ATR / CHK1 inhibitor for use in treating cancers with a mutation or overexpression of notch
CHK1 inhibitors provide a novel strategy to modulate Notch pathway activity in cancers with NOTCH mutations, enhancing treatment efficacy for T-ALL and TNBC by targeting CHK1 to stabilize NICD and inhibit its ubiquitination.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/135287
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2025-10-30
- Filing Date
- 2025-11-17
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-28
AI Technical Summary
Current therapeutic strategies targeting the Notch pathway, such as γ-secretase inhibitors, have limited efficacy and toxicity in treating Notch-related cancers due to their inability to directly modulate the active form of Notch, NICD, necessitating the development of more effective therapeutic agents.
Inhibiting the ATR/CHK1 pathway, particularly through CHK1 inhibitors like CCT245737 and Prexasertib, to target and modulate Notch stability and activity in cancers with NOTCH mutations or overexpression, thereby treating diseases such as T-ALL and TNBC.
CHK1 inhibitors effectively reduce Notch pathway activity, leading to decreased viability and tumorigenicity of leukemia cells and breast cancer cells, offering a promising therapeutic approach with reduced toxicity and improved clinical outcomes.
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Figure PCTCN2025135287-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
ATR / CHK1 INHIBITOR FOR USE IN TREATING CANCERS WITH A MUTATION OR OVEREXPRESSION OF NOTCH
[0001] CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0002] This application claims the benefit of PCT Applications PCT / CN2024 / 132835, filed November 19, 2024, and PCT / CN2025 / 131376, filed October 30, 2025. The entire contents of the foregoing applications are incorporated herein by reference.FIELD
[0003] The present disclosure belongs to the field of cancer treatment. The present disclosure provides use of an inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway in treating a NOTCH pathway-related disease, particularly, a disease caused by an aberrant NOTCH signaling pathway, especially a cancer associated with abnormal activation of NOTCH. Also provided herein a method for treating a NOTCH pathway-related disease, particularly, a disease caused by an aberrant NOTCH signaling pathway, especially a cancer associated with abnormal activation of NOTCH with an inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway.BACKGROUND
[0004] The Notch signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in embryo and tissue development, differentiation, and cell fate decisions1, 2. In canonical Notch signaling, receptor–ligand binding triggers sequential cleavage of Notch proteins by a disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAMs) and γ-secretases, which induces the release of the Notch intracellular domain (NICD) and its subsequent translocation to the nucleus, where it interacts with the CBF1 / Suppressor of Hairless / LAG1 (CSL; also called RBP-JK) transcription factor complex and activates the expression of a set of genes, including HES1 and c-MYC3,4. Dysregulation of Notch signaling has been found in many human diseases ranging from developmental syndromes to complex diseases such as metabolic diseases and cancers. Hyperactivation of the Notch pathway has been linked to hematological malignancies such as T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia / lymphoma (T-ALL)5, 6, chronic lymphocytic leukemia7, 8, mantle cell lymphoma (MCL)9, 10, splenic marginal zone B-cell lymphoma11 and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma12, and to solid tumors such as breast cancer13, 14, adenoid cystic carcinoma15-17; and non-small cell lung cancer18.
[0005] In addition to its role in canonical Notch signaling, NICD plays a key role in tumor initiation and immune escape by participating in crosstalk with other key signaling pathways, which does not require the activation of the CSL transcriptional complex19. Through its crosstalk with NF-κB and the PI3K-AKT-mTOR axis, NICD promotes the growth and proliferation of nonfunctional pre-T cells, contributing to T-ALL recurrence20-22. Notch signaling is also critical for cancer stem cell activity20. Treatment with targeted strategies such as endocrine therapy, HER2 inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) , PI3K / mTOR inhibitors, or chemoradiation results in the selection of Notch dependent, treatment-resistant cancer stem cells; thus, targeting Notch signaling is an attractive option for combination therapies for these cancers21. For example, activation of the Notch pathway resulting from dysregulation of the Wnt pathway is considered the main step in the formation of desmoid tumors22. Taken together, these findings provide a strong rationale for the development of Notch signaling-targeted therapeutic strategies, especially those that directly target NICD, for related cancers.
[0006] Therapeutic modulation of Notch signaling has exhibited good efficacy in many preclinical cancer models23, but limited success in early clinical trials for these cancers21. Currently, there are no therapeutic agents that directly target NICD, the active form of nuclear Notch, mainly owing to its high stability and lack of a small molecule binding pocket21. γ-Secretase inhibitors (GSIs) , which block cleavage at the S3 site of NOTCH and reduce the intracellular level of activated NOTCH1, are the most well-studied small molecules that target the Notch pathway. Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the γ-secretase inhibitor nirogacestat for the treatment of adults with desmoid tumors, rare Notch pathway-related soft tissue tumors24. Unfortunately, clinical trials have shown that GSIs have limited therapeutic activity in other cancers, such as T-ALL, with dose-limiting on-target and off-target toxicity and primary drug resistance developing quickly25, 26. Other types of targeted drugs for Notch pathway-related cancers are under development and investigation; these drugs include monoclonal antibodies targeting Notch ligands and receptors27, 28, ADAM10 / 17 inhibitors29, SERCA inhibitors30, HSP90 inhibitors31, and transcription complex inhibitors32-34. Although these agents have potential antileukemic activities, they have been reported to exhibit limited efficacy in clinical studies of NOTCH-related cancers, partially because they cannot directly modulate active Notch35. Thus, more effective therapeutic strategies targeting the Notch pathway are needed.SUMMARY
[0007] To solve the problems in the prior art, it is an object of the present disclosure to provide a new therapeutic strategy targeting the NOTCH pathway.
[0008] The inventors’s tudy revealed that CHK1 is critical for maintaining NOTCH stability by phosphorylating NICD, which inhibits the interaction of NICD with the ubiquitin ligase DTX2 and its subsequent ubiquitination and degradation. These findings suggest that modulating CHK1 activity can be a therapeutic strategy for diseases caused by mutation and / or activation of NOTCH, including NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, or NOTCH4, for example, abnormal NOTCH1 activation.
[0009] In a first aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a NOTCH pathway-related disease, comprising administrating to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway. In a preferred embodiment, the NOTCH pathway-related disease is a disease caused by an aberrant NOTCH signaling pathway.
[0010] In some embodiments, the disease is cancer, especially a cancer associated with mutation and / or activation of NOTCH.
[0011] In some embodiments, the disease is a cancer with mutation and / or activation of NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, or NOTCH4.
[0012] In some embodiments, the disease is selected from the group consisting of hematological malignancies such as T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia / lymphoma (T-ALL) , chronic lymphocytic leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma including mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) , marginal zone lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and solid tumors such as esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, intestinal cancer, adenoid cystic carcinoma, desmoid cancer, lung cancer including non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, brain cancer, head and neck cancer, and other cancer types with mutation and / or activation of NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, or NOTCH4.
[0013] In a preferred embodiment, the cancer treated by the present invention is characterized by a mutation or overexpression of NOTCH, for example, one or more of NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, or NOTCH4. The inventors have found that this patient population with specific biomarkers may have a superior therapeutic response to ATR / CHK1 pathway inhibitors.
[0014] In a preferred embodiment, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of hematological malignancy, esophageal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, and stomach cancer. In more preferred embodiment, the disease is a cancer selected from the group consisting of hematological malignancy, esophageal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, and stomach cancer, which is characterized by a mutation or overexpression of NOTCH, for example, one or more of NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, or NOTCH4.
[0015] In a more preferred embodiment, the cancer is a hematological malignancy, particularly T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) . Further, the T-ALL may be characterized by a mutation in the NOTCH1 protein, especially a mutation in its PEST domain.
[0016] In another more preferred embodiment, the cancer is a solid tumor, particularly breast cancer, and more particularly triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) . Further, the breast cancer may be characterized by a mutation in a NOTCH protein, especially a mutation in its PEST domain.
[0017] In some embodiments, the inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway is an ATR inhibitor or a CHK1 inhibitor.
[0018] In some embodiments, the inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway is an ATR inhibitor selected from the group consisting of Ceralasertib (AZD6738) , Berzosertib (VE-822, M6620, VX-970) , Elimusertib (BAY 1895344) , Camonsertib (RP-3500) , and Gartisertib (M4344, VX-803) , M1774, ATRN-119, RP-3500, ART-0380, BAY1895344, VE-821, ICT10336, AD1058, AZ20, CGK733, ETP-46464, NU6027, Abd110, ATR-IN-14, ATR-IN-15, ATR-IN-16, ATR-IN-19, ATR-IN-29, ATR kinase substrate peptide, Torin 2, Mirin, HAMNO (NSC-111847) , Ailanthone, SKLB-197, ATR-IN-10, ATR-IN-13, ATR-IN-17, ATR-IN-18, ATR-IN-20, ATR-IN-21, Tuvusertib, IMP9064, ATG-018, Novartis' Tetrahydropyrazolo [1, 5-a] pyrazines lead, Schisandrin B, ATR / PARP1-IN-1, M3541, Lartesertib (M4076) , AZ31, AZ32, Wortmannin, Debio 0123, GeA-13, ZS-7, a Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) capable of degrading an ATR protein,
[0019] KU-55933, KU-60019, AZD-7648, CC-115, RP-6306, A-1331852, JTE-151, Chloroquine diphosphate.
[0020] In a preferred embodiment, the ATR inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of Ceralasertib (AZD6738) , Berzosertib (M6620) , Gartisertib (M4344) , Tuvusertib (M1774) , and Elimusertib (BAY 1895344) .
[0021] In some embodiments, the inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway is a CHK1 inhibitor selected from the group consisting of Prexasertib (LY2606368) , TT-9701, AZD7762, PF477736, CCT245737 (SRA737) , Rabusertib (LY2603618) , MK-8776 (SCH 900776) , BBI-2779, BBI-355, CCT244747, CHIR-124, V158411, CHK-IN-1, CHK1-IN-2, CHK1-IN-3, CHK1-IN-4, CHK1-IN-4 hydrochloride, CHK1-IN-5, CHK1-IN-6, CHK1-IN-7, CHK1-IN-9, CHK2-IN-1, PROTAC Chk1 degrader-1, FLT3 / CHK1-IN-2, K1586, MU380, SB-218078, GDC0575 hydrochloride, GDC-0425, FLT3 / CHK1-IN-1, Gartisertib (VX-803) , LY2880070, VER-00158411, SAR-020106, PD0166285, PD 407824, MRT00033659, GNE-900, Multi-kinase-IN-6, SCH900776, DB07288, UCN-01, XL-844, PEP07, Staurosporine, 2-TCU, BEBT-260, MCL-1020, PY-34, Debromohymenialdisine, CEP-3891, SMP-3124, PD-321852, and XCCS605B.
[0022] In a preferred embodiment, the CHK1 inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of CCT245737 (SRA737) , Prexasertib (LY2606368) , BBI-355, BBI-2779, BEBT-260, PEP07, CHK1-IN-3, TT-9701, Rabusertib (LY2603618) , CHIR124, AZD7762, and PF477736.
[0023] In some embodiments, the method comprises administrating to the subject an additional therapeutic agent.
[0024] In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a chemotherapeutic agent or a combination of two or more chemotherapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of alkylating agents, antimetabolites, topoisomerase inhibitors, mitotic inhibitors (plant alkaloids) , antitumor antibiotics (including anthracyclines) , antibodies, antibody drug conjugate and bispecific antibody drugs, platinum compounds, DNA altering agents, microtubule modifiers, hormones / antagonists, aromatase inhibitors, small molecule kinase inhibitors, photosensitizers, cytokines, drug conjugates, vaccines, miscellaneous, PARP inhibitors, MCT1 inhibitors, other chemotherapy drugs, and corticosteroids.
[0025] In some embodiments, the method is applied to the subject in combination with surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy and / or immunotherapy.
[0026] In some embodiments, the chemotherapy comprises administrating to the subject a chemotherapeutic agent or a combination of two or more chemotherapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of alkylating agents, antimetabolites, topoisomerase inhibitors, mitotic inhibitors (plant alkaloids) , antitumor antibiotics (including anthracyclines) , antibodies, antibody drug conjugate and bispecific antibody drugs, platinum compounds, DNA altering agents, microtubule modifiers, hormones / antagonists, aromatase inhibitors, small molecule kinase inhibitors, photosensitizers, cytokines, drug conjugates, vaccines, miscellaneous, PARP inhibitors, MCT1 inhibitors, other chemotherapy drugs, and corticosteroids.
[0027] In yet another preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia / lymphoma (T-ALL) in a subject, comprising administrating to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of CCT245737 (SRA737) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0028] In yet another preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia / lymphoma (T-ALL) in a subject, comprising administrating to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of Prexasertib (LY2606368) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0029] In yet another preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) in a subject, comprising administrating to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of CCT245737 (SRA737) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0030] In second aspect, the present disclosure provides an inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway for use in treating a NOTCH pathway-related disease. In a preferred embodiment, the NOTCH pathway-related disease is a disease caused by an aberrant NOTCH signaling pathway.
[0031] In some embodiments, the disease is cancer, especially a cancer associated with mutation and / or activation of NOTCH.
[0032] In some embodiments, the disease is a cancer with mutation and / or activation of NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, or NOTCH4.
[0033] In some embodiments, the disease is selected from the group consisting of hematological malignancies such as T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia / lymphoma (T-ALL) , chronic lymphocytic leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma including mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) , marginal zone lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and solid tumors such as esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, intestinal cancer, adenoid cystic carcinoma, desmoid cancer, lung cancer including non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, brain cancer, head and neck cancer, and other cancer types with mutation and / or activation of NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, or NOTCH4.
[0034] In a preferred embodiment, the cancer treated by the present invention is characterized by a mutation or overexpression of NOTCH, for example, one or more of NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, or NOTCH4.
[0035] In a preferred embodiment, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of hematological malignancy, esophageal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, and stomach cancer. In more preferred embodiment, the disease is a cancer selected from the group consisting of hematological malignancy, esophageal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, and stomach cancer, which is characterized by a mutation or overexpression of NOTCH, for example, one or more of NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, or NOTCH4.
[0036] In a more preferred embodiment, the cancer is a hematological malignancy, particularly T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) . Further, the T-ALL may be characterized by a mutation in the NOTCH1 protein, especially a mutation in its PEST domain.
[0037] In another more preferred embodiment, the cancer is a solid tumor, particularly breast cancer, and more particularly triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) . Further, the breast cancer may be characterized by a mutation in a NOTCH protein, especially a mutation in its PEST domain.
[0038] In some embodiments, the inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway is an ATR inhibitor or a CHK1 inhibitor.
[0039] In some embodiments, the inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway is an ATR inhibitor selected from the group consisting of Ceralasertib (AZD6738) , Berzosertib (VE-822, M6620, VX-970) , Elimusertib (BAY 1895344) , Camonsertib (RP-3500) , and Gartisertib (M4344, VX-803) , M1774, ATRN-119, RP-3500, ART-0380, BAY1895344, VE-821, ICT10336, AD1058, AZ20, CGK733, ETP-46464, NU6027, Abd110, ATR-IN-14, ATR-IN-15, ATR-IN-16, ATR-IN-19, ATR-IN-29, ATR kinase substrate peptide, Torin 2, Mirin, HAMNO (NSC-111847) , Ailanthone, SKLB-197, ATR-IN-10, ATR-IN-13, ATR-IN-17, ATR-IN-18, ATR-IN-20, ATR-IN-21, Tuvusertib, IMP9064, ATG-018, Novartis' Tetrahydropyrazolo [1, 5-a] pyrazines lead, Schisandrin B, ATR / PARP1-IN-1, M3541, Lartesertib (M4076) , AZ31, AZ32, Wortmannin, Debio 0123, GeA-13, ZS-7, a Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) capable of degrading an ATR protein,
[0040] KU-55933, KU-60019, AZD-7648, CC-115, RP-6306, A-1331852, JTE-151, Chloroquine diphosphate.
[0041] In a preferred embodiment, the ATR inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of Ceralasertib (AZD6738) , Berzosertib (M6620) , Gartisertib (M4344) , Tuvusertib (M1774) , and Elimusertib (BAY 1895344) .
[0042] In some embodiments, the inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway is a CHK1 inhibitor selected from the group consisting of Prexasertib (LY2606368) , TT-9701, AZD7762, PF477736, CCT245737 (SRA737) , Rabusertib (LY2603618) , MK-8776 (SCH 900776) , BBI-2779, BBI-355, CCT244747, CHIR-124, V158411, CHK-IN-1, CHK1-IN-2, CHK1-IN-3, CHK1-IN-4, CHK1-IN-4 hydrochloride, CHK1-IN-5, CHK1-IN-6, CHK1-IN-7, CHK1-IN-9, CHK2-IN-1, PROTAC Chk1 degrader-1, FLT3 / CHK1-IN-2, K1586, MU380, SB-218078, GDC0575 hydrochloride, GDC-0425, FLT3 / CHK1-IN-1, Gartisertib (VX-803) , LY2880070, VER-00158411, SAR-020106, PD0166285, PD 407824, MRT00033659, GNE-900, Multi-kinase-IN-6, SCH900776, DB07288, UCN-01, XL-844, PEP07, Staurosporine, 2-TCU, BEBT-260, MCL-1020, PY-34, Debromohymenialdisine, CEP-3891, SMP-3124, PD-321852, and XCCS605B.
[0043] In a preferred embodiment, the CHK1 inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of CCT245737 (SRA737) , Prexasertib (LY2606368) , BBI-355, BBI-2779, BEBT-260, PEP07, CHK1-IN-3, TT-9701, Rabusertib (LY2603618) , CHIR124, AZD7762, and PF477736.
[0044] In some embodiments, the inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway for use according to present disclosure in combination with surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy and / or immunotherapy.
[0045] In some embodiments, the chemotherapy comprises administrating to the subject a chemotherapeutic agent or a combination of two or more chemotherapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of alkylating agents, antimetabolites, topoisomerase inhibitors, mitotic inhibitors (plant alkaloids) , antitumor antibiotics (including anthracyclines) , antibodies, antibody drug conjugate and bispecific antibody drugs, platinum compounds, DNA altering agents, microtubule modifiers, hormones / antagonists, aromatase inhibitors, small molecule kinase inhibitors, photosensitizers, cytokines, drug conjugates, vaccines, miscellaneous, PARP inhibitors, MCT1 inhibitors, other chemotherapy drugs, and corticosteroids.
[0046] In yet another preferred embodiment of the second aspect, the present disclosure provides an inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway for use in treating T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia / lymphoma (T-ALL) , wherein the inhibitor is CCT245737 (SRA737) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0047] In yet another preferred embodiment of the second aspect, the present disclosure provides an inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway for use in treating T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia / lymphoma (T-ALL) , wherein the inhibitor is Prexasertib (LY2606368) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0048] In yet another preferred embodiment of the second aspect, the present disclosure provides an inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway for use in treating triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) , wherein the inhibitor is CCT245737 (SRA737) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0049] In third aspect, the present disclosure provides use of an inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway in preparation of a medicament for treating a NOTCH pathway-related disease. In a preferred embodiment, the NOTCH pathway-related disease is a disease caused by an aberrant NOTCH signaling pathway.
[0050] In some embodiments, the disease is cancer, especially a cancer associated with mutation and / or activation of NOTCH.
[0051] In some embodiments, the disease is a cancer with mutation and / or activation of NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, or NOTCH4.
[0052] In some embodiments, the disease is selected from the group consisting of hematological malignancies such as T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia / lymphoma (T-ALL) , chronic lymphocytic leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma including mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) , marginal zone lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and solid tumors such as esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, intestinal cancer, adenoid cystic carcinoma, desmoid cancer, lung cancer including non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, brain cancer, head and neck cancer, and other cancer types with mutation and / or activation of NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, or NOTCH4.
[0053] In a preferred embodiment, the cancer treated by the present invention is characterized by a mutation or overexpression of NOTCH, for example, one or more of NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, or NOTCH4.
[0054] In a preferred embodiment, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of hematological malignancy, esophageal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, and stomach cancer. In more preferred embodiment, the disease is a cancer selected from the group consisting of hematological malignancy, esophageal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, and stomach cancer, which is characterized by a mutation or overexpression of NOTCH, for example, one or more of NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, or NOTCH4.
[0055] In a more preferred embodiment, the cancer is a hematological malignancy, particularly T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) . Further, the T-ALL may be characterized by a mutation in the NOTCH1 protein, especially a mutation in its PEST domain.
[0056] In another more preferred embodiment, the cancer is a solid tumor, particularly breast cancer, and more particularly triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) . Further, the breast cancer may be characterized by a mutation in a NOTCH protein, especially a mutation in its PEST domain.
[0057] In some embodiments, the inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway is an ATR inhibitor or a CHK1 inhibitor.
[0058] In some embodiments, the inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway is an ATR inhibitor selected from the group consisting of Ceralasertib (AZD6738) , Berzosertib (VE-822, M6620, VX-970) , Elimusertib (BAY 1895344) , Camonsertib (RP-3500) , and Gartisertib (M4344, VX-803) , M1774, ATRN-119, RP-3500, ART-0380, BAY1895344, VE-821, ICT10336, AD1058, AZ20, CGK733, ETP-46464, NU6027, Abd110, ATR-IN-14, ATR-IN-15, ATR-IN-16, ATR-IN-19, ATR-IN-29, ATR kinase substrate peptide, Torin 2, Mirin, HAMNO (NSC-111847) , Ailanthone, SKLB-197, ATR-IN-10, ATR-IN-13, ATR-IN-17, ATR-IN-18, ATR-IN-20, ATR-IN-21, Tuvusertib, IMP9064, ATG-018, Novartis' Tetrahydropyrazolo [1, 5-a] pyrazines lead, Schisandrin B, ATR / PARP1-IN-1, M3541, Lartesertib (M4076) , AZ31, AZ32, Wortmannin, Debio 0123, GeA-13, ZS-7, a Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) capable of degrading an ATR protein,
[0059] KU-55933, KU-60019, AZD-7648, CC-115, RP-6306, A-1331852, JTE-151, Chloroquine diphosphate.
[0060] In a preferred embodiment, the ATR inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of Ceralasertib (AZD6738) , Berzosertib (M6620) , Gartisertib (M4344) , Tuvusertib (M1774) , and Elimusertib (BAY 1895344) .
[0061] In some embodiments, the inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway is a CHK1 inhibitor selected from the group consisting of Prexasertib (LY2606368) , TT-9701, AZD7762, PF477736, CCT245737 (SRA737) , Rabusertib (LY2603618) , MK-8776 (SCH 900776) , BBI-2779, BBI-355, CCT244747, CHIR-124, V158411, CHK-IN-1, CHK1-IN-2, CHK1-IN-3, CHK1-IN-4, CHK1-IN-4 hydrochloride, CHK1-IN-5, CHK1-IN-6, CHK1-IN-7, CHK1-IN-9, CHK2-IN-1, PROTAC Chk1 degrader-1, FLT3 / CHK1-IN-2, K1586, MU380, SB-218078, GDC0575 hydrochloride, GDC-0425, FLT3 / CHK1-IN-1, Gartisertib (VX-803) , LY2880070, VER-00158411, SAR-020106, PD0166285, PD 407824, MRT00033659, GNE-900, Multi-kinase-IN-6, SCH900776, DB07288, UCN-01, XL-844, PEP07, Staurosporine, 2-TCU, BEBT-260, MCL-1020, PY-34, Debromohymenialdisine, CEP-3891, SMP-3124, PD-321852, and XCCS605B.
[0062] In a preferred embodiment, the CHK1 inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of CCT245737 (SRA737) , Prexasertib (LY2606368) , BBI-355, BBI-2779, BEBT-260, PEP07, CHK1-IN-3, TT-9701, Rabusertib (LY2603618) , CHIR124, AZD7762, and PF477736.
[0063] In yet another preferred embodiment of the third aspect, the present disclosure provides use of an inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway in preparation of a medicament for treating T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia / lymphoma (T-ALL) , wherein the inhibitor is CCT245737 (SRA737) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0064] In yet another preferred embodiment of the third aspect, the present disclosure provides use of an inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway in preparation of a medicament for treating T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia / lymphoma (T-ALL) , wherein the inhibitor is Prexasertib (LY2606368) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0065] In yet another preferred embodiment of the third aspect, the present disclosure provides use of an inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway in preparation of a medicament for treating triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) , wherein the inhibitor is CCT245737 (SRA737) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0066] In forth aspect, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition for use in treating a NOTCH pathway-related disease. In a preferred embodiment, the NOTCH pathway-related disease is a disease caused by an aberrant NOTCH signaling pathway, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway as defined herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0067] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises an additional therapeutic agent.
[0068] In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is a chemotherapeutic agent as defined herein.
[0069] In fifth aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit for treating a NOTCH pathway-related disease. In a preferred embodiment, the NOTCH pathway-related disease is a disease caused by an aberrant NOTCH signaling pathway, comprising the pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure, and instructions for use.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0070] FIGs. 1A-1E show integrated analysis of multidimensional data revealed that CHK1 is one of the most important regulators of the Notch pathway. FIG. 1A illustrates schematic of the integrated proteomics screening approaches used to identify CHK1 as the most important Notch pathway regulator and subsequent functional validation in mouse models. FIG. 1B illustrates MUSE analysis of multidimensional data reveals the top candidate regulators of the Notch pathway. Proteins reported to regulate the Notch pathway are indicated in green. FIG. 1C and 1D illustrate CHEK1 expression was significantly decreased in a survival-based CRISPR screen (FIG. 1C) and a Notch signal-based CRISPR screen (FIG. 1D) in JUKART cells. FIG. 1E illustrates effects of the compounds on Notch signaling and cell viability. A compound with a fold change value smaller than -1 in both survival-and signal-based screens is defined as efficient.
[0071] FIGs. 2A-2Q show treatment with CHK1 or ATR inhibitors decreases T-ALL cell viability and the level of cleaved NOTCH1. FIG. 2A illustrates representative images of the survival-based compound screen results. FIG. 2B illustrates protein level of p-CHK1 (S296) in T-ALL cells treated with CHK1 and ATR inhibitors at the screening concentration (1 μM) . FIGs. 2C-2I illustrate protein level of cleaved NOTCH1 in T-ALL cells treated with different concentrations of the CHK1 and ATR inhibitors. FIGs. 2J-2Q illustrate that T-ALL cells were treated with various compounds, and cell viability was evaluated via a CCK-8 assay. (FIG. 2A: n=2; FIGs. 2B-2I: n=3; FIGs. 2J-2Q: n=5. ) The data are shown as the mean ± SEM calculated from the indicated numbers of independent experiments.
[0072] FIGs. 3A-3T show CHK1 directly interacts with NICD1 and increases its stability. FIGs. 3A-3D illustrate CHK1 interacted with NICD1 in cells and in vitro. FIG. 3A illustrates that lysates of HEK293T cells were incubated with control IgG and antibodies recognizing CHK1. Five percent of the lysate was used as the input control. Membranes probed with antibodies recognizing actin, CHK1, and cleaved NOTCH1 are shown. FIG. 3B illustrates that HEK293T cells were cotransfected with Myc-tagged CHK1 and SFB-tagged NICD1. The cell lysates were incubated with S protein beads. Five percent of the lysate was used as the input control. Membranes probed with antibodies recognizing the FLAG and Myc epitope tags and actin are shown. FIG. 3C illustrates that immunofluorescence colocalization assay of CHK1 and NICD1. HEK293T cells were cotransfected with GFP-tagged NICD1 (green) and mCherry-tagged CHK1 (red) and were then visualized via microscopy. DAPI (blue) was used to stain nuclei. Scale bars, 10 μm. FIG. 3D illustrates in vitro binding assay of CHK1 and NICD1. SFB-tagged NICD1 and FLAG-tagged CHK1 were expressed in and purified from 293F cells. The Kd for the interaction between SFB-tagged NICD1 and FLAG-tagged CHK1 was measured via a quantitative biolayer interferometry (BLI) assay. FIG. 3E illustrates that HEK293T cells were transfected with SFB-tagged NICD1 and treated with 3 μM cisplatin for 12 h or were cotransfected with Myc-tagged CHK1 and SFB-tagged NICD1. Membranes probed with antibodies recognizing the FLAG and Myc epitope tags and actin are shown. FIG. 3F illustrates the effect of Myc-tagged CHK1 or Myc-tagged CHK2 overexpression on the cleaved NOTCH1 level. FIG. 3G illustrates the mRNA levels of Notch downstream genes in wild-type and CHK1-overexpressing HEK293T cells were measured by RT-qPCR. FIG. 3H illustrates that Wild-type and CHK1-overexpressing HEK293T cells were cotransfected with the HES1 or HES5 luciferase construct and a Renilla luciferase construct. The relative luciferase activities of the Notch target genes were determined via a dual-luciferase assay and normalized to Renilla luciferase activity. FIG. 3I illustrates that knockout of CHK1 decreased the level of cleaved NOTCH1. Membranes probed with antibodies recognizing CHK1, cleaved NOTCH1, and actin are shown. FIGs. 3J and 3K illustrate the mRNA levels of genes downstream of Notch in wild-type and CHK1 knockout cells were measured by RT-qPCR. FIGs. 3L-3N illustrate colony formation of PF382 cells, DND41 cells, and the corresponding knockout cell lines. The results of quantitative analysis are shown in (FIG. 3M) and (FIG. 3N) . FIGs. 3O-3T illustrate that xenografts were established in mice with PF382 cells, DND41 cells, and the corresponding CHK1 knockout cell lines. FIGs. 3O and 3R illustrate tumors formed from the corresponding cells. FIGs. 3P and 3S illustrate that the volume of the tumors shown in (FIG. 3O) and (FIG. 3R) was measured weekly. FIGs. 3Q and 3T illustrate that the tumors shown in (FIG. 3O) and (FIG. 3R) were weighed at the experimental endpoint. (FIGs. 3A-3N, n = 3; FIGs. 3O-3T, n =5) . The data are shown as the mean ± SEM calculated from three independent experiments. P values were calculated via two-tailed Student’s t test (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01) .
[0073] FIGs. 4A-4N show CHK1-mediated NICD1 phosphorylation contributes to the stability of NICD1 by inhibiting its ubiquitination. FIG. 4A illustrates schematic diagram showing the NICD1 phosphorylation sites. FIG. 4B illustrates mapping of the phosphorylation sites in NICD1 that mediate its stability. HEK293T cells were transfected with WT NICD1 or its mutants and treated with vehicle or SRA737 (1 μM) . The protein level of NICD1 was measured via western blotting with an antibody against the FLAG epitope. FIG. 4C illustrates in vitro phosphorylation reaction using CHK1 purified from E. coli with WT NICD1 and its T1861 mutants. FIG. 4D illustrates that HEK293T cells were transfected with WT NICD1 or its T1861 mutants and treated with cycloheximide (CHX; 50 μg / mL) . Protein stability was evaluated via western blotting with an antibody against the FLAG epitope. FIG. 4E illustrates quantitative analysis of the data described in (FIG. 4D) . FIG. 4F illustrates that HEK293T cells were transfected with WT NICD1 and treated with SRA737 and 10 μM MG132 for 4 h. The level of NICD1 was measured by Western blotting. FIG. 4G illustrates the effects of knocking out DTX2 on the level of cleaved NOTCH1. FIG. 4H illustrates that ubiquitination of NICD1 by DTX2 was evaluated in cells. HEK293T cells were transfected with SFB-tagged NICD1, HA-tagged ubiquitin, and Myc-tagged DTX2 as indicated. FIG. 4I illustrates the in vitro ubiquitination assay was performed with purified NICD1 and DTX2, which were detected via western blotting with antibodies against cleaved NOTCH1 and HA-ubiquitin. FIG. 4J illustrates that a coimmunoprecipitation assay was performed to evaluate the interactions of WT NICD1 and its mutants with DTX2. FIG. 4K illustrates that ubiquitination of WT NICD1 and its mutants by DTX2 was evaluated in HEK293T cells transfected with SFB-tagged NICD1, HA-tagged ubiquitin, or Myc-tagged DTX2 as indicated. FIG. 4L illustrates that a co-IP assay was performed to evaluate the interaction of NICD1 isolated from DND41 and PF382 cells with DTX2. FIG. 4M illustrates that HEK293T cells were transfected with WT NICD1 or its mutants isolated from DND41 and PF382 cells and treated with cycloheximide (CHX; 50 μg / mL) . Protein stability was evaluated via western blotting with an antibody against the FLAG epitope. FIG. 4N illustrates the quantitative analysis of the data described in (FIG. 4M) . (FIGs. 4B-4D, FIGs. 4F-4M, n = 3) . The data are shown as the mean ± SEM calculated from three independent experiments. P values were calculated via two-tailed Student’s t test (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01) .
[0074] FIGs. 5A-5R show CHK1 inhibitors significantly reduces T-ALL tumorigenicity, invasion, and migration. SRA737 attenuates the colony formation (FIGs. 5A-5H) , invasion (FIGs. 5I-5M) and migration ability (FIGs. 5N-5R) of leukemia cells. FIGs. 5A-5H illustrate that anchorage-independent growth abilities of vehicle and SRA737 treated cells were measured using a soft agar colony formation assay. The number of colonies in left panels were counted. FIGs. 5I-5L illustrate that invasion abilities of vehicle and SRA737 treated cells were measured using a three-dimensional culture system with Matrigel. Scale bars, 100 μm. FIG. 5N illustrates the spheres size in FIGs. 5I-5L were measured. FIGs. 5N-5Q illustrates that migration abilities of vehicle and SRA737 treated cells were measured using a transwell migration assay. Scale bars, 100 μm. FIG. 5R illustrates that the number of cells that migrated into the lower chamber in FIGs. 5N-5Q were counted. (FIGs. 5A-5R, n = 3) . The data are shown as the mean ± SEM from the indicated numbers of independent experiments. P values were calculated using two-tailed Student’s t-tests (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01) .
[0075] FIGs. 6A-6P show genetic or pharmacological inhibition of CHK1 suppressed Notch-related cancers in mice. FIG. 6A illustrates schematic diagram of mouse leukemia models in NSG mice via tail vein injection of PF382 cells, followed by vehicle or SRA737 treatment. FIG. 6B illustrates the representative figure of percentage of CD5+ leukemia cells in peripheral blood measured by flow cytometry. FIG. 6C illustrates the progression of leukemia in vivo was recorded by weekly monitoring the percentage of CD5+ leukemia cells. FIG. 6D illustrates that spleens were excised, and representative pictures of each group are shown. FIG. 6E illustrates that H&E staining of spleen tissue section derived from mice with different treatment. Scale bars, 50 μm. FIG. 6F illustrates the survival time of mice in A was recorded. FIG. 6G illustrates the weights of the mice in FIG. 6A were measured. FIG. 6H illustrates representative image of IHC staining of NOTCH1 and CHK1 in breast cancer tissue microarray. FIG. 6I illustrates the correlation between NOTCH1 and CHK1 level in tissue microarray as detected by IHC staining. FIG. 6J illustrates that macroscopic image of tumors derived from MDA-MB-157 xenograft. FIG. 6K illustrates the tumor volume derived from MDA-MB-157 xenograft were measured weekly. FIG. 6L illustrates the tumor weight of MDA-MB-157 xenograft at the end-point was measured. FIG. 6M illustrates the MDA-MB-157 xenograft bearing mouse weight was measured. FIG. 6N illustrates that breeding strategy for the generation of CHK1 knockout in RosaNotch mice. FIG. 6O illustrates that H&E staining analysis for the leukemia cell infiltration in lung, spleen and liver tissues of mice with indicated genotype. FIG. 6P illustrates the survival curve of mice from different group as indicated. (FIG. 6C, n=3; FIG. 6F, FIG. 6G, FIGs. 6J-M, FIG. 6P, n>=10) . The data are shown as the mean ± SEM from the indicated numbers of independent experiments. P values were calculated using two-tailed Student’s t-tests (*P < 0.05) .DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0076] Reference will now be made in detail to certain embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying detailed description. While enumerated embodiments will be described, it shall be understood that they are not intended to limit the present disclosure to those embodiments. On the contrary, the present disclosure is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents, which may be included within the scope of the present disclosure as defined by the claims. Those skilled in the art will recognize many methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein, which could be used in the practice of the present disclosure. The present disclosure is in no way limited to the methods and materials as described. In the event that one or more of the incorporated literatures and similar materials differs from or contradicts this disclosure, including but not limited to defined terms, term usage, described techniques, or the like, this disclosure controls.
[0077] It is appreciated that certain features of the present disclosure, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, can also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the present disclosure, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, can also be provided separately or in any suitable sub-combination.
[0078] The terms used but not defined herein have their ordinary meaning and the meaning of such terms is independent at each occurrence thereof. Nevertheless, unless otherwise stated, the following definitions apply throughout the specification and claims.
[0079] As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” , and “the” include plural referents unless expressly stated to the contrary.
[0080] NOTCH PATHWAY AND RELATED DISEASES
[0081] The NOTCH signaling pathway is a highly conserved intercellular communication mechanism in evolution, which plays a key role in the development of multicellular organisms and the determination of cell fate. The name of this signaling pathway comes from its main receptor protein, the NOTCH receptor. The NOTCH signaling pathway plays an important role in regulating cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis and stem cell maintenance.
[0082] The NOTCH signaling pathway consists of NOTCH receptors, NOTCH ligands (DSL proteins) , CSL DNA binding proteins, other effectors, and NOTCH regulatory molecules. The generation of NOTCH signal is through the interaction between NOTCH ligand and receptor of adjacent cells. NOTCH protein is released into the cytoplasm from the intracellular segment (NICD) after three cleavages, and enters the cell nucleus to bind to the transcription factor CSL to form the NICD / CSL transcription activation complex, thereby activating the target genes of the basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription repressor family such as HES, HEY, and HERP, and exerting biological effects.
[0083] In cancer, the role of NOTCH signaling is complex and it can act as an oncogenic factor or a tumor suppressor. Dysregulation of the NOTCH signaling pathway can promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis in malignant tumors, which are closely related to cancer proliferation, invasion and metastasis. In addition, the NOTCH signaling pathway is also involved in maintaining the stem cell-like properties of cancer cells, thereby enhancing cancer invasiveness. The regulatory role of NOTCH signaling in cancer metabolic reprogramming and tumor microenvironment suggests that it plays a key role in balancing oncogenic and anticancer effects. In addition, NOTCH signaling pathway is also involved in conferring chemotherapy resistance to tumor cells.
[0084] The role of NOTCH signaling pathway in various cancer types has been extensively studied. For example, the role of NOTCH signaling pathway in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) has been elucidated, and NOTCH gene mutations have been found in a variety of human cancers such as cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) , breast cancer, malignant lymphoma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) . Abnormal activation of NOTCH signaling pathway is associated with many types of cancer, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia and breast cancer.
[0085] As used herein, the term "a NOTCH pathway-related disease" refers to any disease, disorder, or pathological condition in which the NOTCH signaling pathway is involved in the initiation, progression, or maintenance of the disease's pathophysiology. The inventors of the present disclosure have found that the therapeutic methods described herein are effective for treating such diseases.
[0086] Through extensive research, the inventors have further discovered that the inhibitors of the ATR / CHK1 pathway demonstrate particularly significant and unexpected therapeutic effects in a specific subset of these NOTCH pathway-related diseases. This subset is characterized by a functionally abnormal or dysregulated NOTCH signaling pathway, hereinafter referred to as an "aberrant NOTCH signaling pathway" . Such aberrance often manifests as, but is not limited to, hyperactivation of the pathway resulting from genetic mutations (e.g., in the PEST domain) or overexpression of one or more NOTCH receptors (e.g., NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, or NOTCH4) . This aberrant activity is a key driver of the disease pathology in these specific patient populations.
[0087] Therefore, for the purposes of this disclosure, the term "a disease caused by an aberrant NOTCH signaling pathway" represents a preferred and more precise embodiment of "a NOTCH pathway-related disease" . The core of the invention lies in the finding that inhibiting the ATR / CHK1 pathway is a potent strategy for treating these conditions, especially those cancers identified as being driven by such aberrant NOTCH signaling.
[0088] In the present disclosure, the disease is a cancer with mutation and / or activation of NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, or NOTCH4. In some embodiments, the diseases include but not limited to hematological malignancies such as T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia / lymphoma (T-ALL) , chronic lymphocytic leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma including mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) , marginal zone lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and solid tumors such as esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, intestinal cancer, adenoid cystic carcinoma, desmoid cancer, lung cancer including non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, brain cancer, head and neck cancer, and other cancer types with mutation and / or activation of NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, or NOTCH4.
[0089] In a preferred embodiment, the cancer treated by the present invention is characterized by a mutation or overexpression of NOTCH, for example, one or more of NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, or NOTCH4.
[0090] In a preferred embodiment, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of hematological malignancy, esophageal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, and stomach cancer. In more preferred embodiment, the disease is a cancer selected from the group consisting of hematological malignancy, esophageal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, and stomach cancer, which is characterized by a mutation or overexpression of NOTCH, for example, one or more of NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, or NOTCH4.
[0091] In a more preferred embodiment, the cancer is a hematological malignancy, particularly T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) . Further, the T-ALL may be characterized by a mutation in the NOTCH1 protein, especially a mutation in its PEST domain.
[0092] In another more preferred embodiment, the cancer is a solid tumor, particularly breast cancer, and more particularly triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) . Further, the breast cancer may be characterized by a mutation in a NOTCH protein, especially a mutation in its PEST domain.
[0093] As used herein, "mutation" in a NOTCH gene or protein includes, but is not limited to, point mutations, insertions, deletions, frameshift mutations, gene rearrangements, and truncating mutations that lead to the activation of NOTCH signaling.
[0094] As used herein, "overexpression" of a NOTCH gene or protein refers to a level of expression (of mRNA or protein) that is significantly higher than the level in corresponding normal, non-cancerous tissue from the same subject or from a healthy population. Overexpression can be detected by standard methods known in the art, including but not limited to, immunohistochemistry (IHC) , Western Blot, RT-qPCR, or RNA-sequencing. For example, an IHC score of ++ or +++ may be considered overexpression.
[0095] Particularly, mutations in the PEST domain of NOTCH proteins are a significant form of activating mutations. Such mutations are reported in various cancers, notably in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) , as supported by the findings in the present application and the literature.
[0096] INHIBITOR FOR ATR / CHK1 PATHWAY
[0097] ATR pathway:
[0098] ATR (Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3 Related) is a protein kinase that belongs to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PIKK) family. The ATR (Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3 Related) pathway is an important component of the cell's response to DNA damage (DDR) , mainly involving checkpoint control of the cell cycle and the DNA repair process. ATR is mainly involved in sensing replication stress (RS) and transmitting its signal to the S and G2 / M checkpoints to promote repair.
[0099] The ATR pathway is essential in maintaining genome stability and integrity. ATR is activated when damage is encountered during DNA replication, such as the formation of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) . The activation of ATR involves multiple steps, including autophosphorylation of ATR kinase, recruitment of Rad17-Rfc2-5 to the junction between ssDNA and dsDNA, loading of the 9-1-1 checkpoint clamp, and recruitment of topoisomerase binding protein 1 (TOPBP1) . Activated ATR induces cell cycle arrest and DNA repair by phosphorylating and activating downstream effector proteins such as CHK1.
[0100] As used herein, the term "ATR inhibitor" refers to a type of chemical compound that inhibits the activity of the ATR kinase. By blocking the activity of ATR kinase, ATR inhibitors can enhance the killing effect of DNA damaging drugs on tumor cells. Especially when the DNA repair pathway of tumor cells is defective, the effect of ATR inhibitors is more significant. Therefore, ATR inhibitors are regarded as potential anti-cancer drugs. Currently, there are many ATR inhibitors in clinical stages around the world, including but not limited to Ceralasertib (AZD6738) , Berzosertib (VE-822, M6620, VX-970) , Elimusertib (BAY 1895344) , Camonsertib (RP-3500) , and Gartisertib (M4344, VX-803) , M1774, ATRN-119, RP-3500, ART-0380, BAY1895344, VE-821, ICT10336, AD1058, AZ20, CGK733, ETP-46464, NU6027, Abd110, ATR-IN-14, ATR-IN-15, ATR-IN-16, ATR-IN-19, ATR-IN-29, ATR kinase substrate peptide, Torin 2, Mirin, HAMNO (NSC-111847) , Ailanthone, SKLB-197, ATR-IN-10, ATR-IN-13, ATR-IN-17, ATR-IN-18, ATR-IN-20, ATR-IN-21, Tuvusertib, IMP9064, ATG-018, Novartis' Tetrahydropyrazolo [1, 5-a] pyrazines lead, Schisandrin B, ATR / PARP1-IN-1, M3541, Lartesertib (M4076) , AZ31, AZ32, Wortmannin, Debio 0123, GeA-13, ZS-7, a Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) capable of degrading an ATR protein,
[0101] KU-55933, KU-60019, AZD-7648, CC-115, RP-6306, A-1331852, JTE-151, Chloroquine diphosphate.
[0102] CHK1 pathway:
[0103] CHK1 (Checkpoint Kinase 1) is an important cell cycle checkpoint kinase that plays a key role in DNA damage response (DDR) and cell cycle regulation. The activation of the CHK1 pathway is usually associated with ATR (Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3 related) kinase, which is activated when encountering DNA damage or replication stress, thereby activating CHK1. The main functions of the CHK1 pathway include:
[0104] Regulation of cell cycle checkpoints: CHK1 phosphorylates Cdc25 family proteins, such as Cdc25A and Cdc25C, leading to their degradation or inactivation, thereby inhibiting CDK (cyclin-dependent kinase) activity, preventing the progression of the cell cycle, and buying time for DNA repair.
[0105] DNA repair: CHK1 participates in a variety of DNA repair mechanisms, including homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) . It promotes the repair of DNA damage by phosphorylating RAD51 and other DNA repair proteins.
[0106] Regulation of apoptosis: CHK1 is also involved in regulating apoptosis by affecting the activity of p53 and other apoptosis-related proteins.
[0107] Association with oxidative stress: CHK1 is not only involved in DNA damage response, but also in regulating the level of H2O2 in the nucleus, indicating that it also plays a role in cellular oxidative stress response.
[0108] Intersection with other signaling pathways: CHK1 has intersections with the ATM (Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated) and ATR pathways, forming a complex regulatory network that regulates cell cycle and apoptosis.
[0109] Dual role of CHK1: CHK1 plays a dual role in maintaining genome stability and promoting tumor development. It helps maintain genome stability in normal cells, but may promote tumor development in cancer cells.
[0110] As used herein, the term "CHK1 inhibitor" refers to a type of chemical compound that inhibits the activity of the CHK1 kinase. Due to the important role of CHK1 in cancer cells, CHK1 inhibitors are considered potential targets for cancer treatment. CHK1 inhibitors can improve the effectiveness of cancer chemotherapy by enhancing the cytotoxicity of DNA damaging agents. Currently, the research and development of CHK1 inhibitors are ongoing, and some CHK1 inhibitors have shown potential in clinical trials, especially when used in combination with DNA damaging agents, including but not limited to Prexasertib (LY2606368) , TT-9701, AZD7762, PF477736, CCT245737 (SRA737) , Rabusertib (LY2603618) , MK-8776 (SCH 900776) , BBI-2779, BBI-355, CCT244747, CHIR-124, V158411, CHK-IN-1, CHK1-IN-2, CHK1-IN-3, CHK1-IN-4, CHK1-IN-4 hydrochloride, CHK1-IN-5, CHK1-IN-6, CHK1-IN-7, CHK1-IN-9, CHK2-IN-1, PROTAC Chk1 degrader-1, FLT3 / CHK1-IN-2, K1586, MU380, SB-218078, GDC0575 hydrochloride, GDC-0425, FLT3 / CHK1-IN-1, Gartisertib (VX-803) , LY2880070, VER-00158411, SAR-020106, PD0166285, PD 407824, MRT00033659, GNE-900, Multi-kinase-IN-6, SCH900776, DB07288, UCN-01, XL-844, PEP07, Staurosporine, 2-TCU, BEBT-260, MCL-1020, PY-34, Debromohymenialdisine, CEP-3891, SMP-3124, PD-321852, and XCCS605B.
[0111] The ATR signaling pathway and the CHK1 signaling pathway together constitute a key regulatory network for the cell's response to DNA damage (DDR) , and may also be collectively referred to as the ATR / CHK1 signaling pathway or ATR / CHK1 pathway in the present disclosure.
[0112] As used herein, the terms “ATR / CHK1 pathway inhibitor (s) ” and “inhibitor (s) of ATR / CHK1 pathway” comprise ATR inhibitor (s) and CHK1 inhibitor (s) .
[0113] USAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
[0114] In canonical Notch signaling, receptor–ligand binding triggers sequential cleavage of Notch proteins by a disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAMs) and γ-secretases, which induces the release of the Notch intracellular domain (NICD) and its subsequent translocation to the nucleus, where it interacts with the CBF1 / Suppressor of Hairless / LAG1 (CSL; also called RBP-JK) transcription factor complex and activates the expression of a set of genes, including HES1 and c-MYC. Dysregulation of Notch signaling has been found in many human diseases ranging from developmental syndromes to complex diseases such as metabolic diseases and cancers. Mechanistically, CHK1 phosphorylates the Notch intracellular domain (NICD) , thereby stabilizing it by inhibiting its DTX2-mediated ubiquitination and degradation. The present inventors surprisingly found that ATR / CHK1 pathway inhibitors can therapeutically regulate NOTCH signaling by inhibiting the ATR / CHK1 pathway, thereby achieving the treatment of diseases associated with the NOTCH pathway, especially cancers associated with mutation and / or activation of NOTCH.
[0115] Therefore, the ATR / CHK1 pathway inhibitors can be used as medicaments for treating a subject suffer from a NOTCH pathway-related disease, particularly, a disease caused by an aberrant NOTCH signaling pathway. In some embodiment, the disease is cancer, especially a cancer associated with mutation and / or activation of NOTCH. In some embodiment, the disease is a cancer with mutation and / or activation of NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, or NOTCH4. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer associated with abnormal activation of NOTCH, for example abnormal activation of NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, or NOTCH4.
[0116] In some embodiments, the disease is selected from the group consisting of hematological malignancies such as T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia / lymphoma (T-ALL) , chronic lymphocytic leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma including mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) , marginal zone lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and solid tumors such as esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, intestinal cancer, adenoid cystic carcinoma, desmoid cancer, lung cancer including non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, brain cancer, head and neck cancer, and other cancer types with mutation and / or activation of NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, or NOTCH4.
[0117] In a preferred embodiment, the cancer treated by the present invention is characterized by a mutation or overexpression of NOTCH, for example, one or more of NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, or NOTCH4.
[0118] In a preferred embodiment, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of hematological malignancy, esophageal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, and stomach cancer. In more preferred embodiment, the disease is a cancer selected from the group consisting of hematological malignancy, esophageal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, and stomach cancer, which is characterized by a mutation or overexpression of NOTCH, for example, one or more of NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, or NOTCH4.
[0119] In a more preferred embodiment, the cancer is a hematological malignancy, particularly T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) . Further, the T-ALL may be characterized by a mutation in the NOTCH1 protein, especially a mutation in its PEST domain.
[0120] In another more preferred embodiment, the cancer is a solid tumor, particularly breast cancer, and more particularly triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) . Further, the breast cancer may be characterized by a mutation in a NOTCH protein, especially a mutation in its PEST domain.
[0121] The ATR / CHK1 pathway inhibitors of the present disclosure may be administered in an amount effective to treat the diseases or conditions as described herein.
[0122] The ATR / CHK1 pathway inhibitors of the present disclosure are administered by any suitable route in the form of a pharmaceutical composition adapted to such a route, and in a dose effective for the treatment intended. The ATR / CHK1 pathway inhibitors of the present disclosure may be administered orally, rectally, vaginally, parenterally, or topically.
[0123] As used herein, the terms “administration” and “administer” refer to absorbing, ingesting, injecting, inhaling, implanting, or otherwise introducing the ATR / CHK1 pathway inhibitors of the present disclosure. The terms “treatment” and “treat” refer to reversing, alleviating, delaying the onset of, or inhibiting the progress of a “pathological condition” (e.g., a disease, disorder, or condition, or one or more signs or symptoms thereof) described herein. In certain embodiments, treatment may be administered after one or more signs or symptoms of a disease or condition have developed or have been observed. In other embodiments, treatment may be administered in the absence of signs or symptoms of the disease or condition. For example, treatment may be administered to a susceptible individual prior to the onset of symptoms (e.g., in light of a history of symptoms and / or in light of genetic or other susceptibility factors) . Treatment may also be continued after symptoms have resolved, for example, to delay or prevent recurrence. As used herein, the terms “disease” , “disorder” , “condition” , and “pathological condition” are used interchangeably.
[0124] Dosage levels for administration can be determined by those skilled in the art by routine experimentation. The dosage regimen for the ATR / CHK1 pathway inhibitors and / or compositions comprising the ATR / CHK1 pathway inhibitors is based on a variety of factors, including the type, age, weight, sex, and medical condition of the patient; the severity of the condition; the route of administration; and the activity of the particular compound employed. Thus, the dosage regimen may vary widely. For example, dosage levels for the ATR / CHK1 pathway inhibitor may be from about 0.001 to about 100 mg / kg (i.e., mg per kilogram of body weight) per day. In certain embodiments, the total daily dose of a ATR / CHK1 pathway inhibitor, administered in single or divided doses, may be from about 0.001 to about 10 mg / kg.
[0125] In certain embodiments, the ATR / CHK1 pathway inhibitor may be administered in combination with one or more of additional therapeutical agents. In certain embodiments, non-limiting examples of the additional therapeutical agents may include an anti-cancer agent. The additional therapeutical agent (s) can be administered before, after, or at the same time that the ATR / CHK1 pathway inhibitor is administered.
[0126] As used herein, the term “anti-cancer agent” refers to any agent which is administered to a subject suffered from a cancer for the purposes of treating the cancer. Surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy may be used in combination with the ATR / CHK1 pathway inhibitor for cancer treatment. Such medicinal therapy, e.g., a chemotherapy or a targeted therapy, may include one or more, but preferably one of the following anti-cancer agents:
[0127] Alkylating agents (including nitrosoureas) : for example, Altretamine, Bendamustine, Busulfan, Carboplatin, Chlorambucil, Cisplatin, Cyclophosphamide, Dacarbazine, Ifosfamide, Mechlorethamine, Melphalan, Oxaliplatin, Procarbazine, Temozolomide, Thiotepa, Trabectedin, Carmustine, Lomustine, Streptozocin.
[0128] Antimetabolites: for example, 5-fluorouracil, 6-mercaptopurine, Azacitidine, Capecitabine, Cladribine, Clofarabine, Cytarabine, Decitabine, Floxuridine, Fludarabine, Gemcitabine, Hydroxyurea, Methotrexate, Nelarabine, Pemetrexed, Pentostatin, Pralatrexate, Thioguanine, Trifluridine / tipiracil combination, Tegafur, Raltitrexed, Tioguanine, Azathioprine.
[0129] Topoisomerase inhibitors: for example, Etoposide, Irinotecan, Irinotecan liposomal, Mitoxantrone, Teniposide, Topotecan.
[0130] Mitotic inhibitors (plant alkaloids) : for example, Cabazitaxel, Docetaxel, Nab-paclitaxel, Paclitaxel, Vinblastine, Vincristine, Vincristine liposomal, Vinorelbine, Vindesine.
[0131] Antitumor antibiotics (including anthracyclines) : for example, Daunorubicin, Doxorubicin, Doxorubicin liposomal, Epirubicin, Idarubicin, Mitoxantrone, Valrubicin, Bleomycin, Dactinomycin, Mitomycin-C.
[0132] Antibodies: for example, Adalimumab, Pembrolizumab, Nivolumab, Bevacizumab, Rituximab, Ustekinumab, Trastuzumab, Infliximab, Denosumab, Eculizumab, Ranibizumab, Ocrelizumab, Secukinumab, Pertuzumab, Golimumab, Omalizumab, Daratumumab, Vedolizumab, Dupilumab, Tocilizumab.
[0133] Antibody drug conjugate and bispecific antibody drugs: for example, Adcetris, Besponsa, Blenrep, Elahere, Enhertu, Kadcyla, Mylotarg, Myoscint, Padcev, Polivy, Prostascint, Tivdak, Trodelvy, Zevalin, Zynlonta, Blincyto, Columvi, Elrexfio, Epkinly, Hemlibra, Lunsumio, Rybrevant, Talvey, Tecvayli, Vabysmo.
[0134] Platinum compounds: for example, Carboplatin, Cisplatin, Eptaplatin, Miriplatine Hydrate, Oxaliplatin, Lobaplatin, Nedaplatin, Picoplatin, Satraplatin.
[0135] DNA altering agents: for example, Amrubicin, Bisantrene, Decitabine, Mitoxantrone, Procarbazine, Trabectedin, Clofarabine; Amsacrine, Brostallicin, Pixantrone, Laromustine.
[0136] Microtubule modifiers: for example, Cabazitaxel, Docetaxel, Eribulin, Ixabepilone, Paclitaxel, Vinblastine, Vincristine, Vinorelbine, Vindesine, Vinflunine, Fosbretabulin, Tesetaxel.
[0137] Hormones / Antagonists: for example, Abarelix, Abiraterone, Bicalutamide, Buserelin, Calusterone, Chlorotrianisene, Degarelix, Dexamethasone, Estradiol, Fluocortolone, Fluoxymesterone, Flutamide, Fulvestrant, Goserelin, Histrelin, Leuprorelin, Megestrol, Mitotane, Nafarelin, Nandrolone, Nilutamide, Octreotide, Prednisolone, Raloxifene, Tamoxifen, Thyrotropin Alfa, Toremifene, Trilostane, Triptorelin, Diethylstilbestrol, Acolbifene, Danazol, Deslorelin, Epitiostanol, Orteronel, Enzalutamide.
[0138] Aromatase inhibitors: for example, Aminoglutethimide, Anastrozole, Exemestane, Fadrozole, Letrozole, Testolactone, Formestane.
[0139] Small molecule kinase inhibitors: for example, Crizotinib, Dasatinib, Erlotinib, Imatinib, Lapatinib, Nilotinib, Pazopanib, Regorafenib, Ruxolitinib, Sorafenib, Sunitinib, Vandetanib, Vemurafenib, Bosutinib, Gefitinib, Axitinib; Afatinib, Alisertib, Dabrafenib, Dacomitinib, Dinaciclib, Dovitinib, Enzastaurin, Nintedanib, Lenvatinib, Linifanib, Linsitinib, Masitinib, Midostaurin, Motesanib, Neratinib, Orantinib, Perifosine, Ponatinib, Radotinib, Rigosertib, Tepotinib, Tipifarnib, Tivantinib, Tivozanib, Trametinib, Pimasertib, Brivanib Alaninate, Cediranib, Apatinib, Cabozantinib S-Malate, Ibrutinib, Icotinib, Buparlisib, Cipatinib, Cobimetinib, Idelalisib, Fedratinib Tesevatinib.
[0140] Photosensitizers: for example, Methoxsalen, Porfimer Sodium, Talaporfin, Temoporfin.
[0141] Cytokines: for example, aldesleukin, interferon alfa2, interferon alfa2a, interferon alfa2b, celmoleukin, tasonermin, teceleukin, oprelvekin, recombinant interferon beta-1a.
[0142] Drug Conjugates: for example, denileukin diftitox, ibritumomab tiuxetan, iobenguane I 123, prednimustine, trastuzumab emtansine, estramustine, gemtuzumab, ozogamicin, aflibercept, cintredekin besudotox, edotreotide, inotuzumab ozogamicin, naptumomab estafenatox, oportuzumab monatox, technetium (99mTc) arcitumomab, vintafolide.
[0143] Vaccines: for example, sipuleucel, vitespen, emepepimut-S, oncoVAX, rindopepimut, troVax, MGN-1601, MGN-1703.
[0144] Miscellaneous: for example, alitretinoin, bexarotene, bortezomib, everolimus, ibandronic acid, imiquimod, lenalidomide, lentinan, metirosine, mifamurtide, pamidronic acid, pegaspargase, pentostatin, sipuleucel, sizofiran, tamibarotene, temsirolimus, thalidomide, tretinoin, vismodegib, zoledronic acid, vorinostat; celecoxib, cilengitide, entinostat, etanidazole, ganetespib, idronoxil, iniparib, ixazomib, lonidamine, nimorazole, panobinostat, peretinoin, plitidepsin, pomalidomide, procodazol, ridaforolimus, tasquinimod, telotristat, thymalfasin, tirapazamine, tosedostat, trabedersen, ubenimex, valspodar, gendicine, picibanil, reolysin, retaspimycin hydrochloride, trebananib, virulizin, carfilzomib, endostatin, immucothel, belinostat.
[0145] PARP inhibitors: for example, Olaparib, Veliparib.
[0146] MCT1 inhibitors: for example, AZD3965, BAY-8002.
[0147] Other chemotherapy drugs: for example, All-trans-retinoic acid, Arsenic trioxide, Asparaginase, Eribulin, Ixabepilone, Mitotane, Omacetaxine, Pegaspargase, Procarbazine, Romidepsin, Vorinostat.
[0148] Corticosteroids (people taking chemotherapy drugs also take corticosteroids to help manage side effects) : for example, Dexamethasone, Hydrocortisone, Methylprednisolone, Prednisolone, Prednisone.
[0149] PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS
[0150] In some aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the ATR / CHK1 pathway inhibitor, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
[0151] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient” refers to a carrier or excipient which is useful for preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is generally safe, non-toxic, and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable, and includes carrier or excipient that is acceptable for veterinary use as well as human pharmaceutical use. A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient as used herein includes both one and more than one such carrier or excipient. The particular carrier or excipient used will depend upon the means and purpose for which the ATR / CHK1 pathway inhibitor is being applied. Suitable carriers and excipients are well known to those skilled in the art and are described in detail in, e.g., Ansel, Howard C, et al., Ansel’s Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams &Wilkins, 2004; Gennaro, Alfonso R., et al., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams &Wilkins, 2000; and Rowe, Raymond C. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients. Chicago, Pharmaceutical Press, 2005. One or more of buffers, stabilizing agents, surfactants, wetting agents, lubricating agents, emulsifiers, suspending agents, preservatives, antioxidants, opaquing agents, glidants, processing aids, colorants, sweeteners, perfuming agents, flavoring agents, diluents, and other known additives may also be included to provide an elegant presentation of the drug (i.e., the compound or pharmaceutical composition as provided herein) or aid in the manufacturing of the pharmaceutical product (i.e., medicament) .
[0152] The compositions of the present disclosure may be formulated in a variety of forms. These include, for example, liquid, semi-solid, and solid dosage forms, such as liquid solutions (e.g., injectable and infusible solutions) , dispersions, or suspensions, tablets, pills, powders, liposomes, suppositories, etc. The form depends on the intended mode of administration and therapeutic application.
[0153] Pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure may be prepared by any of the well-known techniques of pharmacy, such as effective formulation and administration procedures. The above considerations in regard to effective formulations and administration procedures are well known in the art, and are described in standard textbooks. Formulation of pharmaceutical products is discussed in, e.g., Hoover, John E., Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pennsylvania, 1975; Liberman, et al., Eds., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel Decker, New York, N. Y., 1980; and Kibbe, et al., Eds., Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 3rd Edition, American Pharmaceutical Association, Washington, 1999.
[0154] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise the ATR / CHK1 pathway inhibitor, in combination with one or more of additional therapeutical agents such as an anti-cancer agent, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
[0155] In a further aspect, the present disclosure relates to a kit for treating a NOTCH pathway-related disease, particularly, a disease caused by an aberrant NOTCH signaling pathway, which comprises a ATR / CHK1 pathway inhibitor, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising ATR / CHK1 pathway inhibitor, a container, and optionally a package insert or label indicating treatment. In certain embodiments, the kit may further contain one or more of additional therapeutical agents such as an anti-cancer agent.
[0156] METHODS OF TREATMENT
[0157] In a further aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a method for treating a NOTCH pathway-related disease, particularly, a disease caused by an aberrant NOTCH signaling pathway, comprising administrating to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway.
[0158] As used herein, the term “subject in need thereof” is a subject having a NOTCH pathway-related disease, particularly, a disease caused by an aberrant NOTCH signaling pathway, or a subject having an increased risk of developing NOTCH pathway-related disease, particularly, a disease caused by an aberrant NOTCH signaling pathway relative to the population at large. In certain embodiments, the subject is a warm-blooded animal. In certain embodiments, the warm-blooded animal is a mammal. In certain embodiments, the warm-blooded animal is a human.
[0159] In some embodiment, the disease is cancer, especially a cancer associated with mutation and / or activation of NOTCH. In some embodiment, the disease is a cancer with mutation and / or activation of NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, or NOTCH4. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer associated with abnormal activation of NOTCH, for example abnormal activation of NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, or NOTCH4.
[0160] In some embodiments, the disease is selected from the group consisting of hematological malignancies such as T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia / lymphoma (T-ALL) , chronic lymphocytic leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma including mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) , marginal zone lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and solid tumors such as esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, intestinal cancer, adenoid cystic carcinoma, desmoid cancer, lung cancer including non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, brain cancer, head and neck cancer, and other cancer types with mutation and / or activation of NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, or NOTCH4.
[0161] In a preferred embodiment, the cancer treated by the present invention is characterized by a mutation or overexpression of NOTCH, for example, one or more of NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, or NOTCH4.
[0162] In a preferred embodiment, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of hematological malignancy, esophageal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, and stomach cancer. In more preferred embodiment, the disease is a cancer selected from the group consisting of hematological malignancy, esophageal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, and stomach cancer, which is characterized by a mutation or overexpression of NOTCH, for example, one or more of NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, or NOTCH4.
[0163] In a more preferred embodiment, the cancer is a hematological malignancy, particularly T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) . Further, the T-ALL may be characterized by a mutation in the NOTCH1 protein, especially a mutation in its PEST domain.
[0164] In another more preferred embodiment, the cancer is a solid tumor, particularly breast cancer, and more particularly triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) . Further, the breast cancer may be characterized by a mutation in a NOTCH protein, especially a mutation in its PEST domain.
[0165] The method of treating a NOTCH pathway-related disease, particularly, a disease caused by an aberrant NOTCH signaling pathway as described herein may be used as a monotherapy. As used herein, the term “monotherapy” refers to the administration of a single active or therapeutic compound to a subject in need thereof. In certain embodiments, monotherapy will involve administration of a therapeutically effective amount of an inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway, to a subject in need of such treatment.
[0166] Depending upon the particular disease or condition to be treated, the method of treating a NOTCH pathway-related disease, particularly, a disease caused by an aberrant NOTCH signaling pathway described herein may involve, in addition to administration of the inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway, combination therapy of surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy, for example, one or more additional therapeutic agent (s) , for example, an anti-cancer agent. As used herein, the term “combination therapy” refers to a comprehensive treatment method that combines multiple treatment means, such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. In some embodiments, the combination therapy refers to the administration of a combination of multiple active therapeutic agents. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway may be administered simultaneously, separately or sequentially to treatment with surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy, for example, one or more additional therapeutic agent (s) . In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent (s) may be administered separately from the inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway, as part of a multiple dosage regimen. Alternatively, the additional therapeutic agent (s) may be part of a single dosage form, mixed with the inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway.
[0167] In a further aspect, the present disclosure is directed to an inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway for use in treating a NOTCH pathway-related disease, particularly, a disease caused by an aberrant NOTCH signaling pathway.
[0168] In a further aspect, the present disclosure is directed to use of an inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway in preparation of a medicament for treating a NOTCH pathway-related disease, particularly, a disease caused by an aberrant NOTCH signaling pathway.
[0169] EXAMPLES
[0170] In order that the disclosure may be more fully understood, the following examples are set forth. The examples described herein are offered to illustrate the compounds, methods and compositions provided herein and are not to be construed in any way as limiting the scope of the disclosure.
[0171] MATERIALS AND METHODS
[0172] Constructs
[0173] The cDNAs encoding all of the genes used in this study were obtained from the hORFV5.1 library or amplified via PCR from HEK293T cells or leukemia cells. The cDNAs were subcloned and inserted into the pDONR201 vector (Invitrogen, USA) as entry clones and were subsequently transferred to Gateway-compatible destination vectors to express C-terminally SFB-or Myc-tagged fusion proteins. Deletion mutants of CHK1 and NICD were generated by introducing point mutations and verified by sequencing. Other plasmids were constructed via a double enzyme digestion strategy.
[0174] Cell culture, transfection, and virus transduction
[0175] HEK293T and MDA-MB-157 cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10%fetal bovine serum (FBS) . HSB2, JURKAT, PF382 and DND41 cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10%FBS. All culture media were supplemented with 1%penicillin and streptomycin. All the cells were grown in a humidified atmosphere containing 5%CO2 at 37℃ under 5%CO2 and periodically monitored for mycoplasma contamination.
[0176] Constructs encoding C-terminally SFB-tagged proteins were transfected into HEK-293T cells via polyethyleneimine (Polysciences, USA) . For stable cell line establishment, cells were selected by incubation in medium containing 2 μg / mL puromycin (Sangon, China) , and the expression of the constructs was confirmed via western blot analysis. For gene knockout, CRISPR constructs were packaged into lentiviruses by cotransfection with the envelope plasmid pMD2. G and the packaging plasmid psPAX2 into HEK-293T cells. Forty-eight hours after transfection, the supernatant was collected and stored at -80℃. Cell infection was repeated twice at 24 h intervals to achieve maximal infection efficiency.
[0177] Screening of compounds
[0178] For toxicity and Notch activity screening, JURKAT and DND41 cells were plated in 96-well plates, and the chemical library (TargetMol, Boston, MA, USA) , a collection of 1, 336 off-patent drugs already approved by the FDA, was added to each well at a final concentration of 10 μM. Forty-eight hours after addition of the compound library, cell viability and Notch activity were analyzed via a CCK-8 assay and measurement of the GFP intensity, respectively. The compound screen was performed with two independent experiments per cell line. A compound with a fold change value of less than -1 in both the survival-and signal-based screens was defined as efficient.
[0179] CRISPR screen
[0180] We used the Toronto Knock Out Library v3 (TKOv3) guide RNA (gRNA) library, which contains 70,948 gRNAs targeting 18, 053 protein-coding genes, for the genome-wide CRISPR screen55. The pooled CRISPR TKOv3 library (Addgene pooled library #90294) was a generous gift from Chao Wang. In addition to the 70, 948 gRNAs targeting 18, 053 protein-coding genes (4 gRNAs / gene) mentioned above, this library also contains 142 control gRNAs targeting EGFP, LacZ, and luciferase, for a total library size of 71, 090 gRNAs. Lentiviruses containing the library were produced as previously described56. In brief, 9 million HEK293T cells were seeded per 15 cm plate and transfected 24 h after seeding with a mixture of 8 μg of the LCV2 vector containing the library, 4.8 μg of the packaging plasmid psPAX2, and 3.8 μg of the envelope plasmid pMD2. G. After 18 h, the medium was changed to serum-free, high-bovine serum albumin (BSA) growth medium (DMEM supplemented with 1.1 g / 100 mL BSA and 1%penicillin / streptomycin) . The virus-containing medium was harvested 48 and 72 h after transfection, centrifuged at 1, 500 rpm for 5 min, and frozen.
[0181] For screening, 1.2 × 108 JURKAT DND41 cells were infected with lentiviruses containing the TKOv3 library at a low multiplicity of infection (MOI; ~ 0.3) . Then, 24 h after infection, the infected cells were selected by incubation with puromycin for 48–72 hr. After selection, the cells were divided into 3 replicates, passaged every 3 days, and maintained at 200-fold coverage. The cells were collected at 300-fold coverage for genomic DNA extraction on day 0 and day 21 post-selection.
[0182] Genomic DNA was extracted from the cell pellets with the Wizard Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Promega, USA) . gRNA inserts were amplified via PCR with primers containing Illumina TruSeq adapters with i5 and i7 barcodes, and the resulting libraries were sequenced on a NovaSeq system in PE150 mode. The sequencing data were used for Model-based Analysis of Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 Knockout (MAGecK)57with a fold change of 1.5 as the threshold to identify enriched and depleted genes.
[0183] TAP, MS, and data analysis
[0184] TAP–MS was performed as previously described37. For MS data analysis, the MUSE algorithm was used to identify high-confidence interacting proteins and key regulators of the whole pathway. We then used the R packages clusterProfiler and BiocManager to perform Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis (including the cellular component, biological process, and molecular function categories) and pathway enrichment analysis. The core regulatory network of the Notch pathway was visualized with Cytoscape software.
[0185] Generation of CRISPR knockout clones
[0186] Oligonucleotides specific for the target sites in CHEK1 (sg-CHEK1: 5′-AATATTTTCTGGACAGTCTA (SEQ ID NO. 1) ) were designed with the Benchling tool (www. benchling. com) and ligated into the BsmBI restriction site in the lentiCRISPR v2 plasmid, which was a gift from Feng Zhang (Addgene plasmid #52961)58. Cells were then infected with the lentiCRISPR-containing virus as described above and selected with puromycin until single-cell clones emerged. Individual clones were further expanded, and the loss of CHK1 expression was confirmed by immunoblotting.
[0187] Western blotting and immunoprecipitation
[0188] Cells were washed twice with PBS and dissolved in NETN lysis buffer [20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0; 100 mM NaCl; 0.5%NP-40; and 1 mM EDTA supplemented with protease and phosphatase inhibitors (Roche, Switzerland) ] . The protein concentration was quantified via a bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay (Beyotime, China) , and the proteins were then boiled in 2× Laemmli buffer.
[0189] For immunoprecipitation, 1 × 107 cells were lysed with NETN buffer on ice for 30 min. The lysates were then incubated with 30 μL of conjugated S-beads (for pulldown of SFB-tagged proteins) for 2 h at 4℃ or incubated with antibodies against endogenous proteins for 1 h at 4℃ prior to the addition of 20 μL of protein A / G agarose and incubation for 2 h at 4℃. The beads were washed three times with NETN buffer and boiled in 2× Laemmli buffer. Equal amounts of protein were separated via sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and transferred onto a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane with an eBlot L1 wet transfer apparatus (GenScript, China) . The membrane was blocked in 5%dried milk diluted in TBS-T (Tris-buffered saline / 0.05%Tween 20) and then incubated with the indicated antibody. The primary antibody was detected with a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) -conjugated secondary antibody, and the resulting signal was detected with an enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) reagent (NCM Biotech, China) .
[0190] The following primary antibodies and reagents were used: anti-Actin antibody (Genescript, A00702, China) , anti-FLAG antibody (Sigma, B3111, USA) , anti-Myc antibody (Genescript, A00704, China) , anti-cleaved NOTCH1 antibody (CST, #3608 and #4147, USA) , anti-CHK1 antibody (Santa Cruz, sc-8408) , anti-pCHK1 antibody (S296) (Abcam, ab79758, USA) , anti-HA antibody (Genescript, A01244, China) , anti-thiophosphate ester antibody (Abcam, ab92570, USA) , 4’ , 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI; CST, #4083, USA) , and Phos-Biotin (APExBIO, F4001, USA) .
[0191] Immunofluorescence staining
[0192] Cells were seeded on glass coverslips and fixed for 10 min with 4%paraformaldehyde at room temperature. The cells were then permeabilized for 10 min with 0.1%Triton X-100, washed with PBS, and blocked in 0.5%BSA / PBS for 30 min before incubation with primary antibodies at room temperature for 1 h. The cells were subsequently incubated with fluorescent secondary antibodies, followed by DAPI staining to label the nuclei. Coverslips were mounted using Prolong Gold antifade reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) . Imaging was performed using an Olympus microscope (FV3000, Japan) .
[0193] Mouse embryo sections were dehydrated in accordance with a standard protocol, and antigen retrieval was performed with sodium citrate buffer for 25 min. After being washed in PBS three times, the slides were blocked with 10%NGS / PBS for 30 min. The subsequent staining steps were performed as described above.
[0194] CCK-8 assay
[0195] Cell viability was measured via a CCK-8 assay according to the manufacturer’s instructions (TargetMol, USA) . T-ALL cells were incubated with vehicle, prexasertib (MCE, USA) , or other CHK1 inhibitors at different concentrations as indicated for 36 h. Then, the cells were treated with CCK-8 reagent and incubated for another 4 h. The absorbance was measured at 450 nm, and cell viability was calculated.
[0196] Soft agar colony formation assay
[0197] To evaluate the anchorage-independent growth ability of tumor cells subjected to different treatments, soft agar colony formation assays were performed. In brief, cells were treated with various compounds or transfected with the indicated constructs. Then, the cells were split and seeded (1000 cells / well) on 0.35%agar (Sangon, China) mixed with culture medium (layered on top of 0.5%agar in medium) in 6-well plates. The cells were cultured at 37℃ for 3 weeks. Images of the plates were acquired and analyzed with ImageJ software. Each experiment was performed in triplicate, and statistical analysis was performed with Prism software.
[0198] Sphere formation assay
[0199] Sphere formation was measured in a three-dimensional culture system with Matrigel (Corning, USA) . A total of 5,000 cells were mixed with 500 μL of Matrigel and plated in 24-well plates. The spheres were visualized via microscopy 7 days after seeding. The number and average diameter of the spheres were determined with a GelDoc instrument and Quantity One software (Bio-Rad, USA) .
[0200] Transwell migration assay
[0201] Cells treated with or without chemical compounds were seeded in the upper chambers of cell culture inserts containing a permeable membrane in a 24-well plate, and serum-containing medium was added to the lower chambers. Following an incubation period (24–36 h) , the cells that migrated through the membrane were counted.
[0202] Evaluation of protein binding kinetics
[0203] NICD1 and CHK1 were cloned and inserted into the pDEST-SFB and pCAG plasmids, respectively. The SFB-NICD1 and FLAG-CHK1 proteins were purified with M2 agarose. Protein binding kinetics were measured with an Octet Systems platform with streptavidin (SA) biosensors.
[0204] RNA isolation and qPCR
[0205] Total RNA was extracted using TRIzol reagent (Takara, Japan) , and cDNA was reverse transcribed from 1 μg of total RNA with Highscript III reverse transcriptase (Vazyme, China) . The abundances of mRNAs encoding specific genes were quantified via qPCR with SYBR Green in a Jena Qtower 3G qPCR system. The relative mRNA levels were determined via the comparative Ct method with ACTIN as the reference gene and the formula 2-ΔΔCt. The primers used are listed below.
[0206] HES1-F, 5'-CCTGTCATCCCCGTCTACAC (SEQ ID NO. 2) ,
[0207] HES1-R, 5'-CACATGGAGTCCGCCGTAA (SEQ ID NO. 3) ,
[0208] HES5-F, 5'-CGCATCAACAGCAGCATCGAG (SEQ ID NO. 4) ,
[0209] HES5-R, 5'-GACGAAGGCTTTGCTGTGCT (SEQ ID NO. 5) ,
[0210] c-MYC-F, 5'-GGCTCCTGGCAAAAGGTCA (SEQ ID NO. 6) ,
[0211] c-MYC-R, 5-CTGCGTAGTTGTGCTGATGT (SEQ ID NO. 7) ,
[0212] Actin-F, 5'-TTGCCGACAGGATGCAGAAGGA (SEQ ID NO. 8) , and
[0213] Actin-R, 5'-AGGTGGACAGCGAGGCCAGGAT (SEQ ID NO. 9) .
[0214] Luciferase reporter assay
[0215] The HES1 and HES5 promoter-driven luciferase reporter constructs were generated by inserting the HES1 and HES5 promoters into the pGL3-basic firefly luciferase reporter vector. For the luciferase assay, cells were plated at 50%confluence in 24-well plates and cultured overnight. The firefly luciferase reporter construct and the control Renilla reporter vector were cotransfected into 293T cells at a molar ratio of 10: 1. After 24 h of culture, the luciferase activities were measured with a Dual Luciferase Assay System (Promega, USA) . Firefly luciferase activity was normalized to Renilla luciferase activity as the control and to the corresponding values in the control group.
[0216] In vitro and in vivo ubiquitination assays
[0217] To analyze the ubiquitination of NICD1 in vitro, His-SUMO-E1 was purified with NTA agarose. The SUMO tag was cleaved with Ulp1. GST-UbcH5C was purified with GST agarose. The GST tag was cleaved with PreScission protease (GenScript, China) . SUMO-NICD1 and GST-DTX2 were purified with NTA and GST agarose, respectively. Ubiquitination assays were performed in 30 μL of reaction buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 8.0; 150 mM NaCl; 10 mM MgCl2; 0.1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) ; and 2 mM ATP) . The mixture was incubated at 37℃ for 30 min, the reaction was terminated by the addition of 5× SDS-PAGE sample buffer containing 100 mM DTT, and ubiquitination was analyzed by immunoblotting with the indicated antibodies.
[0218] To analyze the ubiquitination of NICD1 in cells, SFB-tagged NICD1 or its mutants, Myc-tagged DTX2, and HA-tagged Ubiquitin or its mutants were coexpressed in HEK293T cells. Forty-eight hours after transfection, the cells were treated with vehicle or 10 μM MG132 for 4 h and were then lysed with NETN buffer on ice for 30 min. The lysates were then incubated with 20 μL of S protein beads in 1 mL of NETN buffer for 2 h at 4 ℃. The beads were washed three times with NETN buffer and subjected to SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblotting with antibodies against the indicated proteins.
[0219] Kinase assays in vitro and in cells
[0220] His-CHK1 and NICD1 were purified from E. coli with NTA agarose. The CHK1 kinase assay was performed by incubating the CHK1 protein with NICD1 for 30 min at RT in 30 μL of kinase reaction buffer containing 1 mM ATPγS (Abcam, UK) . After incubation, the kinase reaction was terminated by the addition of 2.5 mM p-nitrobenzyl mesylate (Abcam, UK) and incubation for 2 h at RT59. Proteins were then separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to PVDF membranes for western blotting.
[0221] To detect the phosphorylation of NICD1 in cells, proteins in the samples were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to a PVDF membrane. The PVDF membrane was then washed with TBST for 20 min before incubation with Phos-tag biotin solution [TBS-T supplemented with 6 μM ZnCl2, 2 μM Phos-tag Biotin (ApexBio, USA) and 2 ng / mL streptavidin-HRP (Yeasen, China) ]60. After 30 min of incubation, the membrane was visualized by ECL.
[0222] Mice
[0223] Chek1flox / flox mice on a C57BL / 6 background were generated at the Shanghai Model Organisms Center, Inc. CD4-Cre and Tie2-Cre mice were kindly provided by the Heping Xu and Hongjun Shi laboratory and crossed with our Chek1flox / flox mice, which were bred in-house. Conditional knockout of CHEK1 in the offspring was verified by genotyping, and the homozygotes were used for subsequent experiments. RosaNotch mutant mice were purchased from The Jackson Laboratory (strain #008159, RRID: IMSR_JAX: 008159) and crossed with CD4-Cre mice to study Notch activation in the context of leukemia. SRA737 was administered orally (20 mg / kg) to mice with RosaNotch transgene-induced leukemia.
[0224] Mouse xenograft and leukemia models
[0225] All animal experiments were performed in accordance with a protocol approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Westlake University. To establish the mouse xenograft models, 5 × 106 cells (e.g., DND41 and DND41 CHK1-KO cells) were resuspended in 100 μL of Matrigel diluted 1: 1 with PBS and injected subcutaneously into the left and right flanks of 5 anesthetized 6-week-old female BALB / c nude mice (Charles River, China) . Starting on day 7, tumor formation was observed weekly, and tumor sizes were measured. The mice were euthanized 4 weeks after cell injection, and the tumors were excised, photographed, and weighed.
[0226] To evaluate pharmacological interference, a leukemia model was established in NSG mice (Charles River, China) . PF382 cells (5 × 106) were resuspended in 100 μL of PBS and injected intravenously into 6-to 8-week-old female NSG mice via the tail vein. All the mice were randomly divided into the vehicle and SRA737 (20 mg / kg po) groups. Starting on day 7, SRA737 was administered orally for 3 days, followed by 4 days of rest, for a total of 3 cycles. During the treatment period, the peripheral blood leukemia burden was monitored by evaluating human CD5 expression via flow cytometry. At the end of the study, the mice were euthanized, and the spleen tissues were excised, fixed with 4%paraformaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, and analyzed via H&E staining.
[0227] Histological analysis and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of tissue microarray (TMA)
[0228] Spleen, liver, and lung tissues collected from treated mice were fixed with 4%paraformaldehyde for 24 h. After embedding in paraffin, 4-μm sections were prepared and placed on poly-L-lysine-coated slides. Mouse embryos were dissected from embryonic day (E) 9.5 pregnant mice, 7-μm sections were prepared and placed on poly-L-lysine-coated slides. Morphological changes were analyzed via H&E staining.
[0229] TMA slides of breast cancer tissues were purchased from US Biomax and used for IHC staining of CHK1 and NOTCH1 as follows. In brief, after dewaxing and rehydration, array sections were pretreated with sodium citrate and H2O2 for antigen retrieval, and endogenous peroxidase activity was quenched. Nonspecific binding was blocked by incubation with 5–10%goat serum for 1 h prior to incubation with primary antibodies specific for CHK1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) and NOTCH1 (Rockland, USA) overnight at 4 ℃. The following day, after being washed with PBS, the sections were incubated with HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies (ZsBio, China) . Peroxidase activity was visualized with 3, 3’ -diaminobenzidine (DAB; ZsBio, China) , and the slides were counterstained with hematoxylin, dehydrated, cleared, and mounted.
[0230] Flow cytometry
[0231] Peripheral blood was collected from treated NSG mice, and red blood cells were removed with RBC lysis buffer (Beyotime, China) . After being washed three times with PBS, the suspended cells were labeled with a FITC-conjugated mouse anti-human CD5 antibody (BD Pharmingen, USA) for 30 min at 4℃.The cells were then washed three times with PBS and analyzed on a CytoFLEX6 flow cytometer with CytExpert software as recommended by the manufacturer. To evaluate leukemia progression in RosaNotch transgenic mice, spleen tissues were collected for lymphocyte isolation, and the lymphocytes were stained with anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 antibodies and analyzed on a CytoFLEX6 flow cytometer.
[0232] Example 1. CHK1 is identified as a new therapeutic target for T-ALL via multidimensional screening
[0233] Mutations in NOTCH1 have been found to be associated with T-ALL pathogenesis39. Specifically, more than 50%of human T-ALLs contain activating NOTCH1 mutations in the extracellular heterodimerization domain and / or C-terminal PEST domain mutations5, which lead to ligand-independent NOTCH1 activation, ultimately leading to the nuclear accumulation of the NICD1 protein and the constitutive activation of Notch signaling40. T-ALLs with wild-type NOTCH1 usually exhibit other perturbations in this pathway, leading to hyperactivation of Notch signaling37, 38. To identify critical regulators of Notch signaling, we used JURKAT cells, a T-ALL cell line with wild-type NOTCH1 and hyperactivated Notch signaling, for the following screens (Figure 1A) .
[0234] First, we established a JURKAT cell line stably expressing HES1 promoter-driven EGFP as an indicator of Notch signaling. We carried out genome-wide CRISPR / Cas9-based screens in these cells to identify genes whose knockout decreases T-ALL cell proliferation / viability and suppresses Notch signaling. For the survival screen, the infected cells were passaged every 3 days for 28 days, and samples of the initial and final cell populations were collected. For the Notch activity screen, the infected cells were sorted via fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) . The cell populations with GFP intensities in the lowest 20% (low Notch) and the highest 20% (high Notch) were collected and expanded, and the sorting process was repeated 3 times. The genomic DNA of the above cell populations was extracted and subjected to deep sequencing to evaluate the enrichment of genes in each population. Two hundred and seventy-one genes whose knockout significantly inhibited Notch activity and decreased T-ALL cell viability were identified in the loss-of-function screen. We assigned enrichment scores to all the tested genes (Figure 1A. 2 and 1A. 3) .
[0235] We subsequently performed a compound screen in the same cells using 1, 336 drugs with known molecular targets and then evaluated the viability and Notch signal intensity in the treated cells (Figure 1A) . We found that 121 drugs both significantly inhibited Notch activity and significantly decreased T-ALL cell viability. We assigned enrichment scores to all the tested drug targets (Figure 1A. 4 and 1A. 5) .
[0236] We integrated the candidate gene scores established via tandem affinity purification followed by mass spectrometry (TAP–MS; Figure 1A. 1)37, the CRISPR / Cas9-based survival screen (Figure 1A. 2) , the Notch signal screen (Figure 1A. 3) , chemical compound-based survival screen (Figure 1A. 4) and Notch signal screening (Figure 1A. 5) . Using the Minkowski distance-based unified scoring environment (MUSE) algorithm, we assigned MUSE scores to all the genes to describe their probability of regulating Notch signaling and T-ALL cell survival (Figure 1A) . We highlighted the high-confidence candidate Notch regulators (Figure 1B) . Fourteen of the top 25 candidate regulators have been reported to be involved in regulating the Notch pathway (Figure 1B) , indicating the high credibility of the top candidates identified by this multidimensional screen.
[0237] In the candidate list, the CHEK1 gene, which encodes the CHK1 protein, was ranked first and is thus a candidate key regulator of Notch signaling and a potential therapeutic target for Notch-related T-ALL (Figure 1B) . Depletion of CHK1 impaired T-ALL cell viability, as indicated by survival-based screening (Figure 1C) , and significantly decreased the Notch signal intensity, as indicated by signal-based screening (Figure 1D) . These results indicate that genetic interference with CHK1 decreases T-ALL cell viability and inhibits Notch signaling. Four drugs targeting CHK1, namely, prexasertib, AZD7762, PF477736, and CCT245737, and one drug targeting its upstream mediator serine / threonine-protein kinase ATR (ATR) , i.e., AZD6738, efficiently decreased Notch activity and reduced T-ALL cell viability (Figure 1E) , suggesting the potential therapeutic value of targeting CHK1 in T-ALL.
[0238] Example 2. CHK1 kinase inhibitors decrease cleaved-NOTCH1 level and T-ALL cell viability
[0239] Several CHK1 and ATR kinase inhibitors significantly decreased T-ALL cell viability, according to the results of the compound screen (Figure 2A) . To further evaluate the therapeutic value of targeting CHK1 in T-ALL, we chose 6 CHK1 kinase inhibitors that have entered clinical trials, namely, prexasertib, rabusertib, CHIR124, CCT245737, AZD7762 and PF477736, and 2 ATR kinase inhibitors that have entered clinical trials, namely, AZD6738, for further validation. All the CHK1 inhibitors and ATR inhibitors inhibited CHK1 kinase activity, as indicated by the p-CHK1 (S296) level (Figure 2B) . We wondered whether the sensitivity to CHK1 inhibition is correlated with Notch activity in T-ALL cells. To answer this question, we used additional CHK1 inhibitors (rabusertib, CCT245737, AZD7762, PF477736, and CHIR124) to treat these T-ALL cell lines (Figure 2C-2G) . The level of cleaved NOTCH1 in PF382 and DND41 decreased quickly, whereas the level of cleaved NOTCH1 in JURKAT and HSB2 decreased slowly. Indirect inhibition of CHK1 (via AZD6738) also led to a significant decrease in the cleaved NOTCH1 level in PF382 and DND41 cells but only a weak effect on HSB2 and JURKAT cells (Figure 2H and 2I) . In terms of cell viability, the PF382 and DND41 cell lines were more sensitive to these inhibitors, indicating that NOTCH1-mutant cells are more sensitive to CHK1 inhibitors. Taken together, these findings suggest that inhibiting CHK1 kinase activity decreases the cleaved NOTCH1 protein level and Notch signaling in T-ALL cells, resulting in reduced viability.
[0240] We also found SRA737 treatment decreased T-ALL cell viability to varying degrees, and the sensitivity of the cells was consistent with the cleaved NOTCH1 protein level (Figure 2J-2Q) , further supporting the role of CHK1 kinase activity in maintaining T-ALL cell viability. Notably, DND41 and PF382 cells, which carry NOTCH1 activating mutations, were more sensitive to CHK1 inhibitors than were JUKART and HSB2 cells, which carry wild-type NOTCH1 (Figure 2J-2Q) . Prexasertib showed the highest activity among these drugs, but its bioavailability is low, and it cannot be administered orally41. The IC50 values of the other drugs were all in the micromolar range (Figure 2J-2Q) . Therefore, a potent, selective CHK1 inhibitor with high bioavailability is needed for the treatment of Notch-related T-ALL.
[0241] Example 3. CHK1 binds to NICD1, increases the NICD1 protein level, and positively regulates Notch signaling
[0242] Firstly, we found that CHK1 directly interacts with NOTCH1 (Figure 3A and 3B) . These proteins colocalized in punctate aggregations in the nucleus (Figure 3C) . To confirm the direct interaction between CHK1 and NICD1, we calculated the binding parameters of the NICD1 / CHK1 interaction via biolayer interferometry (BLI) assay with purified recombinant NICD1 and CHK1 proteins. NICD1 binds to CHK1 at a 1: 1 ratio, and this interaction is characterized by a moderate binding affinity (Kd = 420 nM) (Figure 3D) .
[0243] To further explore the mechanism by which CHK1 affects the NICD level, we increased the CHK1 protein expression and phosphorylation levels to evaluate the response of NICD1. CHK1 overexpression and increased CHK1 kinase activity induced by cisplatin treatment increased the NICD1 protein level (Figure 3E) . CHK1 overexpression but not CHK2 overexpression increased the endogenous NICD protein level (Figure 3F) and significantly upregulated the expression of the Notch downstream genes HES1, HES5, and c-MYC, as evaluated by qPCR (Figure 3G) and a luciferase reporter assay (Figure 3H) . Knocking out CHK1 in PF382 and DND41 cells decreased the endogenous cleaved NOTCH1 level (Figure 3I) and subsequently suppressed the expression of Notch downstream genes (Figure 3J and 3K) . Knocking out CHK1 also inhibited colony formation by PF382 and DND41 cells (Figure 3L-3N) and the growth of xenograft tumors in mice (Figure 3O-3T) .
[0244] These data suggest that CHK1 is a positive regulator of NICD and Notch signaling in T-ALL cells. And it is an attractive target for treating Notch-related cancers.
[0245] Example 4. CHK phosphorylates NICD1 at T1861, and this event inhibits DTX2-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of NICD1
[0246] Since CHK1 kinase activity is positively correlated with the NICD1 protein level and Notch signaling activity, we sought to determine whether CHK1 directly phosphorylates NICD1. We overexpressed CHK1 and found that NICD1 phosphorylation at S1801, S1856, T1861, S2017, and S2316 was increased (Figure 4A) . We individually mutated these amino acids to aspartic acid to mimic the phosphorylated state. Compared with wild-type NICD1 and the other mutants, the T1861D mutant showed increased stability upon SRA737 treatment (Figure 4B) . To confirm our observation that CHK1 phosphorylates NICD1 at T1861, we purified FLAG-NICD1 and His-CHK1 and performed an in vitro phosphorylation assay with the semisynthetic epitope ATP-gamma-S (ATPγS) to label phosphorylated substrates. CHK1 was found to phosphorylate NICD1, and this phosphorylation was greatly suppressed by the T1861 mutation (Figure 4C) . The residual phosphorylation signal suggested that CHK1 may phosphorylate other sites in NICD1 in addition to T1861.
[0247] To further elucidate the relationship between the T1861 phosphorylation and stability of NICD1, cycloheximide (CHX) was added to inhibit protein synthesis, and the degradation rates of wild-type and mutant NICD1 were evaluated (Figure 4D) . The phosphomimetic mutant NICD1 (T1861D) was degraded significantly more slowly than wild-type NICD1, whereas the nonphosphorylatable mutant NICD1 (T1861A) was degraded significantly faster under the same treatment conditions (Figure 4E) , indicating that CHK1-mediated phosphorylation of NICD1 at T1861 is required for NICD1 stability.
[0248] To determine the detailed mechanism involved in SRA737-induced NICD1 protein degradation, we treated cells with the proteasome inhibitor MG132. MG132 treatment restored the level of the NICD1 protein, indicating that SRA737-induced NICD1 degradation is mediated through the proteasome pathway (Figure 4F) . To identify the E3 ubiquitin ligase responsible for this degradation identified in our Notch pathway interaction network, we found knocking out DTX2 significantly increased the level of cleaved NOTCH1 (Figure 4G) . DTX2 overexpression promoted NICD1 ubiquitination, whereas MG132 treatment significantly increased the level of ubiquitinated NICD1, indicating that DTX2 participates in the ubiquitination and degradation of NICD1 (Figure 4H) . In vitro ubiquitination assays confirmed that DTX2 promoted NICD1 ubiquitination (Figure 4I) . We analyzed the interactions between these ubiquitin ligases and wild-type NICD1 and its T1861 mutants. The affinity between NICD1 (T1861A) and DTX2 was higher than that between wild-type NICD1 and DTX2, whereas the affinity between NICD1 (T1861D) and DTX2 was lower than that between wild-type NICD1 and DTX2 (Figure 4J) . When we overexpressed DTX2, compared with wild-type NICD, NICD1 (T1861A) had a higher ubiquitination level, while NICD1 (T1861D) had a lower ubiquitination level (Figure 4K) . In summary, CHK1-mediated T1861 phosphorylation of NICD1 suppresses its interaction with the ubiquitin ligase DTX2, in turn inhibiting its DTX2-mediated ubiquitination and degradation.
[0249] Since some T-ALL patients harbor NOTCH1 gain-of-function mutations, we sought to determine whether mutations in the NOTCH1 gene affect cellular resistance to SRA737. We sequenced the NOTCH1 gene from the two SRA737-sensitive cell lines PF382 and DND41 cells and detected the V2443 frameshift (fs) mutation in DND41 cells and the G2420 fs mutation in PF382 cells, consistent with previous reports42, 43; these mutations eventually lead to a frameshift in the sequence and premature termination of NOTCH1 translation. To investigate whether these mutations affect T-ALL cell resistance to CHK1 inhibitors, we generated NICD1 truncations harboring these mutations identified in PF382 and DND41 cells for further study. Compared with wild-type NICD1, the NICD1 proteins with the mutations identified in PF382 and DND41 cells interacted strongly with DTX2 (Figure 4L) . And the degradation rates of the NICD1 truncations were much greater (Figure 4M and 4N) . These data suggest that these C-terminal PEST domain mutations in NOTCH1 promote T-ALL cell susceptibility to SRA737. Importantly, Notch PEST domain mutations have been found in ~16%of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients44, up to 10%of MCL patients45, and ~8%of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients46, indicating that CHK1 inhibitors could also be used to treat these cancers.
[0250] Example 5. CHK1 kinase inhibitors decrease T-ALL cell tumorigenesis in vitro
[0251] We further explored the effects of targeting CHK1 in T-ALL cells with SRA737. The results of the soft agar colony formation assay demonstrated that SRA737 effectively inhibited the anchorage-free colony formation of NOTCH1 mutant T-ALL cells while moderately suppressing the colony formation of NOTCH1 wild-type T-ALL cell (Figure 5A-5H) . The 3D Matrigel sphere formation assay revealed that treatment with SRA737 significantly suppressed the formation of PF382 and DND41 cell spheroids and moderately suppressed the formation of HSB2 and JURKAT cell spheroids (Figure 5I-5M) . Consistent with these results, the transwell assay of these four cell lines confirmed that SRA737 inhibited the migration of T-ALL cells, especially NOTCH1-mutant PF382 and DND41 cells (Figure 5N-5R) . These results demonstrated that pharmacologically inhibiting CHK1 decreases the invasion, migration, and tumorigenicity of T-ALL cells, especially those that carry NOTCH1 mutations.
[0252] Example 6. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of CHK1 suppressed tumor progression in Notch-driven cancers in mice models
[0253] To evaluate whether CHK1 inhibition affects T-ALL progression in vivo, we assessed the leukemia burden in vehicle-and SRA737-treated T-ALL xenograft-bearing mice. First, PF382 cells were intravenously injected into immunodeficient NSG mice. Seven days after cell injection, the mice were randomly divided into three groups and treated with vehicle or SRA737 (Figure 6A) . The leukemia burden was evaluated by detecting CD5+ leukemia cells in the peripheral blood once weekly. Compared with that in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) -injected mice, the percentage of CD5+ leukemia cells was greater in PF382 cell-injected mice, indicating the leukemia burden in this xenograft model (Figure 6B) . SRA737 treatment significantly decreased the percentage of CD5+ leukemia cells (Figures 6B and 6C) . Splenomegaly was also suppressed by SRA737 treatment (Figure 6D) . Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining revealed that, compared with vehicle treatment, SRA737 treatment reduced leukemia cell infiltration in the spleen (Figure 6E) . Compared with vehicle and vincristine treatment, SRA737 treatment increased the survival time of mice injected with PF382 cells (Figure 6F) . SRA737 treatment did not significantly affect mouse weight (Figure 6G) . These findings confirm that the CHK1 inhibitor suppresses T-ALL progression in mouse xenograft models.
[0254] The Notch receptor is also an oncogene associated with breast cancer, as determined from studies in mouse models. In particular, the NOTCH1 gene was identified as a novel target for insertion activation by mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) , resulting in overexpression of a mutated form of NOTCH1, which is ultimately involved in breast tumor formation49. Recently, activation of the Notch pathway was identified as a key etiological factor in TNBC, contributing to the development and progression of the malignant phenotype of the TNBC subtype50. Thus, we examined the protein levels of CHK1 and cleaved NOTCH1 in 110 normal and breast cancer tissue samples (Figure 6H) and found a positive correlation between the CHK1 and NOTCH1 levels (Figure 6I) . To test whether our findings are universal, and specifically to test the efficacy in TNBC as a preferred embodiment, we investigated the effect of SRA737 on MDA-MB-157 cells, which are an established and widely-used human triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line. SRA737 treatment inhibited the growth of tumors formed from MDA-MB-157 cells in vivo (Figure 6J-6M) .
[0255] We then established a conditional NOTCH1 overexpression mouse model by crossing RosaNotch / + mice with CD4-Cre mice. These mice showed constitutive Notch activation and all of them ultimately develop leukemia. We crossed this mice model with Chek1flox / flox mice to evaluate whether CHK1 knockout has a consistent effect in this Notch1-driven spontaneous leukemia model (Figure 6N) . Mice with Chek1 knockout in this genetic background were largely devoid of CD4+CD8+ T cells, and consistent with this finding, splenomegaly and tissue infiltration of leukemia cells were also attenuated in RosaNotch / Notch; Chek1flox / flox; CD4-Cre mice (Figure 6O) . Chek1 depletion significantly increased the mouse survival time (Figure 6P) .
[0256] The foregoing description is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the present disclosure. Further, since numerous modifications and changes will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the present disclosure to the exact construction and process shown as described above. Accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be considered to fall within the scope of the present disclosure as defined by the claims that follow.
[0257] All publications, patents and patent applications cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety into the disclosure.
[0258] SEQUENCE LISTING
[0259] sgRNA for CHEK1, sg-CHEK1 (SEQ ID NO. 1)
[0260] HES1-F primer (SEQ ID NO. 2)
[0261] HES1-R primer (SEQ ID NO. 3)
[0262] HES5-F primer (SEQ ID NO. 4)
[0263] HES5-R primer (SEQ ID NO. 5)
[0264] c-MYC-F primer (SEQ ID NO. 6)
[0265] c-MYC-R primer (SEQ ID NO. 7)
[0266] Actin-F primer (SEQ ID NO. 8)
[0267] Actin-R primer (SEQ ID NO. 9)
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Claims
1.A method for treating a NOTCH pathway-related disease comprising administrating to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway.2.The method according to claim 1, wherein the disease is a disease caused by an aberrant NOTCH signaling pathway.3.The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the disease is cancer, especially a cancer associated with mutation and / or activation of NOTCH.4.The method according to claim 3, wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of hematological malignancies such as T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia / lymphoma (T-ALL) , chronic lymphocytic leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma including mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) , marginal zone lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and solid tumors such as esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, intestinal cancer, adenoid cystic carcinoma, desmoid cancer, lung cancer including non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, brain cancer, head and neck cancer, and other cancer types with mutation and / or activation of NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, or NOTCH4.5.The method according to claim 4, wherein the cancer is characterized by a mutation or overexpression of NOTCH, for example, one or more of NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, or NOTCH4.6.The method according to claim 5, wherein the cancer is a hematological malignancy, preferably T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia / lymphoma (T-ALL) .7.The method according to claim 5, wherein the cancer is a solid tumor, preferably breast cancer, more preferably, triple-negative breast cancer.8.The method according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the cancer is characterized by a mutation in a NOTCH1 protein, preferably a mutation in the PEST domain of a NOTCH protein.9.The method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway is an ATR inhibitor or a CHK1 inhibitor.10.The method according to claim 9, wherein the inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway is an ATR inhibitor selected from the group consisting of Ceralasertib (AZD6738) , Berzosertib (VE-822, M6620, VX-970) , Elimusertib (BAY 1895344) , Camonsertib (RP-3500) , and Gartisertib (M4344, VX-803) , M1774, ATRN-119, RP-3500, ART-0380, BAY1895344, VE-821, ICT10336, AD1058, AZ20, CGK733, ETP-46464, NU6027, Abd110, ATR-IN-14, ATR-IN-15, ATR-IN-16, ATR-IN-19, ATR-IN-29, ATR kinase substrate peptide, Torin 2, Mirin, HAMNO (NSC-111847) , Ailanthone, SKLB-197, ATR-IN-10, ATR-IN-13, ATR-IN-17, ATR-IN-18, ATR-IN-20, ATR-IN-21, Tuvusertib, IMP9064, ATG-018, Novartis'Tetrahydropyrazolo [1, 5-a] pyrazines lead, Schisandrin B, ATR / PARP1-IN-1, M3541, Lartesertib (M4076) , AZ31, AZ32, Wortmannin, Debio 0123, GeA-13, ZS-7, a Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) capable of degrading an ATR proteinKU-55933, KU-60019, AZD-7648, CC-115, RP-6306, A-1331852, JTE-151, Chloroquine diphosphate.11.The method according to claim 10, wherein the ATR inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of Ceralasertib (AZD6738) , Berzosertib (M6620) , Gartisertib (M4344) , Tuvusertib (M1774) , and Elimusertib (BAY 1895344) .12.The method according to claim 9, wherein the inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway is a CHK1 inhibitor selected from the group consisting of Prexasertib (LY2606368) , TT-9701, AZD7762, PF477736, CCT245737 (SRA737) , Rabusertib (LY2603618) , MK-8776 (SCH 900776) , BBI-2779, BBI-355, CCT244747, CHIR-124, V158411, CHK-IN-1, CHK1-IN-2, CHK1-IN-3, CHK1-IN-4, CHK1-IN-4 hydrochloride, CHK1-IN-5, CHK1-IN-6, CHK1-IN-7, CHK1-IN-9, CHK2-IN-1, PROTAC Chk1 degrader-1, FLT3 / CHK1-IN-2, K1586, MU380, SB-218078, GDC0575 hydrochloride, GDC-0425, FLT3 / CHK1-IN-1, Gartisertib (VX-803) , LY2880070, VER-00158411, SAR-020106, PD0166285, PD 407824, MRT00033659, GNE-900, Multi-kinase-IN-6, SCH900776, DB07288, UCN-01, XL-844, PEP07, Staurosporine, 2-TCU, BEBT-260, MCL-1020, PY-34, Debromohymenialdisine, CEP-3891, SMP-3124, PD-321852, and XCCS605B.13.The method according to claim 12, wherein the CHK1 inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of CCT245737 (SRA737) , Prexasertib (LY2606368) , BBI-355, BBI-2779, BEBT-260, PEP07, CHK1-IN-3, TT-9701, Rabusertib (LY2603618) , CHIR124, AZD7762, and PF477736.14.The method according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the method comprises administrating to the subject an additional therapeutic agent.15.The method according to claim 14, wherein the therapeutic agent is a chemotherapeutic agent or a combination of two or more chemotherapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of alkylating agents, antimetabolites, topoisomerase inhibitors, mitotic inhibitors (plant alkaloids) , antitumor antibiotics (including anthracyclines) , antibodies, antibody drug conjugate and bispecific antibody drugs, platinum compounds, DNA altering agents, microtubule modifiers, hormones / antagonists, aromatase inhibitors, small molecule kinase inhibitors, photosensitizers, cytokines, drug conjugates, vaccines, miscellaneous, PARP inhibitors, MCT1 inhibitors, other chemotherapy drugs, and corticosteroids.16.The method according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the method is applied to the subject in combination with surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy and / or immunotherapy.17.An inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway for use in treating a NOTCH pathway-related disease.18.An inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway for use according to claim 17, wherein the disease is a disease caused by an aberrant NOTCH signaling pathway.19.The inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway for use according to claim 17 or 18, wherein the disease is cancer, especially a cancer associated with mutation and / or activation of NOTCH.20.The inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway for use according to claim 19, wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of hematological malignancies such as T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia / lymphoma (T-ALL) , chronic lymphocytic leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma including mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) , marginal zone lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and solid tumors such as esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, intestinal cancer, adenoid cystic carcinoma, desmoid cancer, lung cancer including non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, brain cancer, head and neck cancer, and other cancer types with mutation and / or activation of NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, or NOTCH4.21.The inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway for use according to claim 20, wherein the cancer is characterized by a mutation or overexpression of NOTCH, for example, one or more of NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, or NOTCH4.22.The inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway for use according to claim 21, wherein the cancer is a hematological malignancy, preferably T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia / lymphoma (T-ALL) .23.The inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway for use according to claim 21, wherein the cancer is a solid tumor, preferably breast cancer, more preferably triple-negative breast cancer.24.The inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway for use according to claim 22 or 23, wherein the cancer is characterized by a mutation in a NOTCH1 protein, preferably a mutation in the PEST domain of a NOTCH protein.25.The inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway for use according to any one of claims 17 to 24, wherein the inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway is an ATR inhibitor or a CHK1 inhibitor.26.The inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway for use according to claim 25, wherein the inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway is an ATR inhibitor selected from the group consisting of Ceralasertib (AZD6738) , Berzosertib (VE-822, M6620, VX-970) , Elimusertib (BAY 1895344) , Camonsertib (RP-3500) , and Gartisertib (M4344, VX-803) , M1774, ATRN-119, RP-3500, ART-0380, BAY1895344, VE-821, ICT10336, AD1058, AZ20, CGK733, ETP-46464, NU6027, Abd110, ATR-IN-14, ATR-IN-15, ATR-IN-16, ATR-IN-19, ATR-IN-29, ATR kinase substrate peptide, Torin 2, Mirin, HAMNO (NSC-111847) , Ailanthone, SKLB-197, ATR-IN-10, ATR-IN-13, ATR-IN-17, ATR-IN-18, ATR-IN-20, ATR-IN-21, Tuvusertib, IMP9064, ATG-018, Novartis'Tetrahydropyrazolo [1, 5-a] pyrazines lead, Schisandrin B, ATR / PARP1-IN-1, M3541, Lartesertib (M4076) , AZ31, AZ32, Wortmannin, Debio 0123, GeA-13, ZS-7, a Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) capable of degrading an ATR protein,KU-55933, KU-60019, AZD-7648, CC-115, RP-6306, A-1331852, JTE-151, Chloroquine diphosphate.27.The inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway for use according to claim 26, wherein the ATR inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of Ceralasertib (AZD6738) , Berzosertib (M6620) , Gartisertib (M4344) , Tuvusertib (M1774) , and Elimusertib (BAY 1895344) .28.The inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway for use according to claim 25, wherein the inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway is a CHK1 inhibitor selected from the group consisting of Prexasertib (LY2606368) , TT-9701, AZD7762, PF477736, CCT245737 (SRA737) , Rabusertib (LY2603618) , MK-8776 (SCH 900776) , BBI-2779, BBI-355, CCT244747, CHIR-124, V158411, CHK-IN-1, CHK1-IN-2, CHK1-IN-3, CHK1-IN-4, CHK1-IN-4 hydrochloride, CHK1-IN-5, CHK1-IN-6, CHK1-IN-7, CHK1-IN-9, CHK2-IN-1, PROTAC Chk1 degrader-1, FLT3 / CHK1-IN-2, K1586, MU380, SB-218078, GDC0575 hydrochloride, GDC-0425, FLT3 / CHK1-IN-1, Gartisertib (VX-803) , LY2880070, VER-00158411, SAR-020106, PD0166285, PD 407824, MRT00033659, GNE-900, Multi-kinase-IN-6, SCH900776, DB07288, UCN-01, XL-844, PEP07, Staurosporine, 2-TCU, BEBT-260, MCL-1020, PY-34, Debromohymenialdisine, CEP-3891, SMP-3124, PD-321852, and XCCS605B.29.The inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway for use according to claim 28, wherein the CHK1 inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of CCT245737 (SRA737) , Prexasertib (LY2606368) , BBI-355, BBI-2779, BEBT-260, PEP07, CHK1-IN-3, TT-9701, Rabusertib (LY2603618) , CHIR124, AZD7762, and PF477736.30.The inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway for use according to any one of claims 17 to 29 in combination with surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy and / or immunotherapy.31.The inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway for use according to claim 30, wherein the chemotherapy comprises administrating to the subject a chemotherapeutic agent or a combination of two or more chemotherapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of alkylating agents, antimetabolites, topoisomerase inhibitors, mitotic inhibitors (plant alkaloids) , antitumor antibiotics (including anthracyclines) , antibodies, antibody drug conjugate and bispecific antibody drugs, platinum compounds, DNA altering agents, microtubule modifiers, hormones / antagonists, aromatase inhibitors, small molecule kinase inhibitors, photosensitizers, cytokines, drug conjugates, vaccines, miscellaneous, PARP inhibitors, MCT1 inhibitors, other chemotherapy drugs, and corticosteroids.32.Use of an inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway in preparation of a medicament for treating a NOTCH pathway-related disease.33.The use according to claim 32, wherein the disease is a disease caused by an aberrant NOTCH signaling pathway.34.The use according to claim 32 or 33, wherein the disease is cancer, especially a cancer associated with mutation and / or activation of NOTCH.35.The use according to claim 34, wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of hematological malignancies such as T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia / lymphoma (T-ALL) , chronic lymphocytic leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma including mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) , marginal zone lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and solid tumors such as esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, intestinal cancer, adenoid cystic carcinoma, desmoid cancer, lung cancer including non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, brain cancer, head and neck cancer, and other cancer types with mutation and / or activation of NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, or NOTCH4.36.The use according to claim 35, wherein the cancer is characterized by a mutation or overexpression of NOTCH, for example, one or more of NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, or NOTCH4.37.The use according to claim 36, wherein the cancer is a hematological malignancy, preferably T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia / lymphoma (T-ALL) .38.The use according to claim 36, wherein the cancer is a solid tumor, preferably breast cancer, more preferably triple-negative breast cancer.39.The use according to claim 37 or 38, wherein the cancer is characterized by a mutation in a NOTCH1 protein, preferably a mutation in the PEST domain of a NOTCH protein.40.The use according to any one of claims 32 to 39, wherein the inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway is an ATR inhibitor or a CHK1 inhibitor.41.The use according to claim 40, wherein the inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway is an ATR inhibitor selected from the group consisting of Ceralasertib (AZD6738) , Berzosertib (VE-822, M6620, VX-970) , Elimusertib (BAY 1895344) , Camonsertib (RP-3500) , and Gartisertib (M4344, VX-803) , M1774, ATRN-119, RP-3500, ART-0380, BAY1895344, VE-821, ICT10336, AD1058, AZ20, CGK733, ETP-46464, NU6027, Abd110, ATR-IN-14, ATR-IN-15, ATR-IN-16, ATR-IN-19, ATR-IN-29, ATR kinase substrate peptide, Torin 2, Mirin, HAMNO (NSC-111847) , Ailanthone, SKLB-197, ATR-IN-10, ATR-IN-13, ATR-IN-17, ATR-IN-18, ATR-IN-20, ATR-IN-21, Tuvusertib, IMP9064, ATG-018, Novartis'Tetrahydropyrazolo [1, 5-a] pyrazines lead, Schisandrin B, ATR / PARP1-IN-1, M3541, Lartesertib (M4076) , AZ31, AZ32, Wortmannin, Debio 0123, GeA-13, ZS-7, a Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) capable of degrading an ATR protein,KU-55933, KU-60019, AZD-7648, CC-115, RP-6306, A-1331852, JTE-151, Chloroquine diphosphate.42.The use according to claim 41, wherein the ATR inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of Ceralasertib (AZD6738) , Berzosertib (M6620) , Gartisertib (M4344) , Tuvusertib (M1774) , and Elimusertib (BAY 1895344) .43.The use according to claim 40, wherein the inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway is a CHK1 inhibitor selected from the group consisting of Prexasertib (LY2606368) , TT-9701, AZD7762, PF477736, CCT245737 (SRA737) , Rabusertib (LY2603618) , MK-8776 (SCH 900776) , BBI-2779, BBI-355, CCT244747, CHIR-124, V158411, CHK-IN-1, CHK1-IN-2, CHK1-IN-3, CHK1-IN-4, CHK1-IN-4 hydrochloride, CHK1-IN-5, CHK1-IN-6, CHK1-IN-7, CHK1-IN-9, CHK2-IN-1, PROTAC Chk1 degrader-1, FLT3 / CHK1-IN-2, K1586, MU380, SB-218078, GDC0575 hydrochloride, GDC-0425, FLT3 / CHK1-IN-1, Gartisertib (VX-803) , LY2880070, VER-00158411, SAR-020106, PD0166285, PD 407824, MRT00033659, GNE-900, Multi-kinase-IN-6, SCH900776, DB07288, UCN-01, XL-844, PEP07, Staurosporine, 2-TCU, BEBT-260, MCL-1020, PY-34, Debromohymenialdisine, CEP-3891, SMP-3124, PD-321852, and XCCS605B.44.The use according to claim 43, wherein the CHK1 inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of CCT245737 (SRA737) , Prexasertib (LY2606368) , BBI-355, BBI-2779, BEBT-260, PEP07, CHK1-IN-3, TT-9701, Rabusertib (LY2603618) , CHIR124, AZD7762, and PF477736.45.A pharmaceutical composition for use in treating a disease caused by an aberrant NOTCH signaling pathway, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an inhibitor of ATR / CHK1 pathway as defined in any one of claims 10 to 13, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.46.The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 45, further comprising an additional therapeutic agent.47.The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 46, wherein the additional therapeutic agent is a chemotherapeutic agent as defined in claim 15.48.A kit for treating a disease caused by an aberrant NOTCH signaling pathway, comprising the pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 45 to 47, and instructions for use.