Solar cell, hole transport material, electric device, power generation device, and photovoltaic apparatus

Abstract

Provided are a solar cell (100), a hole transport material, an electric device, a power generation device, and a photovoltaic apparatus. The solar cell (100) comprises a light absorption layer (13) and a hole transport layer (12), wherein the hole transport layer (12) comprises a first hole transport layer (121), and the first hole transport layer (121) comprises a first hole transport material. The structural formula of the first hole transport material comprises an electron-withdrawing subunit and a triphenylamine group, and two ends of the electron-withdrawing subunit are respectively directly or indirectly connected to a triphenylamine group. The first hole transport material enables the first hole transport layer to have excellent hole extraction and transport capabilities, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of a solar cell.

Description

Solar cells, hole transport materials, electrical equipment, power generation equipment and photovoltaic devices

[0001] This application claims priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 2024118841768, filed on December 19, 2024, entitled “Solar Cells, Electrical Equipment and Power Generation Equipment”, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Technical Field

[0002] This application relates to the field of new energy technology, and in particular to a solar cell, electrical equipment, and power generation equipment. Background Technology

[0003] This section provides only background information relevant to this application and is not necessarily prior art.

[0004] Currently, solar cells are used in lunar rovers, satellite solar panels, various sensors, probes, wearable electronics, and automotive power supply, with market demand continuously expanding. Developing high-efficiency solar cells is essential to further improve device performance.

[0005] Therefore, this application is submitted. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The technical problem to be solved by this application is:

[0007] In view of the technical problems existing in the background art, this application provides a solar cell, electrical equipment, power generation equipment and photovoltaic device, which aims to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells.

[0008] Technical solutions for solving technical problems:

[0009] To achieve the above objectives, a first aspect of this application provides a solar cell, which includes a light-absorbing layer and a hole transport layer. The hole transport layer includes a first hole transport layer, which includes a first hole transport material. The first hole transport material has a structural formula including an electron-withdrawing subunit and a triphenylamine group. The two ends of the electron-withdrawing subunit are respectively directly or indirectly connected to a triphenylamine group. The electron-withdrawing subunit includes at least one of the following groups: a fused heterocyclic subunit composed of an aromatic ring and a heterocyclic ring, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic rings directly linked by a single bond; a subunit formed by substituted or unsubstituted aromatic rings directly linked by a single bond; and a subunit formed by substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic rings directly linked by a single bond.

[0010] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, a first hole transport material comprising an electron-withdrawing subunit and a triphenylamine group is used to create a first hole transport layer with excellent hole extraction and transport capabilities, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. Furthermore, the sp3 orbital hybridization of the nitrogen atom in the triphenylamine group generates lone pairs of electrons. These lone pairs of electrons more easily move to the phenyl group of triphenylamine or are transferred through the phenyl group to the electron-withdrawing subunit, thus playing a hole transport role. When the first hole transport material loses one electron, although the entire molecule is in a state lacking one electron, due to the resonance effect of the phenyl group, the vacancy will be filled by other electrons, thus ensuring the stability of the entire molecule. Simultaneously, by adjusting the group of the electron-withdrawing subunit, it is beneficial to flexibly control the energy level of the first hole transport material, achieving energy level matching between the hole transport layer and the light absorption layer, and improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0011] In some embodiments, where the two ends of the electron-withdrawing subunit are indirectly connected to a triphenylamine group, the two ends of the electron-withdrawing subunit are connected to a triphenylamine group through an aromatic subunit.

[0012] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the two ends of the electron-withdrawing subunit are respectively connected to a triphenylamine group through an aromatic subunit, forming a D-Π-A-Π-D type structure. Through intermolecular electron push-pull interactions, the mobility of the first hole transport material is improved. Simultaneously, the aromatic subunit acts as a conjugated bridge, enhancing both the hole extraction and transport capabilities of the first hole transport material, and also allowing for the modulation of its energy levels. Using this first hole transport material in the first hole transport layer of a solar cell can improve the hole extraction and transport capabilities of the film layer, thereby increasing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0013] In some embodiments, the aromatic subunit includes at least one of the following groups: substituted or unsubstituted phenyl subunit, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene subunit, substituted or unsubstituted furan subunit, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene subunit, substituted or unsubstituted biphenyl subunit, and substituted or unsubstituted bithiophene subunit.

[0014] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the energy level of the first hole transport material and the hole extraction and transport capability are controlled by the aramid group within the above-mentioned range, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0015] In some embodiments, the general formula of the first hole transport material is shown in formula (1) and / or formula (2):

[0016] Equation (1);

[0017] Equation (2);

[0018] in:

[0019] Y1 and Y2 each independently include at least one of the following groups: , , , , , , , , , , , ;

[0020] Ar1 and Ar2 independently include at least one of the following groups: substituted or unsubstituted benzene group, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene group, substituted or unsubstituted furan group, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene group, substituted or unsubstituted biphenyl group, substituted or unsubstituted bithiophene group;

[0021] R1 to R8 independently include at least one of the following groups: hydrogen, methoxy, methylthio;

[0022] Z1~Z 10 Independently includes at least one of the following groups: hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C4-C30 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C4-C30 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C4-C30 alkylthio, substituted or unsubstituted C4-C30 silyl, substituted or unsubstituted C4-C30 sulfonylalkyl.

[0023] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the hole extraction and transport capability of the first hole transport material of the above general formula is improved by utilizing the electron push-pull interaction between the groups. Y1 and Y2 groups are within the above range, Ar1 and Ar2 are within the above range, and Z1~Z 10 Within the aforementioned range, the hole extraction and transport capabilities of the first hole transport material can be better improved, as well as the molecular energy levels of the first hole transport material can be controlled. R1 to R8, within this range, ensures the good stability of the triphenylamine group. Using this first hole transport material in the first hole transport layer results in excellent hole extraction and transport capabilities, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0024] In some embodiments, Ar1, Ar2, Z1~Z 10 The substituents in the substituents can be one or more of -F, -Cl, -CF3, or -CN.

[0025] In the technical solutions of this application embodiment, Ar1, Ar2, Z1~Z10 The substituents in the cells can be one or more of -F, -Cl, -CF3, or -CN, which can better regulate the molecular energy levels and improve the hole extraction and transport capabilities of the first hole transport layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0026] In some implementations, Ar1 and Ar2 are the same.

[0027] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, Ar1 and Ar2 are the same, which can better control the molecular energy level and improve the hole extraction and transmission capability of the first hole transport layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0028] In some embodiments, the first hole transport material includes one or more of formulas (3) to (9):

[0029] Equation (3) Equation (4) Equation (5), Equation (6) Equation (7), Equation (8) Equation (9).

[0030] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the first hole transport material is within the above-mentioned range, which can improve the hole extraction and transport capability of the first hole transport layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0031] In some implementations, the thickness of the first hole transport layer is in the range of 1 nm to 50 nm.

[0032] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the thickness of the first hole transport layer is within the above-mentioned range, which enables the hole extraction and transport capabilities of the first hole transport layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0033] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer includes a first hole transport layer and a second hole transport layer, with the first hole transport layer disposed between the second hole transport layer and the light absorption layer. The second hole transport layer includes a second hole transport material, which is different from the first hole transport material.

[0034] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, by setting the hole transport layer to the above structure, the energy levels between the second hole transport layer and the light absorption layer can be better matched, which is beneficial to hole extraction and transport. At the same time, the setting scheme of the hole transport layer can be flexibly adjusted according to product requirements, further improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0035] In some embodiments, the second hole transport material includes a metal oxide, including nickel oxide.

[0036] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell is improved by using a second hole transport material including metal oxides.

[0037] In some embodiments, the light-absorbing layer comprises a perovskite material having the general formula ABX3 or A2CDX6, wherein A, B, C, and D are independently selected from one or more of inorganic cations, organic cations, or mixed organic and inorganic cations, and X is selected from one or more of inorganic anions, organic anions, or mixed organic and inorganic anions.

[0038] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, by including the light absorption layer of the above-mentioned perovskite material, the energy level of the hole transport layer is more matched, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell.

[0039] In some embodiments, A includes one or more of cesium cations, formamidinium cations, methylamine cations, rubidium cations, and guanidine cations; B includes one or two of tin cations and lead cations; C includes silver cations; D includes one or more of bismuth cations, antimony cations, and indium cations; and X includes one or more of fluoride anions, chloride anions, bromide anions, and iodide anions.

[0040] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the light absorption layer of the perovskite material mentioned above is more matched with the energy level of the hole transport layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0041] In some embodiments, a solar cell includes a first conductive layer, a hole transport layer, a light absorption layer, an electron transport layer, and a second conductive layer stacked sequentially.

[0042] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell is improved by introducing the first hole transport material provided in the embodiment of this application into the solar cell of the above-mentioned stacked structure.

[0043] A second aspect of this application provides a hole transport material, the structural formula of which includes an electron-withdrawing subunit and a triphenylamine group. The two ends of the electron-withdrawing subunit are respectively directly or indirectly connected to a triphenylamine group. The electron-withdrawing subunit includes at least one of the following groups: a fused heterocyclic subunit composed of an aromatic ring and a heterocyclic ring, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic rings directly linked by a single bond; a subunit formed by substituted or unsubstituted aromatic rings directly linked by a single bond; and a subunit formed by substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic rings directly linked by a single bond.

[0044] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the nitrogen atom of the triphenylamine group undergoes sp3 orbital hybridization to generate lone pairs of electrons. These lone pairs of electrons can more easily move to the phenyl group of triphenylamine or transfer through the phenyl group to the electron-withdrawing subunit, thereby playing a role in hole transport. When the hole transport material loses one electron, although the entire molecule is in a state of missing an electron, due to the resonance effect of the phenyl group, the vacancy will be filled by other electrons, thus ensuring the stability of the entire molecule. At the same time, by adjusting the group of the electron-withdrawing subunit, it is beneficial to flexibly control the energy level of the hole transport material, thereby achieving energy level matching between the hole transport layer and the light absorption layer, and improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0045] In some embodiments, where the two ends of the electron-withdrawing subunit are indirectly connected to a triphenylamine group, the two ends of the electron-withdrawing subunit are connected to a triphenylamine group via an aromatic subunit.

[0046] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the two ends of the electron-withdrawing subunit are respectively connected to a triphenylamine group through an aromatic subunit, forming a D-Π-A-Π-D type structure. Through intermolecular electron push-pull interactions, the mobility of the hole transport material is improved. Simultaneously, the aromatic subunit acts as a conjugated bridge, enhancing both the hole extraction and transport capabilities of the hole transport material, and also allowing for the modulation of its energy levels. Using this hole transport material in the hole transport layer of a solar cell can improve the hole extraction and transport capabilities of the film layer, thereby increasing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0047] In some embodiments, the aromatic subunit includes at least one of the following groups: substituted or unsubstituted phenyl subunit, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene subunit, substituted or unsubstituted furan subunit, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene subunit, substituted or unsubstituted biphenyl subunit, and substituted or unsubstituted bithiophene subunit.

[0048] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the energy level of the hole transport material and the hole extraction and transport capabilities are controlled by the aramid groups within the above-mentioned range, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0049] In some embodiments, the general formula for hole transport materials is shown in formula (1) and / or formula (2):

[0050] Equation (1);

[0051] Equation (2);

[0052] in:

[0053] Y1 and Y2 each independently include at least one of the following groups: , , , , , , , , , , , ;

[0054] Ar1 and Ar2 independently include at least one of the following groups: substituted or unsubstituted benzene group, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene group, substituted or unsubstituted furan group, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene group, substituted or unsubstituted biphenyl group, substituted or unsubstituted bithiophene group;

[0055] R1 to R8 independently include at least one of the following groups: hydrogen, methoxy, methylthio;

[0056] Z1~Z 10 Independently includes at least one of the following groups: hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C4-C30 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C4-C30 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C4-C30 alkylthio, substituted or unsubstituted C4-C30 silyl, substituted or unsubstituted C4-C30 sulfonylalkyl.

[0057] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the hole transport material of the above general formula utilizes the electron push-pull interaction between groups to improve the hole extraction and transport capabilities of the hole transport material. Y1 and Y2 groups are within the above-mentioned range, Ar1 and Ar2 are within the above-mentioned range, and Z1~Z 10 Within the aforementioned range, the hole extraction and transport capabilities of the hole transport material can be better improved, as well as the molecular energy levels of the hole transport material can be controlled. R1 to R8, within this range, ensures the good stability of the triphenylamine group. Using this hole transport material in the hole transport layer results in excellent hole extraction and transport capabilities, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0058] A third aspect of this application provides an electrical device including a solar cell as described above.

[0059] Since the electrical equipment of this application includes the solar cell provided in this application, it has at least the same advantages as the solar cell.

[0060] A fourth aspect of this application provides a power generation device including a solar cell as described above.

[0061] Since the power generation equipment of this application includes the solar cell provided in this application, it has at least the same advantages as the solar cell.

[0062] The fifth aspect of this application provides a photovoltaic device, including the solar cell as described above.

[0063] Since the photovoltaic device of this application includes the solar cell provided in this application, it has at least the same advantages as the solar cell.

[0064] The above description is only an overview of the technical solution of this application. In order to better understand the technical means of this application and to implement it in accordance with the contents of the specification, and to make the above and other objects, features and advantages of this application more obvious and understandable, the following are specific embodiments of this application. Attached Figure Description

[0065] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of this application, the accompanying drawings used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the accompanying drawings described below are only some embodiments of this application. Other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0066] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0067] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0068] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0069] Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell provided in an embodiment of this application;

[0070] Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the electrical equipment provided in the embodiments of this application;

[0071] Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the power generation equipment provided in the embodiment of this application;

[0072] Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the photovoltaic device provided in the embodiments of this application.

[0073] Explanation of reference numerals: 100-Solar cell, 10-Substrate, 11-First conductive layer, 12-Hole transport layer, 121-First hole transport layer, 122-Second hole transport layer, 13-Light absorption layer, 14-Electron transport layer, 15-Second conductive layer, 1000-Electrical device, 2000-Power generation device, 3000-Photovoltaic device. Embodiments of the present invention

[0074] The embodiments of the technical solution of this application will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. These embodiments are only used to more clearly illustrate the technical solution of this application and are therefore merely examples, and should not be used to limit the scope of protection of this application.

[0075] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application pertains; the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the application; the terms “comprising” and “having”, and any variations thereof, in the specification, claims, and foregoing description of the drawings are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion.

[0076] In the description of the embodiments of this application, technical terms such as "first" and "second" are used only to distinguish different objects and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number, specific order, or primary and secondary relationship of the indicated technical features. In the description of the embodiments of this application, "multiple" means two or more, unless otherwise explicitly defined.

[0077] In this document, the term "embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment of this application. The appearance of this phrase in various places throughout the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, nor is it a separate or alternative embodiment mutually exclusive with other embodiments. It will be explicitly and implicitly understood by those skilled in the art that the embodiments described herein can be combined with other embodiments.

[0078] In the description of the embodiments in this application, the term "and / or" is merely a description of the relationship between related objects, indicating that three relationships can exist. For example, A and / or B can represent: A existing alone, A and B existing simultaneously, and B existing alone. Additionally, the character " / " in this document generally indicates that the preceding and following related objects have an "or" relationship.

[0079] In the description of the embodiments of this application, the term "multiple" refers to two or more (including two), similarly, "multiple sets" refers to two or more (including two sets), and "multiple pieces" refers to two or more (including two pieces).

[0080] In solar cells, existing hole transport materials such as NiO x Materials such as PEDOT:PSS typically suffer from inflexible energy level tuning and are prone to degradation of light-absorbing materials or corrosion of the substrate, which can negatively impact the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells. For example, using NiO... x As a hole transport material, due to NiO xRich in trivalent nickel, it has strong oxidizing properties, which can easily accelerate the degradation of light-absorbing materials. Alternatively, if PEDOT:PSS is used as a hole transport material, its acidity can easily corrode the substrate, thus reducing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells.

[0081] To address the aforementioned technical problems, this application provides a solar cell 100. Referring to Figures 1 and 2, the solar cell 100 includes a light-absorbing layer 13 and a hole transport layer 12. The hole transport layer 12 includes a first hole transport layer 121, which includes a first hole transport material. The first hole transport material has a structural formula including an electron-withdrawing subunit and a triphenylamine group. The two ends of the electron-withdrawing subunit are directly or indirectly connected to a triphenylamine group. The electron-withdrawing subunit includes at least one of the following groups: a fused heterocyclic subunit composed of an aromatic ring and a heterocyclic ring, either substituted or unsubstituted; a subunit formed by directly connecting substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic rings and heterocyclic rings via single bonds; a subunit formed by directly connecting substituted or unsubstituted aromatic rings and aromatic rings via single bonds; and a subunit formed by directly connecting substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic rings and aromatic rings via single bonds.

[0082] Among them, solar cell 100 refers to a device that converts light energy into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect.

[0083] The light-absorbing layer 13 is the core component of the solar cell 100. It is used to absorb the photon energy of sunlight, generate electron-hole pairs, and under the action of the built-in electric field, separate the electron-hole pairs into free electrons and holes. The holes and electrons are collected by two different electrodes, and the two electrodes are connected to form a circuit to generate photocurrent.

[0084] The hole transport layer 12 is a functional layer for extracting and transporting photogenerated holes generated by the light absorption layer 13. In some embodiments, the hole transport layer 12 can be directly disposed on one side surface of the light absorption layer 13. In some embodiments, a passivation functional layer can also be disposed between the hole transport layer 12 and the light absorption layer 13.

[0085] Hole transport materials are used to extract and transport photogenerated hole carriers. A hole transport material may consist only of a first hole transport material, or it may consist of a first hole transport material and at least one other hole transport material.

[0086] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer 12 may consist solely of a first hole transport layer 121, which may be formed solely of a first hole transport material, or a mixture of the first hole transport material and at least one other hole transport material. In some embodiments, the hole transport layer 12 may be formed by stacking the first hole transport layer 121 and at least one other single-functional hole transport layer. The hole transport material design schemes of each single-functional layer can be designed independently to flexibly design the hole transport layer 12 according to the product's functional requirements.

[0087] Electron-withdrawing subunits are chemical groups that can attract or absorb electrons. These groups typically have high electronegativity and can attract electrons from the surrounding environment, making the molecule more stable and more reactive. By adjusting the groups of electron-withdrawing subunits, the energy levels of the first hole transport material can be flexibly controlled, achieving energy level matching between the hole transport layer 12 and the light absorption layer 13, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0088] Aromatic rings are unsaturated carbocyclic compounds in which the ring system is composed of carbon atoms. Heteroaromatic rings are unsaturated cyclic compounds in which the ring system includes atoms of other elements besides carbon, such as one or more of oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen.

[0089] The nitrogen atom in the triphenylamine group undergoes sp3 orbital hybridization, generating a lone pair of electrons. These lone pairs more easily move to the phenyl group of triphenylamine or are transferred through the phenyl group to an electron-withdrawing subunit, thus acting as a hole transport mechanism. When the first hole transport material loses one electron, although the entire molecule is in a state of missing an electron, the vacancy is filled by other electrons due to the resonance effect of the phenyl group, thus ensuring the stability of the entire molecule.

[0090] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, by using a first hole transport material including electron-withdrawing subunits and triphenylamine groups, the formed first hole transport layer 121 has excellent hole extraction and transport capabilities, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0091] In some embodiments, where the two ends of the electron-withdrawing subunit are indirectly connected to a triphenylamine group, the two ends of the electron-withdrawing subunit are connected to a triphenylamine group through an aromatic subunit.

[0092] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the two ends of the electron-withdrawing subunit are respectively connected to a triphenylamine group through an aromatic subunit, forming a D-Π-A-Π-D type structure. Through intermolecular electron push-pull interactions, the mobility of the first hole transport material is improved. Simultaneously, the aromatic subunit acts as a conjugated bridge, which not only improves the hole transport and extraction capabilities of the first hole transport material but also allows for the modulation of the energy levels of the first hole transport material by adjusting the groups of the aromatic subunit. Using this first hole transport material in the first hole transport layer 121 can improve the hole extraction and transport capabilities of the film layer, thereby increasing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0093] In some embodiments, the aromatic subunit includes at least one of the following groups: substituted or unsubstituted phenyl subunit, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene subunit, substituted or unsubstituted furan subunit, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene subunit, substituted or unsubstituted biphenyl subunit, and substituted or unsubstituted bithiophene subunit.

[0094] Among them, phenylene group refers to the group formed by eliminating one hydrogen atom from a phenyl group. Thiophene group refers to the group formed by eliminating one hydrogen atom from a thienyl group. Furanene group refers to the group formed by eliminating one hydrogen atom from a furanyl group. denominated thienene group refers to the group formed by eliminating one hydrogen atom from a denominated thienyl group. Biphenylene group refers to the group formed by eliminating one hydrogen atom from a biphenyl group. Bithiophene group refers to the group formed by eliminating one hydrogen atom from a bithiophene group.

[0095] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the energy level of the first hole transport material and the hole extraction and transport capability are controlled by the aramid group within the above-mentioned range, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0096] In some embodiments, the general formula of the first hole transport material is shown in formula (1) and / or formula (2):

[0097] Equation (1);

[0098] Equation (2);

[0099] in:

[0100] Y1 and Y2 each independently include at least one of the following groups: , , , , , , , , , , , ;

[0101] Ar1 and Ar2 independently include at least one of the following groups: substituted or unsubstituted benzene group, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene group, substituted or unsubstituted furan group, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene group, substituted or unsubstituted biphenyl group, substituted or unsubstituted bithiophene group;

[0102] R1 to R8 independently include at least one of the following groups: hydrogen, methoxy, methylthio;

[0103] Z1~Z 10 Independently includes at least one of the following groups: hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C4-C30 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C4-C30 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C4-C30 alkylthio, substituted or unsubstituted C4-C30 silyl, substituted or unsubstituted C4-C30 sulfonylalkyl.

[0104] An alkyl group is a group formed by eliminating one hydrogen atom from an alkane molecule. For example, an alkyl group can be butyl (C4H9-), pentyl (C5H9-), etc. 11 -), Hexyl (C6H) 13 -), Heptahydrate (C7H) 15 One or more of the following: -)

[0105] An alkoxy group is a group consisting of an alkyl group and an oxygen atom. For example, an alkoxy group can be butoxy (C4H9O-) or pentoxy (C5H9O-). 11 O-), hexyloxy group (C6H) 13 O-), heptoxygen (C7H) 15 One or more of O-).

[0106] An alkoxy group is a group consisting of an alkyl group and a sulfur atom. For example, an alkoxy group can be butylthio (C4H9S-) or pentylthio (C5H9S-). 11 S-), hexylthio (C6H) 13 S-), heptylthioyl (C7H) 15 One or more of S-).

[0107] Silyl groups are groups formed during the reaction of introducing alkyl groups onto silicon atoms to generate silanes. For example, a silyl group can be triethylsilyl (C6H4H4O). 15 Si-), tripropylsilyl (C9H) 21 Si-), diphenylmethylsilyl (C 13 H 11 One or more of Si-).

[0108] Sulfonyl alkyl refers to a group formed by introducing a sulfone group (-SO2-) into an alkyl compound. For example, sulfonyl alkyl can be butyl sulfone (C4H9O2S-) or pentyl sulfone (C5H... 11 O2S-), hexyl sulfone (C6H 13 O2S-), heptyl sulfone (C7H) 15 One or more of O2S-).

[0109] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the hole extraction and transport capability of the first hole transport material of the above general formula is improved by utilizing the electron push-pull interaction between the groups. Y1 and Y2 groups are within the above range, Ar1 and Ar2 are within the above range, and Z1~Z 10 Within the aforementioned range, the hole extraction and transport capabilities of the first hole transport material can be better improved, as can the molecular energy levels of the first hole transport material be controlled. R1 to R8, within the aforementioned range, ensure the triphenylamine group exhibits good stability. Using this first hole transport material in the first hole transport layer 121 results in the first hole transport layer 121 possessing excellent hole extraction and transport capabilities, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0110] In some implementations, Ar1, Ar2, Z1~Z 10 The substituents in the substituents can be one or more of -F, -Cl, -CF3, or -CN.

[0111] In the technical solutions of this application embodiment, Ar1, Ar2, Z1~Z 10 The substituents in the cell can be one or more of -F, -Cl, -CF3 or -CN, which can better regulate the molecular energy level and improve the hole extraction and transport capabilities of the first hole transport layer 121, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0112] In some implementations, Ar1 and Ar2 are the same.

[0113] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, Ar1 and Ar2 are the same, which can better control the molecular energy level and improve the hole extraction and transmission capability of the first hole transport layer 121, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0114] In some embodiments, the first hole transport material includes one or more of formulas (3) to (9):

[0115] Equation (3) Equation (4) Equation (5), Equation (6) Equation (7), Equation (8) Equation (9).

[0116] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the first hole transport material is within the above-mentioned range, which can improve the hole extraction and transport capability of the first hole transport layer 121, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0117] In some implementations, the thickness of the first hole transport layer 121 is in the range of 1 nm to 50 nm.

[0118] The thickness of the first hole transport layer 121 is in the range of 1nm to 50nm, and can be 1nm, 3nm, 5nm, 10nm, 15nm, 17.5nm, 20nm, 25nm, 28nm, 30nm, 35nm, 40nm, 45nm, 50nm, etc., or any two of the above values ​​combined, for example, it can be 1nm to 5nm, 10nm to 25nm, 5nm to 35nm, 20nm to 40nm, or 30nm to 50nm, etc.

[0119] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the thickness of the first hole transport layer 121 is within the above-mentioned range, which can improve the hole extraction and transport capability of the first hole transport layer 121, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0120] Referring to Figure 3, in some embodiments, the hole transport layer 12 includes a first hole transport layer 121 and a second hole transport layer 122. The first hole transport layer 121 is disposed between the second hole transport layer 122 and the light absorption layer 13. The second hole transport layer 122 includes a second hole transport material, which is different from the first hole transport material.

[0121] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the hole transport layer 12 includes a first hole transport layer 121 and a second hole transport layer 122. The first hole transport layer 121 is disposed between the second hole transport layer 122 and the light absorption layer 13. The second hole transport layer 122 includes a second hole transport material, which is different from the first hole transport material. The first hole transport layer 121 enables a better match between the energy levels of the second hole transport layer 122 and the light absorption layer 13, which is beneficial for hole extraction and transport. At the same time, the hole transport layer configuration can be flexibly adjusted according to product requirements, further improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0122] In some embodiments, the second hole transport material includes a metal oxide, including nickel oxide.

[0123] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100 is improved by using a second hole transport material including metal oxide.

[0124] In some embodiments, the light-absorbing layer 13 includes a perovskite material with the general formula ABX3 or A2CDX6, wherein A, B, C, and D are independently selected from one or more of inorganic cations, organic cations, or mixed organic and inorganic cations, and X is selected from one or more of inorganic anions, organic anions, or mixed organic and inorganic anions.

[0125] For example, organic monovalent cations include (NR9R) 10 R 11 R 12 ) + (R9R) 10 N=CR 11 R 12 ) + [R9R] 10 NC(R 13 )=NR 11 R 12 ] + Or [R9R] 10 NC(NR 13 R 14 )=NR 11 R 12 ] + One or more of them, wherein R9~R 14 Each is independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 alkyl groups, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl groups. Optionally, the organic monovalent cation includes (H2N=CH-NH2). + (abbreviated as FA) + CH3NH3 + (abbreviated as MA) + One or more of the following.

[0126] For example, the inorganic monovalent cation includes: Li + Na + K + 、Rb + Cs + Cu + Ag + Au + or Hg + At least one of them.

[0127] For example, the inorganic divalent cation includes: Pb 2+ Sn 2+ Be 2+ Mg 2+Ca 2+ 、Sr 2+ Ba 2+ Zn 2+ 、Ge 2+ Fe 2+ Co 2+ Ni 2+ Cd 2+ Cu 2+ Mn 2+ Pd 2+ Yb 2+ Or Eu 2+ At least one of them.

[0128] For example, inorganic trivalent cations include: Bi 3+ Sb 3+ Cr 3+ Fe 3+ Co 3+ Ga 3+ As 3+ Ru 3+ ,Rh 3+ In 3+ Ir 3+ Au 3+ Or Al 3+ At least one of them.

[0129] For example, monovalent anions include: F - Cl - ,Br - I - SCN - CNO - OCN - OSCN - CN - SeCN - At least one of them.

[0130] In some embodiments, perovskite materials include Cs 0.05 FA 0.95 PbBr 0.15 I 2.85 Cs 0.1 MA 0.15 FA 0.75 PbCl 0.15 I 2.85 At least one of MAPbI3, FAPbI3, CsPbI3, CsPbI2Br, and CsPbIBr2.

[0131] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the light absorption layer 13, which includes the above-mentioned perovskite material, is more matched with the energy level of the hole transport layer 12, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0132] In some embodiments, A includes one or more of cesium cations, formamidinium cations, methylamine cations, rubidium cations, and guanidine cations; B includes one or two of tin cations and lead cations; C includes silver cations; D includes one or more of bismuth cations, antimony cations, and indium cations; and X includes one or more of fluoride anions, chloride anions, bromide anions, and iodide anions.

[0133] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the light absorption layer 13, which includes the above-mentioned perovskite material, is more matched with the energy level of the hole transport layer 12, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0134] Referring to Figure 4, in some embodiments, the solar cell 100 includes a first conductive layer 11, a hole transport layer 12, a light absorption layer 13, an electron transport layer 14, and a second conductive layer 15 stacked sequentially. At least one of the first conductive layer 11 and the second conductive layer 15 is a transparent conductive layer for light incident.

[0135] The electrode material of the first conductive layer 11 includes one or more of organic conductive materials, inorganic conductive materials, or organic-inorganic mixed conductive materials. Optionally, it includes one or more of transparent conductive metal oxides, carbon, metals, and their alloys. More preferably, it includes at least one of indium tin oxide (ITO), lanthanide-doped indium oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), antimony-doped tin oxide, boron-doped zinc oxide (BZO), zinc aluminum oxide (AZO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), zinc gallium oxide (GZO), indium tungsten oxide (IWO), Au, Ag, Cu, Al, Ni, Cr, Bi, Pt, Mg, Mo, W, and their alloys, graphite, graphene, and carbon nanotubes. Optionally, it includes at least one of Ag, Cu, C, Au, Al, ITO, AZO, BZO, or IZO. Further, it includes at least one of Cu, Ag, and Au. Optionally, the first conductive layer 11 is a transparent conductive layer for light incidence, resulting in a reverse solar cell.

[0136] The electron transport material in electron transport layer 14 may include, but is not limited to, one or more of the following materials and their derivatives: imide compounds, quinone compounds, fullerenes and their derivatives, metal oxides, semiconductor material oxides, titanates, and fluorides. Imide compounds include at least one of perylene imide and its derivatives, naphthylimide and its derivatives, phthalimide, succinimide, N-bromosuccinimide, glutarimide, or maleimide. Quinone compounds include at least one of benzoquinone, naphthylquinone, phenanthrenequinone, or anthraquinone. Fullerenes and their derivatives include at least one of [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyrate methyl ester (PC61BM), [6,6]-phenyl C71-butyrate methyl ester (PC71BM), fullerene C60 (C60), and fullerene C70 (C70). Metal oxides include at least one of the following metallic elements: magnesium (Mg), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), indium (In), lead (Pb), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), titanium (Ti), silver (Ag), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), vanadium (V), tin (Sn), zirconium (Zr), strontium (Sr), gallium (Ga), and chromium (Cr). Semiconductor oxides include silicon oxide. Titanates include at least one of strontium titanate and calcium titanate. Fluorides include at least one of lithium fluoride and calcium fluoride.

[0137] The second conductive layer 15 includes transparent conductive oxides, metals, etc. The transparent conductive oxides include one or more of indium tin oxide (ITO), lanthanide metal-doped indium oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), antimony-doped tin oxide, boron-doped zinc oxide (BZO), aluminum zinc oxide (AZO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), gallium zinc oxide (GZO), and indium tungsten oxide (IWO). The metals include one or more of Au, Ag, Cu, Al, Ni, Cr, Bi, Pt, and Mg.

[0138] In some embodiments, the solar cell 100 further includes a substrate 10 disposed on the side of the first conductive layer 11 opposite to the hole transport layer 12, for supporting the solar cell 100. The substrate 10 can be a rigid substrate layer or a flexible substrate layer. In some embodiments, the rigid substrate layer can be transparent glass. In some embodiments, the material of the flexible substrate layer includes an organic polymer material, which can be a mixture of one or more of the following materials in different proportions: including but not limited to polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyester (PET), polyimide (PI), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), etc.

[0139] In some embodiments, the solar cell 100 also includes a hole blocking layer (not shown) located on the side of the electron transport layer 14 away from the light absorption layer 13, for blocking the transmission of holes.

[0140] In some embodiments, the hole blocking layer includes a hole blocking material. This application does not particularly limit the hole blocking material, which may include SnO. z (1.5≤z≤2) and at least one of copper bath (2,9-dimethyl-4,7-biphenyl-1,10-o-diazaphenanthroline, BCP).

[0141] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, by introducing the first hole transport material provided in the embodiment of this application into the solar cell 100 with the above-mentioned stacked structure, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100 is improved.

[0142] In some embodiments, this application provides a method for fabricating a solar cell 100, the method comprising:

[0143] Provide a prefabricated component;

[0144] A hole transport layer 12 is provided on one side of the preform. The hole transport layer 12 includes a first hole transport material. The first hole transport material has a structural formula including an electron-withdrawing subunit and a triphenylamine group. The two ends of the electron-withdrawing subunit are directly or indirectly connected to a triphenylamine group. The electron-withdrawing subunit includes at least one of the following groups: a fused heterocyclic subunit composed of an aromatic ring and a heterocyclic ring, a subunit formed by directly connecting a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring and a heterocyclic ring through a single bond, a subunit formed by directly connecting a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic ring and an aromatic ring through a single bond, and a subunit formed by directly connecting a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring and an aromatic ring through a single bond.

[0145] A light absorption layer 13 is disposed on the side of the hole transport layer 12 away from the first conductive layer 11.

[0146] In some embodiments, the preform is a preform including a first conductive layer 11.

[0147] In some embodiments, the method for fabricating the solar cell 100 further includes the step of depositing a second conductive layer 15 on the side of the light-absorbing layer 13 away from the preform.

[0148] In some embodiments, the method for fabricating the solar cell 100 further includes the step of sequentially depositing an electron transport layer 14 and a second conductive layer 15 on the side of the light-absorbing layer 13 away from the preform.

[0149] A second aspect of this application provides a hole transport material, the structural formula of which includes an electron-withdrawing subunit and a triphenylamine group. The two ends of the electron-withdrawing subunit are respectively directly or indirectly connected to a triphenylamine group. The electron-withdrawing subunit includes at least one of the following groups: a fused heterocyclic subunit composed of an aromatic ring and a heterocyclic ring, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic rings directly linked by a single bond; a subunit formed by substituted or unsubstituted aromatic rings directly linked by a single bond; and a subunit formed by substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic rings directly linked by a single bond.

[0150] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the nitrogen atom of the triphenylamine group undergoes sp3 orbital hybridization to generate lone pairs of electrons. These lone pairs of electrons can more easily move to the phenyl group of triphenylamine or transfer to the electron-withdrawing subunit via the phenyl group, thereby playing a role in hole transport. When the hole transport material loses one electron, although the entire molecule is in a state of missing an electron, due to the resonance effect of the phenyl group, the vacancy will be filled by other electrons, thus ensuring the stability of the entire molecule. At the same time, by adjusting the group of the electron-withdrawing subunit, it is beneficial to flexibly control the energy level of the hole transport material, thereby achieving energy level matching between the hole transport layer 12 and the light absorption layer 13, and improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0151] In some embodiments, where the two ends of the electron-withdrawing subunit are indirectly connected to a triphenylamine group, the two ends of the electron-withdrawing subunit are connected to a triphenylamine group through an aromatic subunit.

[0152] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the two ends of the electron-withdrawing subunit are indirectly connected to a triphenylamine group through an aromatic subunit, forming a D-Π-A-Π-D type structure. Through the intermolecular electron push-pull interaction, the mobility of the hole transport material can be improved. At the same time, the aromatic subunit acts as a conjugated bridge, which can not only improve the hole extraction and transport capabilities of the hole transport material, but also regulate the energy level of the hole transport material. Using this hole transport material in the hole transport layer 121 of the solar cell 100 can improve the hole extraction and transport capabilities of the film layer and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0153] In some embodiments, the aromatic subunit includes at least one of the following groups: substituted or unsubstituted phenyl subunit, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene subunit, substituted or unsubstituted furan subunit, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene subunit, substituted or unsubstituted biphenyl subunit, and substituted or unsubstituted bithiophene subunit.

[0154] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the energy level of the hole transport material and the hole extraction and transport capability are controlled by the aramid groups within the above-mentioned range, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0155] In some embodiments, the general formula for hole transport materials is shown in formula (1) and / or formula (2):

[0156] Equation (1);

[0157] Equation (2);

[0158] in:

[0159] Y1 and Y2 each independently include at least one of the following groups: , , , , , , , , , , , ;

[0160] Ar1 and Ar2 independently include at least one of the following groups: substituted or unsubstituted benzene group, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene group, substituted or unsubstituted furan group, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene group, substituted or unsubstituted biphenyl group, substituted or unsubstituted bithiophene group;

[0161] R1 to R8 independently include at least one of the following groups: hydrogen, methoxy, methylthio;

[0162] Z1~Z 10 Independently includes at least one of the following groups: hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C4-C30 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C4-C30 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C4-C30 alkylthio, substituted or unsubstituted C4-C30 silyl, substituted or unsubstituted C4-C30 sulfonylalkyl.

[0163] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the hole transport material of the above general formula utilizes the electron push-pull interaction between groups to improve the hole extraction and transport capabilities of the hole transport material. Y1 and Y2 groups are within the above-mentioned range, Ar1 and Ar2 are within the above-mentioned range, and Z1~Z 10 Within the aforementioned range, the hole extraction and transport capabilities of the hole transport material can be better improved, as well as the molecular energy levels of the hole transport material can be controlled. R1 to R8, within the aforementioned range, ensure the triphenylamine group exhibits good stability. Using this hole transport material in the hole transport layer 12 results in the hole transport layer 12 possessing excellent hole extraction and transport capabilities, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0164] Please refer to Figure 5, which is a schematic diagram of the structure of the electrical equipment provided in the embodiments of this application.

[0165] Thirdly, referring to FIG5, an embodiment of this application provides an electrical device 1000, including any of the solar cells 100 provided in the first aspect.

[0166] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the solar cell 100 serves as the power source for the electrical device 1000, enabling the normal operation of the electrical device 1000. The electrical device 1000, employing the solar cell 1000 provided in this application, possesses at least the same advantages as the solar cell 1000, improving the battery performance of the electrical device 1000. As an example, the electrical device 1000 may include lighting devices, display devices, or new energy vehicles, etc.

[0167] Please refer to Figure 6, which is a schematic diagram of the structure of the power generation equipment provided in the embodiment of this application.

[0168] Fourthly, referring to FIG6, an embodiment of this application provides a power generation device 2000, including any of the solar cells 100 provided in the first aspect.

[0169] In the technical solution of this application embodiment, the solar cell 100 serves as the energy source for the power generation device 2000, enabling the power generation device 2000 to output electrical energy. The power generation device 2000 utilizes the solar cell 100 provided in this application and possesses at least the same advantages as the solar cell 100, thereby improving the power generation performance of the power generation device 2000. As an example, the power generation device 2000 can be applied to fields such as building power supply, wearable device power supply, smartphone power supply, and vehicle battery power supply.

[0170] Please refer to Figure 7, which is a schematic diagram of the structure of a photovoltaic device provided in an embodiment of this application.

[0171] Fifthly, referring to FIG7, an embodiment of this application provides a photovoltaic device 3000, including any of the solar cells 100 provided in the first aspect.

[0172] To make the technical problems, technical solutions, and beneficial effects solved by the embodiments of this application clearer, the following will provide a more detailed description in conjunction with the embodiments and accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of this application, and not all of them. The following description of at least one exemplary embodiment is merely illustrative and is in no way intended to limit this application or its applications. Based on the embodiments of this application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0173] The following are examples illustrating the fabrication method of solar cell 100:

[0174] Example 1:

[0175] (1) Clean the glass on which a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) transparent conductive film has been prepared by using acetone-alcohol-deionized water in sequence, and then dry it for the next step.

[0176] (2) Dissolve 5 mg of the molecule corresponding to formula (3) in 1 mL of chlorobenzene solution. After complete dissolution, a hole transport material precursor solution is formed. The hole transport material precursor solution is spin-coated at 4000 rpm for 40 s using a spin coater to prepare a hole transport layer film with a thickness of about 8 nm.

[0177] (3) Preparation of perovskite precursor solution: 47 mg CsI, 186 mg FAI, 88 mg MAI, 417 mg PbI2, 335 mg SnI2 and 23 mg SnF2 were added to a mixed solvent of 1 mL LDMF and 0.5 mL DMSO and stirred at 800 rpm for 3 h to obtain perovskite precursor solution;

[0178] (4) Add 100 μl of the perovskite precursor solution prepared in step 3 to the hole transport layer prepared in step 2, rotate at 1500 rpm for 10 s, and then spin coat for 40 s at an acceleration of 1000 rpm / s and a speed of 4000 rpm. At about 30 s, drop 350 μl of ethyl acetate, and finally anneal the spin-coated film on a hot plate at 100 °C for 10 min to obtain a Cs film with a thickness of 700 nm. 0.1 FA 0.6 MA 0.3 Pb 0.5 Sn 0.5 I3 light-absorbing layer;

[0179] (5) Using a vapor deposition equipment, a fullerene C60 with a thickness of 25 nm (electron transport layer), a 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-biphenyl-1,10-o-diazaphenanthroline (BCP) with a thickness of 6 nm (hole blocking layer) and a copper electrode with a thickness of 100 nm (second conductive layer) are successively vapor deposited on the light absorption layer in step 4 to complete the fabrication of the solar cell device.

[0180] The solar cell obtained through the above steps is labeled as cell 1.

[0181] The synthesis process of the molecule corresponding to equation (3) is as follows:

[0182]

[0183] In a 250 mL two-necked round-bottom flask, compound 1 (0.022 mol) and compound 2 (0.01 mol) were dissolved in 150 mL of toluene. Argon gas was then purged from the reaction system for 20 min to remove air. 560 mg of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium Pd(PPh3)4 was rapidly added to the reaction system as a catalyst, and argon gas was purged again for 30 min. The reaction mixture was then reacted in an oil bath at 110 °C for 12 h under argon protection. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and post-processed by extraction and rotary evaporation. Separation and purification were performed using silica gel column chromatography to obtain the target product in 85% yield. 1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm): 7.55 (4H), 7.37 (4H), 7.18 (8H), 6.79 (8H), 3.81 (12H), 3.71~0.88 (13H).

[0184] Example 2:

[0185] The preparation process of the solar cell 100 in this embodiment is basically the same as that in Example 1. The difference is that in step (2) of this embodiment, the molecule corresponding to formula (3) in step (2) of Example 1 is replaced by the molecule corresponding to formula (4).

[0186] The solar cell obtained through the above steps is labeled as cell 2.

[0187] The synthesis process of the molecule corresponding to formula (4) is roughly the same as that of the molecule corresponding to formula (3), except that compound 3 is used to replace compound 2 in the synthesis process of the molecule corresponding to formula (3). The rest of the process is the same as that of the molecule corresponding to formula (3).

[0188]

[0189] The yield of the target product was 82%, and it was measured that... 1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm): 7.57 (4H), 7.39 (4H), 7.19 (8H), 6.80 (8H), 3.82 (12H).

[0190] Example 3:

[0191] The preparation process of the solar cell 100 in this embodiment is basically the same as that in Example 1. The difference is that in step (2) of this embodiment, the molecule corresponding to formula (3) in step (2) of Example 1 is replaced by the molecule corresponding to formula (5).

[0192] The solar cell obtained through the above steps is labeled as cell 3.

[0193] The synthesis process of the molecule corresponding to formula (5) is roughly the same as that of the molecule corresponding to formula (3), except that compound 4 is used to replace compound 2 in the synthesis process of the molecule corresponding to formula (3), and the amount of Pd(PPh3)4 added is 590 mg. The reaction system is reacted in an oil bath at 110 °C for 16 h under argon protection. The rest of the process is the same as that of the molecule corresponding to formula (3).

[0194]

[0195] The yield of the target product was 80%, and it was measured that... 1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm): 7.38 (4H), 7.30 (4H), 7.18 (8H), 6.99 (4H), 6.79 (8H), 3.80 (12H).

[0196] Example 4:

[0197] The preparation process of the solar cell 100 in this embodiment is basically the same as that in Example 1. The difference is that in step (2) of this embodiment, the molecule corresponding to formula (3) in step (2) of Example 1 is replaced by the molecule corresponding to formula (6).

[0198] The solar cell obtained through the above steps is labeled as cell 4.

[0199] The synthesis process of the molecule corresponding to formula (6) is roughly the same as that of the molecule corresponding to formula (3), except that compound 5 is used to replace compound 1 in the synthesis process of the molecule corresponding to formula (3), and compound 6 is used to replace compound 2 in the synthesis process of the molecule corresponding to formula (3). The amount of Pd(PPh3)4 added is 550 mg. The reaction system is reacted in an oil bath at 110 °C for 10 h under argon protection. The rest of the process is the same as that of the molecule corresponding to formula (3).

[0200]

[0201] The yield of the target product was 88%, and it was measured that... 1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm): 7.85 (4H), 7.49 (8H), 7.42 (2H), 7.37 (4H), 7.08 (8H), 2.38 (12H).

[0202] Example 5:

[0203] The preparation process of the solar cell 100 in this embodiment is basically the same as that in Example 1. The difference is that in step (2) of this embodiment, the molecule corresponding to formula (3) in step (2) of Example 1 is replaced by the molecule corresponding to formula (7).

[0204] The solar cell obtained through the above steps is labeled as cell 5.

[0205] The synthesis process of the molecule corresponding to formula (7) is roughly the same as that of the molecule corresponding to formula (3), except that compound 7 is used to replace compound 2 in the synthesis process of the molecule corresponding to formula (3), and the amount of Pd(PPh3)4 added is 590 mg. The reaction system is reacted in an oil bath at 110 °C for 15 h under argon protection. The rest of the process is the same as that of the molecule corresponding to formula (3).

[0206]

[0207] The yield of the target product was 87%, and it was measured that... 1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm): 8.05 (2H), 7.36 (4H), 7.19 (8H), 6.99 (4H), 6.84 (2H), 6.79 (8H), 3.82 (12H).

[0208] Example 6:

[0209] The preparation process of the solar cell 100 in this embodiment is basically the same as that in Example 1. The difference is that in step (2) of this embodiment, the molecule corresponding to formula (3) in step (2) of Example 1 is replaced by the molecule corresponding to formula (8).

[0210] The solar cell obtained through the above steps is labeled as cell 6.

[0211] The synthesis process of the molecule corresponding to formula (8) is roughly the same as that of the molecule corresponding to formula (6), except that compound 4 is used to replace compound 6 in the synthesis process of the molecule corresponding to formula (6), and the amount of Pd(PPh3)4 added is 540 mg. The reaction system is reacted in an oil bath at 110 °C for 10 h under argon protection. The rest of the process is the same as that of the molecule corresponding to formula (6).

[0212]

[0213] The yield of the target product was 85%, and it was measured that... 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm): 7.51 (8H), 7.39 (4H), 7.31 (4H), 7.10 (8H), 6.99 (4H), 2.37 (12H).

[0214] Example 7:

[0215] The preparation process of the solar cell 100 in this embodiment is basically the same as that in Example 1. The difference is that in step (2) of this embodiment, the molecule corresponding to formula (3) in step (2) of Example 1 is replaced by the molecule corresponding to formula (9).

[0216] The solar cell obtained through the above steps is labeled as cell 7.

[0217] The synthesis process of the molecule corresponding to formula (9) is roughly the same as that of the molecule corresponding to formula (6), except that compound 8 is used to replace compound 6 in the synthesis process of the molecule corresponding to formula (6), and the amount of Pd(PPh3)4 added is 600 mg. The rest of the process is the same as that of the molecule corresponding to formula (6).

[0218]

[0219] The yield of the target product was 88%, and it was measured that... 1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm): 8.06 (2H), 7.48 (8H), 7.37 (4H), 7.30 (2H), 7.08 (8H), 6.97 (4H), 2.40 (12H).

[0220] Comparative Example 1:

[0221] The preparation process of the solar cell 100 in this comparative example is basically the same as that in Example 1, except that step (2) in this comparative example is replaced by the following scheme:

[0222] 100 μL of PEDOT:PSS solution was pipetted onto a clean, transparent conductive glass substrate and evenly added. The substrate was rotated at 3000 rpm for 30 seconds. After spin coating, the substrate was placed on a 150°C hot plate for annealing for 30 minutes to obtain a hole transport layer with a thickness of approximately 20 nm.

[0223] The solar cell obtained through the above steps is labeled as cell 8.

[0224] Comparative Example 2:

[0225] The preparation process of the solar cell 100 in this comparative example is basically the same as that in Example 1, except that step (2) in this comparative example is replaced by the following scheme:

[0226] (2) A 20 nm nickel oxide hole transport layer was prepared by magnetron sputtering using a PVD device.

[0227] The solar cell obtained through the above steps is labeled as cell 9.

[0228] Battery performance tests were conducted on batteries 1 to 9 obtained from Examples 1 to 7 and Comparative Examples 1 to 2. The test results are shown in Table 1.

[0229] The testing method is as follows:

[0230] IV measurement method: By changing the bias voltage point and simultaneously measuring the current, the IV characteristics of the sample under test can be obtained.

[0231] a) Place the test fixture containing the sample cell on the sample holder, so that it is in the measurement plane, and ensure that the sample cell is located at the center of the solar simulator's emitted light spot (or the photovoltaic cell normal is parallel to the center line of the solar simulator's emitted light beam).

[0232] b) A solar simulator, conforming to the national standard IEC61215, was used for testing. Crystalline silicon solar cells were used to correct the light intensity to achieve a solar intensity of 1000 W / m². 2 Under irradiance conditions, a mask is installed on the sample battery to be tested, and the temperature of the sample battery is controlled by a temperature monitoring device so that the temperature of the sample battery is maintained at (30±5℃) during the measurement process.

[0233] c) Set the scanning direction, voltage range, scanning interval voltage, and scanning interval time. The scanning interval should not exceed 0.02 V, and the interval between two adjacent points should not be less than 0.3 s. Measure the forward and reverse scanning current-voltage characteristics of the sample battery and record the open-circuit voltage V. OC Short-circuit current J SC .

[0234] Calculation formula: Fill factor FF = J m *V m / V OC *J SC Photoelectric conversion efficiency PCE = V OC * J SC * FF / Pin. J m For the maximum output current, V m The maximum output voltage is given by pin, and the incident light intensity is given by pin, which is 103 W / m. 2 .

[0235] Table 1 Performance tests of batteries prepared in each embodiment and comparative example

[0236]

[0237] As can be seen from Table 1, the solar cells prepared using the hole transport material provided in Examples 1 to 7 have higher open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and photoelectric conversion efficiency compared to the solar cell devices prepared using PEDOT:PSS as the hole transport material in Comparative Example 1 and nickel oxide as the hole transport material in Comparative Example 2. This indicates that the hole transport material provided in this application can improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells.

[0238] The above description is merely an embodiment of this application and does not limit the patent scope of this application. Any equivalent structural or procedural transformations made using the content of this application's specification and drawings, or direct or indirect applications in other related technical fields, are similarly included within the patent protection scope of this application.

Claims

1. A solar cell, wherein, It includes a light absorption layer and a hole transport layer; the hole transport layer includes a first hole transport layer, and the first hole transport layer includes a first hole transport material; The first hole transport material has a structural formula including an electron-withdrawing subunit and a triphenylamine group; the two ends of the electron-withdrawing subunit are directly or indirectly connected to a triphenylamine group; the electron-withdrawing subunit includes at least one of the following groups: a fused heterocyclic subunit composed of an aromatic ring and a heterocyclic ring, a subunit formed by a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring and a heterocyclic ring directly connected by a single bond, a subunit formed by a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic ring and an aromatic ring directly connected by a single bond, and a subunit formed by a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring and an aromatic ring directly connected by a single bond.

2. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein, When the two ends of the electron-withdrawing subunit are indirectly connected to a triphenylamine group, the two ends of the electron-withdrawing subunit are connected to a triphenylamine group through an aromatic subunit.

3. The solar cell of claim 2, wherein, The aromatic subunit includes at least one of the following groups: substituted or unsubstituted benzene subunit, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene subunit, substituted or unsubstituted furan subunit, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene subunit, substituted or unsubstituted biphenyl subunit, and substituted or unsubstituted bithiophene subunit.

4. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein The general formula of the first hole transport material is shown in formula (1) and / or formula (2): Equation (1); Equation (2); in: Y1and Y2independently include at least one of the following groups: 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 ； Ar1 and Ar2 independently include at least one of the following groups: substituted or unsubstituted benzene group, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene group, substituted or unsubstituted furan group, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene group, substituted or unsubstituted biphenyl group, substituted or unsubstituted bithiophene group; R1 to R8 independently include at least one of the following groups: hydrogen, methoxy, methylthio; Z1~Z 10 independently include at least one of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C4-C30 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C4-C30 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C4-C30 alkylthio, substituted or unsubstituted C4-C30 silyl, substituted or unsubstituted C4-C30 sulfone alkyl.

5. The solar cell of claim 4, wherein, The substituents in Ar1, Ar2, Z1~Z 10 independently include one or more of -F, -Cl, -CF3, or -CN.

6. The solar cell according to claim 4 or 5, wherein Ar1 and Ar2 are the same.

7. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein The first hole transport material includes one or more of the formulas (3) to (9): Formula (3), Formula (4), Formula (5), Formula (6), Formula (7), Formula (8), Equation (9).

8. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein The thickness of the first hole transport layer is in the range of 1nm to 50nm.

9. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein, The hole transport layer includes a first hole transport layer and a second hole transport layer, wherein the first hole transport layer is disposed between the second hole transport layer and the light absorption layer; the second hole transport layer includes a second hole transport material, which is different from the first hole transport material.

10. The solar cell of claim 9, wherein, The second hole transport material comprises a metal oxide, wherein the metal oxide comprises nickel oxide.

11. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein The light-absorbing layer comprises a perovskite material; the perovskite material has the general formula ABX3 or A2CDX6. In this context, A, B, C, and D are independently selected from one or more of inorganic cations, organic cations, and mixed organic and inorganic cations, while X is selected from one or more of inorganic anions, organic anions, and mixed organic and inorganic anions.

12. The solar cell of claim 11, wherein, A includes one or more of cesium cations, formamidinium cations, methylamine cations, rubidium cations, and guanidine cations; B includes one or two of tin cations and lead cations; C includes silver cations; D includes one or more of bismuth cations, antimony cations, and indium cations; and X includes one or more of fluoride anions, chloride anions, bromide anions, and iodide anions.

13. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein, The solar cell comprises a first conductive layer, a hole transport layer, a light absorption layer, an electron transport layer, and a second conductive layer stacked in sequence.

14. A hole transporting material, wherein, The hole transport material has a structural formula including an electron-withdrawing subunit and a triphenylamine group; the two ends of the electron-withdrawing subunit are directly or indirectly connected to a triphenylamine group; the electron-withdrawing subunit includes at least one of the following groups: a fused heterocyclic subunit composed of an aromatic ring and a heterocyclic ring, a subunit formed by a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring and a heterocyclic ring directly connected by a single bond, a subunit formed by a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic ring and an aromatic ring directly connected by a single bond, and a subunit formed by a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring and an aromatic ring directly connected by a single bond.

15. The hole transport material according to claim 14, wherein, When the two ends of the electron-withdrawing subunit are indirectly connected to a triphenylamine group, the two ends of the electron-withdrawing subunit are connected to a triphenylamine group through an aromatic subunit.

16. The hole transport material according to claim 14 or 15, wherein, The aromatic subunit includes at least one of the following groups: substituted or unsubstituted benzene subunit, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene subunit, substituted or unsubstituted furan subunit, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene subunit, substituted or unsubstituted biphenyl subunit, and substituted or unsubstituted bithiophene subunit.

17. The hole transport material according to any one of claims 14 to 16, wherein, The general formula of the hole transport material is shown in formula (1) and / or formula (2): Equation (1); Equation (2); in: Y1and Y2independently include at least one of the following groups: 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 ； Ar1 and Ar2 independently include at least one of the following groups: substituted or unsubstituted benzene group, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene group, substituted or unsubstituted furan group, substituted or unsubstituted thiophene group, substituted or unsubstituted biphenyl group, substituted or unsubstituted bithiophene group; R1 to R8 independently include at least one of the following groups: hydrogen, methoxy, methylthio; Z1~Z 10 independently include at least one of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C4-C30 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C4-C30 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C4-C30 alkylthio, substituted or unsubstituted C4-C30 silyl, substituted or unsubstituted C4-C30 sulfone alkyl.

18. An electrical device, comprising: Including the solar cell as described in any one of claims 1 to 13.

19. A power generation apparatus wherein, Including the solar cell as described in any one of claims 1 to 13.

20. A photovoltaic device, wherein, Including the solar cell as described in any one of claims 1 to 13.

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