Construction system with improved blocks for structural integration

Abstract

The present invention relates to a construction system based on improved blocks that have innovative structural features, each block constituting an essential part of the system, having a central body with a rectangular cross section and comprising upper, lower, front, rear and side portions. The upper portion has vertical connection extrusions that allow it to be effectively integrated with other blocks, and the lower portion has receiving means that facilitate connection with the extrusions. Furthermore, the blocks have auxiliary positioning projections that optimise the alignment and stability of the assembly. As such, this system not only improves the efficiency and stability of constructions, but also offers increased versatility in its implementation, because the provision of through-holes and an asymmetric connection system in the side portions of the block allows for flexible adaptation to different construction configurations. Both the system and each of the blocks thus constitute a single invention aimed at improving aspects of traditional construction by means of modular structural solutions.

Description

[0001] CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM WITH IMPROVED BLOCKS FOR STRUCTURAL INTEGRATION

[0002] TECHNICAL FIELD

[0003] The technical field of the present invention lies in the realm of fixed constructions and the structural elements used for their construction; in particular, it relates to building elements, such as blocks or other shapes, intended for the construction of structures; more specifically, the invention relates to building elements that incorporate special connection mechanisms, designed to improve integration and structural stability, and even more specifically, this invention presents a building system with improved blocks for structural integration optimized for application in buildings.

[0004] BACKGROUND

[0005] It is known that in construction systems that use blocks, the latter normally comprise a structural body that has a suitable geometry to be efficiently integrated into various architectural structures where these blocks can be manufactured from a wide range of materials, such as concrete, fired brick, artificial stone and various resistant polymers, depending on the specific needs of each construction project, with concrete, for example, standing out for their high load capacity and durability, because they are materials commonly used in large buildings, where structural resistance is essential.On the other hand, other materials such as plastic composites or recycled materials have begun to gain ground in modern construction, offering lighter, more economical, and more sustainable alternatives. These options allow for greater flexibility in block design, adapting to different climatic conditions, structural regulations, and environmental sustainability requirements. Furthermore, the use of new materials can improve resistance to external factors such as humidity, fire, or natural wear, extending the lifespan of buildings and allowing for greater efficiency in their implementation.Despite the widespread use of traditional building blocks in construction projects, they present certain problems that affect both their structural performance and efficiency during the building process. One of the main limitations is the precision of the block fit, which can create gaps or irregularities that compromise the structure's stability, especially in taller buildings or those that need to support significant loads. This necessitates the use of additional materials, such as mortars or adhesives, to compensate for the irregularities, increasing both costs and construction time.

[0006] Another common problem lies in the weight of the blocks, particularly those made of concrete, which makes them difficult to handle and transport, especially in large-scale projects. The use of these heavy materials not only creates logistical difficulties but also increases the static load on the structure, which can limit architectural design and increase the need for additional reinforcement in the foundations and other parts of the building. The lack of flexibility in traditional block designs is another significant issue, as blocks tend to have standard shapes and dimensions. This can hinder adaptation to projects requiring more complex or customized designs, limiting creativity and efficiency in certain constructions where additional modifications are necessary to adapt the blocks to specific needs.Likewise, the durability of the blocks against adverse conditions, such as humidity, fire or corrosion, is also a concern since despite advances in the manufacture of materials, traditional building blocks still face challenges in terms of resistance to environmental factors, which can shorten the lifespan of structures and increase maintenance and repair costs over time.

[0007] Systems known as internally reinforced masonry already exist, offering several advantages compared to traditional methods. In these systems, the vertical steel reinforcement is integrated within the spaces and / or voids of the block, allowing for a significant reduction in the use of steel and formwork for structural elements. This configuration optimizes the construction process, decreasing costs and time associated with the installation of external reinforcement. However, despite their efficiency, these systems present some additional disadvantages. They require more skilled labor, as the internal reinforcement demands precise control of mortars, adhesives, uniform thicknesses, alignments, and plumbness. The correct execution of these elements is crucial to guarantee structural stability and prevent future problems, such as cracks or collapses.Furthermore, this type of masonry can be more susceptible to errors during construction, potentially increasing the need for technical supervision. Additionally, integrating reinforcement within the block cavities limits design flexibility, as any structural modifications can be more complex. Moreover, the established technique has a drawback: it typically produces blocks that require a large amount of adhesive for bonding, as these blocks are designed to rely exclusively on adhesive for fixation. This adhesive, which can be cementitious, epoxy, polyurethane, acrylic, or even hybrid, must be applied in significant quantities to ensure cohesion between the blocks. However, the excessive use of adhesive carries several disadvantages.It can cause deformations in the joints, affecting the precise alignment of the blocks and compromising the building's structural stability. Furthermore, excessive adhesive hinders the accuracy of the piece fit, unnecessarily increasing construction costs by requiring more material. It can also slow down the drying process, delaying construction and reducing overall project efficiency. In the long term, excessive adhesive use can lead to visible defects, such as bulging at the joints or even leaks, affecting the durability and final quality of the construction.

[0008] However, the present invention proposes a series of specific modifications to the design of said structural body, with the aim of improving its integration within more complex structures where these modifications allow for better coupling between adjacent blocks, which contributes to greater stability of the overall structure, in addition to optimizing the distribution of loads. The technical contribution lies in how the structural modifications not only strengthen the joints between blocks, but also allow for greater efficiency in the use of materials, including improvements in the design of the block body, ensuring that the construction system is more robust, maintaining ease of use and compatibility with traditional construction methods, but with an increased capacity to withstand forces and resist movements, which is ideal in applications with high structural demands.

[0009] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0010] It is therefore a primary object of protection, an internally reinforced masonry construction system that employs blocks comprising a central body of rectangular cross-section that includes an upper portion, a lower portion, a front portion, a rear portion, as well as left and right side portions, characterized in that the upper portion has connecting extrusions oriented vertically with respect to the surface of the upper portion, where each of these connecting extrusions comprises a base wider than its upper part, as well as a rounding in the area of ​​joining with the upper portion and a rounding on the upper periphery, while the lower portion of the central body has receiving means for the connecting extrusions and consists of cavities with an entrance whose section is wider than the bottom of the cavity.Furthermore, on the upper portion of the central body, there is a plurality of auxiliary mounting projections, which have a conical or pointed shape. The conical body of each projection has its wide base in direct contact with the surface of the upper portion, while the apex of the cone points upwards or away from the surface of the upper portion. The auxiliary mounting projections are arranged linearly between the connecting extrusions and in an area close to each side of the upper portion of the central body.Additionally, the central body comprises a through cavity between the insertion means and the receiving means, while in each of the left and right side portions of the building block there is a constructive connection arrangement by means of an insertion arrangement comprising both insertable means and receiving means for said insertable means, this arrangement comprising an asymmetric configuration that has a combination of truncated triangular protrusions and cavities.

[0011] The present invention relates to an improved block construction system designed to optimize structural integration in buildings by eliminating the need for additional or excessive mortars or adhesives. Each block in the system has a rectangular central body that includes an upper portion with vertical connecting extrusions and a lower portion with receiving cavities, designed for precise interlocking. These equidistant and linearly arranged extrusions and cavities allow for a solid connection between the blocks, preventing misalignment and ensuring a more robust structure.

[0012] One of the key aspects of this invention is the minimal use of adhesive between the pieces. The auxiliary, conical alignment protrusions ensure a uniform joint, which not only facilitates assembly but also reduces reliance on adhesives. This is crucial, as excessive adhesive use not only increases construction costs but can also affect the accuracy of block alignment, compromising the structure's stability. Minimal adhesive use guarantees a more efficient and cleaner installation, avoiding common problems such as joint deformation, drying delays, and the formation of visible defects like bulges or leaks.

[0013] Furthermore, the blocks are equipped with an interlocking system on their sides, featuring protrusions and cavities with asymmetrical geometric shapes, which enhances lateral cohesion and strengthens the bond between the blocks. This design, along with through-cavities that allow for the interconnection of external elements, maximizes the system's versatility without compromising its structural stability. Minimizing adhesive use not only speeds up the construction process but also increases the long-term durability and quality of the building, reducing the likelihood of wall cracking and / or structural failures by providing greater resistance to diagonal tension and shear stresses.

[0014] This design not only facilitates the assembly of adjacent and overlapping blocks, but also allows for the effective distribution of loads throughout the structure. The blocks can be configured with different quantities and arrangements of extrusions and cavities, adapting to various construction needs. Furthermore, some blocks can include grooves or partial cutouts on their front or back portions, allowing for additional customization of the construction system.

[0015] Furthermore, a block design is proposed that includes a lateral groove for the insertion of a horizontal reinforcing bar located at the top of the block. This lateral groove remains parallel to the vertical connecting extrusions, ensuring improved structural stability and alignment. This design optimizes force distribution throughout the structure, facilitating greater resistance to applied loads, especially in applications requiring additional reinforcement to prevent displacement or deformation. This groove design ensures compliance with applicable building codes in various cities classified as seismic zones.

[0016] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0017] Figure 1 shows an isometric view of a three-cavity building block of the construction system.

[0018] Figure 2 shows a side view with internal detail of a three-cavity building block from the construction system.

[0019] Figure 3 shows a top view of a three-cavity building block from the construction system. Figure 4 shows a bottom view of a three-cavity building block from the construction system.

[0020] Figure 5 shows a side view of a three-cavity building block from the construction system.

[0021] Figure 6 shows a side view of a three-cavity building block from the construction system.

[0022] Figure 7 shows an isometric view of a two-cavity building block of the construction system.

[0023] Figure 8 shows a top view of a two-cavity building block from the construction system.

[0024] Figure 9 shows an isometric view of a cavity building block of the construction system.

[0025] Figure 10 shows a top view of a one-cavity building block from the construction system.

[0026] Figure 11 shows a top view of a three-cavity building block with a smooth face, from the construction system.

[0027] Figure 12 shows a top view of a two-cavity building block with a smooth face, from the construction system.

[0028] Figure 13 shows a top view of a one-cavity building block with a smooth face, from the construction system.

[0029] Figures 14-16 show various views of a building block of the construction system with a longitudinal upper groove.

[0030] Figures 17-19 show various views of a building block from the construction system with a longitudinal top groove and horizontal reinforcement. Figure 20 shows a one-dimensional view of a building block with a utility window from the construction system.

[0031] Figure 21 shows an isometric view of a building block with a facility window, of the building system.

[0032] Figure 22 shows an isometric view of a building block, upper enclosure of window and / or door, of the building system.

[0033] Figure 23 shows an isometric view of a lower window enclosure building block of the construction system.

[0034] Figures 24-29 show isometric views of a construction system using the different building blocks.

[0035] Figures 30-31 show isometric views of a construction system using building blocks with reinforcing rods.

[0036] DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0037] The present invention relates to a construction system based on internally reinforced masonry with improvements that optimize its structural integration within buildings. Through blocks that maintain a specific structural design, a more precise and secure fit between adjacent and overlapping blocks is achieved, eliminating the need for additional mortars or adhesives and / or excess material. This excess material, traditionally used to compensate for irregularities in block alignment or leveling, generates waste and increases material costs and labor time. By avoiding the use of excess mortar or adhesives, this system significantly reduces waste, optimizes construction efficiency, and minimizes execution time.Furthermore, by eliminating the need for these additional materials, site cleanliness is improved, and more sustainable and economical construction is promoted without compromising structural stability. This significantly enhances stability and, above all, the cohesion of the final structure, since the block's geometry includes contact surfaces and connection means via insertion and reception mechanisms that facilitate alignment between blocks during assembly. Additionally, it can incorporate integrated grooves, protrusions, or connectors that allow for the mechanical interconnection of external elements, improving the flexibility to address construction needs without compromising load distribution throughout the structure. The system also features top grooves specifically designed to accommodate horizontal reinforcing steel.These grooves allow for the insertion of steel bars along the structure, providing additional reinforcement that contributes to the overall strength of the building. By filling these grooves with mortar, the reinforcing steel is encased and protected, allowing for a more efficient distribution of loads, increasing diagonal tensile strength, and therefore the structure's stiffness and ability to absorb and dissipate forces generated by seismic activity. This combination of horizontal reinforcement and mortar not only improves resistance to lateral and vertical loads but also prevents the blocks from shifting or becoming misaligned during an earthquake, thus enhancing the building's safety.Furthermore, because it is housed in the upper grooves, the steel is perfectly integrated into the structure without compromising the modular design, maintaining a precise fit between the blocks and ensuring structural continuity. This eliminates the need to create horizontal reinforcement using reinforced concrete elements, which would require formwork for pouring and interrupt the continuity of the tongue-and-groove boards that align the system. The result is a more stable and durable building, more resistant to seismic events, reducing the risk of structural failures or collapses.

[0038] The system block is designed to be adaptable to different types of buildings, from residential constructions to larger buildings where the improvements introduced in the block do not depend on the materials used for its manufacture; whether concrete, clay, wood or even plastics, the block maintains its key structural properties thanks to its shape and configuration.

[0039] These structural improvements not only facilitate the assembly process but also optimize force distribution and increase resistance to external factors such as vibrations, stress, and ground settlement. The integration of special connection systems within the blocks, such as couplings and interlocking joints designed to prevent lateral or vertical displacement, ensures a stronger and more resilient structure, better able to withstand movement and stress. This also significantly reduces the likelihood of cracking in the walls over time. Construction with these blocks requires no specialized tools or technologies, making it accessible to conventional building methods while offering the added advantages of greater structural efficiency and durability in the final structure.

[0040] The construction system that is the subject of the present invention comprises blocks, in at least three types of configurations, a common denominator being the presence of a central body (10) whose main structure comprises a rectangular cross-section, which facilitates both its stacking and its lateral arrangement in various structural configurations since this rectangular section is specifically designed to optimize the efficiency in its handling, management and placement in structures, allowing its easy integration into modular constructions so that the central body (10) is composed of different portions that fulfill essential structural and connection functions, these portions including an upper portion (10a), a lower portion (10b), a front portion (10c), a rear portion (10d), as well as left (10e) and right (10f) side portions.All of them clearly defined to ensure a uniform distribution of loads and improve the structural stability of the block in the final assembly.

[0041] In the upper portion (10a) of the central body (10) is a set of connecting extrusions (20), which are oriented vertically, i.e., perpendicular to the surface of the upper portion (10a). These connecting extrusions (20) have a robust and functional structure, which allows the blocks to be coupled together precisely and efficiently since each of these connecting extrusions (20) comprises a base wider than its upper part, which ensures a firm and stable fit during the assembly process, preventing slippage or unwanted movement.

[0042] Furthermore, each of the connecting extrusions (20) comprises a rounding at the bottom of each connecting extrusion (20), in its joining area with the upper portion (10a) of the central body (10), which serves a crucial function that facilitates the insertion of the connecting extrusions (20) into corresponding receiving means (30) located in another block, allowing for a smoother coupling and reducing the friction that could be generated in a direct insertion with straight edges;Similarly, the connecting extrusions (20) comprise a rounding on the upper periphery that offers both functional and aesthetic advantages since this rounding allows the forces exerted on the connecting extrusions (20) to be distributed evenly, which minimizes wear and prolongs the useful life of the block, especially when it is stored, transported and handled, in addition to reducing the possibilities of accumulation of residues or imperfections on the edges, thus improving the quality of the assembly.

[0043] The connecting extrusions (20) are arranged equidistantly in a linear configuration along the upper portion (10a) of the central body (10), which not only ensures a uniform distribution of loads, but also facilitates orderly and predictable assembly for the construction personnel since this equidistant spacing ensures that, regardless of the type of load applied to the block assembly, the forces are distributed homogeneously throughout the entire structure, reducing the risk of local deformations.

[0044] In the lower portion (10b) of the central body (10) is arranged a set of receiving means (30), designed to precisely receive each of the connecting extrusions (20) of the immediately lower block. These receiving means (30) consist of specially designed cavities that allow for a perfect fit between the blocks, ensuring proper alignment and a firm assembly. Each receiving means (30) comprises a cavity inlet (31) whose cross-section is wider than a cavity bottom (32). This configuration allows the base of the connecting extrusions (20) to fit perfectly into the cavity inlet (31), while the top of the connecting extrusion (20) is securely accommodated in the cavity bottom (31).

[0045] This block coupling method ensures a smooth and efficient assembly process, as the connecting extrusions (20) are naturally guided into their final position within the receiving media (30), minimizing any possibility of misalignment. The bottom of the cavity is precisely aligned with the top of the connecting extrusions (20), ensuring a tight fit that prevents any lateral or vertical movement once the blocks are assembled.

[0046] Additionally, on the upper portion (10a) of the central body (10), there is a plurality of auxiliary positioning protrusions (21) with a conical or pointed tip. These auxiliary positioning protrusions (21) are specifically designed to facilitate and optimize the placement and assembly of the blocks, ensuring minimal and uniform spacing and / or joints between them. The conical shape of these protrusions naturally ensures the joint thickness between the blocks, guaranteeing correct placement without the need for constant manual adjustments. This feature is particularly useful for reducing positioning errors that could compromise structural stability.

[0047] The auxiliary placement lugs (21) offer multiple advantages to the construction system, as they allow effective control over the thickness and quantity of adhesive used, ensuring uniform and precise distribution by facilitating the exact placement of the blocks. This not only minimizes excessive adhesive use, reducing costs and material waste, but also ensures uniform cohesion at all contact points, preventing poorly bonded areas that could compromise the structure's integrity. Furthermore, by maintaining a constant adhesive thickness, greater consistency is achieved in the joints between the blocks, improving load distribution and increasing structural stability, thus optimizing the performance and efficiency of the construction process. The conical shape of these lugs prevents the formation of joints with irregular thicknesses, a common problem in traditional construction that affects adhesion.In this system, the uniformity of the joints not only reinforces the stability and durability of the structure, but also speeds up assembly, reducing working time and improving the quality of the final product, offering a clean, fast and robust solution for construction.

[0048] Thanks to the addition of a rigid spacer along with the auxiliary settling lugs (21), a significant improvement is achieved in the construction of block rows. These lugs allow for the construction of multiple rows without the adhesive between the blocks of the lower rows being crushed or expelled due to the pressure of the weight of the upper rows. This problem is particularly prevalent when the adhesive is still fresh and has a more liquid consistency, which often necessitates waiting for it to partially set to prevent the joints from deforming or shifting.

[0049] The auxiliary settling lugs (21) act as mechanical elements that maintain a uniform and equidistant joint between the blocks, ensuring that the pieces remain in place without risk of crushing while the adhesive sets. This allows for the continuous construction of additional rows, significantly optimizing the time and resources required for the project. The arrangement of these lugs not only increases the structural stability of each row during the setting process but also contributes to precise joint alignment, making the construction process more efficient and reliable. Preferably, the auxiliary settling lugs (21) are arranged linearly between the connecting extrusions (20), following an organized and aligned pattern along the surface of the upper portion (10a) of the central body (10).This linear arrangement not only contributes to the functionality of the system, but also ensures that the blocks maintain a controlled separation between the connecting extrusions (20), allowing for uniform distribution of the adhesive between the joints.

[0050] By being equidistantly positioned, the auxiliary alignment lugs (21) ensure that, during the assembly process, the blocks remain perfectly aligned on both the vertical and horizontal axes. This is crucial to ensure that the block courses maintain precise horizontal alignment, preventing misalignment or displacement that could compromise structural integrity. Furthermore, this configuration facilitates the even distribution of adhesive along all joints, ensuring an efficient and consistent bond between the blocks and optimizing both the stability and durability of the assembled structure.

[0051] Preferably, at least three auxiliary accommodation lugs (21) are provided, distributed equidistantly between the connecting extrusions (20). This is essential to ensure that, when the blocks are stacked, each lug maintains the upper block at a precise distance, equivalent to the height of the lugs. This arrangement ensures a minimum and uniform thickness of adhesive between the pieces, allowing the material to perform its bonding function efficiently and without interruption.

[0052] The equidistant distribution of the protrusions not only ensures the correct application of the adhesive but also complements the connecting extrusions (20) and their corresponding receiving means (30). By combining both functions, an optimized assembly system is achieved that controls both the adhesive thickness and the stability and alignment of the blocks. The protrusions, by maintaining a controlled separation, allow for more precise insertion of the extrusions, facilitating a smoother assembly process and minimizing placement errors.

[0053] Furthermore, the auxiliary mounting lugs (21) evenly distribute the load from the upper block, reinforcing structural integrity by preventing uneven pressure points that could compromise stability. This not only facilitates block insertion but also ensures that the system maintains uniform strength throughout the structure, which is essential for the assembly's durability and safety.On the other hand, the upper portion (10a) of the central body comprises an arrangement of two auxiliary accommodation protrusions (21) on the sides or areas close to the left (10e) and right (1 Of) lateral portions of the central body (10), fulfilling a key function in the lateral stability of the structure since, unlike the vertical connections, where the weight of the blocks helps to maintain the firm fit, the lateral connections depend more on the geometric precision of the joints to avoid horizontal displacements, so that these lateral protrusions ensure that the blocks remain joined uniformly not only in the vertical plane, but also in the horizontal plane, reducing the risk of lateral movements during assembly or after construction.

[0054] The fact that these auxiliary protrusions (21) are located close to the lateral portions of the top also provides an additional advantage in terms of structural rigidity, as they reinforce the ends of the block, which are typically the areas most vulnerable to deformation or movement during assembly. Furthermore, these laterally positioned auxiliary accommodation protrusions (21) on the top help stabilize the coupling process when the blocks are placed side by side, reducing adjustment time and improving accuracy in constructions requiring strict alignment, such as walls or modular structures.

[0055] An additional advantage of the auxiliary placement lugs is that their equidistant distribution ensures that the pressure and weight of the upper blocks are evenly distributed across the lower joints, reducing localized wear and improving the structure's durability. Furthermore, the inclusion of lugs on the sides of the block's top ensures that horizontal connections are unaffected by any movement or misalignment during construction. These upper side lugs, thanks to their tapered shape, allow for automatic adjustment when stacking the blocks. The wide base provides a larger surface area for insertion, while the narrow apex facilitates the correct alignment of the upper block over the lower one. This speeds up the assembly process, especially in large-scale projects, by eliminating constant manual adjustments and ensuring better adhesive distribution.Furthermore, their strategic positioning at the top allows the protrusions to evenly distribute applied loads, improving the overall stability of the structure. The conical shape also enables loads to be transmitted smoothly between the blocks, reducing localized stress points and extending the building's lifespan. Another important advantage is that these protrusions compensate for minor imperfections in the blocks or the ground, automatically adjusting to correct misalignments or irregularities. This ensures structural integrity even under less-than-ideal conditions and optimizes adhesive distribution, which is particularly useful on uneven terrain or when the blocks have slight dimensional variations.Furthermore, the auxiliary accommodation protrusions do not interfere with the block's main connection systems, such as the connection extrusions (20) or the receiving means (30), but rather act as a complement that improves the assembly process. Their location and design allow these protrusions to work in conjunction with the other block components to ensure smooth and precise assembly without compromising the integrity of the main structural connections.

[0056] Finally, the inclusion of these conical protrusions also increases efficiency during the transport and storage of the blocks, as they facilitate precise and safe stacking, reducing the risk of damage during handling. The conical geometry of the protrusions protects the edges and adjacent surfaces of the block from potential impacts or abrasions, helping to keep the blocks in perfect condition before final installation.

[0057] Additionally, a block configuration is proposed that incorporates a longitudinal upper groove (22), arranged parallel to the arrangement of the connecting extrusions (20), where this upper longitudinal groove may even extend along part of one side of the connecting extrusions (20). This groove is specifically designed to accommodate a horizontal reinforcing bar (23), which provides the block system with greater stability, especially against seismic activity. This integration is reinforced with mortar or any concrete mix, or mixtures of cement, sand, and water used to join or coat the structure. By integrating a horizontal reinforcing bar into this groove, the wall's resistance to lateral forces is increased, reinforcing its capacity to withstand the stresses resulting from seismic events, as well as improving the cohesion and overall strength of the construction system.

[0058] This groove is preferably quadrilateral in cross-section, although its configuration is not restrictive. Other shapes, such as circular, polygonal, or even irregular sections, can be used to provide a suitable channel for the reinforcing bar, which is then filled and secured with mortar. This geometric flexibility allows the block design to be adapted to different types of reinforcement, guaranteeing both structural functionality and adaptability to the specific project conditions. The channel not only facilitates the insertion and securing of the reinforcing bar but also ensures uniform mortar adhesion, significantly contributing to the overall stability and rigidity of the wall. When filled with mortar, this channel provides additional reinforcement against corrosion of the bar, increasing its durability and improving the cohesion between the blocks.This is especially important in applications that require supporting both static and dynamic loads, such as those generated by earthquakes, where the correct distribution and strength of the horizontal reinforcement is fundamental to structural integrity.

[0059] In the context of a load-bearing wall, this configuration is essential. Load-bearing walls, made of overlapping blocks or bricks bonded with mortar, are designed to support both their own weight and the internal forces generated during an earthquake. For these walls to perform their function efficiently, it is essential to use high-quality materials and provide reinforcements that ensure structural stability. One of the most common problems in walls without adequate reinforcement is diagonal or multidirectional cracking, which seriously compromises their integrity.

[0060] The horizontal reinforcement, represented by the rebar housed in the groove (22), is crucial for preventing these problems. This continuous reinforcement along the entire course of the wall allows the shear and torsional forces resulting from seismic activity to be distributed evenly, preventing cracking and structural failure. The integration of the rebar and mortar ensures that the blocks work together as a solid and coherent unit, increasing the wall's capacity to resist not only vertical loads but also lateral loads resulting from seismic events.

[0061] Furthermore, the arrangement of the connecting extrusions (20) in conjunction with the longitudinal groove (22) helps to distribute loads and stresses evenly, reinforcing the system's stability. This design optimizes block alignment, ensuring that the adhesive or mortar is applied uniformly at the joints between them, thus preventing misalignments or uneven thicknesses that could compromise the wall's strength.

[0062] In conclusion, the block design incorporating a longitudinal groove for reinforcing bars significantly improves the seismic resistance of load-bearing walls. The proper distribution of loads and the additional stiffness provided by the bars and mortar not only increase the wall's capacity to withstand lateral loads but also ensure its long-term structural integrity. This system offers an efficient and adaptable solution for buildings located in areas of high seismic activity, guaranteeing both safety and durability.

[0063] Additionally, the central body (10) comprises between the insertion means (20) and the reception means (30) a through cavity (40), which is designed to provide additional space for the insertion of objects or connections that can pass through the block since the through cavity (40) has a preferably circular section, which facilitates the passage of elements such as cables, pipes, ventilation ducts or electrical systems, among others.This cavity is strategically located and delimited by the inner perimeter of an area near the upper periphery of the connecting extrusions (20) at its top, as well as by an area near the inner perimeter delimiting the bottom of the receiving cavities (30). The through-cavity (40) has a constant cross-section, meaning its diameter or dimensions do not vary along its length. This is crucial to ensure that any object or connection inserted into this cavity does so smoothly and without obstruction. At the same time, this design provides greater flexibility in terms of the block's applications, allowing it to be used not only for structural construction but also for integrating additional systems such as electrical or plumbing installations within buildings.This through-cavity (40) houses vertical reinforcing bars (24) that structure the system, distributing vertical support made of steel throughout all the walls, hence the term "internally reinforced." It can also incorporate a bonding medium made of any concrete mix or mixtures of cement, sand, and water to join or coat the structure. This through-cavity (40) eliminates the need for wooden formwork to encase the vertical reinforcing steel in concrete, as is traditionally required.

[0064] In each of the left (1 Oe) and right (1 Of) side portions of the building block, a connection arrangement is provided by means of an insertion-reception mechanism comprising both insertable means (50) and reception means (51) for said insertable means. This mechanism has an asymmetrical configuration, which is fundamental to ensuring precise and controlled assembly of the block within the overall structure. The asymmetry of these insertable means (50) and the reception means (51) guarantees that the blocks can only be positioned correctly, thus eliminating the possibility of orientation errors during the construction process. The insertable means (50) and the reception means (51) are structured in a configuration that features a combination of protrusions and cavities, these being of a truncated triangular shape.This geometric shape, in addition to offering high precision in assembly, provides additional stability and, surprisingly, the truncated triangular shape is not arbitrary, since this configuration allows for a firm fit and better distribution of loads between the connected blocks. Unlike connection systems with rounded edges present in other parts of the block, in this specific case, rounded edges have not been implemented in the insertable means or the receiving means due to the need to achieve a firmer and more resistant coupling.

[0065] In this way, the system maintains a design that incorporates a vertical tongue-and-groove arrangement between the blocks, along with truncated triangular protrusions and cavities, joined with a cement-based adhesive. This configuration not only increases friction and stability between the blocks but also reinforces the structure by improving diagonal compression resistance and optimizing the shear modulus of the masonry. These characteristics not only promote better structural performance under external loads but also effectively minimize several types of failure common in conventional masonry, such as diagonal tension in the blocks, slippage between them, and diagonal tension in the joints.This is especially relevant in constructions subjected to lateral or seismic loads, where these properties contribute to greater durability and reliability of the structure, allowing the system to better withstand stresses and displacements without compromising the stability of the wall.

[0066] Furthermore, by eliminating rounded edges in the tongue-and-groove joint area, the fit between the blocks becomes more rigid and precise, ensuring greater security in the interconnection. This feature makes the system ideal for buildings requiring more robust and stable structures capable of withstanding adverse environmental conditions or structural movement. Therefore, this insertion system not only guarantees precise and error-free assembly but also provides structural strength that reinforces the integrity of the block assembly within the building, reducing the risk of deformation or displacement over time.

[0067] Of particular note is the incorporation of rounded edges in the connecting extrusions and receiving elements, offering several additional advantages. Firstly, the rounded edges help prevent stress buildup at the corners, extending the block's lifespan and reducing the risk of cracking. Furthermore, they facilitate interlocking blocks, minimizing installation errors and improving overall assembly accuracy. Additionally, the through-hole (40) adds another layer of functionality, allowing the block to serve not only as a structural element but also as a component that facilitates the integration of other building systems. With this design, the building block is not only structurally efficient but also adaptable to diverse applications, making it a versatile component for any type of construction.

[0068] In addition to the upper and lower insertion systems between the connecting extrusions (20) and the receiving means (30), which allow the blocks to be stacked, it is important to highlight that this type of stacked connection generates additional strength due to the weight of the blocks stacked on top of each other. In this case, the weight of the blocks themselves plays a crucial role by providing natural pressure that reinforces the connection between the extrusions and the receiving means. This type of vertical assembly is highly efficient, as gravity helps to keep the blocks in place, ensuring greater stability and preventing unwanted displacement. The design with rounded edges on the extrusions and stackable cavities also facilitates this process, allowing for a firm fit without the need to apply excessive force during assembly.

[0069] However, in the case of lateral connections, that is, those on the left (1 Oe) and right (1 Of) portions, the principle is different. Here, the advantage of gravity or the weight of the blocks to maintain firm and stable joints is not available, since these connections do not support the weight of the stacked blocks, but are more exposed to lateral forces or horizontal displacements. For this reason, it features a configuration of insertable means (50) and receiving means (51) with truncated triangular projections and cavities without rounded edges.

[0070] This configuration of the lateral connections ensures that the blocks are firmly locked together laterally, offering superior resistance against horizontal slippage or any movement that could destabilize the structure if the connections were less rigid. The truncated triangular shape acts as an anchor between the blocks, distributing lateral forces across its flat faces, which generates greater friction and, therefore, greater resistance to displacement. Unlike stackable connections, which rely in part on the weight of the blocks to remain stable, lateral connections require this more robust and tightly fitted structure to guarantee the overall stability in all directions.In other words, while stackable connections take advantage of gravity and the natural weight of the blocks to reinforce the structure vertically, lateral connections with protrusions and truncated triangular cavities are specifically designed to resist lateral movements and ensure a firm fix, without relying on weight or external pressure, resulting in a highly strong and stable structure in all planes.

[0071] Similarly to the uniform distribution and controlled thickness of the horizontal joint achieved by means of the auxiliary protrusions (21), the tongue and groove joint generated by the protrusions and cavities through the insertable means (50) and the receiving means (51) respectively, which generate the lateral parts (1 Oe) and (1 Of), is maintained uniformly and equidistantly, achieving perfect parallelism that allows a controlled joint which, when filled with the adhesive, provides great stability against horizontal displacements, as well as the precise use of the adhesive, avoiding waste and variations in the dimensions of said vertical joint.

[0072] In the proposed construction system, the blocks that form part of the invention are presented in various configurations, each with a different number of connecting extrusions (20) in its upper portion (10a) and consequently with a different number of receiving means (30) in its lower portion (10b). These configurations include blocks with sets of three connecting extrusions (20), blocks with two connecting extrusions (20), and blocks with a single connecting extrusion (20). This variation in the number of connecting extrusions (20) addresses the need to adapt the blocks to different structural contexts and different types of assemblies in construction, allowing for greater flexibility and versatility in the design and execution of buildings.

[0073] The blocks with three connecting extrusions (20) are designed for applications requiring greater strength and stability in assembly, as well as covering more space within the structure. This makes them ideal for areas requiring wider and more robust coverage. With three connection points on their upper portion, these blocks offer a larger contact surface and better distribution of vertical loads when stacked. This is especially useful in structures requiring additional support, such as load-bearing walls or vertical elements that must withstand greater forces.By distributing the extrusions equidistantly in the upper portion (10a), it is ensured that the pressure exerted on the upper block is transmitted uniformly to the receiving means (30) of the lower block, minimizing localized stress points that could compromise structural integrity over time.

[0074] In these three-extruded blocks, the auxiliary alignment lugs (21) play a crucial role in the alignment and assembly process. Ideally, they are positioned equidistantly between each of the connecting extrusions (20), forming a linear pattern that allows for precise alignment when stacking the blocks. These lugs help center the upper block on top of the lower one, facilitating quick and efficient assembly. Furthermore, the presence of two additional auxiliary alignment lugs on the sides or near the left (10e) and right (1 Of) side portions ensures perfect lateral alignment, which is crucial in structures where the blocks are placed not only vertically but also horizontally. Examples of applications for these three-extruded blocks include retaining walls, pillars, or columns, where load-bearing capacity is essential for the overall stability.

[0075] On the other hand, blocks containing two connecting extrusions (20) are designed for less demanding applications in terms of load, but which still require a solid and efficient connection. These blocks are ideal for constructing non-load-bearing walls, interior partitions, or even facades where structural strength remains important but is not the primary priority. In this case, the two-extrusion configuration allows for an efficient connection without requiring the same amount of material or contact points as blocks with three extrusions, making them lighter and more economical without sacrificing construction quality.

[0076] As with the blocks with three extrusions, the auxiliary alignment lugs (21) are positioned linearly and equidistantly between the two connecting extrusions (20), ensuring precise assembly. However, with fewer connection points, the alignment lugs play an even more crucial role, compensating for the reduced number of extrusions by facilitating alignment and ensuring that the weight of the upper block is correctly distributed over the lower block. Similarly, the lugs located on the side portions reinforce lateral stability, especially in horizontal assemblies, guaranteeing that the blocks do not shift or become misaligned. These blocks are particularly useful in the construction of party walls, where a structure is required to divide spaces without supporting heavy loads.Finally, the single-extrusion connecting blocks (20) represent a versatile and adaptable solution for applications where core strength or ease of assembly is paramount, as these blocks are ideal for construction areas where rapid installation is required without compromising alignment. They are useful, for example, in temporary enclosure systems, modular structures, or decorative elements. Despite having only one connecting extrusion, these pieces are complemented by a carefully designed set of auxiliary alignment lugs (21), which in this case are essential for maintaining correct alignment. These lugs ensure that, when assembling single-extrusion blocks, the upper block fits correctly onto the lower one, preventing potential displacements that could compromise the stability of the assembly.

[0077] In single-extrusion blocks, the auxiliary fitting lugs are symmetrically distributed along the sides of the extrusion, ensuring smooth assembly and preventing misalignment during construction. While this type of block is not designed to withstand heavy loads, its flexibility makes it an ideal solution for lightweight structures or modular systems requiring quick and easy installation. Examples of its use include the construction of interior partition panels or the creation of ornamental walls in gardens or public spaces. Furthermore, single-extrusion blocks (20) can act as complementary pieces to close spaces or adjust details in walls built with two- or three-extrusion blocks, allowing for precise closure and better integration in areas where larger blocks do not fit perfectly.

[0078] The improved block construction system for structural integration offers a wide range of configurations, adapting to diverse construction needs. The inclusion of blocks with three, two, and one connecting extrusion, along with a system of auxiliary arrangement protrusions (21), ensures that each block fulfills a specific role within the structure, optimizing both stability and ease of assembly in each application. This modular and flexible approach allows for both complex constructions requiring high strength and simpler systems where core strength and speed of installation are key.

[0079] In an alternative configuration, one of the lateral sides, preferably the left (1 Oe) or right (10f), is completely smooth (60) and without visible connection points or protrusions, providing a flat surface for finishing walls or for other construction purposes requiring a smooth edge. This smooth side integrates seamlessly with the rest of the block's structure, preserving the other functional characteristics of the connection system and allowing the blocks to be used in terminal positions within a building without compromising the aesthetics or structural integrity of the wall, thus facilitating better integration with other architectural or decorative elements.

[0080] A preferred realization of the front (10c) or rear (10d) portion of the central body (10) may include grooves (70), partial or full recesses, specifically designed to facilitate the installation of elements such as electrical panels, switches, electrical or water service entrances, and access to specific parts of these services. These features allow for more efficient and organized integration of the building's internal systems, eliminating the need for additional drilling or subsequent modifications to the block. Furthermore, the recesses and grooves provide flexibility in the placement of electrical or plumbing connections without compromising the structural integrity of the wall, thus saving time and resources during installation.This approach not only improves the block's functionality but also facilitates maintenance and access to critical components of the installations, allowing adjustments or repairs without the need to demolish parts of the structure. The grooves (70) allow for the creation of a kind of window that eliminates the need to cut the blocks, making the construction process more efficient with regard to electrical and plumbing networks and preventing damage to the blocks caused by making these cuts after the wall has been built.

[0081] Another preferred embodiment of the building block maintains a central body with an arrangement of multiple connecting extrusions distributed along its upper surface (10a). This is particularly useful in applications requiring robust structural support, such as beams where a wide load distribution is needed. In this case, the connecting extrusions (20) extend uniformly, i.e., without a through cavity, and maintain a solid infill (80). This facilitates the superior coupling of multiple blocks and optimizes integration into modular construction systems, as only the connecting extrusions (20) located at the ends of the central body have a through cavity. This design allows the connecting extrusions (20) to be interleaved with the receiving means (30) of other blocks, ensuring a cohesive and stable assembly in structures that must withstand considerable loads.Another preferred embodiment of the building block features a central body with a simplified configuration, where the connecting extrusions (20) are omitted in favor of a smooth design (90) on the upper portion (10a), while only the connecting extrusions (20) are retained at the ends of the central body. This variant is particularly advantageous for applications that do not require vertical assembly, such as in the construction of floors or lower portions of window frames where the focus is on the flat surface. This simplicity in design allows for faster and easier installation, promotes a clean aesthetic finish, and is ideal for environments where structural integrity can be maintained without the need for additional connections.

[0082] An alternative type of block comprises a fully reinforced block, meaning one internally reinforced with rebar or reinforcing bars, which provides greater structural strength for one or more window and door frames. This eliminates the need for formwork or assembling internal reinforcement elements and casting them on-site, thus reducing construction time and minimizing the need for wooden formwork. This design can be seen specifically in Figures 22 and 23.

[0083] Although the invention has been described with regard to specific embodiments for the sake of complete accuracy, it is understood that it can be carried out in a variety of forms that differ substantially from those shown and described, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.

Claims

CLAIMS 1. A construction system comprising interlocking blocks where these maintain a central body (10) of rectangular cross-section including an upper portion (10a), a lower portion (10b), a front portion (10c), a rear portion (10d), as well as left (10e) and right (10f) side portions, characterized in that the upper portion (10a) has vertically oriented connecting extrusions (20) with a base wider than its upper part, as well as a rounding in the area of ​​union with the upper portion (10a) and a rounding on the upper periphery, while the lower portion (10b) of the central body (10) has receiving means (30) for the connecting extrusions (20) and consists of cavities with an entrance (31) whose section is wider than a cavity bottom (32) where the connecting extrusions (20) are inserted into the receiving means (30) for the formation of a wall of masonry between each block,from the upper portion (10a) of the central body (10) comprises a plurality of auxiliary accommodation projections (21) which have a conical or pointed termination shape whose conical body has its wide base in direct contact with the surface of the upper portion (10a),whereas the vertex of the cone points away from the surface of the upper portion (10a), the auxiliary accommodation projections (21) being arranged linearly between the connecting extrusions (20) and in an area close to each of the sides of the upper portion (10a) of the central body (10), and additionally the central body (10) comprises between the insertion means (20) and the receiving means (30) a through cavity (40), whereas in each of the left (10e) and right (1 Of) side portions of the building block a connection arrangement is provided by means of an insertion-receiving arrangement comprising both insertable means (50) and receiving means (51) of said insertable means (50).

2. The construction system according to claim 1, characterized in that the connecting extrusions (20) of each block are arranged equidistantly in a linear configuration along the upper portion (10a) of the central body (10).

3. The construction system according to claim 1, characterized in that the receiving cavities (30) of each block are arranged equidistantly in a linear configuration along the lower portion (10b) of the central body (10).

4. The construction system according to claim 1, characterized in that it has at least three auxiliary accommodation projections (21) distributed equidistantly between the connection extrusions (20) and two auxiliary accommodation projections (21) on the sides or areas close to the left (10e) and right (1 Of) side portions of the central body (10).

5. The construction system according to claim 1, characterized in that the insertion-reception arrangement comprises an asymmetric configuration having a combination of truncated triangular protrusions and cavities.

6. The construction system according to claim 1, characterized in that each coupled block comprises an upper longitudinal groove (22) arranged parallel to the arrangement of the connecting extrusions (20).

7. The construction system according to claim 6, characterized in that a horizontal reinforcing rod (23) is placed inside the upper longitudinal groove (22).

8. The construction system according to claim 6, characterized in that a horizontal reinforcing rod (23) is placed inside the upper longitudinal groove (22) with mortar, concrete or mixtures of cement, sand and water.

9. The construction system according to claim 1, characterized in that a vertical reinforcing rod (24) is placed inside the through cavity (40).

10. The construction system according to claim 1, characterized in that a vertical reinforcing rod (24) is placed inside the through cavity (40) with mortar, concrete or mixtures of cement, sand and water.

11. A building block comprising a central body (10) with a rectangular cross-section, including an upper portion (10a), a lower portion (10b), a front portion (10c), a rear portion (10d), and left (10e) and right (10f) side portions, characterized in that the upper portion (10a) has connecting extrusions (20) oriented vertically with respect to its surface, where each connecting extrusion (20) has a base wider than its upper portion, as well as a rounding in the area of ​​union with the upper portion (10a) and a rounding on the upper periphery, and where the lower portion (10b) of the central body (10) includes Receiving means (30) designed to receive the connecting extrusions (20), consisting of cavities having an inlet (31) with a wider cross-section than the bottom (32) of each cavity, in addition to the upper portion (10a) having a plurality of auxiliary accommodating projections (21), which have a conical or pointed termination shape, with the wide base in direct contact with the surface of the upper portion (10a) and the apex pointing upwards, away from said surface, where the auxiliary accommodating projections (21) are arranged linearly between the connecting extrusions (20) and near each of the sides of the upper portion (10a), where furthermore the central body (10) includes a through cavity (40) located between the insertion means (20) and the receiving means (30), while in each of the left (10e) and right (10f) side portions of the block,A connection system is established by means of an insertion-reception arrangement comprising both insertable means (50) and reception means (51) for said insertable means.

12. The building block according to claim 11, characterized in that it comprises three connecting extrusions (20) and three receiving means (30) distributed linearly and equidistantly in the upper portion (10a) and in the lower portion (10b) respectively of the central body (10).

13. The building block according to claim 11, characterized in that it comprises two connecting extrusions (20) and two receiving means (30) distributed linearly and equidistantly in the upper portion (10a) and in the lower portion (10b) respectively of the central body (10).

14. The building block according to claim 11, characterized in that it comprises a connecting extrusion (20) and a receiving means (30) centrally distributed in the upper portion (10a) and in the lower portion (10b) respectively of the central body (10).

15. The building block according to claim 11, characterized in that the connecting extrusions (20) of each block are arranged equidistantly in a linear configuration along the upper portion (10a) of the central body (10).

16. The building block according to claim 11, characterized in that the receiving cavities (30) of each block are arranged equidistantly in a linear configuration along the lower portion (10b) of the central body (10).

17. The building block according to claim 11, characterized in that it has at least three auxiliary accommodation projections (21) distributed equidistantly between the connecting extrusions (20) and two auxiliary accommodation projections (21) on the sides or areas close to the left (10e) and right (1 Of) side portions of the central body (10).

18. The building block according to claim 11, characterized in that it comprises in the front (10c) or rear (10d) portion of the central body (10) grooves (60) and / or partial or total hollows.

19. The building block according to claim 11, characterized in that the insertion-reception arrangement comprises an asymmetric configuration having a combination of truncated triangular protrusions and cavities.

20. The building block according to claim 11, characterized in that it maintains a central body with an arrangement of multiple connecting extrusions (20) distributed along its upper surface (10a), only the connecting extrusions (20) located on the sides of the building block maintaining a through cavity (40).

21. The building block according to claim 11, characterized in that it maintains a central body where the connecting extrusions (20) are omitted in favor of a smooth surface on the upper portion (10a) and maintaining only connecting extrusions (20) placed at the ends of the central body.

22. The building block according to claim 11, characterized in that the left (10e) or right (1 Of) side is completely smooth.

23. The building block according to claim 11, characterized in that it comprises an upper longitudinal groove (22) arranged parallel to the arrangement of the connecting extrusions (20).

24. The building block according to claim 23, characterized in that a horizontal reinforcing rod (23) is placed inside the upper longitudinal groove (22).

25. The building block according to claim 23, characterized in that a horizontal reinforcing rod (23) is placed inside the upper longitudinal groove (22) with mortar, concrete or mixtures of cement, sand and water.

26. The construction system according to claim 11, characterized in that a vertical reinforcing rod (24) is placed inside the through cavity (40).

27. The construction system according to claim 11, characterized in that a vertical reinforcing rod (24) is placed inside the through cavity (40) with mortar, concrete or mixtures of cement, sand and water.

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