Ray tracing model for remote interference ducting analysis

Abstract

Embodiments of the disclosure describe a method for dynamically configured beam forming that mitigates remote interference experienced by a second base station (200) while scheduling at least one of uplink and downlink transmission for a plurality of UEs (201) associated with the second base station (200). The method includes receiving a plurality of Radio Frequency (RF) signals from a first base station (100). The plurality of RF signals is traversed through a multipath propagation channel and has been interfered by the atmospheric ducting propagation. The method includes determining a multipath channel impulse response (Hij) corresponding to each path and scatterer associated with the plurality of received RF signals. The method includes dynamically configuring beam forming for the plurality of UEs (201) associated with the second base station (200). The beamforming is dynamically configured based on the multipath channel impulse response (Hij).

Description

RAY TRACING MODEL FOR REMOTE INTERFERENCE DUCTING ANALYSISCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

[0001] This application claims priority to Indian Non-Provisional Patent Application No. 202411093598, filed on November 29, 2024, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure relates to a ray tracing model for remote interference ducting analysis.BACKGROUND

[0003] The information disclosed in this background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the general background of the disclosure and should not be taken as an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that this information forms the prior art already known to a person skilled in the art.

[0004] In typical operational scenarios, radio signals travel between base stations through a combination of line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight paths, influenced by factors such as terrain and frequency. A critical aspect of this transmission is a guard period, which serves as a buffer to prevent signal overlap and interference during a transition between Uplink (UL) and Downlink (DL) communications. In Time Division Duplex (TDD) networks, UL and DL slots are allocated sequentially, with the guard period strategically placed between them to accommodatepropagation delays. This ensures that signals from one direction do not interfere with those from the opposite direction, enhancing overall system reliability.

[0005] However, when atmospheric ducting occurs, the behavior of radio signals changes significantly, as illustrated and described in conjunction with FIG. 1. Ducting can allow signals to travel beyond their typical range due to temperature inversions or humidity gradients that refract radio waves. While this atmospheric ducting phenomenon can extend communication distances, which also introduces challenges for UL / DL slot configurations. Issues such as increased signal distortion, multipath fading, and unexpected interference can arise, complicating the synchronization of UL and DL slots. These factors may lead to degraded communication quality and increased latency between base stations, necessitating careful management of the guard period.

[0006] Thus, it is desired to address the above-mentioned disadvantages or other shortcomings or at least provide a useful alternative for remote interference ducting analysis.SUMMARY

[0007] This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts, in a simplified format, that are further described in the detailed description of the disclosure. This summary is neither intended to identify key or essential inventive concepts of the disclosure nor is it intended for determining the scope of the disclosure.

[0008] According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, a method is disclosed. The method includes receiving, at a second base station, a plurality of Radio Frequency (RF) signals from a first base station. The plurality of RF signals is traversed through a multipath propagation channel and has been interfered by the atmospheric ducting propagation. Themethod further includes determining, in response to the reception of the plurality of RF signals, a multipath channel impulse response (Hij) corresponding to each path and scatterer associated with the plurality of received RF signals. The method further includes dynamically configuring beam forming for a plurality of User Equipments (UEs) associated with the second base station. The beamforming is dynamically configured based on the multipath channel impulse response (Hij).

[0009] According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, an apparatus is disclosed. The apparatus may receive, at a second base station, a plurality of Radio Frequency (RF) signals from a first base station. The plurality of RF signals is traversed through a multipath propagation channel and has been interfered by the atmospheric ducting propagation. The apparatus may further determine, in response to the reception of the plurality of RF signals, a multipath channel impulse response (Hij) corresponding to each path and scatterer associated with the plurality of received RF signals. The apparatus may further dynamically configure beam forming for a plurality of User Equipments (UEs) associated with the second base station. The beamforming is dynamically configured based on the multipath channel impulse response (Hij).

[0010] According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions, the instructions comprising: one or more instructions that, when executed by an apparatus, the apparatus comprising one or more processors. The one or more processors may receive, at a second base station, a plurality of Radio Frequency (RF) signals from a first base station. The plurality of RF signals is traversed through a multipath propagation channel and has been interfered by the atmospheric ducting propagation. The one or more processors may further determine, in response to the reception ofthe plurality of RF signals, a multipath channel impulse response (Hij) corresponding to each path and scatterer associated with the plurality of received RF signals. The one or more processors may further dynamically configure beam forming for a plurality of User Equipments (UEs) associated with the second base station. The beamforming is dynamically configured based on the multipath channel impulse response (Hij).

[0011] To further clarify the advantages and features of the present disclosure, a more particular description of the disclosure will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof, which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is appreciated that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the disclosure and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope. The disclosure will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail in the accompanying drawings.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] Features, aspects, and advantages of embodiments of the disclosure will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals denote like elements, and wherein:FIG. 1 illustrates a problem scenario associated with atmospheric ducting, according to prior art;FIG. 2 illustrates an example scenario where at least one base station dynamically configures beam forming for a plurality of User Equipments (UEs) based on a multipath channel impulse response (Hij), according to an embodiment as disclosed herein;FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for dynamically configuring the beam forming for the plurality of UEs based on the multipath channel impulse response (Hij), according to an embodiment as disclosed herein; andFIG. 4 illustrates a diagram of example components of a system, according to an embodiment as disclosed herein.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0013] The following detailed description of example embodiments refers to the accompanying drawings. The foregoing disclosure provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the implementations to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above disclosure or may be acquired from practice of the implementations. Further, one or more features or components of one embodiment may be incorporated into or combined with another embodiment (or one or more features of another embodiment). Additionally, the flowchart and description of operations provided below relate to one of the various embodiments. It should be noted that it is possible to make other embodiments that do not exactly match the flowchart and its description. It is understood that in other embodiments one or more operations may be omitted, one or more operations may be added, one or more operations may be performed simultaneously (at least in part).

[0014] It will be apparent that systems and / or methods, described herein, may be implemented in different forms of hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. The actual specialized control hardware or software code used to implement these systems and / or methods is not limiting of the implementations. Thus, the operation and behavior of the systems and / or methods are described herein without reference to specific software code. It is understood that software and hardware may be designed to implement the systems and / or methods based on the description herein.

[0015] Even though particular combinations of features are recited in the claims and / or disclosed in the specification, these combinations are not intended to limit the disclosure of implementations. In fact, many of these features may be combined in ways not specifically recited in the claims and / or disclosed in the specification. Although each dependent claim listed below may directly depend on only one claim, the disclosure of implementations includes each dependent claim in combination with every other claim in the claim set.

[0016] No element, act, or instruction used herein should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly described as such. Also, as used herein, the articles “a” and “an” are intended to include one or more items, and may be used interchangeably with “one or more.” Also, as used herein, the terms “has,” “have,” “having,” “include,” “including,” or the like are intended to be open-ended terms. Further, the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “based, at least in part, on” unless explicitly stated otherwise. Furthermore, expressions such as “at least one of [A] and [B],” “[A] and / or [B],” or “at least one of [A] or [B]” are to be understood as including only A, only B, or both A and B.

[0017] The foregoing disclosure provides illustration and description but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the implementations to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above disclosure or may be acquired from practice of the implementations.

[0018] FIG. 1 illustrates a problem scenario associated with atmospheric ducting, according to prior art. Consider a scenario where communication is established between two cellular towers (e.g., aggressor gNB 10 and victim gNB 20). For instance, the aggressor gNB 10is located in an urban environment, and the victim gNB 20 is located in a rural area approximately 100 kilometers away.

[0019] Under standard operational conditions, radio frequency signals transmitted from the aggressor gNB 10 to mobile devices (e.g., User Equipments (UEs)) within its coverage area do not reach the victim gNB 20 due to the curvature 30 of the Earth. The aggressor gNB 10 transmits signals to nearby mobile devices within its designated coverage zone. To mitigate potential signal interference, a network incorporates a guard period, during which transmission temporarily halts to prevent overlap between Uplink (UL) and Downlink (DL) communications. Additionally, the effective range of the aggressor gNB 10 is limited, without atmospheric ducting, the radio signals of the aggressor gNB 10 cannot traverse the considerable distance to reach the victim gNB 20 directly.

[0020] On certain occasions, a phenomenon known as temperature inversion occurs, wherein a layer 40 of warmer air traps cooler air beneath it. This atmospheric stratification creates conditions that bend radio signals back toward the Earth's surface. As a result, the signal emitted by the aggressor gNB 10 refracts due to this ducting effect, allowing it to travel beyond the horizon and reach the victim gNB 20 despite the distance. The successful penetration of the aggressor gNB 10 's signal into victim gNB 20 's coverage area introduces the potential for interference with communications intended for users of the UEs connected to the victim gNB 20. This interference is significant given the physical separation of the two towers. The UEs connected to the victim gNB 20 may experience service disruptions or degraded performance metrics, as the strong radio signals from the aggressor gNB 10 interfere with their uplink transmissions 50. Furthermore, the extended travel time of the radio signals may exceed thepredefined guard period established by the network, undermining the timing protocols designed to prevent interference. In other words, since the radio waves are traveling further than expected the time it takes for the signal to travel can exceed the guard period set by the network. This means that the timing designed to prevent interference is no longer effective. Such interference adversely affects call quality, data transmission speeds, and overall service reliability for the users of the UEs connected to the victim gNB 20, highlighting the complexities and challenges posed by atmospheric conditions in wireless communication systems.

[0021] To address the aforementioned challenges, the implementation of a ray tracing model and / or method is essential in telecommunications for simulating radio wave propagation in complex environments, as described in conjunction with FIGS. 2 to 4. This disclosed method offers detailed insights into signal behavior, ray tracing enables engineers to predict coverage areas, evaluate potential interference, and optimize network design. Ultimately, this disclosed method facilitates a development of more efficient and resilient telecommunication systems, ensuring reliable communication even under challenging atmospheric conditions (e.g., atmospheric ducting).

[0022] Referring now to the drawings, and more particularly to FIGS. 2 to 4, where similar reference characters denote corresponding features consistently throughout the figures, there are shown example embodiments.

[0023] FIG. 2 illustrates an example scenario where at least one base station (e.g., 200) dynamically configures beam forming for a plurality of User Equipments (UEs) 201 (e.g., 201a, 201b,..201n) based on a multipath channel impulse response (Hq), according to an embodiment as disclosed herein.

[0024] In this example scenario, a second base station 200 (e.g., eNB, gNB, etc.), also referred to as “victim Base Station (BS)”, receives and processes a plurality of Radio Frequency (RF) signals (e.g., analog baseband signals) from a first base station 100 (e.g., eNB, gNB, etc.), also referred to as “aggressor BS”. The complexity of multipath propagation channels, significantly influenced by atmospheric ducting, necessitates advanced signal processing techniques at the second base station 200. The second base station 200 is configured to perform one or more operations for mitigating remote interference while effectively scheduling uplink and downlink transmissions for the plurality of UEs 201 associated with the second base station 200, which are given below.

[0025] Upon receiving the plurality of RF signals, the second base station 200 undertakes a comprehensive assessment of a multipath channel impulse response, denoted as Hij(T, T, p), for each ithpath and jthscatterer, as shown in equation-1.

[0026] In the context of multipath propagation, a received signal vector at time T with a channel delay r is represented as H(T-r), encapsulating all multipath components that converge within a defined temporal window. This analysis incorporates the amplitude component “a” of the transmitted waveform, ensuring a holistic understanding of the channel characteristics. The mathematical representation of the received signal vector “Y” is defined by the below-mentioned equation-2.Y- FPX + N (2)

[0027] Herein, Y is the received signal vector, H is a channel matrix, X is the transmitted signal vector, and N represents an additive noise vector. This framework is particularly relevantto Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems, characterized by Nr receiving antennas and Nt transmitting antennas. To enhance the performance of the second base station 200, it is essential to determine an effective channel impulse response. The mathematical representation of the effective channel impulse response is defined by the below-mentioned equation-3.H' = [nHLJ]T

[0028] The effective channel impulse response is derived from the interfering cell within the allocated Resource Elements (RE) or Resource Blocks (RBs). By leveraging a Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) properties inherent to the OFDM channel, the channel matrix can be defined. The mathematical representation of the channel matrix “H” is defined by the below- mentioned equation-4.H=u*S*V (4)

[0029] The above-mentioned formulation allows modification of the received signal vector “Y”. The mathematical representation of the modified “Y” is defined by the below- mentioned equation-5.Y=U*S*V*X + N (5)

[0030] In addressing interference mitigation, the second base station 200 employs, for example, a zero-forcing technique on the effective channel H1to derive an optimal precoder for uplink transmission. The precoder is determined through an orthogonal projection of H1. Now, the second base station 200 may dynamically configure the beam forming, also known as “beamforming vector”, based on the effective channel “ H' ” and channel matrix “H”. The mathematical representation of the beamforming vector “V” is defined by the below-mentioned equation-6.

[0031] Consequently, the transmitted vector “X” is transformed into “V*X”, leading to a modified mathematical representation of the received signal vector “Y” which is defined by the below-mentioned equation-7.Y = U*S*V*(V*X) = U*S*X (7)

[0032] In one or more embodiments, to ensure continuous improvement in a precoding strategy, a feedback loop is established. This feedback loop iteratively refines the precoder by adjusting both amplitude and phase components (e.g., an amplitude value and a phase value), thereby converging towards an optimal uplink precoder that effectively mitigates remote interference between the second base station 200 and its associated UEs 201.

[0033] In one or more embodiments, the disclosed method includes configuring a beamformer with at least one of an amplitude value and a phase value to optimize the reception of one or more RF signals from the plurality of user equipment (UEs) 201 at the second base station 200, thereby mitigating interference effects originating from the first base station 100. This configuration enhances signal quality and improves overall communication reliability.Additionally, the beamformer is configured to facilitate the effective transmission of one or more RF signals from the plurality of UEs 201 to the second base station 200, reducing interference effects and ensuring that the transmitted signals are less susceptible to degradation caused by neighboring base stations (e.g., first base station 100).

[0034] Furthermore, the beamformer is configured to enable the plurality of UEs 201 associated with the second base station 200 to receive one or more RF signals, which mitigates interference effects from the first base station 100. This approach enhances the clarity andintegrity of the received signals, promoting efficient communication. Lastly, the beamformer is configured to enable the second base station 200 to transmit one or more RF signals to the plurality of UEs 201, effectively mitigating interference effects. This configuration ensures that the transmitted signals maintain optimal strength and quality, facilitating reliable communication links.

[0035] In one or more embodiments, the second base station 200 may determine one or more critical deployment parameters (e.g., plurality of input parameters), such as a Base Station (BS) height, an Inter-Site Distance (ISD), an antenna array characteristics, a BS transmit power, a geometric location of the BS, a radiation pattern of one or more antennas used at the BS, a carrier frequency used at the BS, a bandwidth of a signal used at the BS, one or more environment parameters, and an atmospheric absorption factor (a), plays a pivotal role in optimizing system performance. In this context, a dominant path is calculated while treating other paths as superimposed, utilizing correlation relationships among multiple paths.

[0036] In one or more embodiments, the second base station 200 may determine one or more key performance metrics to evaluate channel characteristics associated with the context of multipath propagation, encompassing a path loss, a delay, a phase shift, an Angle of Arrival (AoA), an Angle of Departure (AoD) in both azimuth and elevation, a Power Delay Profile (PDP), an angular spread, a Doppler spread, and a Doppler shift of the multipath components. Furthermore, the analysis includes propagation distance and the dimensionality reduction from three-dimensional to two-dimensional representations, facilitating a comprehensive understanding of the channel dynamics and enhancing the overall system performance.

[0037] FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating a method 300 for dynamically configuring the beam forming for the plurality of UEs 201 based on the multipath channel impulse response (Hij), according to an embodiment as disclosed herein. The method 300 may execute multiple operations for dynamically configuring the beam forming, which are given below.

[0038] At operation 301, the method 300 includes receiving, at the second base station 200, the plurality of RF signals from the first base station 100. The plurality of RF signals is traversed through a multipath propagation channel and has been interfered by the atmospheric ducting propagation. At operation 302, the method 300 includes determining the multipath channel impulse response (Hij) corresponding to each path and scatterer associated with the plurality of received RF signals, which may relate to the equation-1.

[0039] In one or more embodiments, the method 300 includes determining the multipath channel impulse response (Hij) based on the plurality of input parameters. The plurality of input parameters may include, for example, but is not limited to, the BS transmit power, the ISD, the geometric location of the BS, the radiation pattern of one or more antennas used at the BS, the carrier frequency used at the BS, the bandwidth of the signal used at the BS, the one or more environment parameters, and the atmospheric absorption factor (a).

[0040] In one or more embodiments, the plurality of received RF signals represents a received signal vector (Y). The received signal vector (Y) is mathematical representation of transmitted signal (X) along modulated with channel (H), or said a sum of a channel matrix (H) multiplied by a transmitted signal vector (X) and an additive noise vector (N), which may relate to the equation-2. The channel matrix (H) is represented using, for example, but is not limited to,a channel matrix decomposition and / or an eigenvector decomposition to determine the optimal precoder.

[0041] For instance, the channel matrix decomposition may include a Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) as a product of three matrices, and wherein the three matrices comprise at least one of an first orthogonal matrix (U), a diagonal matrix (S), a second orthogonal matrix (V) and eigenvalue decomposition. The first orthogonal matrix (U) may include one or more left singular vectors of the channel matrix (H) and the one or more left singular vectors capture one or more principal components in an input space and indicate one or more directions of maximum variance in data. The diagonal matrix (S) may include one or more singular values of the channel matrix (H), along with diagonal, and the one or more singular values are non-negative and arranged in a descending order that indicates a strength of each corresponding singular vector in both first orthogonal matrix (U) and second orthogonal matrix (V). The second orthogonal matrix (V) may include one or more right singular vectors of the channel matrix (H) and the one or more singular values correspond to one or more principal components in an output space and define one or more directions associated with one or more singular values in the diagonal matrix (S).

[0042] At operation 303, the method 300 includes dynamically configuring, based on the multipath channel impulse response (Hij), beam forming for the plurality of UEs 201 associated with the second base station.

[0043] In one or more embodiments, the method 300 includes determining an effective channel response (H') based on the determined multipath channel impulse response (Hij), which may relate to the equation-3. The effective channel response (H') is determined by anequalization technique including a transpose of a matrix derived from an aggregating multipath channel impulse response.

[0044] In one or more embodiments, the method 300 includes applying one or more predefined techniques of the effective channel response (H') to determine the optimal precoder for uplink transmission. Examples of the one or more predefined techniques may include, but are not limited to, zero-forcing techniques.

[0045] In one or more embodiments, the method 300 includes determining, in response to applying the one or more predefined techniques, the beamforming vector. The beamforming vector is determined based on a conjugate transpose of a channel matrix (H) multiplied by an inverse of a product of the channel matrix (H) and the conjugate transpose of the channel matrix (H), which may relate to the equation-6.

[0046] In one or more embodiments, the method 300 includes dynamically configuring the beam forming for the received signal vector (Y) and a transmitted signal vector (X) based on the determined beamforming vector, which may relate to the equation-7.

[0047] In one or more embodiments, the method 300 includes determining one or more channel parameters. The one or more channel parameters may include the path loss, the delay (T), the phase shift, the AoA, the AoD, the PDP, the angular spread, the Doppler spread, and the Doppler shift of multipath signals.

[0048] FIG. 4 illustrates a diagram of example components of a system, according to an embodiment as disclosed herein. As shown in FIG. 4, the system 400 comprises a processor 410, a memory 420, a storage component 430, an input component 440, an output component 450, acommunication interface 460, and a bus 470. In one embodiment, the system 400 may relate to at least one of the base station (e.g., 200), or any other network device.

[0049] The processor 410, as used herein, means any type of computational circuit that may comprise hardware elements and software elements. The processor 410 may be embodied as a multi-core processor, a single core processor, or a combination of one or more multi -core processors and / or one or more single core processors, a distributed processing system, or the like. The processor 410 may be a Central Processing Unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), an accelerated processing unit (APU), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or another type of processing component.

[0050] The memory 420 includes a non-transitory computer readable medium. Memory 420 includes a Random-Access Memory (RAM), a Read Only Memory (ROM), and / or another type of dynamic or static storage device (e.g., a flash memory, a magnetic memory, and / or an optical memory) that stores information and / or instructions for use by processor 410. The memory 420 comprises machine-readable instructions which are executable by the processor 410. These machine-readable instructions when executed by the processor 410 cause the processor 410 to perform one or more method steps of an embodiment described above.

[0001] The storage component 430 stores information and / or software related to the operation and use of the system 400. For example, the storage component 430 may include a hard disk (e.g., a magnetic disk, an optical disk, a magneto-optic disk, and / or a solid-state disk), a Compact Disc (CD), a Digital Versatile Disc (DVD), a floppy disk, a cartridge, a magnetic tape, and / or another type of non-transitory computer-readable medium, along with a corresponding drive.

[0052] The input component 440 is configured to receive information, such as user input.For example, the input component 440 may include, but not be limited to, a touchscreen display, a keyboard, a keypad, a mouse, a button, a switch, and / or a microphone. Additionally, or alternatively, the input component 440 may include a sensor for sensing information (e.g., a global positioning system (GPS), an accelerometer, a gyroscope, and / or an actuator).

[0053] The output component 450 is configured to provide output information from the system 400. For example, the output component 450 may be, but is not limited to, a display, a speaker, instructions to an external device, and / or one or more Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs).

[0054] The communication interface 460 is an interface that provides a communication connection to other devices, such as external devices and internal devices. The connection by the communication interface 460 can be a wired connection, a wireless connection, or a combination of wired and wireless connections, and can be a direct connection or an indirect connection via a communication network that exists between the system 400 and other devices. In other words, the standard of the communication interface 460 is not limited.

[0055] The bus 470 acts as an interconnect between the processor 410, the memory 420, the storage component 430, the input component 440, the output component 450, and the communication interface 460 of the system 400. The bus 470 may include a wired interconnection or a wireless interconnection.

[0056] The number and arrangement of components shown in FIG. 4 are provided as an example. In practice, the system 400 may include additional components, fewer components, different components, or differently arranged components than those shown in FIG. 4.Additionally, or alternatively, a set of components (e.g., one or more components) of the system400 may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components of the system 400. Further, one or more method steps described in any of the embodiments may be performed utilizing the system 400 in communication with one another.

[0057] The disclosed method has several advantages over the existing mechanism, for example, which are stated below, a. Enhanced signal quality: the implementation of dynamic beamforming facilitates the optimization of received signal strength and clarity by effectively mitigating multipath interference. This is achieved through the analysis of the multipath channel impulse response (Hij), enabling the disclosed method to distinguish between constructive and destructive signal paths. In addition, the disclosed method addressing the challenges posed by atmospheric ducting propagation, and dynamic beamforming ensures a more stable communication link. This reliability is critical in maintaining consistent connectivity for User Equipments (UEs) under varying environmental conditions. b. Optimized resource allocation: The ability to dynamically configure beamforming based on real-time channel assessments allows for more efficient scheduling of uplink and downlink transmissions. This optimization leads to improved throughput and reduced latency, ensuring that network resources are utilized effectively. c. Interference mitigation: By utilizing the multipath channel impulse response, the system can strategically direct beamforming to minimize remote interference. This capability is essential for maintaining signal integrity and quality, particularly in scenarios where multiple base stations operate in proximity. d. Enhanced user experience: Users benefit from improved connectivity and lower latency, which are crucial for applications requiring real-time data transmission, such as video conferencing and online gaming. This enhancement contributes to overall user satisfaction and retention.

[0058] Examples of the techniques and apparatus described herein include, but are not limited to, the following enumerated embodiments:[1] A method 300 comprising: receiving, at a second base station 200, a plurality of Radio Frequency (RF) signals from a first base station 100, wherein the plurality of RF signals is traversed through a multipath propagation channel and has been interfered by the atmospheric ducting propagation; determining, in response to the reception of the plurality of RF signals, a multipath channel impulse response (Hij) corresponding to each path and scatterer associated with the plurality of received RF signals; and dynamically configuring, based on the multipath channel impulse response (Hij), beam forming for a plurality of User Equipments (UEs) 201 associated with the second base station 200.[2] The method 300 as described in [1], wherein the dynamically configuring the beam forming comprises: determining an effective channel response (H') based on the determined multipath channel impulse response (Hij), wherein the effective channel response (H') is determined by an equalization technique including a transpose of a matrix derived from an aggregating multipath channel impulse response; applying one or more predefined techniques of the effective channel response (H ') to determine an optimal precoder for uplink transmission, wherein the one or more predefine techniques comprise zero-forcing techniques; determining, in response to applying the one or more predefined techniques, a beamforming vector, wherein the beamforming vector is determined based on at least one of the zero-forcing techniques or Minimum Mean Squared Error (MMSE) technique or any other technique to null a direction; anddynamically configuring the beam forming for a received signal vector (Y) and a transmitted signal vector (X) based on the determined beamforming vector, wherein the dynamically configured beam forming mitigates remote interference experienced by the second base station 200 while scheduling at least one of uplink and downlink transmission for the plurality of UEs 201 associated with the second base station 200.[3] The method 300 as described in any of [l]-[2], wherein the plurality of received RF signals represents a received signal vector (Y), wherein the received signal vector (Y) is mathematical representation of transmitted signal (X) along modulated with channel (H).[4] The method 300 as described in any of [l]-[3], wherein the channel matrix (H) is represented using at least one of a channel matrix decomposition and an eigenvector decomposition to determine an optimal precoder, and wherein the channel matrix decomposition comprises a Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) as a product of three matrices, and wherein the three matrices comprise at least one of an first orthogonal matrix (U), a diagonal matrix (S), a second orthogonal matrix (V) and eigenvalue decomposition.[5] The method 300 as described in any of [l]-[4], wherein the first orthogonal matrix (U) comprises one or more left singular vectors of the channel matrix (H) and the one or more left singular vectors capture one or more principal components in an input space and indicate one or more directions of maximum variance in data.[6] The method 300 as described in any of [l]-[5], wherein the diagonal matrix (S) comprises one or more singular values of the channel matrix (H), along with diagonal, and the one or more singular values are non-negative and arranged in a descending order that indicates a strength of each corresponding singular vector in both first orthogonal matrix (U) and second orthogonal matrix (V).[7] The method 300 as described in any of [l]-[6], wherein the second orthogonal matrix (V) comprises one or more right singular vectors of the channel matrix (H) and the one or more singular values correspond to one or more principal components in an output space and define one or more directions associated with one or more singular values in the diagonal matrix (S).[8] The method 300 as described in any of [l]-[7], comprising: performing at least one of: configuring a beamformer with at least one of an amplitude value and a phase value to enable the second base station 200 to receive one or more RF signals from the plurality of UEs 201, mitigating the interference effects from the first base station 100; configuring the beamformer with at least one of an amplitude value and a phase value to facilitate transmission of one or more RF signals of the plurality of UEs 201 to the second base station 200, to mitigate the interference effects; configuring the beamformer with at least one of an amplitude value and a phase value to allow the plurality of UEs 201 of the second base station 200 to receive the one or more RF signals, mitigating the interference effects from the first base station 100; and configuring the beamformer with at least one of an amplitude value and a phase value to enable the second base station 200 to transmit one or more RF signals to the plurality of UEs 201, mitigating the interference effects.[9] The method 300 as described in any of [l]-[8], comprising: determining one or more channel parameters, wherein the one or more channel parameters comprise a path loss, a delay, a phase shift, an Angle of Arrival (AoA), an Angle of Departure (AoD), a Power Delay Profile (PDP), an angular spread, a Doppler spread, and a Doppler shift of multipath signals.

[0010] The method 300 as described in any of [l]-[9], wherein determining the multipath channel impulse response (Hij) comprises: determining the multipath channel impulse response (Hij) based on a plurality of input parameters, wherein the plurality of input parameters comprises a base station (BS) transmit power, an Inter-Site Distance (ISD), a geometric location of the BS, a radiation pattern of one or more antennas used at the BS, a carrier frequency used at the BS, a bandwidth of a signal used at the BS, one or more environment parameters, and an atmospheric absorption factor (a).

[0011] An apparatus 400, wherein the apparatus 400 is configured to: receive a plurality of Radio Frequency (RF) signals from a first base station 100, wherein the plurality of RF signals is traversed through a multipath propagation channel and has been interfered by the atmospheric ducting propagation; determine, in response to the reception of the plurality of RF signals, a multipath channel impulse response (Hij) corresponding to each path and scatterer associated with the plurality of received RF signals; and dynamically configure, based on the multipath channel impulse response (Hij), beam forming for a plurality of User Equipments (UEs) 201 associated with the second base station 200.

[0012] The apparatus 400 as described in

[0011] , wherein to dynamically configure the beamforming, the apparatus 400 is configured to: determine an effective channel response (H') based on the determined multipath channel impulse response (Hij), wherein the effective channel response (H') is determined by an equalization technique including a transpose of a matrix derived from an aggregating multipath channel impulse response;apply one or more predefined techniques of the effective channel response (H') to determine an optimal precoder for uplink transmission, wherein the one or more predefine techniques comprise zero-forcing techniques; determine, in response to applying the one or more predefined techniques, a beamforming vector, wherein the beamforming vector is determined based at least one of the zero-forcing techniques or Minimum Mean Squared Error (MMSE) technique or any other technique to null a direction; and dynamically configure the beam forming for a received signal vector (Y) and a transmitted signal vector (X) based on the determined beamforming vector, wherein the dynamically configured beam forming mitigates remote interference experienced by the second base station 200 while scheduling at least one of uplink and downlink transmission for the plurality of UEs 201 associated with the second base station 200.

[0013] The apparatus 400 as described in any of

[0011] -

[0012] , wherein the plurality of received RF signals represents a received signal vector (Y), wherein the received signal vector (Y) is mathematical representation of transmitted signal (X) along modulated with channel (H).

[0014] The apparatus 400 as described in any of

[0011] -

[0013] , wherein the channel matrix (H) is represented using at least one of a channel matrix decomposition and an eigenvector decomposition to determine an optimal precoder, and wherein the channel matrix decomposition comprises a Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) as a product of three matrices, and wherein the three matrices comprise at least one of a first orthogonal matrix (U), a diagonal matrix (S), a second orthogonal matrix (V) and eigenvalue decomposition.

[0015] The apparatus 400 as described in any of

[0011] -[l 4], wherein the first orthogonal matrix (U) comprises one or more left singular vectors of the channel matrix (H) and the one or more left singular vectors capture one or more principal components in an input space and indicate one or more directions of maximum variance in data.

[0016] The apparatus 400 as described in any of

[0011] -

[0015] , wherein the diagonal matrix (S) comprises one or more singular values of the channel matrix (H), along with diagonal, and the one or more singular values are non-negative and arranged in a descending order that indicates a strength of each corresponding singular vector in both first orthogonal matrix(U) and second orthogonal matrix (V).

[0017] The apparatus 400 as described in any of

[0011] -

[0016] , wherein the second orthogonal matrix(V) comprises one or more right singular vectors of the channel matrix (H) and the one or more singular values correspond to one or more principal components in an output space and define one or more directions associated with one or more singular values in the diagonal matrix (S).

[0018] The apparatus 400 as described in any of

[0011] -

[0017] , comprising: perform at least one of: configure a beamformer with at least one of an amplitude value and a phase value to enable the second base station 200 to receive one or more RF signals from the plurality of UEs 201, mitigating the interference effects from the first base station 100; configure the beamformer with at least one of an amplitude value and a phase value to facilitate transmission of one or more RF signals of the plurality of UEs 201 to the second base station 200, to mitigate the interference effects; configure the beamformer with at least one of an amplitude value and a phase value to allow the plurality of UEs 201 of the second base station 200 to receive the one or more RF signals, mitigating the interference effects from the first base station 100; and configure the beamformer with at least one of an amplitude value and a phase value to enable the second base station 200 to transmit one or more RF signals to the plurality of UEs 201, mitigating the interference effects.

[0019] The apparatus 400 as described in any of

[0011] -

[0018] , the apparatus 400 is configured to: determine one or more channel parameters, wherein the one or more channel parameters comprise a path loss, a delay, a phase shift, an Angle of Arrival (AoA), an Angle of Departure (AoD), a Power Delay Profile (PDP), an angular spread, a Doppler spread, and a Doppler shift of multipath signals; and determine the multipath channel impulse response (Hij) based on a plurality of input parameters, wherein the plurality of input parameters comprises a base station (BS) transmit power, an Inter-Site Distance (ISD), a geometric location of the BS, a radiation pattern of one or more antennas used at the BS, a carrier frequency used at the BS, a bandwidth of a signal used at the BS, one or more environment parameters, and an atmospheric absorption factor (a).

[0020] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions, the instructions comprising: one or more instructions that, when executed by an apparatus 400, the apparatus 400 comprising one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to: receive a plurality of Radio Frequency (RF) signals from a first base station 100, wherein the plurality of RF signals is traversed through a multipath propagation channel and has been interfered by the atmospheric ducting propagation; determine, in response to the reception of the plurality of RF signals, a multipath channel impulse response (Hij) corresponding to each path and scatterer associated with the plurality of received RF signals; and dynamically configure, based on the multipath channel impulse response (Hij), beam forming for a plurality of User Equipments (UEs) 201 associated with the second base station 200.

[0059] The various actions, acts, blocks, steps, or the like in the flow diagrams may be performed in the order presented, in a different order, or simultaneously. Further, in someembodiments, some of the actions, acts, blocks, steps, or the like may be omitted, added, modified, skipped, or the like without departing from the scope of the disclosure.

[0060] The embodiments disclosed herein can be implemented through at least one software program running on at least one hardware device and performing network management functions to control the elements. The elements can be at least one of a hardware device or a combination of hardware devices and software modules.

[0061] While specific language has been used to describe the disclosure, any limitations arising on account of the same are not intended. As would be apparent to a person in the art, various working modifications may be made to the method in order to implement the inventive concept as taught herein.

[0062] The drawings and the forgoing description give examples of embodiments. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that one or more of the described elements may well be combined into a single functional element. Alternatively, certain elements may be split into multiple functional elements. Elements from one embodiment may be added to another embodiment. For example, orders of processes described herein may be changed and are not limited to the manner described herein.

[0063] Moreover, the actions of any flow diagram need not be implemented in the order shown; nor do all of the acts necessarily need to be performed. Also, those acts that are not dependent on other acts may be performed in parallel with the other acts. The scope of embodiments is by no means limited by these specific examples. Numerous variations, whether explicitly given in the specification or not, such as differences in structure, dimension, and use ofmaterial, are possible. The scope of embodiments is at least as broad as given by the following claims.

[0064] Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to specific embodiments. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any component(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential feature or component of any or all the claims.

[0065] The foregoing description of the specific embodiments will so fully reveal the general nature of the embodiments herein that others can, by applying current knowledge, readily modify and / or adapt for various applications such specific embodiments without departing from the generic concept, and, therefore, such adaptations and modifications should and are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation. Therefore, while the embodiments herein have been described in terms of at least one embodiment, those skilled in the art will recognize that the embodiments herein can be practiced with modification within the spirit and scope of the embodiments as described herein.

Claims

CLAIMSWe claim:

1. A method comprising: receiving, at a second base station, a plurality of Radio Frequency (RF) signals from a first base station, wherein the plurality of RF signals is traversed through a multipath propagation channel and has been interfered by the atmospheric ducting propagation; determining, in response to the reception of the plurality of RF signals, a multipath channel impulse response (Hij) corresponding to each path and scatterer associated with the plurality of received RF signals; and dynamically configuring, based on the multipath channel impulse response (Hij), beam forming for a plurality of User Equipments (UEs) associated with the second base station.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the dynamically configuring the beam forming comprises: determining an effective channel response (H') based on the determined multipath channel impulse response (Hij), wherein the effective channel response ( / / ') is determined by an equalization technique including a transpose of a matrix derived from an aggregating multipath channel impulse response; applying one or more predefined techniques of the effective channel response (H') to determine an optimal precoder for uplink transmission, wherein the one or more predefine techniques comprise zero-forcing techniques; determining, in response to applying the one or more predefined techniques, a beamforming vector, wherein the beamforming vector is determined based on at least one of the zero-forcing techniques or Minimum Mean Squared Error (MMSE) technique or any other technique to null a direction; and dynamically configuring the beamforming for a received signal vector (Y) and a transmitted signal vector (X) based on the determined beamforming vector, wherein thedynamically configured beamforming mitigates remote interference experienced by the second base station while scheduling at least one of uplink and downlink transmission for the plurality of UEs associated with the second base station.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of received RF signals represents a received signal vector (Y), wherein the received signal vector (Y) is mathematical representation of transmitted signal (X) along modulated with channel (H) and an additive noise vector (N).

4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the channel matrix (H) is represented using at least one of a channel matrix decomposition and an eigenvector decomposition to determine an optimal precoder, and wherein the channel matrix decomposition comprises a Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) as a product of three matrices, and wherein the three matrices comprise at least one of a first orthogonal matrix (U), a diagonal matrix (S), a second orthogonal matrix (V) and eigenvalue decomposition.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the first orthogonal matrix (U) comprises one or more left singular vectors of the channel matrix (H) and the one or more left singular vectors capture one or more principal components in an input space and indicate one or more directions of maximum variance in data.

6. The method according to claim 4, wherein the diagonal matrix (S) comprises one or more singular values of the channel matrix (H), along with diagonal, and the one or more singular values are non-negative and arranged in a descending order that indicates a strength of each corresponding singular vector in both first orthogonal matrix (U) and second orthogonal matrix (V).

7. The method according to claim 4, wherein the second orthogonal matrix (V) comprises one or more right singular vectors of the channel matrix (H) and the one or more singular valuescorrespond to one or more principal components in an output space and define one or more directions associated with one or more singular values in the diagonal matrix (S).

8. The method according to claim 2, comprising: performing at least one of: configuring a beamformer with at least one of an amplitude value and a phase value to enable the second base station to receive one or more RF signals from the plurality of UEs, mitigating the interference effects from the first base station; configuring the beamformer with at least one of an amplitude value and a phase value to facilitate transmission of one or more RF signals of the plurality of UEs to the second base station, to mitigate the interference effects; configuring the beamformer with at least one of an amplitude value and a phase value to allow the plurality of UEs of the second base station to receive the one or more RF signals, mitigating the interference effects from the first base station; and configuring the beamformer with at least one of an amplitude value and a phase value to enable the second base station to transmit one or more RF signals to the plurality of UEs, mitigating the interference effects.

9. The method according to claim 1, comprising: determining one or more channel parameters, wherein the one or more channel parameters comprise a path loss, a delay, a phase shift, an Angle of Arrival (AoA), an Angle of Departure (AoD), a Power Delay Profile (PDP), an angular spread, a Doppler spread, and a Doppler shift of multipath signals.

10. The method according to claim 1, wherein determining the multipath channel impulse response (Hij) comprises:determining the multipath channel impulse response (Hij) based on a plurality of input parameters, wherein the plurality of input parameters comprises a base station (BS) transmit power, an Inter-Site Distance (ISD), a geometric location of the BS, a radiation pattern of one or more antennas used at the BS, a carrier frequency used at the BS, a bandwidth of a signal used at the BS, one or more environment parameters, and an atmospheric absorption factor (a).

11. An apparatus, wherein the apparatus is configured to: receive a plurality of Radio Frequency (RF) signals from a first base station, wherein the plurality of RF signals is traversed through a multipath propagation channel and has been interfered by the atmospheric ducting propagation; determine, in response to the reception of the plurality of RF signals, a multipath channel impulse response (Hij) corresponding to each path and scatterer associated with the plurality of received RF signals; and dynamically configure, based on the multipath channel impulse response (Hij), beam forming for a plurality of User Equipments (UEs) associated with the second base station.

12. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein to dynamically configure the beamforming, the apparatus is configured to: determine an effective channel responsebased on the determined multipath channel impulse response (Hij), wherein the effective channel response ( / / ') is determined by an equalization technique including a transpose of a matrix derived from an aggregating multipath channel impulse response; apply one or more predefined techniques of the effective channel response ( / / ') to determine an optimal precoder for uplink transmission, wherein the one or more predefine techniques comprise zero-forcing techniques;determine, in response to applying the one or more predefined techniques, a beamforming vector, wherein the beamforming vector is determined based on at least one of the zero-forcing techniques or Minimum Mean Squared Error (MMSE) technique or any other technique to null a direction; and dynamically configure the beam forming for a received signal vector (Y) and a transmitted signal vector (X) based on the determined beamforming vector, wherein the dynamically configured beam forming mitigates remote interference experienced by the second base station while scheduling at least one of uplink and downlink transmission for the plurality of UEs associated with the second base station.

13. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the plurality of received RF signals represents a received signal vector (Y), wherein the received signal vector (Y) is mathematical representation of transmitted signal (X) along modulated with channel (H).

14. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the channel matrix (H) is represented using at least one of a channel matrix decomposition and an eigenvector decomposition to determine an optimal precoder, and wherein the channel matrix decomposition comprises a Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) as a product of three matrices, and wherein the three matrices comprise at least one of a first orthogonal matrix (U), a diagonal matrix (S), a second orthogonal matrix (V) and eigenvalue decomposition.

15. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the first orthogonal matrix (U) comprises one or more left singular vectors of the channel matrix (H) and the one or more left singular vectors capture one or more principal components in an input space and indicate one or more directions of maximum variance in data.

16. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the diagonal matrix (S) comprises one or more singular values of the channel matrix (H), along with diagonal, and the one or more singular values are non-negative and arranged in a descending order that indicates astrength of each corresponding singular vector in both first orthogonal matrix (U) and second orthogonal matrix (V).

17. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the second orthogonal matrix (V) comprises one or more right singular vectors of the channel matrix (H) and the one or more singular values correspond to one or more principal components in an output space and define one or more directions associated with one or more singular values in the diagonal matrix (S).

18. The apparatus according to claim 12, comprising: perform at least one of: configure a beamformer with at least one of an amplitude value and a phase value to enable the second base station to receive one or more RF signals from the plurality of UEs, mitigating the interference effects from the first base station; configure the beamformer with at least one of an amplitude value and a phase value to facilitate transmission of one or more RF signals of the plurality of UEs to the second base station, to mitigate the interference effects; configure the beamformer with at least one of an amplitude value and a phase value to allow the plurality of UEs of the second base station to receive the one or more RF signals, mitigating the interference effects from the first base station; and configure the beamformer with at least one of an amplitude value and a phase value to enable the second base station to transmit one or more RF signals to the plurality of UEs, mitigating the interference effects.

19. The apparatus according to claim 11, comprising: determine one or more channel parameters, wherein the one or more channel parameters comprise a path loss, a delay, a phase shift, an Angle of Arrival (AoA), an Angle of Departure (AoD), a Power Delay Profile (PDP), an angular spread, a Doppler spread, and a Doppler shift of multipath signals;determine the multipath channel impulse response (Hij) based on a plurality of input parameters, wherein the plurality of input parameters comprises a base station (BS) transmit power, an Inter-Site Distance (ISD), a geometric location of the BS, a radiation pattern of one or more antennas used at the BS, a carrier frequency used at the BS, a bandwidth of a signal used at the BS, one or more environment parameters, and an atmospheric absorption factor (a).

20. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions, the instructions comprising: one or more instructions that, when executed by an apparatus, the apparatus comprising one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to: receive a plurality of Radio Frequency (RF) signals from a first base station, wherein the plurality of RF signals is traversed through a multipath propagation channel and has been interfered by the atmospheric ducting propagation; determine, in response to the reception of the plurality of RF signals, a multipath channel impulse response (Hij) corresponding to each path and scatterer associated with the plurality of received RF signals; and dynamically configure, based on the multipath channel impulse response (Hij), beam forming for a plurality of User Equipments (UEs) associated with the second base station.

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