Ceria zirconia based mixed oxide and method of production of the same
A cerium-zirconium mixed oxide with specific composition and production process maintains high surface area and thermal stability, addressing the limitations of existing materials by ensuring effective dispersion of platinum group metals and enhancing catalytic performance.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- RHODIA OPERATIONS SAS
- Filing Date
- 2024-11-07
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-15
AI Technical Summary
Existing cerium-zirconium mixed oxides used in automotive catalysis suffer from limited thermal stability, leading to PGM sintering and encapsulation, which reduces catalytic efficiency, and there is a need for materials that maintain high surface area and thermal stability while dispersing active materials effectively.
A mixed oxide composition of zirconium, cerium, and optionally rare-earth elements with specific weight percentages, produced through a process involving precipitation and calcination, achieving a BET specific surface area of at least 150 m2/g and maintaining stability after calcination at 1100 ℃ for 4 hours.
The mixed oxide ensures high surface area and thermal stability, preventing phase separation, enhancing catalytic performance and supporting efficient dispersion of platinum group metals, thus improving catalytic converters' durability and efficiency.
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Figure PCTCN2024130356-FTAPPB-I100001 
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Figure PCTCN2024130356-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
CERIA ZIRCONIA BASED MIXED OXIDE AND METHOD OF PRODUCTION OF THE SAMETECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The invention relates to ceria zirconia based mixed oxides, a production method thereof and its use in the field of catalysis.
[0002] TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
[0003] Materials with high surface area are in general good supports for heterogeneous catalysis to disperse the metals as active material. In the case of noble metal (i.e. Platinum Group Metal, hereafter PGM) based catalysis, it is obvious that reducing the quantity of PGM will deliver economic benefit. This is the reason why in the case of automotive catalysis, three ways catalysts (TWC) or gasoline particulate filter (GPF) for instance are using PGM associated with oxygen storage capacity (OSC) cerium based mixed oxide (s) . Such types of catalysts should therefore take advantage of high surface area cerium-zirconium mixed oxides (here after CeZr or CZ mixed oxide) .
[0004] CeZr mixed oxides with high surface area in their fresh state are known from the state of the art. However, the thermal stability of such CeZr mixed oxide in use is often limited. Also, those materials are prone to phase separation after aging. The poor thermal stability of these mixed oxides is typically reflected by the PGM sintering and / or encapsulation, which inevitably results in a lowered catalysis efficiency.
[0005] On top of this, new regulations and implementation of RDE (Real Driving Emissions) are requesting catalysts and supports of catalysts more and more durable while the automotive industry is looking for cost savings.
[0006] There is accordingly a need for materials capable of addressing these various issues. In particular, there is a need for heterogeneous catalysis support materials having a structure to ensure that the active materials are sufficiently dispersed therein while maintaining a high thermal stability in use, so as to globally enhance the catalysis performances.
[0007] There is also a need for a method of production of the same easy to implement at industrial scale.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] The invention relates to a mixed oxide of zirconium, of cerium, and optionally of at least one rare-earth element other than cerium with the following composition:
[0009] - between 10 wt. -%and 70 wt. -%of cerium,
[0010] - up to 25 wt. -%of one or more rare earth element (s) other than cerium, and
[0011] - the remainder as zirconium, with the proviso that if hafnium is present in the composition, the hafnium is present as an impurity of the zirconium and is not considered as belonging to the one or more rare earth element (s) other than cerium,
[0012] characterized in that the mixed oxide exhibits
[0013] - a BET specific surface area of at least 150 m2 / g, preferably of at least 180 m2 / g, more preferably of at least 200 m2 / g; and
[0014] - a BET specific surface area after calcination in air at 1100 ℃ for 4 hours of at least 13 m2 / g, preferably of at least 15 m2 / g.
[0015] Weight percent of cerium, possible rare earth elements (s) other than cerium and zirconium are expressed in terms of the corresponding oxides based on the total weight of the mixed oxide.
[0016] Furthermore, the invention relates to a process of preparation of a mixed oxide according to the invention comprising the following steps:
[0017] (a) reacting a basic compound with an aqueous solution to form a precipitate, wherein the aqueous solution comprises at least a zirconium chloride salt, a cerium salt, optionally at least one rare earth metal salt other than the cerium salt, and sulfate anions (SO42-) ,
[0018] (b) separating the precipitate obtained in step (a) from the aqueous solution,
[0019] (c) adding deionized water and a basic solution or an aqueous basic solution to the precipitate obtained in step (b) to form a mixture,
[0020] (d) heating the mixture for at least 30 min at a temperature range of from 30℃ to 100℃,
[0021] (e) separating off and optionally washing the precipitate, and
[0022] (f) heating the precipitate obtained in step (e) , preferably in air, at a temperature range of from 200℃ to 300℃.
[0023] Additionally, the invention relates to the use of the mixed oxide of the invention for the preparation of a catalytic composition or a catalytic converter. Moreover, the invention relates to a catalytic composition comprising the mixed oxide of the invention, at least one dispersed platinum metal or transition metal, and optionally at least one mineral material, and to a catalytic converter comprising the catalytic composition of the invention and a porous support.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0024] Before the issues of the invention are described in detail, the following should be considered:
[0025] As used herein, the singular forms "a" , "an" , and "the" include both singular and plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. By way of example, "a compound" means one compound or more than one compound.
[0026] The terms "comprising" , "comprises" and "comprised of" as used herein are synonymous with "including" , "includes" or "containing" , "contains" , and are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, non-recited members, elements or method steps. It will be appreciated that the terms "comprising" , "comprises" and "comprised of" as used herein comprise the terms “consisting essentially of” , "consisting of" , "consists" , and "consists of" .
[0027] The term “consisting essentially of” is to be understood as allowing the presence of amounts of other components in addition to the mandatory components, provided that the essential characteristics of the composition are not materially affected by their presence. This means e.g. that the mixed oxides of the invention do not comprise element oxide (s) other than those cited and capable of impacting the features characterizing the mixed oxides of the invention. The mixed oxides of the invention may comprise components such as impurities that may arise in particular from its preparation process, for example from the starting materials or starting reactants used and which do not materially affect the essential characteristics of the composition.
[0028] Throughout this application, the term "about" is used to indicate that a value includes the standard deviation of error for the device or method being employed to determine the value.
[0029] As used herein, the term "average" refers to number average unless indicated otherwise.
[0030] As used herein, the terms "%by weight" , "wt. -%" , "weight percentage" , or "percentage by weight" , and the terms "%by volume" , "vol. -%" , "volume percentage" , or "percentage by volume" , are used interchangeably.
[0031] The recitation of numerical ranges by end points includes all integer numbers and, where appropriate, fractions subsumed within that range (e.g. 1 to 5 can include 1, 2, 3, 4 when referring to, for example, a number of elements, and can also include 1.5, 2, 2.75 and 3.80, when referring to, for example, measurements) . The recitation of end points also includes the end point values themselves (e.g., from 1.0 to 5.0 includes both 1.0 and 5.0) . Any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges subsumed therein.
[0032] The numerical values given as “porosity” as used herein and having the unit of a volume is to be understood as the pore volume obtained by a porosity measurement.
[0033] All calcinations as described herein, especially with respect to the measurement of the BET specific surface, are carried out in air, unless otherwise mentioned.
[0034] Should the disclosure of any patents, patent applications, and publications which are incorporated herein by reference conflict with the description of the present application to the extent that it may render a term unclear, the present description shall take precedence.
[0035] Unless otherwise defined, all terms used in disclosing the invention, including technical and scientific terms, have the meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. By means of further guidance, term definitions are included to better appreciate the teaching of the present invention.
[0036] In the following passages, different alternatives, embodiments and variants of the invention are defined in more detail. Each alternative and embodiment so defined may be combined with any other alternative and embodiment, and this for each variant unless clearly indicated to the contrary or clearly incompatible when the value range of a same parameter is disjoined. In particular, any feature indicated as being preferred or advantageous may be combined with any other feature or features indicated as being preferred or advantageous.
[0037] Furthermore, the particular features, structures or characteristics described in the present description may be combined in any suitable manner, as would be apparent to a person skilled in the art from this disclosure, in one or more embodiments. Furthermore, while some embodiments described herein include some, but not other features included in other embodiments, combinations of features of different embodiments are meant to be within the scope of the invention, and form different embodiments, as would be understood by those in the art.
[0038] The present invention relates to a mixed oxide of zirconium, of cerium, and optionally of at least one rare-earth element other than cerium with the following composition:
[0039] - between 10 wt. -%and 70 wt. -%of cerium,
[0040] - up to 25 wt. -%of one or more rare earth element (s) other than cerium, and
[0041] - the remainder as zirconium, with the proviso that if hafnium is present in the composition, the hafnium is present as an impurity of the zirconium and is not considered as belonging to the one or more rare earth element (s) other than cerium,
[0042] characterized in that the mixed oxide exhibits
[0043] - a BET specific surface area of at least 150 m2 / g, preferably of at least 180 m2 / g, more preferably of at least 200 m2 / g; and
[0044] - a BET specific surface area after calcination in air at 1100 ℃ for 4 hours of at least 13 m2 / g, preferably of at least 15 m2 / g.
[0045] Weight percent of cerium, possible rare earth elements (s) other than cerium and zirconium are expressed in terms of the corresponding oxides based on the total weight of the mixed oxide.
[0046] The mixed oxide of the invention comprises between 10 to 70 wt. -%of cerium, preferably 15 to 65 wt. -%, more preferably 20 to 60 wt. -%, even more preferably 25 to 55 wt. -%of cerium, in terms of cerium oxide based on the total weight of the mixed oxide.
[0047] The rare earth element other than cerium is noted in the following as RE. The meaning of the term rare earth element as used herein is in accordance with the definition of IUPAC referring to one of a set of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table, specifically the fifteen lanthanides, as well as scandium and yttrium. The rare earth elements are cerium (Ce) , dysprosium (Dy) , erbium (Er) , europium (Eu) , gadolinium (Gd) , holmium (Ho) , lanthanum (La) , lutetium (Lu) , neodymium (Nd) , praseodymium (Pr) , promethium (Pm) , samarium (Sm) , scandium (Sc) , terbium (Tb) , thulium (Tm) , ytterbium (Yb) and yttrium (Y) . More particularly, the rare earth element other than cerium may be La, Y, Pr or Nd or a combination of La, Y, Pr, and Nd.
[0048] According to the invention, the mixed oxide comprises up to 25 %by weight of at least one rare earth element other than cerium (RE) , in terms of RE oxide based on the total weight of the mixed oxide. The proportion of the rare earth element (s) other than cerium in the mixed oxide of the invention is thus between 0 wt. -%and 25 wt. -%, in terms of RE oxide based on the total weight of the mixed oxide. Preferably, this proportion is between 1 wt. -%and 20 wt. -%, or 1 wt. -%and 18 wt. -%, or 1 wt. -%and 15 wt. -%, more preferably between 1 wt. -%and 10 wt. -%, even more preferably between 2 wt. -%and 8 wt. -%or between 3 wt. -%and 7 wt. -%, in terms of RE oxide based on the total weight of the mixed oxide. It may also be between 10 wt. -%and 18 wt. -%, in particular between 10 wt. -%and 15 wt. -%, more particularly between 10 wt. -%and 13 wt. -%, in terms of RE oxide based on the total weight of the mixed oxide. It may also be between 5 wt. -%and 15 wt. -%, in particular between 10 wt. -%and 15 wt. -%, more particularly between 13 wt. -%and 15 wt. -%, in terms of RE oxide based on the total weight of the mixed oxide.
[0049] It should be noted that the zirconium which is present in the mixed oxides of the invention may comprise hafnium as impurity. This element is usually present in combination with zirconium in the ores which are present in the natural state. Hafnium can only be separated from zirconium by specific methods which increase the costs of the zirconium. For the purpose of catalyst applications hafnium has the same properties as zirconium and therefore, in this technical field it is usual to use zirconium still containing the hafnium impurity.
[0050] The relative proportion of hafnium with respect to zirconium depends on the ore from which zirconium is extracted. The relative proportion by weight Zr / Hf in some ores may be around 50 / 1. Thus, baddeleyite contains roughly 98 wt. -%of ZrO2 and 2 wt. -%of HfO2. As for zirconium, hafnium is generally present as an oxide, but it is not excluded though that hafnium is also present partly in the form of a hydroxide, oxyhydroxide and or an oxide. The proportion of hafnium in the mixed oxide is typically lower than or equal to 2.5 wt. -%, even lower than or equal to 2.0 wt. -%, based on the total weight of the mixed oxide.
[0051] If the mixed oxide comprises more than one rare earth other than cerium (RE) , in addition to hafnium, if it is present as usual impurity of zirconium, the proportion as mentioned above with respect to RE applies such that the sum of the proportions of these rare earths remains 25 wt. -%or less, preferably 20 wt. -%or less, more preferably 15 wt. %or less, in terms of RE oxide based on the total weight of the mixed oxide.
[0052] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the mixed oxide comprises one rare earth metal other than cerium (RE) , in addition to hafnium, if it is present as usual impurity of zirconium. Preferably the rare earth metal other than cerium (RE) present in the mixed oxide is selected from the group consisting of lanthanum, yttrium, neodymium and praseodymium. More preferably the rare earth metal other than cerium (RE) present in the mixed oxide is lanthanum.
[0053] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the mixed oxide comprises two rare earth metals other than cerium, in addition to hafnium, if it is present as usual impurity of zirconium. Preferably the combination of two rare earth metals other than cerium (RE) present in the mixed oxide is selected from the group consisting of lanthanum and yttrium, lanthanum and neodymium, lanthanum and praseodymium, yttrium and neodymium or else yttrium and praseodymium. More preferably the combination of two rare earth metals other than cerium (RE) present in the mixed oxide is lanthanum and yttrium.
[0054] In a further aspect of the invention, the mixed oxide comprises three rare earth metals other than cerium in addition to hafnium, if it is present as usual impurity of zirconium. The combination of three rare earth metals is preferably selected from the group consisting of lanthanum, yttrium and neodymium; lanthanum, yttrium and praseodymium; or lanthanum, neodymium and praseodymium. More preferably the combination of three rare earth metals other than cerium (RE) present in the mixed oxide is lanthanum, yttrium and neodymium.
[0055] In another further preferred embodiment of the invention, the mixed oxide does not comprise any rare earth metal other than cerium, and if hafnium is present as usual impurity of zirconium the mixed oxide does not comprise any rare earth metal other than hafnium.
[0056] According to the invention, preferably Ce, RE and Zr are present in the mixed oxide. This does not exclude that the metals are at least partially present in form of hydroxides or of oxyhydroxides.
[0057] The proportions of hydroxide and / or oxyhydroxide forms of the metals present in the mixed oxide may be determined using analytical techniques conventional in laboratories, in particular X-ray fluorescence, for example by using PANalytical Axions-Max spectrometer.
[0058] As usual in the field of mixed oxides and mentioned above, the proportions of the elements used in the mixed oxide of the invention are given by weight of oxide relative to the mixed oxide as a whole. For the calculations of these proportions, according to the invention, the following oxides are considered: CeO2, ZrO2, HfO2, RE2O3 for all RE except for Pr for which Pr6O11 is considered. Furthermore, if hafnium is present as impurity of zirconium, the percentage of ZrO2 as given herein refers to the combination of ZrO2 and HfO2.
[0059] Furthermore, as far as the proportion of zirconium is concerned, zirconium is present as the remainder in the mixed oxide. The total of all the elements of the mixed oxide of the invention being 100%, the proportion of zirconium thus corresponds to the complement to 100 %of the other elements of the mixed oxide.
[0060] The mixed oxide of the invention is a mixed oxide of zirconium, of cerium, and optionally of at least one RE as defined above, i.e., the mixed oxide of the invention consists essentially of the metal oxide elements.
[0061] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the mixed oxide consists of the indicated metal elements oxides as defined above.
[0062] The mixed oxide according to the invention is characterized by its BET specific surface area, also indicated as fresh BET specific surface or fresh SBET, i.e., the BET specific surface area of the mixed oxide is the surface area of the produced mixed oxide without calcination of the mixed oxide.
[0063] The SBET can be determined by using the standard measurement method ASTM D-3663; preferably it is determined by using the standard measurement method ASTM D-3663, wherein the degassing is carried out at 210 ℃ for 30 minutes under vacuum.
[0064] According to the invention, the mixed oxide has a fresh BET specific surface area of at least 150 m2 / g, preferably of at least 180 m2 / g, more preferably of at least 200 m2 / g.
[0065] In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the mixed oxide exhibits a fresh BET of at most or equal to 400 m2 / g, preferably of at most or equal to 350 m2 / g even more preferably of at most or equal to 300 m2 / g. In particular it is preferred that the fresh BET is between 150 m2 / g and 400 m2 / g, more preferably between 180 m2 / g and 350 m2 / g, and most preferred between 200 m2 / g and 300 m2 / g.
[0066] Additionally, the mixed oxide of the invention is characterized by its BET specific surface area after calcination, which is calcination in air at 1100 ℃ for 4 hours of at least 13 m2 / g, preferably of at least 15 m2 / g. This BET specific surface area can be also determined by using the standard measurement method ASTM D-3663, preferably by using the standard measurement method ASTM D-3663, wherein the degassing is carried out at 210 ℃ for 30 minutes under vacuum.
[0067] In a specific aspect of the invention, the mixed oxide of the invention exhibits a BET specific surface area after calcination at a temperature of 1100℃ for 4 hours of at most or equal to 30 m2 / g, preferably at most or equal to 25 m2 / g. In particular it is preferred, that the BET specific surface area after calcination at a temperature of 1100℃ for 4 hours is between 13 and 30 m2 / g, more preferably, between 15 and 25 m2 / g.
[0068] In a further embodiment of the invention, after calcination of the mixed oxide at a temperature of 1100 ℃ for 4 hours, the x-ray diffractogram of the mixed oxide has a single peak located at a 2θ angle of between 28° and 32° and a single peak located at a 2θ angle of between 46° and 52°, i.e., the mixed oxide of the invention is not prone to phase separation after aging and thus is a stable solid solution. The term “single peak” used herein means that the peak is not split in 2 peaks. In contrast thereto the term “2 peaks” used herein means two maximum intensities and / or one minimum intensity at least in addition to the maximum intensity. The x-ray diffractogram (XRD) can be determined by any method usually used in the prior art, preferably by the method as described in paragraph “Methods” .
[0069] Additionally, the mixed oxide of the invention exhibits a weight loss after calcination at 950 ℃ for 1 hour preferably of at least 5 wt. -%, more preferably of at least 6 wt. -%, even more preferably of at least 7 wt. -%, relatively to the total weight of the mixed oxide before said calcination. Such a high weight loss after calcination ensures that the obtained mixed oxide has a high purity.
[0070] Nevertheless, it is preferred that the mixed oxide exhibits a weight loss after calcination at 950 ℃ for 1 hour of at most 25 wt. -%, preferably at most 20 wt. -%, relatively to the total weight of the mixed oxide before said calcination.
[0071] The weight loss of the mixed oxide of the invention is typically measured by the loss on ignition (LOI) method. The loss on ignition (LOI) is reported as part of an oxide analysis of a mineral. The volatile materials lost usually consist of "combined water" (hydrates and labile hydroxy-compounds) and carbon dioxide. The LOI is calculated by the following formula:
[0072] wherein
[0073] m0 denotes the mass of the empty porcelain crucible with constant weight, m1 denotes the mass of the sample before calcination and m2 denotes the mass of the porcelain crucible including the sample after calcination at 950 ℃ for 1 hour.
[0074] Moreover, the mixed oxide of the invention preferably has a carbon content after calcination at temperature of 1000 ℃ for 30 minutes of at most 5 wt. -%, preferably of at most 2 wt. -%, more preferably of at most 1 wt. -%, based on the total weight of the calcined mixed oxide. The carbon content of the mixed oxide is determined by burning the samples with a high frequency induction heating furnace and measuring the absorption characteristic of the samples, preferably by using the method as described in paragraph “Methods” .
[0075] In a further aspect of the invention, the mixed oxide exhibits a pore volume ratio R of from 0.20 to 0.90, preferably of from 0.25 to 0.85, more preferably of from 0.30 to 0.82, wherein R is defined by the following equation (I) R = V1 / V2 (I)
[0076] in which:
[0077] V1 is the pore volume provided by the pores for which the diameter in nm is below or equal to 10 nm;
[0078] V2 is the total pore volume;
[0079] and V1 and V2 are determined by nitrogen porosimetry on the mixed oxide.
[0080] According to the invention, the total pore volume V2 of the mixed oxide is preferably of at least 0.20 cm3 / g, more preferably of at least 0.25 cm3 / g, even more preferably of at least 0.30 cm3 / g, further it is preferred that the total pore volume V2 is of at most 0.60 cm3 / g, more preferred of at most 0.50 cm3 / g.
[0081] The pore volumes as indicated herein are determined by nitrogen porosimetry, preferably by the method as described in paragraph “Methods” .
[0082] Additionally, in a further aspect of the invention, the mixed oxide exhibits a pore volume ratio R’ of from 0.25 to 0.90, preferably of from 0.028 to 0.88, more preferably of from 0.30 to 0.86, more preferably from 0.30 to 0.83, wherein R’ is defined by the following equation (II) R’= V31000℃ / 4h / V41000℃ / 4h (II)
[0083] in which:
[0084] V31000℃ / 4h refers to the pore volume of the pores for which the diameter in nm is between (Dp, 1000℃ / 4h -10 nm) and (Dp, 1000℃ / 4h + 10 nm) , wherein Dp is the pore diameter corresponding to the maximum of the at least one peak observed on the curve (dV / dlog (D) ) of the pore volume V derivative as a function of the pore diameter D logarithm derivative,
[0085] V41000℃ / 4h is the total pore volume, and
[0086] wherein V31000℃ / 4h and V41000℃ / 4h are determined on the mixed oxide after calcination at a temperature of 1000 ℃ for 4 hours by nitrogen porosimetry.
[0087] If the diameter of the pores is in the range of less than or equal to 200 nm, the pore volume, which is developed, corresponds to the inter and intra particle pore volume. Hence, the pore volume indicated herein corresponds to the inter and intra pore volume.
[0088] Preferably the V41000℃ / 4h of the mixed oxide of the invention is less than or equal to 0.24 cm3 / g, preferably less than or equal to 0.23 cm3 / g, and further preferably more than or equal to 0.05 cm3 / g, even more preferably more than or equal to 0.07 cm3 / g.
[0089] In a further embodiment of the invention, the mixed oxide of the invention, which is provided in the form of a powder, wherein the particles of the mixed oxide have preferably a particle size D90 of lower than 50 μm, more preferably of lower than 40 μm, determined by laser diffraction over a distribution by volume. The average particle size D50 of the particles is preferably lower than 20 μm, more preferably lower than 15 μm, even more preferably lower than 10 μm, determined by laser diffraction over a distribution by volume. In a preferred embodiment the average particle size D50 is between 5 and 16 μm, preferably between 6 and 13 μm, more preferably between 6 and 11 μm, determined by laser diffraction over a distribution by volume, preferably by the method as described in paragraph “Methods” .
[0090] The mixed oxide of the invention can be produced by any method usually used in the prior art. Preferably, the mixed oxide is produced by the process as described below.
[0091] The process of the invention for the mixed oxide as described above comprises the following steps:
[0092] (a) reacting a basic compound with an aqueous solution to form a precipitate, wherein the aqueous solution comprises at least a zirconium chloride salt, a cerium salt, optionally at least one rare earth metal salt other than the cerium salt, and sulfate anions (SO42-) ,
[0093] (b) separating the precipitate obtained in step (a) from the aqueous solution,
[0094] (c) adding deionized water and a basic solution or an aqueous basic solution to the precipitate obtained in step (b) to form a mixture,
[0095] (d) heating the mixture for at least 30 min at a temperature range of from 30 ℃ to 100 ℃,
[0096] (e) separating off and optionally washing the precipitate, and
[0097] (f) heating the precipitate obtained in step (e) , preferably in air, at a temperature range of from 200 ℃ to 300 ℃.
[0098] According to the invention, in step (a) a reaction occurs between a basic compound and an aqueous solution comprising at least a zirconium chloride salt, a cerium salt, and optionally at least one rare earth salt, other than cerium salt, said aqueous solution containing sulfate anion (SO42-) , to form a precipitate.
[0099] Cerium salts are ionic compounds usually resulting from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base or dissolution of a cerium compound, such as cerium hydroxide, with an acid. They are composed of cerium cations and anions so that the product is electrically neutral. Cerium salt may be composed of cerium (III) salt and optionally cerium (IV) salt. The Cerium salt is preferably a Ce (III) salt. More preferably, the cerium salt used in the process of the invention is cerium chloride.
[0100] The RE may be for example a nitrate, chloride, sulfate, phosphate, acetate or carbonate. The solution used in the process of the invention may also comprise one or several RE salts.
[0101] The zirconium chloride salt is preferably ZrOCl2, which may contain hafnium as an impurity, as described above.
[0102] The aqueous solution preferably comprises sulfate anion (SO42-) in a quantity corresponding to a molar ratio SO42- / (Zr+Ce) of 0.2 to 2 mole / mole, more preferably of from 0.3 to 1 mole / mole. Sulfate anions may be provided by addition of sulfuric acid or sulfuric salt in the reaction medium.
[0103] Preferably, according to the invention, the aqueous solution is degassed beforehand with an inert gas. It is notably possible to put the aqueous solution in contact with the inert gas. This contact may consist, for example by circulating the inert gas above the aqueous solution or by injecting the inert gas into the aqueous solution to reach saturation of said aqueous solution in inert gas. By "inert gas" or "inert atmosphere" is meant for the present description, a gas or an oxygen-free atmosphere that may for example be nitrogen or argon. The contacting may be a bubbling inert gas into the solution. The term "inert gas" or "inert atmosphere" is intended to mean, for the present description, an atmosphere or a gas free of oxygen, it being possible for the gas to be, for example, nitrogen or argon. Contacting may also be made by bubbling.
[0104] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, products of hydroxide type are used as basic compounds. These basic compounds may be for example alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxides and aqueous ammonia. Secondary, tertiary or quaternary amines can also be used as basic compounds in the process of the invention. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the basic compounds are selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, aqueous ammonia solution, ammonia gas, or mixtures thereof, more preferably the basic compound is an aqueous ammonia solution.
[0105] According to the invention, the amount of the basic compound can be easily decided by tracing the pH change of the solution. Usually, a sufficient amount is such that the pH of the solution is not lower than 7, and a preferred amount is such that the pH is between 7 and 13, even more preferred in a range of 9 to 13.
[0106] Additionally, according to the invention, to perform the reaction in step (a) , the bringing into contact the reactants can be carried out in any order of introducing the reactants. However, it is preferred to introduce the solution into a medium containing the basic compound. This reaction may be carried out under an inert atmosphere, notably either in a closed reactor or in a semi-closed reactor with sweeping with the inert gas. The bringing into contact is preferably carried out in a stirred reactor, for example in a reactor or precipitation tank, which may be equipped with an impeller like a 4-blade impeller.
[0107] The solution during step (a) is added preferably in the reactor (or precipitation tank) in 15 min to 4 hours maximum, typically 30 min to 2 hours. This step is preferably carried out at a temperature of between 5 and 50℃, more preferably of between 10 and 45 ℃.
[0108] In step (b) of the process of the invention, the separation of the liquid medium from the precipitate can be carried out by any method known in the prior art, for example, by Nütsche filter method, centrifugation, filter pressing, or decantation.
[0109] In step (c) of the process of the invention, a deionised water and a basic solution or an aqueous basic solution is added to the precipitate obtained in step (b) to obtain a suspension.
[0110] The basic solution contains at least one basic compound, preferably products of hydroxide type as defined with respect to process step (a) . The amount of the basic compound used in step (c) can be easily decided by tracing the pH change of the solution. Usually, a sufficient amount is such that the pH of the solution is not lower than 7, and a preferred amount is such that the pH is between 7 and 13, preferred range 10 to 13.
[0111] Furthermore, it is preferred that the deionised water and the basic solution or the aqueous basic solution are added to the precipitate under agitation to obtain a suspension.
[0112] The suspension obtained in step (c) is heated in process step (d) of the invention for at least 30 min, preferably for at least 45 min, more preferably for at least or more than 1 hour, even more preferably for up to 2.5 hours, in particular for up to 2 hours, at a temperature of between 30 ℃ to 100 ℃, preferably of between 35 ℃ and 90 ℃, more preferably of between 40℃ and 80 ℃, even more preferably of between 40℃ and 60 ℃. Unless mentioned otherwise the term “heating” in the present description encompasses the bringing to the targeted temperature range or value and the maintaining of this temperature range or value over a certain duration.
[0113] After heating the precipitate in step (d) , in step (e) of the process of the invention, the precipitate is recovered by any suitable method known in the prior art, for example, by Nütsche filter method, centrifugation, filter pressing, or decantation, and then washed, in particular with deionized water.
[0114] Subsequently, in step (f) of the process of the invention, the precipitate is heated in air at a temperature between 200℃ and 300 ℃, preferably between 210 ℃ and 300 ℃. Typically, the duration for carrying out step (f) is between 1 hour and 10 hours, preferably between 2 and 6 hours.
[0115] By using these conditions, the mixed oxide obtained by the process according to the invention advantagously maintains a solid solution despite the aging it undergoes in its conditions of use in catalysis, i.e., no phase separation occurs. The aging of the mixed oxide can be simulated by a calcination of the mixed oxide in air at 1100 ℃ for 4 hours.
[0116] In a specific embodiment of the invention, the mixed oxide is obtained by conducting a process, wherein step (a) as defined above is split in two process steps, i.e., in steps (a1) and (a2) . In this embodiment of the invention, in step (a1) the basic compound is mixed with an aqueous solution, wherein the aqueous solution comprises at least a zirconium chloride salt, a cerium salt, and sulfate anion (SO42-) . Subsequently, in step (a2) at least one rare earth metal salt other than a cerium salt (RE) is added to the mixture to form a precipitate. All compounds as used in these two process steps correspond to the compounds as defined above with respect to step (a) of the process of the invention. The same applies to the reaction conditions used in the process of the invention. Afterwards, in this preferred embodiment of the invention, the production steps (b) to (f) as defined above are carried out.
[0117] The mixed oxide according to the invention may be used in the preparation of a catalytic converter, the role of which is to treat motor vehicle exhaust gases. The catalytic converter comprises at least one catalytically active coating layer prepared from the mixed oxide and deposited on a solid support. The role of the coating layer is to convert, by chemical reactions, certain pollutants of the exhaust gas, in particular carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, into products which are less harmful to the environment. The chemical reactions involved may be the following ones:
[0118] 2 CO + O2 → 2 CO2
[0119] 2 NO + 2 CO → N2 + 2 CO2
[0120] 4 CxHy + (4x+y) O2 → 4x CO2 + 2y H2O
[0121] The solid support can be a metal monolith, for example Fe / Cr alloy, or be made of ceramic. The ceramic may be cordierite, silicon carbide, alumina titanate or mullite. A commonly used solid support consists of a monolith, generally cylindrical, comprising a multitude of small parallel channels having a porous wall. This type of support is often made of cordierite and exhibits a compromise between a high specific surface and a limited pressure drop.
[0122] The coating layer, commonly known as "washcoat" , is deposited at the surface of the solid support. The coating layer is formed from a catalytic composition comprising the mixed oxide mixed with at least one mineral material. The mineral material can be selected in the group consisting of alumina, titanium oxide, cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, silica, spinels, zeolites, silicates, crystalline silicoaluminum phosphates and crystalline aluminum phosphates. The composition can also comprise other additives which are specific to each formulator: H2S scavenger, organic or inorganic modifier having the role of facilitating the coating, colloidal alumina, and the like. The coating layer thus comprises such a composition. Alumina is a commonly employed mineral material, it being possible for this alumina to optionally be doped, for example with an alkaline earth metal, such as barium. The coating layer also comprises at least one dispersed platinum group metal (PGM) , which is more particularly selected in the group consisting of Pt, Rh or Pd. The amount of the PGM is generally between 1 and 400 g, with respect to the volume of the monolith, expressed in ft3. The precious metal is catalytically active.
[0123] The catalytic composition of the invention thus comprises:
[0124] (i) at least one dispersed platinum group metal;
[0125] (ii) the mixed oxide of the invention as described above, and
[0126] (iii) optional at least one mineral material.
[0127] One method of dispersing the PGM and of preparing the catalyst consists in mixing an aqueous solution of a salt of the PGM and an aqueous dispersion of the mixed oxide or of the mineral material or of the mixture formed of the mixed oxide and of the mineral material; drying the mixture to remove partly or totally the water and to calcine the obtained solid in air. The salt can, for example, be a chloride or a nitrate of the PGM, such as rhodium nitrate. The water is removed from the dispersion, in order to deposit the PGM, the solid is dried and it is calcined under air at a temperature which is generally between 300℃ and 800℃. An example of preparation of a catalyst may be found in example 1 of US 7,374,729.
[0128] The coating layer is obtained by the application of the dispersion to the solid support. The coating layer thus exhibits a catalytic activity and can act as pollution-control catalyst. The pollution-control catalyst can be used to treat exhaust gases from internal combustion engines. For this reason, the invention also relates to a process for the treatment of exhaust gases from internal combustion engines which is characterized in that use is made of a catalytic converter comprising a coating layer, which coating layer is as described above.
[0129] A particular advantage of the mixed oxide of the invention is that the PGM is well and homogeneously dispersed on the surface of catalyst.
[0130] The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples. It should be understood that the following examples are for illustration purposes only, and are not used to limit the present invention thereto.
[0131] EXAMPLES
[0132] Methods
[0133] The following methods were used to determine the parameters of the mixed oxides of the examples.
[0134] BET
[0135] The BET specific surface area was determined by nitrogen adsorption. In principle the BET specific surface is measured according to the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method. The theory of the method was originally described in the periodical “The Journal of the American Chemical Society, 60, 309 (1938) ” . More detailed information about the theory may also be found in chapter 4 of "Powder surface area and porosity" , 2nd edition, ISBN 978-94-015-7955-1.
[0136] In particular, in the example the method for determining the BET specific surface area was the standard method ASTM D-3663 but the degassing was carried out at a temperature of 210℃ for 30 min under vacuum.
[0137] N2 porosimetry
[0138] For the nitrogen porosity measurement, a Tristar II 3020 device from Micromeritics was used. In particular, for the nitrogen porosity measurement in the examples, the following pre-treatment was applied:
[0139] -Step 1 (only for fresh materials) : oven pretreatment in air at 120℃ for 3 hours.
[0140] -Step 2 (for all materials) : the materials are treated under vacuum (pressure is equal or less than 50 μm mercury) at 200℃ for 60 min with a degassing device “VacPrep unit model” from Micromeretics. At the end of step 2 a nitrogen flow having a flow rate of up to 50 cm3 / min for moving out the samples from the degassing device to the Tristar II 3020 device is applied.
[0141] Quantity of materials used for nitrogen porosity measurements: in the case of fresh samples, the quantity added in step 1 is 5 grams. The quantity of fresh material added in step 2 is 0.19 to 0.21 grams whatever the surface area. The quantity of aged material added in step 2 is 0.24 to 0.26 grams whatever the surface area.
[0142] The nitrogen pore distribution measurement may be carried out on 105 points using a pressure table (55 points between 0.01 and 0.995 for the adsorption and 50 points in desorption between 0.995 and 0.05) [pressure table below] . The equilibrium time for a relative pressure of between 0.05 and 0.995 exclusive is 5 s. The equilibrium time for a relative pressure of greater than or equal to 0.995 is 600 s. The tolerances with regard to the pressures are 3 mm Hg for the absolute pressure and 3 percent for the relative pressure. The P0 value is measured at regular intervals during the analysis. The Barett, Joyner and Halenda (BJH) method with the Harkins-Jura law is used for determining the mesoporosity. The analysis of the results is carried out on the desorption curve.
[0143] Table of relative pressures P / P0
[0144] Particle size analysis
[0145] For determining the particle size a laser particle size analyzer (Beckman Coulter LS13320) was used. Therefore, the sample (approx. 0.25 g) was diluted in an aqueous solution (50 mL) , containing 0.1 wt. -%of sodium hexametaphosphate. Suspension was stirred for 1 minute. After sonication of the suspension (120 W, for 10 min) in an external ultrasound bath, the diluted suspension was introduced into the measuring cell until getting 40%<PIDS<55% (PIDS: polarization intensity differential scattering) . When this condition was respected, the measure was performed. The Fraunhofer mode was used as indicated in the manual of the laser particle size analyzer. A relative refractive index of 1.6 was used.
[0146] Carbon content measurement
[0147] In order to determine the carbon content of the mixed oxides of the examples a carbon and sulfur ELTRA CS800 equipment was used. The determination method based on the principle that the samples are burned with the aid of a high-frequency induction heating furnace to generate carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide absorption gases. By measuring their absorption characteristics, the content of carbon and sulfur elements can be determined.
[0148] LOI measurement
[0149] For determining the LOI of the mixed oxide samples the following steps were carried out:
[0150] Step 1: Prepare a porcelain crucible with the constant weight m0 at 950℃.
[0151] Step 2: On the analytical balance, after setting the empty crucible to zero, record the corresponding empty crucible number and sample mass m1 (sample weight=3.0±0.3g) .
[0152] Step 3: When the temperature of the muffle furnace reaches the setting temperature, firstly turn off the power switch and then put the crucible which contained the sample into the furnace with a sample fork.
[0153] Step 4: After transferring the sample, close the furnace door tightly and turn on the switch; when the setting temperature of 950℃ is reached, the timer starts and the sample is calcined for 1h.
[0154] Step 5: After calcination, cut off the power supply to the furnace, put on heat-insulating gloves and use a sample fork to take out the sample.
[0155] Step 6: The sample is cooled on the heat-resistant plate for about 10 minutes, and then the crucible which contained the sample is placed in the desiccator with a fork and continue to cool for 20 minutes.
[0156] Step 7: Set the analytical balance to zero, take out the completely cooled crucible which contained the sample, weigh the mass m2 on the balance and record it.
[0157] Step 8: For rare earth oxides and mixed oxides, the LOI is calculated according to the following formula:
[0158] wherein m0 denotes the mass of the empty porcelain crucible with constant weight, m1 denotes the mass of the sample before calcination and m2 denotes the mass of the porcelain crucible including the sample after calcination at 950 ℃ for 1 hour. All masses are expressed with the same unity such as gram.
[0159] XRD
[0160] X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) patterns was acquired on an X’ pertPro MPD powder diffractometer (PANAlytical Company) equipped with a Cu Kα(1.5406 Angstrom) radiation source and a linear detector X Celerator Detector. The scattered intensity data of the samples were collected from 2θ values of 19–85° by scanning at 0.017° steps with a counting time of 28 s at each step. Crystalline phases were identified by matching with the International Centre for Diffraction Data Powder Diffraction File (ICDD-PDF) . The average crystallite size (DXRD) of the samples was determined with the help of the Scherrer equation from line broadening while taking into account the instrumental width and the lattice parameters were estimated by a standard cubic indexation method using the intensity of the most prominent peak (1 1 1) .
[0161] Scherrer formula:
[0162] where DXRD is the crystallite size in nm, K is a dimensionless shape factor with a value close to 1 (0.9 here) , λ is the X-ray wavelength ( here) , β is the broadening at half the maximum intensity (FWHM) after subtracting the instrumental line broadening, in radians (0.08 here) , θ is the Bragg angle, in radians, associated to the most prominent peak (1 1 1) .
[0163] Examples
[0164] Example 1: Composition CeO2 22%-ZrO2 68%-La2O3 2%-Nd2O3 5%-Y2O3 3%:
[0165] This example describes the preparation of a composition of cerium, zirconium, lanthanum, neodymium and yttrium in respective proportions by weight of oxide of 22%, 68%, 2%, 5%, and 3%.
[0166] A solution is prepared by mixing 44.64 liters of deionized water, 7.9 liters of a cerium chloride solution ( [Ce3+] = 1.77 mol / L) , 20.59 kg of a zirconyl chloride octahydrate ( [ZrO2] = 36.33 wt. -%) , 0.81 liters of a lanthanum chloride solution ( [La3+] = 1.66 mol / L) , 1.98 liters of a neodymium chloride ( [Nd3+] = 1.65 mol / L) and 1.69 liters of an yttrium chloride solution ( [Y3+] = 1.73 mol / L) . To this solution, 39.6 liters of a sulfuric acid solution ( [H2SO4] = 8.8 wt. -%, density = 1.052 kg / L) are added. After this addition, the solution is agitated for 30 minutes.
[0167] In a precipitation tank equipped with a 4-blade impeller, 105.4 liters of a sodium hydroxide solution ( [NaOH] = 2.5 N) are charged.
[0168] The solution containing cerium, zirconium, lanthanum, neodymium and yttrium prepared above is then introduced in the precipitation tank in 60 minutes. The agitation speed during the precipitation is 154 rpm.
[0169] The precipitate is separated off from the liquid medium.
[0170] 44.64 liters of deionized water and 2.8 liters of a sodium hydroxide solution ( [NaOH] = 2.5 N) are added to the separated precipitate. The mixture is heated for 2 hours at 50 ℃.
[0171] The suspension is then filtered, and the cake is washed with deionized water in order to reduce the conductivity of waste water below 20 μS / cm.
[0172] The washed cake is heated in the oven at 300 ℃ for 2 hours, The obtained material is crushed by hammer mill to reach a particle size d50 of 10.1 μm. The LOI of the material is 19.0 wt. -%.
[0173] Example 2: Composition CeO2 30%-ZrO2 60%-La2O3 5%-Y2O3 5%
[0174] This example describes the preparation of a composition of cerium, zirconium, lanthanum and yttrium in respective proportions by weight of oxide of 30%, 60%, 5%, and 5%.
[0175] A solution is prepared by mixing 41.68 liters of deionized water, 11.8 liters of a cerium chloride solution ( [Ce3+] = 1.63 mol / L) , 18.2 kg of a zirconyl chloride octahydrate ( [ZrO2] = 36.29 wt. -%) , 2.02 liters of a lanthanum chloride solution ( [La3+] = 1.67 mol / L) and 2.82 liters of an yttrium chloride ( [Y3+] = 1.73 mol / L) . To this solution, 38.59 liters of a sulfuric acid solution ( [H2SO4] = 8.77 wt. -%, density = 1.053 kg / L) are added. After this addition, the solution is agitated for 30 minutes.
[0176] In a precipitation tank equipped with a 4-blade impeller, 103.7 liters of a sodium hydroxide solution ( [NaOH] = 2.5 N) are charged.
[0177] The solution containing cerium, zirconium, lanthanum and yttrium prepared above is then introduced in the precipitation tank in 60 minutes. The agitation speed during the precipitation is 154 rpm.
[0178] The precipitate is separated off from the liquid medium.
[0179] 41.68 liters of deionized water and 4.0 liters of a sodium hydroxide solution ( [NaOH] = 2.5 N) are added to the separated precipitate. The mixture is heated for 2 hours at 50 ℃.
[0180] The suspension is then filtered, and the cake is washed with deionised water in order to reduce the conductivity of waste water below 20 μS / cm.
[0181] The washed cake is heated in the oven at 230 ℃. The drying duration is adjusted to reach a LOI of 10.1 wt. -%after milling. The obtained material is crushed by hammer mill to reach a particle size d50 of 6.4 μm.
[0182] Example 3: Composition CeO2 40%-ZrO2 45%-La2O3 2%-Nd2O3 5%-Y2O3 8%
[0183] This example describes the preparation of a composition of cerium, zirconium, lanthanum, neodymium and yttrium in respective proportions by weight of oxide of 40%, 45%, 2%, 5%, 8%.
[0184] A solution is prepared by mixing 42.85 liters of deionized water, 14.53 liters of a cerium chloride solution ( [Ce3+] = 1.76 mol / L) , 13.63 kg of a zirconyl chloride octahydrate ( [ZrO2] = 36.33 wt. -%) , 0.81 liters of a lanthanum chloride solution ( [La3+] = 1.66mol / L) , 1.98 liters of a neodymium chloride ( [Nd3+] = 1.65 mol / L) and 4.48 liters of a yttrium chloride solution ( [Y3+] = 1.74 mol / L) . To this solution, 34.8 liters of a sulfuric acid solution ( [H2SO4] = 8.8 wt. -%, density = 1.052 kg / L) are added. After this addition, the solution is agitated for 30 minutes.
[0185] In a precipitation tank equipped with a 4-blade impeller, 100.0 liters of a sodium hydroxide solution ( [NaOH] = 2.5 N) are charged.
[0186] The solution containing cerium, zirconium, lanthanum, neodymium and yttrium prepared above is then introduced in the precipitation tank in 60 minutes. The agitation speed during the precipitation is 154 rpm.
[0187] The precipitate is separated off from the liquid medium.
[0188] 42.85 liters of deionized water and 5.5 liters of a sodium hydroxide solution ( [NaOH] = 2.5 N) are added to the separated precipitate. The mixture is heated for 2 hours at 50 ℃.
[0189] The suspension is then filtered, and the cake is washed with deionised water in order to reduce the conductivity of waste water below 20 μS / cm.
[0190] The washed cake is heated in the oven at 300 ℃ for 2h. The obtained material is crushed by hammer mill to reach a particle size d50 of 6.5 μm. The LOI of the material is 12.4 wt. -%.
[0191] Example 4: Composition CeO2 50%-ZrO2 45%-La2O3 5%:
[0192] This example describes the preparation of a composition of cerium, zirconium and lanthanum in respective proportions by weight of oxide of 50%, 45%, 5%.
[0193] A solution is prepared by mixing 43.35 liters of deionized water, 18.2 liters of a cerium chloride solution ( [Ce3+] = 1.76 mol / L) , 13.63 kg of a zirconyl chloride octahydrate ( [ZrO2] = 36.33 wt. -%) and 2.03 liters of a lanthanum chloride solution ( [La3+] = 1.66 mol / L) . To this solution, 37.74 liters of a sulfuric acid solution ( [H2SO4] = 8.74 wt. -%, density = 1.053 kg / L) are added. After this addition, the solution is agitated for 30 minutes.
[0194] In a precipitation tank equipped with a 4-blade impeller, 96.6 liters of a sodium hydroxide solution ( [NaOH] = 2.5 N) are charged.
[0195] The solution containing cerium, zirconium and lanthanum prepared above is then introduced in the precipitation tank in 60 minutes. The agitation speed during the precipitation is 154 rpm.
[0196] The precipitate is separated off from the liquid medium.
[0197] 43.35 liters of deionized water and 5.5 liters of a sodium hydroxide solution ( [NaOH] = 2.5N) are added to the separated precipitate. The mixture is heated for 2 hours at 50 ℃.
[0198] The suspension is then filtered, and the cake is washed with deionised water in order to reduce the conductivity of waste water below 20 μS / cm.
[0199] The washed cake is heated in the oven at 300 ℃ for 2h. The obtained material is crushed by hammer mill to reach a particle size d50 of 7.3 μm. The LOI of the material is 6.8 wt. -%.
[0200] Comparative Example C1: Composition CeO2 22%-ZrO2 68%-La2O3 2%-Nd2O3 5%-Y2O3 3%:
[0201] This example describes the preparation of a composition of cerium, zirconium, lanthanum, neodymium and yttrium in respective proportions by weight of oxide of 22%, 68%, 2%, 5%, 3%.
[0202] A solution is prepared by mixing 59.38 liters of deionized water, 7.85 liters of a cerium nitrate solution ( [Ce3+] = 2.15 mol / L) and 31.81 liters of a zirconyl nitrate solution (ZrO2 = 282.2 g / L) . To this solution, 3.92 liters of a nitric acid solution ( [HNO3] = 67 wt. -%, density = 1.3995 kg / L) and 1.78 liters of a hydrogen peroxide solution ( [H2O2] = 35.47 wt. -%, density = 1.1329 kg / L) are added. After this addition, the solution is agitated for 30 minutes.
[0203] In a precipitation tank equipped with a 4-blade impeller, 59.4 liters of deionized water and 50.6 liters of an ammonia solution ( [NH4OH] = 8 N) are charged.
[0204] The solution containing cerium and zirconium prepared above is then introduced in the precipitation tank in 60 minutes. The agitation speed during the precipitation is 110 rpm.
[0205] After introducing cerium and zirconium solution, a solution is prepared by mixing 0.94 liters of a lanthanum nitrate solution ( [La3+] = 1.73mol / L) , 2.23 liters of a neodymium nitrate solution ( [Nd3+] = 1.76mol / L) and 1.99 liters of an yttrium nitrate solution ( [Y3+] = 1.76 mol / L) in the preparation tank.
[0206] The solution containing lanthanum, neodymium and yttrium prepared above is then introduced in the precipitation tank in 60 minutes. The agitation speed during the precipitation is 110 rpm.
[0207] The slurry is heated until reaching 95 ℃, degassed for 15 min, the pressure is kept for 15 min; the slurry is heated at 120 ℃ for 2h.
[0208] The slurry is cooled to 60 ℃, 4.36 kg of lauric acid is added into the suspension. The suspension is kept at 60 ℃ for 1h, the agitation speed is decreased to 70 rpm.
[0209] The suspension is then filtered, and the cake is washed with 60 liters of diluted ammonia at pH 11.
[0210] The obtained wet cake is calcined in the oven at 860 ℃ for 3h. The obtained material is crushed by hammer mill to reach a particle size d50 of 3.0 μm. The LOI of the obtained material is 2.8 wt. -%.
[0211] Comparative Example C2: Composition CeO2 30%-ZrO2 60%-La2O3 5%-Y2O3 5%
[0212] This example describes the preparation of a composition of cerium, zirconium, lanthanum and yttrium in respective proportions by weight of oxide of 30%, 60%, 5%, 5%.
[0213] A solution is prepared by mixing 59.68 liters of deionized water, 10.70 liters of a cerium nitrate solution ( [Ce3+] = 2.15 mol / L) , 28.07 liters of a zirconyl nitrate solution (ZrO2 = 282.2g / L) , 2.34 liters of a lanthanum nitrate solution ( [La3+] =1.73 mol / L) and 3.32 liters of an yttrium nitrate solution ( [Y3+] = 1.76 mol / L) . To this solution, 3.45 liters of a nitric acid solution ( [HNO3] = 67 wt%, density =1.3995 kg / L) and 2.43 liters of a hydrogen peroxide solution ( [H2O2] = 35.47 wt. -%, density=1.1329 kg / L) are added. After this addition, the solution is agitated for 30 minutes.
[0214] In a precipitation tank equipped with a 4-blade impeller, 60.1 liters of deionized water and 49.9 liters of an ammonia solution ( [NH4OH] = 8 N) are charged.
[0215] The solution containing cerium and zirconium prepared above is then introduced in the precipitation tank in 60 minutes. The agitation speed during the precipitation is 80 rpm.
[0216] Then the slurry is heated to 95 ℃. At 95 ℃, degassing for 15 min is performed and pressure is kept for 15 min. Then the slurry is heated to 120 ℃ for 2h.
[0217] The slurry is cooled to 60 ℃, 4.36 kg of lauric acid is added into the suspension and kept at 60 ℃ for 1h, the agitation speed is decreased to 70 rpm.
[0218] The suspension is then filtered, and the cake is washed with 60 liters of diluted ammonia at pH 11.
[0219] The obtained wet cake is calcined in the oven at 820 ℃ for 3h. The obtained material is crushed by hammer mill to reach a particle size d50 of 3.9 μm. The LOI of the material is 1.5 wt. -%.
[0220] Comparative Example C2B: Composition CeO2 30%-ZrO2 60%-La2O3 5%-Y2O3 5%
[0221] This example describes the preparation of a composition of cerium, zirconium, lanthanum and yttrium in respective proportions by weight of oxide of 30%, 60%, 5%, 5%.
[0222] A solution is prepared by mixing 59.68 liters of deionized water, 10.70 liters of a cerium nitrate solution ( [Ce3+] = 2.15 mol / L) , 28.07 liters of a zirconyl nitrate solution (ZrO2 = 282.2 g / L) , 2.34 liters of a lanthanum nitrate solution ( [La3+] = 1.73 mol / L) and 3.32 liters of an yttrium nitrate solution ( [Y3+] = 1.76 mol / L) . To this solution, 3.45 liters of a nitric acid solution ( [HNO3] = 67 wt. -%, density =1.3995 kg / L) and 2.43 liters of a hydrogen peroxide solution ( [H2O2] = 35.47 wt.-%, density = 1.1329 kg / L) are added. After this addition, the solution is agitated for 30 minutes.
[0223] In a precipitation tank equipped with a 4-blade impeller, 60.1 liters of deionized water and 49.9 liters of an ammonia solution ( [NH4OH] = 8 N) are charged.
[0224] The solution containing cerium and zirconium prepared above is then introduced in the precipitation tank in 60 minutes. The agitation speed during the precipitation is 80 rpm.
[0225] The suspension is then filtered, and the cake is washed with 60 liters of diluted ammonia at pH 11.
[0226] The obtained wet cake is calcined in the oven at 300 ℃ for 2 hours. The obtained material is crushed by hammer mill to reach the particle size d50 of 6.6 μm. The LOI of the material is 12.0 wt. -%.
[0227] Comparative Example C3: Composition CeO2 40%-ZrO2 45%-La2O3 2%-Nd2O3 5%-Y2O3 8%
[0228] This example describes the preparation of a composition of cerium, zirconium, lanthanum, neodymium and yttrium in respective proportions by weight of oxide of 40%, 45%, 2%, 5%, 8%.
[0229] A solution is prepared by mixing 42.85 liters of deionized water, 14.53 liters of a cerium chloride solution ( [Ce3+] = 1.76 mol / L) , 13.63 kg of a zirconyl chloride octahydrate ( [ZrO2] = 36.33 wt. -%) , 0.81 liters of a lanthanum chloride solution ( [La3+] = 1.66 mol / L) , 1.98 liters of a neodymium chloride ( [Nd3+] = 1.65 mol / L) and 4.48 liters of an yttrium chloride solution ( [Y3+] = 1.74 mol / L) . To this solution, 34.8 liters of a sulfuric acid solution ( [H2SO4] = 8.8 wt. -%, density = 1.052 kg / L) are added. After this addition, the solution is agitated for 30 minutes.
[0230] In a precipitation tank equipped with a 4-blade impeller, 100.0 liters of a sodium hydroxide solution ( [NaOH] = 2.5 N) are charged.
[0231] The solution containing cerium, zirconium, lanthanum, neodymium and yttrium prepared above is then introduced in the precipitation tank in 60 minutes. The agitation speed during the precipitation is 154 rpm.
[0232] The precipitate is separated off from the liquid medium.
[0233] 42.85 liters of deionized water and 5.5 liters of a sodium hydroxide solution ( [NaOH] = 2.5 N) are adeed to the separated precipitate. The resulting mixture is heated for 2 hours at 50 ℃.
[0234] The suspension is then filtered, and the cake is washed with deionised water in order to reduce the conductivity of waste water below 20 μS / cm.
[0235] The obtained cake is put in deionized water at a concentration of 100 g / L at 97 ℃ for 1 hour, while the agitation speed is maitained at 220 rpm. The slurry is then cooled to 60 ℃. 4.36 kg of lauric acid is added into the suspension and the suspension is kept at 60 ℃ for 1h, while the agitation speed is maintained at 70 rpm.
[0236] The suspension is then filtered. It is calcined in the oven at 860 ℃ for 3 h. The obtained material is crushed by hammer mill to reach a particle size d50 of 2.8 μm. The LOI of the obtained material is 2.4 wt. -%.
[0237] Comparative Example C4: Composition CeO2 50%-ZrO2 45%-La2O3 5%
[0238] This example describes the preparation of a composition of cerium, zirconium and lanthanum in respective proportions by weight of oxide of 50%, 45%, 5%.
[0239] A solution is prepared by mixing 79.85 liters of deionized water, 16.35 liters of a cerium nitrate solution ( [Ce3+] = 2.15 mol / L) and 19.35 liters of a zirconyl nitrate solution (ZrO2 = 282.2 g / L) . To this solution, 3.72 liters of a hydrogen peroxide solution ( [H2O2] = 35.47 wt. -%, density = 1.1329kg / L) is added. After this addition, the solution is agitated for 30 minutes.
[0240] In a precipitation tank equipped with a 4-blade impeller, 84.4 liters of deionized water and 36.6 liters of an ammonia solution ( [NH4OH] = 8 N) are charged.
[0241] The solution containing cerium and zirconium prepared above is then introduced in the precipitation tank in 60 minutes. The agitation speed during the precipitation is 110 rpm.
[0242] After introducing cerium and zirconium solution, a solution is prepared by adding 2.20 liters of a lanthanum nitrate solution ( [La3+] = 1.73 mol / L) in the preparation tank.
[0243] The solution containing lanthanum prepared above is then introduced in the precipitation tank in 60 minutes. The agitation speed during the precipitation is 100 rpm.
[0244] The slurry is heated to reach 95 ℃. At 95 ℃, it is degassed for 15 min and pressure is kept for 15 min. The slurry is heated to 150℃ for 2h.
[0245] The slurry is cooled to 60 ℃. 4.36 kg of lauric acid is added into the suspension and the suspension is kept at 60 ℃ for 1h, while the agitation speed is maitained at 70 rpm.
[0246] The suspension is then filtered, and the cake is washed with 60 liters of diluted ammonia at pH 11.
[0247] The obtained wet cake is calcined in the oven at 930 ℃ for 3 hours. The obtained material is crushed by hammer mill to reach a particle size d50 of 4.5 μm. The LOI of the materials is 2.0 wt. -%.
[0248] Comparative Example C4B: Composition CeO2 50%-ZrO2 45%-La2O3 5%
[0249] This example describes the preparation of a composition of cerium, zirconium, and lanthanum in respective proportions by weight of oxide of 50%, 45%, and 5%.
[0250] A solution is prepared by mixing 0.838 liters of deionized water, 0.247 liters of a cerium nitrate solution ( [CeO2] = 263 g / L) , 0.201 liters of zirconium (IV) oxynitrate hydrate ( [ZrO2] = 291.7 g / L) , 0.014 liters of a lanthanum nitrate solution ( [La2O3] = 468 g / L) . The total volume of this solution (1.3 L) is placed in an autoclave tank which is equipped with a 2 levels 4-blades impeller.
[0251] The autoclave is sealed, and the solution is heated with a 90-minute ramp to 150 ℃ for 2 hours, under stirring at 300 rpm. The suspension is let under stirring for 1 hour and then cool down to ambient temperature for 1 night.
[0252] Ammonia (~23 wt. -%) and water, respectively 0.2406 liters and 0.1203 liters are added to the suspension for 90 min under stirring at 300 rpm. The stirring is maintained, and the suspension is heated at 98 ℃ for 180 min.
[0253] After 2 hours of sedimentation, the mother liquor of the suspension is removed (0.6 liters) . The suspension is mixed with 0.6 liters of a solution of water / ammonia at pH > 8.5. The suspension is left under agitation for 1 hour.
[0254] The suspension is then filtered, and the obtained cake is calcined at 300 ℃ for 2 hours. The obtained material is crushed by hammer mill to reach a particle size d50 of 7.6 μm. The LOI of the materials is 7.8 wt. -%.
[0255] All the characteristics of the products prepared by the described examples are listed in the following table (Table 1) .
[0256] Comparison of the XRD patterns of the mixed oxide of Example 4 and Comparative Example 4B
[0257] Both experimental patterns obtained for Ex. 4 and C4B after calcination for 4 hours at 1100℃ are depicted in Figure 1 (Ex 4 bottom curve, C4B top curve) .
[0258] As shown in Figure 1, Example 4 displays in the range 28° < 2Θ < 32° 1 peak at 29° and in the range 46° < 2Θ < 52°one peak at 49°.
[0259] In contrast thereto, C4B shows additional peaks in the same angular range, i.e., in the range 28°< 2Θ < 32 two peaks (see 29°and 30°) , and in range 46° < 2Θ< 52° two peaks (see 49° and 50°)
[0260] The additional peaks could be related to the existence of a secondary crystal phase related to tetragonal ZrO2 which emerges due to harsh aging. This phenomenon is not observed in the case of Example 4 which tends to maintain a solid solution despite the aging.
[0261] Both materials are different from a crystalline point of view.
Claims
1.A mixed oxide of zirconium, of cerium, and optionally of at least one rare-earth element other than cerium (RE) with the following composition:- between 10 wt. -%and 70 wt. -%of cerium;- up to 25 wt. -%of one or more rare earth element (s) other than cerium, and- the remainder as zirconium, with the proviso that if hafnium is present in the composition, the hafnium is present as an impurity of the zirconium and is not considered as belonging to the one or more rare earth element (s) other than cerium,characterized in that the mixed oxide exhibits- a BET specific surface area of at least 150 m2 / g, preferably of at least 180 m2 / g, more preferably of at least 200 m2 / g; and- a BET specific surface area after calcination in air at 1100 ℃ for 4 hours of at least 13 m2 / g, preferably of at least 15 m2 / g.2.The mixed oxide according to claim 1, characterized in that after calcination at a temperature of 1100 ℃ for 4 hours, the x-ray diffractogram of the mixed oxide has a single peak located at a 2θ angle of between 28° and 32° and a single peak located at a 2θ angle of between 46° and 52°.3.The mixed oxide according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the rare-earth metal other than cerium is chosen from one or more of lanthanum, yttrium, neodymium and / or praseodymium.4.The mixed oxide according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the zirconium comprises hafnium as an impurity in a proportion lower than or equal to 2.5 wt. -%, preferably lower than or equal to 2.0 wt. -%, based on the total weight of the mixed oxide.5.The mixed oxide according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the BET specific surface area of the mixed oxide as is of at most 400 m2 / g, preferably at most 350 m2 / g, more preferably at most 300 m2 / g.6.The mixed oxide according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the BET specific surface area of the mixed oxide after calcination in air at 1100 ℃ for 4 hours is of at most 30 m2 / g, preferably at most 25 m2 / g.7.The mixed oxide according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mixed oxide exhibits a weight loss after calcination at 950 ℃ for 1 hour of at least 5 wt. -%, preferably of at least 6 wt. -%, more preferably of at least 7 wt. -%, relatively to the total weight of the mixed oxide before said calcination, measured by the loss on ignition method (LOI) .8.The mixed oxide according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mixed oxide exhibits a weight loss after calcination at 950 ℃ for 1 hour of at most 25 wt. -%, preferably at most 20 wt. -%, relatively to the total weight of the mixed oxide before said calcination, measured by the loss on ignition method (LOI) .9.The mixed oxide according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that after calcination in air at a temperature of 1000 ℃ for 30 minutes, the mixed oxide has a carbon content of at most 5 wt. -%, preferably of at most 2 wt. -%, more preferably of at most 1 wt. -%, based on the total weight of the calcined mixed oxide.10.The mixed oxide according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mixed oxide exhibits a pore volume ratio R of from 0.20 to 0.90, preferably of from 0.25 to 0.85, more preferably of from 0.30 to 0.82, wherein R is defined by the following equation (I) R = V1 / V2 (I)in which:V1 is the pore volume provided by the pores for which the diameter in nm is below or equal to 10 nm;V2 is the total pore volume;and V1 and V2 are determined by nitrogen porosimetry on the mixed oxide.11.The mixed oxide according to claim 10, characterized in that the total pore volume V2 is of at least 0.20 cm3 / g, preferably at least 0.25 cm3 / g, more preferably at least 0.30 cm3 / g.12.The mixed oxide according to claim 10 or 11, characterized in that the total pore volume V2 is of at most 0.6 cm3 / g, preferably at most 0.5 cm3 / g.13.The mixed oxide according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mixed oxide exhibits a pore volume ratio R’ of from 0.25 to 0.90, preferably of from 0.028 to 0.88, more preferably of from 0.30 to 0.86, more preferably of from 0.30 to 0.83, wherein R’ is defined by the following equation (II) R’= V31000℃ / 4h / V41000℃ / 4h (II)in which:V31000℃ / 4h refers to the pore volume of the pores for which the diameter in nm is between (Dp, 1000℃ / 4h -10 nm) and (Dp, 1000℃ / 4h + 10 nm) , wherein Dp is the pore diameter corresponding to the maximum of the at least one peak observed on the curve (dV / dlog (D) ) of the pore volume V derivative as a function of the pore diameter D logarithm derivative,V41000℃ / 4h is the total pore volume, andwherein V31000℃ / 4h and V41000℃ / 4h are determined on the mixed oxide after calcination at a temperature of 1000 ℃ for 4 hours by nitrogen porosimetry.14.The mixed oxide according to claim 13, characterized in that V41000℃ / 4h is less than or equal to 0.24 cm3 / g, preferably less than or equal to 0.23 cm3 / g.15.The mixed oxide according to claim 13 or 14, characterized in that V41000℃ / 4h is more than or equal to 0.05 cm3 / g, preferably more than or equal to 0.07 cm3 / g.16.The mixed oxide according to any one of the preceding claims characterized in that it exhibits an average particle size between 5 and 16 μm, preferably between 6 and 13 μm, more preferably between 6 and 11 μm, determined by laser diffraction over a distribution by volume.17.A process of preparation of a mixed oxide according to any one of the claims 1 to 16 comprising the following steps:(a) reacting a basic compound with an aqueous solution to form a precipitate, wherein the aqueous solution comprises at least a zirconium chloride salt, a cerium salt, optionally at least one rare earth metal salt other than the cerium salt, and sulfate anions (SO42-) ,(b) separating the precipitate obtained in step (a) from the aqueous solution,(c) adding deionized water and a basic solution or an aqueous basic solution to the precipitate obtained in step (b) to form a mixture,(d) heating the mixture for at least 30 min at a temperature range of from 30℃ to 100℃,(e) separating off and optionally washing the precipitate, and(f) heating the precipitate obtained in step (e) , preferably in air, at a temperature range of from 200℃ to 300℃.18.A process of preparation of a mixed oxide according to any one of the claims 1 to 16 comprising the following steps(a1) mixing a basic compound with an aqueous solution, wherein the aqueous solution comprises at least a zirconium chloride salt, a cerium salt, and sulfate anion (SO42) ,(a2) adding at least one rare earth metal salt other than a cerium salt to the mixture obtained in step (a1) to form a precipitate,(b) separating the precipitate obtained in step (a2) from the aqueous solution;(c) adding deionized water and a basic solution or an aqueous basic solution to the precipitate obtained in step (b) to form a mixture,(d) heating the mixture for at least 30 min at a temperature range of from 30℃ to 100℃,(e) separating off the precipitate and optionally washing the precipitate, and(f) heating the precipitate obtained in step (e) , preferably in air, at a temperature range of from 200℃ to 300℃.19.A catalytic composition comprising:(i) at least one dispersed platinum group metal or transition metal,(ii) the mixed oxide according to any one of claims 1 to 16,(iii) optionally at least one mineral material.20.A catalytic converter comprising a porous support and the catalytic composition according to claim 19 on the surface of the support.21.Use of the mixed oxide according to any one of claims 1 to 16 for the preparation of a catalytic composition, notably the catalytic composition of claim 19.22.Use of the mixed oxide according to any one of claims 1 to 16 for the preparation of a catalytic converter, notably the catalytic converter of claim 20.