Biofoam and rigid biomaterial formulations and processes of using the same to produce biodegradable products

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to biofoam and rigid biomaterial formulations and processes for producing biofoam and rigid biomaterial products using the formulations. The present disclosure also relates to kits comprising the formulations for use in implementing processes of the disclosure.

Description

Docket No. 44047.601BIOFOAM AND RIGID BIOMATERIAL FORMULATIONS AND PROCESSES OF USING THE SAME TO PRODUCE BIODEGRADABLE PRODUCTSCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS[1] This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 721,849, filed November 18, 2024, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD[2] The present disclosure relates biofoam and rigid biomaterial formulations and processes of using the formulations to produce waste-derived fully compostable and biodegradable products.B CKGROUND[3] Current production of polymeric materials such as expanded polystyrene and polyurethane foam and packaging materials are all based on fossil fuel and petrochemicals that appear to be unsustainable, adversely affect the environment and create pollution in the land and oceans. Accordingly, there is a need for sustainable and scalable substitutes for petroleum-based foam and packaging materials.SUMMARY[4] The present disclosure solves the above-described problem by providing waste-derived fully compostable and biodegradable biofoam and rigid biomaterials.[5] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a base resin mixture for producing a biofoam, comprising: (i) at least one hydrocolloid; (ii) at least one nitrogenous additive; (iii) at least one precursor curing agent; (iv) at least one plasticizer; (v) at least one water-resistant agent; (vi) optionally at least one UV-resistant agent; (vii) optionally at least one foaming agent; (viii) optionally at least one biopolymer additive; (ix) optionally at least one flavor and / or dye additive; (x) optionally at least one antiseptic additive; and / or (xi) at least one solvent.[6] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a process for producing a biofoam resin mixture comprising mixing, homogenizing, compounding and / or extruding a precursorDocket No. 44047.601base resin mixture at a temperature range of from about 2.0 °C to about 250.0 °C for a period of from about 1.0 to about 60.0 min and at a speed sufficient to produce a base resin mixture, wherein the precursor base resin mixture comprises: (i) at least one hydrocolloid; (ii) at least one nitrogenous additive; (iii) at least one precursor curing agent; (iv) at least one plasticizer; (v) at least one water-resistant agent; (vi) optionally at least one UV-resistant agent; (vii) at least one foaming agent; (viii) optionally at least one biopolymer additive; (ix) optionally at least one flavor and / or dye additive; (x) optionally at least one antiseptic additive; and / or (xi) at least one solvent.[7] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a biofoam resin comprising: (a) the base resin mixture of the present disclosure (b) the at least one foaming agent; and (c) at least two blowing agents. In some aspects, the biofoam resin comprises (viii) at least one biopolymer additive; (ix) at least one flavor and / or dye additive; and / or (x) at least one antiseptic additive.[8] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit for producing a biofoam material, the kit comprising: (a) a base resin mixture of the present disclosure; (b) at least two blowing agents; and (c) instructions for producing a biofoam resin. In some aspects, the base resin mixture is pelletized. In some aspects, the biofoam resin is pelletized. In some aspects, the kit further includes at least one curing agent and instructions for producing a biofoam structure.[9] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a process for producing a biofoam material, comprising: (a) mixing, compounding and / or extruding a base resin mixture of the present disclosure with at least two blowing agents to produce a biofoam resin; (b) forming the biofoam resin into a molded biofoam structure; (c) treating a surface of the molded biofoam structure with the at least one curing agent to produce a surface-treated biofoam structure; (d) curing the surface-treated biofoam structure at a temperate range of from about 25.0°C to about 50.0 °C for a period of about 1 hour to about 6 hours to produce a cured biofoam structure; and (e) drying the cured biofoam structure to produce a biofoam material.

[0010] In some aspects, drying (e) comprises: (i) pre-freezing the biofoam material at a temperature below 0 °C for a period of from about 3 hours to about 24 hours; and (ii) sublimating the biofoam at a temperature of from about -20.0 °C to at least about -50.0 °C for a period of up to 24 hours, from about 1 day to about 7 days, or greater than about 7 days. In some aspects, drying (e) comprises subjecting the biofoam to a heat transfer procedure at a temperature of up to 25.0 °C, from about 25.0 °C to about 80.0°C, or greater than 80.0°C forDocket No. 44047.601a period of less than or equal to 1 day, from about 1 to 7 days, or greater than 7 days. In some aspects, the heat transfer procedure comprises convection, radiation, and / or diffusion.

[0011] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a process for producing an improved biofoam material, comprising: (a) pre-freezing a cured biofoam structure at temperature below 0 °C for a period of from about 3 hours to about 24 hours; and (b) sublimating the biomaterial at a temperature of from about -20.0 °C to at least about -50.0 °C for a period of up to 24 hours, from about 1 day to about 7 days, or greater than about 7 days.

[0012] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a base resin mixture for producing a rigid biomaterial, comprising: (i) at least one hydrocolloid; (ii) at least one nitrogenous additive; (iii) at least one precursor curing agent; (iv) at least one plasticizer; (v) at least one water-resistant agent; (vi) optionally at least one UV-resistant agent; (viii) optionally at least one biopolymer additive; (ix) optionally at least one flavor and / or dye additive; (x) optionally at least one antiseptic additive; and / or (xi) at least one solvent.

[0013] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a biomatcrial resin comprising: (a) a base resin mixture of the present disclosure, and the at least one biopolymer additive, the at least one flavor and / or dye additive and / or the at least one antiseptic additive.

[0014] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a process for producing a biomaterial resin mixture comprising mixing, homogenizing, compounding and / or extruding a precursor base resin mixture at a temperature range of from about 2.0 °C to about 250.0 °C for a period of from about 1.0 to about 60.0 min and at a speed sufficient to produce a base resin mixture, wherein the precursor base resin mixture comprises: (i) at least one hydrocolloid; (ii) at least one nitrogenous additive; (iii) at least one precursor curing agent; (iv) at least one plasticizer; (v) at least one water-resistant agent; (vi) optionally at least one UV-resistant agent; (vii) optionally at least one biopolymer additive; (viii) optionally at least one flavor and / or dye additive; (ix) optionally at least one antiseptic additive; and / or (x) at least one solvent.

[0015] In some aspects, the biomaterial resin comprises the: (viii) at least one biopolymer additive; (ix) at least one flavor and / or dye additive; and / or (x) at least one antiseptic additive.

[0016] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit for producing a biomaterial, the kit comprising: (a) the base resin mixture of claim 1 without the at least one blowing agent; (b) at least one curing agent; and (c) instructions for producing a biomaterial structure.

[0017] In some aspects, the base resin mixture is pelletized. In some aspects, the biomaterial resin is pelletized.Docket No. 44047.601

[0018] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a process for producing a rigid biomaterial, comprising: (a) forming a biomaterial resin mixture of the present disclosure into a molded biomaterial structure; (b) treating a surface of the molded biomaterial structure with the at least one curing agent to produce a surface-treated biomaterial structure; (c) curing the surface-treated biomaterial structure at a temperature range of from about 25.0 °C to about 50.0 °C for a period of from about 1 hour to about 6 hours to produce a cured biomaterial structure; and (d) drying the cured biomaterial structure to produce a biomaterial.

[0019] In some aspects, drying (d) comprises: (i) pre-freezing the biomaterial at a temperature below 0 °C for a period of from about 3 hours to about 24 hours; and (ii) sublimating the biomaterial at a temperature of from about -20.0 °C to at least about -50.0 °C for a period of up to 24 hours, from about 1 day to about 7 days, or greater than about 7 days.

[0020] In some aspects, drying (d) comprises subjecting the biofoam to a heat transfer procedure at a temperature of up to 25.0 °C, from about 25.0 °C to about 80.0 °C, or greater than 80.0 °C for a period of less than or equal to 1 day, from about 1 to 7 days, or greater than 7 days. In some aspects, the heat transfer procedure comprises convection, radiation, and / or diffusion.

[0021] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a process for producing an improved rigid biomaterial, comprising: (a) pre-freezing a cured rigid biomaterial structure at temperature below 0 °C for a period of from about 3 hours to about 24 hours; and (b) sublimating the biomaterial at a temperature of from about -20.0 °C to at least about -50.0 °C for a period of up to 24 hours, from about 1 day to about 7 days, or greater than about 7 days.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0022] The patent or application file contains drawings executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawings will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.

[0023] Having thus described the presently disclosed subject matter in general terms, reference will now be made to the accompanying Figures, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, and wherein:

[0024] Figure 1 shows an end-to-end process flow diagram of production processes of fully biodegradable and compostable biofoam, rigid biomaterials, and packaging biomaterials. Dashed lines represent optional items.Docket No. 44047.601

[0025] Figure 2 shows an exemplary biofoam product produced using the protocol described in Example 2.

[0026] Figure 3 shows an exemplary biofoam product produced using the protocol described in Example 17.

[0027] Figure 4 shows an exemplary biofoam product produced using the protocol described in Example 18.

[0028] Figure 5 shows an exemplary biofoam product produced using the protocol described in Example 20.

[0029] Figure 6 shows an exemplary rigid biomaterial product produced using the protocol described in Example 22.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0030] Section headings as used in this section and the entire disclosure herein are merely for organizational purposes and are not intended to be limiting.1. Definitions

[0031] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. In case of conflict, the present document, including definitions, will control. Preferred methods and materials are described below, although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in practice or testing of the present disclosure. All publications, patent applications, patents and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. The materials, methods, and examples disclosed herein are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.

[0032] The terms “comprise(s),” “include(s),” “having,” “has,” “can,” “contain(s),” and variants thereof, as used herein, are intended to be open-ended transitional phrases, terms, or words that do not preclude the possibility of additional acts or structures. The singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The present disclosure also contemplates other embodiments “comprising,” “consisting of’ and “consisting essentially of,” the embodiments or elements presented herein, whether explicitly set forth or not.

[0033] As used herein, an "antiseptic additive" refers to a substance incorporated into a biofoam or biomaterial formulation of the present disclosure that possesses the ability toDocket No. 44047.601inhibit or destroy the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The “antiseptic additives” are included to enhance the antimicrobial properties of the formulation, ensuring safety and longevity, particularly in applications where the material may come into contact with skin, wounds, or other biological environments. The antiseptic additives can be integrated into the formulations of the present disclosure during various production stages, include mixing the base resin mixture, foaming, or curing, ensuring uniform distribution throughout the biofoam or biomaterial.

[0034] Exemplary antiseptic additives of use herein include, without limitation, clove essential oil, waste biomass extract, essential oils of biomass orange, thyme, dill, peppermint, dandelion, lavender, cranberry, tea tree, coriander, cedarwood, lemon, lemongrass, eucalyptus, and combinations thereof. Other antiseptic compounds are also contemplated.

[0035] The antiseptic additive is optional in the biofoam and rigid biomaterial formulations of the present disclosure. When included, the antiseptic additive(s) may be present in a range from about 0.001 %w / w, 0.002% w / w, 0.003% w / w, 0.004% w / w, 0.005% w / w, 0.006% w / w, 0.007% w / w, 0.008% w / w, 0.009% w / w, 0.01% w / w, 0.02% w / w, 0.03% w / w, 0.04% w / w, 0.05% w / w, 0.06% w / w, 0.07% w / w, 0.08% w / w, 0.09% w / w, 0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w, 0.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w, 0.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, 10.0% w / w, 11.0% w / w, 12.0% w / w, 13.0% w / w, 14.0% w / w, 15.0% w / w, 16.0% w / w, 17.0% w / w, 18.0% w / w, 19.0% w / w, 20.0% w / w, 21.0% w / w, 22.0% w / w, 23.0% w / w, 24.0% w / w, 25.0% w / w, 26.0% w / w, 27.0% w / w, 28.0% w / w, 29.0% w / w, 30.0% w / w, 31.0% w / w, 32.0% w / w, 33.0% w / w, 34.0% w / w, 35.0% w / w, 36.0% w / w, 37.0% w / w, 38.0% w / w, 39.0% w / w, 40.0% w / w, 41.0% w / w, 42.0% w / w, 43.0% w / w, 44.0% w / w, 45.0% w / w, 46.0% w / w, 47.0% w / w, 48.0% w / w, 49.0% w / w, 50.0% w / w, 51.0% w / w, 52.0% w / w, 53.0% w / w, 54.0% w / w, 55.0% w / w, 56.0% w / w, 57.0% w / w, 58.0% w / w, 59.0% w / w, 60.0% w / w, 61.0% w / w, 62.0% w / w, 63.0% w / w, 64.0% w / w, 65.0% w / w, 66.0% w / w, 67.0% w / w, 68.0% w / w, 69.0% w / w, 70.0% w / w, 71.0% w / w, 72.0% w / w, 73.0% w / w, 74.0% w / w, 75.0% w / w, 76.0% w / w, 77.0% w / w, 78.0% w / w, 79.0% w / w, to about 80.0% w / w, from about0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w, 0.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w, 0.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, 10.0% w / w, 11.0% w / w, 12.0% w / w, 13.0% w / w, 14.0% w / w, 15.0% w / w, 16.0% w / w, 17.0% w / w, 18.0% w / w, 19.0% w / w, to about 20.0% w / w, or preferably from about 0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w,Docket No. 44047.6010.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w, 0.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, to about 10.0% w / w.

[0036] As used herein, a “biopolymer additive” refers to a naturally derived polymeric compound incorporated into the biofoam formulation to enhance its structural, mechanical, or functional properties, which improve the biofoam's biodegradability. Biopolymer additives contribute to the biofoam’s performance by reinforcing the matrix, increasing resilience, or improving flexibility, while ensuring the material remains compostable or recyclable. The addition of biopolymers allows for a durable yet eco-friendly biofoam suitable for diverse applications, from packaging to insulation.

[0037] The following bio-based and biodegradable polymers (BBP) can alsobe added, compounded, co-extruded, reactive extruded, coated, laminated, deposited, co-injected, or by any other means of mass transfer to enhance water proofing and gas permittivity and diffusion (e.g., water vapor, oxygen, and carbon dioxide among others), and biodegradation rate of the thin film biomatcrials and make them more functional in any environment for any applications.

[0038] The mass ratio (mass_BBP:mass_resin) can be less than 1:1, 1 : 1-20:1, or higher than 20: 1 , or any range in between, or lower ranges, or higher ranges, or higher than 1:1, 1:1-1 :20, or less than 1:20, or any range in between, or lower ranges, or higher ranges. It includes but is not limited to the following biopolymers. Exemplary BBP of use herein include, without limitation, poly-3 -hydroxybutyrate (PHB), or poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBV), or poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate (P(3-HB-co-4-HB)), or polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hexanoate (PHBH), or poly (3-hydroxyhexanoate) P(3HHx), or poly(3- hydroxyoctanoate) P(3IIO), or P(3IIIIx-co-3IIO), or any other polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), or polybutylene succinate (PBS), or polycaprolactone (PCL), or polyvinyl alcohol, or any other bio-based and biodegradable polymers, or any sort of their combinations or derivatives or waste among others.

[0039] These biopolymers were derived from waste streams such as food waste and municipal solid waste extracts and leachates, municipal wastewater, industrial wastewater, or any other types of agri-food and organic waste streams as feedstock through green chemistry and open-culture mixed microbial fermentation.

[0040] As used herein, a “blowing agent” refers to a compound or mixture used to generate a cellular or porous structure within a biofoam by producing gas bubbles during the foaming process. The blowing agent can either be physical (e.g., a volatile liquid or gas that vaporizes under specific conditions) or chemical (e.g., a compound that decomposes toDocket No. 44047.601release gas upon heating or a chemical reaction). The gas produced by the blowing agent expands the formulation, creating voids or cells that contribute to the foam's lightweight, insulating, and flexible properties. The choice of blowing agent depends on the desired pore size, uniformity, and the environmental impact of the gas released (e.g., CO2, N2, water vapor).

[0041] Exemplary blowing agents suitable for use herein include, without limitation, glutathione peroxidase in combination with glutathione, ascorbate peroxidase in combination with ascorbic acid, lactoperoxidase, or peroxidase, or catalase, or alkaline phosphatase, potassium iodide, sodium iodide, iodide salts of any alkali metals, Iron(III) salts of halides such as Iron(III) chloride, manganese dioxide catalysts, nickel catalysts, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, alkali metal hydroxides, alkaline earth metal hydroxides, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, alkali metal carbonates, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, alkali metal bicarbonates, bases, reducing agents, sodium pcrcarbonatc, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, carbamide peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, hypochlorous acid, hydrogen peroxide, organic peroxides, any peroxidesacetic acid, benzoic acid, citric acid, organic acids, acids, oxidizing agents, or any combinations, derivatives, or wastes thereof.

[0042] The blowing agents are used in certain biofoam formulations of the present disclosure. When included, the blowing agent(s) may be present in a range from about0.001%w / w, 0.002% w / w, 0.003% w / w, 0.004% w / w, 0.005% w / w, 0.006% w / w, 0.007% w / w, 0.008% w / w, 0.009% w / w, 0.01% w / w, 0.02% w / w, 0.03% w / w, 0.04% w / w, 0.05% w / w, 0.06% w / w, 0.07% w / w, 0.08% w / w, 0.09% w / w, 0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w, 0.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w, 0.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, 10.0% w / w, 11.0% w / w, 12.0% w / w, 13.0% w / w, 14.0% w / w, 15.0% w / w, 16.0% w / w, 17.0% w / w, 18.0% w / w, 19.0% w / w, 20.0% w / w, 21.0% w / w, 22.0% w / w, 23.0% w / w, 24.0% w / w, 25.0% w / w, 26.0% w / w, 27.0% w / w, 28.0% w / w, 29.0% w / w, 30.0% w / w, 31.0% w / w, 32.0% w / w, 33.0% w / w, 34.0% w / w, 35.0% w / w, 36.0% w / w, 37.0% w / w, 38.0% w / w, 39.0% w / w, 40.0% w / w, 41.0% w / w, 42.0% w / w, 43.0% w / w, 44.0% w / w, 45.0% w / w, 46.0% w / w, 47.0% w / w, 48.0% w / w, 49.0% w / w, 50.0% w / w, 51.0% w / w, 52.0% w / w, 53.0% w / w, 54.0% w / w, 55.0% w / w, 56.0% w / w, 57.0% w / w, 58.0% w / w, 59.0% w / w, 60.0% w / w, 61.0% w / w, 62.0% w / w, 63.0% w / w, 64.0% w / w, 65.0% w / w, 66.0% w / w, 67.0% w / w, 68.0% w / w, 69.0% w / w, 70.0% w / w, 71.0% w / w, 72.0% w / w, 73.0% w / w, 74.0% w / w, 75.0% w / w, 76.0% w / w, 77.0% w / w, 78.0% w / w, 79.0% w / w, to about 80.0%Docket No. 44047.601w / w, from about 0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w, 0.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w, 0.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, 10.0% w / w, 11.0% w / w, 12.0% w / w, 13.0% w / w, 14.0% w / w, 15.0% w / w, 16.0% w / w, 17.0% w / w, 18.0% w / w, 19.0% w / w, to about 20.0% w / w, or preferably from about0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w, 0.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w, 0.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, to about 10.0% w / w. The above concentration ranges are provided as pure basis ranges accounting for a fraction of a certain % NlN of a blowing agent solution which was prepared by combining a solvent and a blowing agent prior to addition to the formulation. For example, the ranges contemplate a range of about 0.84% w / w to about 83.34% of an about 12.0 %w / w hydrogen peroxide solution to result in the above 0.1 % w / w thru 10.0% w / w concentrations of pure H2O2 in the final resin (%g-pure-H2O2 / g-total-resin).

[0043] As used herein, a “curing agent' ’ refers to a substance or mixture of substances that initiates, accelerates, or otherwise facilitates the curing process, which involves the hardening, setting, or solidification of a biofoam or biomaterial of the present disclosure. The curing agent can chemically react with one or more components of the formulation (e.g., a polymer or resin), leading to cross-linking or polymerization that forms a stable, durable structure. The curing agents can be added to the formulations of the present disclosure to enhance physicochemical, thermal, mechanical, structural, rheological, and viscoelastic properties of biomaterials and make them stronger (e.g., Young’s modulus, tensile strength, fractural strength, tear strength, elongation at break, glass transition temperature, and stiffness, etc.). Curing agents may include catalysts, cross-linkers, hardeners, or other reactive compounds, and their selection depends on the desired mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and curing conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity) of the final product.

[0044] The present disclosure contemplates two general classes of curing agents that are defined based on the stage of the production process during which the curing agents are used, including precursor curing agents and curing agents.

[0045] As used herein, a “precursor curing agent” refers to a curing agent that is added to a base biofoam or biomaterial resin mixture during upstream processing. Examples of suitable precursor curing agents include, without limitation, calcium phosphate, magnesium phosphate, barium phosphate, phosphate salts of alkaline earth metals, sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, phosphate salts of alkali metals, aluminum phosphate, Zinc(II) phosphate, Iron(III) phosphate, phosphate salts of divalent,Docket No. 44047.601trivalent or multivalent cations, aluminum sulfate, Zinc(II) sulfate, Iron(III) sulfate, sulfate salts of divalent, trivalent or multivalent cations, salts of calcium, magnesium ions, salts of alkaline earth metals, salts of divalent, trivalent, or multivalent cations or metals, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, alkali metal bicarbonates, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, barium carbonate, carbonate of any alkaline earth metals, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, barium sulfate, sulfates of alkaline earth metals, calcium sulfate hemihydrate, hydroxyapatite, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, talc, epsom, gypsum, montmorillonite, bentonite, kaolin clay, mica, diatomite, nano-clays, clays, plaster of Paris, carbonates of divalent, trivalent, or multivalent cations or metals, sulfated of divalent, trivalent, or multivalent cations or metals, phosphate species of divalent, trivalent, or multivalent cations or metals, divalent, trivalent, or multivalent cations or metal salts, combinations of their mineral mixtures, or any combinations, derivatives, orwastes thereof.

[0046] The precursor curing agents are used in certain biofoam or rigid biomaterial formulations of the present disclosure. When included, the precursor curing agent may be present in a range from about 0.001 %w / w, 0.002% w / w, 0.003% w / w, 0.004% w / w, 0.005% w / w, 0.006% w / w, 0.007% w / w, 0.008% w / w, 0.009% w / w, 0.01% w / w, 0.02% w / w, 0.03% w / w, 0.04% w / w, 0.05% w / w, 0.06% w / w, 0.07% w / w, 0.08% w / w, 0.09% w / w, 0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w, 0.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w, 0.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, 10.0% w / w, 11.0% w / w, 12.0% w / w, 13.0% w / w, 14.0% w / w, 15.0% w / w, 16.0% w / w, 17.0% w / w, 18.0% w / w, 19.0% w / w, 20.0% w / w, 21.0% w / w, 22.0% w / w, 23.0% w / w, 24.0% w / w, 25.0% w / w, 26.0% w / w, 27.0% w / w, 28.0% w / w, 29.0% w / w, 30.0% w / w, 31.0% w / w, 32.0% w / w, 33.0% w / w, 34.0% w / w, 35.0% w / w, 36.0% w / w, 37.0% w / w, 38.0% w / w, 39.0% w / w, 40.0% w / w, 41.0% w / w, 42.0% w / w, 43.0% w / w, 44.0% w / w, 45.0% w / w, 46.0% w / w, 47.0% w / w, 48.0% w / w, 49.0% w / w, 50.0% w / w, 51.0% w / w, 52.0% w / w, 53.0% w / w, 54.0% w / w, 55.0% w / w, 56.0% w / w, 57.0% w / w, 58.0% w / w, 59.0% w / w, 60.0% w / w, 61.0% w / w, 62.0% w / w, 63.0% w / w, 64.0% w / w, 65.0% w / w, 66.0% w / w, 67.0% w / w, 68.0% w / w, 69.0% w / w, 70.0% w / w, 71.0% w / w, 72.0% w / w, 73.0% w / w, 74.0% w / w, 75.0% w / w, 76.0% w / w, 77.0% w / w, 78.0% w / w, 79.0% w / w, to about 80.0% w / w, from about 0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w, 0.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w, 0.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, 10.0% w / w, 11.0% w / w, 12.0% w / w, 13.0% w / w, 14.0% w / w, 15.0% w / w, 16.0% w / w, 17.0% w / w, 18.0% w / w, 19.0% w / w, to about 20.0% w / w, or preferably from about0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w,Docket No. 44047.6010.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w, 0.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, to about 10.0% w / w.

[0047] As used herein, a “curing agent” refers to a curing agent that is added to a molded biofoam or molded biomaterial during downstream processing. Exemplary curing agents suitable for use herein include, without limitation, cream of tartar, tartaric acid, tannic acid, tannins, acetic acid, benzoic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, acetates, acetate salts, benzoates, benzoate salts, citrates, citrate salts, lactates, lactate salts, malates, malate salts, oxalates, oxalate salts, succinates, succinate salts, organic acids, salts of organic acids, derivatives of organic acids, boric acid, borates, borate salts, glutaraldehyde, glyoxal, organic aldehydes, organic esters, organic ketones, polyphenols, phenolic compounds, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, barium chloride, strontium chloride, halide salts of alkaline earth metals, aluminum chloride, copper(II) chloride, zinc(II) chloride, iron(II) chloride, iron(III) chloride, salts of halides and halogen atoms (e.g., including but not limited to chloride, iodide, fluoride, bromide) with divalent, trivalcnt, or multivalent metals or cations, transglutaminase, laccase, genipin, 1,4- benzoquinone, lactones, enones, maleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, cyclic aliphatic anhydrides, natural curing agents, or any combinations, derivatives, or wastes thereof.

[0048] The curing agents are used in certain biofoam or rigid biomaterial formulations of the present disclosure. When included, the curing agents may be present in a range from about 0.001 %w / w, 0.002% w / w, 0.003% w / w, 0.004% w / w, 0.005% w / w, 0.006% w / w, 0.007% w / w, 0.008% w / w, 0.009% w / w, 0.01% w / w, 0.02% w / w, 0.03% w / w, 0.04% w / w, 0.05% w / w, 0.06% w / w, 0.07% w / w, 0.08% w / w, 0.09% w / w, 0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w, 0.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w, 0.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, 10.0% w / w, 11.0% w / w, 12.0% w / w, 13.0% w / w, 14.0% w / w, 15.0% w / w, 16.0% w / w, 17.0% w / w, 18.0% w / w, 19.0% w / w, 20.0% w / w, 21.0% w / w, 22.0% w / w, 23.0% w / w, 24.0% w / w, 25.0% w / w, 26.0% w / w, 27.0% w / w, 28.0% w / w, 29.0% w / w, 30.0% w / w, 31.0% w / w, 32.0% w / w, 33.0% w / w, 34.0% w / w, 35.0% w / w, 36.0% w / w, 37.0% w / w, 38.0% w / w, 39.0% w / w, 40.0% w / w, 41.0% w / w, 42.0% w / w, 43.0% w / w, 44.0% w / w, 45.0% w / w, 46.0% w / w, 47.0% w / w, 48.0% w / w, 49.0% w / w, 50.0% w / w, 51.0% w / w, 52.0% w / w, 53.0% w / w, 54.0% w / w, 55.0% w / w, 56.0% w / w, 57.0% w / w, 58.0% w / w, 59.0% w / w, 60.0% w / w, 61.0% w / w, 62.0% w / w, 63.0% w / w, 64.0% w / w, 65.0% w / w, 66.0% w / w, 67.0% w / w, 68.0% w / w, 69.0% w / w, 70.0% w / w, 71.0% w / w, 72.0% w / w, 73.0% w / w, 74.0% w / w, 75.0% w / w, 76.0% w / w, 77.0% w / w, 78.0% w / w, 79.0% w / w, 80.0% w / w,Docket No. 44047.60181.0% w / w, 82.0% w / w, 83.0% w / w, 84.0% w / w, 85.0% w / w, 86.0% w / w, 87.0% w / w, 88.0% w / w, 89.0% w / w, to about 90.0% w / w, from about 0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w, 0.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w, 0.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, 10.0% w / w, 11.0% w / w, 12.0% w / w, 13.0% w / w, 14.0% w / w, 15.0% w / w, 16.0% w / w, 17.0% w / w, 18.0% w / w, 19.0% w / w, 20.0% w / w, 21.0% w / w, 22.0% w / w, 23.0% w / w, 24.0% w / w, 25.0% w / w, 26.0% w / w, 27.0% w / w, 28.0% w / w, 29.0% w / w, to about 30.0% w / w, or preferably from about 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, 10.0% w / w, 11.0% w / w, 12.0% w / w, 13.0% w / w, 14.0% w / w, to about 15.0% w / w.

[0049] The precursor curing agent and / or curing agents may optionally be dissolved in a solvent (including but not limited to tap water, or ethanol, or isopropyl alcohol, or any alcohols, or any sort of their combinations or derivatives or waste among others) to make a 1.0% solution (or less than 1.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0050] As used herein, a “dye additive” refers to a colored substance that is incorporated into a biofoam or biomaterial formulation of the present disclosure to provide color characteristics or to enhance aesthetic appeal. The “dye additives” of the present disclosure include environmentally friendly dyes and pigments that can be sourced and extracted from different natural inorganic, organic, and waste resources (i.e., mineral, biological, and waste resources) including but not limited to minerals, vegetables, fruits, fungi, micro- or macroalgae, archaea, microorganisms, any type of eukaryotes and prokaryotes, or any combinations, derivatives, or wastes thereof. The dye additives can be introduced during various stages of formulation, including the mixing of base resin mixtures, foaming processes, or post -processing treatments, and can be present in varying concentrations depending on the desired intensity of color and performance characteristics.

[0051] The dye additives are used in certain biofoam or rigid biomaterial formulations of the present disclosure. When included, the dye additives may be present in a range from about 0.0001%w / w, 0.0002% w / w, 0.0003% w / w, 0.0004% w / w, 0.0005% w / w, 0.0006% w / w, 0.0007% w / w, 0.0008% w / w, 0.0009% w / w,0.001%w / w, 0.002% w / w, 0.003% w / w, 0.004% w / w, 0.005% w / w, 0.006% w / w, 0.007% w / w, 0.008% w / w, 0.009% w / w, 0.01% w / w, 0.02% w / w, 0.03% w / w, 0.04% w / w, 0.05% w / w, 0.06% w / w, 0.07% w / w, 0.08% w / w, 0.09% w / w, 0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w, 0.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w,Docket No. 44047.6010.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, 10.0% w / w, 11.0% w / w, 12.0% w / w, 13.0% w / w, 14.0% w / w, 15.0% w / w, 16.0% w / w, 17.0% w / w, 18.0% w / w, 19.0% w / w, 20.0% w / w, 21.0% w / w, 22.0% w / w, 23.0% w / w, 24.0% w / w, 25.0% w / w, 26.0% w / w, 27.0% w / w, 28.0% w / w, 29.0% w / w, 30.0% w / w, 31.0% w / w, 32.0% w / w, 33.0% w / w, 34.0% w / w, 35.0% w / w, 36.0% w / w, 37.0% w / w, 38.0% w / w, 39.0% w / w, 40.0% w / w, 41.0% w / w, 42.0% w / w, 43.0% w / w, 44.0% w / w, 45.0% w / w, 46.0% w / w, 47.0% w / w, 48.0% w / w, 49.0% w / w, 50.0% w / w, 51.0% w / w, 52.0% w / w, 53.0% w / w, 54.0% w / w, 55.0% w / w, 56.0% w / w, 57.0% w / w, 58.0% w / w, 59.0% w / w, 60.0% w / w, 61.0% w / w, 62.0% w / w, 63.0% w / w, 64.0% w / w, 65.0% w / w, 66.0% w / w, 67.0% w / w, 68.0% w / w, 69.0% w / w, 70.0% w / w, 71.0% w / w, 72.0% w / w, 73.0 % w / w, 74.0% w / w, 75.0% w / w, 76.0% w / w, 77.0% w / w, 78.0% w / w, 79.0% w / w, to about 80.0% w / w, from about 0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w, 0.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w, 0.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, 10.0% w / w, 11.0% w / w, 12.0% w / w, 13.0% w / w, 14.0% w / w, 15.0% w / w, 16.0% w / w, 17.0% w / w, 18.0% w / w, 19.0% w / w, to about 20.0% w / w, or preferably from about 0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w, 0.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w, 0.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, to about 10.0% w / w].

[0052] As used herein, a "flavor additive" refers to a substance incorporated into a biofoam or biomaterial formulation of the present disclosure to provide taste characteristics or to enhance sensory appeal. The “flavor additives” of the present disclosure include environmentally friendly flavors that can be sourced and extracted from different natural inorganic, organic, and waste resources (i.e., mineral, biological, and waste resources) including but not limited to minerals, vegetables, fruits, fungi, micro- or macro-algae, archaea, microorganisms, any type of eukaryotes and prokaryotes, or any combinations, derivatives, or wastes thereof.

[0053] The flavor additives can be introduced into the formulation during various stages of production, such as mixing of the base resin mixture, foaming, or curing, and can be present in varying concentrations based on the desired intensity of flavor and performance attributes.When introduced, the flavor agent may be present in a range from about 0.0001 %w / w, 0.0002% w / w, 0.0003% w / w, 0.0004% w / w, 0.0005% w / w, 0.0006% w / w, 0.0007% w / w, 0.0008% w / w, 0.0009% w / w, 0.001%w / w, 0.002% w / w, 0.003% w / w, 0.004% w / w, 0.005% w / w, 0.006% w / w, 0.007% w / w, 0.008% w / w, 0.009% w / w, 0.01%Docket No. 44047.601w / w, 0.02% w / w, 0.03% w / w, 0.04% w / w, 0.05% w / w, 0.06% w / w, 0.07% w / w, 0.08% w / w, 0.09% w / w, 0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w, 0.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w, 0.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, 10.0% w / w, 11.0% w / w, 12.0% w / w, 13.0% w / w, 14.0% w / w, 15.0% w / w, 16.0% w / w, 17.0% w / w, 18.0% w / w, 19.0% w / w, 20.0% w / w, 21.0% w / w, 22.0% w / w, 23.0% w / w, 24.0% w / w, 25.0% w / w, 26.0% w / w, 27.0% w / w, 28.0% w / w, 29.0% w / w, 30.0% w / w, 31.0% w / w, 32.0% w / w, 33.0% w / w, 34.0% w / w, 35.0% w / w, 36.0% w / w, 37.0% w / w, 38.0% w / w, 39.0% w / w, 40.0% w / w, 41.0% w / w, 42.0% w / w, 43.0% w / w, 44.0% w / w, 45.0% w / w, 46.0% w / w, 47.0% w / w, 48.0% w / w, 49.0% w / w, 50.0% w / w, 51.0% w / w, 52.0% w / w, 53.0% w / w, 54.0% w / w, 55.0% w / w, 56.0% w / w, 57.0% w / w, 58.0% w / w, 59.0% w / w, 60.0% w / w, 61.0% w / w, 62.0% w / w, 63.0% w / w, 64.0% w / w, 65.0% w / w, 66.0% w / w, 67.0% w / w, 68.0% w / w, 69.0% w / w, 70.0% w / w, 71.0% w / w, 72.0% w / w, 73.0% w / w, 74.0% w / w, 75.0% w / w, 76.0% w / w, 77.0% w / w, 78.0% w / w, 79.0% w / w, to about 80.0% w / w, from about 0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w, 0.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w, 0.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, 10.0% w / w, 11.0% w / w, 12.0% w / w, 13.0% w / w, 14.0% w / w, 15.0% w / w, 16.0% w / w, 17.0% w / w, 18.0% w / w, 19.0% w / w, to about 20.0% w / w, or preferably from about 0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w, 0.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w. 0.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, to about 10.0% w / w.

[0054] As used herein, a “foaming agent” refers to a compound incorporated into a biofoam formulation of the present disclosure to create a cellular structure by generating gas bubbles during the foam production process, which enables the formation of a lightweight, porous material with enhanced insulation and cushioning properties. The choice of an eco-friendly foaming agent aligns with a biofoam's sustainability objectives, ensuring that the final product remains environmentally compatible while achieving the desired density, elasticity, and structural integrity.

[0055] Exemplary foaming agents of use herein include, without limitation, neutral lipids, lecithin, phospholipids, fatty acids, cyclic lipopeptides, lipopeptides, lipopolysaccharides, glycolipids, sophorolipids, rhamnolipids, mannosylerythritol lipids, trehalose lipids, lauryl glucoside, caprylyl glucoside, decyl glucoside, capryl glucoside, coco-glucoside, sorbitan esters, or any types of biosurfactant, or combinations, derivatives, or wastes thereof.Docket No. 44047.601

[0056] The foaming agent can be used in certain biofoam formulations of the present disclosure. When included, the foaming agent may be present in a range from about 0.001 %w / w, 0.002% w / w, 0.003% w / w, 0.004% w / w, 0.005% w / w, 0.006% w / w, 0.007% w / w, 0.008% w / w, 0.009% w / w, 0.01% w / w, 0.02% w / w, 0.03% w / w, 0.04% w / w, 0.05% w / w, 0.06% w / w, 0.07% w / w, 0.08% w / w, 0.09% w / w, 0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w, 0.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w, 0.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, 10.0% w / w, 11.0% w / w, 12.0% w / w, 13.0% w / w, 14.0% w / w, 15.0% w / w, 16.0% w / w, 17.0% w / w, 18.0% w / w, 19.0% w / w, 20.0% w / w, 21.0% w / w, 22.0% w / w, 23.0% w / w, 24.0% w / w, 25.0% w / w, 26.0% w / w, 27.0% w / w, 28.0% w / w, 29.0% w / w, 30.0% w / w, 31.0% w / w, 32.0% w / w, 33.0% w / w, 34.0% w / w, 35.0% w / w, 36.0% w / w, 37.0% w / w, 38.0% w / w, 39.0% w / w, 40.0% w / w, 41.0% w / w, 42.0% w / w, 43.0% w / w, 44.0% w / w, 45.0% w / w, 46.0% w / w, 47.0% w / w, 48.0% w / w, 49.0% w / w, 50.0% w / w, 51.0% w / w, 52.0% w / w, 53.0% w / w, 54.0% w / w, 55.0% w / w, 56.0% w / w, 57.0% w / w, 58.0% w / w, 59.0% w / w, 60.0% w / w, 61.0% w / w, 62.0% w / w, 63.0% w / w, 64.0% w / w, 65.0% w / w, 66.0% w / w, 67.0% w / w, 68.0% w / w, 69.0% w / w, 70.0% w / w, 71.0% w / w, 72.0% w / w, 73.0% w / w, 74.0% w / w, 75.0% w / w, 76.0% w / w, 77.0% w / w, 78.0% w / w, 79.0% w / w, to about 80.0% w / w, from about 0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w, 0.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w, 0.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w. 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, 10.0% w / w, 11.0% w / w, 12.0% w / w, 13.0% w / w, 14.0% w / w, 15.0% w / w, 16.0% w / w, 17.0% w / w, 18.0% w / w, 19.0% w / w, to about 20.0% w / w, or preferably from about 0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w, 0.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w, 0.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, to about 10.0% w / w.

[0057] As used herein, a “hydrocolloid” refers to a naturally occurring or synthetic polymer that has the capacity to form a gel or viscous solution upon hydration. In the context of the biofoam formulations of the present disclosure, the hydrocolloid functions as a binding and structuring agent, interacting with water to create a stable matrix that enhances the biofoam's physical integrity and resilience.

[0058] Exemplary hydrocolloids of use herein include, without limitation, a natural gum, cassia gum, acacia bean limbs, gum tragacanth, katira, guar gum, guar beans powder, curdlan, gum karaya, flaxseed gum, gum arabic, gellan gum, high acyl gellan gum, low acyl gellan gum, locust bean gum, galactomannans, pullulan, xanthan gum, hydrogel or hydrocolloid producing gums and mucilages, agars, agarose, alginic acids, alginate salts, such as sodiumDocket No. 44047.601alginate, calcium alginate, propylene glycol alginate, or any other alginate salts of alkali metals, or any other alginate salts, carrageenan, fucoidan, laminarin, ulvan, or any micro- and macro-algae derived polysaccharides, or any green, or red or brown seaweed species, waste seaweed biomass, any microbial-, bacteria-, archaea-, and fungi-derived polysaccharides, hemp fiber, jute fiber, sisal fiber, cotton fiber, bamboo fiber, rice husk fiber, sugarcane bagasse, pine fiber, coconut fiber, almond fiber, walnut fiber, microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose, nanocrystalline cellulose, cellulose nanofibrils, lignin-modified cellulose, hemicellulose, dextrans, xylans, xylose, raw or waste cellulosic fibers, cellulosic fibers extracted through lignocellulosic biomass or lignocellulosic waste valorization, natural fibrous products and their salts, graphene oxide, activated carbon, biochar, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, or methyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, or their silanized derivatives, konjac, glucomannan, inulin, pectin, arrowroot powder, starch, waste com, com starch, waste potato, potato starch, waste cassava biomass, tapioca starch, prokaryotic- or cukaryotic-dcrivcd starch, cyclic dextrin, glycogen, amylose, amylopectins, glucose, fructose, erythrose, peptidoglycan, microbial exopolysaccharides (EPSs), extracellular polymeric substances, orange pomace extract, citrus pomace, apple pomace extract, grape pomace extract, banana peel extract, watermelon rind extract, or any other waste food or I'rui t extract and their biosolids residues, or any sort of their combinations or derivatives or waste.

[0059] In some instances, the hydrocolloid may be subjected to hydrothermal pretreatment before being used in a precursor base resin mixture. For example, the hydrocolloid can be mixed with water (e.g., tap water) to make a 10.0% w / w solution (or less than 10.0% w / w, or any quantity from 10.0% to 100.0% w / w, or at any other concentration units), preheat the solution in a microwave for 20.0 sec or shorter or longer time (or preheat it at 80.0 °C or lower or higher temperature for 10.0-15.0 min for shorter or longer time, or as long as necessary to fully homogenize it).

[0060] Hydrocolloids may be included in certain biofoam or rigid biomaterial formulations of the present disclosure. When included, the hydrocolloids may be present in a range from about 0.001%w / w, 0.002% w / w, 0.003% w / w, 0.004% w / w, 0.005% w / w, 0.006% w / w, 0.007% w / w, 0.008% w / w, 0.009% w / w, 0.01% w / w, 0.02% w / w, 0.03% w / w, 0.04% w / w, 0.05% w / w, 0.06% w / w, 0.07% w / w, 0.08% w / w, 0.09% w / w, 0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w, 0.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w, 0.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, 10.0% w / w, 11.0% w / w, 12.0% w / w, 13.0% w / w, 14.0% w / w, 15.0% w / w, 16.0% w / w,Docket No. 44047.60117.0% w / w, 18.0% w / w, 19.0% w / w, 20.0% w / w, 21.0% w / w, 22.0% w / w, 23.0% w / w, 24.0% w / w, 25.0% w / w, 26.0% w / w, 27.0% w / w, 28.0% w / w, 29.0% w / w, 30.0% w / w, 31.0% w / w, 32.0% w / w, 33.0% w / w, 34.0% w / w, 35.0% w / w, 36.0% w / w, 37.0% w / w, 38.0% w / w, 39.0% w / w, 40.0% w / w, 41.0% w / w, 42.0% w / w, 43.0% w / w, 44.0% w / w, 45.0% w / w, 46.0% w / w, 47.0% w / w, 48.0% w / w, 49.0% w / w, 50.0% w / w, 51.0% w / w, 52.0% w / w, 53.0% w / w, 54.0% w / w, 55.0% w / w, 56.0% w / w, 57.0% w / w, 58.0% w / w, 59.0% w / w, 60.0% w / w, 61.0% w / w, 62.0% w / w, 63.0% w / w, 64.0% w / w, 65.0% w / w, 66.0% w / w, 67.0% w / w, 68.0% w / w, 69.0% w / w, 70.0% w / w, 71.0% w / w, 72.0% w / w, 73.0% w / w, 74.0% w / w, 75.0% w / w, 76.0% w / w, 77.0% w / w, 78.0% w / w, 79.0% w / w, to about 80.0% w / w, from about 0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w, 0.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w, 0.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, 10.0% w / w, 11.0% w / w, 12.0% w / w, 13.0% w / w, 14.0% w / w, 15.0% w / w, 16.0% w / w, 17.0% w / w, 18.0% w / w, 19.0% w / w, to about 20.0% w / w, or preferably from about 0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w, 0.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w, 0.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, to about 9.0% w / w, 10.0% w / w.

[0061] As used herein, a “nitrogenous additive” refers to a compound or material containing nitrogen in a form that can enhance the biofoam’s structural, physical, or chemical properties. In the context of the biofoam formulations of the present disclosure, nitrogenous additives can serve various purposes, such as promoting foaming action, enhancing the resilience of the foam structure, or accelerating biodegradability.

[0062] Exemplary nitrogenous additives of use herein, include without limitation, hyaluronic acid, methionine, histidine, glutamine, glutamic acid, serine, glycine, threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, arginine, cysteine, cystine, or other amino acids or combinations thereof, chitosan, chitin, or a mixture thereof or derivative thereof, valorized fungi biomass and its waste, valorized insect biomass and shell waste, valorized crustacean (including but not limited to shrimp, or crab, or lobster, or shellfish, or mussel, or mollusk, or clamshell among others) shell waste, uric acid, urate salts, urea, urea esters, or urea derivatives, betaine, quaternary ammonium salts, quaternary ammonium chloride, metal salts, choline chloride, choline citrate, choline benzoate, choline bitartrate, choline hydroxide, deep eutectic solvents with various types of hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA) and donors (HBD) (including but not limited to choline chloride [as IIBA] with urea, or citric acid, or lactic acid, or succinic acid, or glycerol [as HBD], or any other HBD among others), spermidine, spermine, putrescine, cadaverine, alkaloids, polyamines, polyamides, polyimides, gelatin,Docket No. 44047.601gluten, casein, keratin, keratin-containing materials, wool, silk, hair, feather, bird claw, keratin-containing waste, proteins or their waste, ethylenediamine, aliphatic and cycloaliphatic amine, polyglutamic acid, e-poly-L-lysine, or amino acid peptide chains, nitrogenous compounds, or any combinations, derivatives or wastes thereof.

[0063] Nitrogenous additives can be used in certain biofoam or rigid biomaterial formulations of the present disclosure. When included, the nitrogenous additive may be present in a range from about 0.001%w / w, 0.002% w / w, 0.003% w / w, 0.004% w / w, 0.005% w / w, 0.006% w / w, 0.007% w / w, 0.008% w / w, 0.009% w / w, 0.01% w / w, 0.02% w / w, 0.03% w / w, 0.04% w / w, 0.05% w / w, 0.06% w / w, 0.07% w / w, 0.08% w / w, 0.09% w / w, 0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w, 0.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w. 0.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, 10.0% w / w, 11.0% w / w, 12.0% w / w, 13.0% w / w, 14.0% w / w, 15.0% w / w, 16.0% w / w, 17.0% w / w, 18.0% w / w, 19.0% w / w, 20.0% w / w, 21.0% w / w, 22.0% w / w, 23.0% w / w, 24.0% w / w, 25.0% w / w, 26.0% w / w, 27.0% w / w, 28.0% w / w, 29.0% w / w, 30.0% w / w, 31.0% w / w, 32.0% w / w, 33.0% w / w, 34.0% w / w, 35.0% w / w, 36.0% w / w, 37.0% w / w, 38.0% w / w, 39.0% w / w, 40.0% w / w, 41.0% w / w, 42.0% w / w, 43.0% w / w, 44.0% w / w, 45.0% w / w, 46.0% w / w, 47.0% w / w, 48.0% w / w, 49.0% w / w, 50.0% w / w, 51.0% w / w, 52.0% w / w, 53.0% w / w, 54.0% w / w, 55.0% w / w, 56.0% w / w, 57.0% w / w, 58.0% w / w, 59.0% w / w, 60.0% w / w, 61.0% w / w, 62.0% w / w, 63.0% w / w, 64.0% w / w, 65.0% w / w, 66.0% w / w, 67.0% w / w, 68.0% w / w, 69.0% w / w, 70.0% w / w, 71.0% w / w, 72.0% w / w, 73.0% w / w, 74.0% w / w, 75.0% w / w, 76.0% w / w, 77.0% w / w, 78.0% w / w, 79.0% w / w, to about 80.0% w / w, from about 0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w, 0.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w, 0.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, 10.0% w / w, 11.0% w / w, 12.0% w / w, 13.0% w / w, 14.0% w / w, 15.0% w / w, 16.0% w / w, 17.0% w / w, 18.0% w / w, 19.0% w / w, to about 20.0% w / w, or preferably from about 0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w, 0.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w, 0.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, to about 10.0% w / w.

[0064] As used herein, a “plasticizer” refers to an additive incorporated into a biofoam formulation to enhance homogeneity of resins and physicochemical properties of the biomaterials making them softer, more flexible, elastic, and resilient by reducing intermolecular forces within the polymer matrix. In the context of the biofoam formulations of the present disclosure, plasticizers soften the material structure, allowing for increased elasticity and reducing brittleness, which can improve the foam’s durability and comfortDocket No. 44047.601during use. The use of plasticizers contributes to the biofoam’s functionality by facilitating easier handling, shaping, and compressibility while maintaining environmental compatibility. Exemplary plasticizers of use herein include, without limitation, simple sugars, sugar alcohols, polyols, polyol esters, polyacids, naturally occurring sugar alcohols or esters, sucrose, glucose, fructose, xylose, xylose esters, xylan acetate, xylitol, mannitol, sorbitol, lactitol, maltitol, isomalt, erythritol, glycerol, glycerol glycol, lauric acid, stearic acid, myristic acid, glyceryl stearate, cetearylolivate, sorbitan olivate, sorbitan esters, polysorbate esters, abietic acid, dehydroabietic acid, rosin, rosin acids, rosin acid esters, or rosin derivates, linseed oil, castor oil, linolenic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, ricinoleic acid, waste cooking oils, clove oil, essential oils, other oils, diacylglycerol, triacylglycerol, triglycerides, fatty acids, phospholipids, sterols, terpenes, adipates, adipate esters, azelates, azelate esters, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, citric acid esters, organic acid esters, ortho-phthalates, terephthalates, sebacates, trimellitates, or any combination, derivative, or waste thereof.

[0065] The plasticizer may be included in certain biofoam or rigid biomaterial formulations of the present disclosure. When included, the plasticizer may be present in a range from about 0.001 %w / w, 0.002% w / w, 0.003% w / w, 0.004% w / w, 0.005% w / w, 0.006% w / w, 0.007% w / w, 0.008% w / w, 0.009% w / w, 0.01% w / w, 0.02% w / w, 0.03% w / w, 0.04% w / w, 0.05% w / w, 0.06% w / w, 0.07% w / w, 0.08% w / w, 0.09% w / w, 0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w, 0.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w, 0.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, 10.0% w / w, 11.0% w / w, 12.0% w / w, 13.0% w / w, 14.0% w / w, 15.0% w / w, 16.0% w / w, 17.0% w / w, 18.0% w / w, 19.0% w / w, 20.0% w / w, 21.0% w / w, 22.0% w / w, 23.0% w / w, 24.0% w / w, 25.0% w / w, 26.0% w / w, 27.0% w / w, 28.0% w / w, 29.0% w / w, 30.0% w / w, 31.0% w / w, 32.0% w / w, 33.0% w / w, 34.0% w / w, 35.0% w / w, 36.0% w / w, 37.0% w / w, 38.0% w / w, 39.0% w / w, 40.0% w / w, 41.0% w / w, 42.0% w / w, 43.0% w / w, 44.0% w / w, 45.0% w / w, 46.0% w / w, 47.0% w / w, 48.0% w / w, 49.0% w / w, 50.0% w / w, 51.0% w / w, 52.0% w / w, 53.0% w / w, 54.0% w / w, 55.0% w / w, 56.0% w / w, 57.0% w / w, 58.0% w / w, 59.0% w / w, 60.0% w / w, 61.0% w / w, 62.0% w / w, 63.0% w / w, 64.0% w / w, 65.0% w / w, 66.0% w / w, 67.0% w / w, 68.0% w / w, 69.0% w / w, 70.0% w / w, 71.0% w / w, 72.0% w / w, 73.0% w / w, 74.0% w / w, 75.0% w / w, 76.0% w / w, 77.0% w / w, 78.0% w / w, 79.0% w / w, to about 80.0% w / w, from about 0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w, 0.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w, 0.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, 10.0% w / w, 11.0% w / w, 12.0% w / w,Docket No. 44047.60113.0% w / w, 14.0% w / w, 15.0% w / w, 16.0% w / w, 17.0% w / w, 18.0% w / w, 19.0% w / w, to about 20.0% w / w, or preferably from about 0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w, 0.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w, 0.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, to about 10.0% w / w.

[0066] As used herein, a “solvent” refers to a liquid medium capable of dissolving, suspending, or dispersing one or more components of a biofoam or biomaterial formulation of the present disclosure. The solvent can be used to facilitate the mixing of ingredients, control the viscosity, aid in the processing, or influence the physical properties of the final product. Exemplary solvents of use herein include, without limitation, naturally occurring organic and aqueous solvents including but not limited to alcohols (e.g., ethanol, isopropanol), natural ionic liquids, water (e.g., tap water, deionized water, distilled water, distilled deionized water, brine, filtered or non-filtered seawater, filtered or non-filtered or treated or non-treated wastewater, or any other types of water, or any sort of their combinations or derivatives or waste among others), organic solvents (e.g., acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)), or any biocompatible solvent that does not react adversely with the active ingredients or the biopolymeric matrix of the biofoam. The selection of the solvent may depend on its ability to evaporate or be removed during the curing or solidification process to yield the desired structure of the biofoam or biomaterial.

[0067] As used herein, a “UV-resistant agent” refers to an additive incorporated into a biofoam formulation of the present disclosure to protect it from degradation caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation, for example, by absorbing or reflecting UV light, minimizing the breakdown of the foam’s molecular structure and preventing discoloration, brittleness, or loss of mechanical properties over time, which help maintain the biofoam’s durability and longevity without compromising its eco-friendly and compostable nature. The use of UV-resistant agents allows the biofoam to retain its functionality and appearance in applications exposed to sunlight or outdoor conditions.

[0068] Exemplary UV-resistant agents of use herein include, without limitation, aluminum oxide, selenium dioxide, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, micro- and macro-algae biomass, waste micro- and macro-algae biomass, agar, carrageenan, fucoidan, sulfated polysaccharides, mycosporine-like amino acids, flavonoids, propolis, sesame oil, waste sesame biomass, waste sesame oil, green tea polyphenols, polyphenols (e.g., green tea polyphenols), phenolic compounds, lignin, lignin derivatives, calcium lignosulfonate, magnesium lignosulfonate, aloe vera biomass and its waste, tomato pomace, pomegranateDocket No. 44047.601pomace, almond waste, jojoba oil, primrose oil, shea butter, or other UV-resistant natural compounds, minerals, or combinations, derivatives, or wastes thereof.

[0069] UV-resistant agents may be present in certain biofoam or rigid biomaterial formulations of the present disclosure. When introduced, the UV-resistant agent may be present in a range from about 0.001 %w / w, 0.002% w / w, 0.003% w / w, 0.004% w / w, 0.005% w / w, 0.006% w / w, 0.007% w / w, 0.008% w / w, 0.009% w / w, 0.01% w / w, 0.02% w / w, 0.03% w / w, 0.04% w / w, 0.05% w / w, 0.06% w / w, 0.07% w / w, 0.08% w / w, 0.09% w / w, 0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w, 0.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w, 0.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, 10.0% w / w, 11.0% w / w, 12.0% w / w, 13.0% w / w, 14.0% w / w, 15.0% w / w, 16.0% w / w, 17.0% w / w, 18.0% w / w, 19.0% w / w, 20.0% w / w, 21.0% w / w, 22.0% w / w, 23.0% w / w, 24.0% w / w, 25.0% w / w, 26.0% w / w, 27.0% w / w, 28.0% w / w, 29.0% w / w, 30.0% w / w, 31.0% w / w, 32.0% w / w, 33.0% w / w, 34.0% w / w, 35.0% w / w, 36.0% w / w, 37.0% w / w, 38.0% w / w, 39.0% w / w, 40.0% w / w, 41.0% w / w, 42.0% w / w, 43.0% w / w, 44.0% w / w, 45.0% w / w, 46.0% w / w, 47.0% w / w, 48.0% w / w, 49.0% w / w, 50.0% w / w, 51.0% w / w, 52.0% w / w, 53.0% w / w, 54.0% w / w, 55.0% w / w, 56.0% w / w, 57.0% w / w, 58.0% w / w, 59.0% w / w, 60.0% w / w, 61.0% w / w, 62.0% w / w, 63.0% w / w, 64.0% w / w, 65.0% w / w, 66.0% w / w, 67.0% w / w, 68.0% w / w, 69.0% w / w, 70.0% w / w, 71.0% w / w, 72.0% w / w, 73.0% w / w, 74.0% w / w, 75.0% w / w, 76.0% w / w, 77.0% w / w, 78.0% w / w, 79.0% w / w, to about 80.0% w / w, from about 0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w, 0.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w, 0.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, 10.0% w / w, 11.0% w / w, 12.0% w / w, 13.0% w / w, 14.0% w / w, 15.0% w / w, 16.0% w / w, 17.0% w / w, 18.0% w / w, 19.0% w / w, to about 20.0% w / w, or preferably from about 0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w, 0.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w, 0.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, to about 10.0% w / w.

[0070] As used herein, a “water-resistant agent” refers to an additive in a biofoam formulation of the present disclosure used to enhance its resistance to moisture absorption and water infiltration, which helps maintain the foam’s structural integrity, durability, and performance in environments with high humidity or direct exposure to moisture. The incorporation of water-resistant agents enables the biofoam to retain its shape, mechanical strength, and longevity in various applications while adhering to sustainable and biodegradable material requirements.Docket No. 44047.601

[0071] Exemplary water-resistant agents of use herein include, without limitation, beeswax, candelilla wax, carnauba wax, rice bran wax, jojoba oil, almond oil, avocado oil, coconut oil, castor oil, shea butter, lanolin, silicon oils like dimethicone, Candida bombicola wax, biosurfactant-derived waxes, mycobacterial wax, lipopeptide waxes, waste cooking oils, liquid or solid waxes or oils, waste oils or fats, fumed silica, silicon dioxide, polymethylhydrosiloxane, methyltrimethoxysilane, silane, siloxane, silicon-based derivatives, wax emulsions, or combinations, derivatives, or wastes thereof.

[0072] The water-resistant agent may be included in certain biofoam or rigid biomaterial formulations of the present disclosure. When included, the water-resistant agent may be present in a range from about 0.001%w / w, 0.002% w / w, 0.003% w / w, 0.004% w / w, 0.005% w / w, 0.006% w / w, 0.007% w / w, 0.008% w / w, 0.009% w / w, 0.01% w / w, 0.02% w / w, 0.03% w / w, 0.04% w / w, 0.05% w / w, 0.06% w / w, 0.07% w / w, 0.08% w / w, 0.09% w / w, 0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w, 0.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w, 0.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, 10.0% w / w, 11.0% w / w, 12.0% w / w, 13.0% w / w, 14.0% w / w, 15.0% w / w, 16.0% w / w, 17.0% w / w, 18.0% w / w, 19.0% w / w, 20.0% w / w, 21.0% w / w, 22.0% w / w, 23.0% w / w, 24.0% w / w, 25.0% w / w, 26.0% w / w, 27.0% w / w, 28.0% w / w, 29.0% w / w, 30.0% w / w, 31.0% w / w, 32.0% w / w, 33.0% w / w, 34.0% w / w, 35.0% w / w, 36.0% w / w, 37.0% w / w, 38.0% w / w, 39.0% w / w, 40.0% w / w, 41.0% w / w, 42.0% w / w, 43.0% w / w, 44.0% w / w, 45.0% w / w, 46.0% w / w, 47.0% w / w, 48.0% w / w, 49.0% w / w, 50.0% w / w, 51.0% w / w, 52.0% w / w, 53.0% w / w, 54.0% w / w, 55.0% w / w, 56.0% w / w, 57.0% w / w, 58.0% w / w, 59.0% w / w, 60.0% w / w, 61.0% w / w, 62.0% w / w, 63.0% w / w, 64.0% w / w, 65.0% w / w, 66.0% w / w, 67.0% w / w, 68.0% w / w, 69.0% w / w, 70.0% w / w, 71.0% w / w, 72.0% w / w, 73.0% w / w, 74.0% w / w, 75.0% w / w, 76.0% w / w, 77.0% w / w, 78.0% w / w, 79.0% w / w, to about 80.0% w / w, from about 0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w, 0.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w, 0.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, 10.0% w / w, 11.0% w / w, 12.0% w / w, 13.0% w / w, 14.0% w / w, 15.0% w / w, 16.0% w / w, 17.0% w / w, 18.0% w / w, 19.0% w / w, to about 20.0% w / w, or preferably from about 0.1% w / w, 0.2% w / w, 0.3% w / w, 0.4% w / w, 0.5% w / w, 0.6% w / w, 0.7% w / w, 0.8% w / w, 0.9% w / w, 1.0% w / w, 2.0% w / w, 3.0% w / w, 4.0% w / w, 5.0% w / w, 6.0% w / w, 7.0% w / w, 8.0% w / w, 9.0% w / w, to about 10.0% w / w.

[0073] For the recitation of numeric ranges herein, each intervening number there between with the same degree of precision is explicitly contemplated. For example, for the range of 6-Docket No. 44047.6019, the numbers 7 and 8 are contemplated in addition to 6 and 9, and for the range 6.0-7.0, the number 6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, and 7.0 are explicitly contemplated.

[0074] Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used in connection with the present disclosure shall have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, any nomenclatures used in connection with, and techniques of, cell and tissue culture, molecular biology, immunology, microbiology, genetics and protein and nucleic acid chemistry and hybridization described herein are those that are well known and commonly used in the art. The meaning and scope of the terms should be clear; in the event, however of any latent ambiguity, definitions provided herein take precedent over any dictionary or extrinsic definition. Further, unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular.2. Bioloam formulations and processes for producing biofoam materials

[0075] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to biofoam formulations and kits and processes for producing biofoam products. The biofoam formulations of the present disclosure include base resin mixtures that can be used as a starting material in upstream processing to produce biofoam resins, biofoam resins that can be used in downstream processing for producing molded biofoam structures, and curing agent mixtures that can be applied to treat molded biofoam structures to produce biofoam products. Each of the aforementioned biofoam formulations can be packaged into a kit of the present disclosure.a. Base resin mixture for producing a biofoam or downstream product

[0076] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to a base resin mixture for producing a biofoam resin or downstream product thereof.

[0077] In an aspect, the base resin mixture comprises: (i) at least one hydrocolloid; (ii) at least one nitrogenous additive; (iii) at least one precursor curing agent; (iv) at least one plasticizer; (v) at least one water-resistant agent; and (vi) at least one solvent.

[0078] In another aspect, the base resin mixture comprises: (i) at least one hydrocolloid; (ii) at least one nitrogenous additive; (iii) at least one precursor curing agent; (iv) at least one plasticizer; (v) at least one water-resistant agent; (vi) at least one UV-resistant agent; and (vii) at least one solvent.

[0079] In another aspect, the base resin mixture comprises: (i) at least one hydrocolloid; (ii) at least one nitrogenous additive; (iii) at least one precursor curing agent; (iv) at least oneDocket No. 44047.601plasticizer; (v) at least one water-resistant agent; (vi) at least one UV-resistant agent; (vii) at least one foaming agent; and (viii) at least one solvent.

[0080] In another aspect, the base resin mixture comprises: (i) at least one hydrocolloid; (ii) at least one nitrogenous additive; (iii) at least one precursor curing agent; (iv) at least one plasticizer; (v) at least one water-resistant agent; (vi) at least one UV-resistant agent; (vii) at least one foaming agent; (viii) at least one biopolymer additive; and (ix) at least one solvent.

[0081] In another aspect, the base resin mixture comprises: (i) at least one hydrocolloid; ii) at least one nitrogenous additive; (iii) at least one precursor curing agent; (iv) at least one plasticizer; (v) at least one water-resistant agent; (vi) at least one UV-resistant agent; (vii) at least one foaming agent; (viii) at least one biopolymer additive; (ix) at least one flavor additive and / or at least one dye additive; and (x) at least one solvent.

[0082] In another aspect, the base resin mixture comprises: (i) at least one hydrocolloid; (ii) at least one nitrogenous additive; (iii) at least one precursor curing agent; (iv) at least one plasticizer; (v) at least one water-resistant agent; (vi) at least one UV-resistant agent; (vii) at least one foaming agent; (viii) at least one biopolymer additive; (ix) at least one flavor additive and / or at least one dye additive; (x) at least one antiseptic additive; and (xi) at least one solvent.

[0083] In some aspects, the at least one hydrocolloid comprises at least two hydrocolloids. In some aspects, the at least one hydrocolloid comprises at least three hydrocolloids. In some aspects, the at least one hydrocolloid comprises at least four hydrocolloids. In some aspects, the at least one hydrocolloid comprises at least five hydrocolloids. In some aspects, the at least one hydrocolloid comprises at least six hydrocolloids. In some aspects, the at least one hydrocolloid comprises at least seven hydrocolloids. In some aspects, the at least one hydrocolloid comprises at least eight hydrocolloids. In some aspects, the at least one hydrocolloid comprises at least nine hydrocolloids. In some aspects, the at least one hydrocolloid comprises at least ten hydrocolloids.

[0084] In some aspects, the at least one nitrogenous additive comprises at least two nitrogenous additives. In some aspects, the at least one nitrogenous additive comprises at least three nitrogenous additives. In some aspects, the at least one nitrogenous additive comprises at least four nitrogenous additives. In some aspects, the at least one nitrogenous additive comprises at least five nitrogenous additives.

[0085] In some aspects, the at least one precursor curing agent comprises at least two precursor curing agents. In some aspects, the at least one precursor curing agent comprises at least three precursor curing agents. In some aspects, the at least one precursor curing agentDocket No. 44047.601comprises at least four precursor curing agents. In some aspects, the at least one precursor curing agent comprises at least five precursor curing agents.

[0086] In some aspects, the at least one plasticizer comprises at least two plasticizers. In some aspects, the at least one plasticizer comprises at least three plasticizers. In some aspects, the at least one plasticizer comprises at least four plasticizers. In some aspects, the at least one plasticizer comprises al least five plasticizers.

[0087] In some aspects, the at least one water-resistant agent comprises at least two water-resistant agents. In some aspects, the at least one water-resistant agent comprises at least three water-resistant agents. In some aspects, the at least one water-resistant agent comprises at least four water-resistant agents. In some aspects, the at least one water-resistant agent comprises at least five water-resistant agents.

[0088] In some aspects, the at least one UV-resistant agent comprises at least two UV-resistant agents. In some aspects, the at least one UV-resistant agent comprises at least three UV-rcsistant agents. In some aspects, the at least one UV-resistant agent comprises at least four UV-resistant agents. In some aspects, the at least one UV-resistant agent comprises at least five UV-resistant agents.

[0089] In some aspects, the at least one foaming agent comprises at least two foaming agents. In some aspects, the at least one foaming agent comprises at least three foaming agents. In some aspects, the at least one foaming agent comprises at least four foaming agents. In some aspects, the at least one foaming agent comprises at least five foaming agents.

[0090] In some aspects, the at least one biopolymer additive comprises at least two biopolymer additives. In some aspects, the at least one biopolymer additive comprises at least three biopolymer additives. In some aspects, the at least one biopolymer additive comprises at least four biopolymer additives. In some aspects, the at least one biopolymer additive comprises at least five biopolymer additives.

[0091] In some aspects, the at least one flavor and / or dye additive comprises at least two flavor and / or dye additives. In some aspects, the at least one flavor and / or dye additive comprises at least three flavor and / or dye additives. In some aspects, the at least one flavor and / or dye additive comprises at least four flavor and / or dye additives. In some aspects, the at least one flavor and / or dye additive comprises at least five flavor and / or dye additives.

[0092] In some aspects, the at least one antiseptic additive comprises at least two antiseptic additives. In some aspects, the at least one antiseptic additive comprises at least three antiseptic additives. In some aspects, the at least one antiseptic additive comprises atDocket No. 44047.601least four antiseptic additives. In some aspects, the at least one antiseptic additive comprises at least five antiseptic additives.

[0093] In some aspects, the at least one solvent comprises at least two solvents. In some aspects, the at least one solvent comprises at least three solvents. In some aspects, the at least one solvent comprises at least four solvents. In some aspects, the at least one solvent comprises at least five solvents.

[0094] In an exemplary aspect, the present disclosure provides a base resin mixture comprising at least five hydrocolloids, at least one nitrogenous additive, at least one precursor curing agent, at least one plasticizer, at least one water resistant agent, and at least one solvent. In another exemplary aspect, the present disclosure provides a base resin mixture comprising at least five hydrocolloids, at least one nitrogenous additive, at least one precursor curing agent, at least one plasticizer, at least one water resistant agent, at least one UV-resistant agent, and at least one solvent. In another exemplary aspect, the present disclosure provides a base resin mixture comprising at least five hydrocolloids, at least one nitrogenous additive, at least one precursor curing agent, at least one plasticizer, at least one water resistant agent, at least one UV-resistant agent, at least one foaming agent, and at least one solvent. In another exemplary aspect, the present disclosure provides a base resin mixture comprising at least five hydrocolloids, at least one nitrogenous additive, at least one precursor curing agent, at least one plasticizer, at least one water resistant agent, at least one UV-resistant agent, at least one foaming agent, at least one biopolymer additive, and at least one solvent. In another exemplary aspect, the present disclosure provides a base resin mixture comprising at least five hydrocolloids, at least one nitrogenous additive, at least one precursor curing agent, at least one plasticizer, at least one water resistant agent, at least one UV-resistant agent, at least one foaming agent, at least one biopolymer additive, at least one flavor and / or dye additive, and at least one solvent. In another exemplary aspect, the present disclosure provides a base resin mixture comprising at least five hydrocolloids, at least one nitrogenous additive, at least one precursor curing agent, at least one plasticizer, at least one water resistant agent, at least one UV-resistant agent, at least one foaming agent, at least one biopolymer additive, at least one antiseptic additive, and at least one solvent.

[0095] In some exemplary aspects, the base resin mixture comprises at least six hydrocolloids. In some exemplary aspects, the base resin mixture comprises at least seven hydrocolloids. In some exemplary aspects, the base resin mixture comprises at least eight hydrocolloids. In some exemplary aspects, the base resin mixture comprises at least nine hydrocolloids. In some exemplary aspects, the base resin mixture comprises at least sixDocket No. 44047.601hydrocolloids and at least two nitrogenous additives. In some exemplary aspects, the base resin mixture comprises at least seven hydrocolloids and at least two nitrogenous additives. In some exemplary aspects, the base resin mixture comprises at least eight hydrocolloids and at least two nitrogenous additives. In some exemplary aspects, the base resin mixture comprises at least nine hydrocolloids and at least two nitrogenous additives. In some exemplary aspects, the base resin mixture comprises at least six hydrocolloids, at least two nitrogenous additives, and at least two water-resistant agents. In some exemplary aspects, the base resin mixture comprises at least seven hydrocolloids, at least two nitrogenous additives, and at least two water-resistant agents. In some exemplary aspects, the base resin mixture comprises at least eight hydrocolloids, at least two nitrogenous additives, and at least two water-resistant agents. In some exemplary aspects, the base resin mixture comprises at least nine hydrocolloids, at least two nitrogenous additives, and at least two water-resistant agents.

[0096] In a preferred aspect, the base resin mixture comprises: (a) at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, or at least nine hydrocolloids selected from microcrystalline cellulose, methyl cellulose, high acyl gellan gum, guar gum, pectin, pullulan, xanthan gum, arrowroot powder, carrageenan, and cyclic dextrin; (b) at least one or at least two nitrogenous additives selected from arginine, chitosan, and polyglutamic acid; (c) at least one or at least two precursor curing agents selected from calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate, (d) at least one plasticizer comprising a long chain fatty acid (e.g., stearic acid); and (e) at least one or at least two water-resistant agents selected from silicon dioxide and an oil (e.g., Jojoba oil); at least one solvent comprising water.

[0097] In another preferred aspect, the base resin mixture comprises: (a) at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, or at least nine hydrocolloids selected from microcrystalline cellulose, methyl cellulose, high acyl gellan gum, guar gum, pectin, pullulan, xanthan gum, arrowroot powder, carrageenan, and cyclic dextrin; (b) at least one or at least two nitrogenous additives selected from arginine, chitosan, and polyglutamic acid; (c) at least one or at least two precursor curing agents selected from calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate, (d) at least one plasticizer comprising a long chain fatty acid (e.g., stearic acid); (e) at least one UV-resistant agent comprising a plant polyphenol (e.g., lignin), at least one or at least two water-resistant agents selected from silicon dioxide and an oil (e.g., Jojoba oil); at least one solvent comprising water.Docket No. 44047.601b. A process for producing a biofoam resin

[0098] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to processes for producing a biofoam resin, comprising mixing, homogenizing, compounding and / or extruding a base resin mixture of the present disclosure at a temperature range of from about 2.0 °C to about 250.0 °C for a period of from about 1.0 min to about 60.0 min and at a speed sufficient to produce the foam resin.

[0099] The disclosure contemplates using any equipment that is capable of mixing, homogenizing, compounding, and / or extruding a base resin mixture under the above conditions to produce a biofoam resin.

[0100] Exemplary equipment include, without limitation, mixers, such as high-shear mixers, batch mixers, inline mixers, agitator mixers, planetary mixers, static mixers, continuous mixers, and powder induction mixers; homogenizers, such as rotor-stator homogenizers, high-pressure homogenizers, high-shear homogenizers, inline homogenizers, emulsifying homogenizers, emulsifiers, and ultrasonic homogenizers: compounders, such as twin-screw extruders, single-screw extruders, kneaders, Banbury® mixers, and internal mixers; shear and dispersing devices, such as colloid mills, shear pumps, high-shear dispersers, and dynamic mixers; foam and specialty mixers, such as foam mixers, viscous material mixers, and high-viscosity mixers; and laboratory and pilot-scale equipment, such as lab-scale mixers, pilot-scale mixers, and benchtop homogenizers.

[0101] The skilled artisan will appreciate that the temperature required for performing the mixing, homogenizing, compounding, and / or extruding depends on the melting point, gelling temperature, and decomposition temperature of the base resin mixture formulation.

[0102] In some aspects, the mixing, homogenizing, compounding, and / or extruding is performed at a temperature of at least about 2.0 °C, 4.0 °C, 6.0 °C, 8.0 °C, 10.0 °C, 12.0 °C, 14.0 °C, 16.0 °C, 18.0 °C, 20.0 °C, 22.0 °C, 24.0 °C, 26.0 °C, 28.0 °C, 30.0 °C, 32.0 °C, 34.0 °C, 36.0 °C, 38.0 °C, 40.0 °C, 42.0 °C, 44.0 °C, 46.0 °C, 48.0 °C, 50.0 °C, 52.0 °C, 54.0 °C, 56.0 °C, 58.0 °C, 60.0 °C, 62.0 °C, 64.0 °C, 66.0 °C, 68.0 °C, 70.0 °C, 72.0 °C, 74.0 °C, 76.0 °C, 78.0 °C, 80.0 °C, 82.0 °C, 84.0 °C, 86.0 °C, 88.0 °C, 90.0 °C, 92.0 °C, 94.0 °C, 96.0 °C, 98.0 °C, 100.0 °C, 102.0 °C, 104.0 °C, 106.0 °C, 108.0 °C, 110.0 °C, 112.0 °C, 114.0 °C, 116.0 °C, 118.0 °C, 120.0 °C, 122.0 °C, 124.0 °C, 126.0 °C, 128.0 °C, 130.0 °C, 132.0 °C, 134.0 °C, 136.0 °C, 138.0 °C, 140.0 °C, 142.0 °C, 144.0 °C, 146.0 °C, 148.0 °C, 150.0 °C, 152.0 °C, 154.0 °C, 156.0 °C, 158.0 °C, 160.0 °C, 162.0 °C, 164.0 °C, 166.0 °C, 168.0 °C, 170.0 °C, 172.0 °C, 174.0 °C, 176.0 °C, 178.0 °C, 180.0 °C, 182.0 °C, 184.0 °C, 186.0 °C, 188.0 °C, 190.0 °C, 192.0 °C, 194.0 °C, 196.0 °C, 198.0 °C, 200.0 °C, 202.0 °C, 204.0 °C,Docket No. 44047.601206.0 °C, 208.0 °C, 210.0 °C, 212.0 °C, 214.0 °C, 216.0 °C, 218.0 °C, 220.0 °C, 222.0 °C, 224.0 °C, 226.0 °C, 228.0 °C, 230.0 °C, 232.0 °C, 234.0 °C, 236.0 °C, 238.0 °C, 240.0 °C, 242.0 °C, 244.0 °C, 246.0 °C, 248.0 °C, or up to at least about 250.0 °C.

[0103] In some aspects, the mixing, homogenizing, compounding, and / or extrading is performed at a temperature of from about 5.0 °C to about 25.0 °C. In some aspects, the mixing, homogenizing, compounding, and / or extruding is performed at a temperature of about 5.0 °C, 10.0 °C, 15.0 °C, 20.0 °C, or about 25.0 °C. In some aspects, the mixing, homogenizing, compounding, and / or extruding is performed at a temperature of from about 25.0 °C to about 80.0 °C. In some aspects, the mixing, homogenizing, compounding, and / or extruding is performed at a temperature of about 25.0 °C, 30.0 °C, 35.0 °C, 40.0 °C, 45.0 °C, 50.0 °C, 55.0 °C, 60.0 °C, 65.0 °C, 70.0 °C, 75.0 °C, or about 80.0 °C. In some aspects, the mixing, homogenizing, compounding, and / or extruding is performed at a temperature of from about 80.0 °C to about 250.0 °C. In some aspects, the mixing, homogenizing, compounding, and / or extruding is performed at a temperature of about 80.0 °C, 90.0 °C, 100.0 °C, 110.0 °C, 120.0 °C, 130.0 °C, 140.0 °C, 150.0 °C, 160.0 °C, 170.0 °C, 180.0 °C, 190.0 °C, 200.0 °C, 210.0 °C, 220.0 °C, 230.0 °C, 240.0 °C, or about 250.0 °C.

[0104] The skilled artisan will also appreciate that the mixing, homogenizing, compounding, and / or extruding time can vary, depending on the properties of the components in the base resin mixture formulation and desired characteristics of the biofoam resin.

[0105] In some aspects, mixing, homogenizing, compounding, and / or extruding is performed for a period of up to about 10 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes, 40 minutes, 50 minutes, 1 hour, 1 hour 10 minutes, 1 hour 20 minutes, 1 hour 30 minutes, 1 hour 40 minutes, 1 hour 50 minutes, 2 hours, 2 hours 10 minutes, 2 hours 20 minutes, 2 hours 30 minutes, 2 hours 40 minutes, 2 hours 50 minutes, or up to about 3 hours.

[0106] In some aspects, mixing, homogenizing, compounding, and / or extruding is performed for a period of up to about 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 20 minutes, 25 minutes, 30 minutes, 35 minutes, 40 minutes, 45 minutes, 50 minutes, 55 minutes, 1 hour, 1 hour 5 minutes, 1 hour 10 minutes, 1 hour 15 minutes, 1 hour 20 minutes, 1 hour 25 minutes, 1 hour 30 minutes, 1 hour 35 minutes, 1 hour 40 minutes, 1 hour 45 minutes, 1 hour 50 minutes, 1 hour 55 minutes, or up to about 2 hours.

[0107] In some aspects, mixing, homogenizing, compounding, and / or extrading is performed for about 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes, 4 minutes, 5 minutes, 6 minutes, 7 minutes, 8 minutes, 9 minutes, 10 minutes, 11 minutes, 12 minutes, 13 minutes, 14 minutes, 15 minutes, 16 minutes, 17 minutes, 18 minutes, 19 minutes, 20 minutes, 21 minutes, 22Docket No. 44047.601minutes, 23 minutes, 24 minutes, 25 minutes, 26 minutes, 27 minutes, 28 minutes, 29 minutes, 30 minutes, 31 minutes, 32 minutes, 33 minutes, 34 minutes, 35 minutes, 36 minutes, 37 minutes, 38 minutes, 39 minutes, 40 minutes, 41 minutes, 42 minutes, 43 minutes, 44 minutes, 45 minutes, 46 minutes, 47 minutes, 48 minutes, 49 minutes, 50 minutes, 51 minutes, 52 minutes, 53 minutes, 54 minutes, 55 minutes, 56 minutes, 57 minutes, 58 minutes, 59 minutes, or about 60 minutes.

[0108] In some aspects, the process for producing a biofoam resin further comprises pelletizing the biofoam resin. The present disclosure contemplates using any equipment for pelletizing that is available to the skilled artisan. Exemplary pelletizers include, without limitation, extruders, such as single-screw extruder and twin-screw extruder; pelletizers, such as strand pelletizer, underwater pelletizer, water-ring pelletizer, and hot-face pelletizer; granulators, such as centrifugal granulator and rotary cutter granulator; cooling and drying systems, such as air-cooling conveyor, water bath with conveyor, and fluidized bed dryer; compounding equipment, such as mixer-extruder combo and inline high-shear mixer; laboratory-scale equipment, such as benchtop extruder and pelletizer.c. Biofoam resin

[0109] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to biofoam resin formulations that can be used in downstream processing to produce biofoam products.

[0110] In an aspect, the biofoam resin comprises a base resin mixture of the present disclosure and at least one foaming agent. In another aspect, the biofoam resin comprises a base resin mixture of the present disclosure, at least one foaming agent, and at least one blowing agent. In another aspect, the biofoam resin comprises a base resin mixture of the present disclosure, a least one foaming agent, and at least two blowing agents.

[0111] In some aspects, the biofoam resin is pelletized.d. Kits for producing a biofoam

[0112] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to kits for producing a biofoam material. The kit can include any starting or intermediate biofoam formulation that is used in upstream or downstream processing and instructions for using the starting or intermediate biofoam formulation to produce a biofoam product or an upstream intermediate thereof.Docket No. 44047.601

[0113] In an aspect, disclosure provides a kit for producing a biofoam resin comprising a base resin mixture of the present disclosure and instructions for performing a process of the present disclosure to produce a biofoam resin.

[0114] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a kit for producing a molded biofoam structure comprising a biofoam resin of the present disclosure, at least one blowing agent, and instructions for producing a molded biofoam structure. In another aspect, the kit for producing a molded biofoam structure comprises a biofoam resin of the present disclosure, at least two blowing agents, and instructions for producing a molded biofoam structure.

[0115] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a kit for producing a treated biofoam structure, the kit comprising a molded biofoam structure of the present disclosure, at least one curing agent, and instructions for treating the molded biofoam structure with the at least one curing agent to produce the treated biofoam structure. In some aspects, the kit for producing the treated biofoam structure comprises at least two curing agents.

[0116] In another aspects, the disclosure provides a kit for producing a biofoam material or product thereof, comprising a surface-treated biofoam structure of the present disclosure and instructions for curing and drying the biofoam structure to produce the biofoam material or product thereof.

[0117] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a kit for producing a biofoam material or product thereof, comprising: (a) a biofoam resin of the present disclosure, (b) at least two blowing agents, and (c) instructions for using the biofoam resin and the at least two blowing agents for producing a molded biofoam structure. In some aspects, the kit for producing the biofoam material further comprises at least one curing agent and instructions for treating a surface of the molded biofoam structure with the at least one curing agent and producing a surface-treated biofoam structure. In some aspects, the kit for producing the biofoam material further comprises instructions for curing the surface-treated biofoam structure to produce a cured biofoam structure. In some aspect, the kit further includes instructions for drying the cured biofoam structure to produce the biofoam material or product thereof.

[0118] In some aspects, the base resin mixture is pelletized. In some aspects, the biofoam resin is pelletized.e. Process for producing a biofoam material or product thereof

[0119] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to processes for producing a biofoam material or product thereof, the process comprising: (a) mixing, compounding and / orDocket No. 44047.601extruding a base resin mixture of the present disclosure with at least two blowing agents to produce a biofoam resin; (b) forming the biofoam resin into a molded biofoam structure;(c) treating a surface of the molded biofoam structure with the at least one curing agent to produce a surface-treated biofoam structure;(d) curing the surface-treated biofoam slruclure at a temperature and for a time period sufficient to produce a cured biofoam structure; and (e) drying the cured biofoam structure to produce a biofoam material.

[0120] The skilled artisan will appreciate that the conditions for performing step (a) can be any of the conditions described in section 2.a above.

[0121] Any technique available to the skilled artisan can be used to perform forming step (b). In some aspects, forming step (b) comprises pouring the biofoam resin produced in step (a) into a mold and allowing it to rest at a suitable time and temperature to form a molded biofoam structure. In some aspects, the biofoam resin is poured into a strainer mold (e.g., with perforated bottom surface) and allowed to rest and excess water to drain.

[0122] The biofoam resin can be allowed to rest at any temperature. In some aspects, the biofoam resin is allowed to rest at room temperature. The biofoam resin can be allowed to rest in the mold (e.g., strainer mold) at a temperature of from room temperature (RT) to about 25.0 °C, about 25.0 °C, about 30.0 °C, about 35.0 °C, about 40.0 °C, about 45.0 °C, about 50.0 °C, or greater than about 50.0 °C.

[0123] The biofoam resin can be left to rest for any suitable time period. In some aspects, the biofoam resin is allowed to rest for about 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 20 minutes, 25 minutes, or about 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the biofoam resin is left to rest for about 35 minutes, 40 minutes, 50 minutes, 60 minutes, 70 minutes, 80 minutes, 90 minutes, 100 minutes, 110 minutes, or about 120 minutes. In some aspects, the biofoam resin is left to rest for at least about 100 minutes, at least about 115 minutes, at least about 120 minutes, at least about 125 minutes, at least about 130 minutes, at least about 135 minutes, at least about 140 minutes, at least about 145 minutes, or at least about 150 minutes.

[0124] The present disclosure contemplates curing the surface -treated biofoam structure at a wide variety of temperature ranges and time periods to produce a cured biofoam structure. In some aspects, the surface-treated biofoam structure is cured at a temperature range of about 20 °C, 22 °C, 24 °C, 26 °C, 28 °C, 30 °C, 32 °C, 34 °C, 36 °C, 38 °C, 40 °C, 42 °C, 44 °C, 46 °C, 48 °C, 50 °C, 52 °C, 54 °C, 56 °C, 58 °C, or about 60 °C. In some aspects, the surface-treated biofoam structure is cured at a temperature of about 25 °C, 30 °C, 35 °C, 40 °C, 45 °C, or up to about 50 °C.Docket No. 44047.601

[0125] In some aspects, the surface-treated biofoam structure is cured for a period of about 0.5 hours, 1.0 hours, 1.5 hours, 2.0 hours, 2.5 hours, 3.0 hours, 3.5 hours, 4.0 hours, 4.5 hours, 5.0 hours, 5.5 hours, 6.0 hours, 6.5 hours, 7.0 hours, 7.5 hours, 8.0 hours, 8.5 hours, 9.0 hours, 9.5 hours, or about 10.0 hours. In some aspects, the surface-treated biofoam structure is cured for a period of about 1.0 hour, 1.1 hours, 1.2 hours, 1.3 hours, 1.4 hours, 1.5 hours, 1.6 hours, 1.7 hours, 1.8 hours, 1.9 hours, 2.0 hours, 2.1 hours, 2.2 hours, 2.3 hours, 2.4 hours, 2.5 hours, 2.6 hours, 2.7 hours, 2.8 hours, 2.9 hours, 3.0 hours, 3.1 hours, 3.2 hours, 3.3 hours, 3.4 hours, 3.5 hours, 3.6 hours, 3.7 hours, 3.8 hours, 3.9 hours, 4.0 hours, 4.1 hours, 4.2 hours, 4.3 hours, 4.4 hours, 4.5 hours, 4.6 hours, 4.7 hours, 4.8 hours, 4.9 hours, 5.0 hours, 5.1 hours, 5.2 hours, 5.3 hours, 5.4 hours, 5.5 hours, 5.6 hours, 5.7 hours, 5.8 hours, 5.9 hours, or about 6.0 hours. In some aspects, the surface-treated biofoam structure is cured for a period of about 90 minutes, 120 minutes, 150 minutes, 180 minutes, 210 minutes, 240 minutes, 270 minutes, 300 minutes, 330 minutes, or about 360 minutes or more.

[0126] The skilled artisan will appreciate that any technique can be used for drying the cured biofoam structure. In some aspects, drying comprises (i) pre-freezing the biofoam material at a temperature below 0 °C for a period of from about 3 hours to about 24 hours; and (ii) sublimating the biofoam at a temperature of from about -20.0 °C to at least about -50.0 °C for a period of up to 24 hours, from about 1 day to about 7 days, or greater than about 7 days.

[0127] In some aspects, pre-freezing comprises pre-freezing the biofoam material at a temperature of about -20 °C, -18 °C, -16 °C, -14 °C, -12 °C, -10 °C, -8 °C, -6 °C, -4 °C, -2 °C, or below 0 °C for a period of about 3 hours, 3.5 hours, 4 hours, 4.5 hours, 5 hours, 5.5 hours, 6 hours, 6.5 hours, 7 hours, 7.5 hours, 8 hours, 8.5 hours, 9 hours, 9.5 hours, 10 hours, 10.5 hours, 11 hours, 11.5 hours, 12 hours, 12.5 hours, 13 hours, 13.5 hours, 14 hours, 14.5 hours, 15 hours, 15.5 hours, 16 hours, 16.5 hours, 17 hours, 17.5 hours, 18 hours, 18.5 hours, 19 hours, 19.5 hours, 20 hours, 20.5 hours, 21 hours, 21.5 hours, 22 hours, 22.5 hours, 23 hours, 23.5 hours, 24 hours.

[0128] In some aspects, sublimating the pre-frozen biofoam material is performed at a temperature of about -20 °C, -22 °C, -24 °C, -26 °C, -28 °C, -30 °C, -32 °C, -34 °C, -36 °C, -38 °C, -40 °C, -42 °C, -44 °C, -46 °C, -48 °C, or about -50 °C or less for a period of about 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 1 hour 15 minutes, 1 hour 30 minutes, 1 hour 45 minutes, 2 hours, 2 hours 15 minutes, 2 hours 30 minutes, 2 hours 45 minutes, 3 hours, 3 hours 15 minutes, 3 hours 30 minutes, 3 hours 45 minutes, 4 hours, 4 hours 15 minutes, 4Docket No. 44047.601hours 30 minutes, 4 hours 45 minutes, 5 hours, 5 hours 15 minutes, 5 hours 30 minutes, 5 hours 45 minutes, 6 hours, 6 hours 15 minutes, 6 hours 30 minutes, 6 hours 45 minutes, 7 hours, 7 hours 15 minutes, 7 hours 30 minutes, 7 hours 45 minutes, 8 hours, 8 hours 15 minutes, 8 hours 30 minutes, 8 hours 45 minutes, 9 hours, 9 hours 15 minutes, 9 hours 30 minutes, 9 hours 45 minutes, 10 hours, 10 hours 15 minutes, 10 hours 30 minutes, 10 hours 45 minutes, 11 hours, 11 hours 15 minutes, 11 hours 30 minutes, 11 hours 45 minutes, 12 hours, 12 hours 15 minutes, 12 hours 30 minutes, 12 hours 45 minutes, 13 hours, 13 hours 15 minutes, 13 hours 30 minutes, 13 hours 45 minutes, 14 hours, 14 hours 15 minutes, 14 hours 30 minutes, 14 hours 45 minutes, 15 hours, 15 hours 15 minutes, 15 hours 30 minutes, 15 hours 45 minutes, 16 hours, 16 hours 15 minutes, 16 hours 30 minutes, 16 hours 45 minutes, 17 hours, 17 hours 15 minutes, 17 hours 30 minutes, 17 hours 45 minutes, 18 hours, 18 hours 15 minutes, 18 hours 30 minutes, 18 hours 45 minutes, 19 hours, 19 hours 15 minutes, 19 hours 30 minutes, 19 hours 45 minutes, 20 hours, 20 hours 15 minutes, 20 hours 30 minutes, 20 hours 45 minutes, 21 hours, 21 hours 15 minutes, 21 hours 30 minutes, 21 hours 45 minutes, 22 hours, 22 hours 15 minutes, 22 hours 30 minutes, 22 hours 45 minutes, 23 hours, 23 hours 15 minutes, 23 hours 30 minutes, 23 hours 45 minutes, or about to 24 hours. In some aspects, sublimating the pre-frozen biofoam material is performed at a temperature of about -20 °C, -22 °C, -24 °C, -26 °C, -28 °C, -30 °C, -32 °C, -34 °C, -36 °C, -38 °C, -40 °C, -42 °C, -44 °C, -46 °C, -48 °C, or about -50 °C or less for a period of 24 hours, 24.5 hours, 25 hours, 25.5 hours, 26 hours, 26.5 hours, 27 hours, 27.5 hours, 28 hours, 28.5 hours, 29 hours, 29.5 hours, 30 hours, 30.5 hours, 31 hours, 31.5 hours, 32 hours, 32.5 hours, 33 hours, 33.5 hours, 34 hours, 34.5 hours, 35 hours, 35.5 hours, 36 hours, 36.5 hours, 37 hours, 37.5 hours, 38 hours, 38.5 hours, 39 hours, 39.5 hours, 40 hours, 40.5 hours, 41 hours, 41.5 hours, 42 hours, 42.5 hours, 43 hours, 43.5 hours, 44 hours, 44.5 hours, 45 hours, 45.5 hours, 46 hours, 46.5 hours, 47 hours, 47.5 hours, 48 hours (2 days), 48.5 hours, 49 hours, 49.5 hours, 50 hours, 50.5 hours, 51 hours, 51.5 hours, 52 hours, 52.5 hours, 53 hours, 53.5 hours, 54 hours, 54.5 hours, 55 hours, 55.5 hours, 56 hours, 56.5 hours, 57 hours, 57.5 hours, 58 hours, 58.5 hours, 59 hours, 59.5 hours, 60 hours (2.5 days), 60.5 hours, 61 hours, 61.5 hours, 62 hours, 62.5 hours, 63 hours, 63.5 hours, 64 hours, 64.5 hours, 65 hours, 65.5 hours, 66 hours (2.75 days), 66.5 hours, 67 hours, 67.5 hours, 68 hours, 68.5 hours, 69 hours, 69.5 hours, 70 hours, 70.5 hours, 71 hours, 71.5 hours, 72 hours (3 days), 96 hours (4 days), 120 hours (5 days), 144 hours (6 days). 168 hours (7 days).

[0129] In other aspects, drying comprises subjecting the biofoam to a heat transfer procedure at a temperature of up to 25.0 °C, from about 25.0 °C to about 80.0 °C, or greaterDocket No. 44047.601than 80.0 °C for a period of less than or equal to 1 day, from about 1 to 7 days, or greater than 7 days.

[0130] In some aspects, drying is performed at a temperature of about 2 °C, 4 °C, 6 °C, 8 °C, 10 °C, 12 °C, 14 °C, 16 °C, 18 °C, 20 °C, 22 °C, 24 °C, or 25 °C for a period of about 30 minutes, 1 hour, 1 hour 30 minutes, 2 hours, 2 hours 30 minutes, 3 hours, 3 hours 30 minutes, 4 hours, 4 hours 30 minutes, 5 hours, 5 hours 30 minutes, 6 hours, 6 hours 30 minutes, 7 hours, 7 hours 30 minutes, 8 hours, 8 hours 30 minutes, 9 hours, 9 hours 30 minutes, 10 hours, 10 hours 30 minutes, 11 hours, 11 hours 30 minutes, 12 hours, 12 hours 30 minutes, 13 hours, 13 hours 30 minutes, 14 hours, 14 hours 30 minutes, 15 hours, 15 hours 30 minutes, 16 hours, 16 hours 30 minutes, 17 hours, 17 hours 30 minutes, 18 hours, 18 hours 30 minutes, 19 hours, 19 hours 30 minutes, 20 hours, 20 hours 30 minutes, 21 hours, 21 hours 30 minutes, 22 hours, 22 hours 30 minutes, 23 hours, 23 hours 30 minutes, or about 24 hours.

[0131] In some aspects, drying is performed at a temperature of about 25 °C, 30 °C, 35 °C, 40 °C, 45 °C, 50 °C, 55 °C, 60 °C, 65 °C, 70 °C, 75 °C, or about 80 °C. for a period of about 1 day, 1 day 6 hours, 2 days, 2 days 6 hours, 3 days, 3 days 6 hours, 4 days, 4 days 6 hours, 5 days, 5 days 6 hours, 6 days, 6 days 6 hours, or up to about 7 days or more.

[0132] Any suitable heat transfer procedure can be used. In some aspects, the heat transfer procedure comprises convection, radiation, and / or diffusion.f. Process for producing an improved biofoam

[0133] Aspects of the disclosure relate to processes for producing an improved biofoam material or product thereof, comprising: (a) pre-freezing a cured biofoam structure at temperature below 0 °C for a period of from about 3 hours to about 24 hours: and (b) sublimating the biomaterial at a temperature of from about -20.0 °C to at least about -50.0 °C for a period of up to 24 hours, from about 1 day to about 7 days, or greater than about 7 days. It should be understood that steps (a) and (b) can be performed in accordance with the conditions described in section 2,e above.3. Rigid biomaterial formulations and processes for producing rigid biomaterials

[0134] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to formulations and kits and processes for producing rigid biomaterial products. The rigid biomaterial formulations of the present disclosure include base resin mixtures that can be used as a starting material in upstream processing to produce rigid biomaterial resins, biomaterial resins that can be used inDocket No. 44047.601downstream processing for producing molded rigid biomaterial structures, and curing agent mixtures that can be applied to treat molded biomaterial structures to produce rigid biomaterial products. Each of the afore-mentioned biomaterial formulations can be packaged into a kit of the present disclosure.a. Base resin mixture for producing a rigid biomaterial resin or product

[0135] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to a base resin mixture for producing a resin or downstream product thereof.

[0136] In an aspect, the base resin mixture comprises: (i) at least one hydrocolloid; (ii) at least one nitrogenous additive; (iii) at least one precursor curing agent; (iv) at least one plasticizer; (v) at least one water-resistant agent; and (vi) at least one solvent.

[0137] In another aspect, the base resin mixture comprises: (i) at least one hydrocolloid; (ii) at least one nitrogenous additive: (iii) at least one precursor curing agent; (iv) at least one plasticizer; (v) at least one water-resistant agent; (vi) at least one UV-resistant agent; and (vii) at least one solvent.

[0138] In another aspect, the base resin mixture comprises: (i) at least one hydrocolloid; (ii) at least one nitrogenous additive; (iii) at least one precursor curing agent; (iv) at least one plasticizer; (v) at least one water-resistant agent; (vi) at least one UV-resistant agent;(vii) at least one solvent.

[0139] In another aspect, the base resin mixture comprises: (i) at least one hydrocolloid; (ii) at least one nitrogenous additive; (iii) at least one precursor curing agent; (iv) at least one plasticizer; (v) at least one water-resistant agent; (vi) at least one UV-resistant agent; (vii) at least one biopolymer additive; and (viii) at least one solvent.

[0140] In another aspect, the base resin mixture comprises: (i) at least one hydrocolloid; (ii) at least one nitrogenous additive; (iii) at least one precursor curing agent; (iv) at least one plasticizer; (v) at least one water-resistant agent; (vi) at least one UV-resistant agent;(vii) at least one biopolymer additive; (viii) at least one flavor additive and / or at least one dye additive; and (ix) at least one solvent.

[0141] In another aspect, the base resin mixture comprises: (i) at least one hydrocolloid; (ii) at least one nitrogenous additive; (iii) at least one precursor curing agent; (iv) at least one plasticizer; (v) at least one water-resistant agent; (vi) at least one UV-resistant agent; (vii) at least one biopolymer additive; (viii) at least one flavor additive and / or at least one dye additive; (ix) at least one antiseptic additive; and (x) at least one solvent.Docket No. 44047.601

[0142] In some aspects, the at least one hydrocolloid comprises at least two hydrocolloids. In some aspects, the at least one hydrocolloid comprises at least three hydrocolloids. In some aspects, the at least one hydrocolloid comprises at least four hydrocolloids. In some aspects, the at least one hydrocolloid comprises at least five hydrocolloids. In some aspects, the at least one hydrocolloid comprises at least six hydrocolloids. In some aspects, the at least one hydrocolloid comprises at least seven hydrocolloids. In some aspects, the at least one hydrocolloid comprises at least eight hydrocolloids. In some aspects, the at least one hydrocolloid comprises at least nine hydrocolloids. In some aspects, the at least one hydrocolloid comprises at least ten hydrocolloids.

[0143] In some aspects, the at least one nitrogenous additive comprises at least two nitrogenous additives. In some aspects, the at least one nitrogenous additive comprises at least three nitrogenous additives. In some aspects, the at least one nitrogenous additive comprises at least four nitrogenous additives. In some aspects, the at least one nitrogenous additive comprises at least five nitrogenous additives.

[0144] In some aspects, the at least one precursor curing agent comprises at least two precursor curing agents. In some aspects, the at least one precursor curing agent comprises at least three precursor curing agents. In some aspects, the at least one precursor curing agent comprises at least four precursor curing agents. In some aspects, the at least one precursor curing agent comprises at least five precursor curing agents.

[0145] In some aspects, the at least one plasticizer comprises at least two plasticizers. In some aspects, the at least one plasticizer comprises at least three plasticizers. In some aspects, the at least one plasticizer comprises at least three plasticizers. In some aspects, the at least one plasticizer comprises at least four plasticizers. In some aspects, the at least one plasticizer comprises at least five plasticizers.

[0146] In some aspects, the at least one water-resistant agent comprises at least two water-resistant agents. In some aspects, the at least one water-resistant agent comprises at least three water-resistant agents. In some aspects, the at least one water-resistant agent comprises at least four water-resistant agents. In some aspects, the at least one water-resistant agent comprises at least five water-resistant agents.

[0147] In some aspects, the at least one UV-resistant agent comprises at least two UV-resistant agents. In some aspects, the at least one UV-resistant agent comprises at least three UV-resistant agents. In some aspects, the at least one UV-resistant agent comprises at least four UV-resistant agents. In some aspects, the at least one UV-resistant agent comprises at least five UV-resistant agents.Docket No. 44047.601

[0148] In some aspects, the at least one biopolymer additive comprises at least two biopolymer additives. In some aspects, the at least one biopolymer additive comprises at least three biopolymer additives. In some aspects, the at least one biopolymer additive comprises at least four biopolymer additives. In some aspects, the at least one biopolymer additive comprises at least five biopolymer additives.

[0149] In some aspects, the at least one flavor and / or dye additive comprises at least two flavor and / or dye additives. In some aspects, the at least one flavor and / or dye additive comprises at least three flavor and / or dye additives. In some aspects, the at least one flavor and / or dye additive comprises at least four flavor and / or dye additives. In some aspects, the at least one flavor and / or dye additive comprises at least five flavor and / or dye additives.

[0150] In some aspects, the at least one antiseptic additive comprises at least two antiseptic additives. In some aspects, the at least one antiseptic additive comprises at least three antiseptic additives. In some aspects, the at least one antiseptic additive comprises at least four antiseptic additives. In some aspects, the at least one antiseptic additive comprises at least five antiseptic additives.

[0151] In some aspects, the at least one solvent comprises at least two solvents. In some aspects, the at least one solvent comprises at least three solvents. In some aspects, the at least one solvent comprises at least four solvents. In some aspects, the at least one solvent comprises at least five solvents.

[0152] In an exemplary aspect, the present disclosure provides a base resin mixture comprising at least five hydrocolloids, at least one nitrogenous additive, at least one precursor curing agent, at least one plasticizer, at least one water resistant agent, and at least one solvent. In another exemplary aspect, the present disclosure provides a base resin mixture comprising at least five hydrocolloids, at least one nitrogenous additive, at least one precursor curing agent, at least one plasticizer, at least one water resistant agent, at least one UV-resistant agent, and at least one solvent. In another exemplary aspect, the present disclosure provides a base resin mixture comprising at least five hydrocolloids, at least one nitrogenous additive, at least one precursor curing agent, at least one plasticizer, at least one water resistant agent, at least one UV-resistant agent, and at least one solvent. In another exemplary aspect, the present disclosure provides a base resin mixture comprising at least five hydrocolloids, at least one nitrogenous additive, at least one precursor curing agent, at least one plasticizer, at least one water resistant agent, at least one UV-resistant agent, at least one biopolymer additive, and at least one solvent. In another exemplary aspect, the present disclosure provides a base resin mixture comprising at least five hydrocolloids, at least oneDocket No. 44047.601nitrogenous additive, at least one precursor curing agent, at least one plasticizer, at least one water resistant agent, at least one UV-resistant agent, at least one biopolymer additive, at least one flavor and / or dye additive, and at least one solvent. In another exemplary aspect, the present disclosure provides a base resin mixture comprising at least five hydrocolloids, at least one nitrogenous additive, at least one precursor curing agent, at least one plasticizer, at least one water resistant agent, at least one UV-resistant agent, at least one biopolymer additive, at least one antiseptic additive, and at least one solvent.

[0153] In some exemplary aspects, the base resin mixture comprises at least six hydrocolloids. In some exemplary aspects, the base resin mixture comprises at least seven hydrocolloids. In some exemplary aspects, the base resin mixture comprises at least eight hydrocolloids. In some exemplary aspects, the base resin mixture comprises at least nine hydrocolloids. In some exemplary aspects, the base resin mixture comprises at least six hydrocolloids and at least two nitrogenous additives. In some exemplary aspects, the base resin mixture comprises at least seven hydrocolloids and at least two nitrogenous additives. In some exemplary aspects, the base resin mixture comprises at least eight hydrocolloids and at least two nitrogenous additives. In some exemplary aspects, the base resin mixture comprises at least nine hydrocolloids and at least two nitrogenous additives. In some exemplary aspects, the base resin mixture comprises at least six hydrocolloids, at least two nitrogenous additives, and at least two water-resistant agents. In some exemplary aspects, the base resin mixture comprises at least seven hydrocolloids, at least two nitrogenous additives, and at least two water-resistant agents. In some exemplary aspects, the base resin mixture comprises at least eight hydrocolloids, at least two nitrogenous additives, and at least two water-resistant agents. In some exemplary aspects, the base resin mixture comprises at least nine hydrocolloids, at least two nitrogenous additives, and at least two water-resistant agents.

[0154] In a preferred aspect, the base resin mixture comprises: (a) at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, or at least nine hydrocolloids selected from microcrystalline cellulose, methyl cellulose, high acyl gellan gum, guar gum, pectin, pullulan, xanthan gum, arrowroot powder, carrageenan, and cyclic dextrin; (b) at least one or at least two nitrogenous additives selected from arginine, chitosan, and polyglutamic acid; (c) at least one or at least two precursor curing agents selected from calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate, (d) at least one plasticizer comprising a long chain fatty acid (e.g., stearic acid); and (e) at least one or at least two water-resistant agents selected from silicon dioxide and an oil (e.g., Jojoba oil); at least one solvent comprising water.Docket No. 44047.601

[0155] In another preferred aspect, the base resin mixture comprises: (a) at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, or at least nine hydrocolloids selected from microcrystalline cellulose, methyl cellulose, high acyl gellan gum, guar gum, pectin, pullulan, xanthan gum, arrowroot powder, carrageenan, and cyclic dextrin; (b) at least one or at least two nitrogenous additives selected from arginine, chitosan, and polyglutamic acid; (c) at least one or at least two precursor curing agents selected from calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate, (d) at least one plasticizer comprising a long chain fatty acid (e.g., stearic acid); (e) at least one UV-resistant agent comprising a plant polyphenol (e.g., lignin), at least one or at least two water-resistant agents selected from silicon dioxide and an oil (e.g., Jojoba oil); at least one solvent comprising water.b. A process for producing a biomaterial resin mixture

[0156] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to processes for producing a biomaterial resin, comprising mixing, homogenizing, compounding and / or extruding a base resin mixture for producing a rigid biomaterial resin of the present disclosure at a temperature range of from about 2.0°C to about 250.0 °C for a period of from about 1.0 to about 60.0 min and at a speed sufficient to produce the biomaterial resin.

[0157] The disclosure contemplates using any equipment that is capable of mixing, homogenizing, compounding, and / or extruding a base resin mixture under the above conditions to produce a biomaterial resin, including the equipment described in section 2.b above.

[0158] The skilled artisan will appreciate that the temperature required for performing the mixing, homogenizing, compounding, and / or extruding depends on the melting point, gelling temperature, and decomposition temperature of the base resin mixture formulation.

[0159] In some aspects, the mixing, homogenizing, compounding, and / or extruding is performed at a temperature of at least about 2.0 °C, 4.0 °C, 6.0 °C, 8.0 °C, 10.0 °C, 12.0 °C, 14.0 °C, 16.0 °C, 18.0 °C, 20.0 °C, 22.0 °C, 24.0 °C, 26.0 °C, 28.0 °C, 30.0 °C, 32.0 °C, 34.0 °C, 36.0 °C, 38.0 °C, 40.0 °C, 42.0 °C, 44.0 °C, 46.0 °C, 48.0 °C, 50.0 °C, 52.0 °C, 54.0 °C, 56.0 °C, 58.0 °C, 60.0 °C, 62.0 °C, 64.0 °C, 66.0 °C, 68.0 °C, 70.0 °C, 72.0 °C, 74.0 °C, 76.0 °C, 78.0 °C, 80.0 °C, 82.0 °C, 84.0 °C, 86.0 °C, 88.0 °C, 90.0 °C, 92.0 °C, 94.0 °C, 96.0 °C, 98.0 °C, 100.0 °C, 102.0 °C, 104.0 °C, 106.0 °C, 108.0 °C, 110.0 °C, 112.0 °C, 114.0 °C, 116.0 °C, 118.0 °C, 120.0 °C, 122.0 °C, 124.0 °C, 126.0 °C, 128.0 °C, 130.0 °C, 132.0 °C,Docket No. 44047.601134.0 °C, 136.0 °C, 138.0 °C, 140.0 °C, 142.0 °C, 144.0 °C, 146.0 °C, 148.0 °C, 150.0 °C, 152.0 °C, 154.0 °C, 156.0 °C, 158.0 °C, 160.0 °C, 162.0 °C, 164.0 °C, 166.0 °C, 168.0 °C, 170.0 °C, 172.0 °C, 174.0 °C, 176.0 °C, 178.0 °C, 180.0 °C, 182.0 °C, 184.0 °C, 186.0 °C, 188.0 °C, 190.0 °C, 192.0 °C, 194.0 °C, 196.0 °C, 198.0 °C, 200.0 °C, 202.0 °C, 204.0 °C, 206.0 °C, 208.0 °C, 210.0 °C, 212.0 °C, 214.0 °C, 216.0 °C, 218.0 °C, 220.0 °C, 222.0 °C, 224.0 °C, 226.0 °C, 228.0 °C, 230.0 °C, 232.0 °C. 234.0 °C, 236.0 °C, 238.0 °C, 240.0 °C, 242.0 °C, 244.0 °C, 246.0 °C, 248.0 °C. or up to at least about 250.0 °C.

[0160] In some aspects, the mixing, homogenizing, compounding, and / or extruding is performed at a temperature of from about 5.0 °C to about 25.0 °C. In some aspects, the mixing, homogenizing, compounding, and / or extruding is performed at a temperature of about 5.0 °C, 10.0 °C, 15.0 °C, 20.0 °C, or about 25.0 °C. In some aspects, the mixing, homogenizing, compounding, and / or extruding is performed at a temperature of from about 25.0 °C to about 80.0 °C. In some aspects, the mixing, homogenizing, compounding, and / or extruding is performed at a temperature of about 25.0 °C, 30.0 °C, 35.0 °C, 40.0 °C, 45.0 °C, 50.0 °C, 55.0 °C, 60.0 °C, 65.0 °C, 70.0 °C, 75.0 °C, or about 80.0 °C. In some aspects, the mixing, homogenizing, compounding, and / or extruding is performed at a temperature of from about 80.0 °C to about 250.0 °C. In some aspects, the mixing, homogenizing, compounding, and / or extruding is performed at a temperature of about 80.0 °C, 90.0 °C, 100.0 °C, 110.0 °C, 120.0 °C, 130.0 °C, 140.0 °C, 150.0 °C, 160.0 °C, 170.0 °C, 180.0 °C, 190.0 °C, 200.0 °C, 210.0 °C, 220.0 °C, 230.0 °C, 240.0 °C, or about 250.0 °C.

[0161] The skilled artisan will also appreciate that the mixing, homogenizing, compounding, and / or extruding time can vary, depending on the properties of the components in the base resin mixture formulation and desired characteristics of the rigid biomaterial resin.

[0162] In some aspects, mixing, homogenizing, compounding, and / or extruding is performed for a period of up to about 10 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes, 40 minutes, 50 minutes, 1 hour, 1 hour 10 minutes, 1 hour 20 minutes, 1 hour 30 minutes, 1 hour 40 minutes, 1 hour 50 minutes, 2 hours, 2 hours 10 minutes, 2 hours 20 minutes, 2 hours 30 minutes, 2 hours 40 minutes, 2 hours 50 minutes, or up to about 3 hours.

[0163] In some aspects, mixing, homogenizing, compounding, and / or extruding is performed for a period of up to about 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 20 minutes, 25 minutes, 30 minutes, 35 minutes, 40 minutes, 45 minutes, 50 minutes, 55 minutes, 1 hour, 1 hour 5 minutes, 1 hour 10 minutes, 1 hour 15 minutes, 1 hour 20 minutes, 1 hour 25 minutes, 1 hour 30 minutes, 1 hour 35 minutes, 1 hour 40 minutes, 1 hour 45 minutes, 1 hour 50 minutes, 1 hour 55 minutes, or up to about 2 hours.Docket No. 44047.601

[0164] In some aspects, mixing, homogenizing, compounding, and / or extruding is performed for about 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes, 4 minutes, 5 minutes, 6 minutes, 7 minutes, 8 minutes, 9 minutes, 10 minutes, 11 minutes, 12 minutes, 13 minutes, 14 minutes, 15 minutes, 16 minutes, 17 minutes, 18 minutes, 19 minutes, 20 minutes, 21 minutes, 22 minutes, 23 minutes, 24 minutes, 25 minutes, 26 minutes, 27 minutes, 28 minutes, 29 minutes, 30 minutes, 31 minutes, 32 minutes, 33 minutes, 34 minutes, 35 minutes, 36 minutes, 37 minutes, 38 minutes, 39 minutes, 40 minutes, 41 minutes, 42 minutes, 43 minutes, 44 minutes, 45 minutes, 46 minutes, 47 minutes, 48 minutes, 49 minutes, 50 minutes, 51 minutes, 52 minutes, 53 minutes, 54 minutes, 55 minutes, 56 minutes, 57 minutes, 58 minutes, 59 minutes, or about 60 minutes.

[0165] In some aspects, the process for producing the biomaterial resin further comprises removing undesired foam and / or gas bubbles from the biomaterial resin while the base resin mixture is being compounded and / or extruded. In other aspects, the process for producing the biomatcrial resin further comprises removing undcsircd foam and / or gas bubbles from the biomaterial resin after the base resin mixture is mixed and / or homogenized. The disclosure contemplates using any technique of removing the undesired foam and / or gas bubbles available to the skilled artisan. In some aspects, removing is performed by vacuum degassing.

[0166] In some aspects, the process for producing a biomaterial resin further comprises pelletizing the biomaterial resin. The present disclosure contemplates using any equipment for pelletizing that is available to the skilled artisan, including the equipment described above in section 2.b.c. Biomaterial resin

[0167] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to biomaterial resin formulations that can be used in downstream processing to produce rigid biomaterial products.

[0168] In an aspect, the biomatcrial resin comprises a base resin mixture of the present disclosure and at least one curing agent. In some aspects, the biomaterial resin is pelletized.d. Kits for producing a biomaterial

[0169] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to kits for producing a rigid biomaterial or product thereof. The kit can include any starting or intermediate biomaterial formulation that is used in upstream or downstream processing and instructions for using the starting orDocket No. 44047.601intermediate biomaterial formulation to produce a rigid biomaterial product or an upstream intermediate thereof.

[0170] In an aspect, disclosure provides a kit for producing a biomaterial resin comprising a base resin mixture of the present disclosure and instractions for performing a process of the present disclosure to produce a biomaterial resin.

[0171] In another aspect, the kit for producing a molded biomaterial structure comprises a biomaterial resin of the present disclosure and instructions for producing a molded biomaterial structure. In some aspects, the kit includes at least one curing agent and instructions for treating a surface of the molded rigid biomaterial structure and curing it to produce a cured rigid biomaterial structure. In some aspects, the kit for producing the treated biomaterial structure comprises at least two curing agents. In some aspects, the kit includes instructions for drying the rigid biomaterial structure to produce the rigid biomaterial or product thereof.

[0172] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a kit for producing a rigid biomaterial or product thereof, comprising: (a) a biomaterial resin of the present disclosure, (b) at least one or at least two curing agents, and (c) instructions for using the biomaterial resin and the at least one or at least two curing agents for producing a molded rigid biomaterial structure. In some aspects, the kit further comprises instructions for treating a surface of the molded rigid biomaterial structure with the at least one curing agent and producing a surface-treated rigid biomaterial structure. In some aspects, the kit further comprises instructions for curing the surface-treated rigid biomaterial structure to produce a cured rigid biomaterial structure. In some aspects, the kit further includes instructions for drying the cured rigid biomaterial structure to produce the rigid biomaterial or product thereof.

[0173] In some aspects, the base resin mixture is pelletized. In some aspects, the biomaterial resin is pelletized. In some aspects, the kit includes instructions for pelletizing the base resin mixture or biomaterial resin. In some aspects, the kit includes instructions for degassing (e.g., vacuum degassing) the base resin mixture to remove undesired foam and gas bubbles from the rigid biomaterial formulation. In other aspects, the kit includes instructions for degassing (e.g., vacuum degassing) the biomaterial resin to remove undesired foam and gas bubbles from the biomaterial formulation.Docket No. 44047.601e. Process for producing a biomaterial or product thereof

[0174] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to processes for producing a biomaterial or product thereof, the process comprising: (a) mixing, compounding and / or extruding a base resin mixture of the present disclosure to produce a biomaterial resin; (b) forming the biomaterial resin into a molded biomaterial structure;(c) treating a surface of the molded biomaterial structure with at least one curing agent to produce a surface-treated biomaterial structure;(d) curing the surface-treated biomaterial structure at a temperature and for a time period sufficient to produce a cured biomaterial structure; and(e) drying the cured biomaterial structure to produce a rigid biomaterial or product thereof.

[0175] In some aspects, the process further comprises removing undesired foam and / or gas bubbles from the biomaterial resin while the base resin mixture is being compounded and / or extruded. In other aspects, the process further comprises removing undesired foam and / or gas bubbles from the biomaterial resin after the base resin mixture is mixed and / or homogenized. The disclosure contemplates using any technique of removing the undesired foam and / or gas bubbles available to the skilled artisan. In some aspects, removing is performed by vacuum degassing.

[0176] The skilled artisan will appreciate that the conditions for performing step (a) can be any of the conditions described in section 2. a above.

[0177] Any technique available to the skilled artisan can be used to perform forming step (b). In some aspects, forming step (b) comprises pouring the biomatcrial resin produced in step (a) into a mold and allowing it to rest at a suitable time and temperature to form a molded rigid biomaterial structure. In some aspects, the biomaterial resin is poured into a strainer mold (e.g., with perforated bottom surface) and allowed to rest and excess water to drain.

[0178] The biomaterial resin can be allowed to rest at any temperature. In some aspects, the biomaterial resin is allowed to rest at room temperature. The biomaterial resin can be allowed to rest in the mold (e.g., strainer mold) at a temperature of from RT to about 25.0 °C, about 25.0 °C, about 30.0 °C, about 35.0 °C, about 40.0 °C, about 45.0 °C, about 50.0 °C, or greater than about 50.0 °C.

[0179] The biomaterial resin can be left to rest for any suitable time period. In some aspects, the biomaterial resin is allowed to rest for about 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 20 minutes, 25 minutes, or about 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the biomaterial resin is left to rest for about 35 minutes, 40 minutes, 50 minutes, 60 minutes, 70 minutes, 80 minutes,Docket No. 44047.60190 minutes, 100 minutes, 110 minutes, or about 120 minutes. In some aspects, the biomaterial resin is left to rest for at least about 100 minutes, at least about 115 minutes, at least about 120 minutes, at least about 125 minutes, at least about 130 minutes, at least about 135 minutes, at least about 140 minutes, at least about 145 minutes, or at least about 150 minutes.

[0180] In some aspects, the biomaterial resin is subjected to injection molding and / or compression molding to produce a formed rigid biomaterial structure from the biomaterial resin.

[0181] The present disclosure contemplates curing the surface-treated biomaterial structure at a wide variety of temperature ranges and time periods to produce a cured biomaterial structure. In some aspects, the surface-treated biomaterial structure is cured at a temperature range of about 20 °C, 22 °C, 24 °C, 26 °C, 28 °C, 30 °C, 32 °C, 34 °C, 36 °C, 38 °C, 40 °C, 42 °C, 44 °C, 46 °C, 48 °C, 50 °C, 52 °C, 54 °C, 56 °C, 58 °C, or about 60 °C. In some aspects, the surface-treated biomatcrial structure is cured at a temperature of about 25 °C, 30 °C, 35 °C, 40 °C, 45 °C, or up to about 50 °C.

[0182] In some aspects, the surface-treated biomaterial structure is cured for a period of about 0.5 hours, 1.0 hours, 1.5 hours, 2.0 hours, 2.5 hours, 3.0 hours, 3.5 hours, 4.0 hours, 4.5 hours, 5.0 hours, 5.5 hours, 6.0 hours, 6.5 hours, 7.0 hours, 7.5 hours, 8.0 hours, 8.5 hours, 9.0 hours, 9.5 hours, or about 10.0 hours. In some aspects, the surface-treated biomaterial structure is cured for a period of about 1.0 hour, 1.1 hours, 1.2 hours, 1.3 hours, 1.4 hours, 1.5 hours, 1.6 hours, 1.7 hours, 1.8 hours, 1.9 hours, 2.0 hours, 2.1 hours, 2.2 hours, 2.3 hours, 2.4 hours, 2.5 hours, 2.6 hours, 2.7 hours, 2.8 hours, 2.9 hours, 3.0 hours, 3.1 hours, 3.2 hours, 3.3 hours, 3.4 hours, 3.5 hours, 3.6 hours, 3.7 hours, 3.8 hours, 3.9 hours, 4.0 hours, 4.1 hours, 4.2 hours, 4.3 hours, 4.4 hours, 4.5 hours, 4.6 hours, 4.7 hours, 4.8 hours, 4.9 hours, 5.0 hours, 5.1 hours, 5.2 hours, 5.3 hours, 5.4 hours, 5.5 hours, 5.6 hours, 5.7 hours, 5.8 hours, 5.9 hours, or about 6.0 hours. In some aspects, the surface-treated biomaterial structure is cured for a period of about 90 minutes, 120 minutes, 150 minutes, 180 minutes, 210 minutes, 240 minutes, 270 minutes, 300 minutes, 330 minutes, or about 360 minutes or more.

[0183] The skilled artisan will appreciate that any technique can be used for drying the cured biomaterial structure. In some aspects, drying comprises (i) pre-freezing the rigid biomaterial structure at a temperature below 0 °C for a period of from about 3 hours to about 24 hours: and (ii) sublimating the biomaterial at a temperature of from about -20.0 °C to atDocket No. 44047.601least about -50.0 °C for a period of up to 24 hours, from about 1 day to about 7 days, or greater than about 7 days.

[0184] In some aspects, pre-freezing comprises pre-freezing the biomaterial at a temperature of about -20 °C, -18 °C, -16 °C, -14 °C, -12 °C, -10 °C, -8 °C, -6 °C, -4 °C, -2 °C, or below 0 °C for a period of about 3 hours, 3.5 hours, 4 hours, 4.5 hours, 5 hours, 5.5 hours, 6 hours, 6.5 hours, 7 hours, 7.5 hours, 8 hours, 8.5 hours, 9 hours, 9.5 hours, 10 hours, 10.5 hours, 11 hours, 11.5 hours, 12 hours, 12.5 hours, 13 hours, 13.5 hours, 14 hours, 14.5 hours, 15 hours, 15.5 hours, 16 hours, 16.5 hours, 17 hours, 17.5 hours, 18 hours, 18.5 hours, 19 hours, 19.5 hours, 20 hours, 20.5 hours, 21 hours, 21.5 hours, 22 hours, 22.5 hours, 23 hours, 23.5 hours, 24 hours.

[0185] In some aspects, sublimating the pre-frozen biomaterial is performed at a temperature of about -20 °C, -22 °C, -24 °C, -26 °C, -28 °C, -30 °C, -32 °C, -34 °C, -36 °C, -38 °C, -40 °C, -42 °C, -44 °C, -46 °C, -48 °C, or about -50 °C or less for a period of about 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 1 hour 15 minutes, 1 hour 30 minutes, 1 hour 45 minutes, 2 hours, 2 hours 15 minutes, 2 hours 30 minutes, 2 hours 45 minutes, 3 hours, 3 hours 15 minutes, 3 hours 30 minutes, 3 hours 45 minutes, 4 hours, 4 hours 15 minutes, 4 hours 30 minutes, 4 hours 45 minutes, 5 hours, 5 hours 15 minutes, 5 hours 30 minutes, 5 hours 45 minutes, 6 hours, 6 hours 15 minutes, 6 hours 30 minutes, 6 hours 45 minutes, 7 hours, 7 hours 15 minutes, 7 hours 30 minutes, 7 hours 45 minutes, 8 hours, 8 hours 15 minutes, 8 hours 30 minutes, 8 hours 45 minutes, 9 hours, 9 hours 15 minutes, 9 hours 30 minutes, 9 hours 45 minutes, 10 hours, 10 hours 15 minutes, 10 hours 30 minutes, 10 hours 45 minutes, 11 hours, 11 hours 15 minutes, 11 hours 30 minutes, 11 hours 45 minutes, 12 hours, 12 hours 15 minutes, 12 hours 30 minutes, 12 hours 45 minutes, 13 hours, 13 hours 15 minutes, 13 hours 30 minutes, 13 hours 45 minutes, 14 hours, 14 hours 15 minutes, 14 hours 30 minutes, 14 hours 45 minutes, 15 hours, 15 hours 15 minutes, 15 hours 30 minutes, 15 hours 45 minutes, 16 hours, 16 hours 15 minutes, 16 hours 30 minutes, 16 hours 45 minutes, 17 hours, 17 hours 15 minutes, 17 hours 30 minutes, 17 hours 45 minutes, 18 hours, 18 hours 15 minutes, 18 hours 30 minutes, 18 hours 45 minutes, 19 hours, 19 hours 15 minutes, 19 hours 30 minutes, 19 hours 45 minutes, 20 hours, 20 hours 15 minutes, 20 hours 30 minutes, 20 hours 45 minutes, 21 hours, 21 hours 15 minutes, 21 hours 30 minutes, 21 hours 45 minutes, 22 hours, 22 hours 15 minutes, 22 hours 30 minutes, 22 hours 45 minutes, 23 hours, 23 hours 15 minutes, 23 hours 30 minutes, 23 hours 45 minutes, or about to 24 hours. In some aspects, sublimating the pre-frozen biomaterial is performed at a temperature of about -20 °C, -22 °C, -24 °C, -26 °C, -28 °C, -30 °C, -32 °C, -34 °C, -36 °C, -38 °C, -40 °C, -42 °C,Docket No. 44047.601-44 °C, -46 °C, -48 °C, or about -50 °C or less for a period of 24 hours, 24.5 hours, 25 hours, 25.5 hours, 26 hours, 26.5 hours, 27 hours, 27.5 hours, 28 hours, 28.5 hours, 29 hours, 29.5 hours, 30 hours, 30.5 hours, 31 hours, 31.5 hours, 32 hours, 32.5 hours, 33 hours, 33.5 hours, 34 hours, 34.5 hours, 35 hours, 35.5 hours, 36 hours, 36.5 hours, 37 hours, 37.5 hours, 38 hours, 38.5 hours, 39 hours, 39.5 hours, 40 hours, 40.5 hours, 41 hours, 41.5 hours, 42 hours, 42.5 hours, 43 hours, 43.5 hours, 44 hours, 44.5 hours, 45 hours, 45.5 hours, 46 hours, 46.5 hours, 47 hours, 47.5 hours, 48 hours (2 days), 48.5 hours, 49 hours, 49.5 hours, 50 hours, 50.5 hours, 51 hours, 51.5 hours, 52 hours, 52.5 hours, 53 hours, 53.5 hours, 54 hours, 54.5 hours, 55 hours, 55.5 hours, 56 hours, 56.5 hours, 57 hours, 57.5 hours, 58 hours, 58.5 hours, 59 hours, 59.5 hours, 60 hours (2.5 days), 60.5 hours, 61 hours, 61.5 hours, 62 hours, 62.5 hours, 63 hours, 63.5 hours, 64 hours, 64.5 hours, 65 hours, 65.5 hours, 66 hours (2.75 days), 66.5 hours, 67 hours, 67.5 hours, 68 hours, 68.5 hours, 69 hours, 69.5 hours, 70 hours, 70.5 hours, 71 hours, 71.5 hours, 72 hours (3 days), 96 hours (4 days), 120 hours (5 days), 144 hours (6 days), 168 hours (7 days).

[0186] In other aspects, drying comprises subjecting the biomaterial to a heat transfer procedure at a temperature of up to 25.0 °C, from about 25.0 °C to about 80.0 °C, or greater than 80.0 °C for a period of less than or equal to 1 day, from about 1 to 7 days, or greater than 7 days.

[0187] In some aspects, drying is performed at a temperature of about 2 °C, 4 °C, 6 °C, 8 °C. 10 °C, 12 °C, 14 °C, 16 °C, 18 °C, 20 °C, 22 °C, 24 °C, or 25 °C for a period of about 30 minutes, 1 hour, 1 hour 30 minutes, 2 hours, 2 hours 30 minutes, 3 hours, 3 hours 30 minutes, 4 hours, 4 hours 30 minutes, 5 hours, 5 hours 30 minutes, 6 hours, 6 hours 30 minutes, 7 hours, 7 hours 30 minutes, 8 hours, 8 hours 30 minutes, 9 hours, 9 hours 30 minutes, 10 hours, 10 hours 30 minutes, 11 hours, 11 hours 30 minutes, 12 hours, 12 hours 30 minutes, 13 hours, 13 hours 30 minutes, 14 hours, 14 hours 30 minutes, 15 hours, 15 hours 30 minutes, 16 hours, 16 hours 30 minutes, 17 hours, 17 hours 30 minutes, 18 hours, 18 hours 30 minutes, 19 hours, 19 hours 30 minutes, 20 hours, 20 hours 30 minutes, 21 hours, 21 hours 30 minutes, 22 hours, 22 hours 30 minutes, 23 hours, 23 hours 30 minutes, or about 24 hours.

[0188] In some aspects, drying is performed at a temperature of about 25 °C, 30 °C, 35 °C, 40 °C, 45 °C, 50 °C, 55 °C, 60 °C, 65 °C, 70 °C, 75 °C, or about 80 °C, for a period of about 1 day, 1 day 6 hours, 2 days, 2 days 6 hours, 3 days, 3 days 6 hours, 4 days, 4 days 6 hours, 5 days, 5 days 6 hours, 6 days, 6 days 6 hours, or up to about 7 days or more.

[0189] Any suitable heat transfer procedure can be used. In some aspects, the heat transfer procedure comprises convection, radiation, and / or diffusion.Docket No. 44047.601f. Process for producing an improved biomaterial

[0190] Aspects of the disclosure relate to processes for producing an improved biomaterial or product thereof, comprising: (a) pre-freezing a cured biomaterial structure at temperature below 0 °C for a period of from about 3 hours to about 24 hours; and (b) sublimating the biomaterial at a temperature of from about -20.0 °C to at least about -50.0 °C for a period of up to 24 hours, from about 1 day to about 7 days, or greater than about 7 days. It should be understood that steps (a) and (b) can be performed in accordance with the conditions described in section 2.e above.4. Biodegradable and compostable biofoam products and rigid biomaterials

[0191] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to biodegradable and compostable biofoam products and rigid biomaterials that can be utilized as a variety of packaging materials including but not limited to biofoam packaging boxes and biofoam peanuts, insulating biofoam, flexible and rigid mattresses, as well as in a variety of other applications such as bio-pellets, microbeads, microcarriers, disposable utensils and cutleries, rigid boxes, totes, and packaging items, biocompatible bio-carriers for control release of drugs and biologies, wound healing patches, automotive parts, conductive polymers among other applications.

[0192] The above-mentioned biomaterials and products were produced using various kinds of mixtures of biologically derived compounds, biopolymers, natural compounds, waste-derived substances, including but not limited to groups of hydrocolloids, hydrogels, mucilages, nitrogenous compounds, polyols, amphiphiles, polysaccharides, fibers, holdfast materials, aquatic and terrestrial biomass and their waste, agricultural waste, food and fruit waste, municipal and industrial solid waste, municipal and industrial wastewater, waste activated sludge, micro- and macro-algal biomass and their waste, microbial biomass and their waste, fungal biomass and their waste, archaeal biomass and their waste, proteins, lipids, waste cooking oil or any other waste oils, fats, waxes, greases, organic acids, biosurfactants, peroxides, and minerals.

[0193] It will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that other suitable modifications and adaptations of the methods of the present disclosure described herein areDocket No. 44047.601readily applicable and appreciable, and may be made using suitable equivalents without departing from the scope of the present disclosure or the aspects and embodiments disclosed herein. Having now described the present disclosure in detail, the same will be more clearly understood by reference to the following examples, which are merely intended only to illustrate some aspects and embodiments of the present disclosure, and should not be viewed as limiting to the scope of the disclosure. The disclosures of all journal references, U.S. patents, and publications referred to herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.EXAMPLES

[0194] The present disclosure has multiple aspects, illustrated by the non-limiting examples as described herein.Example 1: General overview of end-to-end process

[0195] Example 1 provides an overview of the end-to-end process for producing fully biodegradable and compostable biofoam and rigid biomaterials of the present disclosure. Figure 1 shows an end-to-end process flow diagram of production processes of fully biodegradable and compostable biofoam, rigid biomaterials, and packaging biomaterials. Dashed lines represent optional items.

[0196] As shown in Figure 1, the process can be divided into upstream and downstream processing. Referring to Figure 1, upstream processing (10) includes processing and preparation of starting materials (e.g., liquids, solids, waste) (12, 14) for example through waste valorization and bioresource recovery using biological processes and green chemistry assisted extraction such as pre-treatment and size reduction of biomass waste and feedstock, fermentation, solvent-assisted extraction of target compounds, mild hydrolysis, mild acid and / or alkaline treatment, mild decoloration, separation steps, and biological digestion of the biomass residue among other unit operations known to the skilled artisans. Once the starting materials are sourced and / or prepared, the upstream processing (1) proceeds by combining ingredients of a base resin mixture and processing the base resin mixture (16) to produce a biofoam (19) or biomaterial resin (1 ). The base resin mixture can optionally be pelletized (18) to produce pelletized biofoam or biomaterial resin (19). The base resin precursor formulation can vary depending on whether the desired end product is a biofoam product (28), which is produced by the downstream processing (20) or a rigid biomaterial (36), which is produced by the downstream processing (30).Docket No. 44047.601

[0197] The formulations described in Examples 2-30 can be used to produce biofoam products in accordance with the processes described herein, for example, by following the downstream processing steps outlined in 22, 24, 26 and 28. The formulations in Examples 13-30 can also be used to produce rigid biomaterial products, for example, by following the downstream processing steps outlined in 32, 34 and 36.

[0198] Examples 2-12 relate to a set of biofoam formulations produced by mixing the biofoam formulations together all at once and oven drying to dry the biofoam.

[0199] Examples 13-15 relate to a set of biofoam formulations produced by adding a curing agent to a base resin mixture, and freeze drying to dry the biofoam.

[0200] Examples 16-21 relate to a set of formulations in which curing agents were individually added to a resin and freeze drying was used to dry the biofoam.

[0201] Examples 22 and 23 relate to a set of rigid biofoam formulations that can be cured at room temperature.

[0202] Examples 24-26 relate to a set of biofoam formulations in which curing agents were first combined in a solution, and then added to a resin and freeze drying was used to dry the biofoam.

[0203] Examples 27-30 relate to a set of biofoam formulations in which a UV-resistant agent was added, curing agents were combined into a solution, and then added to a resin and freeze drying was used to dry the biofoam.

[0204] Each of the examples below provides a protocol that describes how to make a biofoam resin having a certain mass, however, it should be appreciated that the quantities and protocols provided are merely illustrative. The skilled artisan can readily adapt the exemplary protocols below to produce biofoam resins having any desired mass. The skilled artisan will also appreciate that the exemplary compounds listed within each category of ingredients in the formulations below can be substituted with other exemplary ingredients within each of those categories, including for example, the exemplary components following the definitions of each of those categories of ingredients.

[0205] It should also be noted that the disclosure contemplates alternative formulations where ranges, amounts or concentrations are enclosed within brackets [ ].Example 2: Exemplary biofoam formulation and process

[0206] This example demonstrates the use of a biofoam formulation to produce a biofoam product of the present disclosure, in which a base precursor resin biofoam formulation comprising at least one hydrocolloid, at least one nitrogenous additive, at least one precursorDocket No. 44047.601curing agent, at least one plasticizer, at least one water-resistant agent, and at least one solvent are mixed together in upstream processing to produce a base biofoam resin mixture, which is then subjected to downstream processing of molding and drying to produce a biofoam product.

[0207] To make 360.0 g biofoam resin, the components listed below are added and mixed together at 2,000.0 rpm (or less than 1,000.0 rpm, 1,000.0 thru 3,000.0 rpm, or any quantity in between, or higher than 3,000.0 rpm), at room temperature (RT, or less than RT, or between RT and 50.0 °C, or higher than 50.0 °C), for 10.0 min (or less than 10.0 min, or 10.0 min thru 60.0 min, or any quantity in between, or higher than 60.0 min). Note that concentrations are in % NlN (g-compound / 100g-total-resin including water as solvent) or % I!N (g-compound / lOOmL- total-resin including water as solvent) or %v / v (mL-compound / lOOmL-total-resin including water as solvent) or %v / w (mL-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent). Any type of mixer, or batch or inline high shear homogenizer, can be used to mix the ingredients.

[0208] Hydrocolloids:

[0209] Microcrystalline cellulose = 2.5% w / w = 9.0 g (or less than 2.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0210] Methyl cellulose = 0.75% w / w = 2.7 g (or less than 0.75% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.75% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0211] High acyl gellan gum = 0.35% w / w = 1.26 g (or less than 0.35% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.35% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0212] Pectin = 0.75% w / w = 2.7 g (or less than 0.75% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.75% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0213] pullulan = 0.35% w / w = 1.26 g (or less than 0.35% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.35% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0214] Xanthan gum = 0.35% w / w = 1.26 g (or less than 0.35% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.35% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);Docket No. 44047.601

[0215] Arrowroot powder = 0.75% w / w = 2.7 g (or less than 0.75% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.75% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0216] Perform hydrothermal treatment only on arrowroot powder as follows: mix it with 24.3 g tap water to make a 10% w / w solution (or less than 10.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 10.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units), preheat it in a microwave for 20.0 sec or shorter or longer time at 80.0 °C or lower or higher temperature for 10.0-15.0 min for shorter or longer time.

[0217] Cyclic dextrin = 1.0% w / w = 3.6 g (or less than 1.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0218] Nitrogenous additives:

[0219] Chitosan = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0220] Polyglutamic acid = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0221] Precursor curing agents:

[0222] Calcium carbonate = 3.0% w / w = 10.8 g (or less than 3.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 3.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0223] Calcium sulfate = 3.0% w / w = 10.8 g (or less than 3.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 3.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0224] Plasticizers:

[0225] Stearic acid = 0.25% w / w = 0.9 g (or less than 0.25% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.25% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0226] Water-resistant agents:

[0227] silicon dioxide = 0.45% w / w = 1.62 g (or less than 0.45% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.45% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);Docket No. 44047.601

[0228] Jojoba oil = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units); and

[0229] Solvents:

[0230] Tap water = 78.25% w / w = 281.7 g (or less than 78.25% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 78.25% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0231] Pour the base resin mixture into a strainer mold (e.g., with perforated bottom surface) and let it rest at RT (or less than RT, or between RT and 50.0 °C, or higher than 50.0 °C), for 30.0 min (or less than 30.0 min, or 30.0 min thru 120.0 min, or any quantity in between, or higher than 120.0 min) to let excess water drain.

[0232] Dry the drained molded biofoam in a 50.0 °C oven (or less than 50.0 °C, or any quantity from 50.0 °C to 100.0 °C, or higher than 100.0 °C) for 6.0 days (or less than 6.0 days, or any quantity from 6.0 days to 30.0 days, or higher than 30.0 days) or until it is completely cured / dried.

[0233] Figure 2 shows an exemplary biofoam product produced using the protocol described in this example.Example 3: Exemplary biofoam formulation and process

[0234] This example demonstrates the use of a biofoam formulation to produce a biofoam product of the present disclosure, in which a base precursor resin biofoam formulation comprising at least one hydrocolloid, at least one nitrogenous additive, at least one plasticizer, at least one precursor curing agent, and at least one solvent are mixed together in upstream processing to produce a base biofoam resin mixture, which is then subjected to downstream processing of molding and drying to produce a biofoam product.

[0235] To make a 360.0 g biofoam resin, add the following components and mix them all together at 2,000.0 rpm (or less than 1,000.0 rpm, 1,000.0 thru 3,000.0 rpm, or any quantity in between, or higher than 3,000.0 rpm), room temperature (RT, or less than RT, or between RT and 50.0 °C, or higher than 50.0 °C), for 10.0 min (or less than 10.0 min, or 10.0 min thru 60.0 min, or any quantity in between, or higher than 60.0 min). Note that concentrations are in 'fr l (g-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent) or % IIN (g -compound / lOOmL- totalresin including water as solvent) or %v / v (mL-compound / lOOmL-total-resin including water as solvent) or %v / w (mL-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent). Any type of mixer or batch or inline high shear homogenizer can be used to mix the ingredients.Docket No. 44047.601

[0236] Hydrocolloids:

[0237] Microcrystalline cellulose = 2.5% w / w = 9.0 g (or less than 2.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0238] Methyl cellulose =1.0% w / w = 3.6 g (or less than 1.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0239] High acyl gellan gum = 0.25% w / w = 0.9 g (or less than 0.25% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.25% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0240] Pectin = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0241] Carrageenan = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0242] Cyclic dextrin = 1.0% w / w = 3.6 g (or less than 1.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0243] Nitrogenous additives:

[0244] Chitosan = 0.25% w / w = 0.9 g (or less than 0.25% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.25% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0245] Arginine = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0246] Plasticizers:

[0247] Stearic acid = 0.25% w / w = 0.9 g (or less than 0.25% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.25% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0248] Precursor curing agent:

[0249] Calcium sulfate = 6.0% w / w = 21.6 g (or less than 6.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 6.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units); andDocket No. 44047.601

[0250] Solvents:

[0251] Tap water = 87.25% w / w = 314.1 g (or less than 87.25% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 87.25% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0252] For downstream processing, the resin mixture produced in the upstream process above is poured into a strainer mold (e.g., with perforated bottom surface) and allowed to rest at RT (or less than RT, or between RT and 50.0 °C, or higher than 50.0 °C), for 30.0 min (or less than 30.0 min, or 30.0 min thru 120.0 min, or any quantity in between, or higher than 120.0 min) to let excess water drain.

[0253] The drained molded biofoam can then be dried in a 50.0 °C oven (or less than 50.0 °C, or any quantity from 50.0 °C to 100.0 °C, or higher than 100.0 °C) for 7.0 days (or less than 7.0 days, or any quantity from 7.0 days to 30.0 days, or higher than 30.0 days) or until it is completely cured / dried.Example 4: Exemplary biofoam formulations and processes

[0254] This example demonstrates the use of exemplary alternative biofoam formulations to produce two alternative biofoam products of the present disclosure, in which a base precursor resin biofoam formulation comprising at least one hydrocolloid, at least one nitrogenous additive, at least one precursor curing agent, at least one plasticizer, and at least one solvent are mixed together in upstream processing to produce a base biofoam resin mixture, which is then subjected to downstream processing of molding and drying to produce a biofoam product.

[0255] This example demonstrates how to make 360.0 g of biofoam resin, however, any other quantity can be made by following the exemplary protocol described in this example. To make 360.0 g biofoam resin add the following components and mix them all together at 2,000.0 rpm (or less than 1,000.0 rpm, 1,000.0 thru 3,000.0 rpm, or any quantity in between, or higher than 3,000.0 rpm), room temperature (RT, or less than RT, or between RT and 50.0 °C, or higher than 50.0 °C), for 10.0 min (or less than 10.0 min, or 10.0 min thru 60.0 min, or any quantity in between, or higher than 60.0 min). Note that concentrations are in %w / w (g-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent) or %w / v (g-compound / lOOmL-total-resin including water as solvent) or %N / N (mL-compound / lOOmL-total-resin including water as solvent) or %N! I (mL-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent). Any mixer or batch or inline high shear homogenizer can be used to mix the ingredients. Note that the amounts of the listed ingredients used in the alternative formulation are enclosed within single brackets [ ] below.Docket No. 44047.601

[0256] Hydrocolloids:

[0257] Microcrystalline cellulose = 2.5% w / w = 9.0 g (or less than 2.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0258] Methyl cellulose = 0.75% w / w = 2.7 g (or less than 0.75% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.75% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0259] High acyl gellan gum = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g [in an alternative formulation 0.375% w / w = 1.35 g can be used] (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0260] Pectin = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0261] Guar gum = 0.05% w / w = 0.18 g [in the alternative formulation 0.1% w / w = 0.36 g can be used| (or less than 0.05% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.05% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0262] Carrageenan = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0263] Cyclic dextrin = 1.0% w / w = 3.6 g (or less than 1.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0264] Nitrogenous additives:

[0265] Chitosan = 0.25% w / w = 0.9 g [in the alternative formulation 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g can be used] (or less than 0.25% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.25% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0266] Arginine = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0267] Precursor curing agent:

[0268] Calcium carbonate = 6.0% w / w = 21.6 g (or less than 6.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 6.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);Docket No. 44047.601

[0269] Plasticizers:

[0270] Stearic acid = 0.25% w / w = 0.9 g (or less than 0.25% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.25% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units); and

[0271] Solvents:

[0272] Tap water = 87.2% w / w = 313.92 g [in the alternative formulation 87.025% w / w = 313.29 g can be used] (or less than 87.2% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 87.2% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0273] Pour the resin mixture into a strainer mold (e.g., with perforated bottom surface) and let it rest at RT (or less than RT, or between RT and 50.0 °C, or higher than 50.0 °C), for 30.0 min (or less than 30.0 min, or 30.0 min thru 120.0 min, or any quantity in between, or higher than 120.0 min) to let excess water drain.

[0274] Dry the drained molded biofoam in a 50.0 °C oven (or less than 50.0 °C, or any quantity from 50.0 °C to 100.0 °C, or higher than 100.0 °C) for 5.0 days (or less than 5.0 days, or any quantity from 5.0 days to 30.0 days, or higher than 30.0 days) or until it is completely cured / dried to produce the biofoam product.Example 5: Exemplary biofoam formulation and process

[0275] This example demonstrates the use of an exemplary biofoam formulation to produce a biofoam product of the present disclosure, in which a base precursor resin biofoam formulation comprising at least one hydrocolloid, at least one nitrogenous additive, at least one precursor curing agent, at least one plasticizer, at least one water-resistant agent, and at least one solvent are mixed together in upstream processing to produce a base biofoam resin mixture, which is then subjected to downstream processing of molding and drying to produce a biofoam product.

[0276] To make 360.0 g of a biofoam resin, following components arc mixed together at 2,000.0 rpm (or less than 1,000.0 rpm, 1,000.0 thru 3,000.0 rpm, or any quantity in between, or higher than 3,000.0 rpm), at room temperature (R T, or less than RT, or between RT and 50.0 °C, or higher than 50.0 °C), for 10.0 min (or less than 10.0 min, or 10.0 min thru 60.0 min, or any quantity in between, or higher than 60.0 min). Note that concentrations are in c Nl i (g-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent) or %w / v (g -compound / lOOmL- totalresin including water as solvent) or %v / v (mL-compound / lOOmL-total-resin including waterDocket No. 44047.601as solvent) or %v / w (mL-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent). Any mixer, or batch or inline high shear homogenizer can be used to mix the ingredients.

[0277] Hydrocolloids:

[0278] Microcrystalline cellulose = 2.0% w / w = 7.2 g (or less than 2.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0279] Methyl cellulose = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0280] High acyl gellan gum = 0.35% w / w = 1.26 g (or less than 0.35% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.35% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0281] Pectin = 0.75% w / w = 2.7 g (or less than 0.75% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.75% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0282] Guar gum = 0.075% w / w = 0.27 g (or less than 0.075% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.075% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0283] Carrageenan = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0284] Cyclic dextrin = 1.0% w / w = 3.6 g (or less than 1.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0285] Pullulan = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0286] Arrowroot powder = 0.75% w / w = 2.7 g (or less than 0.75% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.75% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0287] Perform hydrothermal treatment only on arrowroot powder as follows: mix it with 21.13 g tap water (or less than 21.13 g, or any quantity from 21.13 g to 200.0 g, or higher than 200.0 g of tap water or [deionized water, distilled water, distilled deionized water, brine, filtered or non-filtered seawater, filtered or non-filtered or treated or non-treated wastewater,Docket No. 44047.601or any other types of water, or any sort of their combinations or derivatives or waste]), preheat it in a microwave for 20.0 sec or shorter or longer time at 80.0 °C or lower or higher temperature for 10.0-15.0 min for shorter or longer time.

[0288] Nitrogenous additives:

[0289] Chitosan = 0.75% w / w = 2.7 g (or less than 0.75% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.75% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units):

[0290] Arginine = 0.75% w / w = 2.7 g (or less than 0.75% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.75% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0291] Precursor curing agents:

[0292] Calcium carbonate = 2.25% w / w = 8.1 g (or less than 2.25% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.25% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0293] Calcium sulfate = 2.25% w / w = 8.1 g (or less than 2.25% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.25% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0294] Plasticizers:

[0295] Stearic acid = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0296] Water-resistant agents:

[0297] Jojoba oil = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0298] silicon dioxide = 0.15% w / w = 0.54 g (or less than 0.15% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.15% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units); and

[0299] Solvents:

[0300] Tap water = 80.56% w / w = 290.0 g (or less than 80.56% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 80.56% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0301] Pour the resin mixture into a strainer mold (e.g., with perforated bottom surface) and let it rest at RT (or less than RT, or between RT and 50.0 °C, or higher than 50.0 °C), for 30.0Docket No. 44047.601min (or less than 30.0 min, or 30.0 min thru 120.0 min, or any quantity in between, or higher than 120.0 min) to let excess water drain.

[0302] Dry the drained molded biofoam in a 50.0 °C oven (or less than 50.0 °C, or any quantity from 50.0 °C to 100.0 °C, or higher than 100.0 °C) for 4.0 days (or less than 4.0 days, or any quantity from 4.0 days to 30.0 days, or higher than 30.0 days) or until it is completely cured / dried.Example 6: Exemplary biofoam formulation and process

[0303] This example demonstrates the use of an exemplary biofoam formulation to produce a biofoam product of the present disclosure, in which a base precursor resin biofoam formulation comprising at least one hydrocolloid, at least one nitrogenous additive, at least one precursor curing agent, at least one plasticizer, at least one water-resistant agent, and at least one solvent are mixed together in upstream processing to produce a base biofoam resin mixture, which is then subjected to downstream processing of molding and drying to produce a biofoam product.

[0304] To make 360.0 g of a biofoam resin, the following components are mixed together at 2,000.0 rpm (or less than 1,000.0 ipm, 1,000.0 thru 3,000.0 rpm, or any quantity in between, or higher than 3,000.0 rpm), room temperature (RT, or less than RT, or between RT and 50.0 °C, or higher than 50.0 °C), for 10.0 min (or less than 10.0 min, or 10.0 min thru 60.0 min, or any quantity in between, or higher than 60.0 min). Note that concentrations are in % N / w (g-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent) or %w / v (g-compound / lOOmL-total-resin including water as solvent) or %N / N (mL-compound / lOOmL-total-resin including water as solvent) or %NIN (mL-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent). Any mixer, or batch or inline high shear homogenizer can be used to mix ingredients.

[0305] Hydrocolloids:

[0306] Microcrystalline cellulose = 2.5% w / w = 9.0 g (or less than 2.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units):

[0307] Methyl cellulose = 0.75% w / w = 2.7 g (or less than 0.75% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.75% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0308] High acyl gellan gum = 0.375% w / w = 1.35 g (or less than 0.375% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.375% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);Docket No. 44047.601

[0309] Pectin = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0310] Guar gum = 0.1% w / w = 0.36 g (or less than 0.1% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.1% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0311] Carrageenan = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0312] Cyclic dextrin = 1.0% w / w = 3.6 g (or less than 1.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0313] Nitrogenous additives:

[0314] Chitosan = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0315] Arginine = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0316] Precursor curing agents:

[0317] Calcium carbonate = 6.0% w / w = 21.6 g (or less than 6.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 6.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0318] Plasticizers:

[0319] Stearic acid = 0.25% w / w = 0.9 g (or less than 0.25% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.25% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0320] Water-resistant agents:

[0321] silicon dioxide = 0.45% w / w = 1.62 g (or less than 0.45% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.45% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units); and

[0322] Solvents:Docket No. 44047.601

[0323] Tap water = 86.575% w / w = 311.67 g (or less than 86.575% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 86.575% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0324] Pour the biofoam resin mixture into a strainer mold (e.g., with perforated bottom surface) and let it rest at RT (or less than RT, or between RT and 50.0 °C, or higher than 50.0 °C), for 30.0 min (or less than 30.0 min, or 30.0 min thru 120.0 min, or any quantity in between, or higher than 120.0 min) to let excess water drain.

[0325] Dry the drained molded biofoam in a 50.0 °C oven (or less than 50.0 °C, or any quantity from 50.0 °C to 100.0 °C, or higher than 100.0 °C) for 3.0 days oruntil it is completely cured / dried.Example 7: Exemplary biofoam formulation and processes

[0326] This example demonstrates the use of an exemplary biofoam formulation to produce a biofoam product of the present disclosure, in which a base precursor resin biofoam formulation comprising at least one hydrocolloid, at least one nitrogenous additive, at least one precursor curing agent, at least one plasticizer, at least one water-resistant agent, and at least one solvent are mixed together in upstream processing to produce a base biofoam resin mixture, which is then subjected to downstream processing of molding and drying to produce a biofoam product.

[0327] To make 360.0 g of a biofoam resin the following components are mixed together at 2,000.0 rpm (or less than 1,000.0 rpm, 1,000.0 thru 3,000.0 rpm, or any quantity in between, or higher than 3,000.0 rpm), at room temperature (RT, or less than RT, or between RT and 50.0 °C, or higher than 50.0 °C), for 10.0 min (or less than 10.0 min, or 10.0 min thru 60.0 min, or any quantity in between, or higher than 60.0 min). Note that concentrations are in %w / w (g-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent) or %w / v (g-compound / lOOmL-total-resin including water as solvent) or %v / v (mL-compound / lOOmL-total-resin including water as solvent) or %v / w (mL-compound / lOOg-total-rcsin including water as solvent). Any mixer or batch or inline high shear homogenizer can be used to mix the ingredients.

[0328] Hydrocolloids:

[0329] Microcrystalline cellulose = 2.5% w / w = 9.0 g (or less than 2.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);Docket No. 44047.601

[0330] Methyl cellulose = 0.75% w / w = 2.7 g (or less than 0.75% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.75% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0331] High acyl gellan gum = 0.375% w / w = 1.35 g (or less than 0.375% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.375% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0332] Pectin = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0333] Pullulan = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0334] Xanthan gum = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0335] Cyclic dextrin = 1.0% w / w = 3.6 g (or less than 1.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0336] Nitrogenous additives:

[0337] Chitosan = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0338] Arginine = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0339] Precursor curing agents:

[0340] Calcium carbonate = 6.0% w / w = 21.6 g (or less than 6.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 6.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0341] Plasticizers:

[0342] Stearic acid = 0.25% w / w = 0.9 g (or less than 0.25% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.25% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0343] Water-resistant agents:Docket No. 44047.601

[0344] silicon dioxide = 0.45% w / w = 1.62 g (or less than 0.45% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.45% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units); and

[0345] Solvents:

[0346] Tap water = 86.175% w / w = 310.23 g (or less than 86.175% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 86.175% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0347] Pour the biofoam resin mixture into a strainer mold (e.g., with perforated bottom surface) and let it rest at RT (or less than RT, or between RT and 50.0 °C, or higher than 50.0 °C), for 30.0 min (or less than 30.0 min, or 30.0 min thru 120.0 min, or any quantity in between, or higher than 120.0 min) to let excess water drain.

[0348] Dry the drained molded biofoam in a 50.0 °C oven (or less than 50.0 °C, or any quantity from 50.0 °C to 100.0 °C, or higher than 100.0 °C) for 5.0 days (or less than 5.0 days, or any quantity from 5.0 days to 30.0 days, or higher than 30.0 days) or until it is completely cured / dried.Example 8: Exemplary biofoam formulation and process

[0349] This example demonstrates the use of an exemplary biofoam formulation to produce a biofoam product of the present disclosure, in which a base precursor resin biofoam formulation comprising at least one hydrocolloid, at least one nitrogenous additive, at least one precursor curing agent, at least one plasticizer, at least one water-resistant agent, and at least one solvent are mixed together in upstream processing to produce a base biofoam resin mixture, which is then subjected to downstream processing of molding and drying to produce a biofoam product.

[0350] To make 360.0 g of a biofoam resin the following components are mixed together at 2,000.0 rpm (or less than 1,000.0 rpm, 1,000.0 thru 3,000.0 rpm, or any quantity in between, or higher than 3,000.0 rpm), room temperature (RT, or less than RT, or between RT and 50.0 °C, or higher than 50.0 °C), for 10.0 min (or less than 10.0 min, or 10.0 min thru 60.0 min, or any quantity in between, or higher than 60.0 min). Note that concentrations are in %w / w (g-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent) or %w / v (g-compound / lOOmL-total-resin including water as solvent) or %v / v (mL-compound / lOOmL-total-resin including water as solvent) or %v / w (mL-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent). Any mixer or batch or inline high shear homogenizer can be used to mix the ingredients.

[0351] Hydrocolloids:Docket No. 44047.601

[0352] Microcrystalline cellulose = 2.5% w / w = 9.0 g (or less than 2.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0353] Methyl cellulose = 0.75% w / w = 2.7 g (or less than 0.75% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.75% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0354] High acyl gellan gum = 0.375% w / w = 1.35 g (or less than 0.375% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.375% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0355] Pectin = 0.75% w / w = 2.7 g (or less than 0.75% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.75% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0356] Pullulan = 0.25% w / w = 0.9 g (or less than 0.25% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.25% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0357] Xanthan gum = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0358] Cyclic dextrin = 1.0% w / w = 3.6 g (or less than 1.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0359] Nitrogenous additives:

[0360] Chitosan = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0361] Arginine = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0362] Precursor curing agents:

[0363] Calcium carbonate = 6.0% w / w = 21.6 g (or less than 6.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 6.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0364] Plasticizers:Docket No. 44047.601

[0365] Stearic acid = 0.25% w / w = 0.9 g (or less than 0.25% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.25% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0366] Water-resistant agents:

[0367] silicon dioxide = 0.45% w / w = 1.62 g (or less than 0.45% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.45% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units); and

[0368] Solvents:

[0369] Tap water (or deionized water, distilled water, distilled deionized water, brine, filtered or non-filtered seawater, filtered or non-filtered or treated or non-treated wastewater, or any other types of water, or any sort of their combinations or derivatives or waste) = 86.175% w / w = 310.23 g (or less than 86.175% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 86.175% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0370] Pour the resin mixture into a strainer mold (e.g., with perforated bottom surface) and let it rest at RT (or less than R T, or between RT and 50.0 °C, or higher than 50.0 °C), for 30.0 min (or less than 30.0 min, or 30.0 min thru 120.0 min, or any quantity in between, or higher than 120.0 min) to let excess water drain.

[0371] Dry the drained molded biofoam in a 50.0 °C oven (or less than 50.0 °C, or any quantity from 50.0 °C to 100.0 °C, or higher than 100.0 °C) for 5.0 days (or less than 5.0 days, or any quantity from 5.0 days to 30.0 days, or higher than 30.0 days) or until it is completely cured / dried.Example 9: Exemplary biofoam formulation and process

[0372] This example demonstrates the use of an exemplary biofoam formulation to produce a biofoam product of the present disclosure, in which a base precursor resin biofoam formulation comprising at least one hydrocolloid, at least one nitrogenous additive, at least one precursor curing agent, at least one plasticizer, at least one water-resistant agent, and at least one solvent are mixed together in upstream processing to produce a base biofoam resin mixture, which is then subjected to downstream processing of molding and drying to produce a biofoam product.

[0373] To make 360.0 g of a biofoam resin the following components are mixed together at 2,000.0 rpm (or less than 1,000.0 rpm, 1,000.0 thru 3,000.0 rpm, or any quantity in between, or higher than 3,000.0 rpm), at room temperature (RT, or less than RT, or between RT and 50.0Docket No. 44047.601°C, or higher than 50.0 °C), for 10.0 min (or less than 10.0 min, or 10.0 min thru 60.0 min, or any quantity in between, or higher than 60.0 min). Note that concentrations are in %w / w (g-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent) or %w / v (g-compound / lOOmL-total-resin including water as solvent) or %v / v (mL-compound / lOOmL-total-resin including water as solvent) or %v / w (mL-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent). Any mixer or batch or inline high shear homogenizer can be used to mix the ingredients.

[0374] Hydrocolloids:

[0375] Microcrystalline cellulose = 2.5% w / w = 9.0 g (or less than 2.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0376] Methyl cellulose = 0.75% w / w = 2.7 g (or less than 0.75% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.75% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0377] High acyl gcllan gum = 0.35% w / w = 1.26 g (or less than 0.35% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.35% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0378] Pectin = 0.75% w / w = 2.7 g (or less than 0.75% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.75% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0379] Pullulan = 0.35% w / w = 1.26 g (or less than 0.35% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.35% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0380] Xanthan gum = 0.35% w / w = 1.26 g (or less than 0.35% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.35% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0381] Cyclic dextrin = 1.0% w / w = 3.6 g (or less than 1.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0382] Nitrogenous additives:

[0383] Chitosan = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);Docket No. 44047.601

[0384] Arginine = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0385] Precursor curing agents:

[0386] Calcium carbonate = 3.0% w / w = 10.8 g (or less than 3.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 3.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units):

[0387] Calcium sulfate = 3.0% w / w = 10.8 g (or less than 3.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 3.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0388] Plasticizers:

[0389] Stearic acid = 0.25% w / w = 0.9 g (or less than 0.25% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.25% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0390] Water-resistant agents:

[0391] silicon dioxide = 0.45% w / w = 1.62 g (or less than 0.45% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.45% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units); and

[0392] Solvents:

[0393] Tap water = 86.25% w / w = 310.5 g (or less than 86.25% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 86.25% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0394] Pour the resin mixture into a strainer mold (e.g., with perforated bottom surface) and let it rest at RT (or less than RT, or between RT and 50.0 °C, or higher than 50.0 °C), for 30.0 min (or less than 30.0 min, or 30.0 min thru 120.0 min, or any quantity in between, or higher than 120.0 min) to let excess water drain.

[0395] Dry the drained molded biofoam in a 50.0 °C oven (or less than 50.0 °C, or any quantity from 50.0 °C to 100.0 °C, or higher than 100.0 °C) for 5.0 days (or less than 5.0 days, or any quantity from 5.0 days to 30.0 days, or higher than 30.0 days) or until it is completely cured / dried.Docket No. 44047.601Example 10: Exemplary biofoam formulation and process

[0396] This example demonstrates the use of an exemplary biofoam formulation to produce a biofoam product of the present disclosure, in which a base precursor resin biofoam formulation comprising at least one hydrocolloid, at least one nitrogenous additive, at least one precursor curing agent, at least one plasticizer, at least one water-resistant agent, at least one UV-resistant agent, and at least one solvent are mixed together in upstream processing to produce a base biofoam resin mixture, which is then subjected to downstream processing of molding and drying to produce a biofoam product.

[0397] To make 360.0 g of a biofoam resin the following components are mixed together at 2,000.0 rpm (or less than 1,000.0 rpm, 1,000.0 thru 3,000.0 rpm, or any quantity in between, or higher than 3,000.0 rpm), at room temperature (RT, or less than RT, or between RT and 50.0 °C, or higher than 50.0 °C), for 10.0 min (or less than 10.0 min, or 10.0 min thru 60.0 min, or any quantity in between, or higher than 60.0 min). Note that concentrations are in % N / w (g-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent) or %w / v (g-compound / lOOmL-total-resin including water as solvent) or %v / v (mL-compound / lOOmL-total-resin including water as solvent) or %v / w (mL-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent). Any mixer or batch or inline high shear homogenizer can be used to mix the ingredients.

[0398] Hydrocolloids:

[0399] Microcrystalline cellulose = 2.5% w / w = 9.0 g (or less than 2.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0400] Methyl cellulose = 0.75% w / w = 2.7 g (or less than 0.75% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.75% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0401] High acyl gellan gum = 0.35% w / w = 1.26 g (or less than 0.35% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.35% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0402] Pectin = 0.75% w / w = 2.7 g (or less than 0.75% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.75% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0403] Pullulan = 0.25% w / w = 0.9 g (or less than 0.25% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.25% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);Docket No. 44047.601

[0404] Xanthan gum = 0.35% w / w = 1.26 g (or less than 0.35% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.35% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0405] Cyclic dextrin = 1.0% w / w = 3.6 g (or less than 1.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0406] Nitrogenous additives:

[0407] Chitosan = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0408] Arginine = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0409] Precursor curing agents:

[0410] Calcium carbonate = 2.25% w / w = 8.1 g (or less than 2.25% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.25% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0411] Calcium sulfate = 2.25% w / w = 8.1 g (or less than 2.25% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.25% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0412] Plasticizers:

[0413] Stearic acid = 0.25% w / w = 0.9 g (or less than 0.25% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.25% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0414] Water-resistant agents:

[0415] silicon dioxide = 0.45% w / w = 1.62 g (or less than 0.45% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.45% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0416] UV-resistant agents:

[0417] Lignin = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units); and

[0418] Solvents:Docket No. 44047.601

[0419] Tap water = 87.35% w / w = 314.46 g (or less than 87.35% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 87.35% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0420] Pour the biofoam resin mixture into a strainer mold (e.g., with perforated bottom surface) and let it rest at RT (or less than RT, or between RT and 50.0 °C, or higher than 50.0 °C), for 30.0 min (or less than 30.0 min, or 30.0 min thru 120.0 min, or any quantity in between, or higher than 120.0 min) to let excess water drain.

[0421] Dry the drained molded biofoam in a 50.0 °C oven (or less than 50.0 °C, or any quantity from 50.0 °C to 100.0 °C, or higher than 100.0 °C) for 4.0 days (or less than 4.0 days, or any quantity from 4.0 days to 30.0 days, or higher than 30.0 days) or until it is completely cured / dried.Example 11: Exemplary biofoam formulation and process

[0422] This example demonstrates the use of an exemplary biofoam formulation to produce a biofoam product of the present disclosure, in which a base precursor resin biofoam formulation comprising at least one hydrocolloid, at least one nitrogenous additive, at least one precursor curing agent, at least one plasticizer, at least one water-resistant agent, and at least one solvent are mixed together in upstream processing to produce a base biofoam resin mixture, which is then subjected to downstream processing of molding and drying to produce a biofoam product.

[0423] To make 360.0 g of a biofoam resin the following components are mixed together at 2,000.0 rpm (or less than 1,000.0 rpm, 1,000.0 thru 3,000.0 rpm, or any quantity in between, or higher than 3,000.0 rpm), at room temperature (RT, or less than RT, or between RT and 50.0 °C, or higher than 50.0 °C), for 10.0 min (or less than 10.0 min, or 10.0 min thru 60.0 min, or any quantity in between, or higher than 60.0 min). Note that concentrations are in %w / w (g-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent) or %w / v (g-compound / lOOmL-total-resin including water as solvent) or %v / v (mL-compound / lOOmL-total-rcsin including water as solvent) or %v / w (mL-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent). Any mixer or batch or inline high shear homogenizer can be used to mix the ingredients.

[0424] Hydrocolloids:

[0425] Microcrystalline cellulose = 2.5% w / w = 9.0 g (or less than 2.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units):Docket No. 44047.601

[0426] Methyl cellulose = 0.75% w / w = 2.7 g (or less than 0.75% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.75% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0427] High acyl gellan gum = 0.35% w / w = 1.26 g (or less than 0.35% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.35% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0428] Pectin = 0.75% w / w = 2.7 g (or less than 0.75% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.75% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0429] Pullulan = 0.35% w / w = 1.26 g (or less than 0.35% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.35% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0430] Xanthan gum = 0.35% w / w = 1.26 g (or less than 0.35% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.35% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0431] Arrowroot powder = 0.75% w / w = 2.7 g (or less than 0.75% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.75% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0432] Perform hydrothermal treatment only on arrowroot powder as follows: mix it with 24.3 g tap water to make a 10% w / w solution (or less than 10.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 10.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units), preheat it in a microwave for 20.0 sec or shorter or longer time at 80.0 °C or lower or higher temperature for 10.0-15.0 min for shorter or longer time.

[0433] Cyclic dextrin = 1.0% w / w = 3.6 g (or less than 1.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0434] Nitrogenous additives:

[0435] Chitosan = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0436] Arginine = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0437] Precursor curing agents:Docket No. 44047.601

[0438] Calcium carbonate = 3.0% w / w = 10.8 g (or less than 3.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 3.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0439] Calcium sulfate = 3.0% w / w = 10.8 g (or less than 3.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 3.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0440] Plasticizers:

[0441] Stearic acid = 0.25% w / w = 0.9 g (or less than 0.25% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.25% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0442] Water-resistant agents:

[0443] silicon dioxide = 0.45% w / w = 1.62 g (or less than 0.45% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.45% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0444] Jojoba oil = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units); and

[0445] Solvents:

[0446] Tap water = 78.25% w / w = 281.7 g (or less than 78.25% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 78.25% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0447] Pour the resin mixture into a strainer mold (e.g., with perforated bottom surface) and let it rest at RT (or less than RT, or between RT and 50.0 °C, or higher than 50.0 °C), for 30.0 min (or less than 30.0 min, or 30.0 min thru 120.0 min, or any quantity in between, or higher than 120.0 min) to let excess water drain.

[0448] Dry the drained molded biofoam in a 50.0 °C oven (or less than 50.0 °C, or any quantity from 50.0 °C to 100.0 °C, or higher than 100.0 °C) for 5.0 days (or less than 5.0 days, or any quantity from 5.0 days to 30.0 days, or higher than 30.0 days) or until it is completely cured / dried.

[0449]

[0450] Docket No. 44047.601Example 12: Exemplary biofoam formulation and process

[0451] This example demonstrates the use of an exemplary biofoam formulation to produce a biofoam product of the present disclosure, in which a base precursor resin biofoam formulation comprising at least one hydrocolloid, at least one nitrogenous additive, at least one precursor curing agent, at least one plasticizer, at least one water-resistant agent, at least one UV-resistant agent, and at least one solvent are mixed together in upstream processing to produce a base biofoam resin mixture, which is then subjected to downstream processing of molding and drying to produce a biofoam product.

[0452] To make 360.0 g of a biofoam resin the following components are mixed together at 2,000.0 rpm (or less than 1,000.0 rpm, 1,000.0 thru 3,000.0 rpm, or any quantity in between, or higher than 3,000.0 rpm), at room temperature (RT, or less than RT, or between RT and 50.0 °C, or higher than 50.0 °C), for 10.0 min (or less than 10.0 min, or 10.0 min thru 60.0 min, or any quantity in between, or higher than 60.0 min). Note that concentrations are in % N / w (g-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent) or %w / v (g-compound / lOOmL-total-resin including water as solvent) or %v / v (mL-compound / lOOmL-total-resin including water as solvent) or %v / w (mL-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent). Any mixer or batch or inline high shear homogenizer can be used to mix the ingredients.

[0453] Hydrocolloids:

[0454] Microcrystalline cellulose = 2.25% w / w = 8.1 g (or less than 2.25% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.25% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0455] Methyl cellulose = 0.675% w / w = 2.43 g (or less than 0.675% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.675% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0456] High acyl gellan gum = 0.315% w / w = 1.134 g (or less than 0.315% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.315% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0457] Pectin = 0.675% w / w = 2.43 g (or less than 0.675% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.675% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0458] Pullulan = 0.315% w / w= 1.134 g (or less than 0.315% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.315% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);Docket No. 44047.601

[0459] Xanthan gum = 0.315% w / w = 1.134 g (or less than 0.315% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.315% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0460] Arrowroot powder = 0.675% w / w = 2.43 g (or less than 0.675% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.675% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0461] Perform hydrothermal treatment only on arrowroot powder as follows: mix it with 21.87 g tap water to make a 10% w / w solution (or less than 10.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 10.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units), preheat it in a microwave for 20.0 sec or shorter or longer time at 80.0 °C or lower or higher temperature for 10.0-15.0 min for shorter or longer time.

[0462] Cyclic dextrin = 0.9% w / w = 3.24 g (or less than 0.9% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.9% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0463] Nitrogenous additives:

[0464] Chitosan = 0.45% w / w = 1.62 g (or less than 0.45% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.45% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0465] Arginine = 0.45% w / w = 1.62 g (or less than 0.45% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.45% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0466] Precursor curing agents:

[0467] Calcium carbonate = 2.7% w / w = 9.72 g (or less than 2.7% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.7% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0468] Calcium sulfate = 2.7% w / w = 9.72 g (or less than 2.7% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.7% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0469] Plasticizers:

[0470] Stearic acid = 0.225% w / w = 0.81 g (or less than 0.225% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.225% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0471] Water-resistant agents:Docket No. 44047.601

[0472] Fumed silica = 0.405% w / w = 1.458 g (or less than 0.405% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.405% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0473] Jojoba oil = 0.45% w / w = 1.62 g (or less than 0.45% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.45% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0474] UV-resistant agents:

[0475] Lignin = 0.45% w / w = 1.62 g (or less than 0.45% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.45% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units); and

[0476] Solvents:

[0477] Tap water = 79.975% w / w = 287.91 g (or less than 79.975% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 79.975% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0478] Pour the resin mixture into a strainer mold (e.g., with perforated bottom surface) and let it rest at RT (or less than R T, or between RT and 50.0 °C, or higher than 50.0 °C), for 30.0 min (or less than 30.0 min, or 30.0 min thru 120.0 min, or any quantity in between, or higher than 120.0 min) to let excess water drain.

[0479] Dry the drained molded biofoam in a 57.0 °C (or less than 57.0 °C, or any quantity from 57.0 °C to 100.0 °C, or higher than 100.0 °C) in a kitchen air dryer (convection oven) for 2.0 days (or less than 2.0 days, or any quantity from 2.0 days to 30.0 days, or higher than 30.0 days) or until it is completely cured / dried.

[0480]

[0481] Example 13: Exemplary biofoam formulations and processes

[0482] To make 300.0 g of a biofoam resin use the following groups of compounds. Note that concentrations are in %w / w (g-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent) or %w / v (g-compound / lOOmL-total-resin including water as solvent) or %v / v (mL-compound / lOOmL- total-resin including water as solvent) or %N! I (mL-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent). Any mixer or batch or inline high shear homogenizer can be used to mix the ingredients. Note that an alternative formulation can be produced by using the amounts enclosed within brackets [ ] below.

[0483] Group 1:Docket No. 44047.601

[0484] Hydrocolloids:

[0485] Sodium alginate = 3.5% w / w = 10.5 g [in an alternative formulation 2.0% w / w = 6.0 g is used] (or less than 3.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 3.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units); and

[0486] Solvents:

[0487] Tap water = 63.57% w / w = 190.7 g (or less than 63.57% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 63.57% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0488] Group 2:

[0489] Hydrocolloids:

[0490] Arrowroot powder = 1.5% w / w = 4.5 g (or less than 1.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0491] Perform hydrothermal treatment only on arrowroot powder as follows: mix it with 40.5 g tap water to make a 10% w / w solution (or less than 10.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 10.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units), preheat it in a microwave for 30.0 sec or shorter or longer time at 80.0 °C or lower or higher temperature for 10.0-15.0 min for shorter or longer time.

[0492] Nitrogenous additives:

[0493] Polyglutamic acid = 0.0% w / w = 0.0 g [in the alternative formulation 1.5% w / w = 4.5 g is used; (or less than 1.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units)];

[0494] Curing agents:

[0495] Citric acid = 1.0% w / w = 3.0 g (or less than 1.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0496] Plasticizers:

[0497] Lauric acid = 0.75% w / w = 2.25 g (or less than 0.75% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.75% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0498] Water-resistant agents:

[0499] Fumed silica = 0.45% w / w = 1.35 g (or less than 0.45% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.45% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);Docket No. 44047.601

[0500] Jojoba oil = 1.5% w / w = 4.5 g (or less than 1.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0501] Foaming agents:

[0502] Decyl glucoside = 1.5% w / w = 4.5 g (or less than 1.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units); and

[0503] Blowing agents:

[0504] Catalase = 0.4% w / w = 1.2 g (or less than 0.4% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.4% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0505] Group 3:

[0506] Blowing agents:

[0507] Hydrogen peroxide at 12.0% w / w solution (or less than 12.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 12.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units) = 10% w / w = 30.0 g (or less than 10.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 10.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0508] Group 4:

[0509] Curing agents:

[0510] Calcium chloride = 12.0% w / w (or less than 12.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 12.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0511] Make 1:1 mass ratio [mass_CaC12_solution:mass_resin (i.e., to make 300.0 g of 12.0% w / w CaCh solution, add 36.0 g CaCh granules into 264.0 g tap water (deionized water, distilled water, distilled deionized water, brine, filtered or non-filtered seawater, filtered or nonfiltered or treated or non-treated wastewater, or any other types of water, or any sort of their combinations or derivatives or waste). The mass ratio [mass_CaC12_solution:mass_resin] can be less than 1:1, 1:1-20:1, or higher than 20:1, or any range in between, or lower ranges, or higher ranges, or higher than 1:1, 1:1-1:20, or less than 1:20, or any range in between, or lower ranges, or higher ranges.

[0512] Mix constituents of Group 1 at 350.0-1300.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 45.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.Docket No. 44047.601

[0513] Add constituents of Group 2 into Group 1 mixture one-by-one and mix at 1200.0 rpm (or lower or higher agitation speed) for 5.0 min (or shorter or longer agitation time) each.

[0514] Alternatively, add all components of Group 2 except for catalase and mix them altogether with Group 1 at 1200.0 rpm (or lower or higher agitation speed) for 10.0 min (or shorter or longer agitation time), and then add catalase at the end of Group 2, and mix at 1200.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 1.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0515] Transferthe Groups 1 and 2 mixture resin in a mold and add Group 3 (blowing agent) on its surface by spraying or drop- wise such that the entire surface of the resin is covered by Group 3 solution. Let the biofoam raise to the desired height for 5.0-10.0 min (or shorter or longer time).

[0516] Pour, spray, or inject, or by any other means 300.0 g (or lower or higher amount) of Group 4 solution (curing agent) on the surface of the biofoam and let it rest for 4.0 h (for shorter or longer curing time) at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0517] Further, drain excess liquid out of the mold to dewater the solidified / cured biofoam as much as possible.

[0518] Leave the dewatered / drained cured biofoam in a -21.0 °C (or higher or lower freezer temperature) for at least 5.0 hours (or between 1.0 hour and 1.0 month or longer) or up until the biofoam is completely frozen. The pre-freezing step can also be skipped and directly dry the resin in a freeze dryer as described below.

[0519] Transfer the frozen biofoam into a freeze dryer to freeze dry it at -40.0 °C (or at lower or higher temperature) for 12.0 hours or 24.0 hours, or 36.0 hours or 48.0 hours, or 60.0 hours, or 72.0 hours, or 84.0 hours, or 96.0 hours, or 108.0 hours, or 5.0 days, or 6.0, or 1 week, or 2.0 weeks, or shorter or longer time, or until biofoam is completely dried.

[0520] Leave the dried biofoam at room temperature (or higher temperature in an oven such as 50.0 °C or higher temperature) to further cure between 1.0 day and 10.0 weeks or shorter or longer time depending on the biofoam sample.

[0521] Example 14: Exemplary biofoam formulation and process

[0522] To make 300.0 g of a biofoam resin use the following groups of compounds. Note that concentrations are in %w / w (g-compound / 100g -total- resin including water as solvent) or %w / v (g-compound / lOOmL-total-resin including water as solvent) or %v / v (mL-compound / lOOmL-total-resin including water as solvent) or %N / (mL-compound / lOOg-total-Docket No. 44047.601resin including water as solvent). Any mixer or batch or inline high shear homogenizer can be used to mix the ingredients.

[0523] Group 1:

[0524] Hydrocolloids:

[0525] Sodium alginate = 1.75% w / w = 5.25 g (or less than 1.75% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.75% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units): and

[0526] Solvents:

[0527] Tap water = 83.65% w / w = 250.95 g (or less than 83.65% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 83.65% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0528] Group 2:

[0529] Plasticizers:

[0530] Lauric acid = 0.75% w / w = 2.25 g (or less than 0.75% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.75% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0531] Water-resistant agents:

[0532] Fumed silica = 0.45% w / w = 1.35 g (or less than 0.45% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.45% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0533] Jojoba oil = 1.5% w / w = 4.5 g (or less than 1.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0534] Foaming agents:

[0535] Decyl glucoside = 1.5% w / w = 4.5 g (or less than 1.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units); and

[0536] Blowing agents:

[0537] Catalase = 0.4% w / w = 1.2 g (or less than 0.4% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.4% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0538] Group 3:

[0539] Blowing agents:Docket No. 44047.601

[0540] Hydrogen peroxide at 12.0% w / w solution (or less than 12.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 12.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units) = 10.0% w / w = 30.0 g (or less than 10.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 10.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0541] Group 4:

[0542] Curing agents:

[0543] Calcium chloride = 8.0% w / w (or less than 8.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 8.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0544] Make 1:1 mass ratio [mass_CaC12_solution:mass_resin (i.e., to make 300.0 g of 8.0% w / w CaCh solution, add 24.0 g CaCh granules into 276.0 g tap water. The mass ratio [mass_CaC12_solution:mass_resin] can be less than 1:1, 1:1-20:1, or higher than 20:1, or any range in between, or lower ranges, or higher ranges, or higher than 1:1, 1:1-1:20, or less than 1 :20, or any range in between, or lower ranges, or higher ranges.

[0545] Mix constituents of Group 1 at 350.0-1300.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 45.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0546] Add constituents of Group 2 into Group 1 mixture one-by-one and mix at 1200.0 rpm (or lower or higher agitation speed) for 5.0 min (or shorter or longer agitation time) each.

[0547] Alternatively, add all components of Group 2 except for catalase and mix them altogether with Group 1 at 1200.0 rpm (or lower or higher agitation speed) for 10.0 min (or shorter or longer agitation time), and then add catalase at the end of Group 2, and mix at 1200.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 1.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0548] Transfer the Groups 1 and 2 mixture resin in a mold and add Group 3 (blowing agent) on its surface by spraying or drop- wise such that the entire surface of the resin is covered by Group 3 solution. Let the biofoam raise to the desired height for 5.0-10.0 min (or shorter or longer time).

[0549] Pour, spray, or inject, or by any other means 300.0 g (or lower or higher amount) of Group 4 solution (curing agent) on the surface of the biofoam and let it rest for 4.0 h (for shorter or longer curing time) at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0550] Further, drain excess liquid out of the mold to dewater the solidified / cured biofoam as much as possible.Docket No. 44047.601

[0551] Leave the dewatered / drained cured biofoam in a -21.0 °C (or higher or lower freezer temperature) for at least 5.0 hours (or between 1.0 hour and 1.0 month or longer) or up until the biofoam is completely frozen. The pre-freezing step can also be skipped and directly dry the resin in a freeze dryer as described below.

[0552] Transfer the frozen biofoam into a freeze dryer to freeze dry it at -40.0 °C (or at lower or higher temperature) for 12.0 hours or 24.0 hours, or 36.0 hours or 48.0 hours, or 60.0 hours, or 72.0 hours, or 84.0 hours, or 96.0 hours, or 108.0 hours, or 5.0 days, or 6.0, or 1 week, or 2.0 weeks, or shorter or longer time, or until biofoam is completely dried.Leave the dried biofoam at room temperature (or higher temperature in an oven such as 50.0 °C or higher temperature) to further cure between 1.0 day and 10.0 weeks or shorter or longer time depending on the biofoam sample.Example 15: Exemplary biofoam formulation and process

[0553] To make 300.0 g of a biofoam resin use the following groups of compounds. Note that concentrations are in %w / w (g-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent) or %w / v (g-compound / lOOmL-total-resin including water as solvent) or %v / v (mL-compound / lOOmL-total-resin including water as solvent) or %v / w (mL-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent). Any mixer or batch or inline high shear homogenizer can be used to mix the ingredients.

[0554] Group 1:

[0555] Hydrocolloids:

[0556] Sodium alginate = 1.5% w / w = 4.5 g (or less than 1.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units); and

[0557] Solvents:

[0558] Tap water = 63.57% w / w = 162.9 g (or less than 63.57% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 63.57% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0559] Group 2:

[0560] Hydrocolloids:

[0561] Arrowroot powder = 0.75% w / w = 2.25 g (or less than 0.75% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.75% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units):Docket No. 44047.601

[0562] Perform hydrothermal treatment only on arrowroot powder as follows: mix it with 20.25 g tap water to make a 10% w / w solution (or less than 10.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 10.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units), preheat it in a microwave for 20.0 sec or shorter or longer time at 80.0 °C or lower or higher temperature for 10.0-15.0 min for shorter or longer time.

[0563] Microcryslalline cellulose = 2.0% w / w = 6.0 g (or less than 2.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0564] Methyl cellulose = 0.5% w / w = 1.5 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0565] Nitrogenous additives:

[0566] Chitosan = 1.0% w / w = 3.0 g (or less than 1.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0567] Plasticizers:

[0568] Lauric acid = 0.45% w / w = 1.35 g (or less than 0.45% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.45% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0569] Water-resistant agents:

[0570] Fumed silica = 0.35% w / w = 1.05 g (or less than 0.35% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.35% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0571] Jojoba oil = 1.0% w / w = 3.0 g (or less than 1.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0572] U V - resistant agents :

[0573] Lignin = 0.5% w / w = 1.5 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units); and

[0574] Foaming agents:

[0575] Decyl glucoside = 0.9% w / w = 2.7 g (or less than 0.9% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.9% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).Docket No. 44047.601

[0576] Group 3:

[0577] Curing agents:

[0578] Calcium chloride = 10.0% w / w (or less than 10.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 10.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0579] Make 1:1 mass ratio [mass_CaC12_solution:mass_resin (i.e., to make 90.0 g of 10.0% w / w CaCh solution, add 9.0 g CaCb granules into 81.0 g tap water (deionized water, distilled water, distilled deionized water, brine, filtered or non-filtered seawater, filtered or nonfiltered or treated or non-treated wastewater, or any other types of water, or any sort of their combinations or derivatives or waste). The mass ratio [mass_CaC12_solution:mass_resin] can be less than 1:1, 1:1-20:1, or higher than 20:1, or any range in between, or lower ranges, or higher ranges, or higher than 1:1, 1:1-1:20, or less than 1:20, or any range inbetween, or lower ranges, or higher ranges.

[0580] Mix constituents of Group 1 at 350.0-1300.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 45.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0581] Add constituents of Group 2 into Group 1 mixture one-by-one and mix at 1200.0 rpm (or lower or higher agitation speed) for 5.0 min (or shorter or longer agitation time) each. Or mix all constituents of group 2 into group 1 altogether at 1200.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 10.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0582] Transfer the Groups 1 and 2 mixture resin in a mold and Pour, spray, or inject, or by any other means 90.0 g (or lower or higher amount) of Group 3 solution (curing agent) on the surface of the biofoam and let it rest for 4.0 h (for shorter or longer curing time) at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0583] Further, drain excess liquid out of the mold to dewater the solidified / cured biofoam as much as possible.

[0584] Leave the dewatered / drained cured biofoam in a -21.0 °C (or higher or lower freezer temperature) for at least 5.0 hours (or between 1.0 hour and 1.0 month or longer) or up until the biofoam is completely frozen. The pre-freezing step can also be skipped and directly dry the resin in a freeze dryer as described below.

[0585] Transfer the frozen biofoam into a freeze dryer to freeze dry it at -40.0 °C (or at lower or higher temperature) for 12.0 hours or 24.0 hours, or 36.0 hours or 48.0 hours, or 60.0Docket No. 44047.601hours, or 72.0 hours, or 84.0 hours, or 96.0 hours, or 108.0 hours, or 5.0 days, or 6.0, or 1 week, or 2.0 weeks, or shorter or longer time, or until biofoam is completely dried.

[0586] Leave the dried biofoam at room temperature (or higher temperature in an oven such as 50.0 °C or higher temperature) to further cure between 1.0 day and 10.0 weeks or shorter or longer time depending on the biofoam sample.

[0587] Alternatively, instead of freezing and freeze drying, leave the dewatered biofoam at room temperature (or higher temperature in an oven such as 50.0 °C or higher temperature) to dry between 1.0 day and 10.0 weeks or shorter or longer time depending on the biofoam sample.Example 16: Exemplary biofoam formulation and process

[0588] To make 300.0 g of a biofoam resin use the following groups of compounds. Note that concentrations are in %w / w (g-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent) or %w / v (g-compound / lOOmL-total-resin including water as solvent) or %v / v (mL-compound / lOOmL-total-resin including water as solvent) or %v / w (mL-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent). Any mixer or batch or inline high shear homogenizer can be used to mix the ingredients.

[0589] Group 1:

[0590] Hydrocolloids:

[0591] Sodium alginate = 2.5% w / w = 7.5 g

[0592] (or less than 2.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0593] Solvents:

[0594] Tap water = 69.72% w / w = 209.15 g

[0595] (or less than 69.72% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 69.72% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0596] Group 2:

[0597] Hydrocolloids:

[0598] Arrowroot powder = 0.75% w / w = 2.25 g

[0599] (or less than 0.75% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.75% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0600] Perform hydrothermal treatment only on arrowroot powder as follows: mix it with 20.25 g tap water to make a 10% w / w solution (or less than 10.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w,Docket No. 44047.601or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 10.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units), preheat it in a microwave for 20.0 sec or shorter or longer time at 80.0 °C or lower or higher temperature for 10.0-15.0 min for shorter or longer time.

[0601] Microcrystalline cellulose = 2.0% w / w = 6.0 g (or less than 2.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0602] Methyl cellulose = 0.5% w / w = 1.5 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0603] Nitrogenous additives:

[0604] Chitosan = 1.0% w / w = 3.0 g

[0605] (or less than 1.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0606] Precursor curing agents:

[0607] Hydroxyapatite, or hydroxyapatite nanoparticles = 0.2% w / w = 0.6 g

[0608] (or less than 0.2% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.2% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0609] Plasticizers:

[0610] Lauric acid = 0.2% w / w = 0.6 g

[0611] (or less than 0.2% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.2% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0612] Water-resistant agents:

[0613] Fumed silica = 0.35% w / w = 1.05 g

[0614] (or less than 0.35% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.35% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0615] Jojoba oil = 1.0% w / w = 3.0 g

[0616] (or less than 1.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0617] UV-resistant agents:

[0618] Lignin = 0.5% w / w = 1.5 g

[0619] (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0620] Foaming agents:

[0621] Decyl glucoside = 0.8% w / w = 2.4 gDocket No. 44047.601

[0622] (or less than 0.8% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.8% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0623] Blowing agents:

[0624] Catalase = 0.4% w / w = 1.2 g

[0625] (or less than 0.4% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.4% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0626] Group 3:

[0627] Blowing agents:

[0628] Hydrogen peroxide at 12.0% w / w solution (or less than 12.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 12.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units) = 10% w / w = 30.0 g

[0629] (or less than 10.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 10.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0630] Group 4:

[0631] Curing agents:

[0632] Citric acid = 30.0% w / w (or less than 30.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 30.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0633] Add 3.0 g citric acid to 7.0 g tap water to make 30.0% w / w citric acid solution.

[0634] Group 5:

[0635] Curing agents:

[0636] Calcium chloride = 10.0% w / w (or less than 10.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 10.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0637] Make 1:1 mass ratio [mass_CaC12_solution:mass_resin (i.e., to make 200 g of 10.0% w / w CaCh solution, add 20.0 g CaCh granules into 180.0 g tap water (deionized water, distilled water, distilled deionized water, brine, filtered or non-filtered seawater, filtered or non-filtered or treated or non-treated wastewater, or any other types of water, or any sort of their combinations or derivatives or waste). The mass ratio [mass_CaC12_solution:mass_resin] can be less than 1:1, 1:1-20:1, or higher than 20:1, or any range in between, or lower ranges, or higher ranges , or higher than 1:1, 1 : 1 - 1 : 20, or less than 1 : 20, or any range in between, or lower ranges, or higher ranges.Docket No. 44047.601

[0638] Mix constituents of Group 1 at 350.0-1300.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 45.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0639] Add constituents of Group 2 into Group 1 mixture one-by-one and mix at 1200.0 rpm (or lower or higher agitation speed) for 5.0 min (or shorter or longer agitation time) each. Or mix all constituents of group 2 into group 1 altogether at 1200.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 10.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0640] Alternatively, add all components of Group 2 except for catalase and mix them altogether with Group 1 as specified above, and then add catalase at the end of Group 2, and mix at 1200.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 1.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0641] Add Group 3 (blowing agent) in the Groups 1 and 2 resin mixture and agitate the mixture at 1200.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 1.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0642] Transfer the above-mentioned biofoam resin mixture into a mold.

[0643] Pour, spray, or inject, or by any other means 10.0 g (or lower or higher amount) of Group 4 solution (curing agent) on the surface of the biofoam resin and let it rest for 15 min (for shorter or longer curing time) at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0644] Pour, spray, or inject, or by any other means 200.0 g (or lower or higher amount) of Group 5 solution (curing agent) on the surface of the biofoam and let it rest for 4.0 h (for shorter or longer curing time) at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0645] Further, drain excess liquid out of the mold to dewater the solidified / cured biofoam as much as possible.

[0646] Leave the dewatered / drained cured biofoam in a -21.0 °C (or higher or lower freezer temperature) for at least 5.0 hours (or between 1.0 hour and 1.0 month or longer) or up until the biofoam is completely frozen. The pre-freezing step can also be skipped and directly dry the resin in a freeze dryer as described below.

[0647] Transfer the frozen biofoam into a freeze dryer to freeze dry it at -40.0 °C (or at lower or higher temperature) for 12.0 hours or 24.0 hours, or 36.0 hours or 48.0 hours, or 60.0 hours, or 72.0 hours, or 84.0 hours, or 96.0 hours, or 108.0 hours, or 5.0 days, or 6.0, or 1 week, or 2.0 weeks, or shorter or longer time, or until biofoam is completely dried.Docket No. 44047.601

[0648] Leave the dried biofoam at room temperature (or higher temperature in an oven such as 50.0 °C or higher temperature) to further cure between 1.0 day and 10.0 weeks or shorter or longer time depending on the biofoam sample.Example 17: Exemplary biofoam formulation and process

[0649] To make 300.0 g (or any other quantities) biofoam resin use the following groups of compounds. Note that concentrations are in %w / w (g -compound / 100g -total-resin including water as solvent) or %-WIN (g-compound / lOOmL-total-resin including water as solvent) or %v / v (mL-compound / lOOmL- total-resin including water as solvent) or %\7w (mL-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent). Any mixer or batch or inline high shear homogenizer can be used to mix the ingredients.

[0650] Group 1 :

[0651] Hydrocolloids:

[0652] Sodium alginate = 2.5% w / w = 7.5 g

[0653] (or less than 2.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0654] Solvents:

[0655] Tap water = 73.05% w / w = 219.15 g

[0656] (or less than 73.05% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 73.05% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0657] Group 2:

[0658] Hydrocolloids:

[0659] Arrowroot powder = 0.75% w / w = 2.25 g

[0660] (or less than 0.75% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.75% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units). Perform hydrothermal treatment only on arrowroot powder as follows: mix it with 20.25 g tap water to make a 10% w / w solution (or less than 10.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 10.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units), preheat it in a microwave for 20.0 sec or shorter or longer time at 80.0 °C or lower or higher temperature for 10.0-15.0 min for shorter or longer time.

[0661]

[0662] Microcrystalline cellulose = 2.0% w / w = 6.0 gDocket No. 44047.601

[0663] (or less than 2.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0664] Methyl cellulose = 0.5% w / w = 1.5 g

[0665] (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0666] Nitrogenous additives:

[0667] Chitosan = 1.0% w / w = 3.0 g

[0668] (or less than 1.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0669] Precursor curing agents:

[0670] Hydroxyapatite, or hydroxyapatite nanoparticles = 0.2% w / w = 0.6 g

[0671] (or less than 0.2% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.2% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0672] Plasticizers:

[0673] Lauric acid = 0.3% w / w = 0.9 g

[0674] (or less than 0.3% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.3% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0675] Water-resistant agents:

[0676] Fumed silica = 0.35% w / w = 1.05 g

[0677] (or less than 0.35% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.35% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0678] Jojoba oil = 1.0% w / w = 3.0 g

[0679] (or less than 1.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0680] UV-resistant agents:

[0681] Lignin = 0.5% w / w = 1.5 g

[0682] (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0683] Foaming agents:

[0684] Decyl glucoside = 0.8% w / w = 2.4 g

[0685] (or less than 0.8% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.8% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0686] Blowing agents:

[0687] Catalase = 0.3% w / w = 0.9 gDocket No. 44047.601

[0688] (or less than 0.3% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.3% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0689] Group 3:

[0690] Blowing agents:

[0691] Hydrogen peroxide at 12.0% w / w solution (or less than 12.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 12.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units) = 10% w / w = 30.0 g

[0692] (or less than 10.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 10.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0693] Group 4:

[0694] Curing agents:

[0695] Citric acid = 10.0% w / w

[0696] (or less than 10.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 10.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0697] Make 1:1 mass ratio [mass_citric_acid_solution:mass_resin (i.e., to make 200 g of 10.0% w / w citric acid solution, add 20.0 g citric acid crystals into 180.0 g tap water (deionized water, distilled water, distilled deionized water, brine, filtered or non-filtered seawater, filtered or non-filtered or treated or non-treated wastewater, or any other types of water, or any sort of their combinations or derivatives or waste). The mass ratio [mass_citric_acid_solution:mass_resin] can be less than 1:1, 1:1-20:1, or higher than 20:1, or any range in between, or lower ranges, or higher ranges, or higher than 1:1, 1:1-1:20, or less than 1:20, or any range in between, or lower ranges, or higher ranges.

[0698] Group 5:

[0699] Curing agents:

[0700] Calcium chloride = 10.0% w / w (or less than 10.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 10.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0701] Make 1:1 mass ratio [mass_CaC12_solution:mass_resin (i.e., to make 200 g of 10.0% w / w CaCh solution, add 20.0 g CaCh granules into 180.0 g tap water (deionized water, distilled water, distilled deionized water, brine, filtered or non-filtered seawater, filtered or non-filtered or treated or non-treated wastewater, or any other types of water, or any sort of their combinations or derivatives or waste). The mass ratio [mass_CaC12_solution:mass_resin] can be less than 1:1, 1:1-20:1, or higher than 20:1, or any range in between, or lower ranges, orDocket No. 44047.601higher ranges, or higher than 1:1, 1:1-1:20, or less than 1:20, or any range in between, or lower ranges, or higher ranges.

[0702] Mix constituents of Group 1 at 350.0-1300.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 45.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0703] Add constituents of Group 2 into Group 1 mixture one-by-one and mix at 1200.0 rpm (or lower or higher agitation speed) for 5.0 min (or shorter or longer agitation time) each. Or mix all constituents of group 2 into group 1 altogether at 1200.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 10.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0704] Alternatively, add all components of Group 2 except for catalase and mix them altogether with Group 1 as specified above, and then add catalase at the end of Group 2, and mix at 1200.0 ipm or lower or higher agitation speed for 1.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0705] Add Group 3 (blowing agent) in the Groups 1 and 2 resin mixture and agitate the mixture at 1200.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 1.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0706] Transfer the above-mentioned biofoam resin mixture into a mold.

[0707] Pour, spray, or inject, or by any other means 200.0 g (or lower or higher amount) of Group 4 solution (curing agent) on the surface of the biofoam resin and let it rest for 15 min (for shorter or longer curing time) at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0708] Pour, spray, or inject, or by any other means 200.0 g (or lower or higher amount) of Group 5 solution (curing agent) on the surface of the biofoam and let it rest for 4.0 h (for shorter or longer curing time) at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0709] Further, drain excess liquid out of the mold to dewater the solidified / cured biofoam as much as possible.

[0710] Leave the dewatered / drained cured biofoam in a -21.0 °C (or higher or lower freezer temperature) for at least 5.0 hours (or between 1.0 hour and 1.0 month or longer) or up until the biofoam is completely frozen. The pre-freezing step can also be skipped and directly dry the resin in a freeze dryer as described below.

[0711] Transfer the frozen biofoam into a freeze dryer to freeze dry it at -40.0 °C (or at lower or higher temperature) for 12.0 hours or 24.0 hours, or 36.0 hours or 48.0 hours, or 60.0 hours, or 72.0 hours, or 84.0 hours, or 96.0 hours, or 108.0 hours, or 5.0 days, or 6.0, or 1 week, or 2.0 weeks, or shorter or longer time, or until biofoam is completely dried.Docket No. 44047.601

[0712] Leave the dried biofoam at room temperature (or higher temperature in an oven such as 50.0 °C or higher temperature) to further cure between 1.0 day and 10.0 weeks or shorter or longer time depending on the biofoam sample.

[0713] Figure 3 shows an exemplary biofoam product produced using the protocol described in this example.

[0714] Example 18: Exemplary biofoam formulation and process

[0715] To make 300.0 g of a biofoam resin use the following groups of compounds. Note that concentrations are in %w / w (g-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent) or %w / v (g-compound / lOOmL- total-resin including water as solvent) or %v / v (mL-compound / lOOmL-total-resin including water as solvent) or %NIN (mL-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent). Any mixer or batch or inline high shear homogenizer can be used to mix the ingredients.

[0716] Group 1:

[0717] Hydrocolloids:

[0718] Sodium alginate = 2.5% w / w = 7.5 g (or less than 2.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units); and

[0719] Solvents:

[0720] Tap water = 72.75% w / w =218.25 g (or less than 72.75% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 72.75% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0721] Group 2:

[0722] Hydrocolloids:

[0723] Arrowroot powder = 0.75% w / w = 2.25 g (or less than 0.75% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.75% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0724] Perform hydrothermal treatment only on arrowroot powder as follows: mix it with 20.25 g tap water to make a 10% w / w solution (or less than 10.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 10.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units), preheat it in a microwave for 20.0 sec or shorter or longer time at 80.0 °C or lower or higher temperature for 10.0-15.0 min for shorter or longer time.Docket No. 44047.601

[0725] Microcrystalline cellulose = 2.0% w / w = 6.0 g (or less than 2.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0726] Methyl cellulose = 0.5% w / w = 1.5 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0727] Nitrogenous additives:

[0728] Chitosan = 1.0% w / w = 3.0 g (or less than 1.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0729] Precursor curing agents:

[0730] Hydroxyapatite, or hydroxyapatite nanoparticles = 0.2% w / w = 0.6 g (or less than 0.2% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.2% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0731] Curing agents:

[0732] Transglutaminase = 0.3% w / w = 0.9 g (or less than 0.3% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.3% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0733] Plasticizers:

[0734] Lauric acid = 0.3% w / w = 0.9 g (or less than 0.3% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.3% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0735] Jojoba oil = 1.0% w / w = 3.0 g (or less than 1.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0736] Water-resistant agents:

[0737] Polymethylhydrosiloxane = 0.35% w / w = 1.05 g (or less than 0.35% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.35% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0738] UV-resistant agents:

[0739] Lignin = 0.5% w / w = 1.5 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0740] Foaming agents:Docket No. 44047.601

[0741] Decyl glucoside = 0.8% w / w = 2.4 g (or less than 0.8% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.8% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0742] Blowing agents:

[0743] Catalase = 0.3% w / w = 0.9 g (or less than 0.3% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.3% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0744] Group 3:

[0745] Blowing agents:

[0746] Hydrogen peroxide at 12.0% w / w solution (or less than 12.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 12.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units) = 10% w / w = 30.0 g (or less than 10.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 10.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0747] Group 4:

[0748] Curing agents:

[0749] Citric acid = 10.0% w / w (or less than 10.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 10.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0750] Make 1:1 mass ratio [mass_citric_acid_solution:mass_resin (i.e., to make 100 g of 10.0% w / w citric acid solution, add 10.0 g citric acid crystals into 90.0 g tap water (deionized water, distilled water, distilled deionized water, brine, filtered or non-filtered seawater, filtered or non-filtered or treated or non-treated wastewater, or any other types of water, or any sort of their combinations or derivatives or waste). The mass ratio [mass_citric_acid_solution:mass_resin] can be less than 1:1, 1:1-20:1, or higher than 20:1, or any range in between, or lower ranges, or higher ranges, or higher than 1:1, 1:1-1:20, or less than 1:20, or any range in between, or lower ranges, or higher ranges.

[0751] Group 5:

[0752] Curing agents:

[0753] Calcium chloride = 10.0% w / w (or less than 10.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 10.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0754] Make 1:1 mass ratio [mass_CaC12_solution:mass_resin (i.e., to make 400 g of 10.0% w / w CaCh solution, add 40.0 g CaCh granules into 360.0 g tap water (deionized water, distilledDocket No. 44047.601water, distilled deionized water, brine, filtered or non-filtered seawater, filtered or non-filtered or treated or non-treated wastewater, or any other types of water, or any sort of their combinations or derivatives or waste). The mass ratio [mass_CaC12_solution:mass_resin] can be less than 1:1, 1:1-20:1, or higher than 20:1, or any range in between, or lower ranges, or higher ranges, or higher than 1:1, 1:1-1:20, or less than 1:20, or any range in between, or lower ranges, or higher ranges.

[0755] Mix constituents of Group 1 at 350.0-1300.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 45.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0756] Add constituents of Group 2 into Group 1 mixture one-by-one and mix at 1200.0 rpm (or lower or higher agitation speed) for 5.0 min (or shorter or longer agitation time) each. Or mix all constituents of group 2 into group 1 altogether at 1200.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 10.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0757] Alternatively, add all components of Group 2 except for catalase and mix them altogether with Group 1 as specified above, and then add catalase at the end of Group 2, and mix at 1200.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 1.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0758] Add Group 3 (blowing agent) in the Groups 1 and 2 resin mixture and agitate the mixture at 1200.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 1.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0759] Transfer the above-mentioned biofoam resin mixture into a mold.

[0760] Pour, spray, or inject, or by any other means 100.0 g (or lower or higher amount) of Group 4 solution (curing agent) on the surface of the biofoam resin and let it rest for 15 min (for shorter or longer curing time) at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0761] Pour, spray, or inject, or by any other means 400.0 g (or lower or higher amount) of Group 5 solution (curing agent) on the surface of the biofoam and let it rest for 4.0 h (for shorter or longer curing time) at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0762] Further, drain excess liquid out of the mold to dewater the solidified / cured biofoam as much as possible.

[0763] Leave the dewatered / drained cured biofoam in a -21.0 °C (or higher or lower freezer temperature) for at least 5.0 hours (or between 1.0 hour and 1.0 month or longer) or up until the biofoam is completely frozen. The pre-freezing step can also be skipped and directly dry the resin in a freeze dryer as described below.Docket No. 44047.601

[0764] Transfer the frozen biofoam into a freeze dryer to freeze dry it at -40.0 °C (or at lower or higher temperature) for 12.0 hours or 24.0 hours, or 36.0 hours or 48.0 hours, or 60.0 hours, or 72.0 hours, or 84.0 hours, or 96.0 hours, or 108.0 hours, or 5.0 days, or 6.0, or 1 week, or 2.0 weeks, or shorter or longer time, or until biofoam is completely dried.

[0765] Leave the dried biofoam at room temperature (or higher temperature in an oven such as 50.0 °C or higher temperature) to further cure between 1.0 day and 10.0 weeks or shorter or longer time depending on the biofoam sample.

[0766] Figure 4 shows an exemplary biofoam product produced using the protocol described in this example.

[0767] Example 19: Exemplary biofoam formulation and process

[0768] To make 300.0 g of a biofoam resin use the following groups of compounds. Note that concentrations are in %w / w (g-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent) or %w / v (g-compound / lOOmL- total-resin including water as solvent) or %v / v (mL-compound / lOOmL- total-resin including water as solvent) or %v / w (mL-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent). Any mixer or batch or inline high shear homogenizer can be used to mix the ingredients.

[0769] Group 1:

[0770] Hydrocolloids:

[0771] Sodium alginate = 2.0% w / w = 6.0 g (or less than 2.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units); and

[0772] Solvents:

[0773] Tap water = 72.25% w / w =216.75 g (or less than 72.25% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 72.25% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0774] Group 2:

[0775] Hydrocolloids:

[0776] Microcrystalline cellulose = 2.0% w / w = 6.0 g (or less than 2.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);Docket No. 44047.601

[0777] Methyl cellulose = 0.5% w / w = 1.5 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0778] Nitrogenous additives:

[0779] Polyglutamic acid = 0.5% w / w = 1.5 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0780] L-lysine = 0.5% w / w = 1.5 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0781] Chitosan = 1.0% w / w = 3.0 g (or less than 1.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0782] Precursor curing agents:

[0783] Hydroxyapatite, or hydroxyapatite nanoparticles = 0.2% w / w = 0.6 g (or less than 0.2% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.2% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0784] Curing agents:

[0785] Transglutaminase = 0.3% w / w = 0.9 g (or less than 0.3% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.3% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0786] Plasticizers:

[0787] Lauric acid = 0.3% w / w = 0.9 g (or less than 0.3% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.3% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0788] Water-resistant agents:

[0789] Polymethylhydrosiloxane = 0.35% w / w = 1.05 g (or less than 0.35% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.35% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0790] Jojoba oil = 1.0% w / w = 3.0 g (or less than 1.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0791] UV-resistant agents:Docket No. 44047.601

[0792] Lignin = 0.5% w / w = 1.5 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0793] Foaming agents:

[0794] Decyl glucoside = 0.8% w / w = 2.4 g (or less than 0.8% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.8% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units); and

[0795] Blowing agents:

[0796] Catalase = 0.3% w / w = 0.9 g (or less than 0.3% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.3% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0797] Group 3:

[0798] Blowing agents:

[0799] Hydrogen peroxide at 12.0% w / w solution (or less than 12.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 12.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units) = 10% w / w = 30.0 g (or less than 10.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 10.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0800] Group 4:

[0801] Curing agents:

[0802] Citric acid = 10.0% w / w (or less than 10.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 10.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0803] Make 1:1 mass ratio [mass_citric_acid_solution:mass_resin (i.e., to make 100 g of 10.0% w / w citric acid solution, add 10.0 g citric acid crystals into 90.0 g tap water (deionized water, distilled water, distilled deionized water, brine, filtered or non-filtered seawater, filtered or non-filtered or treated or non-treated wastewater, or any other types of water, or any sort of their combinations or derivatives or waste). The mass ratio [mass_citric_acid_solution:mass_resin] can be less than 1:1, 1:1-20:1, or higher than 20:1, or any range in between, or lower ranges, or higher ranges, or higher than 1:1, 1:1-1:20, or less than 1:20, or any range in between, or lower ranges, or higher ranges.

[0804] Group 5:

[0805] Curing agents:Docket No. 44047.601

[0806] Calcium chloride = 10.0% w / w (or less than 10.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 10.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0807] Make 1:1 mass ratio [mass_CaC12_solution:mass_resin (i.e., to make 400 g of 10.0% w / w CaCh solution, add 40.0 g CaCh granules into 360.0 g tap water (deionized water, distilled water, distilled deionized water, brine, filtered or non-filtered seawater, filtered or non-filtered or treated or non-treated wastewater, or any other types of water, or any sort of their combinations or derivatives or waste). The mass ratio [mass_CaC12_solution:mass_resin] can be less than 1:1, 1:1-20:1, or higher than 20:1, or any range in between, or lower ranges, or higher ranges, or higher than 1:1, 1:1-1:20, or less than 1:20, or any range in between, or lower ranges, or higher ranges.

[0808] Mix constituents of Group 1 at 350.0-1300.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 45.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0809] Add constituents of Group 2 into Group 1 mixture one-by-one and mix at 1200.0 rpm (or lower or higher agitation speed) for 5.0 min (or shorter or longer agitation time) each. Or mix all constituents of group 2 into group 1 altogether at 1200.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 10.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0810] Alternatively, add all components of Group 2 except for catalase and mix them altogether with Group 1 as specified above, and then add catalase at the end of Group 2, and mix at 1200.0 ipm or lower or higher agitation speed for 1.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0811] Add Group 3 (blowing agent) in the Groups 1 and 2 resin mixture and agitate the mixture at 1200.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 1.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0812] Transfer the above-mentioned biofoam resin mixture into a mold.

[0813] Pour, spray, or inject, or by any other means 100.0 g (or lower or higher amount) of Group 4 solution (curing agent) on the surface of the biofoam resin and let it rest for 15 min (for shorter or longer curing time) at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0814] Pour, spray, or inject, or by any other means 400.0 g (or lower or higher amount) of Group 5 solution (curing agent) on the surface of the biofoam and let it rest for 4.0 h (for shorter or longer curing time) at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.Docket No. 44047.601

[0815] Further, drain excess liquid out of the mold to dewater the solidified / cured biofoam as much as possible.

[0816] Leave the dewatered / drained cured biofoam in a -21.0 °C (or higher or lower freezer temperature) for at least 5.0 hours (or between 1.0 hour and 1.0 month or longer) or up until the biofoam is completely frozen. The pre-freezing step can also be skipped and directly dry the resin in a freeze dryer as described below.

[0817] Transfer the frozen biofoam into a freeze dryer to freeze dry it at -40.0 °C (or at lower or higher temperature) for 12.0 hours or 24.0 hours, or 36.0 hours or 48.0 hours, or 60.0 hours, or 72.0 hours, or 84.0 hours, or 96.0 hours, or 108.0 hours, or 5.0 days, or 6.0, or 1 week, or 2.0 weeks, or shorter or longer time, or until biofoam is completely dried.

[0818] Leave the dried biofoam at room temperature (or higher temperature in an oven such as 50.0 °C or higher temperature) to further cure between 1.0 day and 10.0 weeks or shorter or longer time depending on the biofoam sample.Example 20: Exemplary biofoam formulation and process

[0819] To make 300.0 g of a biofoam resin use the following groups of compounds. Note that concentrations are in o / l' (g-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent) or %w / v (g-compound / lOOmL-total-resin including water as solvent) or %v / v (mL-compound / lOOmL-total-resin including water as solvent) or %v / w (niL-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent). Any mixer or batch or inline high shear homogenizer can be used to mix the ingredients.

[0820] Group 1:

[0821] Hydrocolloids:

[0822] Sodium alginate = 2.5% w / w = 7.5 g (or less than 2.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units); and

[0823] Solvents:

[0824] Tap water = 73.05% w / w = 219.15 g (or less than 73.05% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 73.05% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0825] Group 2:

[0826] Hydrocolloids:Docket No. 44047.601

[0827] Arrowroot powder = 0.75% w / w = 2.25 g (or less than 0.75% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.75% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0828] Perform hydrothermal treatment only on arrowroot powder as follows: mix it with 20.25 g tap water to make a 10% w / w solution (or less than 10.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 10.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units), preheat it in a microwave for 20.0 sec or shorter or longer time at 80.0 °C or lower or higher temperature for 10.0-15.0 min for shorter or longer time.

[0829] Microcrystalline cellulose = 2.0% w / w = 6.0 g (or less than 2.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units):

[0830] Methyl cellulose = 0.5% w / w = 1.5 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0831] Nitrogenous additives:

[0832] Chitosan = 1.0% w / w = 3.0 g (or less than 1.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0833] Precursor curing agents:

[0834] Hydroxyapatite, or hydroxyapatite nanoparticles = 0.2% w / w = 0.6 g (or less than 0.2% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.2% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0835] Plasticizers:

[0836] Lauric acid = 0.3% w / w = 0.9 g (or less than 0.3% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.3% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0837] Water-resistant agents:

[0838] Polymethylhydrosiloxane = 0.35% w / w = 1.05 g (or less than 0.35% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.35% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0839] Jojoba oil = 1.0% w / w = 3.0 g (or less than 1.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0840] U V - resistant agents :Docket No. 44047.601

[0841] Lignin = 0.5% w / w = 1.5 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0842] Foaming agents:

[0843] Decyl glucoside = 0.8% w / w = 2.4 g (or less than 0.8% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.8% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units); and

[0844] Blowing agents:

[0845] Catalase = 0.3% w / w = 0.9 g (or less than 0.3% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.3% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0846] Group 3:

[0847] Blowing agents:

[0848] Hydrogen peroxide at 12.0% w / w solution (or less than 12.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 12.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units) = 10% w / w = 30.0 g (or less than 10.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 10.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0849] Group 4:

[0850] Curing agents:

[0851] Calcium chloride = 10.0% w / w (or less than 10.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 10.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0852] Make 1:1 mass ratio [mass_CaC12_solution:mass_resin (i.e., to make 400 g of 10.0% w / w CaCh solution, add 40.0 g CaCh granules into 360.0 g tap water (deionized water, distilled water, distilled deionized water, brine, filtered or non-filtered seawater, filtered or non-filtered or treated or non-treated wastewater, or any other types of water, or any sort of their combinations or derivatives or waste). The mass ratio [mass_CaC12_solution:mass_resin] can be less than 1:1, 1:1-20:1, or higher than 20:1, or any range in between, or lower ranges, or higher ranges, or higher than 1:1, 1:1-1:20, or less than 1:20, or any range in between, or lower ranges, or higher ranges.

[0853] Mix constituents of Group 1 at 350.0-1300.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 45.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.Docket No. 44047.601

[0854] Add constituents of Group 2 into Group 1 mixture one-by-one and mix at 1200.0 rpm (or lower or higher agitation speed) for 5.0 min (or shorter or longer agitation time) each. Or mix all constituents of group 2 into group 1 altogether at 1200.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 10.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0855] Alternatively, add all components of Group 2 except for catalase and mix them altogether with Group 1 as specified above, and then add catalase at the end of Group 2, and mix at 1200.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 1.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0856] Add Group 3 (blowing agent) in the Groups 1 and 2 resin mixture and agitate the mixture at 1200.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 1.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0857] Transfer the above-mentioned biofoam resin mixture into a mold.

[0858] Pour, spray, or inject, or by any other means 400.0 g (or lower or higher amount) of Group 4 solution (curing agent) on the surface of the biofoam and let it rest for 4.0 h (for shorter or longer curing time) at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0859] Further, drain excess liquid out of the mold to dewater the solidified / cured biofoam as much as possible.

[0860] Leave the dewatered / drained cured biofoam in a -21.0 °C (or higher or lower freezer temperature) for at least 5.0 hours (or between 1.0 hour and 1.0 month or longer) or up until the biofoam is completely frozen. The pre-freezing step can also be skipped and directly dry the resin in a freeze dryer as described below.

[0861] Transfer the frozen biofoam into a freeze dryer to freeze dry it at -40.0 °C (or at lower or higher temperature) for 12.0 hours or 24.0 hours, or 36.0 hours or 48.0 hours, or 60.0 hours, or 72.0 hours, or 84.0 hours, or 96.0 hours, or 108.0 hours, or 5.0 days, or 6.0, or 1 week, or 2.0 weeks, or shorter or longer time, or until biofoam is completely dried.

[0862] Leave the dried biofoam at room temperature (or higher temperature in an oven such as 50.0 °C or higher temperature) to further cure between 1.0 day and 10.0 weeks or shorter or longer time depending on the biofoam sample.

[0863] Figure 5 shows an exemplary biofoam product produced using the protocol described in this example.

[0864] Docket No. 44047.601Example 21: Exemplary biofoam formulation and process

[0865] To make 300.0 g of a biofoam resin use the following groups of compounds. Note that concentrations are in %w / w (g-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent) or %w / v (g-compound / lOOmL- total-resin including water as solvent) or %v / v (mL-compound / lOOmL-total-resin including water as solvent) or %NIN (mL-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent). Any mixer or batch or inline high shear homogenizer can be used to mix the ingredients.

[0866] Group 1:

[0867] Hydrocolloids:

[0868] Sodium alginate = 2.5% w / w = 7.5 g (or less than 2.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units); and

[0869] Solvents:

[0870] Tap water = 79.80% w / w =239.40 g (or less than 79.80% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 79.80% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0871] Group 2:

[0872] Hydrocolloids:

[0873] Pectin = 0.75% w / w = 2.25 g (or less than 0.75% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.75% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0874] Microcrystalline cellulose = 2.0% w / w = 6.0 g (or less than 2.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0875] Methyl cellulose = 0.5% w / w = 1.5 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0876] Nitrogenous additives:

[0877] Chitosan — 1.0% w / w — 3.0 g (or less than 1.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0878] Precursor curing agents:Docket No. 44047.601

[0879] Hydroxyapatite, or hydroxyapatite nanoparticles = 0.2% w / w = 0.6 g (or less than 0.2% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.2% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0880] Plasticizers:

[0881] Lauric acid = 0.3% w / w = 0.9 g (or less than 0.3% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.3% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units):

[0882] Water-resistant agents:

[0883] Fumed silica = 0.35% w / w = 1.05 g (or less than 0.35% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.35% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0884] Jojoba oil = 1.0% w / w = 3.0 g (or less than 1.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0885] U V - resistant agents :

[0886] Lignin = 0.5% w / w = 1.5 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0887] Foaming agents:

[0888] Decyl glucoside = 0.8% w / w = 2.4 g (or less than 0.8% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.8% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units); and

[0889] Blowing agents:

[0890] Catalase = 0.3% w / w = 0.9 g (or less than 0.3% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.3% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0891] Group 3:

[0892] Blowing agents:

[0893] Hydrogen peroxide at 12.0% w / w solution (or less than 12.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 12.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units) = 10% w / w = 30.0 g (or less than 10.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 10.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0894] Group 4:Docket No. 44047.601

[0895] Curing agents:

[0896] Citric acid = 10.0% w / w (or less than 10.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 10.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0897] Make 1:1 mass ratio [mass_citric_acid_solution:mass_resin (i.e., to make 200 g of 10.0% w / w citric acid solution, add 20.0 g citric acid crystals into 180.0 g tap water (deionized water, distilled water, distilled deionized water, brine, filtered or non-filtered seawater, filtered or non-filtered or treated or non-treated wastewater, or any other types of water, or any sort of their combinations or derivatives or waste). The mass ratio [mass_citric_acid_solution:mass_resin] can be less than 1:1, 1:1-20:1, or higher than 20:1, or any range in between, or lower ranges, or higher ranges, or higher than 1:1, 1:1-1:20, or less than 1:20, or any range in between, or lower ranges, or higher ranges.

[0898] Group 5:

[0899] Curing agents:

[0900] Calcium chloride = 10.0% w / w (or less than 10.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 10.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0901] Make 1:1 mass ratio [mass_CaC12_solution:mass_resin (i.e., to make 200 g of 10.0% w / w CaCh solution, add 20.0 g CaCh granules into 180.0 g tap water (deionized water, distilled water, distilled deionized water, brine, filtered or non-filtered seawater, filtered or non-filtered or treated or non-treated wastewater, or any other types of water, or any sort of their combinations or derivatives or waste). The mass ratio [mass_CaC12_solution:mass_resin] can be less than 1:1, 1:1-20:1, or higher than 20:1, or any range in between, or lower ranges, or higher ranges, or higher than 1:1, 1 : 1 - 1 :20, or less than 1 :20, or any range in between, or lower ranges, or higher ranges.

[0902] Mix constituents of Group 1 at 350.0-1300.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 45.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0903] Add constituents of Group 2 into Group 1 mixture one-by-one and mix at 1200.0 rpm (or lower or higher agitation speed) for 5.0 min (or shorter or longer agitation time) each. Or mix all constituents of group 2 into group 1 altogether at 1200.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 10.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.Docket No. 44047.601

[0904] Alternatively, add all components of Group 2 except for catalase and mix them altogether with Group 1 as specified above, and then add catalase at the end of Group 2, and mix at 1200.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 1.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0905] Add Group 3 (blowing agent) in the Groups 1 and 2 resin mixture and agitate the mixture at 1200.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 1.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0906] Transfer the above-mentioned biofoam resin mixture into a mold.

[0907] Pour, spray, or inject, or by any other means 200.0 g (or lower or higher amount) of Group 4 solution (curing agent) on the surface of the biofoam resin and let it rest for 15.0 min (for shorter or longer curing time) at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0908] Pour, spray, or inject, or by any other means 200.0 g (or lower or higher amount) of Group 5 solution (curing agent) on the surface of the biofoam and let it rest for 4.0 h (for shorter or longer curing time) at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0909] Further, drain excess liquid out of the mold to dewater the solidified / cured biofoam as much as possible.

[0910] Leave the dewatered / drained cured biofoam in a -21.0 °C (or higher or lower freezer temperature) for at least 5.0 hours (or between 1.0 hour and 1.0 month or longer) or up until the biofoam is completely frozen. The pre-freezing step can also be skipped and directly dry the resin in a freeze dryer as described below.

[0911] Transfer the frozen biofoam into a freeze dryer to freeze dry it at -40.0 °C (or at lower or higher temperature) for 12.0 hours or 24.0 hours, or 36.0 hours or 48.0 hours, or 60.0 hours, or 72.0 hours, or 84.0 hours, or 96.0 hours, or 108.0 hours, or 5.0 days, or 6.0, or 1 week, or 2.0 weeks, or shorter or longer time, or until biofoam is completely dried.

[0912] Leave the dried biofoam at room temperature (or higher temperature in an oven such as 50.0 °C or higher temperature) to further cure between 1.0 day and 10.0 weeks or shorter or longer time depending on the biofoam sample.Example 22: Exemplary biofoam [or rigid] formulations and processes

[0913] To make 300.0 g of a biofoam resin use the following groups of compounds. Note that concentrations are in %w / w (g-compound / 100g -total-resin including water as solvent) or %w / v (g-compound / lOOmL-total-resin including water as solvent) or %v / v (mL-compound / lOOmL- total-resin including water as solvent) or %v / w (mL-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent). Any mixer or batch or inline high shear homogenizer can beDocket No. 44047.601used to mix the ingredients. Note that the amounts of the listed ingredients changed in the rigid formulation are enclosed within single brackets [ ] below.

[0914] Group 1:

[0915] Hydrocolloids:

[0916] Sodium alginate = 2.5% w / w = 7.5 g (or less than 2.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units); and

[0917] Solvents:

[0918] Tap water = 73.05% w / w = 219.15 g (or less than 73.05% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 73.05% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units) [in the rigid formulation 84.15% w / w = 252.45 g is used (or less than 84.15 % w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 84.15% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units)].

[0919] Group 2:

[0920] Hydrocolloids:

[0921] Arrowroot powder = 0.75% w / w = 2.25 g (or less than 0.75% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.75% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0922] Perform hydrothermal treatment only on arrowroot powder as follows: mix it with 20.25 g tap water to make a 10% w / w solution (or less than 10.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 10.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units), preheat it in a microwave for 20.0 sec or shorter or longer time at 80.0 °C or lower or higher temperature for 10.0-15.0 min for shorter or longer time.

[0923] Microcrystalline cellulose = 2.0% w / w = 6.0 g (or less than 2.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0924] Methyl cellulose = 0.5% w / w = 1.5 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0925] Nitrogenous additives:

[0926] Chitosan = 1.0% w / w = 3.0 g (or less than 1.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0927] Precursor curing agents:Docket No. 44047.601

[0928] Hydroxyapatite, or hydroxyapatite nanoparticles = 0.2% w / w = 0.6 g (or less than 0.2% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.2% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0929] Plasticizers:

[0930] Lauric acid = 0.3% w / w = 0.9 g (or less than 0.3% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.3% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units):

[0931] Water-resistant agents:

[0932] Polymethylhydrosiloxane = 0.35% w / w = 1.05 g (or less than 0.35% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.35% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0933] Jojoba oil = 1.0% w / w = 3.0 g (or less than 1.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0934] U V - resistant agents :

[0935] Lignin = 0.5% w / w = 1.5 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0936] Foaming agents:

[0937] Decyl glucoside = 0.8% w / w = 2.4 g (or less than 0.8% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.8% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units) [in the rigid formulation 0.0% w / w = 0.0 g is used]; and

[0938] Blowing agents:

[0939] Catalase = 0.3% w / w = 0.9 g (or less than 0.3% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.3% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units) [in the rigid formulation 0.0% w / w = 0.0 g is used].

[0940] Group 3:

[0941] Blowing agents:

[0942] Hydrogen peroxide at 12.0% w / w solution = 10% w / w = 30.0 g (or less than 10.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 10.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units) [in the rigid formulation 0.0% w / w = 0.0 g is used],

[0943] Group 4:

[0944] Curing agents:Docket No. 44047.601

[0945] Glyoxal = 40.0% w / w (or less than 40.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 40.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0946] Make 1:1 mass ratio [mass_glyoxal_solution:mass_resin (i.e., to make 20.0 g of 40.0% w / w glyoxal solution, add 8.0 g glyoxal powder into 12.0 g tap water (deionized water, distilled water, distilled deionized water, brine, filtered or non-filtered seawater, filtered or nonfiltered or treated or non-treated wastewater, or any other types of water, or any sort of their combinations or derivatives or waste). The mass ratio [mass_glyoxal_solution:mass_resin] can be less than 1:1, 1:1-20:1, or higher than 20:1, or any range in between, or lower ranges, or higher ranges, or higher than 1:1, 1:1-1:20, or less than 1:20, or any range in between, or lower ranges, or higher ranges.

[0947] Mix constituents of Group 1 at 350.0-1300.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 45.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0948] Add constituents of Group 2 into Group 1 mixture one-by-one and mix at 1200.0 rpm (or lower or higher agitation speed) for 5.0 min (or shorter or longer agitation time) each. Or mix all constituents of group 2 into group 1 altogether at 1200.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 10.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0949] Alternatively, add all components of Group 2 except for catalase and mix them altogether with Group 1 as specified above, and then add catalase at the end of Group 2, and mix at 1200.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 1.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0950] Add Group 3 (blowing agent) in the Groups 1 and 2 resin mixture and agitate the mixture at 1200.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 1.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0951] Transfer the above-mentioned biofoam resin mixture into a mold.

[0952] [In the rigid formulation, perform vacuum degassing at -0.74 bar and RT for 1.0 h or shorter or longer time or until it is completely degassed.]

[0953] Pour, spray, or inject, or by any other means 20.0 g (or 150.0 g) (or lower or higher amount) of Group 4 solution (curing agent) on the surface of the biofoam resin and let it rest for 15 min (for shorter or longer curing time) at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.Docket No. 44047.601

[0954] Leave the cured biofoam in a -21.0 °C (or higher or lower freezer temperature) for at least 5.0 hours (or between 1.0 hour and 1.0 month or longer) or up until the biofoam is completely frozen. The pre-freezing step can also be skipped and directly dry the resin in a freeze dryer as described below.

[0955] Transfer the frozen biofoam into a freeze dryer to freeze dry it at -40.0 °C (or at lower or higher temperature) for 12.0 hours or 24.0 hours, or 36.0 hours or 48.0 hours, or 60.0 hours, or 72.0 hours, or 84.0 hours, or 96.0 hours, or 108.0 hours, or 5.0 days, or 6.0, or 1 week, or 2.0 weeks, or shorter or longer time, or until biofoam is completely dried.

[0956] Leave the dried biofoam at room temperature (or higher temperature in an oven such as 50.0 °C or higher temperature) to further cure between 1.0 day and 10.0 weeks or shorter or longer time depending on the biofoam sample.

[0957] Alternatively, instead of freezing and freeze drying, leave the biofoam resin at room temperature (or higher temperature in an oven such as 50.0 °C or higher temperature) to dry between 1.0 day and 10.0 weeks or shorter or longer time depending on the biofoam sample. This method can lead to production of rigid articles, as well as biofoam articles.

[0958] Figure 6 shows an exemplary rigid biomaterial product produced using the protocol described in this example.

[0959] Example 23: Exemplary biofoam [or rigid] formulations and processes

[0960] To make 360.0 g of a resin (to make either biofoam or rigid articles) use the following groups of compounds. Note that concentrations are in %w / w (g -compound / 100g-total-resin including water as solvent) or %w / v (g-compound / lOOmL-total-resin including water as solvent) or %v / v (mL-compound / lOOmL-total-resin including water as solvent) or %NI I (mL-compound / lOOg -total-resin including water as solvent). Any mixer or batch or inline high shear homogenizer can be used to mix the ingredients. Note that the amounts of the listed ingredients changed in the rigid formulation arc enclosed within single brackets [ ] below.

[0961] Group 1:

[0962] Hydrocolloids:

[0963] Microcrystalline cellulose = 2.0% w / w = 7.2 g (or less than 2.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);Docket No. 44047.601

[0964] Methyl cellulose = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0965] High acyl gellan gum = 0.35% w / w = 1.26 g (or less than 0.35% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.35% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0966] Carrageenan = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0967] Pectin = 0.75% w / w = 2.7 g (or less than 0.75% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.75% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0968] Pullulan = 0.35% w / w = 1.26 g (or less than 0.35% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.35% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0969] Xanthan gum = 0.35% w / w = 1.26 g (or less than 0.35% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.35% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units); and

[0970] Arrowroot powder = 0.75% w / w = 2.7 g (or less than 0.75% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.75% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0971] Perform hydrothermal treatment only on arrowroot powder as follows: mix it with 24.3 g tap water to make a 10% w / w solution (or less than 10.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 10.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units), preheat it in a microwave for 20.0 sec or shorter or longer time at 80.0 °C or lower or higher temperature for 10.0-15.0 min for shorter or longer time.

[0972] Cyclic dextrin = 1.0% w / w = 3.6 g (or less than 1.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0973] Nitrogenous additives:

[0974] Chitosan = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);Docket No. 44047.601

[0975] Polyglutamic acid = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0976] Precursor curing agents:

[0977] Calcium carbonate = 3.0% w / w = 10.8 g (or less than 3.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 3.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units):

[0978] Calcium sulfate = 3.0% w / w = 10.8 g (or less than 3.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 3.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0979] Hydroxyapatite, or hydroxyapatite nanoparticles = 0.2% w / w = 0.72 g (or less than 0.2% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.2% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0980] Plasticizers:

[0981] Lauric acid = 0.25% w / w = 0.9 g (or less than 0.25% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.25% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0982] Water-resistant agents:

[0983] Fumed silica = 0.35% w / w = 1.26 g (or less than 0.35% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.35% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0984] Jojoba oil = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0985] UV-resistant agents:

[0986] Lignin = 0.5% w / w = 1.8 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[0987] Foaming agents:

[0988] Decyl glucoside = 0.8% w / w = 2.88 g (or less than 0.8% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.8% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units) [in the rigid formulation 0% w / w = 0.0 g is used]; and

[0989] Solvents:Docket No. 44047.601

[0990] Tap water = 76.35% w / w = 277.56 g (or less than 76.35% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 76.35% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units) [in the rigid formulation 77.9% w / w = 280.44 g is used (or less than 77.9% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 77.9% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units)].

[0991] Group 2:

[0992] Curing agents:

[0993] Glyoxal = 40.0% w / w (or less than 40.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 40.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[0994] Make 1:2 mass ratio [mass_glyoxal_solution:mass_resin (i.e., to make 180.0 g of 40.0% w / w glyoxal solution, add 72.0 g glyoxal powder into 108.0 g tap water (deionized water, distilled water, distilled deionized water, brine, filtered or non-filtered seawater, filtered or non-filtered or treated or non-trcatcd wastewater, or any other types of water, or any sort of their combinations or derivatives or waste). The mass ratio [mass_glyoxal_solution:mass_resin] can be less than 1:1, 1:1-20:1, or higher than 20:1, or any range in between, or lower ranges, or higher ranges, or higher than 1:1, 1:1-1:20, or less than 1 :20, or any range in between, or lower ranges, or higher ranges.

[0995] Mix constituents of Group 1 at 2000.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 10.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0996] Transfer the above-mentioned (biofoam) resin mixture into a mold.

[0997] [In the rigid formulation, perform vacuum degassing at -0.74 bar and RT for 1.0 h or shorter or longer time or until it is completely degassed.]

[0998] Pour, spray, or inject, or by any other means 180.0 g (or lower or higher amount) of Group 2 solution (curing agent) on the surface of the (biofoam) resin and let it rest for 15 min (for shorter or longer curing time) at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[0999] Leave the (biofoam) resin at room temperature (or higher temperature in an oven such as 50.0 °C or higher temperature) to dry and cure between 1.0 day and 10.0 weeks or shorter or longer time depending on the biofoam sample. This method can lead to production of rigid articles, as well as biofoam articles.

[1000] Alternatively, instead of room temperature or high temperature curing / drying, leave the cured biofoam in a -21.0 °C (or higher or lower freezer temperature) for at least 5.0 hours (or between 1.0 hour and 1.0 month or longer) or up until the biofoam is completely frozen.Docket No. 44047.601The pre-freezing step can also be skipped and directly dry the resin in a freeze dryer as described below.

[1001] Transfer the frozen biofoam into a freeze dryer to freeze dry it at -40.0 °C (or at lower or higher temperature) for 12.0 hours or 24.0 hours, or 36.0 hours or 48.0 hours, or 60.0 hours, or 72.0 hours, or 84.0 hours, or 96.0 hours, or 108.0 hours, or 5.0 days, or 6.0, or 1 week, or 2.0 weeks, or shorter or longer time, or until biofoam is completely dried.

[1002] Leave the dried biofoam at room temperature (or higher temperature in an oven such as 50.0 °C or higher temperature) to further cure between 1.0 day and 10.0 weeks or shorter or longer time depending on the biofoam sample.

[1003] Example 24: Exemplary biofoam formulation and process

[1004] To make 300.0 g of a biofoam resin use the following groups of compounds. Note that concentrations are in %w / w (g-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent) or %w / v (g-compound / lOOmL- total-resin including water as solvent) or %v / v (mL-compound / lOOmL- total-resin including water as solvent) or %v / w (mL-compound / lOOg-total-resin including water as solvent). Any mixer or batch or inline high shear homogenizer can be used to mix the ingredients.

[1005] Group 1:

[1006] Hydrocolloids:

[1007] Sodium alginate = 2.5% w / w = 7.5 g(or less than 2.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units); and

[1008] Solvents:

[1009] Tap water = 76.80% w / w =230.40 g(or less than 76.8% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 76.8% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[1010] Group 2:

[1011] Hydrocolloids:

[1012] Pectin = 0.75% w / w = 2.25 g(or less than 0.75% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.75% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);Docket No. 44047.601

[1013] Microcrystalline cellulose = 2.0% w / w = 6.0 g (or less than 2.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 2.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[1014] Methyl cellulose = 0.5% w / w = 1.5 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[1015] Nitrogenous additives:

[1016] Chitosan = 1.0% w / w = 3.0 g (or less than 1.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[1017] Precursor curing agents:

[1018] Hydroxyapatite, or hydroxyapatite nanoparticles = 0.2% w / w = 0.6 g (or less than 0.2% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.2% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[1019] Calcium carbonate = 1.0% w / w = 3.0 g (or less than 1.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[1020] Plasticizers:

[1021] Lauric acid = 0.3% w / w = 0.9 g (or less than 0.3% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.3% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[1022] Water-resistant agents:

[1023] Fumed silica = 0.35% w / w = 1.05 g (or less than 0.35% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.35% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[1024] Jojoba oil = 1.0% w / w = 3.0 g (or less than 1.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 1.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[1025] UV-resistant agents:

[1026] Lignin = 0.5% w / w = 1.5 g (or less than 0.5% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.5% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units);

[1027] Foaming agents:Docket No. 44047.601

[1028] Decyl glucoside = 0.8% w / w = 2.4 g (or less than 0.8% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.8% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units); and

[1029] Blowing agents:

[1030] Catalase = 0.3% w / w = 0.9 g (or less than 0.3% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 0.3% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[1031] Group 3:

[1032] Blowing agents:

[1033] Hydrogen peroxide at 12.0% w / w solution (or less than 12.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 12.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units) = 12.0% w / w = 36.0 g (or less than 12.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 12.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[1034] Group 4:

[1035] Curing agents:

[1036] Citric acid = 10.0% w / w (or less than 10.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 10.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).

[1037] Make 1:1 mass ratio [mass_citric_acid_solution:mass_resin (i.e., to make 200.0 g of 10.0% w / w citric acid solution, add 20.0 g citric acid crystals into 180.0 g tap water (deionized water, distilled water, distilled deionized water, brine, filtered or non-filtered seawater, filtered or non-filtered or treated or non-treated wastewater, or any other types of water, or any sort of their combinations or derivatives or waste). The mass ratio [mass_citric_acid_solution:mass_resin] can be less than 1:1, 1:1-20:1, or higher than 20:1, or any range in between, or lower ranges, or higher ranges, or higher than 1:1, 1:1-1:20, or less than 1:20, or any range in between, or lower ranges, or higher ranges.

[1038] Group 5:

[1039] Curing agents:

[1040] Calcium chloride = 10.0% w / w (or less than 10.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w, or any other concentration units, or any quantity from 10.0% to 100.0% w / w or w / v or v / v or v / w or any other concentration units).Docket No. 44047.601

[1041] Make 1 : 1 mass ratio [mass_CaC12_solution:mass_resin (i.e., to make 200 g of 10.0% w / w CaCh solution, add 20.0 g CaCh granules into 180.0 g tap water (deionized water, distilled water, distilled deionized water, brine, filtered or non-filtered seawater, filtered or non-filtered or treated or non-treated wastewater, or any other types of water, or any sort of their combinations or derivatives or waste). The mass ratio [mass_CaC12_solution:mass_resin] can be less than 1:1, 1:1-20:1, or higher than 20:1, or any range in between, or lower ranges, or higher ranges, or higher than 1:1, 1 : 1 - 1 :20, or less than 1 :20, or any range in between, or lower ranges, or higher ranges.

[1042] Mix constituents of Group 1 at 350.0-1300.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 45.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[1043] Add constituents of Group 2 into Group 1 mixture one-by-one and mix at 1200.0 rpm (or lower or higher agitation speed) for 5.0 min (or shorter or longer agitation time) each. Or mix all constituents of group 2 into group 1 altogether at 1200.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 10.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[1044] Alternatively, add all components of Group 2 except for catalase and mix them altogether with Group 1 as specified above, and then add catalase at the end of Group 2, and mix at 1200.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 1.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[1045] Add Group 3 (blowing agent) in the Groups 1 and 2 resin mixture and agitate the mixture at 1200.0 rpm or lower or higher agitation speed for 1.0 min or shorter or longer agitation time at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[1046] Transfer the above-mentioned biofoam resin mixture into a mold.

[1047] Pour, spray, or inject, or by any other means 200.0 g (or lower or higher amount) of Group 4 solution (curing agent) on the surface of the biofoam resin and let it rest for 15.0 min (for shorter or longer curing time) at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[1048] Pour, spray, or inject, or by any other means 200.0 g (or lower or higher amount) of Group 5 solution (curing agent) on the surface of the biofoam and let it rest for 4.0 h (for shorter or longer curing time) at room temperature or lower or higher temperature.

[1049] Further, drain excess liquid out of the mold to dewater the solidified / cured biofoam as much as possible.

[1050] Leave the dewatered / drained cured biofoam in a -21.0 °C (or higher or lower freezer temperature) for at least 5.0 hours (or between 1.0 hour and 1.0 month or longer) or up untilDocket No. 44047.601the biofoam is completely frozen. The pre-freezing step can also be skipped and directly dry the resin in a freeze dryer as described below.

[1051] Transfer the frozen biofoam into a freeze dryer to freeze dry it at -40.0 °C (or at lower or higher temperature) for 12.0 hours or 24.0 hours, or 36.0 hours or 48.0 hours, or 60.0 hours, or 72.0 hours, or 84.0 hours, or 96.0 hours, or 108.0 hours, or 5.0 days, or 6.0, or 1 week, or 2.0 weeks, or shorter or longer time, or until biofoam is completely dried.

[1052] Leave the dried biofoam at room temperature (or higher temperature in an oven such as 50.0 °C or higher temperature) to further cure...

Claims

Docket No. 44047.601CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A base resin mixture for producing a biofoam or biomaterial, comprising:(i) at least one hydrocolloid;(ii) at least one nitrogenous additive;(iii) at least one precursor curing agent;(iv) at least one plasticizer;(v) at least one water-resistant agent;(vi) optionally at least one UV-resistant agent;(vii) optionally at least one foaming agent;(viii) optionally at least one biopolymer additive;(ix) optionally at least one flavor and / or dye additive;(x) optionally at least one antiseptic additive; and / or(xi) at least one solvent.

2. A biofoam resin comprising:(a) the base resin mixture of claim 1 , including the at least one foaming agent; and (b) at least two blowing agents.

3. The base resin mixture of claim 1 or biofoam resin of claim 2, comprising the:(viii) at least one biopolymer additive;(ix) at least one flavor and / or dye additive; and / or(x) at least one antiseptic additive.

4. A kit for producing a biofoam material, the kit comprising:(a) the base resin mixture of claim 1 ;(b) at least two blowing agents; and(c) instructions for producing a biofoam resin.

5. The base resin mixture of claim 1 or 3, or kit of claim 4, wherein the base resin mixture is pelletized.Docket No. 44047.6016. The kit of claim 4 or 5, further comprising at least one curing agent and instructions for producing a biofoam structure.

7. A process for producing a biofoam material, comprising:(a) mixing, compounding and / or extruding the base resin mixture of any one of claims 1 and 3-6 with at least two blowing agents to produce a biofoam resin;(b) forming the biofoam resin into a molded biofoam structure;(c) treating a surface of the molded biofoam structure with the at least one curing agent to produce a surface-treated biofoam structure;(d) curing the surface-treated biofoam structure at a temperate range of from about 25.0°C to about 50.0 °C for a period of about 1 hour to about 6 hours to produce a cured biofoam structure; and(e) drying the cured biofoam structure to produce a biofoam material.

8. The process of claim 7, wherein drying (e) comprises:(i) pre- freezing the biofoam material at a temperature below 0 °C for a period of from about 3 hours to about 24 hours; and(ii) sublimating the biofoam at a temperature of from about -20.0 °C to at least about -50.0 °C for a period of up to 24 hours, from about 1 day to about 7 days, or greater than about 7 days.

9. The process of claim 8, wherein drying (e) comprises subjecting the biofoam to a heat transfer procedure at a temperature of up to 25.0 °C, from about 25.0 °C to about 80.0°C, or greater than 80.0°C for a period of less than or equal to 1 day, from about 1 to 7 days, or greater than 7 days.

10. The process of claim 9, wherein the heat transfer procedure comprises convection, radiation, and / or diffusion.

11. A biomaterial resin comprising:Docket No. 44047.601(a) the base resin mixture of claim 1, without the at least one foaming agent, the at least one biopolymer additive, the at least one flavor and / or dye additive and / or the at least one antiseptic additive.

12. The biomaterial resin of claim 11, comprising the:(viii) at least one biopolymer additive;(ix) at least one flavor and / or dye additive: and / or(x) at least one antiseptic additive.

13. A kit for producing a biomaterial, the kit comprising:(a) the base resin mixture of claim 1 without the at least one blowing agent:(b) at least one curing agent; and(c) instructions for producing a biomaterial structure.

14. The kit of claim 13, wherein the base resin mixture is pelletized.

15. A process for producing a rigid biomaterial, comprising:(a) forming the biomaterial resin mixture of claim 11 or 12 into a molded biomaterial structure;(b) treating a surface of the molded biomaterial slruclure with the at least one curing agent to produce a surface-treated biomaterial slruclure;(c) curing the surface-treated biomaterial structure at a temperature range of from about 25.0 °C to about 50.0 °C for a period of from about 1 hour to about 6 hours to produce a cured biomaterial structure; and(d) drying the cured biomaterial structure to produce a biomaterial.

16. The process of claim 15, wherein drying (d) comprises:(i) pre-freezing the biomaterial at a temperature below 0 °C for a period of from about 3 hours to about 24 hours; and(ii) sublimating the biomaterial at a temperature of from about -20.0 °C to at least about -50.0 °C for a period of up to 24 hours, from about 1 day to about 7 days, or greater than about 7 days.Docket No. 44047.60117. The process of claim 16, wherein drying (d) comprises subjecting the biofoam to a heat transfer procedure at a temperature of up to 25.0 °C, from about 25.0 °C to about 80.0 °C, or greater than 80.0 °C for a period of less than or equal to 1 day, from about 1 to 7 days, or greater than 7 days.

18. The process of claim 17, wherein the heat transfer procedure comprises convection, radiation, and / or diffusion.

19. A process for producing a biofoam resin mixture comprising mixing, homogenizing, compounding and / or extruding a precursor base resin mixture at a temperature range of from about 2.0 °C to about 250.0 °C for a period of from about 1.0 to about 60.0 min and at a speed sufficient to produce a base resin mixture, wherein the precursor base resin mixture comprises:(i) at least one hydrocolloid;(ii) at least one nitrogenous additive:(iii) at least one precursor curing agent;(iv) at least one plasticizer;(v) at least one water-resistant agent;(vi) optionally at least one UV-resistant agent;(vii) at least one foaming agent;(viii) optionally at least one biopolymer additive;(ix) optionally at least one flavor and / or dye additive;(x) optionally at least one antiseptic additive; and / or(xi) at least one solvent.

20. A process for producing a biomaterial resin mixture comprising mixing, homogenizing, compounding and / or extruding a precursor base resin mixture at a temperature range of from about 2.0 °C to about 250.0 °C for a period of from about 1.0 to about 60.0 min and at a speed sufficient to produce a base resin mixture, wherein the precursor base resin mixture comprises:(i) at least one hydrocolloid;Docket No. 44047.601(ii) at least one nitrogenous additive;(iii) at least one precursor curing agent;(iv) at least one plasticizer;(v) at least one water-resistant agent;(vi) optionally at least one UV-resistant agent;(vii) optionally at least one biopolymer additive;(viii) optionally at least one flavor and / or dye additive;(ix) optionally at least one antiseptic additive; and / or(x) at least one solvent.

21. A process for producing an improved biofoam material, comprising:(a) pre-freezing a cured biofoam structure at temperature below 0 °C for a period of from about 3 hours to about 24 hours; and(b) sublimating the biomatcrial at a temperature of from about -20.0 °C to at least about -50.0 °C for a period of up to 24 hours, from about 1 day to about 7 days, or greater than about 7 days.

22. A process for producing an improved rigid biomaterial, comprising:(a) pre-freezing a cured rigid biomaterial structure at temperature below 0 °C for a period of from about 3 hours to about 24 hours; and(b) sublimating the biomaterial at a temperature of from about -20.0 °C to at least about -50.0 °C for a period of up to 24 hours, from about 1 day to about 7 days, or greater than about 7 days.

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