of the filling portion is lower than that of the intermediate layer.

[0008] Figure 1 is a plan view of a display device according to the first embodiment. Figure 2 is a plan view showing an enlarged portion of the display area. Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view along the line III-III in Figure 2. Figure 4A is a cross-sectional view of a light-emitting element capable of emitting red light. Figure 4B is a cross-sectional view of a light-emitting element capable of emitting green light. Figure 4C is a cross-sectional view of a light-emitting element capable of emitting blue light. Figures 5A, 5B, 5C, and 5D are cross-sectional views of the manufacturing process of the display device according to the first embodiment, respectively. Figures 6A and 6B are cross-sectional views of the manufacturing process of the display device according to the first embodiment, respectively. Figures 7A and 7B are cross-sectional views of the manufacturing process of the display device according to the first embodiment, respectively. Figure 8 is a plan view showing an enlarged portion of the display area. Figure 9 is a plan view showing an enlarged view of the area near the center of the display area of ​​the display device according to the second embodiment. Figure 10A is a plan view of a sub-pixel having an eccentric structure. Figure 10B is a cross-sectional view along the line XB-XB in Figure 10A. Figure 11A is a plan view of a sub-pixel having an eccentric structure. Figure 11B is a cross-sectional view along the line XIB-XIB in Figure 11A. Figure 12 is a schematic diagram of the optical system. Figure 13A is a plan view of a subpixel in the modified example. Figure 13B is a cross-sectional view along the line XIIIB-XIIIB in Figure 13A. Figure 14A is a plan view of a subpixel in the modified example. Figure 14B is a plan view showing an enlarged view of region R in Figure 14A. Figure 15 is a plan view of a subpixel in the modified example. Figure 16A is a plan view of a subpixel in the modified example. Figure 16B is a cross-sectional view along the line XVIB-XVIB in Figure 16A. Figure 17 is a cross-sectional view of the display device according to the modified example. Figure 18 is a cross-sectional view of the display device according to the modified example. Figures 19A and 19B are cross-sectional views of the display device according to the modified example, respectively. Figure 20 is a cross-sectional view of the display device according to the modified example. Figure 21 is a cross-sectional view of the display device according to the modified example. Figure 22 is a cross-sectional view of the display device according to the modified example. Figure 23 is a cross-sectional view of the display device according to the modified example. Figure 24 is a cross-sectional view of a modified display device. Figure 25 is a plan view of a sub-pixel in the modified device. Figure 26 is a cross-sectional view along the line XXVI-XXVI in Figure 25. Figure 27 is a plan view of a sub-pixel in the modified device. Figure 28 is a plan view of a sub-pixel in the modified device. Figure 29 is a plan view of a sub-pixel in the modified device.Figure 30 is a cross-sectional view of a modified display device. Figure 31 is a cross-sectional view of a modified display device. Figure 32A is a plan view of a sub-pixel in the modified device. Figure 32B is a cross-sectional view along the line XXXIIB-XXXIIB in Figure 32A. Figure 33A is a plan view of a sub-pixel in the modified device. Figure 33B is a cross-sectional view along the line XXXIIIB-XXXIIIB in Figure 33A. Figure 34 is a plan view of a sub-pixel in the modified device. Figure 35 is a plan view of a sub-pixel in the modified device. Figure 36 is a plan view of a sub-pixel in the modified device. Figure 37A is a diagram of analysis model 1. Figure 37B is a diagram of analysis model 2. Figure 38A is a diagram of analysis model 3. Figure 38B is a diagram of analysis model 4. Figure 39 is a graph showing the light distribution obtained by simulations 1 to 4. Figure 40A is a diagram showing the results of wave analysis by simulation 5. Figure 40B is a diagram showing the results of wave analysis by simulation 6. Figure 40C is a diagram showing the results of wave analysis by simulation 7. Figure 41A is a diagram of analysis model 5. Figure 41B is a graph showing the light distribution obtained by simulations 1 and 8. Figure 42A is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating the first example of a resonator structure. Figure 42B is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating the second example of a resonator structure. Figure 43A is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating the third example of a resonator structure. Figure 43B is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating the fourth example of a resonator structure. Figure 44A is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating the fifth example of a resonator structure. Figure 44B is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating the sixth example of a resonator structure. Figure 45 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating the seventh example of a resonator structure. Figure 46A is a front view of a digital still camera. Figure 46B is a rear view of a digital still camera. Figure 47 is a perspective view of a head-mounted display. Figure 48 is a perspective view of a television system. Figure 49 is a perspective view of a see-through head-mounted display. Figure 50 is a perspective view of a smartphone. Figure 51A is a schematic diagram of the interior of a vehicle as seen from the rear. Figure 51B is a schematic diagram of the interior of a vehicle as seen from the diagonal rear. Figure 52 is a plan view of a display device in which the second electrodes of adjacent light-emitting elements are connected by inter-pixel wiring.Figure 53 is a cross-sectional view taken along LIII-LIII in Figure 52. Figure 54 is a cross-sectional view of a modified display device. Figure 55 is a cross-sectional view of a modified display device. Figure 56A is a plan view of a sub-pixel in a display device according to the third embodiment. Figure 56B is a cross-sectional view taken along the LVIB-LVIB line in Figure 56A. Figures 57A, 57B, and 57C are cross-sectional views of the manufacturing process of a display device according to the third embodiment. Figures 58A, 58B, and 58C are cross-sectional views of the manufacturing process of a display device according to the third embodiment. Figures 59A, 59B, and 59C are cross-sectional views of the manufacturing process of a display device according to the third embodiment. Figures 60A and 60B are cross-sectional views of the manufacturing process of a display device according to the third embodiment. Figures 61A and 61B are cross-sectional views of the manufacturing process of a display device according to the third embodiment. Figures 62A and 62B are cross-sectional views of the manufacturing process of a display device according to the third embodiment. Figure 63A is a plan view of a sub-pixel in a display device according to the fourth embodiment. Figure 63B is a cross-sectional view along the line LXIIIB-LXIIIB in Figure 63A. Figures 64A, 64B, and 64C are cross-sectional views of a first example of the manufacturing process of a display device according to the fourth embodiment. Figures 65A and 65B are cross-sectional views of a first example of the manufacturing process of a display device according to the fourth embodiment. Figures 66A and 66B are cross-sectional views of a first example of the manufacturing process of a display device according to the fourth embodiment. Figures 67A, 67B, and 67C are cross-sectional views of a second example of the manufacturing process of a display device according to the fourth embodiment. Figures 68A and 68B are cross-sectional views of a second example of the manufacturing process of a display device according to the fourth embodiment. Figures 69A and 69B are cross-sectional views of a second example of the manufacturing process of a display device according to the fourth embodiment. Figure 70A is a plan view of a subpixel in a display device according to the fifth embodiment. Figure 70B is a cross-sectional view along the line LXXB-LXXB in Figure 70A. Figures 71A and 71B are cross-sectional views of the manufacturing process of a display device according to the fifth embodiment, respectively. Figures 72A and 72B are cross-sectional views of the manufacturing process of a display device according to the fifth embodiment, respectively. Figure 73A is a plan view of a sub-pixel in a display device according to the sixth embodiment.Figure 73B is a cross-sectional view along the line LXXIIIB-LXXIIIB in Figure 73A. Figures 74A and 74B are cross-sectional views of the manufacturing process of the display device according to the sixth embodiment, respectively. Figures 75A and 75B are cross-sectional views of the manufacturing process of the display device according to the sixth embodiment, respectively. Figure 76A is a plan view of a subpixel in the display device according to the seventh embodiment. Figure 76B is a cross-sectional view along the line LXXVIB-LXXVIB in Figure 76A. Figure 77 is a cross-sectional view of a modified display device. Figures 78A, 78B, and 78C are cross-sectional views of the manufacturing process of the display device according to the seventh embodiment, respectively. Figures 79A, 79B, and 79C are cross-sectional views of the manufacturing process of the display device according to the seventh embodiment, respectively. Figures 80A, 80B, and 80C are cross-sectional views of the manufacturing process of the display device according to the seventh embodiment, respectively. Figures 81A and 81B are cross-sectional views of the manufacturing process of the display device according to the seventh embodiment, respectively. Figures 82A and 82B are cross-sectional views of the manufacturing process of a display device according to the seventh embodiment, respectively. Figure 83 is a plan view of a sub-pixel in a modified display device. Figure 84 is a cross-sectional view along the line LXXXIV-LXXXIV in Figure 83. Figure 85 is a cross-sectional view of a modified display device.

[0009] The embodiments of this disclosure will be described in the following order: 1. General description of the display device and electronic device related to this disclosure 2. First embodiment (example of a display device) 3. Second embodiment (example of a display device) 4. Third embodiment (example of a display device) 5. Fourth embodiment (example of a display device) 6. Fifth embodiment (example of a display device) 7. Sixth embodiment (example of a display device) 8. Seventh embodiment (example of a display device) 9. Modifications 10. Simulation 11. Example of a resonator structure 12. Application examples (example of an electronic device)

[0010] The embodiments described below are preferred examples of the present disclosure, and the content of the present disclosure is not limited to these embodiments. In all the figures of the following embodiments, the same or corresponding parts are denoted by the same reference numerals. In addition, in order to prevent the illustration from becoming complicated, only some components may be denoted by reference numerals, or the illustration may be simplified, enlarged, or reduced.

[0011] <1. General Description of Display Devices and Electronic Devices Related to the Disclosure> In a display device according to a first aspect of the Disclosure, it is preferable that the first refractive index portion is provided directly above each of the plurality of light-emitting elements. This makes it possible to suppress light loss due to interfacial reflection compared to the case where other members are provided between the light-emitting elements and the first refractive index portion.

[0012] In a display device according to a first aspect of the present disclosure, it is preferable that, from the viewpoint of increasing the opportunity for phase matching, one or both of the first refractive index portion and the second refractive index portion have a first inclined portion that is inclined such that the side opposite to the light-emitting element side tapers. The first inclined portion may have a forward taper shape.

[0013] In a display device according to a first aspect of the present disclosure, from the viewpoint of orientation control, it is preferable that either one or both of the first refractive index portion and the second refractive index portion have a second inclined portion that is inclined such that the light-emitting element side tapers. The second inclined portion may have an inverse taper shape.

[0014] In a display device according to a first aspect of the present disclosure, it is preferable that a color filter is further provided between a plurality of light-emitting elements and a plurality of first refractive index portions. In this case, color mixing between adjacent pixels can be suppressed compared to the case where the color filter is provided above the plurality of first refractive index portions.

[0015] In a display device according to a first aspect of the present disclosure, the plurality of light-emitting elements may include a plurality of types of light-emitting elements having different emission colors. In this case, considering the wavelength dispersion of the emitted light emitted from the plurality of types of light-emitting elements, it is preferable that at least one of the sizes of the light-emitting region of the light-emitting element in a plan view, the size of the first refractive index portion in a plan view, and the size of the second refractive index portion in a plan view differs depending on the type of light-emitting element. The plurality of types of light-emitting elements having different emission colors include, for example, a plurality of first light-emitting elements capable of emitting red light, a plurality of second light-emitting elements capable of emitting green light, and a plurality of third light-emitting elements capable of emitting blue light.

[0016] In the display device according to the first aspect of this disclosure, from the viewpoint of increasing the resolution of the display device, it is preferable that the size of the light-emitting region of the light-emitting element in a plan view is 2.0 μm or less.

[0017] In a display device according to a first aspect of the present disclosure, at least two of the first refractive index portion, the second refractive index portion, and the third refractive index portion may have tops of the same height.

[0018] In a display device according to a first aspect of the present disclosure, from the viewpoint of ease of adjusting wavefront control by the first refractive index portion, the second refractive index portion and the third refractive index portion, the first refractive index portion, the second refractive index portion and the third refractive index portion have overlapping portions that overlap in the in-plane direction in a range above the light-emitting element, and the height of the overlapping portion is preferably in the range of 0.5 μm to 5.0 μm, more preferably in the range of 1.5 μm to 3.5 μm.

[0019] In a display device according to a first aspect of the present disclosure, it is preferable that the light-emitting element has a back surface on the side opposite to the display surface of the display device, and the first refractive index portion covers the periphery of the light-emitting element excluding the back surface.

[0020] In a display device according to a first aspect of the present disclosure, from the viewpoint of controlling the principal ray axis of a pixel, it is preferable that in some of the plurality of light-emitting elements, a part of the light-emitting element is exposed from the first refractive index portion, the light-emitting element has a back surface on the side opposite to the display surface of the display device, and the first refractive index portion and the second refractive index portion cover the periphery of the light-emitting element excluding the back surface.

[0021] In a display device according to a first aspect of the present disclosure, from the viewpoint of controlling the principal ray axis of a pixel, it is preferable that in some of the plurality of light-emitting elements, either or both of the geometric center of the light-emitting region of the light-emitting element in a plan view and the geometric center of the first refractive index portion, and the geometric center of the light-emitting region of the light-emitting element in a plan view and the geometric center of the second refractive index portion are offset.

[0022] In the display device according to the first aspect of this disclosure, from the viewpoint of controlling the principal ray axis of the pixel, it is preferable that the light-emitting region of the light-emitting element has a trapezoidal shape in a plan view.

[0023] In a display device according to a first aspect of this disclosure, from the viewpoint of increasing the opportunity for phase alignment, the second refractive index portion preferably includes a plurality of concentric layers centered on the first refractive index portion in a plan view, and the refractive index of the plurality of layers is smaller from the innermost layer to the outermost layer.

[0024] In a display device according to a first aspect of this disclosure, the second refractive index portion preferably includes a metamaterial. In this case, by adjusting the metaatoms constituting the metamaterial, the second refractive index n ２ It can be set to the desired value.

[0025] In a display device according to a first aspect of this disclosure, it is preferable that the first refractive index portion includes a first material, the third refractive index portion includes a second material, the second refractive index portion includes the first material and the second material, and the first material and the second material included in the second refractive index portion constitute a metamaterial. In this case, by adjusting the shape, arrangement, and occupancy ratio of the first and second materials, the second refractive index n ２ It can be set to the desired value.

[0026] In a display device according to a first aspect of this disclosure, it is preferable that the first refractive index portion includes an inorganic material, and the second and third refractive index portions include an organic resin material. In this case, the second and third refractive index portions can be formed using a wet process, which is advantageous from the viewpoint of productivity.

[0027] In a display device according to a first aspect of the present disclosure, it is preferable that either one or both of the first refractive index portion and the second refractive index portion include at least two portions with different in-plane widths. In this case, wavefront control can be performed by the at least two portions with different in-plane widths, thus enabling high-performance wavefront control.

[0028] In a display device according to a first aspect of this disclosure, the second refractive index portion preferably includes a colorant that absorbs light in a specific wavelength range. In this case, color mixing between adjacent pixels can be suppressed. The colorant includes, for example, at least one of dyes and pigments.

[0029] In a display device according to a first aspect of the present disclosure, the plurality of light-emitting elements are a plurality of first light-emitting elements, further comprising a plurality of second light-emitting elements arranged in a two-dimensional manner, wherein one first light-emitting element and at least one second light-emitting element are arranged for one pixel. In this case, the second light-emitting elements can complement the brightness of the first light-emitting element.

[0030] In the display device according to the first aspect of this disclosure, "provided in accordance with each of the plurality of light-emitting elements" means that it is provided directly above or above the plurality of light-emitting elements.

[0031] In a display device according to a first aspect of the present disclosure, the first refractive index portion may be a protective layer that protects the light-emitting element. In a display device according to a first aspect of the present disclosure, the second refractive index portion may be a peripheral wall portion surrounding the protective layer. In a display device according to a first aspect of the present disclosure, the third refractive index portion may be a filler resin layer that fills the space between adjacent peripheral wall portions.

[0032] In a display device according to a second aspect of this disclosure, the light-emitting element preferably includes, in order, a first electrode, an organic light-emitting layer, and a second electrode, and the first electrode, the organic light-emitting layer, and the second electrode are separated between adjacent light-emitting elements. This makes it possible to suppress carrier leakage between adjacent light-emitting elements.

[0033] In a display device according to a second aspect of the present disclosure, it is preferable that a third electrode is provided in or on a protective layer, wherein the third electrode has a plurality of protrusions projecting toward the second electrode, and the top of each protrusion is connected to the second electrode. This allows the plurality of second electrodes and the third electrode to be electrically connected, and the plurality of second electrodes to be at a common potential.

[0034] In a display device according to a second aspect of the present disclosure, the filling portion is a first filling portion, further comprising a plurality of second filling portions provided corresponding to each of the plurality of light-emitting elements, the protective layer has a plurality of holes provided inside each protrusion, the second filling portions are provided within the holes, and preferably the refractive index of the second filling portion is lower than that of the protective layer. This makes it possible to control the wavefront of light emitted from the first filling portion, the intermediate layer, the protrusions, and the second filling portion, respectively, and to amplify the light emission in the forward direction.

[0035] In a display device according to a second aspect of the present disclosure, the filling portion is a first filling portion, the intermediate layer is a first intermediate layer, and further comprises a plurality of second filling portions provided corresponding to each of the plurality of light-emitting elements, and a plurality of second intermediate layers provided corresponding to each of the plurality of light-emitting elements, the protective layer has a plurality of holes provided on the inside of each protrusion, the filling portion is provided in the holes, the intermediate layer is provided between the side surface of the hole and the second filling portion, preferably the refractive index of the second intermediate layer is lower than the refractive index of the protective layer, and the refractive index of the second filling portion is lower than the refractive index of the second intermediate layer. This makes it possible to control the wavefront of light emitted from the first filling portion, the first intermediate layer, the protrusion, the second intermediate layer and the second filling portion, respectively, and amplify the light emission in the forward direction.

[0036] In a display device according to a second aspect of this disclosure, the device further comprises a third electrode provided in or on a protective layer, and a plurality of connection portions connecting the third electrode to each second electrode, wherein the protective layer includes an element protection layer provided on each light-emitting element, and the connection portions are preferably provided on the side surface of the element protection layer. This allows the third electrode to be connected to the upper end of the connection portion at the top of the element protection layer. Therefore, the reliability of the electrical connection between the third electrode and the second electrode can be improved compared to a configuration in which the third electrode is connected to the second electrode via a connection hole (via hole).

[0037] In the display device according to the first aspect of this disclosure and the display device according to the second aspect of this disclosure, the refractive index represents the refractive index for light with a wavelength of 589.3 nm (sodium D-line). In the display device according to the first aspect of this disclosure and the display device according to the second aspect of this disclosure, visible light represents light in the wavelength range of 380 nm or more and less than 780 nm.

[0038] In the display device according to the first aspect of this disclosure and the display device according to the second aspect of this disclosure, the light-emitting element includes at least one self-emissive light-emitting element selected from the group consisting of, for example, an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) element, a light-emitting diode (LED) element, a quantum dot light-emitting diode (QD-LED) element, and a semiconductor laser element.

[0039] The display devices according to the first aspect of this disclosure and the display devices according to the second aspect of this disclosure may be provided in electronic devices. For example, the display devices according to this disclosure may be provided in eyewear devices such as VR (Virtual Reality) devices, MR (Mixed Reality) devices, or AR (Augmented Reality) devices. Eyewear devices shall also include headsets.

[0040] In this disclosure, when a statement such as "member B is provided on member A" is made, "on member A" refers to the relative positional relationship between member A and member B, and includes not only the state in which member B is directly located on member A without any other member in between, but also the state in which member B is located on member A with at least one other member in between.

[0041] In this disclosure, of the two surfaces of each layer constituting the display device, the surface that is the display surface side (top side) of the display device is referred to as the first surface (or top surface), and the surface that is opposite to the display surface of the display device (bottom side) is referred to as the second surface (or bottom surface). In this disclosure, the peripheral edge of the first surface refers to the portion having a predetermined width extending inward from the peripheral edge of the first surface, and the peripheral edge of the second surface refers to the portion having a predetermined width extending inward from the peripheral edge of the second surface. In this disclosure, a plan view refers to a plan view when the object is viewed from a direction perpendicular to the first surface or the second surface. In this disclosure, unless otherwise specified, the in-plane direction refers to the in-plane direction of the first surface of the drive substrate. In this disclosure, upward refers to the direction from the bottom side (opposite side of the display surface) of the display device toward the top side (display surface side) of the display device. Downward refers to the direction from the top side (display surface side) of the display device toward the bottom side of the display device.

[0042] In this disclosure, unless otherwise specified, the center of the display area, the center of the light-emitting area, the center of the protective layer, the center of the peripheral wall, and the center of the lens refer to their geometric centers in a plan view.

[0043] <2 First Embodiment> [Outline Configuration of Display Device 101] Figure 1 is a plan view of the display device 101 according to the first embodiment. The display device 101 has a display area RE1 and a peripheral area RE2 provided around the display area RE1. In the first embodiment, the display area RE1 has a rectangular shape in plan view. However, the shape of the display area RE1 is not limited to a rectangular shape and may have a shape other than a rectangle.

[0044] In this specification, the first and second directions perpendicular to each other within the display surface of the display device 101 are referred to as the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction, respectively, and the third direction perpendicular to the display surface of the display device 101 is referred to as the Z-axis direction. In this specification, an example in which the X-axis direction is the horizontal direction of the display surface and the Y-axis direction is the vertical direction of the display surface will be described.

[0045] In the first embodiment, the display device 101 is an OLED display device. The display device 101 may also be a microdisplay. In the first embodiment, an example in which the display device 101 is a top-emission type display device is described, but the type of display device 101 is not limited to this example.

[0046] Figure 2 is a plan view showing an enlarged portion of the display area RE1. Multiple sub-pixels 10R, 10G, and 10B are arranged two-dimensionally within the display area RE1 in a predetermined arrangement pattern. In Figure 2, the sections labeled "R," "G," and "B" represent sub-pixels 10R, 10G, and 10B, respectively. Although Figure 2 shows an example where the predetermined arrangement pattern is a delta arrangement, the arrangement pattern is not limited to this example. For example, the predetermined arrangement pattern may be a stripe arrangement, a mosaic arrangement, a square arrangement, or any other arrangement. A pad section 113 and a driver for video display (not shown) are provided in the peripheral area RE2. A flexible printed circuit board (FPC), not shown, may be connected to the pad section 113.

[0047] Sub-pixel 10R can emit red light. Sub-pixel 10G can emit green light. Sub-pixel 10B can emit blue light. In the following description, when sub-pixels 10R, 10G, and 10B are not specifically distinguished and are referred to collectively, they may simply be called sub-pixel 10. One pixel 10P is composed of, for example, multiple adjacent sub-pixels 10R, 10G, and 10B. However, the configuration of one pixel 10P is not limited to this example. In Figure 2, a boundary line L is drawn between the sub-pixels 10, but this boundary line L schematically represents the boundary between the sub-pixels 10, and there is not necessarily a clear boundary line L between the sub-pixels 10.

[0048] Examples of the shape of the sub-pixel 10 in plan view include, but are not limited to, rectangular, square, hexagonal, circular, or elliptical shapes. In this disclosure, a rectangular shape is also included in a square shape. Figure 2 shows an example in which the sub-pixel 10 has a hexagonal shape in plan view. The upper limit of the size W of the sub-pixel 10 is preferably 4.5 μm or less, more preferably 3.5 μm or less, and even more preferably 3.0 μm or less.

[0049] [Layer structure of display device 101] Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view along line III-III in Figure 2. The display device 101 comprises a drive substrate 11, a plurality of light-emitting elements 12R, 12G, 12B, a plurality of protective layers 13, a plurality of peripheral wall portions 14, and a filling resin layer 15.

[0050] (Driver substrate 11) The driver substrate 11 is a so-called backplane and can drive a plurality of light-emitting elements 12R, 12G, and 12B. The driver substrate 11 has, for example, a substrate 111 and an insulating layer 112 in that order.

[0051] Multiple drive transistors (not shown) are provided on the first surface side of the substrate 111. The substrate 111 may be, for example, a semiconductor substrate that facilitates the formation of drive transistors, or it may be a glass substrate or resin substrate with low permeability to moisture and oxygen. The semiconductor substrate includes, for example, amorphous silicon, polycrystalline silicon, or single-crystal silicon. The glass substrate includes, for example, high-strain-point glass, soda glass, borosilicate glass, forsterite, lead glass, or quartz glass. The resin substrate includes, for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylphenol, polyethersulfone, polyimide, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyethylene naphthalate.

[0052] The insulating layer 112 is provided on the first surface of the substrate 111 and covers a plurality of drive transistors, etc. The insulating layer 112 contains a plurality of contact plugs and a plurality of wires (none of which are shown) inside. The contact plugs and wires electrically connect the light-emitting element 12 and the drive transistors. The contact plugs include, for example, at least one metal selected from the group consisting of copper (Cu) and titanium (Ti). The wires are composed of, for example, a metal layer. The metal layer includes, for example, at least one metal selected from the group consisting of tungsten (W) and copper (Cu). A barrier metal may be provided on the surface of the wires. The barrier metal may be, for example, tantalum (Ta) or tantalum nitride (TaN). ｘ ) and others.

[0053] The insulating layer 112 is, for example, an organic insulating layer, an inorganic insulating layer, or a laminate thereof. The organic insulating layer includes, for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of polyimide resins, acrylic resins, and novolac resins. The inorganic insulating layer is, for example, silicon oxide (SiO ｘ ), silicon nitride (SiN ｘ ) and silicon oxynitride (SiO ｘ N ｙ It includes at least one species selected from the group consisting of the following:

[0054] (Light-emitting elements 12R, 12G, 12B) In the first embodiment, the light-emitting elements 12R, 12G, and 12B are OLED elements. The light-emitting element 12R can emit red light based on control of a drive circuit, etc. The light-emitting element 12G can emit green light based on control of a drive circuit, etc. The light-emitting element 12B can emit blue light based on control of a drive circuit, etc. From the viewpoint of increasing the resolution of the display device 101, it is preferable that the size of the light-emitting area 12a of the light-emitting element 12 in a plan view is 2.0 μm or less.

[0055] Sub-pixels 10R, 10G, and 10B each include light-emitting elements 12R, 12G, and 12B, respectively. In the following description, when the light-emitting elements 12R, 12G, and 12B are referred to collectively without particular distinction, they may simply be called light-emitting elements 12. The multiple light-emitting elements 12 are arranged two-dimensionally on the first surface of the drive substrate 11 in a predetermined arrangement pattern similar to that of the sub-pixels 10.

[0056] The light-emitting element 12R has a first electrode 121, an OLED layer 122R, and a second electrode 123 in that order on the first surface of the drive substrate 11. The light-emitting element 12G has a first electrode 121, an OLED layer 122G, and a second electrode 123 in that order on the first surface of the drive substrate 11. The light-emitting element 12B has a first electrode 121, an OLED layer 122B, and a second electrode 123 in that order on the first surface of the drive substrate 11. In the following description, when the OLED layers 122R, 122G, and 122B are not particularly distinguished and are referred to collectively, the OLED layers 122R, 122G, and 122B may simply be referred to as OLED layer 122. The first electrode 121, the OLED layer 122, and the second electrode 123 are separated for each sub-pixel 10.

[0057] (First electrode 121) The first electrode 121 is provided on the second surface side of the OLED layer 122. The first electrode 121 is an individual electrode provided separately for each of the multiple light-emitting elements 12. That is, the first electrode 121 is separated between adjacent light-emitting elements 12 in the in-plane direction. The first electrode 121 is an anode. When a voltage is applied between the first electrode 121 and the second electrode 123, holes are injected from the first electrode 121 into the OLED layer 122.

[0058] The first electrode 121 may be composed of, for example, a metal layer, or a metal layer and a transparent conductive oxide layer. When the first electrode 121 is composed of a metal layer and a transparent conductive oxide layer, it is preferable that the transparent conductive oxide layer be provided on the OLED layer 122 side, from the viewpoint of having a layer with a high work function adjacent to the OLED layer 122.

[0059] The metal layer may function as a reflective layer that reflects light emitted by the OLED layer 122. The metal layer contains, for example, at least one metallic element selected from the group consisting of chromium (Cr), gold (Au), platinum (Pt), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), titanium (Ti), tantalum (Ta), aluminum (Al), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), tungsten (W), and silver (Ag). The metal layer may also contain the above at least one metallic element as a constituent element of an alloy. Specific examples of alloys include aluminum alloys and silver alloys. Specific examples of aluminum alloys include, for example, aluminum neodymium (AlNd) alloys and aluminum copper (AlCu) alloys.

[0060] An underlayer (not shown) may be provided adjacent to the second surface of the metal layer. The underlayer may improve the crystal orientation of the metal layer during film formation. The underlayer contains, for example, at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of titanium (Ti) and tantalum (Ta). The underlayer may also contain the above at least one metal element as a constituent element of the alloy.

[0061] The transparent conductive oxide layer contains a transparent conductive oxide. The transparent conductive oxide includes, for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of indium-containing transparent conductive oxides (hereinafter referred to as "indium-based transparent conductive oxides"), tin-containing transparent conductive oxides (hereinafter referred to as "tin-based transparent conductive oxides"), and zinc-containing transparent conductive oxides (hereinafter referred to as "zinc-based transparent conductive oxides").

[0062] Indium-based transparent conductive oxides include, for example, indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), indium gallium oxide (IGO), indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO), or fluorine-doped indium oxide (IFO). Among these transparent conductive oxides, indium tin oxide (ITO) is particularly preferred. Indium tin oxide (ITO) has a particularly low work function in terms of the hole injection barrier to the OLED layer 122, which allows for a particularly low driving voltage for the display device 101. Tin-based transparent conductive oxides include, for example, tin oxide, antimond-doped tin oxide (ATO), or fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO). Zinc-based transparent conductive oxides include, for example, zinc oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), boron-doped zinc oxide, or gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO).

[0063] (OLED layers 122R, 122G, 122B) The OLED layer 122 is provided between the first electrode 121 and the second electrode 123. Like the first electrode 121, the OLED layer 122 is a separate layer provided individually for each of the multiple light-emitting elements 12. That is, the OLED layer 122 is divided between adjacent light-emitting elements 12 in the in-plane direction.

[0064] The OLED layer 122R includes an organic light-emitting layer capable of emitting red light (hereinafter referred to as the "red organic light-emitting layer"). The OLED layer 122G includes an organic light-emitting layer capable of emitting green light (hereinafter referred to as the "green organic light-emitting layer"). The OLED layer 122B includes an organic light-emitting layer capable of emitting blue light (hereinafter referred to as the "blue organic light-emitting layer"). In the following description, when the red organic light-emitting layer, green organic light-emitting layer, and blue organic light-emitting layer are not specifically distinguished and are referred to collectively, the red organic light-emitting layer, green organic light-emitting layer, and blue organic light-emitting layer may simply be referred to as the organic light-emitting layer.

[0065] The OLED layers 122R, 122G, and 122B may be composed of a laminate including an organic light-emitting layer, in which case some of the layers of the laminate (e.g., hole injection layer, electron injection layer, etc.) may be inorganic layers.

[0066] OLED layers 122R, 122G, and 122B each have, for example, a single-layer light-emitting unit. OLED layer 122R, having a single-layer light-emitting unit, for example, as shown in Figure 4A, has a hole injection layer 1221, a hole transport layer 1222, a red organic light-emitting layer 1223R, an electron transport layer 1224, and an electron injection layer 1225 in that order from the first electrode 121 to the second electrode 123. OLED layer 122G, having a single-layer light-emitting unit, for example, as shown in Figure 4B, has the same configuration as OLED layer 122R, except that it has a green organic light-emitting layer 1223G as an organic light-emitting layer. OLED layer 122B, having a single-layer light-emitting unit, for example, as shown in Figure 4C, has the same configuration as OLED layer 122R, except that it has a blue organic light-emitting layer 1223B as an organic light-emitting layer. However, the configuration of the OLED layers 122R, 122G, and 122B is not limited to the above example. For example, the electron injection layer 1225 does not need to be provided between the electron transport layer 1224 and the second electrode 123.

[0067] The OLED layers 122R, 122G, and 122B are not limited to having a single-layer light-emitting unit, but may also have a two-layer light-emitting unit (tandem structure), or other structures. For example, the OLED layers 122R, 122G, and 122B having a two-layer light-emitting unit may have, in order from the first electrode 121 to the second electrode 123, a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an organic light-emitting layer, an electron transport layer, a charge generation layer, a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an organic light-emitting layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer.

[0068] When an electric field is applied between the first electrode 121 and the second electrode 123, holes are injected from the first electrode 121 into the organic light-emitting layer 1223 via the hole injection layer 1221 and the hole transport layer 1222. In addition, electrons are injected from the second electrode 123 into the organic light-emitting layer 1223 via the electron injection layer 1225 and the electron transport layer 1224.

[0069] The hole injection layer 1221 enhances the hole injection efficiency from the first electrode 121 to the organic light-emitting layer 1223 and suppresses leakage. The hole injection layer 1221 includes, for example, hexaazatriphenylene (HAT).

[0070] The hole transport layer 1222 can increase the efficiency of hole transport from the first electrode 121 to the organic light-emitting layer 1223. The hole transport layer 1222 includes, for example, α-NPD[N,N'-di(1-naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine].

[0071] The red organic light-emitting layer 1223R can generate red light through the recombination of holes injected from the first electrode 121 and electrons injected from the second electrode 123. The red organic light-emitting layer 1223R contains a red light-emitting material. The red light-emitting material may be fluorescent or phosphorescent. Specifically, the red organic light-emitting material may include, for example, 4,4-bis(2,2-diphenylbinin)biphenyl (DPVBi) mixed with 30% by weight of 2,6-bis[(4'-methoxydiphenylamino)styryl]-1,5-dicyanonaphthalene (BSN).

[0072] The green organic light-emitting layer 1223G can generate green light through the recombination of holes injected from the first electrode 121 and electrons injected from the second electrode 123. The green organic light-emitting layer 1223G contains a green light-emitting material. The green light-emitting material may be fluorescent or phosphorescent. Specifically, the green organic light-emitting layer 1223G contains, for example, a mixture of DPVBi and 5% by weight of coumarin 6.

[0073] The blue organic light-emitting layer 1223B can generate blue light through the recombination of holes injected from the first electrode 121 and electrons injected from the second electrode 123. The blue organic light-emitting layer 1223B contains a blue light-emitting material. The blue light-emitting material may be fluorescent or phosphorescent. Specifically, the blue organic light-emitting layer 1223B contains, for example, 2.5% by weight of 4,4'-bis[2-{4-(N,N-diphenylamino)phenyl}vinyl]biphenyl (DPAVBi) mixed with DPVBi.

[0074] The electron transport layer 1224 can improve the efficiency of electron transport from the second electrode 123 to the organic light-emitting layer 1223. The electron transport layer 1224 can be made of, for example, BCP (2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline), Alq ３It contains at least one substance selected from the group consisting of (aluminum quinolinol) and Bphen (vasophenanthroline), etc.

[0075] The electron transport layer 1224 consists of at least one layer and includes, for example, an electron transport material in which a dopant material is co-deposited onto a host material. The host material is, for example, BCP (2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline), Alq ３ The dopant material includes at least one selected from the group consisting of (aluminum quinolinol) and Bphen (basophenanthroline), etc. The dopant material includes, for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, etc. The alkali metal includes, for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), and cesium (Cs), etc. The alkaline earth metal includes, for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and barium (Ba), etc. The doping amount of the dopant material is, for example, in the range of 0.5% by weight or more and 15% by weight or less.

[0076] The electron injection layer 1225 can increase the electron injection efficiency from the second electrode 123 to the organic light-emitting layer 1223. The electron injection layer 1225 includes, for example, an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, rare earth metal in its elemental form, or a compound containing at least one of these. Specifically, the electron injection layer 1225 includes, for example, lithium (Li), lithium fluoride (LiF), or a mixture containing at least one of these.

[0077] The OLED layer 122 may further have a buffer layer between the electron transport layer 1224 and the second electrode 123. Having a buffer layer in the OLED layer 122 can mitigate process damage during film formation of the second electrode 123. When the OLED layer 122 has a buffer layer as described above, the OLED layer 122 may or may not have an electron injection layer 1225. The buffer layer may include, for example, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, or a compound containing at least one of these. Specifically, the buffer layer may include, for example, magnesium (Mg), magnesium-silver alloy (MgAg alloy), calcium (Ca), lithium (Li), lithium fluoride (LiF), lithium carbonate (LiF). ２ CO ３ ), cesium (Cs), cesium carbonate (Cs ２ CO ３ ), ytterbium (Yb), ytterbium oxide (Yb ２ O ３ ), or a mixture containing one or more of them.

[0078] The thickness of the hole injection layer 1221 is preferably in the range of 1 nm to 20 nm. The thickness of the hole transport layer 1222 is preferably in the range of 10 nm to 200 nm. The thickness of the organic light-emitting layer 1223 is preferably in the range of 5 nm to 50 nm. The thickness of the electron transport layer 1224 is preferably in the range of 10 nm to 200 nm.

[0079] (Second electrode 123) The second electrode 123 is provided on the first surface side of the OLED layer 122. The second electrode 123 is an individual electrode provided separately for each of the multiple light-emitting elements 12, similar to the first electrode 121. That is, the second electrode 123 is separated between adjacent light-emitting elements 12 in the in-plane direction.

[0080] The second electrode 123 is the cathode. When a voltage is applied between the first electrode 121 and the second electrode 123, electrons are injected from the second electrode 123 into the OLED layer 122. The second electrode 123 is transparent to light emitted from the OLED layer 122. Preferably, the second electrode 123 is a transparent electrode that is transparent to visible light.

[0081] To improve luminescence efficiency, it is preferable that the second electrode 123 be made of a material that has as high light transmittance as possible and a small work function. The second electrode 123 is made of, for example, at least one of a metal layer and a transparent conductive oxide layer. More specifically, the second electrode 123 is made of a single layer of a metal layer or a transparent conductive oxide layer, or a laminated film of a metal layer and a transparent conductive oxide layer. When the second electrode 123 is made of a laminated film, the metal layer may be provided on the OLED layer 122 side, or the transparent conductive oxide layer may be provided on the OLED layer 122 side.

[0082] The metal layer contains, for example, at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), calcium (Ca), and sodium (Na). The metal layer may also contain the above at least one metal element as a constituent element of the alloy. Specific examples of alloys include magnesium-silver (MgAg) alloy, magnesium-aluminum (MgAl) alloy, or aluminum-lithium (AlLi) alloy. The transparent conductive oxide layer contains a transparent conductive oxide. Examples of the transparent conductive oxide include materials similar to the transparent conductive oxide of the first electrode 121 described above.

[0083] (Inter-pixel wiring 125) Figure 52 is a plan view of a display device 101 equipped with a plurality of inter-pixel wirings 125. The display device 101 may be equipped with a plurality of inter-pixel wirings 125. The inter-pixel wiring 125 connects the second electrode 123 of one of the adjacent light-emitting elements 12 to the second electrode 123 of the other. The light-emitting elements 12 are connected by the inter-pixel wiring 125 between adjacent sub-pixels. The second electrodes 123 provided on each of the plurality of light-emitting elements 12 are at the same potential. The inter-pixel wiring 125 may extend from the periphery of the second electrode 123. The inter-pixel wiring 125 and the second electrode 123 may be made of the same conductive layer. The same material as the second electrode 123 may be used as the material for the inter-pixel wiring 125.

[0084] (Insulating part 124) Figure 53 is a cross-sectional view taken along LIII-LIII in Figure 52. The display device 101 may also be provided with an insulating part 124. The insulating part 124 covers the peripheral edge of the first surface of the first electrode 121 and the side surface of the first electrode 121. The insulating part 124 has the function of preventing an electrical short circuit between the first electrode 121 and the second electrode 123.

[0085] (Protective layer 13) The protective layer 13 is an example of a first refractive index portion. The protective layer 13 is provided directly above the first surface of each light-emitting element 12, specifically directly above the first surface of each second electrode 123. The periphery of the protective layer 13 is located outside the periphery of the light-emitting element 12 in a plan view, and as shown in Figure 3, it may cover the periphery of the light-emitting element 12 other than the second surface (back surface) (i.e., the first surface and side surfaces of the light-emitting element 12). However, the positional relationship between the periphery of the protective layer 13 and the periphery of the light-emitting element 12 is not limited to this example, and the periphery of the protective layer 13 may overlap with the periphery of the light-emitting element 12 in a plan view, and as shown in Figure 7B, the protective layer 13 may cover only the first surface (top surface) of the light-emitting element 12. The protective layer 13 is provided individually for each of the multiple light-emitting elements 12. That is, the protective layer 13 is divided between adjacent light-emitting elements 12 in the in-plane direction. In the first embodiment, the center of the light-emitting region 12a, the center of the protective layer 13, and the center of the peripheral wall portion 14 coincide.

[0086] The protective layer 13 is transparent to light emitted from the light-emitting element 12. The protective layer 13 has a first refractive index n １ It has the first refractive index n １ For example, it is greater than 1.7. The protective layer 13 can protect the light-emitting element 12, etc. For example, the protective layer 13 can prevent the OLED layer 122 from being damaged by exposure to process gases, chemicals, etc., during the manufacturing process of the display device 101. The protective layer 13 can also prevent moisture from entering the light-emitting element 12, etc., from the external environment. If the second electrode 123 is made of a metal layer, the protective layer 13 may have a function to suppress oxidation of this metal layer.

[0087] The protective layer 13 may have substantially the same shape as the light-emitting region 12a in a plan view. Furthermore, the protective layer 13 may be larger than the light-emitting region 12a in a plan view, or it may be the same size as the light-emitting region 12a in a plan view. Figure 2 shows an example where the protective layer 13 and the light-emitting region 12a have a circular shape in a plan view, but the shapes of the protective layer 13 and the light-emitting region 12a are not limited to this example; for example, they may be polygonal or oval. Examples of polygonal shapes include quadrilaterals and hexagons. Oval shapes include oblong, elliptical, and egg shapes.

[0088] The protective layer 13 includes, for example, an inorganic material. More specifically, the protective layer 13 includes, for example, an inorganic thin film. The inorganic thin film is, for example, a chemically deposited film. The chemically deposited film can be formed by CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition). Examples of CVD include thermal CVD, catalytic chemical vapor deposition, photo-CVD, vacuum plasma CVD, atmospheric pressure plasma CVD, etc. The protective layer 13 may have a single-layer structure or a multilayer structure. When increasing the thickness of the protective layer 13, a multilayer structure is preferable. This is to relieve internal stress in the protective layer 13. The inorganic material is, for example, silicon nitride (SiN ｘ ), silicon oxide nitride (SiO ｘ N ｙ ) and titanium dioxide (TiO ｘ It includes at least one species selected from the group consisting of the following:

[0089] The protective layer 13 preferably includes an ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition) layer, which is a deposited layer in which atomic layers are deposited. By including an ALD layer in the protective layer 13, the effect of suppressing moisture penetration by the protective layer 13 can be improved. The ALD layer includes, for example, a metal oxide or a metal nitride. The metal oxide is, for example, aluminum oxide (AlO2). ｘ ) or titanium dioxide (TiO ｘ ) contains. Metal nitrides include, for example, titanium nitride (TiN ｘ ) includes.

[0090] (Peripheral wall portion 14) The peripheral wall portion 14 is an example of a second refractive index portion or an intermediate layer. The peripheral wall portion 14 is provided on the first surface of the drive substrate 11. The peripheral wall portion 14 is positioned substantially perpendicular to the first surface of the drive substrate 11 and surrounds the side surface (end face) of the protective layer 13. The protective layer 13 and the peripheral wall portion 14 constitute a structure 130 that protrudes from the first surface of the drive substrate 11. The structure 130 has a core-shell structure in which the protective layer 13 is the core and the peripheral wall portion 14 is the shell. A recess is formed between adjacent structures 130, that is, between adjacent peripheral wall portions 14.

[0091] The height of the top (upper surface) of the peripheral wall portion 14 may be the same as the height of the top (upper surface) of the protective layer 13. The peripheral wall portion 14 is transparent to light emitted from the light-emitting element 12. The refractive index n of the peripheral wall portion 14 is the same as that of the protective layer 13. １ The second refractive index n is lower than n. ２ It has a second refractive index n ２ For example, it is between 1.5 and 1.7.

[0092] The shape of the outer periphery of the peripheral wall portion 14 in plan view may be the same as or different from the shape of the protective layer 13. The peripheral wall portion 14 has a closed loop shape in plan view. Figure 2 shows an example in which the peripheral wall portion 14 has an annular shape in plan view, but the shape of the peripheral wall portion 14 is not limited to this example and may be, for example, a polygonal annular or an elliptical annular. Examples of polygonal annular shapes include quadrilateral annular or hexagonal annular shapes.

[0093] The peripheral wall portion 14 includes, for example, at least one of an organic resin material and an inorganic material. The organic resin material includes, for example, a cured product of at least one resin selected from the group consisting of thermosetting resins and photosensitive resins. The photosensitive resin includes, for example, an ultraviolet curable resin. Specifically, the organic resin material includes, for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of acrylic resins, polyimide resins, novolac resins, epoxy resins, norbornene resins, and parylene resins. Known additives may be added to the organic resin material as needed. The peripheral wall portion 14 containing the organic resin material may contain hollow particles from the viewpoint of reducing the refractive index of the peripheral wall portion 14. Examples of inorganic materials include materials similar to the inorganic material of the protective layer 13.

[0094] (Filling resin layer 15) The filling resin layer 15 is an example of a third refractive index portion. The filling resin layer 15 is provided on the first surface of the drive substrate 11 so as to fill the recesses between adjacent structures 130 and cover the tops of the multiple structures 130. The filling resin layer 15 has filling portions 151 on the second surface side that fill the recesses between adjacent structures 130. The filling portions 151 may constitute a peripheral wall between adjacent structures 130. The peripheral wall may have a honeycomb shape or a lattice shape in plan view. In the first embodiment, an example in which the filling resin layer 15 covers the tops of the multiple structures 130 is described, but the filling resin layer 15 does not have to cover the tops of the multiple structures 130. That is, the filling resin layer 15 may be composed of filling portions 151.

[0095] In the first embodiment, the top of the protective layer 13 and the top of the peripheral wall 14 have the same height as the top of the protective layer 13 and the top of the peripheral wall 14, respectively. In contrast, the height of the top of the filling resin layer 15 is higher than the height of the top of the protective layer 13 and the top of the peripheral wall 14. Here, the heights of the top of the protective layer 13, the top of the peripheral wall 14, and the top of the filling resin layer 15 represent heights relative to the first surface of the drive substrate 11 or the first surface of the light-emitting element 12.

[0096] The protective layer 13, the peripheral wall portion 14, and the filling resin layer 15 have overlapping portions that overlap in the in-plane direction in the area above the first surface of the light-emitting element 12. The height H of the overlapping portion is preferably in the range of 0.5 μm to 5.0 μm, and more preferably in the range of 1.5 μm to 3.5 μm, from the viewpoint of ease of adjusting wavefront control by the protective layer 13, the peripheral wall portion 14, and the filling resin layer 15.

[0097] The difference dW between the size of the peripheral wall portion 14 and the size of the protective layer 13 is preferably in the range of 0.1 μm to 2.5 μm, and more preferably in the range of 0.5 μm to 1.5 μm.

[0098] The filling resin layer 15 is transparent to light emitted from the light-emitting element 12. The filling resin layer 15 has a second refractive index n of the peripheral wall portion 14. ２ The third refractive index n is lower than n. ３ It has a third refractive index n ３ For example, it is less than 1.5. The filling resin layer 15 includes, for example, an organic resin material. The organic resin material includes, for example, a cured product of at least one resin selected from the group consisting of thermosetting resins and photosensitive resins. The photosensitive resin includes, for example, an ultraviolet curable resin. Specifically, the organic resin material includes, for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of acrylic resins, polyimide resins, novolac resins, epoxy resins, norbornene resins, and parylene resins. Known additives may be added to the organic resin material as needed. The filling resin layer 15 may contain hollow particles from the viewpoint of reducing the refractive index of the filling resin layer 15.

[0099] (First refractive index n １ , second refractive index n ２ and third refractive index n ３ (Relationship) The first refractive index n of the protective layer 13 １ , the second refractive index n of the peripheral wall portion 14 ２ and the third refractive index n of the filling resin layer 15 ３ is, n １ >n ２ >n ３This relationship allows for the control of the wavefronts of light emitted from the top of the protective layer 13, the top of the peripheral wall portion 14, and the portion between the tops of adjacent peripheral wall portions 14 (i.e., the portion between the tops of adjacent structures 130), thereby amplifying the light emission in the forward direction. Consequently, the light extraction efficiency of the display device 101 can be improved. In other words, the luminous efficiency of the display device 101 can be improved.

[0100] The difference in refractive index between the adjacent protective layer 13 and the peripheral wall portion 14 in the in-plane direction, i.e., the first refractive index n １ and the second refractive index n ２ The refractive index difference Δn １２ (=n １ -n ２ ) is preferably 0.1 or greater from the viewpoint of ease of adjusting wavefront control by the protective layer 13 and the peripheral wall portion 14. The refractive index difference between adjacent peripheral wall portions 14 and the filling resin layer 15 (specifically the filling portion 151) in the in-plane direction, i.e., the second refractive index n ２ and the third refractive index n ３ The refractive index difference Δn ２３ (=n ２ -n ３ From the viewpoint of ease of adjusting wavefront control by the peripheral wall portion 14 and the filling resin layer 15, it is preferable that the value be 0.1 or higher.

[0101] [Method for Manufacturing the Display Device 101] An example of a method for manufacturing the display device 101 according to the first embodiment will be described below with reference to Figures 5A to 7B.

[0102] (Formation process of the drive substrate 11) First, a plurality of drive transistors (not shown) are formed on the first surface side of the substrate 111, and then an insulating layer 112 including a plurality of wirings and a plurality of contact plugs is formed on the first surface of the substrate 111. As a result, the drive substrate 11 is obtained as shown in Figure 5A.

[0103] (Formation process of the first electrode 121) Next, a metal layer and a metal oxide layer are sequentially formed on the first surface of the drive substrate 11, for example by sputtering, and then the metal layer and metal oxide layer are patterned, for example by photolithography. As a result, a plurality of first electrodes 121 are formed on the first surface of the drive substrate 11.

[0104] (Formation process of light-emitting element 12B and protective layer 13) Next, for example by vapor deposition, a hole injection layer 1221, a hole transport layer 1222, a blue organic light-emitting layer 1223B, an electron transport layer 1224, and an electron injection layer 1225 are formed on the first surface of the drive substrate 11 so as to cover a plurality of first electrodes 121. This forms the OLED layer 122B. Next, for example by sputtering, a second electrode 123 is formed on the first surface of the OLED layer 122B as shown in Figure 5B.

[0105] Next, for example, by the CVD method, as shown in Figure 5C, the first refractive index n １ An inorganic thin film 13a having the properties of the second electrode 123 is formed on the first surface of the second electrode 123. Next, the inorganic thin film 13a, the second electrode 123, and the OLED layer 122 are patterned, for example by a dry etching method. As a result, as shown in Figure 5D, a plurality of first laminates consisting of light-emitting elements 12B and protective layers 13 are formed on the first surface of the drive substrate 11.

[0106] (Formation process of light-emitting element 12R and protective layer 13) Next, an OLED layer 122R, a second electrode 123, and an inorganic thin film 13a are sequentially formed on the first surface of the drive substrate 11 so as to cover the plurality of light-emitting elements 12B, and then these layers are patterned. As a result, a plurality of second laminates consisting of light-emitting elements 12R and protective layers 13 are formed on the first surface of the drive substrate 11.

[0107] (Formation process of light-emitting element 12G and protective layer 13) Next, an OLED layer 122G, a second electrode 123, and an inorganic thin film 13a are sequentially formed on the first surface of the drive substrate 11 so as to cover the plurality of light-emitting elements 12R and plurality of light-emitting elements 12B, and then these layers are patterned. As a result, a plurality of third laminates consisting of light-emitting elements 12G and protective layers 13 are formed on the first surface of the drive substrate 11.

[0108] (Process for forming the peripheral wall portion 14) Next, as shown in Figure 6A, an organic resin composition is applied to cover the plurality of first laminates, plurality of second laminates, and plurality of third laminates, and cured by, for example, light irradiation or heating. As a result, an organic resin layer 140 covering the plurality of first laminates, plurality of second laminates, and plurality of third laminates is formed on the first surface of the drive substrate 11. Next, as shown in Figure 6B, the first surface of the organic resin layer 140 is etched or polished by, for example, the etch-back method or the CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polishing) method, and the first surface of the protective layer 13 of each of the plurality of first laminates, plurality of second laminates, and plurality of third laminates is exposed. Next, as shown in Figure 7A, the organic resin layer 140 is patterned by, for example, photolithography technology, and a plurality of peripheral wall portions 14 covering the sides of the light-emitting element 12 and the sides of the protective layer 13 are formed on the first surface of the drive substrate 11. As a result, multiple structures 130, each consisting of a protective layer 13 and a peripheral wall portion 14, are formed on the first surface of the drive substrate 11.

[0109] (Process for forming the filling resin layer 15) Next, as shown in Figure 7B, the organic resin composition is applied so as to cover the multiple structures 130 and cured by, for example, light irradiation or heating. As a result, a filling resin layer 15 covering the multiple structures 130 is formed on the first surface of the drive substrate 11.

[0110] (Modularization process) Next, the drive substrate 11, with each layer formed as described above, is cut out and separated into individual pieces to obtain the display device 101. Then, if necessary, a flexible printed circuit board is connected to the pad portion 113 of the display device 101.

[0111] [Effects] As described above, the display device 101 according to the first embodiment is provided on a plurality of light-emitting elements 12, and the first refractive index n １ A protective layer 13 (first refractive index portion) having a second refractive index n surrounding the side surface of the protective layer 13. ２ A peripheral wall portion 14 (second refractive index portion) having a third refractive index n filling the space between adjacent peripheral wall portions 14. ３ It comprises a filling resin layer 15 (third refractive index portion) having the first refractive index n. １, second refractive index n ２ and third refractive index n ３ However, n １ >n ２ >n ３ This relationship allows for the control of the wavefronts of light emitted from the top of the protective layer 13, the top of the peripheral wall portion 14, and the portion between the tops of adjacent peripheral wall portions 14 (i.e., the portion between the tops of adjacent structures 130), thereby amplifying the light emission in the forward direction. Consequently, the light extraction efficiency of the display device 101 can be improved. In other words, the luminous efficiency of the display device 101 can be improved.

[0112] Furthermore, in the display device 101 according to the first embodiment, since the protective layer 13 is provided adjacent to the first surface of the light-emitting element 12, light loss due to interfacial reflection can be suppressed compared to the case where another layer is provided between the light-emitting element 12 and the protective layer 13.

[0113] Furthermore, in the display device 101 according to the first embodiment, the filling resin layer 15 (specifically, the filling portion 151) as the third refractive index portion is shared among adjacent sub-pixels 10, and wavefront control can be performed using the region between adjacent structures 130. Therefore, even when the pitch of the sub-pixels 10 is narrowed, it is easy to secure the third refractive index portion. For example, wavefront control of light emitted from the light-emitting element 12G is performed in the region RG shown in Figure 8. That is, wavefront control of light emitted from the light-emitting element 12G is performed in a region wider than the sub-pixel 10G. In contrast, if the third refractive index portion is provided individually for each sub-pixel 10, when the pitch of the sub-pixels 10 is narrowed, it becomes difficult to secure the third refractive index portion, and there is a risk that wavefront control by the third refractive index portion will become difficult.

[0114] <3 Second Embodiment> [Configuration of Display Device 102] Figure 9 is a plan view showing an enlarged view of the area near the center of the display area RE1 of the display device 102 according to the second embodiment. The display device 102 according to the second embodiment differs from the display device 101 according to the first embodiment in that it includes a plurality of sub-pixels 10 having an eccentric structure and a plurality of sub-pixels 10 having an eccentric structure.

[0115] (Sub-pixel 10 with non-eccentric structure) Figure 10A is a plan view of a sub-pixel 10 with a non-eccentric structure. Figure 10B is a cross-sectional view along the line XB-XB in Figure 10A. A sub-pixel 10 with a non-eccentric structure is a sub-pixel 10 in which the center of the light-emitting region 12a of the light-emitting element 12, the center of the protective layer 13, and the center of the peripheral wall portion 14 coincide. In a sub-pixel 10 with a non-eccentric structure, the principal ray axis of the sub-pixel 10 is parallel to the central axis of the sub-pixel 10. Here, the central axis of the sub-pixel 10 represents an axis that passes through the center of the light-emitting region 12a and is perpendicular to the first surface of the drive substrate 11. Multiple sub-pixels 10 with a non-eccentric structure are arranged in the central part or central region of the display area RE1. Figure 9 shows an example in which sub-pixels 10R, 10G, and 10B, which are included in one pixel 10P located in the center of the display area RE1, are sub-pixels 10 having an eccentric structure. However, the number of sub-pixels 10 having an eccentric structure is not limited to this example.

[0116] (Sub-pixel 10 with eccentric structure) Figure 11A is a plan view of a sub-pixel 10 with an eccentric structure. Figure 11B is a cross-sectional view along the line XIB-XIB in Figure 11A. In a sub-pixel 10 with an eccentric structure, the center of the light-emitting region 12a of the light-emitting element 12 and the center of the peripheral wall 14 coincide, whereas the center of the light-emitting region 12a of the light-emitting element 12 and the center of the protective layer 13 are offset. Specifically, the center of the protective layer 13 is offset towards the periphery of the display area RE with respect to the center of the light-emitting region 12a of the light-emitting element 12 in a plan view. In a sub-pixel 10 with an eccentric structure, the principal ray axis of the sub-pixel 10 can be tilted outward from the display area RE1 with respect to the central axis of the sub-pixel 10. Multiple sub-pixels 10 with an eccentric structure are arranged in the central part or outside the central part of the display area RE1 so as to surround the central part or central area of ​​the display area RE1. The eccentricity (eccentricity distance) of the multiple sub-pixels 10 having an eccentric structure increases from the center of the display area RE1 towards the periphery.

[0117] As described above, since the center of the light-emitting region 12a of the light-emitting element 12 and the center of the protective layer 13 are offset, in the second embodiment, a part of the light-emitting element 12 may not be covered by the protective layer 13 and may be exposed from the protective layer 13. In this case, the protective layer 13 and the peripheral wall portion 14 may cover the periphery of the light-emitting element 12 other than the second surface (back surface) (i.e., the first surface and side surfaces of the light-emitting element 12).

[0118] Figure 9 shows an example in which the eccentricity of multiple sub-pixels 10 having an eccentric structure increases by units of 10P per pixel in the direction from the center of the display area RE1 toward the periphery of the display area RE1. However, the change in eccentricity is not limited to this example, and the eccentricity of multiple sub-pixels 10 having an eccentric structure may increase by units of the display area RE1 toward the periphery of the display area RE1. More specifically, for example, if the display area RE1 is divided into multiple concentric regions centered on a central region, the eccentricity of multiple sub-pixels 10 having an eccentric structure may increase by units of the display area RE1 toward the periphery of the display area RE1. Also, if the display area RE1 is divided into two regions, a central region and a peripheral region surrounding the central region, the eccentricity of multiple sub-pixels 10 having an eccentric structure may remain constant in the peripheral region.

[0119] [Example of Optical System 40a] Figure 12 is a schematic diagram of an optical system 40a equipped with a display device 102 according to the second embodiment. The optical system 40a may be an optical system of an eyewear device (e.g., a VR device, MR device, or AR device, etc.) or an EVF, etc. The optical system 40a comprises a display device 102 and an imaging lens 41. The display device 102 is provided opposite the imaging lens 41. The optical system 40a has an optical axis 40Ax that passes through the center of the display area RE1 of the display device 102 and is perpendicular to the display surface of the display device 102.

[0120] In the optical system 40a having the above configuration, light L emitted from a non-eccentric sub-pixel 10 located in the central part or central region of the display area RE1 can enter the central part or central region of the imaging lens 41. On the other hand, light L emitted from an eccentric sub-pixel 10 located in the peripheral region of the display area RE1 can enter the peripheral region of the imaging lens 41.

[0121] [Effects] The display device 102 according to the second embodiment includes a plurality of sub-pixels 10 having an eccentric structure and a plurality of sub-pixels 10 having an eccentric structure. The plurality of sub-pixels 10 having an eccentric structure are arranged in the central part or central region of the display area RE1, and the plurality of sub-pixels 10 having an eccentric structure are arranged in the area outside the central part or central region of the display area RE1 so as to surround the central part or central region of the display area RE1. As a result, as shown in Figure 12, in the central part or central region of the display area RE1, the principal ray axis of the sub-pixel 10 (sub-pixel 10 having an eccentric structure) is parallel to the central axis of the sub-pixel 10. In contrast, in the area outside the central part or central region of the display area RE1, the principal ray axis of the sub-pixel 10 (sub-pixel 10 having an eccentric structure) is tilted outward from the display area RE1 with respect to the central axis of the sub-pixel 10. Therefore, the chief ray angle (CRA) of the display device 102 can be widened.

[0122] <4 Third Embodiment> [Configuration of Display Device 103] Figure 56A is a plan view of the sub-pixel 10 in the display device 103 according to the third embodiment. Figure 56B is a cross-sectional view along the LVIB-LVIB line in Figure 56A. The display device 103 comprises a drive substrate 11, a plurality of light-emitting elements 12R, 12G, 12B, a protective layer 26, a third electrode 27, a plurality of peripheral wall portions 14, and a filling resin layer 15.

[0123] (Drive board 11) The drive board 11 is as described in the first embodiment, so a description of the drive board 11 will be omitted.

[0124] (Light-emitting element 12) The peripheral edge of the first surface of the first electrode 121 is exposed in a plan view and is not covered by the OLED layer 122 and the second electrode 123. However, the side surface of the first electrode 121, the side surface of the OLED layer 122, and the side surface of the second electrode 123 may be substantially flush. The light-emitting element 12 in the third embodiment may be the same as the light-emitting element 12 in the first embodiment in all other respects.

[0125] (Protective layer 26) The protective layer 26 is an example of the first refractive index portion. The protective layer 26 covers a plurality of light-emitting elements 12 arranged in the display area RE1. That is, the protective layer 26 is connected between adjacent sub-pixels 10 in the in-plane direction and is a common layer for a plurality of sub-pixels 10.

[0126] The protective layer 26 is transparent to light emitted from the light-emitting element 12. The protective layer 26 has a first refractive index n １ It has the first refractive index n １ For example, it is greater than 1.7. The protective layer 26 can protect multiple light-emitting elements 12, etc. Specific examples of the protective function of the protective layer 26 may be the same as those of the protective function of the protective layer 13 in the first embodiment.

[0127] The protective layer 26 has a plurality of protrusions 26a on the first surface side (the surface opposite to the light-emitting element 12). The plurality of protrusions 26a are provided corresponding to each of the plurality of light-emitting elements 12. That is, each protrusion 26a is provided above the light-emitting element 12. The protrusions 26a project in the direction opposite to the light-emitting element 12. Recesses 26b are formed between adjacent protrusions 26a. In a plan view, the recesses 26b surround each light-emitting element 12.

[0128] In the third embodiment, the protective layer 26 has a multilayer structure. Specifically, the protective layer 26 is a laminate including a first protective layer 261, a second protective layer 262, and a third protective layer 263. The first protective layer 261, the second protective layer 262, and the third protective layer 263 may have the same refractive index or different refractive indices. In this specification, if the first protective layer 261, the second protective layer 262, and the third protective layer 263 have different refractive indices, the refractive index of the protective layer 26 shall represent the refractive index of the third protective layer 263 adjacent to the peripheral wall portion 14.

[0129] The first protective layer 261 is provided individually for each of the multiple light-emitting elements 12. That is, the first protective layer 261 is divided between adjacent light-emitting elements 12 in the in-plane direction in a plan view. The light-emitting elements 12 and the first protective layer 261 constitute a laminate 120a, and recesses 120b are provided between adjacent laminates 120a. The first protective layer 261 is provided on the first surface of the light-emitting elements 12, specifically on the first surface of the second electrode 123. The side surfaces of the first protective layer 261, the second electrode 123, and the OLED layer 122 may be substantially flush.

[0130] The first protective layer 261 can be used as an etching mask in the manufacturing process of the display device 103. The first protective layer 261 has holes 261h that penetrate through the first protective layer 261 in the thickness direction. The holes 261h are located, for example, in the central part of the sub-pixel 10 in a plan view.

[0131] The outer surface of the first protective layer 261 may be a vertical surface parallel to the Z-axis, or an inclined surface (tapered surface) inclined with respect to the Z-axis. An example of the former is shown in Figure 56B. The inner surface of the first protective layer 261 (i.e., the surface of the hole 261h) may be a vertical surface parallel to the Z-axis, or an inclined surface (reverse tapered surface) inclined with respect to the Z-axis. An example of the former is shown in Figure 56B.

[0132] The second protective layer 262 is provided to conform to the recess 120b between adjacent laminates 120a. The second protective layer 262 is connected between adjacent subpixels 10 in the in-plane direction and is a common layer for multiple subpixels 10. The second protective layer 262 has a plurality of holes 262h that penetrate through the second protective layer 262 in the thickness direction. The holes 262h overlap with the holes 261h of the first protective layer 261. The holes 262h are located, for example, in the central part of the subpixel 10 in a plan view. The overlapping holes 261h of the first protective layer 261 and the holes 262h of the second protective layer 262 form a connection hole (via hole) 26h for connecting the third electrode 27 to the second electrode 123.

[0133] Within the sub-pixel 10, the third protective layer 263 fills the connection hole 26h where the third electrode 27 is formed, and between adjacent sub-pixels 10, it is formed on the first surface of the third electrode 27 so as to conform to the shape of the third electrode 27. As a result, multiple protrusions 26a are formed, each corresponding to the light-emitting element 12.

[0134] The first protective layer 261, the second protective layer 262, and the third protective layer 263 include, for example, an inorganic material. More specifically, for example, the first protective layer 261, the second protective layer 262, and the third protective layer 263 are composed of an inorganic thin film. Examples of inorganic materials and inorganic thin films include those similar to the protective layer 13 in the first embodiment. It is preferable that at least one of the first protective layer 261, the second protective layer 262, and the third protective layer 263 includes an ALD layer from the viewpoint of improving the effect of suppressing moisture penetration. The first protective layer 261, the second protective layer 262, and the third protective layer 263 may contain the same material or different materials.

[0135] (Third Electrode 27) The third electrode 27 is provided within the protective layer 26. More specifically, the third electrode 27 is provided on the first surface of the second protective layer 262 and within each connection hole 26h, following the shape of the second protective layer 262 and the shape of each connection hole 26h. The third electrode 27 is translucent to light emitted from the light-emitting element 12. Preferably, the third electrode 27 is a transparent electrode that is transparent to visible light. The third electrode 27 is a common electrode for a plurality of sub-pixels 10 provided within the display area RE1, and is connected to the second electrode 123 of each light-emitting element 12 in the display area RE1. The third electrode 27 has a plurality of connection portions 271. The connection portions 271 are protrusions that project toward the second electrode 123, and the tops of the connection portions 271 are connected to the first surface of the second electrode 123 via the connection holes 26h. The connection holes 26h are provided inside the connection portions 271, which are protrusions.

[0136] The third electrode 27 is formed over the entire display area RE1 and extends from the display area RE1 to the peripheral area RE2. The peripheral edge of the second surface of the third electrode 27 is connected to a contact electrode (not shown) in the peripheral area RE2. Another conductive layer may be sandwiched between the peripheral edge of the third electrode 27 and the contact electrode.

[0137] The third electrode 27 is composed of, for example, at least one of a metal layer and a transparent conductive oxide layer. More specifically, for example, the third electrode 27 is composed of a single layer of the metal layer or the transparent conductive oxide layer, or a laminated film of the metal layer and the transparent conductive oxide layer. When the third electrode 27 is composed of a laminated film, the metal layer may be provided on the side of the second protective layer 262, or the transparent conductive oxide layer may be provided on the side of the second protective layer 262.

[0138] Examples of metals included in the metal layer include materials similar to those included in the metal layer of the second electrode 123. Examples of transparent conductive oxides included in the transparent conductive oxide layer include materials similar to those included in the transparent conductive oxide layer of the first electrode 121.

[0139] (Peripheral wall portion 14) The peripheral wall portion 14 covers the side surface of the convex portion 26a, that is, the side surface of the concave portion 26b. The convex portion 26a and the peripheral wall portion 14 constitute a core-shell structure in which the convex portion 26a is the core and the peripheral wall portion 14 is the shell. The peripheral wall portion 14 in the third embodiment may be the same as the peripheral wall portion 14 in the first embodiment in all other respects.

[0140] (Filling resin layer 15) The filling resin layer 15 is provided on the first surface of the protective layer 26 so as to fill the recess 26b whose sides are covered by the peripheral wall portion 14 and to cover the tops of the plurality of protrusions 26a. The filling resin layer 15 in the third embodiment may be the same as the filling resin layer 15 in the first embodiment in all other respects.

[0141] (Relationship between the refractive indices of the protective layer 26, the peripheral wall portion 14, and the filling resin layer 15) Second refractive index n of the peripheral wall portion 14 ２ The first refractive index n of the protective layer 26 １It is lower than and the refractive index n of the filling resin layer 15 ３ The second refractive index n of the peripheral wall portion 14 ２ It is lower compared to the first refractive index n of the protective layer 26. １ , the second refractive index n of the peripheral wall portion 14 ２ and the third refractive index n of the filling resin layer 15 ３ is, n １ >n ２ >n ３ They have a relationship.

[0142] [Manufacturing Method for Display Device 103] An example of a manufacturing method for the display device 103 according to the third embodiment will be described below with reference to Figures 57A to 62B.

[0143] (Process from the formation of the drive substrate 11 to the formation of the light-emitting element 12G and the first protective layer 261) First, the process from the formation of the drive substrate 11 to the formation of the light-emitting element 12G and the first protective layer 261 is carried out in the same manner as the process from the formation of the drive substrate 11 to the formation of the light-emitting element 12G and the protective layer 13 in the first embodiment. As a result, as shown in Figure 57A, a plurality of laminates 120a consisting of the light-emitting element 12 and the first protective layer 261 are formed on the first surface of the drive substrate 11.

[0144] (Step for forming the second protective layer 262) Next, the second protective layer 262 is formed on the first surface of the drive substrate 11 so as to conform to the multiple laminates 120a, as shown in Figure 57B, by, for example, CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) or PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition). For the PVD method, for example, sputtering or vapor deposition is used. In the following description, unless otherwise specified, these film formation methods may be used as the PVD method.

[0145] (Processing step for the second protective layer 262) Next, a resist layer 61 having an opening 61h above each light-emitting element 12 is formed on the first surface of the second protective layer 262, for example by photolithography, as shown in Figure 57C. Next, the second protective layer 262 and the first protective layer 261 are processed sequentially through the resist layer 61 acting as a mask, for example by dry etching, and connection holes 26h are formed on each light-emitting element 12, as shown in Figure 58A. After that, the resist layer 61 is removed, for example by ashing.

[0146] (Process for forming the third electrode 27) Next, for example by the PVD method, the third electrode 27 is formed on the first surface of the second protective layer 262 and within each of the connection holes 26h, as shown in Figure 58B, so as to conform to the shape of the second protective layer 262 and the shape of each of the connection holes 26h. At this time, the connection portion 271 of the third electrode 27 is connected to the first surface of the second electrode 123.

[0147] (Process for forming the third protective layer 263) Next, as shown in Figure 58C, the third protective layer 263 is formed on the first surface of the third electrode 27 by, for example, CVD or PVD, so as to fill the uneven surface on which the third electrode 27 is formed. Next, as shown in Figure 59A, the first surface of the third protective layer 263 is planarized. For example, CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polishing) or etch-back treatment can be used as the planarization treatment. In the following description, unless otherwise specified, these planarization treatments may be used as the planarization treatment.

[0148] (Processing step for the third protective layer 263) Next, a resist layer 62 having an opening 62h above the portion between adjacent light-emitting elements 12 is formed, for example, by photolithography, as shown in Figure 59B. Next, the third protective layer 263 is processed through the resist layer 62 acting as a mask, for example, by dry etching. As a result, as shown in Figure 59C, protrusions 26a are formed corresponding to each light-emitting element 12, and recesses 26b are formed corresponding to the portion between adjacent light-emitting elements 12. After that, the resist layer 62 is removed, for example, by ashing.

[0149] (Process for forming the peripheral wall portion 14) Next, the organic resin composition is applied to the first surface of the third protective layer 263 so as to fill the uneven surface consisting of the convex portion 26a and the concave portion 26b, and then cured by, for example, light irradiation or heating. As a result, as shown in Figure 60A, the organic resin layer 140 is formed on the first surface of the third protective layer 263. As shown in Figure 60B, an inorganic layer 140a may be formed instead of the organic resin layer 140. In this case, a method such as CVD can be used to form the inorganic layer 140a.

[0150] Next, as shown in Figure 61A, the organic resin layer 140 is flattened until the tops of each protrusion 26a are exposed. Then, for example, by photolithography, a resist layer 63 having an opening 63h is formed on the organic resin layer 140 formed in the recess 26b, as shown in Figure 61B. Next, for example, by dry etching, the organic resin layer 140 is processed through the resist layer 63 acting as a mask. As a result, peripheral walls 14 covering the sides of each protrusion 26a are formed, as shown in Figure 62A. After that, for example, the resist layer 63 is removed by ashing.

[0151] (Process for forming the filling resin layer 15) Next, the filling resin is applied to fill the uneven surface consisting of the protrusions 26a and recesses 26b, and then cured by, for example, light irradiation or heating. As a result, the filling resin layer 15 is formed on the uneven surface, as shown in Figure 62B.

[0152] (Modularization process) Next, the modularization process is carried out in the same manner as in the first embodiment. This results in the display device 103.

[0153] [Effects] As described above, the display device 103 according to the third embodiment comprises a protective layer 26 that covers a plurality of light-emitting elements 12 and has a plurality of protrusions 26a corresponding to each of the plurality of light-emitting elements 12, a plurality of peripheral wall portions (intermediate layers) 14 that cover the sides of each of the plurality of protrusions 26a, and a filling resin layer 15 that fills the space between adjacent protrusions 26a. The refractive index of the peripheral wall portion 14 (second refractive index n ２ ) is the refractive index of the protective layer 26 (first refractive index n １It is lower than the refractive index of the filling resin layer 15 (third refractive index n ３ ) is the refractive index of the peripheral wall portion 14 (second refractive index n ２ This is lower compared to ). This allows control of the wavefront of light emitted from the top of the convex portion 26a, the top of the peripheral wall portion 14, and the portion between the tops of adjacent peripheral wall portions 14, thereby amplifying the light emission in the forward direction. Therefore, the light extraction efficiency of the display device 103 can be improved. In other words, the luminous efficiency of the display device 103 can be improved.

[0154] <5 Fourth Embodiment> [Configuration of Display Device 104] Figure 63A is a plan view of the sub-pixel 10 in the display device 104 according to the fourth embodiment. Figure 63B is a cross-sectional view along the line LXIIIB-LXIIIB in Figure 63A. The display device 104 differs from the display device 103 according to the third embodiment in that the protective layer 26 has a plurality of holes 26c, and each hole 26c is filled with a filling portion 28.

[0155] The hole 26c is located in the center of the sub-pixel 10 in a plan view and is situated inside the connecting portion 271. The hole 26c is a bottomed hole located on the first surface side of the third protective layer 263. The bottom of the hole 26c is located at a shallower position than the top of the connecting portion 271.

[0156] The filling portion 28 is an example of a fourth refractive index portion. The filling portion 28, the protrusion 26a, and the peripheral wall portion 14 constitute a core-shell structure with the filling portion 28 as the core and the protrusion 26a and peripheral wall portion 14 as a two-layer shell. The height of the top (upper surface) of the filling portion 28 may be the same as the height of the top (upper surface) of the protrusion 26a. The filling portion 28 is transparent to light emitted from the light-emitting element 12. The filling portion 28 has a first refractive index n of the protective layer 26. １ Lower than the fourth refractive index n ４ It has a fourth refractive index n ４ For example, it is 1.5 or more and 1.7 or less. The fourth refractive index n of the filling portion 28 ４ However, the second refractive index n of the peripheral wall portion 14 ２ It may be equal to the above. Examples of materials for the filling portion 28 include the same material as that for the peripheral wall portion 14.

[0157] (Relationship between refractive indices of protective layer 26, peripheral wall portion 14, filling resin layer 15, and filling portion 28) The second refractive index n of the peripheral wall portion 14 ２ is lower than the first refractive index n of the protective layer 26 １ , and the refractive index n of the filling resin layer 15 ３ is lower than the second refractive index n of the peripheral wall portion 14 ２ , and the fourth refractive index n of the filling portion 28 ４ is lower than the first refractive index n of the protective layer 26 １ . That is, the first refractive index n of the protective layer 26 １ , the second refractive index n of the peripheral wall portion 14 ２ , the third refractive index n of the filling resin layer 15 ３ and the fourth refractive index n of the filling portion 28 ４ are such that n １ > n ２ > n ３ and n １ > n ４ . The second refractive index n of the peripheral wall portion 14 ２ and the fourth refractive index n of the filling portion 28 ４ may be equal or different.

[0158] [First example of manufacturing method of display device 10). Hereinafter, a first example of the manufacturing method of the display device 104 according to the fourth embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS. 64A to 66B.

[0159] (Steps from the formation step of the driving substrate 11 to the formation step of the peripheral wall portion 14) First, the steps from the formation step of the driving substrate 11 to the formation step of the peripheral wall portion 14 are carried out in the same manner as those steps in the third embodiment.

[0160] (Formation step of the organic resin layer 150) Next, after the filling resin is applied so as to fill the uneven surface composed of the convex portions 26a and the concave portions 26b, it is cured by, for example, light irradiation or heating. As a result, as shown in FIG. 64A, the organic resin layer 150 is formed on the uneven surface. Next, as shown in FIG. 64B, the organic resin layer 150 is planarized until the tops of the respective convex portions 26a are exposed. As a result, the filling portion 151 remains in the concave portion 26b formed on the side surface of the peripheral wall portion 14.

[0161] (Processing step for the third protective layer 263) Next, a resist layer 64 having an opening 64h above the center of each light-emitting element 12 is formed on the first surface of the third protective layer 263, for example by photolithography, as shown in Figure 64C. Next, the third protective layer 263 is processed through the resist layer 64 acting as a mask, for example by dry etching, and holes 26c are formed above the center of each light-emitting element 12, as shown in Figure 65A. After that, the resist layer 63 is removed, for example by ashing.

[0162] (Filling process) Next, the organic resin composition is applied to the surface consisting of the third protective layer 263, the peripheral wall portion 14, and the filling portion 151 so as to fill the holes 26c, and then cured by, for example, light irradiation or heating. This forms an organic resin layer 280 as shown in Figure 65B. An inorganic layer may be formed instead of the organic resin layer 280. In this case, a method such as CVD is used to form the inorganic layer. Next, as shown in Figure 66A, the organic resin layer 280 is flattened until the tops of each protrusion 26a are exposed. This leaves a filling portion 28 in each hole 26c.

[0163] (Organic resin layer formation process) Next, the organic resin composition is applied to the flattened surface and then cured by, for example, light irradiation or heating. As a result, a filled resin layer 15 having a plurality of filled portions 151 on the second surface side is formed, as shown in Figure 66B.

[0164] (Modularization process) Next, the modularization process is carried out in the same manner as in the first embodiment. This results in the display device 104.

[0165] [Second Example of Method for Manufacturing the Display Device 104] A second example of the method for manufacturing the display device 104 according to the fourth embodiment will be described below with reference to Figures 67A to 69B.

[0166] (Process from the formation of the drive substrate 11 to the formation of the third electrode 27) First, the processes from the formation of the drive substrate 11 to the formation of the third electrode 27 are carried out in the same manner as those processes in the third embodiment.

[0167] (Process for forming the third protective layer 263) Next, the third protective layer 263 is formed on the first surface of the third electrode 27, conforming to the shape of the third electrode 27, for example, by a CVD method or a PVD method, as shown in Figure 67A.

[0168] (Process for forming the peripheral wall portion 14 and the filling portion 28) Next, the organic resin composition is applied to the first surface of the third protective layer 263 so as to fill the uneven surface consisting of the recessed portion 26b, the convex portion 26a, and the perforated portion 26c, and then cured by, for example, light irradiation or heating. As a result, as shown in Figure 67B, the organic resin layer 140 is formed on the first surface of the third protective layer 263. As shown in Figure 67C, an inorganic layer 140a may be formed instead of the organic resin layer 140. In this case, a method such as CVD can be used to form the inorganic layer 140a.

[0169] Next, as shown in Figure 68A, the organic resin layer 140 is flattened until the tops of each protrusion 26a are exposed. Then, for example, by photolithography, a resist layer 65 having openings 65h is formed on the organic resin layer 140 remaining in the recesses 26b, as shown in Figure 68B. Next, for example, by dry etching, the organic resin layer 140 is processed through the resist layer 65 acting as a mask. As a result, a peripheral wall portion 14 is formed that covers the side surface of the recess 266b (i.e., the side surface of each protrusion 26a), as shown in Figure 69A. After that, for example, the resist layer 65 is removed by ashing.

[0170] (Process for forming the filling resin layer 15) Next, the filling resin is applied so that the peripheral wall portion 14 fills the recess 26b formed on the side surface, and then cured by, for example, light irradiation or heating. As a result, the filling resin layer 15 is formed as shown in Figure 69B.

[0171] (Modularization process) Next, the modularization process is carried out in the same manner as in the first embodiment. This results in the display device 104.

[0172] [Effects] As described above, the display device 104 according to the fourth embodiment has a third protective layer 263 having a plurality of holes 26c, a protective layer 26 having a plurality of holes 26c, and a filling portion 28 filling each hole 26c. The fourth refractive index n of the filling portion 28 ４ The first refractive index n of the protective layer 26 １ This is lower compared to [another method]. This makes it possible to control the wavefront of light emitted from the top of the convex portion 26a, the top of the peripheral wall portion 14, and the portion between the tops of adjacent peripheral wall portions 14, as well as the wavefront of light emitted from the top of the filling portion 28. Therefore, the light extraction efficiency can be improved compared to the display device 103 according to the third embodiment. In other words, the luminous efficiency can be improved compared to the display device 103 according to the third embodiment.

[0173] <6 Fifth Embodiment> [Configuration of Display Device 105] Figure 70A is a plan view of the sub-pixel 10 in the display device 105 according to the fifth embodiment. Figure 70B is a cross-sectional view along the line LXXB-LXXB in Figure 70A. The display device 105 differs from the display device 103 according to the fourth embodiment in that it includes a first intermediate layer 29a and a first filling portion 151a in the recess 26b, and a second intermediate layer 29b and a second filling portion 151b in the hole 26c. In the fifth embodiment, an example is described in which the filling resin layer 15 covers the tops of a plurality of protrusions 26a, but the filling resin layer 15 does not have to cover the tops of a plurality of protrusions 26a. That is, the filling resin layer 15 may be composed of a first filling portion 151a and a second filling portion 151b.

[0174] (First Intermediate Layer 29a) The first intermediate layer 29a is an example of the second refractive index portion. The first intermediate layer 29a is provided so as to conform to the recess 26b. As a result, a recess 291a is formed inside the recess 26b. The first intermediate layer 29a is sandwiched between the recess 26b and the first filling portion 151a.

[0175] The first intermediate layer 29a has a peripheral wall portion that covers the side surface of the recess 26b and a bottom portion that covers the bottom surface of the recess 26b. That is, the first intermediate layer 29a is connected between adjacent subpixels 10. In the fifth embodiment, an example in which the first intermediate layer 29a has a bottom portion will be described, but the first intermediate layer 29a does not have to have a bottom portion. The height of the top (upper surface) of the peripheral wall portion of the first intermediate layer 29a may be the same as the height of the top (upper surface) of the convex portion 26a of the protective layer 26. The first intermediate layer 29a is transparent to light emitted from the light-emitting element 12. The refractive index n of the protective layer 26 is １ The second refractive index n is lower than n. ２ It has the same material as the peripheral wall portion 14 in the first embodiment as an example of the material of the first intermediate layer 29a.

[0176] (First filling portion 151a) The first filling portion 151a is an example of a third refractive index portion. The first filling portion 151a fills the recess 291a. The first filling portion 151a is provided on the second surface side of the filling resin layer 15. The first filling portion 151a is transparent to light emitted from the light-emitting element 12. The first filling portion 151a has a second refractive index n of the first intermediate layer 29a. ２ The third refractive index n is lower than n. ３ It has the following characteristics. As the material of the first filling portion 151a, examples include the same material as the filling resin layer 15 in the first embodiment.

[0177] (Second Intermediate Layer 29b) The second intermediate layer 29b is an example of a fourth refractive index portion. Multiple second intermediate layers 29b are provided corresponding to each of the multiple light-emitting elements 12. That is, each second intermediate layer 29b is provided above the light-emitting element 12. The second intermediate layer 29b is provided to conform to the hole 26c. As a result, a hole 291b is formed inside the hole 26c. The second intermediate layer 29b is sandwiched between the hole 291b and the second filling portion 151b.

[0178] The second intermediate layer 29b has an inner wall portion that covers the side surface of the hole 291b and a bottom portion that covers the bottom surface of the hole 291b. In the fifth embodiment, an example in which the second intermediate layer 29b has a bottom portion is described, but the second intermediate layer 29b does not have to have a bottom portion. The height of the top (upper surface) of the inner wall portion of the second intermediate layer 29b may be the same as the height of the top (upper surface) of the protrusion 26a of the protective layer 26. The second intermediate layer 29b is transparent to light emitted from the light-emitting element 12. The refractive index n of the protective layer 26 is １ Lower than the fourth refractive index n ４ It has the fourth refractive index n of the second intermediate layer 29b. ４ However, the second refractive index n of the first intermediate layer 29a ２ It may be equal to the above. As the material of the second intermediate layer 29b, examples include the same material as the peripheral wall portion 14 in the first embodiment.

[0179] (Second filling portion 151b) The second filling portion 151b is an example of a fifth refractive index portion. Multiple second filling portions 151b are provided corresponding to each of the multiple light-emitting elements 12. That is, each second filling portion 151b is provided above the light-emitting element 12. The second filling portion 151b fills the hole 291b. The second filling portion 151b is provided on the second surface side of the filling resin layer 15. The second filling portion 151b, the inner wall portion of the second intermediate layer 29b, the protrusion 26a of the protective layer 26, and the peripheral wall portion of the first intermediate layer 29a constitute a core-shell structure with the second filling portion 151b as the core and the inner wall portion of the second intermediate layer 29b, the protrusion 26a of the protective layer 26, and the peripheral wall portion of the first intermediate layer 29a forming a three-layer shell.

[0180] The second filling portion 151b is transparent to light emitted from the light-emitting element 12. The second filling portion 151b has a fourth refractive index n of the second intermediate layer 29b. ４ Lower than the fifth refractive index n ５ It has the fifth refractive index n of the second filling portion 151b. ５ However, the third refractive index n of the first filling portion 151a ３It may be equal to the above. As the material of the second filling portion 151b, examples include the same material as the filling resin layer 15 in the first embodiment. The first filling portion 151a and the second filling portion 151b may be formed from the same material or from different materials.

[0181] (Relationship between the refractive indices of the protective layer 26, the first intermediate layer 29a, the second intermediate layer 29b, the first filling portion 151a, and the second filling portion 151b) Second refractive index n of the first intermediate layer 29a ２ The first refractive index n of the protective layer 26 １ It is lower compared to the third refractive index n of the first filling portion 151a. ３ The second refractive index n of the first intermediate layer 29a ２ It is lower compared to the fourth refractive index n of the second intermediate layer 29b. ４ The first refractive index n of the protective layer 26 １ It is lower compared to the fifth refractive index n of the second filling portion 151b. ５ The fourth refractive index n of the second intermediate layer 29b ４ It is lower compared to the first refractive index n of the protective layer 26. １ , the second refractive index n of the first intermediate layer 29a ２ , the third refractive index n of the first filling portion 151a ３ , the fourth refractive index n of the second intermediate layer 29b ４ and the fifth refractive index n of the second filling portion 151b ５ is, n １ >n ２ >n ３ and n １ >n ４ >n ５ The relationship is as follows: Second refractive index n ２ and the fourth refractive index n ４ The third refractive index n may be equal or different. ３ and the fifth refractive index n ５ The first refractive index n may be equal or different. １ For example, n is greater than 1.7. ２ and the fourth refractive index n ４ For example, the third refractive index n is between 1.5 and 1.7. ３ and fifth refractive index n ５ For example, it is less than 1.5.

[0182] The difference in refractive index between the adjacent protective layer 26 and the first intermediate layer 29a in the in-plane direction, i.e., the first refractive index n １ and the second refractive index n ２ The refractive index difference Δn １２ (=n １ -n ２ ) is preferably 0.1 or greater from the viewpoint of ease of adjusting wavefront control by the protective layer 26 and the first intermediate layer 29a. The refractive index difference between the first intermediate layer 29a and the first filling portion 151a adjacent in the in-plane direction, i.e., the second refractive index n ２ and the third refractive index n ３ The refractive index difference Δn ２３ (=n ２ -n ３ From the viewpoint of ease of adjusting wavefront control by the first intermediate layer 29a and the first filling portion 151a, it is preferable that the value be 0.1 or greater.

[0183] The difference in refractive index between the adjacent protective layer 26 and the second intermediate layer 29b in the in-plane direction, i.e., the first refractive index n １ and the fourth refractive index n ４ The refractive index difference Δn １４ (=n １ -n ４ ) is preferably 0.1 or greater from the viewpoint of ease of adjusting wavefront control by the protective layer 26 and the second intermediate layer 29b. The refractive index difference between the second intermediate layer 29b and the second filling portion 151b adjacent in the in-plane direction, i.e., the fourth refractive index n ４ and the fifth refractive index n ５ The refractive index difference Δn ４５ (=n ４ -n ５ From the viewpoint of ease of adjusting wavefront control by the second intermediate layer 29b and the second filling portion 151b, it is preferable that the value be 0.1 or greater.

[0184] [Method for Manufacturing the Display Device 105] An example of a method for manufacturing the display device 105 according to the fifth embodiment will be described below with reference to Figures 71A to 72B.

[0185] (Process from the formation of the drive substrate 11 to the formation of the third protective layer 263) First, the process from the formation of the drive substrate 11 to the formation of the third protective layer 263 is carried out in the same manner as the process in the second example of the method for manufacturing the display device 104 according to the fourth embodiment.

[0186] (Process for forming the inorganic thin film 290) Next, for example, by CVD, the inorganic thin film 290 is formed on the first surface of the third protective layer 263 so as to conform to the shape of the third protective layer 263, as shown in Figure 71A. The ALD method may be used as the CVD method.

[0187] (Process for forming the organic resin layer 150) Next, the organic resin composition is applied to the first surface of the inorganic thin film 290 so as to fill the recesses 291a and each hole 291b, and then cured by, for example, light irradiation or heating. As a result, the organic resin layer 150 is formed on the first surface of the inorganic thin film 290, as shown in Figure 71B. Next, as shown in Figure 72A, the organic resin layer 150 is flattened until the tops of each protrusion 26a are exposed. As a result, the first filling portion 151a remains in the recesses 291a, and the second filling portion 151b remains in each hole 291b.

[0188] (Process for forming the filling resin layer 15) Next, the filling resin is applied to the flattened surface and then cured by, for example, light irradiation or heating. As a result, a filling resin layer 15 is formed, as shown in Figure 72B, having a first filling portion 151a and a plurality of second filling portions 151b on the second surface side.

[0189] (Modularization process) Next, the modularization process is carried out in the same manner as in the first embodiment. This results in the display device 105.

[0190] [Effects] As described above, in the display device 105 according to the fifth embodiment, a first intermediate layer 29a and a first filling portion 151a are provided in order within the recess 26b, and a second intermediate layer 29b and a second filling portion 151b are provided in order within the hole 26c. The second refractive index n of the first intermediate layer 29a ２ The first refractive index n of the protective layer 26 １ It is lower compared to the third refractive index n of the first filling portion 151a. ３The second refractive index n of the first intermediate layer 29a ２ It is lower compared to the fourth refractive index n of the second intermediate layer 29b. ４ The first refractive index n of the protective layer 26 １ It is lower compared to the fifth refractive index n of the second filling portion 151b. ５ The fourth refractive index n of the second intermediate layer 29b ４ This is lower compared to [another method]. This makes it possible to control the wavefront of the light emitted from the first filling portion 151a, the first intermediate layer 29a, the protrusion 26a, the second intermediate layer 29b, and the second filling portion 151b, respectively. Therefore, the light extraction efficiency can be improved compared to the display device 104 according to the fourth embodiment. In other words, the luminous efficiency can be improved compared to the display device 104 according to the fourth embodiment.

[0191] <7 Sixth Embodiment> [Configuration of Display Device 106] Figure 73A is a plan view of the sub-pixel 10 in the display device 106 according to the sixth embodiment. Figure 73B is a cross-sectional view along the line LXXIIIB-LXXIIIB in Figure 73A. The display device 106 differs from the display device 105 according to the fifth embodiment in that the protective layer 26 does not include a third protective layer 263, and the first intermediate layer 29a and the second intermediate layer 29b are provided directly above the first surface of the third electrode 27.

[0192] [Manufacturing Method for Display Device 106] An example of a manufacturing method for the display device 106 according to the sixth embodiment will be described below with reference to Figures 74A to 75B.

[0193] (Process from the formation of the drive substrate 11 to the formation of the third electrode 27) First, the processes from the formation of the drive substrate 11 to the formation of the third electrode 27 are carried out in the same manner as those processes in the third embodiment.

[0194] (Process for forming the inorganic thin film 290) Next, for example, by CVD, the inorganic thin film 290 is formed on the first surface of the third electrode 27 so as to conform to the shape of the third electrode 27, as shown in Figure 74A. The ALD method may be used as the CVD method.

[0195] (Process for forming the organic resin layer 150) Next, the organic resin composition is applied to fill the recesses 291a and each hole 291b, and then cured by, for example, light irradiation or heating. As a result, the organic resin layer 150 is formed on the first surface of the inorganic thin film 290, as shown in Figure 74B. Next, as shown in Figure 75A, the organic resin layer 150 is planarized until the tops of each protrusion 26a are exposed.

[0196] (Process for forming the filling resin layer 15) Next, the filling resin is applied to the flattened surface and then cured by, for example, light irradiation or heating. As a result, a filling resin layer 15 is formed, as shown in Figure 75B, having a first filling portion 151a and a plurality of second filling portions 151b on the second surface side.

[0197] (Modularization process) Next, the modularization process is carried out in the same manner as in the first embodiment. This results in the display device 106.

[0198] [Effects and Effects] As described above, the display device 106 according to the sixth embodiment has the same configuration as the display device 105 according to the fifth embodiment, except that the protective layer 26 does not include the third protective layer 263, and the first intermediate layer 29a and the second intermediate layer 29b are provided directly above the first surface of the third electrode 27. Therefore, the same effects and effects as the display device 105 according to the fifth embodiment can be obtained.

[0199] <8 Seventh Embodiment> [Configuration of Display Device 107] Figure 76A is a plan view of the sub-pixel 10 in the display device 107 according to the seventh embodiment. Figure 76B is a cross-sectional view along the line LXXVIB-LXXVIB in Figure 76A. The display device 107 comprises a drive substrate 11, a plurality of light-emitting elements 12W, a protective layer 26, a third electrode 27, a plurality of connection parts 30, an intermediate layer 29, a filling part 151, and a color filter 20.

[0200] (Drive board 11) The drive board 11 is as described in the first embodiment, so a description of the drive board 11 will be omitted.

[0201] (Light-emitting element 12W) The light-emitting element 12W can emit white light based on the control of a drive circuit or the like. The light-emitting element 12W is different from the light-emitting element 12R in the first embodiment in that it includes an OLED layer 122W instead of the OLED layer 122R. The OLED layer 122W can emit white light.

[0202] (Protective layer 26) The first protective layer 261 in the seventh embodiment is an example of an element protective layer. The first protective layer 261 does not have a hole portion 261h and covers substantially the entire first surface of the second electrode 123. The first protective layer 261 is sandwiched between the second electrode 123 and the third electrode 27. The protective layer 26 in the seventh embodiment may be the same as the protective layer 26 in the third embodiment in other respects.

[0203] (Third electrode 27) The third electrode 27 is separated from the second electrode 123 and is connected to the second electrode 123 via a connection portion 30. The third electrode 27 is provided within the protective layer 26. Specifically, the third electrode 27 is sandwiched between the first protective layer 261 and the third protective layer 263, and between the second protective layer 262 and the third protective layer 263. The third electrode 27 in the seventh embodiment may be the same as the third electrode 27 in the third embodiment in other respects.

[0204] (Connection portion 30) The connection portion 30 electrically connects the separated second electrode 123 and third electrode 27. The connection portion 30 is provided individually for each of the plurality of light-emitting elements 12W. The connection portion 30 has translucency with respect to the light emitted from the light-emitting element 12W. The connection portion 30 is provided on the side surface of the first protective layer 261 and covers the side surface of the first protective layer 261. The side surface of the first protective layer 261 may be a vertical surface perpendicular to the first surface of the drive substrate 11 or a tapered surface inclined with respect to the first surface of the drive substrate 11. In FIG. 76B, the former example is shown. The connection portion 30 has an annular shape.

[0205] The connection part 30 has a lower end part (first end part) on the side of the light-emitting element 12W and an upper end part (second end part) on the side of the third electrode 27. The lower end part of the connection part 30 is connected to the peripheral part of the first surface (upper surface) of the second electrode 123. The upper end part of the connection part 30 is connected to the second surface (lower surface) of the third electrode 27.

[0206] As shown in FIG. 76B, the upper end part of the connection part 30 may be located at substantially the same height as the first surface of the first protective layer 261, or as shown in FIG. 77, the upper end part of the connection part 30 may protrude from the first surface of the first protective layer 261. When the upper end part of the connection part 30 protrudes from the first surface of the first protective layer 261, the third electrode 27 protrudes so as to follow the upper end part of the connection part 30 that protrudes from the first surface of the first protective layer 261. Therefore, the contact area between the connection part 30 and the third electrode 27 can be increased, and the contact resistance between the connection part 30 and the third electrode 27 can be reduced.

[0207] The connection part 30 is constituted by a conductive layer. The conductive layer is constituted by, for example, at least one layer of a transparent conductive oxide layer and a metal layer. From the viewpoint of increasing the transmittance of the connection part 30, it is preferable that the conductive layer is constituted by a transparent conductive oxide layer.

[0208] The transparent conductive oxide layer contains a transparent conductive oxide. Examples of the transparent conductive oxide can be the same materials as the transparent conductive oxide layer of the first electrode 121 in the first embodiment. Among those materials, the transparent conductive oxide preferably contains indium zinc oxide (IZO). This is because indium zinc oxide (IZO) enables film formation with high uniformity at low temperature. Examples of the metal contained in the metal layer can be the same materials as the metal layer of the second electrode 123 in the first embodiment.

[0209] The connection part 30 may be constituted by a laminated film of a conductive layer and a coating layer. The coating layer may have conductivity or may not have conductivity. When the coating layer has conductivity, the coating layer can supplement the conductivity of the conductive layer, so that the connection part 30 can be made to have a lower resistance.

[0210] The coating layer may be provided on the outer circumferential surface of the conductive layer. The coating layer may partially cover the outer circumferential surface of the conductive layer, or it may cover the entire outer circumferential surface of the conductive layer. The thickness of the coating layer may decrease from the lower end towards the upper end. A coating layer of this shape is easily formed by utilizing reaction products generated during the manufacturing process when the conductive layer, the second electrode 123, and the OLED layer 122 are separated into light-emitting elements 12W by dry etching.

[0211] The coating layer may be composed of a deposit film. The coating layer, which is a deposit film, may contain a first reaction product generated when the conductive layer and the second electrode 123 are separated by dry etching during the manufacturing process. The first reaction product includes, for example, at least one metal contained in the conductive layer and at least one metal contained in the second electrode 123. The coating layer, which is a deposit film, can be formed by adjusting the dry etching conditions during the manufacturing process.

[0212] The coating layer, which is a deposit film, may further contain a second reaction product generated when the insulating layer 112 is dry-etched during the manufacturing process. The second reaction product may contain, for example, at least one metal contained in the insulating layer 112.

[0213] The coating layer, which is a deposit film, may further contain a third reaction product generated when the OLED layer 122 is divided by dry etching during the manufacturing process. The third reaction product may, for example, contain some or all of the constituent materials of the OLED layer 122.

[0214] (Intermediate layer 29) The intermediate layer 29 is the same as the first intermediate layer 29a in the fifth embodiment.

[0215] (Filling section 151) The filling section 151 is the same as the first filling section 151a in the fifth embodiment.

[0216] (Color filter 20) The color filter 20 will be explained in the modified example 10 described below.

[0217] (Relationship between the refractive indices of the protective layer 26, the intermediate layer 29, and the filling portion 151) The second refractive index n of the intermediate layer 29 ２The first refractive index n of the protective layer 26 １ It is lower than and the refractive index n of the filling portion 151 ３ The second refractive index n of the intermediate layer 29 ２ It is lower compared to the first refractive index n of the protective layer 26. １ , the second refractive index n of the intermediate layer 29 ２ and the third refractive index n of the filling portion 151 ３ is, n １ >n ２ >n ３ They have a relationship.

[0218] [Method for Manufacturing the Display Device 107] An example of a method for manufacturing the display device 107 according to the seventh embodiment will be described below with reference to Figures 78A to 82B.

[0219] (Process from the formation of the drive substrate 11 to the formation of the first electrode 121) First, the processes from the formation of the drive substrate 11 to the formation of the first electrode 121 are carried out in the same manner as those processes in the first embodiment.

[0220] (Formation process of OLED layer 122W) Next, for example by vapor deposition, a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, a red light-emitting layer, a light-emitting separation layer, a blue light-emitting layer, a green light-emitting layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer are laminated in this order on the first surface of the drive substrate 11 so as to cover a plurality of first electrodes 121. This forms an OLED layer 122 having a single-layer light-emitting unit. Here, the formation process of an OLED layer 122W having a single-layer light-emitting unit U has been described as an example, but the OLED layer 122W is not limited to having a single-layer light-emitting unit, and may have two layers of light-emitting units, or may have other layer structures.

[0221] (Process for forming the second electrode 123) Next, the second electrode 123 is formed on the first surface of the OLED layer 122W by, for example, a vapor deposition method or a sputtering method.

[0222] (Formation process of the first protective layer 261) Next, for example, by CVD, the first protective layer 261 is formed on the first surface of the second electrode 123, as shown in Figure 78A. Next, for example, by photolithography, a resist layer 66 having an opening 66h is formed above the portion between adjacent light-emitting elements 12W, as shown in Figure 78B. Next, for example, the first protective layer 261 is processed (patterned) through the resist layer 66 acting as a mask by dry etching. As a result, a plurality of island-shaped first protective layers 261 are formed on the first surface of the second electrode 123, as shown in Figure 78C. After that, the resist layer 66 is removed, for example, by ashing.

[0223] (Conductive layer formation process) Next, for example, by sputtering, the conductive layer 300 is formed to conform to the shape of the processed (patterned) first protective layer 261, as shown in Figure 79A.

[0224] (Etching process) Next, for example, by dry etching, the entire uneven surface on which the conductive layer 300 is formed is subjected to an etch-back process, and as shown in Figure 79B, the first surface of each first protective layer 261 is exposed, and the conductive layer 300, the second electrode 123, and the OLED layer 122W are separated at positions corresponding to the space between the first electrodes 121. As a result, a plurality of laminates consisting of the connection portion 30, the first protective layer 261, and the light-emitting element 12W are formed on the first surface of the drive substrate 11.

[0225] (Process for forming the second protective layer 262) Next, the second protective layer 262 is formed to conform to the multiple laminates, for example by CVD. Next, the entire second protective layer 262 is etched back, for example by dry etching, and the first surface of each first protective layer 261 is exposed, as shown in Figure 80A. At this time, the upper end of the connecting portion 30 may protrude from the first surface of the first protective layer 261.

[0226] (Process for forming the third electrode 27) Next, the third electrode 27 is formed, for example by sputtering, so as to conform to the uneven surface formed by the multiple first protective layers 261 and the second protective layer 262. At this time, the upper end of the connecting portion 30 is connected to the third electrode 27.

[0227] (Process for forming the third protective layer 263) Next, for example, by CVD, the third protective layer 263 is formed on the first surface of the third electrode 27 so as to conform to the shape of the third electrode 27, as shown in Figure 80B. This forms an uneven surface consisting of convex portions 26a and concave portions 26b.

[0228] (Process for forming the intermediate layer 29 and the filling portion 151) Next, the organic resin composition is applied to the first surface of the third protective layer 263 so as to fill the uneven surface, and then cured by, for example, light irradiation or heating. As a result, an organic resin layer 290a is formed on the first surface of the third protective layer 263, as shown in Figure 80C. An inorganic layer may be formed instead of the organic resin layer 290a. In this case, a method for forming the inorganic layer may be, for example, CVD. Next, a resist layer 67 having an opening 67h above the recess 26b is formed by, for example, photolithography, as shown in Figure 81A. Next, the organic resin layer 290a is processed through the resist layer 67 acting as a mask by, for example, dry etching. As a result, a recess 291 is formed inside the recess 26b, as shown in Figure 81B. After that, the resist layer 67 is removed by, for example, ashing.

[0229] Next, a filler resin is applied to fill the recesses 291, and then cured, for example, by light irradiation or heating. As a result, as shown in Figure 82A, the organic resin layer 150 is formed on the first surface of the organic resin layer 290a. Next, as shown in Figure 82B, the organic resin layer 150 is flattened until the tops of each protrusion 26a are exposed. As a result, the intermediate layer 29 and the filler portion 151 remain in the recesses 26b.

[0230] (Process for forming the color filter 20) Next, for example, by photolithography, the color sorting layer 201G, the color sorting layer 201R, and the color sorting layer 201B are sequentially formed on the planarized surface. As a result, the color filter 20 is formed on the planarized surface.

[0231] [Effects] As described above, the display device 107 according to the seventh embodiment includes a protective layer 26 that covers a plurality of light-emitting elements 12W and has a plurality of protrusions 26a corresponding to each of the plurality of light-emitting elements 12W, an intermediate layer 29 that covers the sides of the protrusions 26a, and a filling portion 151 that fills the space between adjacent protrusions 26a. The refractive index of the intermediate layer 29 (first refractive index n １ ) is the refractive index of the protective layer 26 (second refractive index n ２ It is lower than the refractive index of the filling portion 151 (third refractive index n ３ ) is the refractive index of the intermediate layer 29 (second refractive index n ２ This is lower compared to ). This allows control of the wavefront of light emitted from the top of the protrusion 26a, the top of the peripheral wall of the intermediate layer 29, and the top of the filling portion 151, respectively, and amplifies the light emission in the forward direction. Therefore, the light extraction efficiency of the display device 107 can be improved. In other words, the luminous efficiency of the display device 107 can be improved.

[0232] Furthermore, in the display device 107 according to the seventh embodiment, the third electrode 27 is not connected to the second electrode 123 via a connection hole (via hole) 26h, but rather the third electrode 27 is connected to the upper end of the connection portion 30 at the top (e.g., flat surface) of the first protective layer 261. Therefore, it is easier to control the film thickness of the third electrode 27 than in a configuration in which the third electrode 27 and the second electrode 123 are connected via a connection hole (via hole) 26h. Thus, the reliability of the electrical connection between the third electrode 27 and the second electrode 123 can be improved.

[0233] <9 Modifications> [Modification 1] In the first embodiment, an example was described in which the display device 101 is provided with a peripheral wall portion 14 as the second refractive index portion, but the second refractive index portion is not limited to the peripheral wall portion 14. For example, as shown in Figures 13A and 13B, the display device 101 may be provided with a metamaterial portion 16 instead of the peripheral wall portion 14. The metamaterial portion 16 has a second refractive index n, similar to the peripheral wall portion 14 in the first embodiment. ２It may have. That is, the metamaterial portion 16 may have the same optical function as the peripheral wall portion 14 in the first embodiment. The shape of the metamaterial portion 16 in plan view may be the same as the shape of the peripheral wall portion 14 in plan view.

[0234] The metamaterial portion 16 includes a metamaterial. The metamaterial is a metasurface which is a two-dimensional metamaterial, and includes a plurality of nanostructures (meta-atoms) 161 having a size equal to or smaller than the wavelength of light and a filling material 162 filling the periphery of each nanostructure 161. Here, the light may be the light emitted from the light-emitting element 12. When the light emitted from the light-emitting element 12 has a wide emission spectrum in the wavelength range, the wavelength of the light may be, for example, the wavelength at which the emission spectrum has the maximum intensity. Alternatively, it may be the smaller of the wavelength on the long wavelength side where the intensity becomes, for example, 1 / 20 with respect to the maximum intensity of the emission spectrum and the maximum wavelength of visible light. In the first modification, an example in which the metamaterial is a two-dimensional metamaterial will be described, but the metamaterial may be constituted by a three-dimensional metamaterial, or may be constituted by both a two-dimensional metamaterial and a three-dimensional metamaterial.

[0235] The plurality of nanostructures 161 are two-dimensionally arranged on the first surface of the driving substrate 11. The plurality of nanostructures (meta-atoms) 161 may be uniformly arranged at equal intervals. The nanostructure 161 is, for example, a dielectric pillar. The shape of the dielectric pillar is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a columnar shape, an elliptical columnar shape, or a polygonal columnar shape such as a square columnar shape. The plurality of nanostructures 161 may include dielectric pillars having two or more shapes.

[0236] In order to perform wavefront control of light for each of the light-emitting elements 12R, 12G, and 12B, at least one of the arrangement, width, shape, height, etc. of the metamaterial portion 16 may be different for each of the light-emitting elements 12R, 12G, and 12B.

[0237] The refractive index of the nanostructure 161 and the refractive index of the filler material 162 are different. The nanostructure 161 may be made of the same material as the protective layer 13 (first material), and the filler material 162 may be the same as the constituent material of the filler resin layer 15 (second material). Conversely, the nanostructure 161 may be made of the same material as the filler resin layer 15 (second material), and the filler material 162 may be the same as the constituent material of the protective layer 13 (first material). Figures 13A and 13B show the latter configuration example. The difference in color in Figure 13A (gray and white) represents the difference in constituent materials.

[0238] [Modification 2] The metamaterial portion 16 may have multiple regions R1, R2, and R3 with different refractive indices, as shown in Figures 14A and 14B. Modification 2 describes an example in which there are three regions with different refractive indices, but the number of regions with different refractive indices is not limited to this example and can be selected according to the desired optical properties of the metamaterial portion 16.

[0239] Multiple regions R1, R2, and R3 are arranged concentrically around the protective layer 13 in a plan view. The multiple regions R1, R2, and R3 are arranged in this order from the inner circumference to the outer circumference of the metamaterial portion 16. The refractive indices of the multiple regions R1, R2, and R3 decrease sequentially from the innermost region R1 to the outermost region R3. The surface density of the metamaterial portion 16 differs in the multiple regions R1, R2, and R3, which results in different refractive indices for the multiple regions R1, R2, and R3.

[0240] In order to control the wavefront of light for each light-emitting element 12R, 12G, and 12B, at least one of the number of regions R with different refractive indices and the width of regions R may differ for each light-emitting element 12R, 12G, and 12B.

[0241] [Modification 3] The multiple nanostructures 161 may be arranged radially around the protective layer 13 in a plan view, as shown in Figure 15. The nanostructures 161 have a tapered shape, for example, in a plan view, becoming narrower from the bottom on the side of the protective layer 13 towards the tip. Specific examples of the tapered shape include, but are not limited to, an elongated triangular shape or an elongated trapezoidal shape. Because the nanostructures 161 have a tapered shape in a plan view as described above, the refractive index of the metamaterial portion 16 can be changed such that the refractive index of the metamaterial portion 16 decreases as it moves away from the protective layer 13 in the radial direction of the nanostructure 161.

[0242] [Modification 4] In the first embodiment, the peripheral wall portion 14 has a second refractive index n ２ An example having a single-layer structure is described, but as shown in Figures 16A and 16B, the peripheral wall portion 14 has multiple layers 14a １ , 14a ２ , ..., 14a ｎ It may have a multilayer structure consisting of the above. That is, the peripheral wall portion 14 may have a multilayer shell structure.

[0243] In order to control the wavefront of light for each light-emitting element 12R, 12G, and 12B, at least one of the number of layers of the peripheral wall portion 14 and the thickness of each layer may differ for each light-emitting element 12R, 12G, and 12B.

[0244] Multiple layers 14a １ , 14a ２ , ..., 14a ｎ The layers are stacked concentrically around the protective layer 13 in a plan view. Multiple layers 14a １ , 14a ２ , ..., 14a ｎ These are stacked in this order from the inner circumference to the outer circumference of the peripheral wall portion 14. Multiple layers 14a １ , 14a ２ , ..., 14a ｎ The refractive index of the innermost layer 14a １ from the outermost layer 14a ｎ They get progressively smaller towards the end.

[0245] The refractive index of the protective layer 13 is n １ Multiple layers 14a １ , 14a ２ , ..., 14a ｎ The refractive indices are n, respectively. ２１ , n ２２ , ..., n ２ｎ The refractive index of the filling resin layer 15 is set to n ３ Therefore, the refractive indices n １ , n ２１ , n ２２ , ..., n ２ｎ , n ３ is, n １ >n ２１ >n ２２ ,...,>n ２ｎ >n ３ The following relationship is satisfied: refractive index n １ , n ２１ , n ２２ , ..., n ２ｎ , n ３ By satisfying this relationship, the top of the protective layer 13 and the multiple layers 14a １ , 14a ２ , ..., 14a ｎ The wavefronts of light emitted from the top of the structure and the portion between the tops of the adjacent peripheral wall 14 (i.e., the portion between the tops of the adjacent structure 130) can be controlled, thereby amplifying the light emission in the forward direction. Therefore, the light extraction efficiency can be improved. In other words, the luminescence efficiency can be improved.

[0246] Protective layer 13, multiple layers 14a １ , 14a ２ , ..., 14a ｎ and in the filling resin layer 15, the refractive index difference n between the protective layer 13 and the filling resin layer 15 １ -n ３ The relationship is 0.2 or greater, and there are multiple layers 14a １ , 14a ２ , ..., 14a ｎ The refractive indices n ２１ , n ２２ , ..., n ２ｎ gan １ >n ２１ >n ２２ ,...,>n２ｎ >n ３ It is preferable that the relationship is satisfied.

[0247] As described above, the peripheral wall portion 14 consists of multiple layers 14a, each with a different refractive index. １ , 14a ２ , ..., 14a ｎ Having a multilayer structure consisting of these elements increases the opportunities for phase matching.

[0248] [Modification 5] The display device 101 according to Modification 5 differs from the display device 101 according to the first embodiment in that the protective layer 13 and the peripheral wall portion 14 have stepped sides, as shown in Figure 17. The stepped shape of the side of the peripheral wall portion 14 may be formed to follow the stepped shape of the side of the protective layer 13. In Modification 5, an example is described in which the stepped shape of the side of the protective layer 13 and the stepped shape of the side of the peripheral wall portion 14 are one step, but the number of steps in the stepped shape is not limited to this example and may be two or more steps.

[0249] The protective layer 13 has a first portion 131 having a first width and a second portion 132 provided on the first portion and having a second width. The peripheral wall portion 14 may have a first portion 141 having a first width and a second portion 142 provided on the first portion and having a second width. If the number of steps in the staircase shape is two or more, the protective layer 13 and the peripheral wall portion 14 each have two or more portions with different widths. Here, the width of each portion of the protective layer 13 and the peripheral wall portion 14 refers to the width of each portion in the in-plane direction.

[0250] In order to control the wavefront of light for each light-emitting element 12R, 12G, and 12B, at least one of the following may differ for each light-emitting element 12R, 12G, and 12B: the stepped height of the protective layer 13, the stepped height of the peripheral wall portion 14, the width of each part of the protective layer 13 (first portion 131 and second portion 132), and the width of each part of the peripheral wall portion 14 (first portion 141 and second portion 142).

[0251] As described above, the protective layer 13 and the peripheral wall portion 14 have stepped sides, which allows for the control of the wavefronts of light emitted from the protective layer 13, the peripheral wall portion 14, and the portion between the tops of adjacent peripheral wall portions 14 (i.e., the portion between the tops of adjacent structures 130), thereby amplifying the light emission in the forward direction.

[0252] [Modification 6] The side surface of the protective layer 13 and the outer peripheral side surface of the peripheral wall portion 14 may be perpendicular to the first surface of the drive substrate 11, as shown in Figure 3, but the shape of the side surface of the protective layer 13 and the outer peripheral side surface of the peripheral wall portion 14 is not limited to this example. For example, as shown in Figure 18, the protective layer 13 may have an inclined portion 13S that tapers towards the side opposite to the light-emitting element 12 (the top side). １ The peripheral wall portion 14 may also have an inclined portion 14S that tapers towards the side opposite to the light-emitting element 12 (the top side). １ They may also have. In modified example 6, the protective layer 13 and the peripheral wall portion 14 are each inclined portion 13S １ and inclined portion 14S １ An example having the above will be described, but either the protective layer 13 or the peripheral wall portion 14 may have an inclined portion.

[0253] The protective layer 13 has a bottom on the side of the light-emitting element 12 and a top on the side opposite to the light-emitting element 12. The inclined portion 13S of the protective layer 13. １ The inclined portion 13S may be provided from the top (upper surface) of the protective layer 13 up to a predetermined height relative to the first surface of the drive substrate 11 (i.e., a portion of the side surface of the protective layer 13), or it may be provided from the top to the bottom of the protective layer 13 (i.e., the entire side surface of the protective layer 13). Figure 19A shows the former example. １ The inclined surface that makes up the structure may be a flat surface or a curved surface. The curved surface may be a convex curved surface or a concave curved surface.

[0254] Inclined part 13S １ Specifically, it may have a forward taper shape. Inclined portion 13S １The forward taper shape may be a linear taper shape in which the width of the protective layer 13 changes linearly with respect to the height from the first surface of the drive substrate 11 and the inclination angle of the side surface of the protective layer 13 remains constant, or it may be a nonlinear taper shape in which the width of the protective layer 13 changes nonlinearly with respect to the height from the first surface of the drive substrate 11 and the inclination angle of the side surface of the protective layer 13 changes. The nonlinear taper shape may be, for example, an exponential taper shape or a parabolic taper shape.

[0255] The peripheral wall portion 14 has a bottom on the side of the light-emitting element 12 and a top on the side opposite to the light-emitting element 12. The inclined portion 14S of the peripheral wall portion 14. １ The inclined portion 14S may be provided from the top of the peripheral wall portion 14 up to a predetermined height relative to the first surface of the drive substrate 11 (i.e., a portion of the outer peripheral side surface of the peripheral wall portion 14), or it may be provided from the top to the bottom of the peripheral wall portion 14 (i.e., the entire outer peripheral side surface of the peripheral wall portion 14). Figure 19A shows the former example. １ An example of the shape of the inclined surface that makes up the inclined portion 13S is １ Examples include shapes similar to the inclined surfaces that make up the structure.

[0256] Inclined part 14S １ Specifically, it may have a forward taper shape. Inclined portion 14S １ A specific example of a forward-tapered shape is the inclined portion 13S. １ A similar forward taper shape can be exemplified.

[0257] In Figure 18, the inclined portion 13S １ The inclined surface and inclined portion 14S １ An example is shown where the inclined surfaces have approximately the same shape, but the inclined portion 13S １ The inclined surface and inclined portion 14S １ The shape of the inclined surface may be different. For example, as shown in Figure 19A, the inclined portion 13S １ The inclined surface is flat, and the inclined portion 14S １ The inclined surface may be a convex curved surface.

[0258] Also, in Figure 18, the inclined portion 13S １ Formation range and inclined portion 14S １An example is shown where the formation range is approximately the same, but the inclined portion 13S １ Formation range and inclined portion 14S １ The formation range may differ. For example, as shown in Figure 19A, the inclined portion 13S １ The circumferential wall portion 14 is provided over the range from the top to the bottom, whereas the inclined portion 14S １ It may be provided from the top of the peripheral wall portion 14 to a predetermined height with reference to the first surface of the drive substrate 11.

[0259] As described above, the protective layer 13 and the peripheral wall portion 14 each have an inclined portion 13S １ and inclined portion 14S １ By having this feature, even if the peripheral wall portion 14 does not have a multilayer shell structure (see Figure 16), the opportunities for phase matching can be increased (see light L in Figures 18 and 19A). In addition, the spread of light emitted from each sub-pixel 10 can be suppressed, and blurring of image quality can be reduced.

[0260] [Modification 7] In Modification 6, the protective layer 13 has a sloping portion 13S that tapers towards the top. １ It has a sloping portion 14S, which is inclined so that the top side tapers off. １ An example having the above has been described. However, the inclined portions of the protective layer 13 and the peripheral wall portion 14 are not limited to this example. For example, as shown in Figure 19B, the protective layer 13 has an inclined portion 13S that tapers towards the side of the light-emitting element 12 (bottom side). ２ The peripheral wall portion 14 may also have an inclined portion 14S that tapers towards the side of the light-emitting element 12 (bottom side). ２ It may have.

[0261] Inclined portion 13S of protective layer 13 ２ The inclined portion 13S may be provided from the bottom of the protective layer 13 up to a predetermined height relative to the first surface of the drive substrate 11 (i.e., a portion of the side surface of the protective layer 13), or it may be provided from the bottom to the top of the protective layer 13 (i.e., the entire side surface of the protective layer 13). Figure 19B shows the latter example. ２The inclined surface that makes up the structure may be a flat surface or a curved surface. The curved surface may be a convex curved surface or a concave curved surface.

[0262] Inclined part 13S ２ Specifically, it may have an inverted tapered shape. Inclined portion 13S ２ The inverse taper shape may be a linear taper shape or a nonlinear taper shape. A nonlinear taper shape is, for example, an exponential taper shape or a parabolic taper shape.

[0263] Inclined portion 14S of the peripheral wall portion 14 ２ The inclined portion 14S may be provided from the bottom of the peripheral wall portion 14 up to a predetermined height relative to the first surface of the drive substrate 11 (a portion of the side surface of the peripheral wall portion 14), or it may be provided from the bottom to the top of the peripheral wall portion 14 (the entire side surface of the peripheral wall portion 14). Figure 19B shows the latter example. ２ An example of the shape of the inclined surface that makes up the inclined portion 13S is ２ Examples include shapes similar to the inclined surfaces that make up the structure.

[0264] Inclined part 14S ２ Specifically, it may have an inverted tapered shape. Inclined portion 14S ２ A specific example of the reverse tapered shape is the inclined portion 13S. ２ A similar reverse taper shape can be illustrated.

[0265] [Modification 8] As shown in Figure 20, the display device 101 according to Modification 8 differs from the display device 101 according to the first embodiment in that it further comprises a lens array 17. The lens array 17 is provided on the first surface of the filling resin layer 15.

[0266] The lens array 17 includes a plurality of lenses 171. Each of the plurality of lenses 171 is provided above each light-emitting element 12. The lenses 171 can focus the light incident from the light-emitting elements 12 in a forward direction. The lenses 171 are convex lenses having a convex focusing surface on the side opposite to the light-emitting element 12. Preferably, the focusing surface of the lens 171 has a convex curved surface shape. The plurality of lenses 171 are so-called on-chip microlenses (OCLs) and are arranged two-dimensionally on the first surface of the filling resin layer 15 in a predetermined arrangement pattern. The predetermined arrangement pattern is as described in the first embodiment as a predetermined arrangement pattern of a plurality of subpixels 10. The center of the lens 171 may substantially coincide with the center of the light-emitting region 12a of the light-emitting element 12 in a plan view.

[0267] The lens 171 includes, for example, an organic resin material or an inorganic material that is transparent to visible light. The organic resin material includes, for example, a cured product of a photosensitive resin composition such as an ultraviolet curable resin composition. The inorganic material is, for example, silicon nitride (SiN ｘ ) and silicon oxynitride (SiO ｘ N ｙ It includes at least one selected from the group consisting of ) etc. Lens 171 may contain a filler. The refractive index of lens 171 can be adjusted by adjusting the amount of filler contained in lens 171.

[0268] As described above, by including a lens array 17 in the display device 101, the light whose wavefront is controlled by the protective layer 13, peripheral wall portion 14, and filling resin layer 15 can be further focused by the lens array 17. Therefore, the light extraction efficiency of the display device 101 can be increased.

[0269] [Modification 9] As shown in Figure 21, the display device 101 according to Modification 9 differs from the display device 101 according to the first embodiment in that it further comprises a protective layer 18. The protective layer 18 is provided between the drive substrate 11 and a plurality of structures 130 and covers a plurality of light-emitting elements 12 on the first surface of the drive substrate 11. The protective layer 18 is connected between adjacent sub-pixels 10 in the in-plane direction and is a common layer for a plurality of sub-pixels 10. In Modification 9, as shown in Figure 21, an example is described in which the display device 101 comprises two layers, a protective layer 13 and a protective layer 18, but it may also comprise a single protective layer in which the protective layer 13 and the protective layer 18 are integrated.

[0270] The protective layer 18 is transparent to light emitted from the light-emitting element 12. The protective layer 18 can protect the light-emitting element 12 and the like. For example, the protective layer 18 can suppress the intrusion of moisture into the light-emitting element 12 and the like from the external environment. If the second electrode 123 is made of a metal layer, the protective layer 18 may have a function to suppress the oxidation of this metal layer.

[0271] The protective layer 18 includes, for example, at least one of an inorganic material and an organic material with low hygroscopicity. The protective layer 18 may be a single layer or a multilayer structure. When increasing the thickness of the protective layer 18, a multilayer structure is preferable to relieve internal stress in the protective layer 18. The inorganic material is, for example, silicon oxide (SiO₂). ｘ ), silicon nitride (SiN ｘ ), silicon oxide nitride (SiO ｘ N ｙ ), titanium oxide (TiO ｘ ) and aluminum oxide (AlO ｘ The organic resin material includes at least one selected from the group consisting of, for example, thermosetting resins and photosensitive resins. Photosensitive resins include, for example, ultraviolet curable resins. Specifically, the organic resin material includes at least one selected from the group consisting of, for example, acrylic resins, polyimide resins, novolac resins, epoxy resins, norbornene resins, and parylene resins.

[0272] The protective layer 18 preferably includes an ALD layer, which is a deposited layer in which atomic layers are deposited. By including an ALD layer in the protective layer 18, the effect of suppressing moisture penetration by the protective layer 18 can be improved. The ALD layer includes, for example, a metal oxide or a metal nitride. The metal oxide is, for example, aluminum oxide (AlO2). ｘ ) or titanium dioxide (TiO ｘ ) contains. Metal nitrides include, for example, titanium nitride (TiN ｘ ) includes.

[0273] [Modified Example 10] As shown in Figure 22, the display device 101 according to Modified Example 10 differs from the display device 101 according to the first embodiment in that it comprises multiple light-emitting elements 12W and multiple peripheral wall portions 19R, 19G, 19B instead of multiple light-emitting elements 12R, 12G, 12B and multiple peripheral wall portions 14, and further comprises a color filter 20.

[0274] (Light-emitting element 12W) The light-emitting element 12W can emit white light based on control of a drive circuit, etc. The light-emitting element 12W differs from the light-emitting element 12R in the first embodiment in that it includes an OLED layer 122W instead of the OLED layer 122R. The OLED layer 122W can emit white light.

[0275] The OLED layer 122W, like the first electrode 121, is a separate layer provided individually for each of the multiple light-emitting elements 12. That is, the OLED layer 122W is divided between adjacent light-emitting elements 12 in the in-plane direction. However, the configuration of the OLED layer 122W is not limited to this example, and the OLED layer 122W may be connected rather than divided between adjacent light-emitting elements 12 in the in-plane direction. That is, multiple light-emitting elements 12W may share the OLED layer 122W.

[0276] The OLED layer 122W may be composed of a laminate including an organic light-emitting layer, in which case some of the layers of the laminate (e.g., an electron injection layer) may be an inorganic layer. The OLED layer 122W may be an OLED layer having a single light-emitting unit, an OLED layer having two light-emitting units (tandem structure), or an OLED layer with any other structure. The OLED layer 122W having a single light-emitting unit has a configuration in which, for example, a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, a red light-emitting layer, a light-emitting separation layer, a blue light-emitting layer, a green light-emitting layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer are stacked in this order from the first electrode 121 to the second electrode 123. The OLED layer 122W having two light-emitting units has a configuration in which, for example, a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, a blue light-emitting layer, an electron transport layer, a charge generation layer, a hole transport layer, a yellow light-emitting layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer are stacked in this order from the first electrode 121 to the second electrode 123.

[0277] (Color filter 20) The color filter 20 is a so-called on-chip color filter (OCCF). The color filter 20 is provided above the plurality of light-emitting elements 12W. More specifically, the color filter 20 is provided on the first surface of the filling resin layer 15. The color filter 20 includes, for example, a plurality of color sorting layers 201R, a plurality of color sorting layers 201G, and a plurality of color sorting layers 201B. In the following description, when the color sorting layers 201R, 201G, and 201B are referred to collectively without particular distinction, the color sorting layers 201R, 201G, and 201B may simply be referred to as the color sorting layer 201.

[0278] Multiple color sorting layers 201 are arranged two-dimensionally on the first surface of the filling resin layer 15 in a predetermined arrangement pattern. The predetermined arrangement pattern is as described in the first embodiment as the predetermined arrangement pattern of multiple sub-pixels 10. Each color sorting layer 201 is provided above the light-emitting element 12W. Sub-pixel 10R includes a light-emitting element 12W and a color sorting layer 201R provided above the light-emitting element 12W. Sub-pixel 10G includes a light-emitting element 12W and a color sorting layer 201G provided above the light-emitting element 12W. Sub-pixel 10B includes a light-emitting element 12W and a color sorting layer 201B provided above the light-emitting element 12W.

[0279] The color sorting layer 201R has optical properties that absorb or reflect visible light other than the red emission region, or it has the color red. For example, if a light-absorbing color sorting layer 201R is used, it can transmit the red light component of the white light emitted from the light-emitting element 12W while absorbing the visible light components other than red light. The color sorting layer 201G has optical properties that absorb or reflect visible light other than the green emission region, or it has the color green. For example, the light-absorbing color sorting layer 201G can transmit the green light component of the white light emitted from the light-emitting element 12W while absorbing the visible light components other than green light. The color sorting layer 201B has optical properties that absorb or reflect visible light other than the blue emission region, or it has the color blue. For example, the light-absorbing color sorting layer 201B can transmit the blue light component of the white light emitted from the light-emitting element 12W while absorbing the visible light components other than blue light.

[0280] The color sorting layer 201R includes, for example, a red color resist. The color sorting layer 201G includes, for example, a green color resist. The color sorting layer 201B includes, for example, a blue color resist.

[0281] (Peripheral wall portion 19) Peripheral wall portion 19R differs from peripheral wall portion 14 in that it has low transmittance to some or all of the visible light other than the red light-emitting region, or absorbs some or all of the visible light other than the red light-emitting region. Peripheral wall portion 19R includes, for example, a red colorant and an organic resin material. Peripheral wall portion 19R may also include a red color resist, similar to the color sorting layer 201R. Peripheral wall portion 19R may have the same transmission and absorption characteristics as the color sorting layer 201R for white light emitted from the light-emitting element 12W.

[0282] The peripheral wall portion 19G differs from the peripheral wall portion 14 in that it has low transmittance to some or all of the visible light other than the green light-emitting region, or absorbs some or all of the visible light other than the green light-emitting region. The peripheral wall portion 19G includes, for example, a green colorant and an organic resin material. The peripheral wall portion 19G may also include a green color resist, similar to the color separation layer 201G. The peripheral wall portion 19G may have the same transmission and absorption characteristics as the color separation layer 201G for white light emitted from the light-emitting element 12W.

[0283] The peripheral wall portion 19B differs from the peripheral wall portion 14 in that it has low transmittance to some or all of the visible light other than the blue light-emitting region, or absorbs some or all of the visible light other than the blue light-emitting region. The peripheral wall portion 19B includes, for example, a blue colorant and an organic resin material. The peripheral wall portion 19B may also include a blue color resist, similar to the color separation layer 201B. The peripheral wall portion 19B may have the same transmission and absorption characteristics as the color separation layer 201B for white light emitted from the light-emitting element 12W.

[0284] The red colorant includes, for example, at least one of a red dye and a red pigment. The green colorant includes, for example, at least one of a green dye and a green pigment. The blue colorant includes, for example, at least one of a blue dye and a blue pigment. The organic resin material contained in peripheral wall portions 19R, 19G, and 19B, respectively, includes a photosensitive resin such as an ultraviolet-curable resin. Known additives may be added to the organic resin material.

[0285] In the following explanation, when the peripheral wall portion 19R, peripheral wall portion 19G, and peripheral wall portion 19B are referred to collectively without special distinction, the peripheral wall portion 19R, peripheral wall portion 19G, and peripheral wall portion 19B may simply be referred to as the peripheral wall portion 19.

[0286] In Modification 10, an example is described in which the peripheral wall portion 19 has the same color as the color sorting layer 201 included in the same sub-pixel 10 as the peripheral wall portion 19, that is, the color sorting layer 201 provided above the peripheral wall portion 19. However, the combination of the color of the peripheral wall portion 19R and the color of the color sorting layer 201 is not limited to this example. That is, the peripheral wall portion 19 may have a different color from the color sorting layer 201 included in the same sub-pixel 10 as the peripheral wall portion 19, that is, the color sorting layer 201 provided above the peripheral wall portion 19.

[0287] The peripheral wall portions 19R, 19G, and 19B have a second refractive index n, similar to the peripheral wall portion 14 in the first embodiment. ２ It has the following characteristics, however, the second refractive index n of each of the peripheral wall portions 19R, 19G, and 19B ２ They may be different.

[0288] (Effects) In the display device 101 according to modified example 10, the first refractive index n of the protective layer 13 １ , the second refractive index n of the peripheral wall portions 19R, 19G, and 19B ２ and the third refractive index n of the filling resin layer 15 ３ is, n １ >n ２ >n ３ This relationship exists. As a result, the effect of improving light extraction efficiency can be obtained, similar to the first embodiment.

[0289] Furthermore, the display device 101 according to the modified example 10 can also obtain the following effects. Green light that passes through the peripheral wall portion 19G of sub-pixel 10G and leaks into the sub-pixel 10R adjacent to sub-pixel 10G is absorbed by the color sorting layer 201R of sub-pixel 10R. Also, green light that passes through the peripheral wall portion 19G of sub-pixel 10G and leaks into the sub-pixel 10B adjacent to sub-pixel 10G is absorbed by the color sorting layer 201B of sub-pixel 10B. Therefore, color mixing between sub-pixel 10G and the sub-pixel 10R adjacent to it, and color mixing between sub-pixel 10G and the sub-pixel 10B adjacent to it, can be suppressed. With respect to sub-pixel 10R, color mixing between sub-pixel 10R and the sub-pixel 10G adjacent to it, and color mixing between sub-pixel 10R and the sub-pixel 10B adjacent to it, can also be suppressed by the same principle as in the case of sub-pixel 10G described above. With respect to the sub-pixel 10B, the same principle as in the case of the sub-pixel 10G described above can be used to suppress color mixing between the sub-pixel 10B and the sub-pixel 10R adjacent to it, and between the sub-pixel 10B and the sub-pixel 10G adjacent to it.

[0290] In the above modified example 10, an example in which a color filter 20 is provided was described, but a quantum dot layer may be provided instead of the color filter 20, or a quantum dot layer may be provided together with the color filter 20. The quantum dot layer is a color conversion layer that contains quantum dots (semiconductor particles) and can convert the color of light emitted from a plurality of light-emitting elements 12. In this case, a plurality of light-emitting elements 12B may be provided instead of a plurality of light-emitting elements 12W. Also, the peripheral wall portion may contain quantum dots instead of a colorant, or it may contain quantum dots together with a colorant.

[0291] [Modified Example 11] As shown in Figure 23, the display device 101 according to Modified Example 11 differs from the display device 101 according to the first embodiment in that it is equipped with multiple light-emitting elements 12W and a color filter 21 instead of multiple light-emitting elements 12R, 12G, 12B and multiple peripheral wall portions 14.

[0292] The multiple light-emitting elements 12W are as described in Modification 10.

[0293] The color filter 21 includes a plurality of color sorting layers 211R, a plurality of color sorting layers 211G, and a plurality of color sorting layers 211B. The color sorting layer 211R covers the first surface and side surfaces of the protective layer 13 of the sub-pixel 10R. The color sorting layer 211R may be the same as the peripheral wall portion 19R in Modification 10 in all other respects. The color sorting layer 211G covers the first surface and side surfaces of the protective layer 13 of the sub-pixel 10G. The color sorting layer 211G may be the same as the peripheral wall portion 19G in Modification 10 in all other respects. The color sorting layer 211B covers the first surface and side surfaces of the protective layer 13 of the sub-pixel 10B. The color sorting layer 211B may be the same as the peripheral wall portion 19B in Modification 10 in all other respects.

[0294] The color sorting layers 211R, 211G, and 211B have a second refractive index n, similar to the peripheral wall portion 14 in the first embodiment. ２ It has the following characteristics: However, the second refractive index n of each of the color sorting layers 211R, 211G, and 211B. ２ They may be different.

[0295] In the display device 101 according to Modification 11, similar to the display device 101 according to Modification 10, the light extraction efficiency can be improved and color mixing between adjacent subpixels 10 can be suppressed.

[0296] However, the display device 101 according to Modification 11 is advantageous compared to the display device 101 according to Modification 10 in terms of suppressing color mixing between adjacent subpixels 10. This is for the following reasons. Specifically, the color sorting layers 211R, 211G, and 211B each directly cover the first surface of the protective layer 13 of each subpixel 10. Therefore, in the display device 101 according to Modification 11, light is less likely to leak from one adjacent subpixel 10 to the other, and color mixing between adjacent subpixels 10 is less likely to occur, compared to the display device 101 according to Modification 10, where the color sorting layers 201R, 201G, and 201B are arranged away from the first surface of the protective layer 13 of each subpixel 10.

[0297] [Modification 12] As shown in Figure 24, the display device 101 according to Modification 12 differs from the display device 101 according to the first embodiment in that it is equipped with multiple light-emitting elements 12W and a color filter 25 instead of multiple light-emitting elements 12R, 12G, and 12B.

[0298] The multiple light-emitting elements 12W are as described in Modification 10.

[0299] The color filter 25 is provided between the drive substrate 11 and the multiple structures 130, and covers the multiple light-emitting elements 12W on the first surface of the drive substrate 11. The color filter 25 includes multiple color sorting layers 251R, multiple color sorting layers 251G, and multiple color sorting layers 251B.

[0300] The color sorting layer 251R is provided on the first surface of the drive substrate 11 in the portion corresponding to the sub-pixel 10R and covers the light-emitting element 12W. The color sorting layer 251R may be the same as the color sorting layer 201R of Modified Example 10 in all other respects. The color sorting layer 251G is provided on the first surface of the drive substrate 11 in the portion corresponding to the sub-pixel 10G and covers the light-emitting element 12W. The color sorting layer 251G may be the same as the color sorting layer 201G of Modified Example 10 in all other respects. The color sorting layer 251B is provided on the first surface of the drive substrate 11 in the portion corresponding to the sub-pixel 10B and covers the light-emitting element 12W. The color sorting layer 251B may be the same as the color sorting layer 201B of Modified Example 10 in all other respects.

[0301] In the following explanation, when the color sorting layers 251R, 251G, and 251B are referred to collectively without distinction, they may simply be called the color sorting layer 251. Adjacent color sorting layers 251 in the in-plane direction may be spaced apart so as not to overlap.

[0302] In the modified example 12, the display device 101 has a color sorting layer 251 that directly covers the first surface of the light-emitting element 12W. Therefore, compared to the case where the color sorting layer 251 is provided away from the first surface of the light-emitting element 12W, the occurrence of color mixing between adjacent sub-pixels 10 can be suppressed.

[0303] [Modification 13] As shown in Figure 25, the display device 101 according to Modification 13 differs from the display device 101 according to the first embodiment in that it further comprises a plurality of light-emitting elements 22R, a plurality of light-emitting elements 22G, a plurality of light-emitting elements 22B, a plurality of protective layers 23, and a plurality of peripheral wall portions 24.

[0304] Sub-pixel 10R includes one light-emitting element 12R, one protective layer 13, one peripheral wall portion 14, three light-emitting elements 22R, three protective layers 23, and three peripheral wall portions 24. Sub-pixel 10G includes one light-emitting element 12G, one protective layer 13, one peripheral wall portion 14, three light-emitting elements 22G, three protective layers 23, and three peripheral wall portions 24. Sub-pixel 10B includes one light-emitting element 12B, one protective layer 13, one peripheral wall portion 14, three light-emitting elements 22B, three protective layers 23, and three peripheral wall portions 24. The light-emitting elements 12R, 12G, 12B, protective layer 13, and peripheral wall portion 14 are as described in the first embodiment.

[0305] (Light-emitting elements 22R, 22G, 22B) In the following description, when the light-emitting elements 22R, 22G, and 22B are referred to collectively without particular distinction, they may simply be called light-emitting elements 22. Multiple light-emitting elements 22 are arranged in two dimensions on the first surface of the drive substrate 11 in a predetermined arrangement pattern.

[0306] In the modified example 13, the light-emitting elements 22R, 22G, and 22B are OLED elements. The light-emitting element 22R may complement the brightness of the light-emitting element 12R and can emit red light of the same color as the light emitted by the light-emitting element 12R based on control of a drive circuit or the like. The light-emitting element 12G may complement the brightness of the light-emitting element 12G and can emit green light of the same color as the light emitted by the light-emitting element 12B based on control of a drive circuit or the like. The light-emitting element 12B may complement the brightness of the light-emitting element 12B and can emit blue light of the same color as the light emitted by the light-emitting element 12G based on control of a drive circuit or the like.

[0307] The light-emitting element 22R may have a similar configuration to the light-emitting element 12R, as shown in Figure 26. In the sub-pixel 10R, the three light-emitting elements 22R are arranged around the light-emitting element 12R. More specifically, the three light-emitting elements 22R are arranged around the light-emitting element 12R such that in a plan view, the centers of their light-emitting regions 22a are located at the vertices of a virtual triangle. The light-emitting element 12R is arranged such that in a plan view, the center of its light-emitting region 12a is located at the center of a virtual triangle.

[0308] The light-emitting element 22G may have the same configuration as the light-emitting element 12G. The arrangement of the three light-emitting elements 22G and 12G in the sub-pixel 10G is the same as the arrangement of the three light-emitting elements 22R and 12R in the sub-pixel 10R, so no explanation is given.

[0309] The light-emitting element 22B may have the same configuration as the light-emitting element 12B. The arrangement of the three light-emitting elements 22B and 12B in the sub-pixel 10B is the same as the arrangement of the three light-emitting elements 22R and 12R in the sub-pixel 10R, so no explanation is given.

[0310] (Protective layer 23) As shown in Figure 26, the protective layer 23 is provided on the first surface of each light-emitting element 22, specifically on the first surface of each second electrode 123. The protective layer 23 may be the same as the protective layer 13 in all other respects. The shape of the protective layer 13 described in the above modification may also be applied to the protective layer 23.

[0311] (Peripheral wall portion 24) As shown in Figure 26, the peripheral wall portion 24 is provided on the first surface of the drive substrate 11 and surrounds the side surface (end face) of the protective layer 13. The protective layer 13 and the peripheral wall portion 14 constitute a structure 230 that protrudes from the first surface of the drive substrate 11. The peripheral wall portion 24 may be the same as the peripheral wall portion 14 in all other respects. The shape and configuration of the peripheral wall portion 14 described in the above modified example may also be applied to the peripheral wall portion 24.

[0312] (Structure 230) Between adjacent subpixels 10R and 10G, the structure 230 of subpixel 10R and the structure 230 of subpixel 10G may be adjacent. Between adjacent subpixels 10R and 10B, the structure 230 of subpixel 10R and the structure 230 of subpixel 10B may be adjacent. Between adjacent subpixels 10G and 10B, the structure 230 of subpixel 10G and the structure 230 of subpixel 10B may be adjacent. Here, adjacent includes cases where structures 230, 230 are in direct contact with each other, and cases where structures 230, 230 are located close together but separated by a predetermined distance.

[0313] When structures 230 are adjacent to each other between adjacent subpixels 10, structures 130 and 230 may be arranged such that a path is established as follows: Starting from any structure 130 or any structure 230, one must pass through adjacent structures 130, 230 or adjacent structures 230, 230 in sequence, and return to the starting structure 130 or structure 230 by passing through three or more structures 130, 230 (see the path indicated by the arrow in Figure 25). Figure 25 shows an example where one returns to the starting structure 130 or structure 230 by passing through eight structures 130, 230. Note that a path that returns to the starting point as described above does not necessarily exist. In other words, structures 130 and 230 may be arranged so as not to be in close packing.

[0314] (First refractive index n １ , second refractive index n ２ and third refractive index n ３ (Relationship) The first refractive index n of the protective layer 23 １ , the second refractive index n of the peripheral wall portion 24 ２ and the third refractive index n of the filling resin layer 15 ３ is, n １ >n ２ >n ３ The relationship is as follows. In modified example 13, the protective layer 23 has the same first refractive index n as the protective layer 13. １ The peripheral wall portion 24 has the same second refractive index n as the peripheral wall portion 14. ２ An example having the following characteristics will be described, where the protective layer 23 has a different fourth refractive index n than the protective layer 13. ４The peripheral wall portion 24 has a fifth refractive index n different from that of the peripheral wall portion 14. ５ It may have the fourth refractive index n of the protective layer 23. ４ , the fifth refractive index n of the peripheral wall portion 24 ５ and the third refractive index n of the filling resin layer 15 ３ is, n ４ >n ５ >n ３ It is preferable that they have a relationship.

[0315] (Effects) The display device 101 according to Modification 13 further comprises a plurality of light-emitting elements 22R, a plurality of light-emitting elements 22G, and a plurality of light-emitting elements 22B, so that the brightness of each of the plurality of sub-pixels 10R, a plurality of sub-pixels 10G, and a plurality of sub-pixels 10B can be complemented.

[0316] Furthermore, in the display device 101 according to the modified example 13, a structure 230 composed of a protective layer 23 and a peripheral wall portion 24 is provided for each of the multiple light-emitting elements 22R, multiple light-emitting elements 22G, and multiple light-emitting elements 22B. The first refractive index n of the protective layer 23 １ , the second refractive index n of the peripheral wall portion 24 ２ and the third refractive index n of the filling resin layer 15 ３ is, n １ >n ２ >n ３ This relationship allows for the control of the wavefront of light emitted from the light-emitting elements 22R, 22G, and 22B, and the amplification of light emission in the forward direction. Therefore, the light extraction efficiency of the light-emitting elements 22R, 22G, and 22B can be improved. In other words, the luminescence efficiency of the light-emitting elements 22R, 22G, and 22B can be improved.

[0317] In the above description, an example was given in which sub-pixels 10R, 10G, and 10B each contain three light-emitting elements 22R, three light-emitting elements 22G, and three light-emitting elements 22B, respectively. However, the number of light-emitting elements 22R, 22G, and 22B contained in each of the sub-pixels 10R, 10G, and 10B is not limited to this example. For example, sub-pixels 10R, 10G, and 10B may each contain two light-emitting elements 22R, two light-emitting elements 22G, and two light-emitting elements 22B, as shown in Figure 27. Although not shown, sub-pixels 10R, 10G, and 10B may each contain one light-emitting element 22R, one light-emitting element 22G, and one light-emitting element 22B, or three or more light-emitting elements 22R, three or more light-emitting elements 22G, and three or more light-emitting elements 22B.

[0318] The number of light-emitting elements 22R, 22G, and 22B contained in sub-pixels 10R, 10G, and 10B may differ. One or two of the sub-pixels 10R, 10G, and 10B may contain at least one light-emitting element 22, while the remaining two or one may not contain any light-emitting elements 22. The lifespan of an OLED element varies depending on the emission wavelength peak of the OLED element, and OLED elements with shorter emission wavelength peaks tend to have shorter driving lives. Considering this point, it is preferable that sub-pixel 10B contains at least one light-emitting element 22B.

[0319] In the above description, an example was given in which the light-emitting element 22 is an OLED element, but the light-emitting element 22 is not limited to this example. The light-emitting element may be, for example, a light-emitting diode (LED) element, a quantum dot light-emitting diode (QLED) element, or a self-emissive light-emitting element such as a semiconductor laser element. Two or more types of light-emitting elements 22 may be provided in the display device 101.

[0320] [Modification 14] In Modification 13, an example was described in which a peripheral wall portion 24 surrounding the side (end face) of the protective layer 23 is provided. However, as shown in Figure 28, the peripheral wall portion 24 may not be provided. In this case, the light intensity of the sub-pixels 10 can be supplemented by the light-emitting element 22, while the range of wavefront control of the emitted light from the light-emitting element 12 can be maintained by the protective layer 13, the peripheral wall portion 14, and the filling resin layer 15. Two light-emitting elements 22R may be arranged for one light-emitting element 12R, two light-emitting elements 22G may be arranged for one light-emitting element 12G, and two light-emitting elements 22B may be arranged for one light-emitting element 12B (see region 10a in Figure 28). From the viewpoint of maintaining the range of wavefront control of the emitted light from the light-emitting element 12 by the protective layer 13, the peripheral wall portion 14, and the filling resin layer 15, it is preferable that each light-emitting element 22R, 22G, 22B is located on the boundary of an adjacent sub-pixel 10.

[0321] [Modification 15] The size of the light-emitting region 12a, the size of the protective layer 13, and the size of the peripheral wall portion 14 in a plan view may be the same for sub-pixels 10R, 10G, and 10B, as shown in Figure 2. However, the size of the light-emitting region 12a, the size of the protective layer 13, and the size of the peripheral wall portion 14 in a plan view are not limited to this example. For example, considering the wavelengths of red light, green light, and blue light emitted from the light-emitting elements 12R, 12G, and 12B respectively, it is preferable that the size of the light-emitting region 12a in a plan view differs for each sub-pixel 10R, 10G, and 10B, as shown in Figure 29. Also, considering the wavelength dispersion with respect to the refractive index of the protective layer 13, the peripheral wall portion 14, and the filling resin layer 15, it is preferable that the size of the protective layer 13 and the size of the peripheral wall portion 14 differ for each sub-pixel 10R, 10G, and 10B. Although not shown in the illustration, one or two of the sizes of the light-emitting region 12a, the protective layer 13, and the peripheral wall portion 14 in a plan view may differ for each sub-pixel 10R, sub-pixel 10G, and sub-pixel 10B.

[0322] In the display device 101, the light extraction efficiency is improved when the components that propagate directly within the protective layer 13 and move perpendicular to the first surface, the components that propagate within the peripheral wall 14 from the side surface in contact with the peripheral wall 14 of the protective layer 13 and move perpendicular to the first surface, and the components that are incident on the filling resin layer 15 and move perpendicular to the first surface overlap in a way that reinforces each other. In the case of blue light emission, which has a short wavelength, the phase change of the light when propagating over the same distance is larger compared to the case of red light emission. As the size of the light emission region 12a increases, it contains various phase components depending on the in-plane light emission position, making it difficult to find conditions for high constructive interference, and thus difficult to sufficiently improve the light extraction efficiency. On the other hand, the phase change of red light emission is gentler than that of blue light emission. For example, in order to increase the total light amount while obtaining high luminous efficiency, it is preferable to decrease the size of the light emission region 12a in the order of light-emitting elements 12R, 12G, and 12B.

[0323] Furthermore, it is known that the refractive index of a light-transmitting medium is higher for shorter wavelengths and wider for longer wavelengths. When the refractive index is high, the phase change of light when propagating over the same distance is greater compared to when the refractive index is short. As the size of the light-emitting region 12a increases, it contains various phase components depending on the in-plane light-emitting position, making it difficult to find conditions for high constructive interference, and thus difficult to sufficiently improve the light extraction efficiency. For example, in order to increase the total light amount while obtaining high luminous efficiency, it is preferable to decrease the size of the light-emitting region 12a in the order of light-emitting elements 12R, 12G, and 12B.

[0324] Furthermore, if the refractive index differs with wavelength, the contribution of the component directed perpendicular to the first surface due to refraction or diffraction at the interface between the protective layer 13 and the peripheral wall portion 14, and at the interface between the peripheral wall portion 14 and the filling resin layer 15, changes. For example, in order to increase the total light amount while obtaining high luminescence efficiency, it is preferable that the size of the protective layer 13 and the size of the peripheral wall portion 14 differ for each sub-pixel 10R, sub-pixel 10G, and sub-pixel 10B.

[0325] [Modification 16] In the XZ cross-section, the overlapping heights of the protective layer 13, the peripheral wall portion 14, and the filling resin layer 15 in the in-plane direction may be the same for sub-pixels 10R, 10G, and 10B, as shown in Figure 3. However, the overlapping heights of the protective layer 13, the peripheral wall portion 14, and the filling resin layer 15 in the in-plane direction are not limited to this example. For example, considering the wavelengths of red light, green light, and blue light emitted from the light-emitting elements 12R, 12G, and 12B respectively, it is preferable that the overlapping heights of the protective layer 13, the peripheral wall portion 14, and the filling resin layer 15 in the in-plane direction in the XZ cross-section differ for each sub-pixel 10R, 10G, and 10B, as shown in Figures 54 and 55. Furthermore, considering the wavelength dispersion with respect to the refractive index of the protective layer 13, the peripheral wall portion 14, and the filling resin layer 15, it is preferable that they differ for each sub-pixel 10R, 10G, and 10B. Although not shown in the figures, one or two of the overlapping heights of the protective layer 13, peripheral wall portion 14, and filling resin layer 15 in the in-plane direction in the XZ cross section may differ for each sub-pixel 10R, sub-pixel 10G, and sub-pixel 10B.

[0326] In the modified example 15, a configuration was described in which the size of the light-emitting region 12a, the size of the protective layer 13, and the size of the peripheral wall portion 14 are different for each sub-pixel 10R, sub-pixel 10G, and sub-pixel 10B in order to increase the total light amount while obtaining high light-emitting efficiency. However, such a configuration can also be substituted by changing the height of the overlapping in-plane direction of the protective layer 13, the peripheral wall portion 14, and the filling resin layer 15 for each sub-pixel 10R, sub-pixel 10G, and sub-pixel 10B.

[0327] [Modification 17] In the first embodiment, an example was described in which the filling resin layer 15 covers a plurality of structures 130 (i.e., a plurality of protective layers 13 and a plurality of peripheral wall portions 14). However, the filling resin layer 15 is not limited to this example, and as shown in Figure 30, the filling resin layer 15 may be provided only in the portion between adjacent structures 130 and not cover a plurality of structures 130. In this case, the protective layer 13 may cover a plurality of peripheral wall portions 14 and the filling resin layer 15 together with a plurality of light-emitting elements 12.

[0328] In modified example 17, the filling resin layer 15 may be a peripheral wall portion provided at the boundary between adjacent sub-pixels 10. The peripheral wall portion may have, for example, a honeycomb or grid shape in a plan view. In modified example 17, the top of the peripheral wall portion 14 and the top of the filling resin layer 15 are at the same height as the top surface of the protective layer 13, the top of the peripheral wall portion 14, and the top of the filling resin layer 15. In contrast, the height of the top surface of the protective layer 13 is higher than the height of the top of the peripheral wall portion 14 and the top of the filling resin layer 15.

[0329] [Modification 18] In Modification 17, an example was described in which the protective layer 13 covers a plurality of peripheral wall portions 14 and a filling resin layer 15. However, as shown in Figure 31, a filling resin layer 143 having a plurality of peripheral wall portions 14 on its second surface may cover a plurality of protective layers 13 and a filling resin layer 15. The filling resin layer 143 and the peripheral wall portions 14 may be integrally formed from the same material.

[0330] In modified example 18, the top of the protective layer 13 and the top of the peripheral wall 14 are at the same height. In contrast, the height of the top of the filling resin layer 143 is higher than the height of the top of the protective layer 13 and the top of the peripheral wall 14.

[0331] [Modification 19] In the second embodiment, an example was described in which the sub-pixel 10 having an eccentric structure is a sub-pixel 10 in which the center of the protective layer 13 is shifted toward the peripheral edge of the display area RE with respect to the center of the light-emitting area 12a in a plan view. However, the sub-pixel 10 having an eccentric structure is not limited to this example.

[0332] For example, as shown in Figures 32A and 32B, a sub-pixel 10 having an eccentric structure may be such that, in a plan view, the center of the light-emitting region 12a coincides with the center of the protective layer 13, whereas in a plan view, the center of the peripheral wall portion 14 is shifted toward the peripheral edge of the display region RE with respect to the center of the light-emitting region 12a.

[0333] Furthermore, as shown in Figures 33A and 33B, the sub-pixel 10 having an eccentric structure may be a sub-pixel 10 in which, in a plan view, the center of the protective layer 13 and the center of the peripheral wall portion 14 are shifted toward the peripheral edge of the display area RE with respect to the center of the light-emitting area 12a.

[0334] [Modification 20] In the second embodiment, an example was described in which the principal ray axis of the sub-pixel 10 is tilted outward from the display area RE with respect to the central axis of the sub-pixel 10 by the eccentric structure of the sub-pixel 10. However, the structure for controlling the principal ray axis of the sub-pixel 10 is not limited to this example.

[0335] For example, as shown in Figures 34 and 35, the light-emitting region 12a may be positioned off-center towards the center of the display region RE rather than towards the center of the protective layer 13. In this case, the area of ​​the light-emitting region 12a in plan view may be less than or equal to half the area of ​​the protective layer 13 in plan view. If the shape of the protective layer 13 in plan view is circular, the shape of the light-emitting region 12a in plan view may be semi-circular, as shown in Figure 34, or roughly U-shaped, as shown in Figure 35.

[0336] Furthermore, as shown in Figure 36, the protective layer 13 and the peripheral wall portion 14 may have a three-dimensional light-gathering structure that can tilt the principal ray axis of the sub-pixel 10 outward from the display area RE with respect to the central axis of the sub-pixel 10. More specifically, for example, the light-emitting region 12a, the protective layer 13, and the peripheral wall portion 14 may have a trapezoidal shape in plan view. In this case, it is preferable that the light-emitting region 12a, the protective layer 13, and the peripheral wall portion 14 are arranged such that, in plan view, the upper base of the trapezoid is located towards the center of the display area RE1, and the lower base of the trapezoid is located towards the periphery of the display area RE1. An example of the overall shape of the protective layer 13 and the peripheral wall portion 14 is a trapezoidal columnar shape.

[0337] [Modification 21] In the second embodiment, an example was described in which the sub-pixel 10 having an eccentric structure has a structure in which, in a plan view, the center of the protective layer 13 is shifted toward the peripheral side of the display area RE1 with respect to the center of the light-emitting area 12a. However, the direction of eccentricity of the center of the protective layer 13 is not limited to the peripheral side, but can be selected according to the principal ray axis direction of the desired sub-pixel 10.

[0338] For example, a sub-pixel 10 having an eccentric structure may have a structure in which, in a plan view, the center of the protective layer 13 is shifted toward the center of the display area RE1 with respect to the center of the light-emitting area 12a. In this case, the principal ray axis of the sub-pixel 10 can be tilted toward the center of the display area RE1 with respect to the central axis of the sub-pixel 10.

[0339] [Modification 22] From the viewpoint of improving light extraction efficiency and / or color purity, the light-emitting element 12 may have a resonator structure.

[0340] If the first electrode 121 is a reflective electrode that functions as a reflective layer, a resonator structure may be formed by the first electrode 121 and the second electrode 123. In this case, the optical distance between the first electrode 121 and the second electrode 123 may be set by the thickness of the OLED layer 122, by the selection of the material of the first electrode 121, or by a combination of these.

[0341] If the first electrode 121 is a transparent electrode, a reflective layer may be provided below the transparent electrode, and the resonator structure may be formed by the reflective layer and the second electrode 123. In this case, the optical distance between the reflective layer and the second electrode 123 may be set by the thickness of the OLED layer 122, by the selection of the material of the reflective layer, by the thickness of the insulating layer provided between the first electrode 121 (transparent electrode) and the reflective layer, or by a combination of two or more of these. Details of the resonator structure will be explained in "11 Examples of Resonator Structures".

[0342] [Modification 23] Figure 83 is a plan view of the sub-pixel 10 in the display device 107 according to the modification. Figure 84 is a cross-sectional view along the line LXXXIV-LXXXIV in Figure 83. The display device 107 may include a plurality of light-emitting elements 12W and a plurality of light-emitting elements 120W. The protective layer 26 may include a plurality of protrusions 26a and a plurality of protrusions 260a.

[0343] Each sub-pixel 10 includes one light-emitting element 12W, two light-emitting elements 120W, one protrusion 26a, and two protrusions 260a. In the modified example 24, an example is described in which each sub-pixel 10 contains two light-emitting elements 120W and two protrusions 260a. However, the number of each light-emitting element 120W and protrusion 260a in each sub-pixel 10 is not limited to two; it may be one or three or more.

[0344] (Emitting element 12W, protrusion 26a) The light-emitting element 12W and the protrusion 26a have been described in the seventh embodiment, so a description of the light-emitting element 12W and the protrusion 26a will be omitted.

[0345] (Emitting element 120W) Multiple lighting elements 120W are arranged in a two-dimensional manner on the first surface of the drive substrate 11 in a predetermined arrangement pattern. The lighting elements 120W may complement the brightness of the lighting elements 12W, and can emit white light of the same color as the light emitted by the lighting elements 12W based on control of the drive circuit, etc. The lighting elements 120W are OLED elements. However, the lighting elements 120W are not limited to OLED elements, and may be, for example, light-emitting diode (LED) elements, quantum dot light-emitting diode (QLED) elements, or self-emissive lighting elements such as semiconductor laser elements. Two or more types of lighting elements 120W may be provided in the display device 107.

[0346] The light-emitting element 120W may have a similar configuration to the light-emitting element 12W, as shown in Figure 84. Within the sub-pixel 10, the two light-emitting elements 120W are arranged around the light-emitting element 12W, as shown in Figure 83. More specifically, within the sub-pixel 10, the two light-emitting elements 120W are arranged so that the light-emitting element 12W is sandwiched between them. The area of ​​the light-emitting region 120RE of the light-emitting element 120W in a plan view may be smaller than the area of ​​the light-emitting region 12RE of the light-emitting element 12W in a plan view.

[0347] (Protrusions 260a) Multiple protrusions 260a are provided corresponding to each of the multiple light-emitting elements 120W. That is, each protrusion 260a is provided above the light-emitting element 12W. The protrusions 260a protrude in the direction opposite to the light-emitting element 12. The area of ​​the bottom surface of the protrusion 260a in a plan view may be smaller than the area of ​​the bottom surface of the protrusion 26a in a plan view.

[0348] (Intermediate layer 29) The intermediate layer 29 is formed to conform to the recesses 26b provided around each protrusion 26a and each protrusion 260a.

[0349] (Filling section) The filling section 151 fills the recess 26b in which the intermediate layer 29 is formed.

[0350] (Effects) In the display device 107 according to Modification 24, one sub-pixel 10 includes two light-emitting elements 120W in addition to one light-emitting element 12W, so the brightness of the sub-pixel 10 can be complemented.

[0351] Furthermore, in the display device 107 according to the modified example 24, the protrusions 260a are provided corresponding to the light-emitting elements 120W. The intermediate layer 29 covers the sides of each protrusion 260a. The filling portion 151 fills the recesses 26b where the intermediate layer 29 is provided. Therefore, the light extraction efficiency of the light-emitting elements 120W can be improved. In other words, the luminous efficiency of the light-emitting elements 120W can be improved.

[0352] [Modification 24] In the seventh embodiment, an example was described in which the display device 107 comprises a plurality of light-emitting elements 12W capable of emitting white light and a color filter 20, and a color image can be displayed by a combination of these. However, the method of colorizing the display device 101 is not limited to this. For example, instead of a plurality of light-emitting elements 12W capable of emitting white light, the display device 107 may be equipped with a plurality of light-emitting elements 12R capable of emitting red light, a plurality of light-emitting elements 12G capable of emitting green light, and a plurality of light-emitting elements 12B capable of emitting blue light, as shown in Figure 85. Figure 85 shows an example in which the display device 101 does not have a color filter 20, but the display device 107 may be equipped with a color filter 20.

[0353] [Modification 25] In the first and second embodiments, an example in which the light-emitting element 12 is an OLED element was described. In the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh embodiments, an example in which the light-emitting element 12 is an OLED element was also described. However, the light-emitting element 12 is not limited to this example, and may be, for example, a light-emitting diode (LED) element, a quantum dot light-emitting diode (QLED) element, or a self-emissive light-emitting element such as a semiconductor laser element. Two or more types of light-emitting elements 12 may be provided in the display devices 101 and 102.

[0354] [Modification 26] In the third, fourth, fifth, and seventh embodiments, the refractive indices of the first protective layer 261 and the second protective layer 262 are set to the sixth refractive index n ６ , the refractive index of the third electrode 27 is the seventh refractive index n ７ , the refractive index of the third protective layer is set to the eighth refractive index n ８ In that case, the sixth refractive index n ６ , the seventh refractive index n ７ and the eighth refractive index n ８ From the viewpoint of improving light extraction efficiency, n ６ >n ７ >n ８ It is preferable that they have a relationship.

[0355] In the sixth embodiment, the refractive indices of the first protective layer 261 and the second protective layer 262 are set to the sixth refractive index n ６ , the refractive index of the third electrode 27 is the seventh refractive index n ７ The refractive index of the first intermediate layer 29a is set to the second refractive index n ２ In that case, the sixth refractive index n ６ , the seventh refractive index n ７ and the second refractive index n ２ From the viewpoint of improving light extraction efficiency, n ６ >n ７ >n ２ It is preferable that they have a relationship.

[0356] [Other Modifications] The first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh embodiments of this disclosure and their modifications (hereinafter referred to as "the first embodiment, etc.") have been described in detail above. However, this disclosure is not limited to the first embodiment, etc., and various modifications based on the technical idea of ​​this disclosure are possible.

[0357] For example, the configurations, methods, processes, shapes, materials, and numerical values ​​mentioned in the first embodiment are merely examples, and different configurations, methods, processes, shapes, materials, and numerical values ​​may be used as needed.

[0358] The configurations, methods, processes, shapes, materials, and numerical values ​​of the first embodiment, etc., can be combined with each other without departing from the spirit of this disclosure.

[0359] Unless otherwise specified, the materials exemplified in the first embodiment, etc., can be used individually or in combination of two or more types. The materials exemplified in the first embodiment, etc., may be laminated or mixed, for example. The metallic materials exemplified in the first embodiment, etc., may be included as constituent elements of an alloy.

[0360] Furthermore, this disclosure may also adopt the following configuration: (1) A plurality of light-emitting elements arranged in two dimensions, and a first refractive index n provided corresponding to each of the plurality of light-emitting elements. １A plurality of first refractive index portions having a second refractive index n surrounding each of the plurality of first refractive index portions. ２ A plurality of second refractive index portions having a third refractive index n that fills the space between adjacent second refractive index portions. ３ A third refractive index portion having, and comprising the first refractive index n １ , the second refractive index n ２ and the third refractive index n ３ However, n １ >n ２ >n ３A display device having the following relationship: (2) The display device according to (1), wherein the first refractive index portion is provided directly above each of the plurality of light-emitting elements. (3) The display device according to (1) or (2), wherein either or both of the first refractive index portion and the second refractive index portion have a first inclined portion that is inclined such that the side opposite to the light-emitting element tapers, or a second inclined portion that is inclined such that the side toward the light-emitting element tapers. (4) The display device according to (1), further comprising a color filter provided between the plurality of light-emitting elements and the plurality of first refractive index portions. (5) The display device according to any one of (1) to (4), wherein the plurality of light-emitting elements include a plurality of types of light-emitting elements having different light-emitting colors, and at least one of the sizes of the light-emitting region of the light-emitting element in a plan view, the size of the first refractive index portion in a plan view, and the size of the second refractive index portion in a plan view differs depending on the type of light-emitting element. (6) The display device according to any one of (1) to (4), wherein the plurality of light-emitting elements include a plurality of types of light-emitting elements having different light-emitting colors, and the height of the overlapping portion where the first refractive index portion, the second refractive index portion, and the third refractive index portion overlap in the in-plane direction differs depending on the type of light-emitting element. (7) The display device according to any one of (1) to (6), wherein the size of the light-emitting region of the light-emitting element in a plan view is 2.0 μm or less. (8) The display device according to any one of (1) to (7), wherein at least two of the first refractive index portion, the second refractive index portion, and the third refractive index portion have tops of the same height. (9) The display device according to any one of (1) to (8), wherein the first refractive index portion, the second refractive index portion, and the third refractive index portion have overlapping portions where they overlap in the in-plane direction in a range above the light-emitting element, and the height of the overlapping portion is in the range of 0.5 μm or more and 5.0 μm or less. (10) The display device according to any one of (1) to (3), wherein the light-emitting element has a back surface on the side opposite to the display surface of the display device, and the first refractive index portion covers the periphery of the light-emitting element excluding the back surface.(11) The display device according to any one of (1) to (3), wherein in some of the plurality of light-emitting elements, a part of the light-emitting element is exposed from the first refractive index portion, the light-emitting element has a back surface on the side opposite to the display surface of the display device, and the first refractive index portion and the second refractive index portion cover the periphery of the light-emitting element excluding the back surface. (12) The display device according to any one of (1) to (11), wherein in some of the plurality of light-emitting elements, the geometric center of the light-emitting region of the light-emitting element and the geometric center of the first refractive index portion, and the geometric center of the light-emitting region of the light-emitting element and the geometric center of the second refractive index portion, or both, are offset in a plan view. (13) The display device according to any one of (1) to (12), wherein the light-emitting region of the light-emitting element has a trapezoidal shape in a plan view. (14) The display device according to any one of (1) to (13), wherein the second refractive index portion includes a plurality of concentric layers centered on the first refractive index portion in a plan view, and the refractive index of the plurality of layers decreases from the innermost layer toward the outermost layer. (15) The display device according to any one of (1) to (13), wherein the second refractive index portion includes a metamaterial. (16) The display device according to any one of (1) to (15), wherein the first refractive index portion includes an inorganic material, and the second refractive index portion and the third refractive index portion include an organic resin material. (17) The display device according to any one of (1) to (16), wherein either the first refractive index portion or the second refractive index portion or both include at least two portions with different in-plane widths. (18) The display device according to any one of (1) to (17), wherein the second refractive index portion includes a colorant. (19) The display device according to any one of (1) to (18), wherein the plurality of light-emitting elements are a plurality of first light-emitting elements, further comprising a plurality of second light-emitting elements arranged in two dimensions, wherein one of the first light-emitting elements and at least one of the second light-emitting elements are arranged for one pixel. (20) An electronic device comprising the display device according to any one of (1) to (19).

[0361] (21) A display device comprising: a plurality of two-dimensionally arranged light-emitting elements; a protective layer covering the plurality of light-emitting elements and having a plurality of protrusions corresponding to each of the plurality of light-emitting elements; an intermediate layer covering the sides of the protrusions; and a filling portion filling the space between adjacent protrusions, wherein the refractive index of the intermediate layer is lower than that of the protective layer, and the refractive index of the filling portion is lower than that of the intermediate layer. (22) The display device according to (21), wherein the light-emitting elements sequentially include a first electrode, an organic light-emitting layer, and a second electrode, wherein the first electrode, the organic light-emitting layer, and the second electrode are separated between adjacent light-emitting elements. (23) The display device according to (22), further comprising a third electrode provided in or on the protective layer, wherein the third electrode has a plurality of protrusions projecting toward the second electrode, and the top of each protrusion is connected to the second electrode. (24) The display device according to (23), wherein the filling portion is a first filling portion, further comprising a plurality of second filling portions provided corresponding to each of the plurality of light-emitting elements, the protective layer has a plurality of holes provided on the inside of each of the protrusions, the second filling portion is provided in the holes, and the refractive index of the second filling portion is lower than that of the protective layer. (25) The display device according to (23), wherein the filling portion is a first filling portion, the intermediate layer is a first intermediate layer, further comprising a plurality of second filling portions provided corresponding to each of the plurality of light-emitting elements, and a plurality of second intermediate layers provided corresponding to each of the plurality of light-emitting elements, the protective layer has a plurality of holes provided on the inside of each of the protrusions, the filling portion is provided in the holes, the intermediate layer is provided between the side surface of the holes and the second filling portion, the refractive index of the second intermediate layer is lower than that of the protective layer, and the refractive index of the second filling portion is lower than that of the second intermediate layer. (26) The display device according to (22), further comprising: a third electrode provided in or on the protective layer; and a plurality of connection portions connecting the third electrode and each of the second electrodes, wherein the protective layer includes an element protection layer provided on each of the light-emitting elements, and the connection portions are provided on the side surface of the element protection layer.(27) The display device according to any one of (23) to (26), wherein the refractive index of the third electrode is lower than that of the protective layer. (28) The display device according to any one of (21) to (27), wherein the protective layer comprises at least one of silicon nitride and silicon oxide. (29) The display device according to any one of (21) to (28), wherein the intermediate layer comprises at least one of a resin material and an inorganic material. (30) The display device according to any one of (21) to (29), wherein the filling portion comprises a resin material. (31) An electronic device comprising the display device according to any one of (21) to (30).

[0362] <10 Simulations> The following will explain the disclosure in detail using simulations, but the disclosure is not limited to these simulations.

[0363] [Simulations 1-8] The analysis models 1-5 used in the simulations will be described with reference to Figures 37A, 37B, 38A, 38B and 41A. In analysis models 1-4, the parts corresponding to the display device 101 according to the first embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals. In analysis model 5, the parts corresponding to the display device 102 according to the second embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals. Note that all analysis models 1-5 are two-dimensional analysis models.

[0364] (Analysis Model 1) Figure 37A shows the configuration of analysis model 1. Analysis model 1 was created to correspond to the display device 101 according to the first embodiment. The first refractive index n of the protective layer 13 １ , the second refractive index n of the peripheral wall portion 14 ２ and the third refractive index n of the filling resin layer 15 ３ is, n １ = 1.81, n ２ = 1.55, n ３ = 1.38 was set. In addition, in analysis models 2 to 5, the first refractive index n of the protective layer 13 was also set. １ , the second refractive index n of the peripheral wall portion 14 ２ and the third refractive index n of the filling resin layer 15 ３ This was set to the same value as in analysis model 1.

[0365] (Analysis Model 2) Figure 37B shows the configuration of analysis model 2. Analysis model 2 was created to be the same as analysis model 1, except that the side surface of the peripheral wall portion 14 is not covered with the filling resin layer 15.

[0366] (Analysis Model 3) Figure 38A shows the configuration of analysis model 3. Analysis model 3 is the same as analysis model 1 except that the peripheral wall portion 14 is not provided and the side surface of the protective layer 13 is covered with a filling resin layer 15.

[0367] (Analysis Model 4) Figure 38B shows the configuration of analysis model 4. Analysis model 4 was created to have a two-layer laminated structure consisting of a protective layer 13 and a filling resin layer 15.

[0368] (Analysis Model 5) Figure 41A shows the configuration of analysis model 5. Analysis model 5 was created to correspond to the display device 102 according to the second embodiment. That is, in the X-axis direction, the center of the light-emitting element 12 (center of the light-emitting region 12a) and the center of the peripheral wall portion 14 coincide, while the center of the protective layer 13 is offset in the -X-axis direction with respect to the center of the light-emitting element 12 (center of the light-emitting region 12a). The eccentricity Δx of the center of the protective layer 13 with respect to the center of the light-emitting element 12 was set to 0.4 μm.

[0369] <Analysis of Orientation Distributions of Analysis Models 1-4> In simulations 1-4, the orientation distributions of analysis models 1-4 were determined.

[0370] [Simulation 1] The light distribution of analysis model 1 was determined by wave analysis simulation using the 2D-FDTD method (Finite-difference time-domain method).

[0371] [Simulation 2] The light distribution of analysis model 2 was determined by wave analysis simulation using the 2D-FDTD method.

[0372] [Simulation 3] The light distribution of analysis model 3 was determined by wave analysis simulation using the 2D-FDTD method.

[0373] [Simulation 4] The light distribution of analysis model 4 was determined by wave analysis simulation using the 2D-FDTD method.

[0374] [Results of Simulations 1-4] Figure 39 is a graph showing the light distribution obtained from Simulations 1-4. The following can be seen from Figure 39: The light distribution intensity in the front direction (radiation angle θ = 0°) increases in the order of Simulation 4 (Analysis Model 4), Simulation 3 (Analysis Model 3), Simulation 2 (Analysis Model 2), and Simulation 1 (Analysis Model 1). In Analysis Model 1, where the sides of the protective layer are covered sequentially with the peripheral wall and the filling resin layer, the light distribution intensity in the front direction can be made the highest.

[0375] <Analysis of optical propagation in analysis models 1, 2, and 4> In simulations 5 to 7, the optical propagation of analysis models 1, 2, and 4 was simulated. [Simulation 5] The optical propagation in analysis model 1 was simulated using a wave analysis simulation with the 2D-FDTD method.

[0376] [Simulation 6] Light propagation in analysis model 2 was simulated using a wave analysis simulation with the 2D-FDTD method.

[0377] [Simulation 7] The propagation of light in analysis model 4 was simulated using a wave analysis simulation with the 2D-FDTD method.

[0378] [Results of Simulations 5-7] Figure 40A shows the results of the wave analysis performed in Simulation 5. The light propagation in regions (1), (2), and (3) of Figure 40A is as follows. Note that in Figure 40A, the same reference numerals are used for regions corresponding to the analysis model 1 used in Simulation 5. Region (1): The propagation speed of light is fast in the filling resin layer (low refractive index region) 15, and the light in the filling resin layer (low refractive index region) 15 catches up with the light in the protective layer (high refractive index region) 13 in the Z-axis direction (film thickness direction). Region (2): The wavefront of light in the peripheral wall (medium refractive index region) 14 and the wavefront of light in the filling resin layer (low refractive index region) 15 begin to align with the wavefront of light in the protective layer (high refractive index region) 13. Region (3): At the height of the upper surface of the protective layer 13 (high refractive index region), the wavefronts of light in each region align. That is, the light emission in the forward direction is amplified.

[0379] Figure 40B shows the results of the wave analysis performed by Simulation 6. The light propagation in regions (1), (2), and (3) of Figure 40B is as follows. Note that in Figure 40B, the same reference numerals are used for regions corresponding to the analysis model 2 used in Simulation 6. Region (1): The high-angle component of the light emitted from the light-emitting element 12 propagates in the in-plane direction of the first surface without being refracted or diffracted in the direction perpendicular to the first surface. Region (2): The propagation speed of light in the peripheral wall (medium-refracting region) 14 is fast, and the light in the peripheral wall (medium-refracting region) 14 catches up with the light in the protective layer (high-refracting region) 13 in the Z-axis direction (film thickness direction). Region (3): At the height of the upper surface of the protective layer (high-refracting region) 13, the wavefront of the light in the protective layer (high-refracting region) 13 and the wavefront of the light in the peripheral wall (medium-refracting region) 14 align. That is, the light emission in the forward direction is amplified. However, the range in which the wavefronts of light are aligned in analysis model 2 (simulation 6) is narrower than the range in which the wavefronts of light are aligned in analysis model 1 (simulation 5).

[0380] Figure 40C shows the results of the wave analysis performed by Simulation 7. The propagation of light in region (1) of Figure 40C is as follows. Note that in Figure 40C, the same reference numerals are used to indicate regions corresponding to the analysis model 4 used in Simulation 7. (1) Each component of light emitted from the light-emitting element 12 propagates in the direction from which it was first emitted from the light-emitting element 12.

[0381] <Analysis of the orientation distribution of analysis model 5> In simulation 8, the orientation distribution of analysis model 5, which has an eccentric structure, was determined.

[0382] [Simulation 8] The light distribution of analysis model 5 was determined by wave analysis simulation using the 2D-FDTD method.

[0383] [Results of Simulation 8] Figure 41B is a graph showing the light distribution obtained by Simulation 8. For reference, Figure 41B also shows the light distribution obtained by Simulation 1. The following can be seen from Figure 41B: The center of the protective layer 13 is eccentric in the -X axis direction with respect to the center of the light-emitting element 12, causing the peak of the orientation distribution to shift in the same direction as the eccentricity (-X axis direction).

[0384] [Simulation 9-11] (Analysis Model 6) Analysis Model 6 was created to correspond to the display device 103 according to the third embodiment (see Figures 56A and 56B). The first refractive index n of the protective layer 26 １ , the second refractive index n of the peripheral wall portion (intermediate layer) 14 ２ and the third refractive index n of the filling resin layer 15 ３ is, n １ >n ２ >n ３ It was set up to satisfy the relationship.

[0385] (Analysis Model 7) Analysis Model 7 was created to correspond to the display device 104 according to the fourth embodiment (see Figures 63A and 63B). The first refractive index n of the protective layer 26 １ , the second refractive index n of the peripheral wall portion (intermediate layer) 14 ２ , the third refractive index n of the filling resin layer 15 ３ and the fourth refractive index n of the filling portion 28４ is, n １ >n ２ ,n ４ >n ３ It was set up to satisfy the relationship.

[0386] (Analysis Model 8) Analysis Model 8 was created to correspond to the display device 105 according to the fifth embodiment (see Figures 70A and 70B). The first refractive index n of the protective layer 26 １ , the second refractive index n of the first intermediate layer 29a ２ , the third refractive index n of the first filling portion 151a ３ , refractive index n of the second intermediate layer 29b ４ and the fifth refractive index n of the second filling portion 151b ５ is, n １ >n ２ ,n ４ >n ３ ,n ５ It was set up to satisfy the relationship.

[0387] <Analysis of Orientation Distributions for Analysis Models 6-8> In simulations 9-11, the orientation distributions for analysis models 6-8 were determined.

[0388] [Simulation 9] The light distribution of analysis model 6 was determined by wave analysis simulation using the 2D-FDTD method.

[0389] [Simulation 10] The light distribution of analysis model 7 was determined by wave analysis simulation using the 2D-FDTD method.

[0390] [Simulation 11] The light distribution of analysis model 8 was determined by wave analysis simulation using the 2D-FDTD method.

[0391] [Results of Simulations 9-11] The light distribution intensity in the forward direction (radiation angle θ = 0°) increased in the order of Simulation 9 (Analysis Model 6), Simulation 10 (Analysis Model 7), and Simulation 11 (Analysis Model 8).

[0392] <11 Examples of Resonator Structures> In this specification, the display devices 101 to 107 according to the first to seventh embodiments and their modified versions are referred to as the display device 101, etc. according to the first embodiment. The sub-pixels 10 included in the display device 101, etc. according to the first embodiment can be configured to have a resonator structure that resonates the light generated by the light-emitting element 12. The resonator structure will be described below with reference to the drawings. In the following description, the first surface of each layer may be referred to as the top surface.

[0393] (Resonator Structure: First Example) Figure 42A is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating the first example of a resonator structure. In the following description, when the light-emitting elements provided in correspondence with sub-pixels 10R, 10G, and 10B are not specifically distinguished and are referred to collectively as light-emitting elements 12, these elements may be referred to as light-emitting elements 12. When the light-emitting elements provided in correspondence with sub-pixels 10R, 10G, and 10B are distinguished, these light-emitting elements may be referred to as light-emitting elements 12. Ｒ , 12 Ｇ , 12 Ｂ This is the case. The parts of the OLED layer 122 that correspond to the sub-pixels 10R, 10G, and 10B are the OLED layer 122 Ｒ , OLED layer 122 Ｇ , OLED layer 122 Ｂ That happens.

[0394] In the first example, the first electrode 121 is formed with a common film thickness in each light-emitting element 12. The same applies to the second electrode 123.

[0395] A reflector 71 is positioned below the first electrode 121 of the light-emitting element 12, with an optical adjustment layer 72 in between. A resonator structure is formed between the reflector 71 and the second electrode 123 to resonate the light generated by the OLED layer 122. In the following description, the optical adjustment layer 72 provided in accordance with the sub-pixels 10R, 10G, and 10B will be referred to as the optical adjustment layer 72 Ｒ , 72 Ｇ , 72 Ｂ That happens.

[0396] The reflector 71 is formed with a common film thickness for each light-emitting element 12. The film thickness of the optical adjustment layer 72 differs depending on the color that the sub-pixel should display. Optical adjustment layer 72 Ｒ , 72 Ｇ , 72 Ｂ By having different film thicknesses, it is possible to set the optical distance that produces the optimal resonance for the wavelength of light corresponding to the color to be displayed.

[0397] In the example shown in Figure 42A, the light-emitting element 12 Ｒ , 12 Ｇ , 12 Ｂ The upper surfaces of the reflectors 71 are aligned. As described above, the thickness of the optical adjustment layer 72 varies depending on the color that the subpixels should display, so the position of the upper surface of the second electrode 123 is such that the light-emitting element 12 Ｒ , 12 Ｇ , 12 Ｂ It varies depending on the type.

[0398] The reflector 71 can be formed using, for example, a metal such as aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), or copper (Cu), or an alloy mainly composed of these metals.

[0399] The optical adjustment layer 72 is made of silicon nitride (SiN ｘ ), silicon oxide (SiO ｘ ), silicon oxynitride (SiO ｘ N ｙ It can be constructed using inorganic insulating materials such as ) or organic resin materials such as acrylic resins or polyimide resins. The optical adjustment layer 72 may be a single layer or a laminated film of multiple materials. The number of layers may also differ depending on the type of light-emitting element 12.

[0400] The first electrode 121 can be formed using a transparent conductive material such as indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), or zinc oxide (ZnO).

[0401] The second electrode 123 needs to function as a semi-transparent reflective film. The second electrode 123 can be formed using magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), or a magnesium-silver alloy (MgAg) mainly composed of these, or an alloy containing alkali metals or alkaline earth metals.

[0402] (Resonator structure: Second example) Figure 42B is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a second example of a resonator structure.

[0403] In the second example as well, the first electrode 121 and the second electrode 123 are formed with a common film thickness in each light-emitting element 12.

[0404] In the second example as well, a reflector 71 is placed below the first electrode 121 of the light-emitting element 12, with an optical adjustment layer 72 in between. A resonator structure is formed between the reflector 71 and the second electrode 123 to resonate the light generated by the OLED layer 122. Similar to the first example, the reflector 71 is formed with a common film thickness in each light-emitting element 12, while the film thickness of the optical adjustment layer 72 differs according to the color that the sub-pixel should display.

[0405] In the first example shown in Figure 42A, the light-emitting element 12 Ｒ , 12 Ｇ , 12 Ｂ The upper surfaces of the reflectors 71 are arranged to be aligned, and the position of the upper surface of the second electrode 123 is such that the light-emitting element 12 Ｒ , 12 Ｇ , 12 Ｂ It varied depending on the type.

[0406] In contrast, in the second example shown in Figure 42B, the upper surface of the second electrode 123 is the light-emitting element 12 Ｒ , 12 Ｇ , 12 Ｂ They are arranged so that they are aligned. In order to align the upper surface of the second electrode 123, the light-emitting element 12 Ｒ , 12 Ｇ , 12 Ｂ In this configuration, the upper surface of the reflector 71 is the light-emitting element 12 Ｒ , 12 Ｇ , 12 ＢThey are arranged differently depending on the type. For this reason, the lower surface of the reflector 71 (in other words, the upper surface of the base layer (insulating layer) 73) has a stepped shape corresponding to the type of light-emitting element 12.

[0407] The materials and other components constituting the reflector 71, the optical adjustment layer 72, the first electrode 121, and the second electrode 123 are the same as those described in the first example, so their explanation will be omitted.

[0408] (Resonator Structure: Third Example) Figure 43A is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating the third example of the resonator structure. In the following description, the reflectors 71 provided corresponding to the sub-pixels 10R, 10G, and 10B will be referred to as the reflectors 71 Ｒ , 71 Ｇ , 71 Ｂ That happens.

[0409] In the third example as well, the first electrode 121 and the second electrode 123 are formed with a common film thickness in each light-emitting element 12.

[0410] In the third example, the reflector 71 is positioned below the first electrode 121 of the light-emitting element 12, with the optical adjustment layer 72 in between. A resonator structure is formed between the reflector 71 and the second electrode 123 to resonate the light generated by the OLED layer 122. Similar to the first and second examples, the thickness of the optical adjustment layer 72 varies depending on the color that the subpixel should display. And, similar to the second example, the position of the upper surface of the second electrode 123 is relative to the light-emitting element 12 Ｒ , 12 Ｇ , 12 Ｂ They are arranged so that they are aligned.

[0411] In the second example shown in Figure 43B, the lower surface of the reflector 71 was stepped in shape according to the type of light-emitting element 12 in order to align the upper surface of the second electrode 123.

[0412] In contrast, in the third example shown in Figure 43A, the film thickness of the reflector 71 is equal to the film thickness of the light-emitting element 12 Ｒ , 12 Ｇ , 12 Ｂ It is set differently depending on the type. More specifically, reflector 71 Ｒ , 71 Ｇ , 71 ＢThe film thickness is set so that the bottom surfaces are aligned.

[0413] The materials and other components constituting the reflector 71, the optical adjustment layer 72, the first electrode 121, and the second electrode 123 are the same as those described in the first example, so their explanation will be omitted.

[0414] (Resonator Structure: Fourth Example) Figure 43B is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating the fourth example of a resonator structure. In the following description, the first electrode 121 provided corresponding to the sub-pixels 10R, 10G, and 10B will be referred to as the first electrode 121 Ｒ , 121 Ｇ , 121 Ｂ That happens.

[0415] In the first example shown in Figure 43A, the first electrode 121 and the second electrode 123 of each light-emitting element 12 are formed with a common film thickness. A reflector 71 is placed below the first electrode 121 of the light-emitting element 12, with an optical adjustment layer 72 in between.

[0416] In contrast, in the fourth example shown in Figure 43B, the optical adjustment layer 72 is omitted, and the film thickness of the first electrode 121 is reduced to the light-emitting element 12 Ｒ , 12 Ｇ , 12 Ｂ The settings varied depending on the type.

[0417] The reflector 71 is formed with a common film thickness for each light-emitting element 12. The film thickness of the first electrode 121 differs depending on the color that the sub-pixel should display. Ｒ , 121 Ｇ , 121 Ｂ By having different film thicknesses, it is possible to set the optical distance that produces the optimal resonance for the wavelength of light corresponding to the color to be displayed.

[0418] The materials and other components constituting the reflector 71, the optical adjustment layer 72, the first electrode 121, and the second electrode 123 are the same as those described in the first example, so their explanation will be omitted.

[0419] (Resonator structure: Fifth example) Figure 44A is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating the fifth example of a resonator structure.

[0420] In the first example shown in Figure 42A, the first electrode 121 and the second electrode 123 are formed with a common film thickness in each light-emitting element 12. A reflector 71 is placed below the first electrode 121 of the light-emitting element 12, with an optical adjustment layer 72 in between.

[0421] In contrast, in the fifth example shown in Figure 44A, the optical adjustment layer 72 is omitted, and instead, an oxide film 74 is formed on the surface of the reflector 71. The thickness of the oxide film 74 is such that the light-emitting element 12 Ｒ , 12 Ｇ , 12 Ｂ The settings were configured differently depending on the type. In the following description, the oxide film 74 provided in correspondence with the sub-pixels 10R, 10G, and 10B is referred to as oxide film 74 Ｒ , 74 Ｇ , 74 Ｂ That happens.

[0422] The thickness of the oxide film 74 varies depending on the color that the sub-pixel should display. Oxide film 74 Ｒ , 74 Ｇ , 74 Ｂ By having different film thicknesses, it is possible to set the optical distance that produces the optimal resonance for the wavelength of light corresponding to the color to be displayed.

[0423] The oxide film 74 is a film obtained by oxidizing the surface of the reflector 71, and is composed of, for example, aluminum oxide, tantalum oxide, titanium oxide, magnesium oxide, zirconium oxide, etc. The oxide film 74 functions as an insulating film for adjusting the optical path length (optical distance) between the reflector 71 and the second electrode 123.

[0424] Light-emitting element 12 Ｒ , 12 Ｇ , 12 Ｂ The oxide film 74, which has different thicknesses depending on the type, can be formed, for example, as follows.

[0425] First, the container is filled with electrolyte, and the substrate on which the reflector 71 is formed is immersed in the electrolyte. Electrodes are then positioned opposite the reflector 71.

[0426] Then, a positive voltage is applied to the reflector 71 with the electrode as the reference, and the reflector 71 is anodized. The thickness of the oxide film due to anodizing is proportional to the voltage value relative to the electrode. Ｒ , 71 Ｇ , 71 Ｂ Anodizing is performed on each of the light-emitting elements 12 while applying a voltage corresponding to the type of light-emitting element 12. This makes it possible to form oxide films 74 of different thicknesses all at once.

[0427] The materials and other components constituting the reflector 71, the first electrode 121, and the second electrode 123 are the same as those described in the first example, so their explanation will be omitted.

[0428] (Resonator structure: 6th example) Figure 44B is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating the 6th example of a resonator structure.

[0429] In the sixth example, the light-emitting element 12 is constructed by stacking a first electrode 121, an OLED layer 122, and a second electrode 123. However, in the sixth example, the first electrode 121 is formed to serve both as an electrode and a reflector. The first electrode (and reflector) 121 is the light-emitting element 12 Ｒ , 12 Ｇ , 12 Ｂ It is formed from a material having optical constants selected according to the type. By having different phase shifts due to the first electrode (which also serves as a reflector) 121, it is possible to set the optical distance that produces the optimal resonance for the wavelength of light corresponding to the color to be displayed.

[0430] The first electrode (and reflector) 121 can be made from a single metal such as aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), gold (Au), or copper (Cu), or an alloy mainly composed of these metals. For example, the light-emitting element 12 Ｒ First electrode (also serving as reflector) 121 Ｒ The element 12 is formed from copper (Cu). Ｇ First electrode (also serving as reflector) 121 Ｇ and light-emitting element 12 Ｂ First electrode (also serving as reflector) 121 Ｂ The structure can be such that the two parts are formed from aluminum.

[0431] The materials and other components constituting the second electrode 123 are the same as those described in the first example, so their explanation will be omitted.

[0432] (Resonator structure: 7th example) Figure 45 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating the 7th example of a resonator structure.

[0433] The seventh example is basically a light-emitting element 12 Ｒ , 12 Ｇ For this, the sixth example is applied, and the light-emitting element 12 Ｂ This configuration applies the first example. In this configuration as well, it is possible to set the optical distance that produces the optimal resonance for the wavelength of light corresponding to the color to be displayed.

[0434] Light-emitting element 12 Ｒ , 12 Ｇ First electrode (also serves as a reflector) 121 used in Ｒ , 121 Ｇ These can be composed of elemental metals such as aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), gold (Au), and copper (Cu), or alloys in which these are the main components.

[0435] Light-emitting element 12 Ｂ Reflector 71 used in Ｂ , optical adjustment layer 72 Ｂ and the first electrode 121 Ｂ The materials and other components that make up this are the same as those described in the first example, so we will omit the explanation.

[0436] <12 Application Examples> (Electronic Devices) The display device 101, etc. according to the first embodiment may be provided in various electronic devices. The display device 101, etc. according to the first embodiment is particularly suitable for eyewear devices such as head-mounted displays, or for electronic viewfinders of video cameras or SLR cameras, etc., which require high resolution and are used magnified close to the eyes.

[0437] (Specific Example 1) Figures 46A and 46B show an example of the external appearance of a digital still camera 310. This digital still camera 310 is a single-lens reflex type with interchangeable lenses, and has an interchangeable shooting lens unit (interchangeable lens) 312 located approximately in the center of the front of the camera body 311, and a grip portion 313 for the photographer to hold on the left side of the front.

[0438] A monitor 314 is provided on the back of the camera body 311, slightly to the left of the center. An electronic viewfinder (eyepiece) 315 is provided above the monitor 314. The photographer can determine the composition by looking through the electronic viewfinder 315 and visually confirming the light image of the subject guided by the shooting lens unit 312. The electronic viewfinder 315 includes one of the display devices 101, etc., according to the first embodiment.

[0439] (Specific Example 2) Figure 47 shows an example of the appearance of a head-mounted display 320. The head-mounted display 320 is an example of an eyewear device. The head-mounted display 320 has, for example, a glasses-shaped display unit 321 and ear hooks 322 on both sides for attachment to the user's head. The display unit 321 includes one of the display devices 101, etc., according to the first embodiment.

[0440] (Specific Example 3) Figure 48 shows an example of the appearance of a television device 330. This television device 330 has, for example, a video display screen section 331 including a front panel 332 and a filter glass 333, and this video display screen section 331 is equipped with one of the display devices 101, etc., according to the first embodiment.

[0441] (Specific Example 4) Figure 49 shows an example of the appearance of the see-through head-mounted display 340. The see-through head-mounted display 340 is an example of an eyewear device. The see-through head-mounted display 340 comprises a main body 341, an arm 342, and a lens barrel 343.

[0442] The main body 341 is connected to the arm 342 and the eyeglasses 350. Specifically, the long end of the main body 341 is connected to the arm 342, and one side of the main body 341 is connected to the eyeglasses 350 via a connecting member. The main body 341 may also be directly attached to the head of a person.

[0443] The main body 341 houses a control board for controlling the operation of the see-through head-mounted display 340, as well as a display unit. The arm 342 connects the main body 341 to the lens barrel 343 and supports the lens barrel 343. Specifically, the arm 342 is connected to the end of the main body 341 and the end of the lens barrel 343, respectively, to fix the lens barrel 343 in place. The arm 342 also houses signal lines for communicating image-related data provided from the main body 341 to the lens barrel 343.

[0444] The microscope tube 343 projects image light, provided from the main body 341 via the arm 342, through the eyepiece 351 towards the eyes of the user wearing the see-through head-mounted display 340. In this see-through head-mounted display 340, the display unit of the main body 341 includes one of the display devices 101, etc., according to the first embodiment.

[0445] (Specific Example 5) Figure 50 shows an example of the appearance of a smartphone 360. The smartphone 360 ​​includes a display unit 361 that displays various information, and an operation unit 362 consisting of buttons, etc. that accept user input. The display unit 361 includes one of the display devices 101, etc., according to the first embodiment.

[0446] (Specific example 6) The display device 101, etc., according to the first embodiment may be provided on various displays installed in a vehicle.

[0447] Figures 51A and 51B show examples of the internal configuration of a vehicle 500 equipped with various displays. Specifically, Figure 51A shows an example of the interior of the vehicle 500 from the rear to the front, and Figure 51B shows an example of the interior of the vehicle 500 from the diagonal rear to the diagonal front.

[0448] The vehicle 500 includes a center display 501, a console display 502, a head-up display 503, a digital rear mirror 504, a steering wheel display 505, and a rear entertainment display 506. At least one of these displays includes one of the display devices 101, etc., according to the first embodiment. For example, all of these displays may include one of the display devices 101, etc., according to the first embodiment.

[0449] The center display 501 is located on the dashboard facing the driver's seat 508 and the passenger seat 509. Figures 51A and 51B show an example of a horizontally elongated center display 501 extending from the driver's seat 508 to the passenger seat 509, but the screen size and location of the center display 501 are arbitrary. The center display 501 can display information detected by various sensors. As a specific example, the center display 501 can display images captured by an image sensor, distance images to obstacles in front of and to the side of the vehicle 500 measured by a ToF sensor, and the body temperature of passengers detected by an infrared sensor. The center display 501 can be used to display at least one of the following: safety-related information, operation-related information, life logs, health-related information, authentication / identification-related information, and entertainment-related information.

[0450] Safety-related information includes information such as drowsiness detection, distraction detection, detection of mischief by a passenger, seatbelt fastening status, and detection of an unattended occupant, and is detected by sensors, for example, those placed on top of the back of the center display 501. Operation-related information is detected by sensing occupant gestures using sensors. The detected gestures may include the operation of various equipment within the vehicle 500. For example, the operation of air conditioning equipment, navigation system, AV equipment, lighting equipment, etc. is detected. Lifelogs include the lifelogs of all occupants. For example, lifelogs include records of each occupant's actions while riding. By acquiring and saving lifelogs, it is possible to confirm the state of the occupants at the time of an accident. Health-related information is detected by sensing the occupant's body temperature using sensors such as temperature sensors, and inferring the occupant's health status based on the detected body temperature. Alternatively, the occupant's face may be captured using an image sensor, and the occupant's health status may be inferred from the captured facial expression. Furthermore, the system may engage in automated voice conversations with the occupants and infer their health status based on their responses. Authentication / identification-related information includes keyless entry functions that use sensors for facial recognition, and functions that automatically adjust seat height and position based on facial recognition. Entertainment-related information includes functions that use sensors to detect information on how the occupants operate the AV equipment, and functions that use sensors to recognize the occupants' faces and provide content suitable for the occupants through the AV equipment.

[0451] The console display 502 can be used, for example, to display life log information. The console display 502 is located near the shift lever 511 on the center console 510 between the driver's seat 508 and the passenger seat 509. The console display 502 can also display information detected by various sensors. In addition, the console display 502 may display images of the area around the vehicle captured by an image sensor, or it may display distance images to obstacles around the vehicle.

[0452] The head-up display 503 is virtually displayed behind the windshield 512 in front of the driver's seat 508. The head-up display 503 can be used to display, for example, at least one of safety-related information, operation-related information, life logs, health-related information, authentication / identification-related information, and entertainment-related information. Because the head-up display 503 is often virtually positioned in front of the driver's seat 508, it is suitable for displaying information directly related to the operation of the vehicle 500, such as the speed of the vehicle 500 or the fuel (battery) level.

[0453] The digital rearview mirror 504 can not only display the area behind the vehicle 500, but also display the situation of the passengers in the rear seat. By placing a sensor on top of the back of the digital rearview mirror 504, it can be used, for example, to display life log information.

[0454] The steering wheel display 505 is positioned near the center of the steering wheel 513 of the vehicle 500. The steering wheel display 505 can be used to display at least one of the following: safety-related information, operation-related information, life log, health-related information, authentication / identification-related information, and entertainment-related information. In particular, because the steering wheel display 505 is located near the driver's hands, it is suitable for displaying life log information such as the driver's body temperature, or information related to the operation of AV equipment, air conditioning equipment, etc.

[0455] The rear entertainment display 506 is mounted on the back of the driver's seat 508 and the passenger seat 509, and is intended for viewing by rear-seat passengers. The rear entertainment display 506 can be used to display at least one of the following: safety-related information, operation-related information, life logs, health-related information, authentication / identification-related information, and entertainment-related information. In particular, because the rear entertainment display 506 is in front of the rear-seat passengers, it displays information relevant to them. For example, it may display information related to the operation of AV equipment or air conditioning equipment, or it may display the results of temperature sensor measurements of rear-seat passengers' body temperature, etc.

[0456] A sensor may be placed on the back side of the display device 101, etc., to measure the distance to surrounding objects. Optical distance measurement methods can be broadly divided into passive and active types. Passive methods measure distance by receiving light from an object without projecting light from the sensor onto the object. Passive methods include the lens focus method, stereo method, and monocular method. Active methods measure distance by projecting light onto an object and receiving the reflected light from the object with a sensor. Active methods include the optical radar method, active stereo method, illuminance difference stereo method, moiré topography method, and interferometry method. The display device 101, etc. according to the first embodiment can be applied to any of these distance measurement methods. By using a sensor placed on the back side of the display device 101, etc. according to the first embodiment, the above-described passive or active distance measurement can be performed.

[0457] 10R, 10G, 10B Sub-pixel 10P Single pixel 11 Driving substrate 111 Substrate 112 Insulating layer 113 Pad portion 12R, 12G, 12B, 12W Light-emitting element 12a, 12R, 120R Light-emitting region 120a Laminate 120b Recess 121 First electrode 122 OLED layer 123 Second electrode 13 Protective layer 13a Inorganic thin film 130 Structure 14 Peripheral wall portion 14a １ , 14a ２ , ..., 14a ｎ　　Layer 140 Organic resin layer 141 First part 142 Second part 143 Filling resin layer 15 Filling resin layer 151 Filling part 151a First filling part 151b Second filling part 16 Metamaterial part 17 Lens array 171 Lens 18 Protective layer 19R, 19G, 19B Peripheral wall parts 20, 21, 25 Color filters 201R, 201G, 201B, 211R, 211G, 211B, 251R, 251G, 251B Color sorting layer 22R, 22G, 22B Light-emitting element 23 Protective layer 230 Structure 24 Peripheral wall part 26 Protective layer 26a Convex part 26b Recessed part 26h Connection hole part 261 First protective layer 262 Second protective layer 263 Third protective layer 261h, 262h Hole 27 Third electrode 271 Connection part 28 Filling part 29 Intermediate layer 29a First intermediate layer 29b Second intermediate layer 30 Connection parts 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67 Resist layer 61h, 62h, 63h, 64h, 65h, 66h, 67h Aperture 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107 Display device 310 Digital still camera 320 Head-mounted display 330 Television device 340 See-through head-mounted display 360 Smartphone 500 Vehicle RE1 Display area RE2 Peripheral area

Claims

1. A plurality of light-emitting elements arranged two-dimensionally, and a plurality of first refractive index portions provided corresponding to each of the plurality of light-emitting elements and having a first refractive index n １ ; a plurality of second refractive index portions surrounding the plurality of first refractive index portions respectively and having a second refractive index n ２ ; a third refractive index portion filling between adjacent second refractive index portions and having a third refractive index n ３ ; and the first refractive index n １ , the second refractive index n ２ and the third refractive index n ３ have a relationship of n １ > n ２ > n ３ , a display device.

2. The display device according to claim 1, wherein either or both of the first refractive index portion and the second refractive index portion have a first inclined portion that is inclined such that the side opposite to the light-emitting element tapers, or a second inclined portion that is inclined such that the side toward the light-emitting element tapers.

3. The display device according to claim 1, further comprising a color filter provided between the plurality of light-emitting elements and the plurality of first refractive index portions.

4. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of light-emitting elements include a plurality of types of light-emitting elements having different light-emitting colors, and at least one of the sizes of the size of the light-emitting region of the light-emitting element in a plan view, the size of the first refractive index portion in a plan view, and the size of the second refractive index portion in a plan view differs depending on the type of light-emitting element.

5. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of light-emitting elements include a plurality of types of light-emitting elements having different light-emitting colors, and the height of the overlapping portion of the first refractive index portion, the second refractive index portion, and the third refractive index portion that overlap in the in-plane direction differs depending on the type of light-emitting element.

6. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the first refractive index portion, the second refractive index portion, and the third refractive index portion have overlapping portions that overlap in the in-plane direction in a range above the light-emitting element, and the height of the overlapping portion is in the range of 0.5 μm or more and 5.0 μm or less.

7. The display device according to claim 1, wherein in some of the plurality of light-emitting elements, the geometric center of the light-emitting region of the light-emitting element in a plan view is offset from the geometric center of the first refractive index portion, and either one or both of the geometric center of the light-emitting region of the light-emitting element in a plan view from the geometric center of the second refractive index portion.

8. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the light-emitting region of the light-emitting element has a trapezoidal shape in plan view.

9. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the second refractive index portion includes a plurality of concentric layers centered on the first refractive index portion in a plan view, and the refractive index of the plurality of layers decreases from the innermost layer toward the outermost layer.

10. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the second refractive index portion includes a metamaterial.

11. The display device according to claim 1, wherein either or both of the first refractive index portion and the second refractive index portion include at least two portions with different in-plane widths.

12. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the second refractive index portion includes a colorant.

13. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of light-emitting elements are a plurality of first light-emitting elements, further comprising a plurality of second light-emitting elements arranged in two dimensions, wherein one of the first light-emitting elements and at least one of the second light-emitting elements are arranged for one pixel.

14. A display device comprising: a plurality of two-dimensionally arranged light-emitting elements; a protective layer covering the plurality of light-emitting elements and having a plurality of protrusions corresponding to each of the plurality of light-emitting elements; an intermediate layer covering the sides of the protrusions; and a filling portion filling the space between adjacent protrusions, wherein the refractive index of the intermediate layer is lower than that of the protective layer, and the refractive index of the filling portion is lower than that of the intermediate layer.

15. The display device according to claim 14, wherein the light-emitting element includes, in order, a first electrode, an organic light-emitting layer, and a second electrode, and the first electrode, the organic light-emitting layer, and the second electrode are separated between adjacent light-emitting elements.

16. The display device according to claim 15, further comprising a third electrode provided in or on the protective layer, wherein the third electrode has a plurality of protrusions projecting toward the second electrode, and the top of each protrusion is connected to the second electrode.

17. The display device according to claim 16, wherein the filling portion is a first filling portion and further comprises a plurality of second filling portions provided corresponding to each of the plurality of light-emitting elements, the protective layer has a plurality of holes provided inside each of the protrusions, the second filling portions are provided within the holes, and the refractive index of the second filling portion is lower than that of the protective layer.

18. The display device according to claim 16, wherein the filling portion is a first filling portion, the intermediate layer is a first intermediate layer, and further comprises a plurality of second filling portions provided corresponding to each of the plurality of light-emitting elements, and a plurality of second intermediate layers provided corresponding to each of the plurality of light-emitting elements, the protective layer has a plurality of holes provided on the inside of each of the protrusions, the filling portion is provided within the holes, the intermediate layer is provided between the side surface of the holes and the second filling portion, the refractive index of the second intermediate layer is lower than that of the protective layer, and the refractive index of the second filling portion is lower than that of the second intermediate layer.

19. The display device according to claim 15, further comprising: a third electrode provided in or on the protective layer; and a plurality of connection portions connecting the third electrode and each of the second electrodes, wherein the protective layer includes an element protection layer provided on each of the light-emitting elements, and the connection portions are provided on the side surface of the element protection layer.

20. An electronic device comprising the display device described in claim 1.

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