Compositions and methods for producing allulose

Abstract

Provided herein are compositions and methods relating to epimerase enzymes for converting fructose to allulose. Also provided are methods and compositions for producing allulose, including incorporating reducing agents during enzymatic conversion of fructose to allulose to decrease color formation.

Description

IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR PRODUCING ALLULOSECROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims the benefit of PCT International Application No. PCT / CN2024 / 131263, filed November 11, 2024, and PCT International Application No. PCT / CN2025 / 114638, filed August 14, 2025, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE OF THE SEQUENCE LISTING

[0002] The present application is being filed with a Sequence Listing in electronic format. The Sequence Listing is provided as a file entitled IFF10018WOPCT[3] SequenceListing.xml, created on October 31, 2025, which is 54,866 bytes in size. The information in the electronic format of the Sequence Listing is incorporated by reference in its entirety.FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Provided herein are compositions and methods relating to epimerase enzymes for converting fructose to allulose. Also provided are methods and compositions for producing allulose, including incorporating reducing agents during enzymatic conversion of fructose to allulose to decrease color formation.BACKGROUND

[0004] Allulose, also known as D-allulose and D-psicose, is a rare naturally occurring low calorie sugar having a sweetness profile similar to that of sucrose, making it a desirable alternative to higher calorie sweeteners, such as sucrose, fructose, and glucose. Allulose is a C-3 epimer of D- fructosc, and may thus be produced, c.g., commercially, by conversion of D-fructosc to allulose by enzymes such as epimerases.

[0005] Epimerases capable of converting D-fructose to allulose have been found to have a variety of properties, e.g., temperature, pH, and metal cofactor requirements, that can impact their enzymatic activity. Epimerases stable at high temperature and low pH with a reduced need for metal cofactors are of particular value for increasing the yield and quality of allulose during commercial production.

[0006] During thermal processing, D-allulose is prone to non-enzymatic browning, leading to undesirable color formation. This discoloration increases the burden on downstream purification steps, such as carbon filtration and ion-exchange, raising production costs.IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]

[0007] Thus, there is a need for epimerases capable of converting D-fructose to allulose at low pH and high temperature with a reduced need for metal cofactors. There also remains a need for improved methods to reduce color formation during enzymatic allulose production without compromising yield or requiring major process changes. The compositions and methods provided herein address these and other needs in the art.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0008] Provided herein are proteins including an amino acid sequence having at least 70% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, or 17, wherein the protein has epimerase activity. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence has at least 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, or 17. In some embodiments, the protein is immobilized on a matrix. In some embodiments, the matrix is a granule or an ion exchange resin.

[0009] In an aspect is provided a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein described herein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule includes a nucleic acid sequence that: i) encodes an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID Nos: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, or 17; ii) has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, or 34; or iii) hybridizes under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid sequence having a sequence complementary to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, or 34. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule includes a heterologous regulatory sequence. In some embodiments, the heterologous regulatory sequence is a promoter sequence.

[0010] In an aspect is provided a vector including a nucleic acid sequence described herein. In an aspect is provided a host cell including a nucleic acid molecule described herein or a vector described herein. In some embodiments, the host cell is a yeast, a bacterium, a mammalian cell, or a plant cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is a Bacillus spp.

[0011] In an aspect is provided a cultured cell material including a protein described herein and / or a host cell described herein. In an aspect is provided allulose produced by a protein described herein. In an aspect is provided allulose produced by a cell culture material described herein.

[0012] In an aspect is provided a composition for producing allulose, including: i) a protein described herein; and ii) a substrate containing fructose. In some embodiments, the protein is immobilized on a matrix. In some embodiments, the substrate includes glucose. In someIFF10018-W0-PCT[3] embodiments, the composition includes a glucose isomerase immobilized on a matrix. In some embodiments, the protein and glucose isomerase are co-immobilized on the same matrix or immobilized on different matrixes. In some embodiments, the protein is included in a cultured cell material. In some embodiments, the composition is contained in a reactor. In some embodiments, the composition further includes a reducing agent. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is sodium metabisulfite, sodium thiosulfate, sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, potassium thiosulfate, potassium bisulfite, potassium sulfite, ascorbic acid, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is sodium metabisulfite.

[0013] In an aspect is provide use of a protein described herein for producing allulose. In an aspect is provided use of a cell culture material described herein for producing allulose. In an aspect is provided use of a host cell described herein for producing allulose. In an aspect is provided a method of producing allulose, including contacting a protein described herein with a substrate including fructose. In some embodiments, the protein is included in a cultured cell material. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a temperature in a range of about 50°C to about 90°C. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a pH in a range of about 4.5 to about 8. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions where no metal cofactor is added or an amount of metal cofactor that is less than a metal cofactor concentration needed for epimerase activity is added. In some embodiments, the protein is soluble and contained in a reactor, and the contacting occurs by adding the substrate containing fructose to the reactor. In some embodiments, the protein is immobilized on a matrix contained in a reactor, and the contacting occurs by adding the substrate containing fructose to the reactor. In some embodiments, the cultured cell material is contained in a reactor. In some embodiments, the substrate containing fructose is produced by: (i) contacting a substrate containing glucose with a glucose isomerase prior to contacting the protein; or (ii) contacting a substrate containing glucose with a glucose isomerase at the same time as contacting the protein. In some embodiments, the contacting further occurs in the presence of a reducing agent. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is sodium metabisulfite, sodium thiosulfate, sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, potassium thiosulfate, potassium bisulfite, potassium sulfite, ascorbic acid, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the method includes purifying allulose produced.

[0014] In an aspect is provided a conjugate, including an epimerase described herein and a matrix.

[0015] In an aspect is provided a method for producing allulose, including contacting a substrate including fructose with an epimerase, wherein the contacting occurs in the presence of a reducing agent. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is present or added when the contacting begins.IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]In some embodiments, the reducing agent is present or added to the substrate including fructose or the epimerase. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added after the contacting begins. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is present or added between 0 hours and 27.5 hours after the contacting begins. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added between 1 hour and 25 hours after the contacting begins. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added between 1 hour and 12 hours after the contacting begins. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added at about 6 hours after the contacting begins. In some embodiments, the contacting further occurs at a pH in a range of about 4 to about 8. In some embodiments, the contacting further occurs at a pH in a range of about 5 to about 8. In some embodiments, the contacting further occurs at a temperature in a range of about 50°C to about 70°C. In some embodiments, the contacting further occurs in the presence of a metal co-factor. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is sodium metabisulfite, sodium thiosulfate, sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, potassium thiosulfate, potassium bisulfite, potassium sulfite, and / or ascorbic acid. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is present at a concentration in a range of about 25 ppm to 250 ppm. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is present at a concentration in a range of about 50 ppm to 200 ppm. In some embodiments, the epimerase is soluble. In some embodiments, the epimerase is immobilized. In some embodiments, the substrate including fructose is a fructose syrup and / or is produced by: (i) contacting a substrate including glucose with a glucose isomerase prior to contacting the epimerase; or (ii) contacting a substrate including glucose with a glucose isomerase at the same time as contacting the epimerase. In some embodiments, the presence of the reducing agent decreases allulose yield by less than about 5% compared to allulose yield in an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, the presence of the reducing agent increases allulose yield by at least about 0.5% compared to allulose yield in an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, the presence of the reducing agent decreases absorbance of allulose at 325 nm by at least about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, or more compared to absorbance at 325 nm of allulose produced in otherwise identical conditions lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, the method further includes recovering and / or purifying allulose produced from the contacting. In some embodiments, the epimerase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17.

[0016] In an aspect is provided a composition for producing allulose including: i) an epimerase; ii) a substrate including fructose; and iii) a reducing agent. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is sodium metabisulfite, sodium thiosulfate, sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, potassiumIFF10018-W0-PCT[3] metabisulfite, potassium thiosulfate, potassium bisulfite, potassium sulfite, and / or ascorbic acid. In some embodiments, the epimerase is soluble or immobilized. In some embodiments, the substrate includes glucose. In some embodiments, the composition further includes a glucose isomerase. In some embodiments, the composition further includes a metal co-factor. In some embodiments, the epimerase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, or 17. In an aspect is provided use of a reducing agent in the production of allulose to decrease discoloration of the allulose. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is sodium metabisulfite, sodium thiosulfate, sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, potassium thiosulfate, potassium bisulfite, potassium sulfite, ascorbic acid, or any combination thereof.

[0017] Each of the aspects and embodiments described herein are capable of being used together, unless excluded either explicitly or clearly from the context of the embodiment or aspect.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0018] FIG. 1 shows allulose yield (%) at three timepoints (3 h, 6 h, and 24 h) when sodium metabisulphite was dosed at 200 ppm at 0 h at pH 6 and under control conditions (Control; no sodium metabisulphite added). Three different epimerase doses were used and are denoted by 1, 2, and 3.

[0019] FIG. 2 shows absorbance at 325 nm (24 h) for the allulose produced as shown in FIG. 1.

[0020] FIG. 3 shows allulose yield (%) at three timepoints (3 h, 6 h, and 24 h) when sodium metabisulphite was dosed at 50 or 100 ppm at 0 h or 6 h at pH 6 and under control conditions (Control; no sodium metabisulphite added). The dose of epimerase was held constant.

[0021] FIG. 4 shows absorbance at 325 nm (24 h) for allulose produced in the presence of sodium metabisulphite (50 or 100 ppm dosed at 0 h or 6 h at pH 6 as shown in FIG. 3) and under control conditions (Control; no sodium metabisulphite added).

[0022] FIG. 5 shows allulose yield (%) at three timepoints (3 h, 6 h, and 24 h) produced with different doses of epimerase (denoted as 1, 2, and 3) and sodium metabisulphite dosed at 100 ppm and under control conditions (Control; no sodium metabisulphite added). “Adjusted” indicates that the pH during epimerization was adjusted to the starting pH (6.5 or 7) at the timepoints tested. “Not Adjusted” indicates that the pH at 0 h was 6.5 and no pH adjustment occurred at the tested timepoints.

[0023] FIG. 6 shows absorbance at 325 nm (24 h) for allulose produced as shown in FIG. 5.

[0024] FIGS. 7A-7E show allulose yield (%) at three timepoints (3 h, 6 h, and 24 h) for each of five epimerases (Epil-Epi5) tested with and without the addition of sodium metabisulfite (100IFF10018-W0-PCT[3] ppm). White bars - Control (no sodium metabisulfite). Black bars - sodium metabisulfite (100 PPm).DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0025] Provided herein are compositions and methods relating to epimerase enzymes, also referred to as epimerases, for converting D-fructose (D-fructose and fructose are used herein interchangeably) to allulose. Provided herein are methods for producing allulose from fructose using enzymes, such as epimerases and compositions containing epimerases, under conditions that reduce allulose discoloration.

[0026] The increasing demand for healthier sugar alternatives has driven significant interest in rare sugars such as D-allulose. D-allulose, a C-3 epimer of D-fructose, occurs naturally in trace amounts in foods like dried fruits, molasses, and maple syrup. D-allulose may be referred to alternatively herein as allulose.

[0027] Allulose is a hexoketose monosaccharide sweetener, which is a C-3 epimer of D-fructose, that is rarely found in nature. Allulose has similar physical properties to those of sucrose, such as bulk, mouthfeel, browning capability, gelling, and freezing point, and its sweetness is estimated to be about 70% of the sweetness of sucrose. The energy value of allulose, however, is approximately 0.3% of that of sucrose, making it an attractive low-calorie sweetener. In addition to having low caloric value, allulose may have beneficial physiological effects, such as blood glucose suppression, reactive oxygen species scavenging, and neuroprotection among others. These properties have made allulose an attractive substitute for higher calorie sweeteners, e.g., sucrose, fructose, and glucose.

[0028] Beyond its nutritional profile, D-allulose offers functional benefits in food processing. Unlike many artificial sweeteners, allulose lacks a cooling effect or bitter aftertaste. Moreover, its higher reactivity compared to glucose or sucrose enables participation in Maillard reactions, which can enhance flavor and browning in baked goods.

[0029] Since allulose is naturally present in only small quantities in certain foods, there exists a need for methods to efficiently and effectively produce allulose. The bioconversion of D-fructose to D-allulose by epimerases, for example D-tagatose 3-epimerases (DT3E) and D-allulose 3- epimerases, is one such method of producing allulose. However, epimerases capable of performing this conversion, most of which have a bacterial origin, are known to have varying properties, such as temperature, pH, and metal cofactor requirements, that can impact enzymatic activity and efficiency. For example, most of the epimerases that have been identified as capable of performing this conversion show a dependence on manganese, cobalt, and / or magnesium as a cofactor to be active and optimal temperature and pH ranges for activity between 40°C and 70°CIFF10018-W0-PCT[3] and 7.0 to 9.0 pH, respectively. For commercial production, it is preferable to use higher temperatures, e.g., about or greater than 50°C, to shift the thermodynamic equilibrium in favor of converting fructose to allulose, thereby increasing the ratio of allulose to fructose. It is also preferable to use an acidic pH, in particular at elevated temperatures, to reduce non-enzymatic browning of the sugars, e.g., via the Maillard reaction. The use of elevated temperatures and acidic pH in the production process provides additional advantages such as microbial control, for example by reducing microbial growth. In addition, for commercial production, it is beneficial to use enzymes that do not require the addition (supplementation) or require a reduced amount of metal cofactors to be added for activity, as this would eliminate an additional step in the production process and / or reduce the cost of production. As described herein, D-allulose 3-epimerases capable of converting D-fructose to allulose and having such desirable temperature, pH, and / or metal cofactor properties for commercial production were identified. See, Examples. The compositions and methods provided herein harness these surprising findings.

[0030] The conversion of D-fructose to D-allulose using the compositions, e.g., epimerases and / or immobilized compositions thereof, and methods described herein provide a means of producing allulose under preferable commercial conditions for epimerase activity and sugar stability. The use of the compositions and methods described herein may assist in diversifying the sweetener product portfolio associated with com processing by adding a natural low-caloric sweetener and bulking agent to the traditional sweeteners derived from corn starch (e.g., corn syrup, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), glucose, and fructose).

[0031] Despite the advantages of allulose in food processing, the commercial production of D- allulose, which is typically achieved via enzymatic epimerization of fructose using D-allulose 3- epimerase (alternatively referred to herein as DAEase or epimerase), faces a significant challenge: color formation. Due to its high reactivity, allulose readily undergoes non-enzymatic browning during thermal processing, resulting in yellow or brown coloration. This discoloration necessitates additional downstream decolorization steps, such as carbon filtration and ion-exchange treatment, which increase production costs and complexity, particularly in crystallized allulose manufacturing.

[0032] Provided herein are methods and compositions for improving the production of allulose by reducing color formation during enzymatic conversion of fructose. As described in, e.g., Section III below, it was surprisingly found that including a reducing agent, e.g., sodium metabisulfite, during the enzymatic reaction reduced allulose discoloration. Thus, in aspects are provided methods of using one or more reducing agents during the epimerization of fructose to allulose, thereby reducing non-enzymatic browning and improving the color quality of theIFF10018-W0-PCT[3] resulting allulose product without substantially reducing yield. In some cases, the addition of a reducing agent may increase yield. The methods offer advantages in that reduced discoloration minimizes or eliminates the need for downstream decolorization steps, which may decrease the costs and complexity of industrial allulose production.

[0033] The headings provided herein arc not limitations of the various aspects or embodiments of this disclosure which can be had by reference to the specification as a whole. The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described. The reader will appreciate that statements made in one section may apply to other sections. Any terms defined may be more fully defined by reference to the specification as a whole.

[0034] All publications, including patent documents, scientific articles, and databases, referred to in this application are incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes to the same extent as if each individual publication were individually incorporated by reference. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that such publications constitute prior art to the claims appended hereto. If a definition set forth herein is contrary to or otherwise inconsistent with a definition set forth in the patents, applications, published applications, and other publications that are herein incorporated by reference, the definition set forth herein prevails over the definition that is incorporated herein by reference.Definitions

[0035] Definitions of terns may appear throughout the specification. It is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to particular embodiments described, as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting.

[0036] It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, “a” or “an” include “at least one” and “one or more.”

[0037] The terms “comprising,” “comprises,” and “comprised of’ as used herein are synonymous with “including,” “includes,” “containing,” “contains,” “having,” “has,” and grammatical variants thereof, and are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, non-recited members, elements, or method steps. The terms “comprising,” “comprises,” “comprised of,” “including,” “includes,” “containing,” “contains,” “having,” “has,” and grammatical variants thereof also include the term “consisting of.” It is understood that wherever aspects are described herein with the language “comprising,” otherwise analogous aspects described in terms of “consisting of and / or “consisting essentially of’ are also provided.IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]

[0038] The term “consisting of' means “including and limited to.”

[0039] The term “consisting essentially of” means the specified material of a composition, or the specified steps of a method, and those additional materials or steps that do not materially affect the basic characteristics of the material or method.

[0040] It is further noted that the claims may be drafted to exclude any optional clement. As such, this statement is intended to serve as antecedent basis for use of such exclusive terminology as “solely,” “only” and the like in connection with the recitation of claim elements or use of a “negative” limitation.

[0041] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terns used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.

[0042] The term “amino acid sequence” is synonymous with the terms “polypeptide,” “protein,” and “peptide,” and are used interchangeably. Where such amino acid sequences exhibit activity, they may be referred to as an “enzyme.” The conventional one-letter or three-letter codes for amino acid residues are used, with amino acid sequences being presented in the standard amino- to-carboxy terminal orientation (i.e., N— >C).

[0043] The term “nucleic acid” encompasses DNA, RNA, heteroduplexes, and synthetic molecules capable of encoding a polypeptide. Nucleic acids may be single stranded or double stranded, and may contain chemical modifications. The terms “nucleic acid” and “polynucleotide” are used interchangeably. Because the genetic code is degenerate, more than one codon may be used to encode a particular amino acid, and the present compositions and methods encompass nucleotide sequences that encode a particular amino acid sequence. Unless otherwise indicated, nucleic acid sequences are presented in 5'-to-3' orientation.

[0044] The term “expression” refers to the process by which a polypeptide is produced based on a nucleic acid sequence. The process includes both transcription and translation.

[0045] The terms, “wild-type,” “parental,” or “reference,” with respect to a polypeptide, refer to a naturally-occurring polypeptide that does not include a man-made substitution, insertion, or deletion at one or more amino acid positions. Similarly, the terms “wild-type,” “parental,” or “reference,” with respect to a polynucleotide, refer to a naturally-occurring polynucleotide that does not include a man-made nucleoside change. However, note that a polynucleotide encoding a wild-type, parental, or reference polypeptide is not limited to a naturally-occurring polynucleotide, and encompasses any polynucleotide encoding the wild-type, parental, or reference polypeptide.

[0046] A “signal sequence” is a sequence of amino acids attached to the N-terminal portion of a protein, which facilitates the secretion of the protein outside the cell. The mature form of an extracellular protein lacks the signal sequence, which is cleaved off during the secretion process.IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]

[0047] Reference to the wild-type polypeptide is understood to include the mature form of the polypeptide. A “mature” polypeptide or variant, thereof, is one in which a signal sequence is absent, for example, cleaved from an immature form of the polypeptide during or following expression of the polypeptide.

[0048] The term “variant,” with respect to a polypeptide, refers to a polypeptide that differs from a specified wild-type, parental, or reference polypeptide in that it includes one or more naturally- occurring or man-made substitutions, insertions, or deletions of an amino acid. Similarly, the term “variant,” with respect to a polynucleotide, refers to a polynucleotide that differs in nucleotide sequence from a specified wild-type, parental, or reference polynucleotide. A variant may include two or more mutations, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more, substitutions, deletions, and / or insertions compared to the wild-type, parental, or reference polypeptide or polynucleotide. The identity of the wild-type, parental, or reference polypeptide or polynucleotide will be apparent from context.

[0049] “Percent sequence identity” means that a particular sequence has at least a certain percentage of amino acid residues or nucleotides identical to those in a specified reference sequence, when aligned using e.g., the CLUSTAL W algorithm with default parameters. See Thompson et al. (1 94) Nucleic Acids Res. 22:4673-4680. Default parameters for the CLUSTAL W algorithm arc:Gap opening penalty: 10.0Gap extension penalty: 0.05Protein weight matrix: BLOSUM seriesDNA weight matrix: IUBDelay divergent sequences %: 40Gap separation distance: 8DNA transitions weight: 0.50List hydrophilic residues: GPSNDQEKRUse negative matrix: OFFToggle Residue specific penalties: ONToggle hydrophilic penalties: ONToggle end gap separation penalty OFF.

[0050] Deletions are counted as non-identical residues, compared to a reference sequence. Deletions occurring at either termini are included.

[0051] “Hybridization” refers to the process by which one strand of nucleic acid forms a duplex with, i.e., base pairs with, a complementary strand, as occurs during blot hybridization techniquesIFF10018-W0-PCT[3] and PCR techniques. Stringent hybridization conditions are exemplified by hybridization under the following conditions: 65°C and 0.1X SSC (where IX SSC = 0.15 M NaCl, 0.015 M Na citrate, pH 7.0). Hybridized, duplex nucleic acids are characterized by a melting temperature (Tm), where one half of the hybridized nucleic acids are unpaired with the complementary strand. Mismatched nucleotides within the duplex lower the Tm.

[0052] A “host cell” is an organism into which an expression vector, phage, virus, or other nucleic acid sequence including a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of interest (e.g., an epimerase) has been introduced. Exemplary host cells are microorganism cells (e.g., bacteria, filamentous fungi, and yeast), mammalian cells, and plant cells capable of expressing the polypeptide of interest. The term “host cell” includes protoplasts created from cells.

[0053] The terms “transformed,” “stably transformed,” and “transgenic,” used with reference to a cell means that the cell contains a non-native (e.g., heterologous) nucleic acid sequence integrated into its genome or carried as an episome that is maintained through multiple generations.

[0054] The term “introduced” in the context of inserting a nucleic acid sequence into a cell, encompasses, but is not limited to, “transfection”, “transformation” and “transduction,” as known in the art. Exemplary methods for introducing polynucleotides or polypeptides by transformation into a host cell, include, but arc not limited to, microinjection, electroporation, stable transformation methods, transient transformation methods (such as induced competence using chemical (e.g. divalent cations such as CaCh), mechanical (electroporation) means, or methods such as those described in published international applications WO 2018 / 114983 and WO 2010 / 149721, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties), ballistic particle acceleration (particle bombardment), direct gene transfer, viral-mediated introduction, cellpenetrating peptides, or mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN)-mediated direct protein delivery. Introducing a nucleic acid, construct, plasmid, or vector into a host cell may be carried out by conjugation, which is a specific method of natural DNA exchange requiring physical cell-to-cell contact. Introducing a nucleic acid, construct, plasmid, or vector into a host cell may be carried out by transduction, which is the introduction of DNA via a virus (e.g., phage) infection which is also a natural method of DNA exchange. Generally, such methods involve incorporating a polynucleotide within a viral DNA or RNA molecule.

[0055] The term “heterologous” with reference to a polynucleotide or protein refers to a polynucleotide or protein that does not naturally occur in a host cell.

[0056] The term “endogenous” with reference to a polynucleotide or protein refers to a polynucleotide or protein that occurs naturally in the host cell.IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]

[0057] A “vector” refers to a polynucleotide sequence designed to introduce nucleic acids into one or more cell types. Vectors include cloning vectors, expression vectors, shuttle vectors, plasmids, phage particles, cassettes and the like.

[0058] An “expression vector” refers to a DNA construct comprising a DNA sequence encoding a polypeptide of interest, which coding sequence is operably linked to a suitable control sequence capable of effecting expression of the DNA in a suitable host. Such control sequences may include a promoter to effect transcription, an optional operator sequence to control transcription, a sequence encoding suitable ribosome binding sites on the mRNA, enhancers and sequences which control termination of transcription and translation.

[0059] The term “operably linked” means that specified components are in a relationship (including but not limited to juxtaposition) permitting them to function in an intended manner. For example, a regulatory sequence is operably linked to a coding sequence such that expression of the coding sequence is under control of the regulatory sequence.

[0060] A “selective marker” or “selectable marker” refers to a gene capable of being expressed in a host to facilitate selection of host cells carrying the gene. Examples of selectable markers include but are not limited to antimicrobials (e.g., hygromycin, bleomycin, or chloramphenicol) and / or genes that confer a metabolic advantage, such as a nutritional advantage on the host cell.

[0061] The term “recombinant,” when used in reference to a subject cell, nucleic acid, protein or vector, indicates that the subject has been modified from its native state. Thus, for example, recombinant cells express genes that are not found within the native (non-recombinant) form of the cell, or express native genes at different levels or under different conditions than found in nature. Recombinant nucleic acids differ from a native sequence by one or more nucleotides and / or are operably linked to heterologous sequences, e.g., a heterologous promoter or terminator in an expression vector. Recombinant proteins may differ from a native sequence by one or more amino acids and / or are fused with heterologous sequences. A vector comprising a nucleic acid encoding an epimerase may be referred to as a recombinant vector.

[0062] “A cultured cell material comprising an epimerase” or similar language, refers to a cell lysate or supernatant (including media) that includes an epimerase as a component. The cell material may be from a heterologous host cell that is grown in culture for the purpose of producing the epimerase.

[0063] As used herein, “clarified,” when used in reference to cultured cell material, e.g., a whole broth or fermentation broth, means a cultured cell material which has been subjected to at least one clarification process to remove cell debris and / or other insoluble components. ClarificationIFF10018-W0-PCT[3] processes, as understood in the art include, but are not limited to, centrifugation techniques, crossflow membrane filtration techniques, solid / liquid filtration techniques, and the like.

[0064] The terms “recovered,” “isolated,” and “separated,” refer to a compound, protein (polypeptide), cell, nucleic acid, amino acid, or other specified material or component that is removed from at least one other material or component. In some embodiments, the at least one other material or component is at least one other material or component with which the compound, protein (polypeptide), cell, nucleic acid, amino acid, or other specified material or component is naturally associated as found in nature. In some embodiments, the at least one other material or component is at least one other material or component with which the compound, protein (polypeptide), cell, nucleic acid, amino acid, or other specified material or component is associated with under experimental or production conditions and / or systems. For example, an “isolated” polypeptide includes, but is not limited to, a polypeptide removed from a culture broth containing a heterologous host cell expressing the polypeptide.

[0065] The term “purified” refers to material (e.g., an isolated compound, polypeptide, polynucleotide, or other specified material or component) that is in a relatively pure state, e.g., at least about 90% pure, at least about 95% pure, at least about 98% pure, or at least about 99% pure.

[0066] The term “enriched” refers to material (e.g., an isolated compound, polypeptide, polynucleotide, or other specified material or component) that is in about 50% pure, at least about 60% pure, at least about 70% pure, or even at least about 80% pure.

[0067] As used herein, “derived from” encompasses “originated from,” “obtained from,” or “isolated from.”

[0068] In the case of the epimerases described herein, “activity” refers to epimerase activity, which can be measured as described herein. It should be appreciated that epimerases operate bidirectionally as an equilibrium conversion reaction to interconvert fructose to allulose. In some embodiments, the activity includes or is the conversion of fmetose to allulose. In some embodiments, the activity includes or is the conversion of allulose to fructose. Estimates of activity may be determined by assays designed to assess fmetose formation from allulose, e.g., by colorimetric assay, and / or allulose formation from fmetose, such as, but not limited to, by high- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In some embodiments, the activity is referred to as a residual activity. As used herein, “residual activity” includes or is the activity of an epimerase following a challenge, e.g., elevated temperature challenge and / or pH challenge, compared to the activity of an unchallenged epimerase, which serves as a baseline for comparison, or is epimerase activity determined in a specific state, e.g., an immobilized state, compared to the activity of an epimerase in a different state (e.g., solubilized), which serves as a baseline. Residual activity mayIFF10018-W0-PCT[3] be expressed as a percentage or fraction of the baseline activity (e.g., baseline activity is equal to 100% or 1). Methods for determining activity of an enzyme are various and known in the art.

[0069] The terms “thermal stability,” “thermostable,” and “thermostability,” with reference to an enzyme, refer to the ability of the enzyme to retain activity at elevated temperatures or after exposure to an elevated temperature. Methods for determining thermostability arc various and known in the art. In some cases, thermostability of an enzyme, such as an epimerase enzyme, may be measured by its half-life (tl / 2) given in minutes, hours, days, or weeks during which half the enzyme activity is lost under defined conditions. The half-life may be calculated by measuring residual epimerase activity following exposure to an elevated temperature. In some cases, thermostability is determined by measuring epimerase activity following exposure to an elevated temperature and comparing the measured activity against a baseline activity, where the baseline activity is measured from an epimerase that was not exposed to an elevated temperature. The value resulting from the comparison may be referred to as a residual activity.

[0070] A “pH range,” with reference to an enzyme, refers to the range of pH values under which the enzyme exhibits activity. The pH range where an enzyme demonstrates activity may be referred to as the “pH activity profile” of the enzyme. The terms “pH stable” and “pH stability,” with reference to an enzyme, relate to the ability of the enzyme to retain activity at a pH or after exposure to a pH. Methods for determining a pH profile and pH stability of an enzyme arc various and known in the art. In some cases, the pH profile of an enzyme is determined by measuring the activity of the epimerase across a range of pHs. In this case, the minimum and maximum activity levels may be determined to produce a dose response curve or standard curve. In some cases, pH stability is determined by measuring epimerase activity following exposure to a pH and comparing the measured activity against a baseline activity, where the baseline activity is measured from an epimerase that was not exposed to the pH. The value resulting from the comparison may be referred to as a residual activity.

[0071] The term “specific activity” refers to the number of moles of substrate that can be converted to product by an enzyme or enzyme preparation per unit time under specific conditions. Specific activity is generally expressed as units (U) / mg of protein.

[0072] The term “starch” refers to any material comprised of the complex polysaccharide carbohydrates of plants, comprised of amylose and amylopectin with the formula (Cel l ioOsJx, wherein X can be any number. The term includes plant-based materials such as grains, cereal, grasses, tubers and roots, and more specifically materials obtained from wheat, barley, com, rye, rice, sorghum, brans, cassava, millet, milo, potato, sweet potato, and tapioca. The term “starch”IFF10018-W0-PCT[3] includes granular starch. The term “granular starch” refers to raw, i.e., uncooked starch, e.g., starch that has not been subject to gelatinization.

[0073] The term “degree of polymerization” (DP) refers to the number (n) of anhydroglucopyranose units in a given saccharide. Examples of DPI are the monosaccharides glucose and fructose. Examples of DP2 arc the disaccharidcs maltose and sucrose. The term “DE,” or “dextrose equivalent,” is defined as the percentage of reducing sugar, i.e., D-glucose, as a fraction of total carbohydrate in a syrup.

[0074] The term “dry solids content” (ds) refers to the total solids of a slurry in a dry weight percent basis. The term “slurry” refers to an aqueous mixture containing insoluble solids.

[0075] The phrase “simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)” refers to a process in the production of biochemicals in which a microbial organism, such as an ethanologenic microorganism, and at least one enzyme, such as an amylase, are present during the same process step. SSF includes the contemporaneous hydrolysis of starch substrates (granular, liquefied, or solubilized) to saccharides, including glucose, and the fermentation of the saccharides into alcohol or other biochemical or biomaterial in the same reactor vessel.

[0076] Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lower limits of that range is also specifically disclosed. Each smaller range between any stated value or intervening value in a stated range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range is encompassed within this disclosure. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included or excluded in the range, and each range where either, neither or both limits are included in the smaller ranges is also encompassed within this disclosure, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in this disclosure.

[0077] Numerical values and ranges may be presented herein with the numerical value being preceded by the term "about." The term "about" is used herein to provide literal support for the exact number that it precedes, as well as a number that is near to or approximately the number that the term precedes. In determining whether a number is near to or approximately a specifically recited number, the near or approximating unrecited number can be a number which, in the context in which it is presented, provides the substantial equivalent of the specifically recited number. For example, in connection with a numerical value, the term “about” refers to a range of -10% to + 10% of the numerical value, unless the term is otherwise specifically defined in context. All values and ranges implicitly include the term “about” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]I. EPIMERASES

[0078] Provided herein are epimerases and compositions containing epimerases useful for converting D-fructose to D-allulose. The epimerases described herein have functional properties that allow the enzymes to function under preferable conditions, e.g., stable sugar and equilibrium conversion conditions, for converting D-fructose to allulose. In addition, as further described in Section II, the epimerases provided herein can be used to produce allulose from output streams of existing processes for producing fructose from starch.

[0079] In some aspects, the epimerases provided herein are D-allulose 3-epimerases found in microorganisms, e.g., bacteria, that have an increased thermal stability, an increased pH stability or activity, and / or do not require or require less added metal cofactor, such as magnesium (Mg2+), compared to other D-allulose 3-epimerase homologs. See, e.g., Examples. Methods of determining thermostability, pH stability and activity, and metal cofactor requirements are known in the art and may also be described in the Examples below (see, Section III).

[0080] The epimerases described herein may have thermal stability at elevated temperatures. In some embodiments, the epimerases described herein exhibit epimerase activity (converting fructose to allulose) at temperatures where the equilibrium is shifted to produce higher allulose conversion yield. In some embodiments, the epimerase is thermostable at a temperature of at least 40°C. In some embodiments, the epimerase is thermostable at a temperature of at least 50°C. Tn some embodiments, the epimerase is thermostable at a temperature of at least 55 °C. In some embodiments, the epimerase is thermostable at temperatures in the range of about 40°C to about 90°C. In some embodiments, the epimerase is thermostable at temperatures in the range of about 50°C to about 90°C. In some embodiments, the epimerase is thermostable at temperatures in the range of about 50°C to about 85°C. In some embodiments, the epimerase is thermostable at temperatures in the range of about 50°C to about 80°C. In some embodiments, the epimerase is thermostable at temperatures in the range of about 50°C to about 75°C. In some embodiments, the epimerase is thermostable at temperatures in the range of about 50°C to about 70°C. In some embodiments, the epimerase is thermostable at temperatures in the range of about 60°C to about70°C. In some embodiments, the epimerase is thermostable at a temperature of about 60°C. In some embodiments, the epimerase is thermostable at a temperature of about 70°C. In some embodiments, the epimerase is thermostable at a temperature of aboutIn some embodiments, the epimerase is thermostable at a temperature of about 85°C. In some embodiments, the epimerase is thermostable at a temperature of aboutIn some embodiments, at a temperature in the range of about 50°C to about 90°C, the epimerase retains at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%,IFF10018-W0-PCT[3] or 100% of a baseline activity. In some embodiments, at a temperature in the range of about 50°C to about 85°C, the epimerase retains at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% of a baseline activity. In some embodiments, at a temperature in the range of about 50°C to about 80°C, the epimerase retains at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% of a baseline activity. In some embodiments, at a temperature in the range of about 60°C to about 80°C, the epimerase retains at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% of a baseline activity. In some embodiments, at a temperature in the range of about 60°C to about 75°C, the epimerase retains at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% of a baseline activity. In some embodiments, at a temperature in the range of about 60°C to about 70°C, the epimerase retains at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% of a baseline activity. In some embodiments, at a temperature in the range of about 60°C to about 70°C, the epimerase retains about 50% to 100% of a baseline activity. In some embodiments, at a temperature in the range of about 60°C to about 70°C, the epimerase retains about 75% to 100% of a baseline activity. In some embodiments, at a temperature in the range of about 60°C to about 70°C, the epimerase retains about 80% to 100% of a baseline activity. In some embodiments, at a temperature in the range of about 60°C to about 70°C, the epimerase retains about 90% to 100% of a baseline activity. The baseline activity may be an activity determined for an epimerase that was not exposed to a temperature (e.g., elevated temperature) as described in this paragraph. In some embodiments, the baseline activity is an activity determined for an epimerase at a temperature of about 50°C. In some embodiments, the retained activity is sufficient for converting fructose to allulose.

[0081] Thermostability may be determined as a residual activity measured after an epimerase has been exposed to (e.g., incubated at) an elevated temperature, for example for a particular duration. In some embodiments, the epimerase retains residual activity following incubation at a temperature in the range of about 60°C to about 70°C for a duration of about 5 min to about 120 min. In some embodiments, the residual activity retained following incubation is at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80,%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% of a baseline activity. In some embodiments, the residual activity retained following incubation is at least or about 50% of a baseline activity. In some embodiments, the residual activity retained following incubation is at least or about 60% of a baseline activity. In some embodiments, the residual activity retained following incubation is at least or about 70% of a baseline activity. In some embodiments, the residual activity retained following incubation is at least or about 80% ofIFF10018-W0-PCT[3] a baseline activity. In some embodiments, the residual activity retained following incubation is at least or about 90% of a baseline activity. In some embodiments, the epimerase retains about 50% to 100% of a baseline activity. In some embodiments, the epimerase retains about 75% to 100% of a baseline activity. In some embodiments, the epimerase retains about 80% to 100% of a baseline activity. In some embodiments, the epimerase retains about 90% to 100% of a baseline activity. The baseline activity may be an activity determined for an epimerase that was not subjected to an elevated temperature, e.g., a temperature as described above and in the preceding paragraph. In some embodiments, the baseline activity is an activity determined for an epimerase at a temperature of about 50°C.

[0082] The epimerases for use described herein may have desirable pH stability. For example, the epimerases described herein may have pH stability in a range of pHs where fructose and / or allulose are stable. In some embodiments, the epimerase is pH stable in a pH range that reduces non-enzymatic browning of the sugars via the Maillard reaction. For example, the pH may be in a range where the Maillard reaction proceeds at a slower rate compared to a neutral or basic pH such as 7, 7.5, 8.5, 9, 9.5, or 10 pH. In some embodiments, the epimerase has a pH activity profile that is or overlaps with the pH range that reduces non-enzymatic browning of the sugars via the Maillard reaction. In some embodiments, the epimerase is pH stable in a pH range that reduces non-enzymatic browning of the sugars via the Maillard reaction at a given temperature. In some embodiments, the epimerase has a pH activity profile that is or overlaps with the pH range that reduces non-enzymatic browning of the sugars via the Maillard reaction at a given temperature. In some embodiments, the pH range may be in a range that reduces the speed of the Maillard reaction at a specific temperature compared to a neutral or basic pH such as 7, 7.5, 8.5, 9, 9.5, or 10 pH, at the same temperature. In some embodiments, the epimerase is stable at a pH in the range of about 4 to about 10. In some embodiments, the epimerase is stable at a pH in the range of about 4.5 to about 10. In some embodiments, the epimerase is stable at a pH in the range of about 4.5 to about 9. In some embodiments, the epimerase is stable at a pH in the range of about 4.5 to about 8. In some embodiments, the epimerase is stable at a pH in the range of about 5 to about 8. In some embodiments, the epimerase is stable at a pH in the range of about 5 to about 7. In some embodiments, the epimerase is stable at a pH in the range of about 5.5 to about 6.5. The range of pHs where an epimerase is stable may also be referred to herein as a pH range. For example, the ranges of pHs described above may be referred to as a pH range.

[0083] In some embodiments, the epimerase retains a level of activity of at least 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% of a maximal activity level across the pH range. In some embodiments, the epimerase retains aIFF10018-W0-PCT[3] level of activity of at least or about 25% of a maximal activity level across the pH range. In some embodiments, the epimerase retains a level of activity of at least or about 45% of a maximal activity level across the pH range. In some embodiments, the epimerase retains a level of activity of at least or about 50% of a maximal activity level across the pH range. In some embodiments, the epimerase retains a level of activity of at least or about 60% of a maximal activity level across the pH range. In some embodiments, the epimerase retains a level of activity of at least or about 70% of a maximal activity level across the pH range. In some embodiments, the epimerase retains a level of activity of at least or about 75% of a maximal activity level across the pH range. In some embodiments, the epimerase retains a level of activity in the range of about 50% to about 100% of a maximal activity level across the pH range. In some embodiments, the epimerase retains a level of activity in the range of about 75% to about 100% of a maximal activity level across the pH range. In some embodiments, the epimerase retains a level of activity in the range of about 80% to about 100% of a maximal activity level across the pH range. In some embodiments, the epimerase retains a level of activity in the range of about 90% to about 100% of a maximal activity level across the pH range. In some embodiments, the pH range is a pH range described in the preceding paragraph. In some embodiments, the pH range is from about 4.5 to about 10. In some embodiments, the pH range is from about 4.5 to about 9. In some embodiments, the pH range is from about 4.5 to about 8. In some embodiments, the pH range is from about 4.5 to about 7.5. In some embodiments, the pH range is from about 4.5 to about 7. In some embodiments, the pH range is from about 4.5 to about 6.5. In some embodiments, the pH range is from about 4.5 to about 6. In some embodiments, the pH range is from about 5 to about 6.5. In some embodiments, the pH range is from about 5.5 to about 6.5. The maximal level of activity may be determined by measuring the activity of the epimerase across a range of pHs in order to find minimum and maximum activity levels, e.g., characterize a dose response curve or standard curve. In some embodiments, the retained activity is sufficient for converting fructose to allulose.

[0084] The epimerases for use described herein may have a reduced or no need for supplemented metal cofactors for activity. In some embodiments, the epimerases described herein retain an activity observed in the presence of a metal cofactor, e.g., when a metal cofactor is intentionally added, when no or a reduced amount of metal cofactor is added. In some embodiments, the epimerases described herein have epimerase activity in the absence of any metal cofactor. In some embodiments, the epimerases described herein have epimerase activity in the absence of any added (supplemented) metal cofactor. In some embodiments, the epimerases described herein have epimerase activity in the presence of background levels (concentrations) of metal cofactor naturally present in material used for production of allulose from fructose (see, e.g., Section II).IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]Thus, in some embodiments, the epimerases described herein do not require or require a reduced amount of metal cofactor to be supplemented in order for the epimerase to be active. In some embodiments, the epimerases described herein use existing metal cofactors present in the production process to be active. In some embodiments, the production process is a process for producing a substrate containing fructose (sec, c.g., Section II-A). In some embodiments, the epimerase retains at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%. 97%. 98%. 99%, or 100% activity of a baseline activity in the absence of an added metal cofactor. In some embodiments, the epimerase retains at least or about 50% activity of a baseline activity in the absence of an added metal cofactor. In some embodiments, the epimerase retains at least or about 60% activity in the absence of an added metal cofactor. In some embodiments, the epimerase retains at least or about 70% activity of a baseline activity in the absence of an added metal cofactor. In some embodiments, the epimerase retains at least or about 75% activity of a baseline activity in the absence of an added metal cofactor. In some embodiments, the epimerase retains at least or about 80% activity of a baseline activity in the absence of an added metal cofactor. In some embodiments, the epimerase retains at least or about 90% activity of a baseline activity in the absence of an added metal cofactor. In some embodiments, the epimerase retains about 50% to 100% activity of a baseline activity in the absence of an added metal cofactor. In some embodiments, the epimerase retains about 75% to 100% activity of a baseline activity in the absence of an added metal cofactor. In some embodiments, the epimerase retains about 80% to 100% activity of a baseline activity in the absence of an added metal cofactor. In some embodiments, the epimerase retains about 90% to 100% activity of a baseline activity in the absence of an added metal cofactor. In some embodiments, the baseline activity is an activity measured in the presence of a metal cofactor in a concentration range of about 0.1 to about 2 mM, about 0.1 to about 1 mM, about 0.1 to about 0.5 mM, about 0.1 to about 0.25 mM, or about 0.1 to about 0.15 mM. In some embodiments, the epimerase retains a percentage of activity as described in this paragraph and / or herein when no metal cofactor is added. In some embodiments, the epimerase retains a percentage of activity as described in this paragraph and / or herein when an amount of metal cofactor that is less than the concentration of metal cofactor present for the baseline activity is added. In some embodiments, a reduced amount of metal cofactor is a concentration less than the concentration of metal cofactor present for the baseline activity. In some embodiments, the reduced amount is at least or about 20, 30, 40, 50 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99% less than the concentration of metal cofactor present for the baseline activity. In some embodiments, the reduced amount is in a range of about 20% to about 90% less than the concentration of metal cofactor present for the baseline activity. In some embodiments, theIFF10018-W0-PCT[3] reduced amount is in a range of about 30% to about 90% less than the concentration of metal cofactor present for the baseline activity. In some embodiments, the reduced amount is in a range of about 40% to about 90% less than the concentration of metal cofactor present for the baseline activity. In some embodiments, the reduced amount is in a range of about 50% to about 90% less than the concentration of metal cofactor present for the baseline activity. In some embodiments, the retained activity is sufficient for converting fructose to allulose. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is an ion. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is magnesium, cobalt, manganese, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is manganese. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is cobalt. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is magnesium. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is in the form of a salt. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is a magnesium salt. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is a manganese salt. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is a cobalt salt.

[0085] The epimerases for use described herein may have any one or more of a thermal stability, a pl I stability, and / or reduced or no requirement for an added (supplemented) metal cofactor as described above and herein. In some embodiments, the epimerase is thermal stable, pH stable, and has a reduced or no dependence on added metal cofactors. In some embodiments, the epimerase is thermal stable. In some embodiments, the epimerase is pH stable. In some embodiments, the epimerase has reduced or no requirement for an added (supplemented) metal cofactor. In some embodiments, the epimerase has no requirement for a metal cofactor.

[0086] The epimerases described herein having features as described above and herein may be described as proteins, nucleic acid molecules, as part of vectors, or in compositions. Also provided herein are methods of producing such epimerases.A. Proteins

[0087] In an aspect is provided epimerase enzymes that are proteins having epimerase activity and are capable of converting D-fructose to allulose. In some embodiments, the protein is a D- allulose 3-epimerase. In some embodiments, the epimerase has one or more of the thermal stability, pH stability, or metal cofactor requirement attributes described herein.

[0088] In some embodiments, the protein, i.e., epimerase protein, includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, or 17, where the protein has epimerase activity. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 70% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, or 17, and where the protein has epimerase activity. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequenceIFF10018-W0-PCT[3] having at least 80% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, or 17, and where the protein has epimerase activity. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, or 17, and where the protein has epimerase activity.

[0089] In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 1 , and the protein has epimerase activity. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:1. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:1.

[0090] In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:2, and the protein has epimerase activity. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:2. In some embodiments, the protein includes oris an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:2. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:2.

[0091] In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:3, and the protein has epimerase activity. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:3. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:3. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:3.

[0092] In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequenceIFF10018-W0-PCT[3] identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:4, and the protein has epimerase activity. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:4. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:4. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:4.

[0093] In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:5, and the protein has epimerase activity. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the protein includes oris an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:5.

[0094] In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:6 and the protein has epimerase activity. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:6. In some embodiments, the protein includes oris an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:6. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:6.

[0095] In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:7, and the protein has epimerase activity. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:7. In some embodiments, the protein includes oris an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:7. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:7.IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]

[0096] In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 8, and the protein has epimerase activity. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:8. In some embodiments, the protein includes oris an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:8. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:8.

[0097] In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:9, and the protein has epimerase activity. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:9. In some embodiments, the protein includes oris an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:9. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:9.

[0098] In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 10, and the protein has epimerase activity. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 10.

[0099] In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 11, and the protein has epimerase activity. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity toIFF10018-W0-PCT[3] the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 11.

[0100] In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 12, and the protein has epimerase activity. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 12.

[0101] In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 13, and the protein has epimerase activity. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 13. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 13. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 13.

[0102] In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 14, and the protein has epimerase activity. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 14. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 14. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 14.

[0103] In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 15, and the protein has epimerase activity. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence setIFF10018-W0-PCT[3] forth by SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 15.

[0104] In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 16, and the protein has epimerase activity. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 16.

[0105] In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 17, and the protein has epimerase activity. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 17.

[0106] In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:35, and the protein has epimerase activity. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:35. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:35. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:35.

[0107] In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:36, and the protein has epimerase activity. InIFF10018-W0-PCT[3] some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:36. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:36. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:36.

[0108] In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:37, and the protein has epimerase activity. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:37. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:37. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 37.

[0109] In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:38, and the protein has epimerase activity. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:38. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:38. In some embodiments, the protein includes or is the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 38.

[0110] In some embodiments, the protein (epimerase protein) may have any number of conservative amino acid substitutions, which are well recognized in the art. The present epimerases may be “precursor,” “immature,” or “full-length,” in which case they include a signal sequence, or “mature,” in which case they lack a signal sequence. Mature forms of the protein are generally the most useful. The present epimerases may also be truncated to remove the N or C- terminus or extended to include additional N or C -terminal residues, so long as the resulting protein retains activity.B. Nucleic acid molecules

[0111] In another aspect, nucleic acid molecules that are or contain a nucleic acid sequence encoding an epimerase are provided. The nucleic acid sequence may encode a particular epimeraseIFF10018-W0-PCT[3] described herein, or an epimerase having a specified degree of amino acid sequence identity to the particular epimerase.

[0112] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, or 17. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, or 17. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, or 17. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:2 or a nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:2. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:3 or a nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:3. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:4 or a nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:4. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:5 or a nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:6 or a nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:6. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:7 or a nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQIFF10018-W0-PCT[3]ID N0:7. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:8 or a nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:8. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:9 or a nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:9. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:10 or a nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 11 or a nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 12 or a nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 13 or a nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 13. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 14 or a nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 14. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 15 or a nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 16 or a nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequenceIFF10018-W0-PCT[3] encoding the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 17 or a nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:35 or a nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:35. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:36 or a nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:36. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:37 or a nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:37. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:38 or a nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:38.

[0113] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid hybridizes under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid encoding (or complementary to a nucleic acid encoding) an epimerase protein having at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, or 17. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid hybridizes under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid encoding (or complementary to a nucleic acid encoding) an epimerase protein having at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 35, 36, 37, or 38. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid hybridizes under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid encoding (or complementary to a nucleic acid encoding) an epimerase protein having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, or 17. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid hybridizes under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid encoding (or complementary to a nucleic acid encoding) an epimerase protein having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 35, 36. 37, or 38.IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]

[0114] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence having at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, or 34. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence having at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, or 34. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, or 34. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence having the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 18 or a nucleic acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence having the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:19 or a nucleic acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:19. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence having the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:20 or a nucleic acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:20. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence having the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:21 or a nucleic acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:21. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence having the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:22 or a nucleic acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:22. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence having the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:23 or a nucleic acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:23. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence having the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:24 or a nucleic acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:24. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence having the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:25 or a nucleic acid sequence having at least 90%,IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:25. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence having the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 26 or a nucleic acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:26. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence having the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:27 or a nucleic acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:27. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence having the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:28 or a nucleic acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:28. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence having the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:29 or a nucleic acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:29. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence having the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 30 or a nucleic acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:30. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence having the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:31 or a nucleic acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:31. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence having the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:32 or a nucleic acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:32. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence having the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:33 or a nucleic acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:33. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is or contains a nucleic acid sequence having the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO: 34 or a nucleic acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:34.

[0115] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid sequence set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, or 34 or to a nucleic acid complementary to these nucleic acid sequences.IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]

[0116] Nucleic acid molecules may encode a “full-length” (“fl” or “FL”) epimerase, which includes a signal sequence, only the mature form of an epimerase, which lacks the signal sequence, or a truncated form of an epimerase, which lacks the N or C-terminus of the mature form.

[0117] A nucleic acid molecule that encodes an epimerase can be operably linked to various promoters and regulators to drive expression when present, for example, in a host cell. Exemplary promoters are from B. licheniformis, B. subtilis, and Streptomyces. In some embodiments, the promoter is an aprE promoter. Such a nucleic acid molecule can also be linked to other coding sequences, e.g., to encode a chimeric polypeptide. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid sequence encoding an epimerase described herein operably linked to a heterologous promoter and / or regulator is referred to as a recombinant nucleic acid sequence.

[0118] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules described herein may be present in a vector. The vector may be any vector into which the nucleic acid molecule can be inserted and which can be introduced into and optionally replicate within a host cell. In some embodiments, the vector may be referred to as an expression vector, meaning that the coding nucleic acid sequences contained in the vector are capable of in vivo or in vitro expression. The choice of vector, e.g. plasmid, cosmid, vims or phage vector, will often depend on the host cell into which it is to be introduced. In some embodiments, the vector is a plasmid.

[0119] In some cases, the vector may contain one or more selectable marker genes, such as a gene which confers antibiotic resistance e.g. ampicillin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol or tetracyclin resistance.C. Production of epimerases

[0120] The epimerases described herein can be produced in host cells, for example, by secretion or intracellular expression, using methods well-known in the art. Suitable assays can be used to monitor epimerase activity in a sample, e.g., a media or cell sample (e.g., lysed cell sample) from a host cell culture. Fructose and / or allulose concentrations may be determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or other means known in the art, e.g., a colorimetric assay. In some embodiments, production of epimerase occurs by liquid fermentation of host cells. See, e.g., Example 2.

[0121] Separation, isolation, and purification techniques are well known in the art and conventional methods can be used to extract epimerases from the host cell and / or media of culture conditions. In some embodiments, the host cells are used to produce a cultured cell material containing an epimerase. In some embodiments, the cultured cell material is a cell lysate or a supernatant that includes the epimerase. In some embodiments, the cultured cell material is a whole broth. In some embodiments, the cultured cell material is clarified. In some embodiments,IFF10018-W0-PCT[3] the cultured cell material is a fermentation broth. In some embodiments, the fermentation broth may be filtered (e.g., clarified) or unfiltered.

[0122] In aspects are provided host cells containing nucleic acid molecules or vectors as described in Section I-B. In some embodiments, the host cell is a yeast, a bacterium, a mammalian cell, or a plant cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is a fungus. In some embodiments, the host cell is a yeast cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is a bacterium. In some embodiments, the host cell is a Bacillus spp. In some embodiments, the host cell is a B. subtilis or a B. licheniformis. In some embodiments, the host cell is a B. subtilis. In some embodiments, the host cell is a B. licheniformis.D. Epimerase compositions

[0123] In some embodiments, the epimerase proteins provided herein are in soluble form. In some embodiments, the soluble protein may be used in reactors, such as columns, vessels, or tank reactors, to convert fructose, for example added as a part of a liquid substrate to the reactor, to allulose. In some embodiments, the soluble protein is contained in a composition including other proteins or enzymes, e.g., glucose isomerase. In some embodiments, the soluble protein is contained in a composition including other ingredients, e.g., metal ion cofactors. In some embodiments, the soluble protein is contained in a cultured cell material. In some embodiments, the epimerase composition may be in any form suitable for use, such as, for example, a fermentation broth with or without cells removed, a cell lysate with or without cellular debris, a semi-purified or purified enzyme composition, or a host cell, as a source of the enzymes. In some embodiments, the epimerase composition is clarified.

[0124] In some embodiments, the epimerase protein described herein is immobilized on a matrix. Immobilization of the epimerase on a matrix is advantageous for increasing the usage life of the enzyme. In some cases, immobilization allows the protein to be used in industrial scale processes for commercial production of allulose. For example, matrix having protein immobilized thereon may be used in reactors, such as columns, vessels, or tank reactors, to convert fructose, for example added as a part of a liquid substrate to the reactor, to allulose.

[0125] In some embodiments, a produced epimerase, e.g., as described in Section I-C, is isolated and / or purified and immobilized on the matrix. In some embodiments, a host cell expressing the epimerase is immobilized on the matrix. For example, a host cell for production of the epimerase as described in Section I-C is immobilized on the matrix. In some embodiments, a broth containing lysed host cells used for producing the epimerase and expressed epimerase is immobilized on the matrix. In some embodiments, a cultured cell material containing an epimerase is immobilized on the matrix. The matrix may be contacted with an isolated and / or purifiedIFF10018-W0-PCT[3] epimerase, a host cell expressing an epimerase, a broth, and / or a cultured cell material such that at least the epimerase is immobilized on the matrix. In some embodiments, the matrix having the epimerase immobilized thereon is insoluble.

[0126] Exemplary matrixes include, but are not limited to, granules, beads, ion exchange resins, and polymer encapsulations. Non-limiting examples of matrixes contemplated herein as a suitable support include weak base polystyrene resins, weak base (-N(R)2)phenol-formaldehyde resins, strong base (-N(R)3)polystyrene resins, and / or miscellaneous enzyme adsorbants such as DEAE-Sephadex®, DEAE-Glycophase, QAE-Glycophase, DEAE Bio-Gel A®, CM Bio-Gel® A, Selectacel® DEAE-cellulose, Granular DEAE-cellulose, DEAE Sephacel®, DEAE-Cellulose Beads, Controlled Pore Glass, Controlled Pore Aluminia, Titania, Zirconia (Corning Glass), bentonite, calcium carbonate.

[0127] In some embodiments, the epimerase is immobilized on a matrix as described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,796,634, 4,355,105, 4,713,333, 5,177,005, 5,437,993, 5,811,280, 5,916,789, and 7,297,510. In some embodiments, the epimerase is immobilized on a granule. In some embodiments, the granule is a colloidal particle. The granule may include a colloidal silica, activated charcoal, hydroxyapatite, alumina C gamma, bentonite, diatomaceous earth or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the granule contains polyethylenimine (PEI). In some embodiments, the granule contains polyethylenimine (PEI) and glutaraldehyde. In some embodiments, the epimerase is immobilized on a bead. In some embodiments, the epimerase is immobilized on a resin. In some embodiments, the epimerase is immobilized on an ion exchange resin. In some embodiments, the epimerase is immobilized on a matrix by weakly basic ion exchange (i.e., electrostatic interaction based on the charge of the protein and the charge of a matrix such as a resin). Non-limiting examples of ion exchange resin include DuoLite™ and Amberlite™, e.g., as described herein. In some embodiments, the epimerase is immobilized by non-specific binding to porous regions of a matrix, such as a resin.

[0128] In an aspect is provided a conjugate including an epimerase and a matrix. A conjugate is a molecule comprised of two or more substructures bound together through a linking group to form a single structure. The binding can be made by connecting the subunits through a linking group. In some embodiments, the conjugate is formed by an amino group present in the epimerase reacting with an amine reactive material present on the matrix, e.g., glutaraldehyde. In some embodiments, the conjugate is a matrix having the epimerase immobilized thereon. In some embodiments, the conjugate is a granule, a glass bead, an ion exchange resin, or a polymer encapsulation having the epimerase immobilized thereon. In some embodiments, the conjugate is a granule having the epimerase immobilized thereon. In someIFF10018-W0-PCT[3] embodiments, the conjugate is a resin, e.g., ion exchange resin, having the epimerase immobilized thereon. In some embodiments, the conjugate is insoluble.IL METHODS OF PRODUCING ALLULOSE

[0129] Also provided herein are methods of producing allulose using epimerases and compositions containing epimerases disclosed herein. In aspects, the method includes contacting an epimerase protein, e.g., a protein as described in Section I, with fructose or a substrate containing fructose. In some embodiments, the substrate containing fructose is a syrup, for example as described in Section II-A-3 below. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions where the fructose and allulose, e.g., as present in a substrate, are stable. For example, the contacting may occur at a temperature and / or pH that prevents or reduces the Maillard reaction and thus the browning of the sugars and / or favors allulose conversion. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions that are conducive to epimerase activity. For example, the contacting may occur at a temperature, a pH, and / or with a concentration of a metal cofactor that facilitates epimerase activity. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions described in Section ILB.

[0130] As described in Section I above, the epimerases provided herein may have a temperature range, pH range, and / or concentration of metal cofactor range in which activity, or an amount thereof, is retained. Likewise, fructose and allulose may have a temperature range and / or pH range that favors the conversion to allulose and the sugars are stable. Thus, in some cases, the contacting occurs under conditions, e.g., temperature, pH, metal cofactor content, where the equilibrium is favorable to the formation of allulose and the stability of the sugars and the activity of the epimerase overlap.

[0131] In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a temperature in the range of about 50°C to about 90°C. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a temperature in the range of about 50°C to about 85 °C. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a temperature in the range of about 50°C to about 80°C. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a temperature in the range of about 50°C to about 75°C. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a temperature in the range of about 50°C to about 70°C. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a temperature in the range of about 60°C to about 70°C. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a temperature of about 50°C. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a temperature of about 55 °C. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a temperature of about 60°C. In some embodiments, the contactingIFF10018-W0-PCT[3] occurs under conditions including a temperature of about 65 °C. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a temperature of about 70°C. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a temperature of about 75 °C. It is also possible for the contacting to occur at an initial temperature, e.g., 50°C, when the enzymes are first contacted with fructose or the substrate containing fructose, and ramped to higher temperatures, e.g., up to 70°C, for subsequent contacting with fructose or the substrate containing fructose. For example, as the enzyme is used over weeks and / or months, either continuously or intermittently as required by the production process, the temperature conditions for contacting may be increased incrementally over time.

[0132] In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a pH in a range of about 4 to about 10. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a pH in a range of about 4 to about 9. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a pH in a range of about 4 to about 8. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a pH in a range of about 4.5 to about 8. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a pH in a range of about 5 to about 8. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a pH in a range of about 5 to about 7.5. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a pH in a range of about 5 to about 7. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a pH in a range of about 5 to about 6.5. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a pH in a range of about 5 to about 6. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a pH of about 5. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a pH of about 5.5. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a pH of about 6. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a pH of about 6.5. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a pH of about 7. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a pH of about 7.5. It is also possible for the contacting to occur at an initial pH, e.g., 5, when the enzymes are first contacted with fructose or the substrate containing fructose, and ramped to more basic pHs, e.g., up to 10, for subsequent contacts with fructose or the substrate containing fructose. For example, as the enzyme is used over weeks and / or months, either continuously or intermittently as required by the production process, the pH conditions for contacting may be increased (become more basic) incrementally over time.

[0133] In some embodiments, the contacting occurs in the presence of a base. In some embodiments, the base is a corrosive or highly corrosive base. In some embodiments, the base is sodium hydroxide.IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]

[0134] In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions where a metal cofactor is added (supplemented) to reach a concentration in a range of about 0 to about 2 mM. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions where a metal cofactor is added(supplemented) to reach a concentration in a range of about 0 to about 1 mM. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions where a metal cofactor is added(supplemented) to reach a concentration in a range of about 0 to about 0.5 mM. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions where a metal cofactor is added (supplemented) to reach a concentration in a range of about 0 to about 0.25 mM. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions where a metal cofactor is added (supplemented) to reach a concentration in a range of about 0 to about 0.15 mM. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions where a metal cofactor is added (supplemented) to reach a concentration in a range of about 0 to about 0.1 mM. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions where a metal cofactor is added (supplemented) to reach a concentration in a range of about 0.1 mM to about 2 mM. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions where a metal cofactor is added (supplemented) to reach a concentration in a range of about 0.15 mM to about 2 mM. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions where a metal cofactor is added (supplemented) to reach a concentration in a range of about 0.25 mM to about 2 mM. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions where a metal cofactor is added (supplemented) to reach a concentration in a range of about 0.5 mM to about 2 mM. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions where a metal cofactor is added (supplemented) to reach a concentration in a range of about 1 mM to about 2 mM. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is in the concentration in a range of about 1 to about 2 mM when the metal cofactor is in the form of a salt. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a metal cofactor at a concentration in a range of about 0.15 to about 0.25 mM. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is in the concentration in a range of about 0.15 to about 0.25 mM when the metal cofactor is not in salt form, e.g., present as an ion. In any of the cases where metal cofactor is added, the amount of metal cofactor that is added may be less than the target concentration. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions where a metal cofactor is not added (supplemented). In some embodiments, the concentration of the metal cofactor exists without the need to supplement the metal cofactor. In some embodiments, the cofactor is an ion. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is magnesium, cobalt, manganese, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is manganese. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is cobalt. In some embodiments, the cofactor is a salt. In someIFF10018-W0-PCT[3] embodiments, the metal cofactor is magnesium or a salt thereof. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is manganese or a salt thereof. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is cobalt or a salt thereof.

[0135] Also provided are methods for producing allulose from fructose using enzymes, such as epimerases and compositions containing epimerases, under conditions that reduce allulose discoloration. In some embodiments, the conditions include a reducing agent during conversion, e.g., enzymatic conversion (e.g., epimerization), of fructose to allulose. In some embodiments, the conditions result in less allulose discoloration compared to otherwise identical conditions that lack the reducing agent. In some embodiments, the conditions do not affect allulose yield. In some embodiments, the conditions increase allulose yield. Thus, in an aspect is provided a method of producing allulose, including contacting a substrate including fructose with an epimerase, where the contacting occurs in the presence of a reducing agent.

[0136] Methods of quantifying color in sugar are generally known in the art and are also described in the Examples below. Non-limiting examples of assessing color include colorimetry and spectrometry, e.g., UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Any method suitable for detecting discoloration is contemplated as useful herein.

[0137] In some embodiments, contacting the substrate containing fructose with an epimerase in the presence of a reducing agent decreases discoloration of the produced allulose by at least about 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, contacting the substrate containing fructose with an epimerase in the presence of a reducing agent decreases discoloration of the produced allulose by at least about 1 % compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, contacting the substrate containing fructose with an epimerase in the presence of a reducing agent decreases discoloration of the produced allulose by at least about 3% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, contacting the substrate containing fructose with an epimerase in the presence of a reducing agent decreases discoloration of the produced allulose by at least about 5% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, contacting the substrate containing fructose with an epimerase in the presence of a reducing agent decreases discoloration of the produced allulose by at least about 10% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, contacting the substrate containing fructose with an epimerase in the presence of a reducing agent decreases discoloration of the produced allulose by at least about 15% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, contacting the substrateIFF10018-W0-PCT[3] containing fructose with an epimerase in the presence of a reducing agent decreases discoloration of the produced allulose by at least about 20% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, contacting the substrate containing fructose with an epimerase in the presence of a reducing agent decreases discoloration of the produced allulose by at least about 30% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, contacting the substrate containing fructose with an epimerase in the presence of a reducing agent decreases discoloration of the produced allulose by at least about 40% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, contacting the substrate containing fructose with an epimerase in the presence of a reducing agent decreases discoloration of the produced allulose by at least about 50% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, contacting the substrate containing fructose with an epimerase in the presence of a reducing agent decreases discoloration of the produced allulose by at least about 60% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, contacting the substrate containing fructose with an epimerase in the presence of a reducing agent decreases discoloration of the produced allulose by at least about 70% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, contacting the substrate containing fructose with an epimerase in the presence of a reducing agent decreases discoloration of the produced allulose by at least about 80% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, contacting the substrate containing fructose with an epimerase in the presence of a reducing agent decreases discoloration of the produced allulose by at least about 90% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, contacting the substrate containing fructose with an epimerase in the presence of a reducing agent decreases discoloration of the produced allulose by about 100% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent.

[0138] In some embodiments, the reduction in color of the allulose is specific to one or more wavelengths. Wavelengths of interest include those in the visible and ultraviolet (UV) spectrum. In some cases, the wavelength is 420 nm. For example, 420 nm is used by the International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis (ICUMSA) to grade sugar color. Such analysis may quantify the formation and / or presence of yellow-brown compounds generated during caramelization and Maillard reactions. Assessment at wavelengths of around 280-325 nm may be used to detect browning compounds, such as Maillard reaction products, e.g., intermediate Maillard reaction products. Thus, in some embodiments, absorbance at one or more wavelengthsIFF10018-W0-PCT[3] of interest may be used to determine a change (e.g., decrease) in discoloration of allulose under different contacting conditions.

[0139] In some embodiments, contacting the substrate containing fructose with an epimerase in the presence of a reducing agent decreases absorbance of the produced allulose at 325 nm by at least about 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100% compared to an absorbance at 325 nm of allulose produced in an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, contacting the substrate containing fructose with an epimerase in the presence of a reducing agent decreases absorbance of the produced allulose at 325 nm by at least about 1% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, contacting the substrate containing fructose with an epimerase in the presence of a reducing agent decreases absorbance of the produced allulose at 325 nm by at least about 5% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, contacting the substrate containing fructose with an epimerase in the presence of a reducing agent decreases absorbance of the produced allulose at 325 nm by at least about 10% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, contacting the substrate containing fructose with an epimerase in the presence of a reducing agent decreases absorbance of the produced allulose at 325 nm by at least about 15% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, contacting the substrate containing fructose with an epimerase in the presence of a reducing agent decreases absorbance of the produced allulose at 325 nm by at least about 20% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, contacting the substrate containing fructose with an epimerase in the presence of a reducing agent decreases absorbance of the produced allulose at 325 nm by at least about 30% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, contacting the substrate containing fructose with an epimerase in the presence of a reducing agent decreases absorbance of the produced allulose at 325 nm by at least about 40% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, contacting the substrate containing fructose with an epimerase in the presence of a reducing agent decreases absorbance of the produced allulose at 325 nm by at least about 50% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, contacting the substrate containing fructose with an epimerase in the presence of a reducing agent decreases absorbance of the produced allulose at 325 nm by at least about 60% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, contacting the substrate containing fructose with an epimerase in the presence of a reducing agent decreases absorbance of the produced allulose atIFF10018-W0-PCT[3]325 nm by at least about 70% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, contacting the substrate containing fructose with an epimerase in the presence of a reducing agent decreases absorbance of the produced allulose at 325 nm by at least about 80% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, contacting the substrate containing fructose with an epimerase in the presence of a reducing agent decreases absorbance of the produced allulose at 325 nm by at least about 90% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, contacting the substrate containing fructose with an epimerase in the presence of a reducing agent decreases absorbance of the produced allulose at 325 nm by about 100% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent.

[0140] In some embodiments, the change in absorbance may be determined by calculating a percent change between the absorbance of allulose produced in the presence of the reducing agent and allulose produced in an otherwise identical condition lacking a reducing agent.

[0141] In some cases, the presence or addition of a reducing agent does not or does not significantly decrease allulose yield from the enzymatic conversion process. In some embodiments, allulose yield is decreased by less than about 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, or 0.1% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, allulose yield is decreased by less than about 5% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, allulose yield is decreased by less than about 4% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, allulose yield is decreased by less than about 3% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, allulose yield is decreased by less than about 2% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, allulose yield is decreased by less than about 1 % compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, allulose yield is decreased by less than about 0.5% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, allulose yield is decreased by less than about 0.1% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, allulose yield is not decreased compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent.

[0142] In some cases, the presence or addition of a reducing agent increases allulose yield from the enzymatic conversion process. In some embodiments, allulose yield is increased by at least about 0.1%, 0.5%, 1 %, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, or 10% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, allulose yield is increased by at least about 0.5% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent.IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]In some embodiments, allulose yield is increased by at least about 1 % compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, allulose yield is increased by at least about 2% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, allulose yield is increased by at least about 3% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, allulose yield is increased by at least about 4% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, allulose yield is increased by at least about 5% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, allulose yield is increased by at least about 6% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent. In some embodiments, allulose yield is increased by at least about 7% compared to an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent.

[0143] The substrate containing fructose, epimerases, reducing agents, and further conditions under which the contacting of the substrate containing fructose with an epimerase may occur are described below.A. Fructose, substrates containing fructose, and conversion to allulose

[0144] In some embodiments, the fructose or substrate containing fructose is produced as part of a carbohydrate production process. In some embodiments, the methods for producing allulose provided herein are implemented as part of a carbohydrate production process. In some embodiments, the carbohydrate production process is a production process implemented at a biorefinery.

[0145] Those of general skill in the art are well aware of available methods that may be used to prepare fructose and substrates containing fructose for use in the methods disclosed herein. Methods of preparation generally include process steps such as milling / grinding, liquefaction, saccharification, and isomerization for converting biomass to a sugar (e.g., a syrup). In some embodiments, the process is or includes the Izumoring strategy.

[0146] In some embodiments, the substrate containing fructose is a syrup. In some embodiments, the substrate containing fructose is or is at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% fructose. In some embodiments, the substrate containing fructose is a fructose syrup. In some embodiments, the substrate containing fructose contains glucose and / or other sugars. In some embodiments, the substrate containing fructose is 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% glucose. In some embodiments, when the substrate containing fructose contains glucose, the substrate containing fructose may be contacted or may be further contacted with a glucose isomerase to convert the glucose to fructose.1. MillingIFF10018-W0-PCT[3]

[0147] Fructose and substrates containing fructose may be obtained from tubers, roots, stems, legumes, cereals or whole grain by processing derived starches. In some embodiments, the starch, and subsequently the fructose or substrate containing fructose, may be obtained from corn, cobs, sugar cane, sugar beets, wheat, barley, rye, triticale, milo, sago, millet, cassava, tapioca, sorghum, rice, peas, bean, banana, or potatoes. In some embodiments, the fructose or substrate containing fructose is obtained from processing starch from com or cobs.

[0148] Starch from a grain may be ground or whole and may include solids, such as corn kernels, bran and / or cobs. The starch may also be highly refined raw starch or feedstock from starch refinery processes. Various starches and fructose also are commercially available.

[0149] The starch may be a crude starch from milled whole grain, which contains non- starch fractions, e.g., germ residues and fibers. Milling may comprise either wet milling or dry milling or grinding. In wet milling, whole grain is soaked in water or dilute acid to separate the grain into its component parts, e.g., starch, protein, germ, oil, kernel fibers. Wet milling efficiently separates the germ and meal (i.e., starch granules and protein) and is especially suitable for production of syrups.

[0150] In dry milling or grinding, whole kernels are ground into a fine powder and often processed without fractionating the grain into its component parts. In some cases, oils and / or fiber from the kernels arc recovered. Dry ground grain thus will comprise significant amounts of nonstarch carbohydrate compounds, in addition to starch. Dry grinding of the starch substrate can be used for production of ethanol and other biochemicals.2. Liquefaction

[0151] Liquefaction refers to a process by which starch is converted to less viscous and shorter chain dextrins. Generally, this process involves gelatinization of starch simultaneously with or followed by the addition of an a-amylase, although additional liquefaction-inducing enzymes may be added. The starch substrate is generally slurried with water. The starch slurry may contain starch as a weight percent of dry solids of about 10-55%, about 20-45%, about 30-45%, about 30- 40%, or about 30-35%. The a-amylase typically used for this application is thermostable. The a- amylase is usually supplied, for example, at about 1500 units per kg dry matter of starch. To optimize a-amylase stability and activity, the pH of the slurry typically is adjusted to about pH 4.5-6.5 and about 1 mM of calcium (about 40 ppm free calcium ions) can also be added, depending upon the properties of the amylase used. Bacterial a-amylase remaining in the slurry following liquefaction may be deactivated via a number of methods, including lowering the pH in a subsequent reaction step or by removing calcium from the slurry in cases where the enzyme is dependent upon calcium.IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]

[0152] The slurry of starch plus a-amylase may be pumped continuously through a jet cooker, which is steam heated to a temperature in a range of about 105°C to 110°C. Gelatinization occurs rapidly under these conditions, and the enzymatic activity, combined with the significant shear forces, begins the hydrolysis of the starch substrate. The residence time in the jet cooker is brief, c.g., anywhere in the range of about 4 to about 12 minutes. The partly gelatinized starch may be passed into a series of holding tubes maintained at 105-110°C and held for 5-8 min. to complete the gelatinization process (“primary liquefaction”). Hydrolysis to the required DE is completed in holding tanks at 85-95°C or higher temperatures for about 1 to 2 hours (“secondary liquefaction”). The slurry is then allowed to cool to room temperature. This cooling step can be 30 minutes to 180 minutes, e.g., 90 minutes to 120 minutes. The liquefied starch typically is in the form of a slurry having a dry solids content (w / w) of about 10-50%; about 10-45%: about 15-40%: about 20-40%; about 25-40%; or about 25-35%.3. Saccharification and isomerization

[0153] Liquefied starch can be saccharified into a syrup rich in lower DP (e.g., DPI + DP2) saccharides, using glucoamylases, optionally in the presence of another enzyme(s). Exemplary DPI saccharides include glucose and fructose, and DP2 saccharides include, for example, maltose and sucrose. Depending on the enzymes used, syrups may contain a weight percent of DP2 of the total oligosaccharides in the saccharified starch exceeding 30%, e.g., 45% - 65% or 55% - 65%. The weight percent of (DPI + DP2) in the saccharified starch may exceed about 70%, e.g., 75% to 85% or 80% to 85%.

[0154] In some embodiments, an isomerization step may be used to modify the composition of lower DP in the syrup. In some embodiments, enzymes may be used to increase the amount of fructose or DPI saccharides capable of being converted to fructose, e.g., glucose, in the syrup. However, any method of increasing the DPI content of syrup is contemplated as useful for the methods of converting D-fructose to allulose provided herein since DPI saccharides, such as glucose and fructose, can be converted either indirectly or directly to allulose. For example, a syrup may be contacted with the epimerases described herein allowing for the conversion of fructose present in the syrup to allulose. In some cases, the syrup may be contacted with a glucose isomerase enzyme to convert glucose present in the syrup to fructose, which can in turn be converted to allulose by contact with the provided epimerases.

[0155] In some embodiments, the substrate containing fructose is a syrup. In some embodiments, the syrup is a fructose syrup. In some embodiments, the syrup is high fructose com syrup (HFCS). In some embodiments, the substrate containing fructose is a syrup that does not contain fructose, but contains saccharides, e.g., DPI saccharides, capable of being converted toIFF10018-W0-PCT[3] fructose. In some embodiments, the substrate containing fructose is a syrup including DPI saccharides that may be converted to fructose. In some embodiments, the substrate containing fructose is a syrup containing fructose and DPI saccharides that may be converted to fructose. In some embodiments, the DPI saccharides is glucose. In some embodiments, the conversion of glucose to fructose is accomplished by enzymes, c.g., glucose isomerases.

[0156] The method of producing allulose from fructose or a substrate containing fructose, e.g., a syrup, may proceed by contacting an epimerase protein described herein with the fructose or the substrate containing fructose. In this way, the fructose or fructose contained in the substrate is converted to allulose.

[0157] The method of producing allulose from a substrate containing fructose, e.g., a syrup, may proceed by contacting an epimerase protein, e.g., as described herein, with the fructose or the substrate containing fructose under the conditions described herein, see Section II-B. In this way, the conversion to allulose is improved. In some embodiments, the conversion of fructose to allulose using an epimerase is referred to as epimerization.

[0158] In some embodiments, when the substrate containing fructose includes only or further includes glucose, the substrate may be contacted or also contacted with a glucose isomerase to convert the glucose to fructose. Suitable isomerases for conversion of glucose to fructose include, but arc not limited to, SWEETZYME® IT, IT Extra, T (Novozymcs A / S); G-ZYME® IMGI, and G-ZYME® G993, KETOMAX®, G-ZYME® G993, G-ZYME® G993 liquid; GENSWEET® IGI (SA, HF, VHF, MAX); and GENSWEET® SGI. Following isomerization of glucose, the mixture typically contains about 40-45% fructose, e.g., 42% fructose. In some cases, the mixture may be further isolated or purified to increase the percentage of fructose. In some embodiments, the mixture may be purified to contain about or at least 95% fructose. The substrate containing fructose obtained from the converted glucose may be contacted with an epimerase described herein to convert the fructose to allulose. In some embodiments, the substrate is contacted with the glucose isomerase and subsequently contacted with the epimerase. In some embodiments, the substrate is contacted with the glucose isomerase and the epimerase simultaneously. In some embodiments, the substrate is contacted with the glucose isomerase and subsequently contacted with the epimerase under the conditions described herein. In some embodiments, the substrate is contacted with the glucose isomerase and the epimerase simultaneously under the conditions described herein. It should be appreciated that in some cases a metal cofactor may be added to facilitate the activity of the glucose isomerase.

[0159] In some embodiments, the epimerase with which the fructose or substrate containing fructose is contacted is in soluble form. In some embodiments, the epimerase with which theIFF10018-W0-PCT[3] fructose or substrate containing fructose is contacted is included in a cultured cell material. In some embodiments, the epimerase with which the fructose or substrate containing fructose is contacted is immobilized on a matrix. See, e.g., Section I-D. In some embodiments, for example when the substrate containing fructose is contacted with a glucose isomerase, the glucose isomerase is immobilized on a matrix. In some embodiments, the matrix is a granule. In some embodiments, the matrix is an ion exchange resin.

[0160] In some embodiments, the epimerase is immobilized on a first matrix and the glucose isomerase is immobilized on a second matrix. In some embodiments, the first matrix and the second matrix are made of different material. In some embodiments, the first matrix and the second matrix are made of the same material. In some embodiments, the first matrix and second matrix are granules. In some embodiments, the first matrix and second matrix are ion exchange resins. In some embodiments, the epimerase and the glucose isomerase are co-immobilized on a matrix. In some embodiments, the matrix is a granule. In some embodiments, the matrix is an ion exchange resin.

[0161] Various advantages may be associated with the use of immobilized proteins, including, but not limited to, a longer duration of use of the proteins and avoiding a step of inactivating or removing proteins from the product, for example when the immobilized proteins are contained in a reactor that allows substrate to contact the immobilized protein and be collected. Thus, in some embodiments, the protein, e.g., epimerase and / or glucose isomerase, is immobilized on a matrix which is present, e.g., loaded or packed, in a reactor. In some embodiments, the protein, e.g., epimerase and / or glucose isomerase, is in a soluble form and present in a reactor. In some embodiments, the epimerase is in a soluble form. In some embodiments, the epimerase is in a soluble form and present in a reactor. In some embodiments, contacting the protein with the substrate containing fructose occurs by adding the substrate to the reactor. In some embodiments, the reactor is a column, a tank, or a vessel. In some embodiments, the reactor is a column. Nonlimiting examples of columns contemplated for use herein include fixed-bed columns and fluidized bed columns. In some embodiments, the substrate is allowed to pass through the column and is collected. In some embodiments, the reactor is a tank or vessel. Non-limiting examples of tanks and vessels contemplated for use herein include fluidized bed tanks, stirred tanks, and stirred vessels. In some embodiments, the substrate is collected from the tank or reactor following contact with the immobilized protein. In some embodiments, the substrate is collected from the tank or reactor following contact with the soluble protein.

[0162] In some embodiments, the reactor contains a matrix on which the epimerase is immobilized. In some embodiments, the reactor contains a matrix on which the glucose isomeraseIFF10018-W0-PCT[3] is immobilized. In some embodiments, the reactor contains a first matrix on which the epimerase is immobilized and a second matrix on which the glucose isomerase is immobilized. In some embodiments, the reactor contains a matrix on which the epimerase and glucose isomerase are coimmobilized. It should be understood that the number and configuration of reactors depends on the composition of the substrate and whether sequential or simultaneous contacting of the substrate with the proteins is preferred.

[0163] In some embodiments, the substrate contacted with the protein is collected from the reactor. For example, if using a column, the substrate may be added at one end of the column, allowed to pass through the matrix having the immobilized protein, and collected at the other end. If using a tank or vessel, in some embodiments, the substrate is collected from the tank or vessel. In some embodiments, the collected substrate contains fructose which may be optionally purified and passed to another reactor containing matrix with immobilized epimerase to facilitate the conversion to allulose. In some embodiments, the collected substrate contains allulose. In some embodiments, the collected substrate is or contains allulose. In some embodiments, the allulose is purified from the collected substrate. Purification of the allulose may include one or more steps.

[0164] In some cases, the collected substrate, optionally purified, may be passed through decolor processing units, such as, but not limited to, carbon filtration units and / or ion-exchange resin units, to reduce discoloration of the produced allulose. In some cases, the conditions described herein, including the use of a reducing agent during contacting the substrate containing fructose with an epimerase, reduce or eliminate the need, time, and / or energy required for decolor processing steps.B. Conditions

[0165] In some embodiments, the conditions under which the contacting of the fructose containing substrate with the epimerase occurs to decrease discoloration of the allulose produced involve use of a reducing agent. In some embodiments, the conditions further include control of a pH. In some embodiments, the conditions further include control of or the presence of a metal cofactor concentration. In some embodiments, the conditions further include control of a temperature. The substrate containing fructose and the epimerase may be referred to herein as a contact mixture once the substrate containing fructose is contacted with the epimerase.

[0166] In some embodiments, the contacting occurs in the presence of a reducing agent. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is a sulfur-based reducing agent. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is a thiosulfate-based reducing agent. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is a sulfite-based reducing agent. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is an enediol-based reducing agent. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is sodium metabisulfite, sodiumIFF10018-W0-PCT[3] thiosulfate, sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, potassium thiosulfate, potassium bisulfite, potassium sulfite, and / or ascorbic acid. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is sodium metabisulfite. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is sodium thiosulfate. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is sodium bisulfite. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is sodium sulfite. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is potassium metabisulfite. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is potassium thiosulfate. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is potassium bisulfite. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is potassium sulfite. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is ascorbic acid. In some embodiments, one or more reducing agents may be used according to the methods provided herein.

[0167] In some embodiments, the reducing agent is present when the substrate containing fructose is contacted with an epimerase. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added to the epimerase. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added to the substrate containing fructose. For example, the reducing agent may be added to the substrate containing fructose prior to contacting the substrate with the epimerase. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added to the substrate containing fructose no more than 2 hours, 1 hour, 45 minutes, 30 minutes, 20 minutes, 15 minutes, 10 minutes, 5 minutes, 4 minutes, 3 minutes, 2 minutes, or 1 minute before contacting the substrate containing fructose with the epimerase. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added to the substrate containing fructose no more than 30 minutes before contacting the substrate containing fructose with the enzyme. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added to the substrate containing fructose no more than 15 minutes before contacting the substrate containing fructose with the enzyme. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added to the substrate containing fructose no more than 10 minutes before contacting the substrate containing fructose with the enzyme. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added to the substrate containing fructose no more than 5 minutes before contacting the substrate containing fructose with the enzyme.

[0168] In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added after the substrate containing fructose is contacted with the epimerase. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added at the beginning of the contacting. For example, in some embodiments, the reducing agent is added at the same time or shortly after the substrate containing fructose and the epimerase are put in contact, e.g., the contact mixture is formed. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added before the end of the contacting. In some cases, the contacting occurs for a duration of between about 6 to about 28 hours. Thus, in some embodiments, the reducing agent is added at least 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 minutes before the end of the contacting. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]24, 25, 26, or 27 hours before the end of the contacting. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added between 0 hours and 27.5 hours after the contacting begins. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added between 1 hour and 25 hours after the contacting begins. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added between 1 hour and 12 hours after the contacting begins. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added between 3 hours and 12 hours after the contacting begins. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added between 6 hours and 12 hours after the contacting begins. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added between 12 hours and 28 hours after the contacting begins. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added between 12 hours and 27.5 hours after the contacting begins. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added between 12 hours and 27 hours after the contacting begins.

[0169] In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added no more than 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3,2 hours, 1 hour, 45 minutes, 30 minutes, 20 minutes, 15 minutes, 10 minutes, 5 minutes, 4 minutes,3 minutes, 2 minutes, or 1 minute after contacting the substrate containing fructose with the epimerase. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added no more than 6 hours after contacting the substrate containing fructose with the epimerase. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added no more than 5 hours after contacting the substrate containing fructose with the epimerase. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added no more than 4 hours after contacting the substrate containing fructose with the epimerase. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added no more than 3 hours after contacting the substrate containing fructose with the epimerase. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added no more than 2 hours after contacting the substrate containing fructose with the epimerase. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added no more than 1 hour after contacting the substrate containing fructose with the epimerase. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added no more than 30 minutes after contacting the substrate containing fructose with the epimerase. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added no more than 15 minutes after contacting the substrate containing fructose with the epimerase. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added no more than 10 minutes after contacting the substrate containing fructose with the epimerase. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added no more than 5 minutes after contacting the substrate containing fructose with the epimerase.

[0170] In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added once to the substrate containing fructose, e.g., prior to the contacting with the epimerase. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added once or at least once during the contacting, for example, at the same time or shortly after the substrate containing fructose and the epimerase are put in contact, e.g., as described herein. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added once or at least once during the contacting. InIFF10018-W0-PCT[3] some embodiments, the reducing agent is added more than once. For example, in some embodiments, the reducing agent may be added to the substrate containing fructose prior to contacting the substrate with the epimerase and then added again after the contacting has occurred. In some cases where the reducing agent is added to the substrate before contacting with the epimerase, the reducing agent may be added immediately or shortly after the substrate containing fructose and the epimerase are put in contact and then added at intervals or continuously throughout the duration of the contacting. In some cases where the reducing agent is added to the substrate before contacting with the epimerase, the reducing agent may be added after the substrate containing fructose and the epimerase are put in contact. In some cases where the reducing agent is added to the substrate before contacting with the epimerase, the reducing agent may be added after the substrate containing fructose and the epimerase are put in contact and then added at intervals or continuously throughout the duration of the contacting. In some embodiments, the reducing agent may be added immediately or shortly after the substrate containing fructose and the epimerase are put in contact and then added at intervals or continuously throughout the duration of the contacting. In some embodiments, the reducing agent may be added after the substrate containing fructose and the epimerase are put in contact and then added at intervals or continuously throughout the duration of the contacting.

[0171] In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added, as described herein, at at least or about 1 ppm, 5 ppm, 10 ppm, 20 ppm, 30 ppm, 40 ppm, 50 ppm, 60 ppm, 70 ppm, 80 ppm, 90 ppm, 100 ppm, 110 ppm, 120 ppm, 150 ppm, 200 ppm, or more. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added at at least or about 1 ppm. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added at at least or about 5 ppm. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added at at least or about 10 ppm. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added at at least or about 20 ppm. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added at at least or about 50 ppm. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added at at least or about 75 ppm. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added at at least or about 100 ppm. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added at at least or about 110 ppm. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added at at least or about 120 ppm. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added at at least or about 130 ppm. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added at at least or about 140 ppm. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added at at least or about 150 ppm. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added at at least or about 200 ppm. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added in a range of about 1 ppm to about 200 ppm. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added in a range of about 5 ppm to about 200 ppm. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added in a range of about 10 ppm to about 200 ppm. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added in a rangeIFF10018-W0-PCT[3] of about 20 ppm to about 200 ppm. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added in a range of about 50 ppm to about 200 ppm. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added in a range of about 100 ppm to about 200 ppm. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added in a range of about 50 ppm to about 110 ppm. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added in a range of about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added in a range of about 5 ppm to about 100 ppm. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added in a range of about 10 ppm to about 100 ppm. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added in a range of about 20 ppm to about 100 ppm. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is added in a range of about 50 ppm to about 100 ppm.

[0172] It should be appreciated that the addition of the reducing agent may occur as described herein, for example, once, twice, at intervals, or continuously, and to the substrate, epimerase, or the contact mixture. The amount of the reducing agent added will depend on whether the addition is once, twice, at intervals, or continuously and the type or combination of reducing agents used.

[0173] In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a pH in the range of about 4 to about 8. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a pH in the range of about 4.5 to about 8. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a pH in the range of about 5 to about 8. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a pH in the range of about 6 to about 8. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a pH of about 8. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a pH of about 7. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a pH of about 6. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a pH of about 5. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a pH of about 4. It is also possible for the contacting to occur at an initial pH, e.g., pH 7, when the epimerase and substrate containing fructose are first contacted, and the pH decreases, e.g., to about pH 5, during the contacting. In some embodiments, a base may be added to increase the pH of the contact mixture and / or added to maintain a higher pH throughout the contacting. In some embodiments, increasing the pH may be useful for increasing allulose yield. Nonlimiting examples of methods of producing allulose using a base are described in WO2025 / 049292.

[0174] In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions where no metal cofactor is added. For example, in some cases, the epimerase does not require more metal cofactor than what is naturally present in the reaction. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions where a metal cofactor is present. In some embodiments, the contacting further occurs under conditions where a metal cofactor is present. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor isIFF10018-W0-PCT[3] present at a concentration of less than about 0.5 ppm. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is present at a concentration of less than about 0.1 ppm. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is present at a concentration of less than about 0.05 ppm. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is present at a concentration of about or at least about 0.5 ppm. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is present at a concentration of at least 0.5 ppm. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is present at a concentration of greater than 0.5 ppm. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is present at a concentration in the range of about 0.5 ppm to about 100 ppm. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is present at a concentration in the range of about 0.5 ppm to about 75 ppm. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is present at a concentration in the range of about 0.5 ppm to about 50 ppm. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is present at a concentration in the range of about 0.5 ppm to about 25 ppm. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is present at a concentration in the range of about 0.5 ppm to about 15 ppm. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is present at a concentration in the range of about 0.5 ppm to about 10 ppm. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is present at a concentration in the range of about 0.5 ppm to about 5 ppm. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is present at a concentration in the range of about 0.5 ppm to about 1 ppm.

[0175] In some embodiments, the concentration of the metal cofactor described herein exists without the need to supplement the metal cofactor. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is added to the epimerase. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is added to the substrate containing fructose. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is added to the substrate containing fructose no more than 2 hours, 1 hour, 45 minutes, 30 minutes, 20 minutes, 15 minutes, 10 minutes, 5 minutes, 4 minutes, 3 minutes, 2 minutes, or 1 minute before contacting the substrate containing fructose with the enzyme. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is added to the contact mixture. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is added at the beginning of the contacting. For example, in some embodiments, the metal cofactor is added at the same time or shortly, e.g., as described above, after the substrate containing fructose and the epimerase are put in contact, e.g., the contact mixture is formed. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is added once or at least once during the contacting, for example, at the same time or shortly after the substrate containing fructose and the epimerase are put in contact. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is added to bring or maintain the metal cofactor at a concentration described herein. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is added at intervals or continuously throughout the duration of the reaction to bring or maintain the metal cofactor at a concentration described herein.

[0176] In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is an ion. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is a salt. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is magnesium, manganese, cobalt orIFF10018-W0-PCT[3] any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is magnesium or a salt thereof. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is manganese or a salt thereof. In some embodiments, the metal cofactor is cobalt or a salt thereof.

[0177] In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a temperature in the range of about 50°C to about 90°C. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a temperature in the range of about 50°C to about 85 °C. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a temperature in the range of about 50°C to about 80°C. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a temperature in the range of about 50°C to about 75°C. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a temperature in the range of about 50°C to about 70°C. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a temperature in the range of about 60°C to about 70°C. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a temperature of about 50°C. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a temperature of about 55°C. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a temperature of about 60°C. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a temperature of about 65°C. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a temperature of about 70°C. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs under conditions including a temperature of about 75°C. It is also possible for the contacting to occur at an initial temperature, e.g., 50°C, when the enzymes are first contacted with the substrate containing fructose, and ramped to higher temperatures, e.g., up to 70°C, for subsequent contacting with the substrate containing fructose.

[0178] Epimerases contemplated for use in the methods described herein include epimerases capable of converting fructose to allulose, such as the epimerases described herein. In some embodiments, the epimerases are D-allulose 3-epimerases and homologs found in microorganisms, e.g., bacteria. In some embodiments, the epimerases have an increased thermal stability, an increased pH stability or activity, and / or do not require or require less added metal cofactor compared to other D-allulose 3-epimerases and / or homologs. Methods of determining thermostability, pH stability and activity, and metal cofactor requirements are known in the art. Nonlimiting examples of suitable epimerases are also described in WO2023 / 114814.

[0179] Reducing agents may be used in allulose produced using fermentation and / or whole cells. For example, a reducing agent described herein may be present or added during fermentation of a substrate using a microorganism, such as a yeast, an engineered yeast, a bacterial cell, and / or an engineered bacterial cell, to produce D-allulose. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a host cell, e.g., as described herein. The fermentation method can include additional steps, asIFF10018-W0-PCT[3] would be understood by a person skilled in the art. Non-limiting examples of additional process steps include maintaining the temperature of the fermentation broth within a predetermined range, adjusting the pH during fermentation, and isolating the ethanol from the fermentation broth. The fermentation substrate may include a starch. Starch can be obtained from a natural source, such as a plant source. Starch can also be obtained from a feedstock with high starch or sugar content, including, but not limited to com, sweet sorghum, fruits, sweet potato, rice, barley, sugar cane, sugar beets, wheat, cassava, potato, tapioca, arrowroot, peas, or sago. In some embodiments, the fermentation substrate is fructose or a fructose containing substrate. In some embodiments, the presence or addition of the reducing agent reduces or prevents discoloration of the allulose produced under fermentation and / or whole cell production conditions.

[0180] In some embodiments, the reducing agent may be added to a cultured cell material that is contacted with fructose or a substrate containing fructose. In some embodiments, the cultured cell material includes an epimerase. In some embodiments the cultured cell material includes an epimerase and a host cell. In some embodiments, the cultured cell material is clarified.EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

[0181] Among the provided embodiments are:1. A protein comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 70% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, or 17, wherein the protein has epimerase activity.2. The protein of embodiment 1, wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, or 17.3. The protein of embodiment 1 or embodiment 2, wherein the protein is immobilized on a matrix.4. The protein of embodiment 3, wherein the matrix is a granule or an ion exchange resin.5. A nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein according to any one of embodiments 1 -4.6. The nucleic acid molecule of embodiment 5, comprising a nucleic acid sequence that: i) encodes an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, or 17; ii) has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, or 34; or iii) hybridizes under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid sequence having a sequence complementary to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, or 34.IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]7. The nucleic acid molecule of embodiment 5 or embodiment 6, comprising a heterologous regulatory sequence, optionally a promoter sequence.8. A vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule according to any one of embodiments 5-7.9. A host cell comprising a nucleic acid molecule according to any one of embodiments 5-7 or a vector according to embodiment 8.10. The host cell of embodiment 9, wherein the host cell is a yeast, a bacterium, a mammalian cell, or a plant cell.1 1. The host cell of embodiment 9 or embodiment 10, wherein the host cell is Bacillus spp.12. A cultured cell material comprising a protein of embodiment 1 or embodiment 2 and / or a host cell of any one of embodiments 9-11.13. Allulose produced by a protein according to any one of embodiments 1-4 or a cultured cell material of embodiment 12.14. A composition for producing allulose comprising: i) a protein according to any one of embodiments 1-4; and ii) a substrate comprising fructose.15. The composition of embodiment 14, wherein the protein is immobilized on a matrix.16. The composition of embodiment 14 or embodiment 15, wherein the substrate comprises glucose.17. The composition of any one of embodiments 14-16, comprising a glucose isomerase immobilized on a matrix.18. The composition of any one of embodiments 14-17, wherein the protein and glucose isomerase are co-immobilized on the same matrix or immobilized on different matrixes.19. The composition of embodiment 14, wherein the protein is comprised in a cultured cell material.20. The composition of any one of embodiments 14-19, wherein the composition is comprised in a reactor.21. Use of a protein according to any one of embodiments 1-4 or a cultured cell material according to embodiment 12 for producing allulose.22. A method of producing allulose, comprising contacting a protein according to any one of embodiments 1-4 with a substrate comprising fructose.23. The method of embodiment 22, wherein the protein is comprised in a cultured cell material.24. The method of embodiment 22 or embodiment 23, wherein the contacting occurs under conditions comprising a temperature in a range of about 50°C to about 90°C.25. The method of any one of embodiments 22-24, wherein the contacting occurs under conditions comprising a pH in a range of about 4.5 to about 8.IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]26. The method of any one of embodiments 22-25, wherein the contacting occurs under conditions where no metal cofactor is added or an amount of metal cofactor that is less than a metal cofactor concentration needed for epimerase activity is added.27. The method of any one of embodiments 22-26, wherein the protein is soluble and comprised in a reactor and / or the protein is immobilized on a matrix comprised in a reactor, and the contacting occurs by adding the substrate comprising fructose to the reactor.28. The method of any one of embodiments 23-27, wherein the cultured cell material is comprised in a reactor.29. The method of any one of embodiments 22-28, wherein the substrate comprising fructose is produced by: (i) contacting a substrate comprising glucose with a glucose isomerase prior to contacting the protein; or (ii) contacting a substrate comprising glucose with a glucose isomerase at the same time as contacting the protein.30. The method of any one of embodiments 22-29, comprising purifying allulose produced.

[0182] Further provided embodiments include:1. A method for producing allulose, comprising contacting a substrate comprising fructose with an epimerase, wherein the contacting occurs in the presence of a reducing agent.2. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the reducing agent is present or added when the contacting begins, optionally wherein the reducing agent is present or added to the substrate comprising fructose or the epimerase.3. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the reducing agent is added after the contacting begins.4. The method of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the reducing agent is present or added between 0 hours and 27.5 hours after the contacting begins.5. The method of any one of embodiments 1, 3, and 4, wherein the reducing agent is added between 1 hour and 25 hours after the contacting begins, optionally between 1 hour and 12 hours after the contacting begins.6. The method of any one of embodiments 1, 3, 4, and 5, wherein the reducing agent is added at about 6 hours after the contacting begins.7. The method of any one of embodiments 1-6, wherein the contacting further occurs at a pH in a range of about 4 to about 8, optionally in a pH range of about 5 to about 8.8. The method of any one of embodiments 1-7, wherein the contacting further occurs at a temperature in a range of about 50°C to about 70°C.9. The method of any one of embodiments 1-8, wherein the contacting further occurs in the presence of a metal co-factor.IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]10. The method of any one of embodiments 1-9, wherein the reducing agent is sodium metabisulfite, sodium thiosulfate, sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, potassium thiosulfate, potassium bisulfite, potassium sulfite, and / or ascorbic acid.11. The method of any one of embodiments 1-10, wherein the reducing agent is present at a concentration in a range of about 25 ppm to 250 ppm, optionally in a range of about 50 ppm to 200 ppm.12. The method of any one of embodiments 1-11, wherein the epimerase is soluble.13. The method of any one of embodiments 1-11, wherein the epimerase is immobilized.14. The method of any one of embodiments 1-13, wherein the substrate comprising fructose is a fructose syrup and / or is produced by: (i) contacting a substrate comprising glucose with a glucose isomerase prior to contacting the epimerase; or (ii) contacting a substrate comprising glucose with a glucose isomerase at the same time as contacting the epimerase.15. The method of any one of embodiments 1-14, wherein the presence of the reducing agent decreases allulose yield by less than about 5% compared to allulose yield in an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent.16. The method of any one of embodiments 1-14, wherein the presence of the reducing agent increases allulose yield by at least about 0.5% compared to allulose yield in an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent.17. The method of any one of embodiments 1-16, wherein the presence of the reducing agent decreases absorbance of allulose at 325 nm by at least about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, or more compared to absorbance at 325 nm of allulose produced in otherwise identical conditions lacking the reducing agent.18. The method of any one of embodiments 1-17, further comprising recovering and / or purifying allulose produced from the contacting.19. A composition for producing allulose comprising: i) an epimerase; ii) a substrate comprising fructose; and iii) a reducing agent.20. The composition of embodiment 19, wherein the reducing agent is sodium metabisulfite, sodium thiosulfate, sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, potassium thiosulfate, potassium bisulfite, potassium sulfite, and / or ascorbic acid.21. The composition of embodiment 19 or embodiment 20, wherein the epimerase is soluble or immobilized.22. The composition of any one of embodiments 19-21, wherein the substrate comprises glucose.23. The composition of any one of embodiments 19-22, further comprising a glucose isomerase.24. The composition of any one of embodiments 19-23, further comprising a metal co-factor.IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]III. EXAMPLES

[0183] The following examples are included for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.Example 1: Expression of D-allulose 3-epimerases

[0184] Amino acid sequences of D-allulose 3-epimerases are shown in Table El. The expression vector p2JM103BBI (Vogtentanz, Protein Expr Purif, 55:40-52, 2007) was employed for the expression of all listed exemplary epimerases in Bacillus subtilis. The plasmid contained an aprE promoter followed by a codon-optimized nucleotide sequence encoding the protein sequence of the target gene. The corresponding protein sequences (SEQ ID NOs: 1-17) and codon- optimized gene sequences (SEQ ID NOs: 18-34) are shown in Table El.

[0185] Competent B. subtilis cells were transformed and plated on Luria Agar plates supplemented with 5 ppm chloramphenicol. Colonies were picked and subjected to fermentation in a 250 mL shake flask with MBD medium (a MOPS based defined medium, supplemented with additional 5 mM CaCL). Supernatants from these cultures were used to confirm the protein expression by SDS-PAGE analysis and assay for enzyme activity.IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]Example 2: Production of D-allulose 3-epimerases in Bacillus subtilis

[0186] This example demonstrates the production of the D-allulose 3-epimerase proteins (see. Table El) in liquid fermentation of B. subtilis.

[0187] The inoculum was grown in a seed flask containing LB medium. A production medium including minerals (e.g., potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, ferrous sulfate, citric acid), one or more carbon sources (e.g., glucose, soy flour), and a complex nitrogen source was used to produce the exemplary epimerases. The production media was pH controlled and cells were fed according to oxygen uptake rates. The D-allulose 3-epimerase protein accumulated in the broth / cells.

[0188] Various parameters were monitored during the run and included but were not limited to: CER (carbon dioxide evolution rate), OUR (oxygen uptake rate), pH, DO (dissolved oxygen), OD (optical density).Example 3: Assessment of D-allulose 3-epimerase activity and metal cofactor requirements at pH 5 and pH 7

[0189] The activity of the D-allulose 3-epimerases described in Example 1, produced according to the methods described in Example 2, was assayed based on the release of allulose from fructose using an HPLC method. The dependence of activity on manganese cofactor was also assessed under pH 5 and pH 7.

[0190] Substrate solution was prepared by mixing 4.5 mL of fructose (50% w / w in milli-Q water), 0.5 mL of 0.5 M pH 7.5 Tris-HCl buffer or pH 5 sodium acetate buffer, and 10 pL of 5 mM MnSCU (or 10 pL of milli-Q water for the group with no ion addition) in a 15-mL conical tube. The epimerase working solutions (0.5 mg / mL) were prepared in 20% w / w glycerol and each of them (10 pL) was transferred into a new microtiter plate (Agilent 5042-1385, PP) containing 90 pL of substrate solution. The incubations were done at 55°C for 60 min with shaking (650 rpm) in an iEMS incubator (ThermoFisher). The reaction was quenched by adding 100 p l. of 100 mM pH 3.5 Na-acetate buffer. The quenched reaction mixture was diluted 5-fold in milli-Q water and filtered for allulose analysis by HPLC using an Agilent 1200 series system with a Shodex SP0810 HPLC column. The allulose standard curve was generated and used for the calculation of allulose release from the epimerase reaction.IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]

[0191] Table E2 shows the conversion (%) of the tested epimerases in the presence and absence of 10 pM MnSCU. As shown in Table E2, all the exemplary epimerase samples outperformed a control epimerase (AglEpi) in terms of the conversion (%) from fructose to allulose under all conditions. The exemplary epimerases RgnEpil (SEQ ID NO: 2), FbaEpi4 (SEQ ID NO: 4), RspEpi5 (SEQ ID NO: 5), CspEpil6 (SEQ ID NO: 6), and RbaEpil 1 (SEQ ID NO: 8) maintained at least 80% of their activity (tested with 10 pM of Mn2+added) in the absence of ion, demonstrating reduced ion dependency.Example 4: Conversion of fructose to allulose by immobilized D-allulose 3-epimerase

[0192] Epimerase DloEpi4 (SEQ ID NO: 3), present in lysed production broth (see, Example 2), was immobilized on granules using known crosslinking methods (US Patent No. 4,355,105). Briefly, lysed production broth was added to a slurry containing bentonite (Cholino, Patagonia, Argentina; P / N F30), Celite 505™ (Imerys), polyethyleneimine (Epomin P-1050, Nippon Shokubai) and glutaraldehyde solution 5% (Sigma Aldrich) pH adjusted to 7.3-7.6. A second addition of polyethyleneimine and glutaraldehyde 5% was then added to the slurry and pH adjusted to 8.3-8.5. Insoluble immobilized solids were filtered, extruded, and then dried using a fluid bed coater (FL-1 Fluid bed coater, Freund Vector Corporation).IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]

[0193] To determine the activity of the immobilized epimerase, granules having immobilized epimerase (2.5g) were pre-washed in 50 ml DI water for 30 min in a 50ml conical tube (3-4 times). The wet granules were packed into a 2cm x 7cm stainless steel column and column(s) were submersed in a water bath set at a given temperature.

[0194] Heated 50% DS (dry substance) fructose syrup was pumped to the column at various speeds (0.2 to 1 ml / min) and the column(s) were kept at 60°C throughout the experiment. Allulose conversion rates were determined by collecting the column effluent for 10 min and quantitated by HPLC (Rezex RCM-Monosaccharide Ca+2LC Column 150 x 7.8 mm). The percent allulose conversion at various flow rates is shown in Table E3 below.

[0195] As can be seen in Table E3, 29% allulose conversion by the immobilized epimerase, DloEpi4, was reached at 0.2 mL / min flow rate. The percent allulose conversion by the immobilized epimerase decreased with increasing flow rate.

[0196] These data demonstrate that the immobilized exemplary epimerase is able to reach the maximum percent allulose conversion in an enzyme activity dependent manner.Example 5: Conversion of fructose to allulose by immobilized D-alluIose 3-epimerase

[0197] Epimerases shown in Table El will be present in lysed production broth as described in Example 2 and immobilized on granules using known crosslinking methods (US Patent No. 4,355,105). Briefly, lysed production broth will be added to a slurry containing bentonite (Cholino, Patagonia, Argentina; P / N F30), Celite 505™ (Imerys), polyethyleneimine (Epomin P- 1050, Nippon Shokubai) and glutaraldehyde solution 5% (Sigma Aldrich) pH adjusted to 7.3-7.6. A second addition of polyethyleneimine and glutaraldehyde 5% will then be added to the slurry and pH adjusted to 8.3-8.5. Insoluble immobilized solids will filtered, extruded, and then dried using a fluid bed coater (FL-1 Fluid bed coater, Freund Vector Corporation).

[0198] To determine the activity of the immobilized epimerase, granules having immobilized epimerase (2.5g) will be pre-washed in 50 ml DI water for 30 min in a 50ml conical tube (3-4IFF10018-W0-PCT[3] times). The wet granules will be packed into a 2cm x 7cm stainless steel column and column(s) will be submersed in a water bath set at a given temperature.

[0199] Heated 50% DS (dry substance) fructose syrup will be pumped to the column at various speeds (0.2 to 1 ml / min) and the column(s) were kept at 60°C throughout the experiment. Allulose conversion rates will be determined by collecting the column effluent for 10 min and quantitated by HPLC (Rezex RCM-Monosaccharide Ca+2LC Column 150 x 7.8 mm). The percent allulose conversion at various flow rates will be determined. The data are expected to demonstrate that the immobilized exemplary epimerase is able to reach the maximum percent allulose conversion in an enzyme activity dependent manner.Example 6: Conversion of fructose to allulose by immobilized D-allulose 3-epimerases in microtiter plate

[0200] Purified D-allulose 3-epimerases listed in Table E4 were immobilized in a microtiter plate using a known crosslinking method (Lantero; USPN 4,355,105). Briefly, bentonite (Cholino, Patagonia, Argentine; P / N F30) was hydrated in water overnight with Stirling. Polyethyleneimine (Sigma Aldrich P / N 181978), glutaraldehyde solution 5% (Sigma Aldrich), and CELITE 505™ diatomaceous earth (Imerys) were added to the hydrated bentonite and mixed for 30 min to create a master mix. 20 pl of this mix was dispersed into a microtiter plate containing epimerase proteins and mixed up and down by a pipet.

[0201] 10 pL of polyethyleneimine and 10 pL glutaraldehyde were further added and mixed on a microtiter plate mixer for 5 minutes. Then, the resulting particles were washed by pipetting water into the well and spinning them down in a centrifuge. This wash step was repeated twice.

[0202] The conversion activities of the immobilized epimerases in the microtiter plate were determined by adding lOOpL of 50% fructose with 1 mM sodium metabisulfite to each sample well. The microtiter plate was then incubated for 1 hour at 60°C while shaking at 120 RPM. At the completion of the incubation, the concentration of allulose from each well was determined by HPLC (Rezex RCM-Monosaccharide Ca+2LC Column 150 x 7.8mm). The percent allulose conversion by each epimerase is shown in Table E4.IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]

[0203] As can be seen in Table E4, allulose conversion was detected for each immobilized epimerase within 1 hour at 60°C while no enzyme control showed no conversion. The data demonstrate that the immobilized epimerases are able to convert fructose to allulose in an enzyme dependent manner.Example 7: Analysis of Allulose Color

[0204] Plant substrate (F97 and Allulose raffinate recycles) was added into tubes and the pH was adjusted to the range of 6-8. DAEase (SEQ ID NO: 38) was added into the substrate at one of three different doses, denoted as 1, 2, and 3. Sodium metabisulphite (0 (Control), 50, 100, or 200 ppm) was added to the tubes at either 0 hours (h) or 6 h. At 3 h, 6 h, and 24 h, an aliquot of the sample was taken, diluted, and filtered through a membrane. The sample was injected into an HPLC to determine allulose yield. At 24 h, samples were taken and diluted 10-fold with deionized water and subjected to UV absorbance analysis at 325 nm to assess color intensity.

[0205] As shown in FIG. 1, at a pH of 6, addition of 200 ppm sodium metabisulfite at 0 h resulted in a decreased allulose yield of 1.1-1.8% compared to Control. The presence of 200 ppm sodium metabisulfite visually reduced the color of the allulose produced (data not shown). FIG. 2 shows the reduction in absorbance at 325 nm of the samples treated with the sodium metabisulfite.IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]The reduction in absorbance was approximately 30-40% (calculated by percent change) compared to Control.

[0206] When sodium metabisulfite was added at 0 h at either 50 or 100 ppm (pH 6, dosage of DAEase held constant), allulose yield was about 0.15-0.3% lower compared to Control at each time point tested (FIG. 3). When 100 ppm sodium metabisulfite was added under the same conditions, but at 6 h into the epimerization, no differences in allulose yield were observed compared to Control (FIG. 3). As shown in FIG. 4, each dosage (50 ppm or 100 ppm) and time of dosage (0 h or 6 h) resulted in a decrease in absorbance of approximately 10-15% compared to Control.

[0207] FIG. 5 shows allulose yield in response to three different doses of DAEase and the addition of 100 ppm sodium metabisulfite at 6 h (pH 6.5-7; Control does not include sodium metabisulfite). “Adjusted,” as shown in FIG. 5, indicates that the pH was adjusted at each time point to maintain a pH of 6.5 or 7 throughout the reaction, respectively, while “Not Adjusted” indicates that the pH started at 6.5 at 0 h and was not adjusted at any other time point. As shown in FIG. 5, there were no differences in allulose yield compared to the respective Control condition. FIG. 6 shows that the addition of 100 ppm sodium metabisulfite at 6 h decreased absorbance at 325 nm of the samples by approximately 5-15% compared to Control.

[0208] These results suggest that the presence of a reducing agent, such as sodium metabisulfite, may be used to reduce allulose coloration while maintaining yield.Example 8: Epimerases, Sodium Metabisulfite, and Allulose Coloration

[0209] In this Example, five different DAEases (Epil (SEQ ID NO: 1), Epi2 (SEQ ID NO: 35), Epi3 (SEQ ID NO: 36) Epi4 (SEQ ID NO: 37), and Epi5 (SEQ ID NO: 38)). shown in Table E5 below, were used to assess discoloration changes in response to addition of sodium metabisulfite. The percent identity of the epimerase amino acid sequences to one another was in the range of about 20-30%.IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]

[0210] A plant-based syrup substrate with 50% Brix and an initial allulose concentration of 3% was prepared. The substrate exhibited a brown coloration prior to enzymatic treatment. The pH of the substrate was 6.5 and was not adjusted throughout the experiment. Manganese (Mn) was present at 2.5 ppm. The reaction temperature was maintained at 60 °C. Enzymes were added at equivalent concentrations.

[0211] Each reaction was sampled at 3 h, 6 h, and 24 h for HPLC analysis to quantify allulose yield. At 24 h, an aliquot of each sample was diluted 10-fold and subjected to UV absorbance analysis at 325 nm to assess color intensity.

[0212] A negative control sample, containing no enzyme, was maintained at 60 °C for 24 hours under identical conditions.

[0213] In a parallel set of experiments, 100 ppm of sodium metabisulfite was added to the reaction mixtures at 0 h to evaluate its effect on allulose yield and color reduction.

[0214] As shown in FIGs. 7A-7E, the DAEases produced different final concentrations of allulose, including increases in yield when the sodium metabisulfite was present. For example, Epi5 yielded 22.55% allulose at 24 h, which increased to 23.36% with sodium metabisulfite addition. Allulose yield in the presence of sodium metabisulfite increased generally by about 0.5- 4% compared to Control at 24 h.

[0215] As shown in Table E6 below, sodium metabisulfite addition consistently resulted in lighter allulose coloration across all enzymes tested. The decrease in absorbance at 325 nm was in the range of about 3-7% when sodium metabisulfite was present.IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]

[0216] Table E6: Absorbance at 325 nm (24 h) for each DAEase without (Control) and with the addition of 100 ppm sodium metabisulfite.

[0217] These results demonstrate that reducing agent sodium metabisulfite can decrease allulose coloration independent of the specific DAEase used for epimerization. In addition, in some cases, the presence of sodium metabisulfite increased allulose yield or did not change allulose yield.Example 9: Epimerases, Reducing Agents, and Allulose Coloration

[0218] In this Example, one or more epimerases will be used to assess discoloration changes in response to addition of a reducing agent.

[0219] A plant-based syrup substrate with 50% Brix and an initial allulose concentration of 3% will be prepared. The pH of the substrate will be 6.5 and will not adjusted throughout the experiment. Manganese (Mn) will be present at 2.5 ppm. The reaction temperature will be maintained at 60 °C. Enzymes will be added at equivalent concentrations.

[0220] Each reaction will be sampled at 3 h, 6 h, and 24 h for HPLC analysis to quantify allulose yield. At 24 h, an aliquot of each sample will be diluted 10-fold and subjected to UV absorbance analysis at 325 nm to assess color intensity.

[0221] A negative control sample, containing no enzyme, will be maintained at 60 °C for 24 hours under identical conditions.

[0222] In a parallel set of experiments, a reducing agent (sodium thiosulfate, sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, potassium thiosulfate, potassium bisulfite, potassium sulfite, or ascorbic acid) or a combination of reducing agents (sodium metabisulfite, sodium thiosulfate, sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, potassium thiosulfate, potassium bisulfite, potassium sulfite, and / or ascorbic acid), will be added to the reaction mixtures at 0 h to evaluate its effect on allulose yield and color reduction.IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]

[0223] These results will demonstrate that reducing agents, such as sodium thiosulfate, sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, potassium thiosulfate, potassium bisulfite, potassium sulfite, or ascorbic acid, or combinations of reducing agents (sodium metabisulfite, sodium thiosulfate, sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, potassium thiosulfate, potassium bisulfite, potassium sulfite, and / or ascorbic acid) can decrease allulose coloration independent of the specific DAEase used for epimerization. In addition, in some cases, the presence of a reducing agent such as sodium thiosulfate, sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, potassium thiosulfate, potassium bisulfite, potassium sulfite, or ascorbic acid or combination of reducing agents (sodium metabisulfite, sodium thiosulfate, sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, potassium thiosulfate, potassium bisulfite, potassium sulfite, and / or ascorbic acid) will increase allulose yield or will not change allulose yield.Example 10: Fermentation Broth, Reducing Agents, and Allulose Coloration

[0224] In this Example, one or more epimerases will be used to assess discoloration changes in response to addition of a reducing agent.

[0225] A plant-based syrup substrate with 50% Brix and an initial allulose concentration of 3% will be prepared. Epimerase fermentation broth, with or without filtration, will be added into the above prepared syrup. The pH of the substrate will be 6.5 and will not adjusted throughout the experiment. Manganese (Mn) will be present at 2.5 ppm. The reaction temperature will be maintained at 60 °C.

[0226] Each reaction will be sampled at 3 h, 6 h, and 24 h for HPLC analysis to quantify allulose yield. At 24 h, an aliquot of each sample will be diluted 10-fold and subjected to UV absorbance analysis at 325 nm to assess color intensity.

[0227] A negative control sample, containing no enzyme, will be maintained at 60 °C for 24 hours under identical conditions.

[0228] In a parallel set of experiments, a reducing agent (sodium thiosulfate, sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, potassium thiosulfate, potassium bisulfite, potassium sulfite, or ascorbic acid) or a combination of reducing agents (sodium metabisulfite, sodium thiosulfate, sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, potassium thiosulfate, potassium bisulfite, potassium sulfite, and / or ascorbic acid), will be added to the reaction mixtures at 0 h to evaluate its effect on allulose yield and color reduction.

[0229] These results will demonstrate that reducing agent such as sodium thiosulfate, sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, potassium thiosulfate, potassium bisulfite, potassium sulfite, or ascorbic acid or combinations of reducing agents (sodium metabisulfite,IFF10018-W0-PCT[3] sodium thiosulfate, sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, potassium thiosulfate, potassium bisulfite, potassium sulfite, and / or ascorbic acid) can decrease allulose coloration independent of the specific DAEase used for epimerization. The results will further suggest the ability of one or more reducing agents to reduce discoloration of allulose produced using a fermentation broth, with or without filtration. In addition, in some cases, the presence of a reducing agent such as sodium thiosulfate, sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, potassium thiosulfate, potassium bisulfite, potassium sulfite, or ascorbic acid or combination of reducing agents (sodium metabisulfite, sodium thiosulfate, sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, potassium thiosulfate, potassium bisulfite, potassium sulfite, and / or ascorbic acid) will increase allulose yield or will not change allulose yield.

[0230] The present invention is not intended to be limited in scope to the particular disclosed embodiments, which are provided, for example, to illustrate various aspects of the invention. Various modifications to the compositions and methods described will become apparent from the description and teachings herein. Such variations may be practiced without departing from the true scope and spirit of the disclosure and are intended to fall within the scope of the present disclosure. Although the invention may be described in connection with specific preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments. Indeed, various modifications of the described modes for carrying out the invention which are obvious to those skilled in molecular biology or related fields are intended to be within the scope of the following claims.

Claims

1. IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A protein comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 70% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 3, 9, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 , 12, 1 , 14, 15, 16, or 17, wherein the protein has epimerase activity.

2. The protein of claim 1, wherein the amino acid sequence has at least 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 3, 9, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, or 17.

3. The protein of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the protein is immobilized on a matrix.

4. The protein of claim 3, wherein the matrix is a granule or an ion exchange resin.

5. A nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein according to claim 1 or claim 2.

6. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 5, comprising a nucleic acid sequence that: i) encodes an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 3, 9, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, or 17; ii) has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 19, 26, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, or 34; or iii) hybridizes under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid sequence having a sequence complementary to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 19, 26, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, or 34.

7. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 5 or claim 6, comprising a heterologous regulatory sequence, optionally a promoter sequence.

8. A vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 5-7.

9. A host cell comprising a nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 5-7 or a vector according to claim 8.

10. The host cell of claim 9, wherein the host cell is a yeast, a bacterium, a mammalian cell, or a plant cell.

11. The host cell of claim 9 or claim 10, wherein the host cell is Bacillus spp.IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]12. A cultured cell material comprising a protein of claim 1 or claim 2 and / or a host cell of any one of claims 9-11.

13. Allulose produced by a protein according to any one of claims 1-4 or a cultured cell material of claim 12.

14. A composition for producing allulose comprising: i) a protein according to claim 1 or claim 2; and ii) a substrate comprising fructose.

15. The composition of claim 14, wherein the protein is immobilized on a matrix.

16. The composition of claim 14 or claim 15, wherein the substrate comprises glucose.

17. The composition of any one of claims 14-16, further comprising a glucose isomerase, optionally wherein the glucose isomerase is immobilized on a matrix.

18. The composition of claim 17, wherein the protein and glucose isomerase are coimmobilized on the same matrix or immobilized on different matrixes.

19. The composition of any one of claims 14-18, wherein the protein is comprised in a cultured cell material.

20. The composition of any one of claims 14-19, further comprising a reducing agent.

21. The composition of claim 20, wherein the reducing agent is sodium metabisulfite, sodium thiosulfate, sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, potassium thiosulfate, potassium bisulfite, potassium sulfite, ascorbic acid, or any combination thereof.

22. A method of producing allulose, comprising contacting a protein according to claim 1 or claim 2 with a substrate comprising fructose.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein the protein is comprised in a cultured cell material.

24. The method of claim 22 or claim 23, wherein the contacting occurs under conditions comprising a temperature in a range of about 50°C to about 90°C.

25. The method of any one of claims 22-24, wherein the contacting occurs under conditions comprising a pH in a range of about 4.5 to about 8.

26. The method of any one of claims 22-25, wherein the contacting occurs under conditions where no metal cofactor is added or an amount of metal cofactor that is less than aIFF10018-W0-PCT[3] metal cofactor concentration needed for epimerase activity is added.

27. The method of any one of claims 22-26, wherein the protein is soluble and / or the protein is immobilized on a matrix.

28. The method of any one of claims 22-27, wherein the substrate comprising fructose is a fructose syrup and / or is produced by:(i) contacting a substrate comprising glucose with a glucose isomerase prior to contacting the protein; or(ii) contacting a substrate comprising glucose with a glucose isomerase at the same time as contacting the protein.

29. The method of any one of claims 22-28, wherein the contacting further occurs in the presence of a reducing agent.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein the reducing agent is sodium metabisulfite, sodium thiosulfate, sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, potassium thiosulfate, potassium bisulfite, potassium sulfite, ascorbic acid, or any combination thereof.

31. The method of any one of claims 22-30, further comprising purifying allulose produced.

32. A conjugate comprising a protein according to claim 1 or claim 2 and a matrix.

33. A method for producing allulose, comprising contacting a substrate comprising fructose with an epimerase, wherein the contacting occurs in the presence of a reducing agent.

34. The method of claim 33, wherein the reducing agent is present or added when the contacting begins, optionally wherein the reducing agent is present or added to the substrate comprising fructose or the epimerase.

35. The method of claim 34, wherein the reducing agent is added after the contacting begins.

36. The method of any one of claims 33-35, wherein the reducing agent is present or added between 0 hours and 27.5 hours after the contacting begins.

37. The method of any one of claims 33, 35, and 36, wherein the reducing agent is added between 1 hour and 25 hours after the contacting begins, optionally between 1 hour and 12 hours after the contacting begins.

38. The method of any one of claims 33, 35, 36, and 37, wherein the reducing agent isIFF10018-W0-PCT[3] added at about 6 hours after the contacting begins.

39. The method of any one of claims 33-38, wherein the contacting further occurs at a pH in a range of about 4 to about 8, optionally in a pH range of about 5 to about 8.

40. The method of any one of claims 33-39, wherein the contacting further occurs at a temperature in a range of about 50°C to about 70°C.

41. The method of any one of claims 33-40, wherein the contacting further occurs in the presence of a metal co-factor.

42. The method of any one of claims 33-41, wherein the reducing agent is sodium metabisulfite, sodium thiosulfate, sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, potassium thiosulfate, potassium bisulfite, potassium sulfite, ascorbic acid, or any combination thereof.

43. The method of any one of claims 33-42, wherein the reducing agent is present at a concentration in a range of about 25 ppm to 250 ppm, optionally in a range of about 50 ppm to 200 ppm.

44. Fhe method of any one of claims 33-43, wherein the epimerase is soluble and / or the epimerase is immobilized on a matrix.

45. The method of any one of claims 33-44, wherein the epimerase is comprised in a cultured cell material.

46. The method of any one of claims 33-45, wherein the substrate comprising fructose is a fructose syrup and / or is produced by:(i) contacting a substrate comprising glucose with a glucose isomerase prior to contacting the epimerase; or(ii) contacting a substrate comprising glucose with a glucose isomerase at the same time as contacting the epimerase.

47. The method of any one of claims 33-46, wherein the presence of the reducing agent decreases allulose yield by less than about 5% compared to allulose yield in an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent.

48. The method of any one of claims 33-47, wherein the presence of the reducing agent increases allulose yield by at least about 0.5% compared to allulose yield in an otherwise identical condition lacking the reducing agent.IFF10018-W0-PCT[3]49. The method of any one of claims 33-48, wherein the presence of the reducing agent decreases absorbance of allulose at 325 nm by at least about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, or more compared to absorbance at 325 nm of allulose produced in otherwise identical conditions lacking the reducing agent.

50. The method of any one of claims 33-49, further comprising recovering and / or purifying allulose produced from the contacting.

51. The method of any one of claims 33-50, wherein the epimerase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17.

52. A composition for producing allulose comprising: i) an epimerase; ii) a substrate comprising fructose; and iii) a reducing agent.

53. The composition of claim 52, wherein the reducing agent is sodium metabisulfite, sodium thiosulfate, sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, potassium thiosulfate, potassium bisulfite, potassium sulfite, ascorbic acid, or any combination thereof.

54. The composition of claim 52 or claim 53, wherein the epimerase is soluble or immobilized on a matrix.

55. The composition of any one of claims 52-54, wherein the epimerase is comprised in a cultured cell material.

56. The composition of any one of claims 52-55, wherein the substrate comprises glucose.

57. The composition of any one of claims 52-56, further comprising a glucose isomerase.

58. The composition of any one of claims 52-57, further comprising a metal co-factor.

59. The composition of any one of claims 52-58, wherein the epimerase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70% sequence identity to the sequence set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17.

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