Personal cleansing formulation

Abstract

A personal cleansing formulation comprises: 2-16% by weight of a non-palm kernel sourced oil surfactant, based on the total weight of the personal cleansing formulation, wherein the non-palm kernel sourced oil surfactant comprises N-acyl methyl taurate, wherein 10-20% by weight of the N-acyl methyl taurate is residual fatty acid comprising the same chain length distribution as the non-palm kernel sourced oil surfactant; 1-8% by weight of an anionic co-surfactant, based on the total weight of the personal cleansing formulation, wherein the anionic co-surfactant comprises a taurate, an isethionate, or a combination thereof, wherein the anionic co-surfactant comprises a non-palm kernel sourced oil, a non-coconut sourced oil, a palm-kernel sourced oil, or a combination thereof; and 1-12% by weight of a zwitterionic surfactant, based on the total weight of the personal cleansing formulation.

Description

[0001] P0001038EP COM

[0002] 1

[0003] PERSONAL CLEANSING FORMULATION

[0004] Field of the Invention

[0005] 5 Disclosed herein is a personal cleansing formulation. The personal cleansing formulation comprises a non-palm kernel sourced oil, an anionic co-surfactant, and a zwitterionic surfactant.

[0006] Background of the Invention

[0007] Personal cleansing processes characteristically involve the use of surfactant comprising compositions (i.e., wash compositions) and water to topically generate consumer desired lather and to rinse off the compositions typically applied to the face, hands, hair, and / or body. Such activities are performed daily, often more than once a day, and especially, as it relates to the hands and face of a consumer. Ideally,

[0008] 15 washing can be optimized when using stable products that are mild, have excellent lather characteristics and that rinse off with relative ease.

[0009] Personal cleansing formulations for skin and hair have historically been based on some combination of surfactants which include sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES).

[0010] 20 SLES offers the advantages of being widely available, an effective foaming agent, and inexpensive. However, the universal dependence of the industry on SLES includes several shortcomings.

[0011] Surfactants based on the sulfate headgroup are widely identified with washing off the

[0012] 25 skin and scalp’s protective barrier, leading to redness, dryness, and itch. Long term use can lead to dermatitis and edema. Eye irritation is also an issue with SLES. For these reasons, SLES is judged to be harsh to skin and scalp and there is currently industry-wide interest in so-called sulfate free cleansing surfactants, meaning that sulfonate- and carboxylate-based surfactants which are mild to skin and scalp are under development.

[0013] The ether-component of SLES is also under scrutiny because products containing it can be contaminated with hundreds of ppm levels of 1 ,4-dioxane as a by-product of production. Recent regulations regarding 1 ,4-dioxane have made its removal from

[0014] 35 products which contact humans as being actively encouraged. P0001038EP COM

[0015] 2

[0016] While the sulfate and ether components of SLES have their issues, the alkyl chain component is also of concern. The lauryl chain, consisting of mainly n-dodecane (C12) groups, is derived from palm kernel oil or coconut oil (PKO or CO). PKO

[0017] 5 comprises only about 10% of the total oil extracted from the fruit of the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), and reliance on PKO as a source of C12 chains is an ongoing driver of deforestation. The practice of draining and converting tropical peat forests to oil palm plantations serves to deplete these important carbon sinks, increasing the level of greenhouse gases, and contributing to climate change.

[0018] For all the above reasons, there is a need for an effective, foaming agent which does not rely on a head group containing sulfate or ether groups and whose alkyl chain does not rely on the availability of palm kernel oil. Surfactant headgroups based on sodium methyl taurate and sodium isethionate are good examples of sulfate and 1 ,4-dioxane free

[0019] 15 alternatives which still provide surface activity and good foaming. Popular commercial examples of these surfactants include sodium methyl lauroyl taurate, sodium methyl cocoyl taurate, sodium lauroyl isethionate, and sodium cocoyl isethionate. Although these materials have good performance properties, they still are reliant on PKO and CO.

[0020] 20 On moving away from PKO and CO, the formulator is faced with the fact that the alternative chains available from plant-based oils will generally be of longer chain length. The fact that there is a general correlation of chain length and Krafft point implies that non-PKO sourced surfactants will be less soluble at room temperature and more susceptible to solubility issues at sub-room temperature storage conditions. The issues

[0021] 25 include the formation of crystal phases which render the resulting formulation anisotropic and with a dramatic drop in foamability. A partial solution to these solubility issues could be to consider unsaturated alkyl chains such as those based on oleic, eicosenoic, erucic, or linoleic acids, which are typically derived from plant-based oils. However, sourcing a specific chain cut from such oils is expensive and some of these materials, such as sodium methyl oleoyl taurate have been recently animal tested and so would be off-limits for companies seeking the Global Annual Test-Free Certification from PETA.

[0022] An ideal solution to all these issues would be to “make” a sulfate- and 1 ,4-dioxane-free surfactant directly from a non-PKO and non-CO oil source, using the fatty acid

[0023] 35 distribution just as it comes from the oil. Such a surfactant would be more inexpensive P0001038EP COM

[0024] 3 for not requiring fractionation of the fatty acids and the natural chain length distribution could offer unexpected performance benefits in terms of solubility, foamability, skin / scalp health, and solution properties. But there could also be shortcomings in these performance areas for certain oil sources, so that it will be necessary to identify the best

[0025] 5 oil for this application.

[0026] Summary of the Invention

[0027] Disclosed in various aspects are personal cleansing formulations.

[0028] 10 A personal cleansing formulation comprises: 2-16% by weight of a non-palm kernel sourced oil surfactant, based on the total weight of the personal cleansing formulation, wherein the non-palm kernel sourced oil surfactant comprises N-acyl methyl taurate, wherein 10-20% by weight of the N-acyl methyl taurate is residual fatty acid comprising the same chain length distribution as the non-palm kernel sourced oil surfactant; 1-8%

[0029] 15 by weight of an anionic co-surfactant, based on the total weight of the personal cleansing formulation, wherein the anionic co-surfactant comprises a taurate, an isethionate, or a combination thereof, wherein the anionic co-surfactant comprises a non-palm kernel sourced oil, a non-coconut sourced oil, a palm-kernel sourced oil, or a combination thereof; and 1-12% by weight of a zwitterionic surfactant, based on the total weight of

[0030] 20 the personal cleansing formulation.

[0031] These and other features and characteristics are more particularly described below.

[0032] Detailed Description of the Invention

[0033] 25 Disclosed herein is a personal cleansing formulation that comprises a non-palm kernel sourced oil surfactant, an anionic co-surfactant, and a zwitterionic surfactant. The anionic co-surfactant is in addition to the non-palm kernel sourced oil surfactant. It has now surprisingly been determined that a directly sourced sodium N-acyl taurate can be prepared from a non-PKO and non-CO sourced oil and that such a taurate constitutes a

[0034] 30 sulfate- and 1 ,4-dioxane-free surfactant which offers superior skin / scalp mildness, good foamability, good solubility, and desirable solution properties. Formulations incorporating this surfactant have a reduced PKO content, i.e., a high % PKO reduction, and yet unexpectedly match or exceed the performance of traditionally sourced formulations. P0001038EP COM

[0035] 4

[0036] Non-PKO, non-CO derived surfactant

[0037] The non-palm kernel sourced oil surfactant can be present in an amount of 2 to 16% by weight, for example, 2 to 12% by weight, for example, 2 to 10% by weight, for example, 2 to 8% by weight, based on the total weight of the personal cleansing formulation. In

[0038] 5 an embodiment, the non-palm kernel sourced oil surfactant is present in an amount of 2 to 16% by weight, for example, 2 to 12% by weight, for example, 2 to 10% by weight, for example, 2 to 8% by weight, based on the total weight of the personal cleansing formulation, including any and all ranges and values subsumed therein.

[0039] The non-palm kernel sourced oil surfactant can comprise N-acyl methyl taurate, where 10 to 20% by weight of the N-acyl methyl taurate comprises residual fatty acid comprising the same chain length distribution as the non-palm kernel source oil surfactant.

[0040] The fatty acid source for the N-acyl methyl taurate can be taken from plant-derived fats

[0041] 15 or oils such as soyabean oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil, safflower oil, rapeseed oil, rice bran oil, olive oil, palm olein oil, peanut oil, or a combination thereof. The fatty acid source can be in any combination in any ratio. Specifically, the oils can be chosen from those higher in the soluble, yet more stable mono-unsaturated chain lengths, such as sunflower (e.g., high oleic sunflower oil), sesame oil, rapeseed oil, rice bran oil, olive oil,

[0042] 20 palm olein, and peanut oil. Cultivated varieties of these plant-based oils, which might be higher in the desirable mono-unsaturated fatty acids, can be very desirable.

[0043] The non-palm kernel sourced oil of the non-palm kernel oil surfactant can preferably comprise palm olein, olive oil, rice bran oil, soyabean oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil,

[0044] 25 safflower oil, rapeseed oil, peanut oil, or a combination thereof. In an embodiment, the non-palm kernel sourced oil surfactant comprises palm olein methyl taurate.

[0045] Chain length distributions can vary from season to season and with geographical conditions. A chain length distribution of the non-palm kernel sourced oil surfactant can be 40 to 90% oleic fatty acid, for example, 45 to 85% by weight oleic fatty acid, for example, 60 to 80% by weight oleic fatty acid, based on weight of the non-palm kernel sourced oil surfactant, including any and ranges and values subsumed therein.

[0046] An oleic acid to linoleic acid fatty acid weight ratio in the non-palm kernel sourced oil

[0047] 35 surfactant can be 1 / 1 to 10 / 1 , for example, 1.5 / 1 to 10 / 1 , for example, 5 / 1 to 10 / 1 , P0001038EP COM

[0048] 5 including any and all ranges and values subsumed therein. In an embodiment, oleic acid to linoleic acid fatty acid weight ratio in the non-palm kernel sourced oil surfactant is 1 / 1 to 10 / 1 , preferably, 1.5 / 1 to 10 / 1 , preferably, 5 / 1 to 10 / 1 , including any and all ranges and values subsumed therein.

[0049] 5

[0050] A (palmitic + stearic) / oleic weight ratio in the non-palm kernel sourced oil surfactant can be 1 / 10 to 1 / 1 , for example, 1 / 7 to 1 / 2, for example, 1 / 5 to 1 / 2. In an embodiment, the (palmitic + stearic) / oleic weight ratio in the non-palm kernel sourced oil surfactant is 1 / 10 to 1 / 1 , preferably, 1 / 7 to 1 / 2, including any and all ranges and values subsumed therein.

[0051] 10

[0052] Preferred chain length distributions would have an oleic chain component of 40 to 90%, an oleic to linoleic ratio of 1 / 1 to 10 / 1 , and a (palmitic + stearic) / oleic ratio of 1 / 10 to 1 / 1 , all expressed by weight. More preferably, the chain length distribution of the oil would be 45 to 85% oleic, with an oleic / linoleic ratio of 1.5 / 1 to 10 / 1 , and a (palmitic +

[0053] 15 stearic) / oleic ratio of 1 / 7 to 1 / 2. Even more preferably, the chain length distribution of the oil would be 60 to 80% oleic, with an oleic / linoleic ratio of 5 / 1 to 10 / 1 , and a (palmitic + stearic) / oleic ratio of 1 / 5 to 1 / 2.

[0054] An example of a preferable fatty acid distribution is a palm olein oil with the distribution

[0055] 20 of 20% palmitic (Cie) acid, 10% stearic (Cis) acid, 60% oleic (Ci8:i) acid, and 9% linoleic (Ci8:2) acid, all in % by weight of the fatty acid. Another example of a preferable fatty acid distribution is an olive oil with the distribution of 17% palmitic (Cie) acid, 2% stearic (Cis) acid, 66% oleic (Ci8:i) acid, and 16% linoleic (Ci8:2) acid, all in % by weight of the fatty acid. Yet another example of a preferable fatty acid distribution is a rice bran oil

[0056] 25 with the distribution of 20% palmitic (Cie) acid, 2% stearic (Cis) acid, 45% oleic (Ci8:i) acid, and 33% linoleic (Ci8:2) acid, all in % by weight of the fatty acid.

[0057] Without wishing to be bound by theory, it has been observed that chain length distributions that lie outside the designated ranges yield formulations that are deficient in

[0058] 30 skin or scalp mildness, foamability, solubility, and other desirable solution properties. For example, for distributions with (palmitic + stearic) / oleic ratios in excess of 1 / 2, it would be challenging to maintain clarity at room temperature or a viscosity at 4s-1 shear rate in excess of 5000 milliPascal-seconds (mPa-s). Distributions with less than a 40% oleic content or with an oleic / linoleic ratio below 1 / 1 will be deficient in foamability. P0001038EP COM

[0059] 6

[0060] Such taurates can be made efficiently by the direct amidation of the carboxylic acids with a 2-amino ethane sulfonic acid such as sodium N-methyl taurate, using well-known processes in which the aminoethane sulfonic acid or sulfonate is reacted with fatty acid at elevated temperature in the presence of a catalyst. While the conversion of the sodium

[0061] 5 N-methyl taurate using this approach is typically well over 90%, there is frequently a fair amount of unreacted fatty acid left in the final product. This level is dependent on the synthesis conditions and any subsequent attempts to vacuum-distill off the fatty acid but will typically be in the vicinity of 10-20% by weight. The chain length distribution of this residual fatty acid will mimic that of the fatty acid source. The taurate made from the direct amidation of the palm olein oil of distribution 20% palmitic (Cie) acid, 10% stearic acid (Cis), 60% oleic acid (Ci8:i), and 9% linoleic acid (Ci8:2) with sodium N-methyl taurate is herein designated palm olein methyl taurate, POMT. This material would typically also contain 10-20% of unreacted fatty acid with the same chain length distribution.

[0062] 15

[0063] A taurate made from the direct amidation of the olive oil of distribution 17% palmitic (Cie) acid, 2% stearic acid (Cis), 66% oleic acid (Ci8:i), and 16% linoleic acid (Ci8:2) with sodium N-methyl taurate is herein designated olive oil methyl taurate. This material would typically also contain 10-20% of unreacted fatty acid with the same chain length

[0064] 20 distribution.

[0065] A taurate made from the direct amidation of the rice bran oil of distribution 20% palmitic (Cie) acid, 2% stearic acid (Cis), 45% oleic acid (Ci8:i), and 33% linoleic acid (Ci8:2) with sodium N-methyl taurate is herein designated rice bran oil methyl taurate. This material

[0066] 25 would typically also contain 10-20% of unreacted fatty acid with the same chain length distribution.

[0067] To avoid ambiguity, the N-acyl methyl taurates claimed correspond to the structure:

[0068] 30 R-C(=O)-N(CH3)-CH2CH2-SO3' X+in which R stands for an alkyl or alkenyl chain with the stipulation that the R-C(=O)- radical is derived directly from the non-PKO or CO-sourced oil and contains the same distribution of chain lengths and unsaturation as the source oil, and where X+stands for P0001038EP COM

[0069] 7 a suitable cationic counterion such as sodium, potassium, lithium, triethanolammonium, etc.

[0070] Non-PKO, non-CO derived anionic co-surfactant

[0071] 5 The personal cleansing formulation comprises an anionic co-surfactant comprising a taurate, an isethionate, or a combination thereof. The anionic co-surfactant comprises a taurate, an isethionate, or a combination thereof. The anionic co-surfactant comprises a non-palm kernel sourced oil, a non-coconut sourced oil, a palm-kernel sourced oil, or a combination thereof. The anionic co-surfactant comprising a non-palm kernel sourced oil or a non-coconut sourced oil can comprise C9 taurate or C9 isethionate or a combination thereof, while the anionic co-surfactant comprising the palm-kernel sourced oil can comprise C8, C10, or C12 taurate or C8, C10, or C12 isethionate, or a combination thereof. The anionic co-surfactant can be used to improve formulation clarity, particularly at room temperature.

[0072] 15

[0073] The anionic co-surfactant can be present in an amount of 1 to 8% by weight, for example, 1 to 6% by weight, for example, 1 to 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the personal cleansing formulation. In an embodiment, the anionic co-surfactant is present in an amount of 1 to 8% by weight, preferably, 1 to 6% by weight, preferably, 1 to 5% by

[0074] 20 weight, based on the total weight of the personal cleansing formulation.

[0075] The PKO-sourced co-surfactants can be chosen from taurates such as from sodium octanoyl methyl taurate, sodium decanoyl methyl taurate, sodium lauroyl methyl taurate, sodium methyl cocoyl taurate, or a combination thereof. The PKO-sourced co¬

[0076] 25 surfactants can also be chosen from isethionates such as sodium octanoyl isethionate, sodium decanoyl isethionate, sodium lauroyl isethionate, sodium cocoyl isethionate, or a combination thereof. The envisioned co-surfactants preferably have shorter alkyl chains than POMT, which is believed to be responsible for the improved formulation clarity. However, these PKO-sourced co-surfactants, though they are sulfate free and

[0077] 30 1 ,4 dioxane free, still contribute to the depletion of carbon sinks, increasing the levels of greenhouse gasses, and leading to climate change. For this reason, it is preferable to employ, non-PKO-sourced versions which include sodium nonoyl methyl taurate and sodium nonoyl isethionate. The nonoyl materials are very effective at improving clarity. P0001038EP COM

[0078] 8

[0079] Accordingly, the taurate of the anionic co-surfactant can comprise sodium octanoyl methyl taurate, sodium nonoyl methyl taurate, sodium decanoyl methyl taurate, sodium lauroyl methyl taurate, sodium cocoyl methyl taurate, or a combination thereof. In an embodiment, the taurate of the anionic co-surfactant is sodium octanoyl methyl taurate,

[0080] 5 sodium nonoyl methyl taurate, sodium decanoyl methyl taurate, sodium lauroyl methyl taurate, sodium cocoyl methyl taurate, or a combination thereof.

[0081] The isethionate of the anionic co-surfactant can comprise non-palm kernel sourced oil, preferably the isethionate comprises sodium octanoyl isethionate, sodium decanoyl

[0082] 10 isethionate, sodium lauroyl isethionate, sodium cocoyl isethionate, sodium nonoyl isethionate, sodium nonoyl methyl isethionate, or a combination thereof. In an embodiment, the isethionate of the anionic co-surfactant is non-palm kernel sourced oil, preferably the isethionate comprises sodium octanoyl isethionate, sodium decanoyl isethionate, sodium lauroyl isethionate, sodium cocoyl isethionate, sodium nonoyl

[0083] 15 isethionate, sodium nonoyl methyl isethionate, or a combination thereof.

[0084] Zwitterionic surfactant

[0085] The personal cleansing formulation can further comprise a zwitterionic surfactant. Zwitterionic surfactants are surfactants whose headgroup is electrically neutral (and

[0086] 20 therefore nonionic), but which contains formally charged substituent groups. Thus, it is the sum of all the charged groups present which must be zero. Such headgroups are strongly hydrophilic. The typical headgroup structure of a zwitterionic surfactant is a positively charged ammonium or aliphatic ammonium group, a negatively charged carboxylate, sulfonate, or sulfate group, and a tether group connecting the two. Often

[0087] 25 the tether consists of methylene groups, but it is the length of the linker which is most important, so that the divalent oxygen of a sulfate group counts as much as an extra methylene group in the linker. Increasing the tether length from one to four methylene groups increases the zwitterionic surfactant’s hydrophilicity - meaning that the Krafft temperature decreases and the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the surfactant

[0088] 30 increases. Longer still tethers contribute more to the hydrophobicity of the surfactant, with higher Krafft temperatures and lower CMCs. For ammonium carboxylates, the pKaof the carboxylate increases with increasing tether length. Substitution of weakly hydrophilic groups such as hydroxyl groups into the tether decreases the hydrophilicity of the resulting zwitterionic surfactant.

[0089] 35 P0001038EP COM

[0090] 9

[0091] The zwitterionic surfactants of the personal cleansing formulations disclosed herein include both ammonium carboxylate and ammonium sulfonate headgroups. The typical ammonium carboxylate comprises the betaine fragment, -N+(CH3)2-CH2COO-

[0092] 5 with a single methylene group as the tether. The typical sulfonate comprises the hydroxy sultaine fragment,

[0093] -N+(CH3)2-CH2CH(OH)CH2SO3- with three methylene groups as the linker. The hydrophobic tail of the zwitterionic surfactant will generally consist of an N-alkane or N-alkene group of 8-22 carbon atoms. Unsaturation is exemplified by double bond(s) as in oleic (Ci8:i) and linoleic (Ci8:2) radicals. As used herein, Ci3:iand Ci8:2 refer to 18-carbon chains with 1 and 2 double bonds in the chain, respectively. The hydrophobic tail is either attached directly to the ammonium group or is further tethered by an amido propyl radical -C(O)-NH-CH2CH2CH2-

[0094] 15 In naming such zwitterionic surfactants, the amido carbon is formally considered as part of the hydrocarbon tail.

[0095] Illustrative examples of zwitterionic surfactants include alkyl betaines such as coco betaine and lauryl betaine. Particularly suitable for the personal cleansing formulations

[0096] 20 disclosed herein are oleyl betaine, linoleyl betaine, and erucyl betaine, as these materials can be sourced from non-PKO and non-CO oils. Oleyl betaine is commercially available as CHEMBETAINE™ OL-30 from Lubrizol.

[0097] Illustrative examples of zwitterionic surfactants include alkyl amido propyl betaines such

[0098] 25 as cocamidopropyl betaine and lauryl amidopropyl betaine. Particularly suitable for this invention are oleyl amidopropyl betaine, linoleyl amidopropyl betaine, erucyl amidopropyl betaine, and an amidopropyl betaine with its hydrophobic tail derived from palm olein with a chain distribution of 20% palmitic (Cie), 10% stearic (Cis), 60% oleic (Ci8:i), and 9% linoleic (Ci8:2) radicals. The particularly suitable materials can all be sourced from non-PKO and non-CO oils. A suitable palm olein-derived amido propyl betaine is commercially available as C16-C18 apb from UOI (Unilever Oleochemical Indonesia).

[0099] Illustrative examples of zwitterionic surfactants include alkyl amido propyl sultaines and alkyl amido propyl hydroxy sultaines (sometimes referred to as sulfobetaines) such as

[0100] 35 cocamidopropyl hydroxy sultaine and lauryl amidopropyl hydroxysultaine. Particularly P0001038EP COM

[0101] 10 suitable are palmityl amidopropyl hydroxysultaine, oleyl amidopropyl hydroxysultaine, linoleyl amidopropyl hydroxysultaine, and erucyl amidopropyl hydroxysultaine, as these materials can be sourced from non-PKO and non-CO oils. Palmityl amidopropyl hydroxysultaine is available commercially as CAPSB C16 from Galaxy.

[0102] 5

[0103] The zwitterionic surfactant can comprise lauryl betaine, coco betaine, cocamidopropyl betaine, lauryl hydroxy sultaine, lauramidopropyl hydroxy sultaine, and cocamidopropyl hydroxy sultaine, oleyl betaine, palm olein amidopropyl betaine, palm olein betaine, palmityl hydroxysultaine, palmitoyl amidopropyl hydroxy sultaine, or a combination thereof. In an embodiment, the zwitterionic surfactant is lauryl betaine, coco betaine, cocamidopropyl betaine, lauryl hydroxy sultaine, lauramidopropyl hydroxy sultaine, and cocamidopropyl hydroxy sultaine, oleyl betaine, palm olein amidopropyl betaine, palm olein betaine, palmityl hydroxysultaine, palmityl amidopropyl hydroxy sultaine, or a combination thereof. In an embodiment, preferably, the zwitterionic surfactant comprises

[0104] 15 cocamidopropyl betaine, palmitoyl amidopropyl hydroxy sultaine, or a combination thereof. In an embodiment, the zwitterionic surfactant is cocamidopropyl betaine, palmityl amidopropyl hydroxy sultaine, or a combination thereof.

[0105] The zwitterionic surfactant can be present in an amount of 1 to 12% by weight, for

[0106] 20 example, 2 to 10% by weight, for example, 2 to 8% by weight, for example, 2 to 7% by weight, based on the total weight of the personal cleansing formulation, including any and all ranges and values subsumed therein. In an embodiment, zwitterionic surfactant is present in an amount of 1 to 12% by weight, preferably, 2 to 10% by weight, for example, 2 to 8% by weight, for example, 2 to 7% by weight, based on the total weight

[0107] 25 of the personal cleansing formulation, including any and all ranges and values subsumed therein.

[0108] As a result of the use of a non-PKO sourced N-acyl methyl taurate, non-PKO sourced co-surfactants, and non-PKO sourced zwitterionic surfactants, the level of PKO and CO-

[0109] 30 sourced surfactants can be reduced in a formulation which is sulfate-free, 1 ,4-dioxane free, and which offers superior skin / scalp mildness, good foamability, good solubility, and desirable solution properties. This is exemplified by formulations with a % PKO Reduction of 10-80%, more preferably of 45-80%, most preferably of 55-80%. Such formulations thus reduce the depletion of tropical peat forests, reduce the depletion of P0001038EP COM

[0110] 11 carbon sinks, reduce the related levels of greenhouse gases, and make a reduced contribution to climate change.

[0111] PKO Reduction

[0112] 5 The fraction of a formulation derived from PKO sources is defined as: fpra = (weight of surfactants derived from PKO sources) / (total weight of surfactants).

[0113] The corresponding fraction of the formulation not derived from PKO sources is then simply: fnon PKO = 1 — fpKO.

[0114] And the percentage of PKO reduction is: % PKO Reduction = (1 - fpKo ) x 100.

[0115] 15 To avoid any confusion, a formulation in which all of the surfactant is derived from PKO and CO sources has fpKo = 1 and the corresponding % PKO Reduction = 0%. A formulation in which none of the surfactant is derived from PKO and CO sources has fpKo = 0 and the corresponding % PKO Reduction = 100%. For the purposes of the personal cleansing formulations described herein, surfactants derived from PKO and CO sources

[0116] 20 include sodium octanoyl methyl taurate, sodium decanoyl methyl taurate, sodium lauroyl methyl taurate, and sodium methyl cocoyl taurate, sodium octanoyl isethionate, sodium decanoyl isethionate, sodium lauroyl isethionate, sodium cocoyl isethionate. Similarly for the purposes of the personal cleansing formulations described herein, zwitterionic surfactants derived from PKO and CO sources include lauryl betaine, coco betaine,

[0117] 25 cocamidopropyl betaine, lauramidopropyl hydroxy sultaine, cocamidopropyl hydroxyl sultaine, or a combination thereof.

[0118] Substantially free or essentially free as used herein refers to an amount of less than or equal to 100 parts per million in the personal cleansing formulation, for example, less than 50 ppm in the personal cleansing formulation, for example, less than or equal to 25 ppm in the personal cleansing formulation, for example, less than or equal to 10 ppm in the personal cleansing formulation, for example, less than or equal to 5 ppm in the personal cleansing formulation, for example, less than or equal to 4 ppm in the personal cleansing formulation, for example, less than or equal to 2 ppm in the personal cleansing

[0119] 35 formulation, for example, less than or equal to 1 ppm in the personal cleansing P0001038EP COM

[0120] 12 formulation, for example, less than or equal to 0.5 ppm in the personal cleansing formulation.

[0121] Nonionic surfactants can optionally be used in the personal cleansing formulation. When

[0122] 5 used, nonionic surfactants are typically used at levels as low as 0.5, 1 , 1.5 or 2% by weight and at levels as high as 6, 8, 10 or 12% by weight. The nonionic surfactants which can be used include in particular the reaction products of compounds having a hydrophobic group and a reactive hydrogen atom, for example aliphatic alcohols, acids, amides or alkylphenols with alkylene oxides, especially ethylene oxide either alone or with propylene oxide. Specific nonionic surfactant compounds are alkyl (C6-C22) phenols, ethylene oxide condensates, the condensation products of aliphatic (Cs-Cis) primary or secondary linear or branched alcohols with ethylene oxide, and products made by condensation of ethylene oxide with the reaction products of propylene oxide and ethylenediamine. Other nonionic surfactants include long chain tertiary amine oxides,

[0123] 15 long chain tertiary phosphine oxides, dialkyl sulphoxides, and the like.

[0124] In an aspect, nonionic surfactants can include fatty acid / alcohol ethoxylates having the following structures a) CH3(CH2)s(OCH2CH2)cOH or b) CH3(CH2)vC(=O)O(CH2CH2O)dH; where s and v are each independently an integer up to 18; and c and d are each

[0125] 20 independently an integer from 1 or greater. In an aspect, s and v can be each independently 6 to 18; and c and d can be each independently 1 to 30. Other options for nonionic surfactants include those having the formula CH3(CH2)i-CH=CH- (CH2)k(OCH2CH2)zOH, where i, k are each independently 5 to 15; and z is 5 to 50. In another aspect, i and k are each independently 6 to 12; and z is 15 to 35.

[0126] 25

[0127] The nonionic surfactant may also include a sugar amide, such as a polysaccharide amide. Specifically, the surfactant may be one of the lactobionamides described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,389,279 to Au et al., entitled "Compositions Comprising Nonionic Glycolipid Surfactants” issued Feb. 14, 1995; which is hereby incorporated by reference or it may

[0128] 30 be one of the sugar amides described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,009,814 to Kelkenberg, titled "Use of N-Poly Hydroxyalkyl Fatty Acid Amides as Thickening Agents for Liquid Aqueous Surfactant Systems" issued Apr. 23, 1991 ; hereby incorporated into the subject application by reference. P0001038EP COM

[0129] 13

[0130] Illustrative examples of nonionic surfactants that can be used in the personal cleansing formulations disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, polyglycoside, cetyl alcohol, decyl glucoside, lauryl glucoside, octaethylene glycol monododecyl ether, n-octyl beta- d-thioglucopyranoside, octyl glucoside, oleyl alcohol, polysorbate, sorbitan, stearyl

[0131] 5 alcohol, or a combination thereof.

[0132] In an aspect, cationic surfactants can be used in the personal cleansing formulation of the present application.

[0133] One class of cationic surfactants includes heterocyclic ammonium salts such as cetyl or stearyl pyridinium chloride, alkyl amidoethyl pyrrylinodium methyl sulfate, and lapyrium chloride.

[0134] Tetra alkyl ammonium salts are another useful class of cationic surfactants for use.

[0135] 15 Examples include cetyl or stearyl trimethyl ammonium chloride or bromide; hydrogenated palm or tallow trimethylammonium halides; behenyl trimethyl ammonium halides or methyl sulfates; decyl isononyl dimethyl ammonium halides; ditallow (or distearyl) dimethyl ammonium halides, and behenyl dimethyl ammonium chloride.

[0136] 20 Still other types of cationic surfactants that may be used are the various ethoxylated quaternary amines and ester quats. Examples include PEG-5 stearyl ammonium lactate (e.g., GENAMIN® KSL manufactured by Clariant), PEG-2 coco ammonium chloride, PEG-15 hydrogenated tallow ammonium chloride, PEG 15 stearyl ammonium chloride, dipalmitoyl ethyl methyl ammonium chloride, dipalmitoyl hydroxyethyl methyl sulfate, and

[0137] 25 stearyl amidopropyl dimethylamine lactate.

[0138] Still other useful cationic surfactants include quaternized hydrolysates of silk, wheat, and keratin proteins, and it is within the scope of the personal cleansing formulation to use mixtures of the aforementioned cationic surfactants.

[0139] If used, cationic surfactants will make up no more than 1 .0% by weight of the personal cleansing formulation. When present, cationic surfactants typically make up 0.01 to 0.7%, and more typically, 0.1 to 0.5% by weight of the personal cleansing formulation, including any and all ranges and values subsumed therein.

[0140] 35 P0001038EP COM

[0141] 14

[0142] The personal cleansing formulation can additionally include up to 30% by weight skin benefit agents. The term “skin benefit agent” is defined as a substance which softens or improves the elasticity, appearance, and youthfulness of the skin (stratum corneum) by either increasing its water content, adding, or replacing lipids and other skin nutrients, or

[0143] 5 both, and keeps it soft by retarding the decrease of its water content. Included among the desirable skin benefit agents are emollients, including, for example, hydrophobic emollients, hydrophilic emollients, or blends thereof. Preferred benefit agents include moisturizers, emollients, sunscreens, and anti-aging compounds.

[0144] 10 Desirably the optional skin benefit agents used in the personal cleansing formulation disclosed herein include niacinamide (vitamin B3), tocopherol (Vitamin E), aloe vera, alpha-hydroxy acids and esters, beta-hydroxy acids and esters, hydroxyethyl urea, polyhydroxy acids and esters, creatine, hydroquinone, t-butyl hydroquinone, mulberry, hyaluronic acid and salts thereof (including, but not limited to, Na+ and K+ salts of the

[0145] 15 same), extract, liquorice extract, resorcinol derivatives, or a combination thereof. For example, the skin benefit agent can be sodium hyaluronate. Such benefit agents, including sodium hyaluronate can be present in an amount of 0.0001 to 10%, for example, 0.001 to 6.5%, for example, 0.01 to 3.5%, and for example, 0.01 % by weight, based on total weight of the personal cleansing formulation including any and all ranges

[0146] 20 and values subsumed therein.

[0147] Further optional water-soluble skin benefit agents include acids, such as amino acids like arginine, valine or histidine. Other vitamins can be used such as vitamin B2, picolinamide, panthenol (vitamin B5), vitamin Be, vitamin C, a combination thereof or the

[0148] 25 like. Derivatives (generally meaning something that has developed or been obtained from something else), and especially, water soluble derivatives of such vitamins can also be employed. For instance, vitamin C derivatives such as ascorbyl tetraisopalmitate, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate and ascorbyl glycoside may be used alone or in combination with each other. Niacinamide derivatives such as nicotinamide adenine

[0149] 30 dinucleotide (NADH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) may be used alone or in combination with each other. Other skin benefit agents that can be used include 4-ethyl resorcinol, extracts like sage, aloe vera, green tea, sugar cane, citrus, grapeseed, thyme, chamomile, yarrow, cucumber, liquorice, rosemary extract, or a combination thereof. The total amount of optional water-soluble benefit agents

[0150] 35 (including mixtures) when present in the composition disclosed herein can be 0.0001 to P0001038EP COM

[0151] 15

[0152] 10%, preferably, 0.001 to 6.5%, and most preferably, 0.01 to 3.5% by weight, based on total weight of the personal cleansing formulation, including any and all values and ranges subsumed therein.

[0153] 5 Electrolytes such as sodium chloride (NaCI), potassium chloride (KCI), magnesium chloride (MgCh), calcium chloride (CaCh), ammonium chloride (NH4CI), ora combination thereof can optionally be present in the personal cleansing formulations disclosed herein. The electrolyte can be present in an amount of 0 to 5% by weight, for example, 0 to 2.5% by weight, for example, 0 to 2.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the personal cleansing formulation, including any and all ranges and values subsumed therein.

[0154] It is also within the scope of the personal cleansing formulation to optionally include oil soluble benefit agents. Illustrative examples of the types of oil soluble benefit agents that can optionally be used in the personal cleansing formulation disclosed herein include

[0155] 15 components like stearic acid, vitamins like vitamin A, D, E and K (and their oil soluble derivatives).

[0156] Other optional oil soluble benefit agents for use include resorcinols and resorcinol derivatives like 4-hexyl resorcinol, 4-phenylethyl resorcinol, 4-cyclopentyl resorcinol, 4-

[0157] 20 cyclohexyl resorcinol 4-isopropyl resorcinol or a combination thereof. Also, 5-substituted resorcinols like 4-cyclohexyl-5-methylbenzene-1 ,3-diol, 4-isopropyl-5-methylbenzene- 1 ,3-diol, combination thereof or the like may be used. The 5-substituted resorcinols and their synthesis are described in commonly assigned U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2016 / 0000669A1 , which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

[0158] 25

[0159] Even other oil soluble benefit agents that can be used include omega-3 fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids, climbazole, magnolol, honokiol, farnesol, ursolic acid, myristic acid, geranyl geraniol, oleyl betaine, cocoyl hydroxyethyl imidazoline, hexanoyl sphingosine, 10- hydroxy stearic acid (10HSA), 12-hydroxystearic acid (12HSA), petroselinic acid, conjugated linoleic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, lauric acid, terpineol, thymol essential components, the dissolution auxiliary selected from limonene, pinene, camphene, cymene, citronellol, citronellal, geraniol, nerol, linalool, rhodinol, borneol, isoborneol, menthone, camphor, safrole, isosafrole, eugenol, isoeugenol, tea tree oil, eucalyptus oil, peppermint oil, neem oil, lemon grass oil, orange oil, bergamot oil, or a combination

[0160] 35 thereof. P0001038EP COM

[0161] 16

[0162] Another optional oil soluble benefit agent that may be used is a retinoic acid precursor. The retinoic acid precursor can be retinol, retinal, retinyl ester, retinyl propionate, retinyl palmitate, retinyl acetate or a combination thereof. Retinyl propionate, retinyl palmitate,

[0163] 5 and combinations thereof are typically preferred. Still another retinoic acid precursor for use is hydroxyanasatil retinoate made commercially available under the name RETEXTRA® as supplied by Molecular Design International. The same may be used in a combination with any of the oil soluble benefit agents described herein.

[0164] 10 When an optional (i.e., 0.0 to 1.5% by weight) oil soluble benefit agent is used in the personal cleansing formulation, it typically is present in an amount of 0.001 to 1.5% by weight of the overall personal cleansing formulation including any and all values and ranges subsumed therein, and for example, 0.05 to 1.2% by weight, for example, 0.2 to 0.5% by weight of the total weight of the cleansing composition.

[0165] 15

[0166] Other useful skin benefit agents include the following:

[0167] (a) silicone oils and modifications thereof such as linear and cyclic polydimethylsiloxanes; amino, alkyl, alkylaryl, and aryl silicone oils;

[0168] 20

[0169] (b) fats and oils including natural fats and oils such as jojoba, soybean, sunflower, rice bran, avocado, almond, olive, sesame, persic, castor, coconut, and mink oils; cacao fat; beef tallow and lard; hardened oils obtained by hydrogenating the aforementioned oils; and synthetic mono, di and triglycerides such as myristic acid glyceride and 2-

[0170] 25 ethylhexanoic acid glyceride;

[0171] (c) waxes such as carnauba, spermaceti, beeswax, lanolin, and derivatives thereof;

[0172] (d) hydrophobic and hydrophilic plant extracts;

[0173] 30

[0174] (e) hydrocarbons such as liquid paraffin, petrolatum, microcrystalline wax, ceresin, squalene, pristan and mineral oil;

[0175] (f) higher fatty acids such as lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, behenic, oleic, linoleic,

[0176] 35 linolenic, lanolic, isostearic, arachidonic and poly unsaturated fatty acids (PLIFA); P0001038EP COM

[0177] 17

[0178] (g) higher alcohols such as lauryl, cetyl, stearyl, oleyl, behenyl, cholesterol and 2- hexydecanol alcohol;

[0179] 5 (h) esters such as cetyl octanoate, myristyl lactate, cetyl lactate, isopropyl myristate, myristyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, isopropyl adipate, butyl stearate, decyl oleate, cholesterol isostearate, glycerol monostearate, glycerol monolaurate, glycerol distearate, glycerol tristearate, alkyl lactate, alkyl citrate and alkyl tartrate;

[0180] 10 (i) essential oils and extracts thereof such as mentha, jasmine, camphor, white cedar, bitter orange peel, ryu, turpentine, cinnamon, bergamot, citrus unshiu, calamus, pine, lavender, bay, clove, hiba, eucalyptus, lemon, starflower, thyme, peppermint, rose, sage, sesame, ginger, basil, juniper, lemon grass, rosemary, rosewood, avocado, grape, grapeseed, myrrh, cucumber, watercress, calendula, elder flower, geranium, linden

[0181] 15 blossom, amaranth, seaweed, ginko, ginseng, carrot, guarana, tea tree, jojoba, comfrey, oatmeal, cocoa, neroli, vanilla, green tea, penny royal, aloe vera, menthol, cineole, eugenol, citral, Citronelle, borneol, linalool, geraniol, evening primrose, camphor, thymol, spirantol, penene, limonene and terpenoid oils;

[0182] 20 (j) polyhydric alcohols, for example, glycerine, sorbitol, propylene glycol, and the like; and polyols such as the polyethylene glycols, examples of which are: Polyox WSR-205 PEG 14M, Polyox WSR-N-60K PEG 45M, or Polyox WSR-N-750, and PEG 7M;

[0183] (k) lipids such as cholesterol, ceramides, sucrose esters and pseudo-ceramides as

[0184] 25 described in European Patent Specification No. 556,957;

[0185] (l) vitamins, minerals, and skin nutrients such as milk, vitamins A, E, and K; vitamin alkyl esters, including vitamin C alkyl esters; magnesium, calcium, copper, zinc and other metallic components;

[0186] 30

[0187] (m) sunscreens such as octyl methoxyl cinnamate (Parsol MCX) and butyl methoxy benzoylmethane (Parsol 1789);

[0188] (n) phospholipids; and

[0189] 35 P0001038EP COM

[0190] 18

[0191] (o) anti-aging compounds such as alpha-hydroxy acids and beta-hydroxy acids.

[0192] Preferred skin benefit agents include fatty acids, hydrocarbons, polyhydric alcohols, polyols, and mixtures thereof, with emollients that include at least one C12 to C18 fatty

[0193] 5 acid, petrolatum, glycerol, glycerin, sorbitol, and / or propylene glycol being of particular interest in one or more embodiments. The agents may be added at an appropriate step during the process of making the personal cleansing formulations. Some benefit agents may be introduced as macro domains.

[0194] 10 The personal cleansing formulation can further optionally comprise a humectant. The humectant can be present in an amount of 0.1 to 15% by weight, preferably 0.25 to 5% by weight, more preferably 0.5 to 2% by total weight of the personal cleansing formulation, including any and all ranges and values subsumed therein. The humectant can be employed to assist in moisturization effects of the personal cleansing formulation.

[0195] 15 Humectants are generally known as moisturizers that attract water from the air or deeper in the skin. Stated another way, humectants draw water into the skin, hair, or nails. The humectants can generally be polyhydric alcohol type materials. Typical polyhydric alcohols include glycerol (i.e., glycerine or glycerin), propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol (e.g., PPG-9), polyethylene glycol, sorbitol, hydroxypropyl sorbitol,

[0196] 20 hexylene glycol, 1 ,3-butylene glycol, isoprene glycol, 1 ,2,6-hexanetriol, ethoxylated glycerol, propoxylated glycerol, or a combination thereof. Most preferred is glycerin, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, or a combination thereof. In an embodiment, the humectant can be propylene glycol, butylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, glycerin, triethylene glycol, erythritol, hyaluronic acid, polypropylene glycol-7 propyl heptyl ether,

[0197] 25 or a combination thereof.

[0198] Other optional ingredients like perfumes, polymers, deodorants, dyes, enzymes, foam boosters, germicides, antimicrobials, lathering agents, skin conditioners, stabilizers, or superfatting agents, may be added in suitable amounts in the process of making the

[0199] 30 personal cleansing formulations.

[0200] Additional optional ingredients which may be present in the cleansing compositions are, for example: fragrances; fixatives; sequestering and chelating agents such as tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), ethane hydroxyl diphosphonate

[0201] 35 (EHDP), etidronic acid, aka 1-hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid (HEDP), P0001038EP COM

[0202] 19 diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), ethylene diamine disuccinic acid (EDDS), pentasodium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate, trisodium N-(hydroxyethyl)- ethylenediaminetracetate, an acid form of EDTA, sodium thiocynate, trisodium salt of methylglycinediacetic acid, tetrasodium glutamate diacetate, phytic acid, or a

[0203] 5 combination thereof; coloring agents; opacifiers (like titanium dioxide or glycol distearate), and pearlizers such as zinc stearate, magnesium stearate, titanium dioxide (TiO2), ethylene glycol monostearate (EGMS), ethylene glycol distearate (EGDS) or Lytron 621 (Styrene / Acrylate copolymer), and the like; pH adjusters; antioxidants, for example, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and the like; stabilizers; suds boosters, such

[0204] 10 as for example, coconut acyl mono- or diethanol amides; ionizing salts, such as, for example, sodium chloride and sodium sulfate, and other ingredients such as are conventionally used in cleansing compositions. The total amount of such additional optional ingredients is typically from 0 to 10% by weight, more particularly from 0.1 to 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the personal cleansing formulation, including any

[0205] 15 and all ranges and values subsumed therein.

[0206] The personal cleansing formulations disclosed herein can be used to deliver antimicrobial benefits. Antimicrobial agents that can be included to deliver these benefits include oligodynamic metals or compounds thereof. Preferred metals are silver, copper,

[0207] 20 zinc, gold, aluminum, or a combination thereof. Silver is particularly preferred. In the ionic form it may exist as a salt or any compound in any applicable oxidation state. Preferred silver compounds are silver oxide, silver nitrate, silver acetate, silver sulfate, silver benzoate, silver salicylate, silver carbonate, silver citrate, silver phosphate, or a combination thereof, with silver oxide, silver sulfate and silver citrate being of particular

[0208] 25 interest in one or more embodiments. In at least one aspect, the silver compound is silver oxide. Oligodynamic metal or a compound thereof can be included in an amount of 0.0001 to 2%, preferably 0.001 to 1% by weight of the cleansing composition. Alternately an essential oil antimicrobial active may be included in the cleansing composition. Essential oil actives which can be included are terpineol, thymol, carvacol,

[0209] 30 (E) -2(prop-1-enyl) phenol, 2- propylphenol, 4- pentylphenol, 4-sec-butylphenol, 2-benzyl phenol, eugenol, or a combination thereof. Furthermore, preferred essential oil actives are terpineol, thymol, carvacrol, thymol, or a combination thereof, with the most preferred being terpineol or thymol, or a combination thereof. When present, essential oil actives can be included in an amount of 0.001 to 1 %, preferably 0.01 to 0.5% by weight of the

[0210] 35 composition. P0001038EP COM

[0211] 20

[0212] Even other ingredients which may be used include octopirox (piroctone), zinc pyrithione, chloroxylenol, triclosan, cetylpyridinium chloride, as well as silver compounds including silver oxide, nitrate, sulfate, phosphate, carbonate, acetate, benzoate, a combination

[0213] 5 thereof or the like. If used, these other components typically make up from 0.001 to 1.6% by weight of the overall personal cleansing formulation including any and all values and ranges subsumed therein, and preferably, from 0.01 to 1.2% by weight of the overall personal cleansing formulation including any and all values and ranges subsumed therein.

[0214] Preservatives can be used in the personal cleansing formulation disclosed herein. When used, illustrative preservatives for use include sodium benzoate, iodopropynyl butyl carbamate (IPBC), phenoxyethanol, hydroxyacetophenone, ethylhexylglycerine, methyl paraben, propyl paraben, imidazolidinyl urea, sodium dehydroacetate, propanediol,

[0215] 15 dimethyl-dimethyl (DMDM) hydantoin, alkyl esters of para-hydroxybenzoic acid, organic acids and salts thereof, hydroxyacetophenone, climbazole, propionate salts, a variety of quaternary ammonium compounds, benzyl alcohol, or a combination thereof. Other preservatives suitable for use include sodium dehydroacetate, chlorophenesin, and decylene glycol. Preservatives can be employed in amounts of 0.01% to 2.0% by weight

[0216] 20 of the total weight of the personal cleansing formulation, including any and all values and ranges and values subsumed therein.

[0217] Use of common emollients classified as vicinal diols, such as 1 ,2-octane diol (or other vicinal alkane diols), are also suitable for use with the preservatives described herein

[0218] 25 and can be included in amounts of 0.15% by weight to 2.0% by weight, preferably, 0.2% by weight to 1.75% by weight, and most preferably, 0.25% by weight to 1 .5% by weight, or 0.25% by weight to 1.25% by weight, based on the total weight of the personal cleansing composition, including any and all values and ranges and values subsumed therein. In an embodiment, the vicinal diols are included in amounts of of 0.15% by

[0219] 30 weight to 2.0% by weight, preferably, 0.2% by weight to 1.75% by weight, and most preferably, 0.25% by weight to 1 .5% by weight, or 0.25% by weight to 1 .25% by weight, based on the total weight of the personal cleansing composition, including any and all values and ranges and values subsumed therein. P0001038EP COM

[0220] 21

[0221] The personal cleansing formulations can additionally comprise a viscosity adjusting agent. The viscosity adjusting agent can be a salt. The salt can comprise sodium chloride, potassium chloride, or a combination thereof. In an embodiment, the viscosity adjusting agent is a salt and the salt is sodium chloride, potassium chloride, or a

[0222] 5 combination thereof. The viscosity adjusting agent can be present in an amount of less than or equal to 5% by weight of the overall personal cleansing formulation, for example, 0 to 5% by weight, for example, 0 to 4% by weight, for example, 0 to 3% by weight, for example, 0.1 to 2.5% by weight of the overall personal cleansing formulation, including any and all ranges and values subsumed therein. In an embodiment, the viscosity

[0223] 10 adjusting agent is present in an amount of less than or equal to 5% by weight of the overall personal cleansing formulation, for example, 0 to 5% by weight, for example, 0 to 4% by weight, for example, 0 to 3% by weight, for example, 0.1 to 2.5% by weight of the overall personal cleansing formulation, including any and all ranges and values subsumed therein.

[0224] 15

[0225] The personal cleansing formulation disclosed herein can further include a thickening agent. Particularly preferred thickening agents include an anionic polymer-based thickener, preferably, for example, a polyacrylate based polymer or copolymer, or a combination thereof. Polysaccharides can be used. Examples include fibers, starches,

[0226] 20 natural / synthetic gums and cellulosics. Representative of the starches are chemically modified starches such as sodium hydroxypropyl starch phosphate and aluminum starch octenylsuccinate. Tapioca starch is often preferred, as is maltodextrin. Suitable gums include xanthan, sclerotium, pectin, karaya, arabic, agar, guar (including Acacia Senegal guar), carrageenan, alginate and combinations thereof. Suitable cellulosics include

[0227] 25 hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, sodium carboxy methylcellulose (cellulose gum / carboxymethyl cellulose) and cellulose (e.g., cellulose microfibrils, cellulose nanocrystals or microcrystalline cellulose).

[0228] Sources of cellulose microfibrils include secondary cell wall materials (e.g. wood pulp,

[0229] 30 cotton), bacterial cellulose, and primary cell wall materials. Preferably the source of primary cell wall material is selected from parenchymal tissue from fruits, roots, bulbs, tubers, seeds, leaves and combination thereof; more preferably is selected from citrus fruit, tomato fruit, peach fruit, pumpkin fruit, kiwi fruit, apple fruit, mango fruit, sugar beet, beet root, turnip, parsnip, maize, oat, wheat, peas, and combinations thereof; and even

[0230] 35 more preferably is selected from citrus fruit, tomato fruit, and combinations thereof. A P0001038EP COM

[0231] 22 most preferred source of primary cell wall material is parenchymal tissue from citrus fruit. Citrus fibers, such as those made available by Herbacel® as AQ Plus can also be used as source for cellulose microfibrils. The cellulose sources can be surface modified by any of the known methods including those described in Colloidal Polymer Science, Kalia

[0232] 5 et al., “Nanofibrillated cellulose: surface modification and potential applications” (2014), Vol 292, Pages 5-31.

[0233] As mentioned, synthetic polymers are effective thickening agents. This category includes crosslinked polyacrylates such as the Carbomers, polyacrylamides such as Sepigel® 305 and taurate copolymers such as Simulgel® EG and Aristoflex® AVC, the copolymers being identified by respective INCI nomenclature as sodium acrylate / sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate and acryloyl dimethyltaurate / vinyl pyrrolidone copolymer. Another preferred synthetic polymer suitable for thickening is an acrylate-based polymer made commercially available by Seppic and sold under the name Simulgel INS100.

[0234] 15 Calcium carbonate, fumed silica, and magnesium-aluminum-silicate may also be used.

[0235] Sodium hydroxypropyl starch phosphate, aluminum starch octenylsuccinate, tapioca starch, maltodextrin, xanthan gum, agar gum, guar gum, carrageenan gum, alginate gum, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, sodium

[0236] 20 carboxy methylcellulose, cellulose, polyethylene glycol (e.g., polyethylene glycol diester stearic acid), or a combination thereof are further examples of thickening agents for use in the present personal cleansing formulations. Such thickening agents are commercially available from the Dow Chemical Company or the Hallstar Company.

[0237] 25 Other optional ingredients include water soluble / dispersible polymers. These polymers can be cationic, anionic, amphoteric or nonionic types with molecular weights higher than 100,000 Dalton. They are known to increase the viscosity and stability of liquid personal cleansing formulation, to enhance in-use and after-use skin sensory properties, and to enhance lather creaminess and lather stability. When present, the total amount of such polymers commonly ranges from 0.1 to 10% by weight of the personal cleansing formulation.

[0238] Examples of water soluble or dispersible polymers include the carbohydrate gums such as cellulose gum, microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose gel, hydroxyethyl cellulose,

[0239] 35 hydroxypropyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl P0001038EP COM

[0240] 23 cellulose, guar gum, gum karaya, gum tragacanth, gum arabic, gum acacia, gum agar, xanthan gum and mixtures thereof; modified and nonmodified starch granules and pregelatinized cold water soluble starch; emulsion polymers such as Aculyn® 28, Aculyn® 22 or Carbopol ©Aqua SF1 ; cationic polymer such as modified polysaccharides

[0241] 5 including cationic guar available from Rhone Poulenc under the trade name Jaguar C13S, Jaguar C14S, Jaguar C17, or Jaguar C16; cationic modified cellulose such as those commercially available by Dow® as LICARE™ Polymer JR-125, LICARE Polymer JR-400, UCARE Polymer KF, UCARE Polymer JR-30M, UCARE Polymer LR-400, LICARE Polymer LR-30M, UCARE Polymer LK mixtures thereof or the like; N-Hance® 3000, N-Hance® 3196, N-Hance® GPX 215 or N-Hance® GPX 196 from Hercules; synthetic cationic polymer such as Merquat® 100, Merquat® 280, Merquat® 281 and Merquat® 550 sold by Nalco; cationic starches such as StaLok® 100, 200, 300 and 400 sold by Staley Inc.; cationic galactomannans such as Galactasol® 800 series by Henkel, Inc.; Quadrosoft® LM-200; and Polyquaternium-24. Also suitable are high molecular

[0242] 15 weight polyethylene glycols such as Polyox® WSR-205 (PEG 14M), Polyox® WSR-N- 60K (PEG 45), and Polyox® WSR-301 (PEG 90M). Other preferred cationic polymers include those known as hydrophobically-modified cationic conditioning polymers such as those made commercially available also by Dow® under the names SoftCAT™ SL 5, SoftCAT™ SL 30, SoftCAT™ SL 60, SoftCAT™ SL 100, SoftCAT™ SK-L, SoftCAT™

[0243] 20 SK-M, and SoftCAT™ SK-H.

[0244] The personal cleansing formulations herein described can be produced by preparative techniques. In one very general methodology, to a heated aqueous phase of water, is added surfactants, cosurfactants and co-solvents; the remaining ingredients are added,

[0245] 25 as appropriate, as the product is cooled to room temperature. pH adjustments can be made as necessary.

[0246] The personal cleansing formulations can be provided in a variety of different product forms including, for example, hand, face and body washes, shower gels, bars, and the like, e.g., antimicrobial product forms including, for example, hand, face and body washes, shower gels, bars, and the like. The formulations may be provided in bottles, pump dispensers, tubes, sachets, or other packaging suitable for the product form.

[0247] In use, the personal cleansing formulations are diluted, as needed, to form aqueous

[0248] 35 personal cleansing formulations that are applied to the skin for contact times less than 1 P0001038EP COM

[0249] 24 minute, more particularly 30 seconds or less (with contact times of 10 to 30 seconds being of interest with respect to contact times of a moderate to a relatively long duration and contact times of 10 seconds or less being of interest with respect to contact times of short to moderate duration) and thereafter are removed from the skin, typically by rinsing

[0250] 5 with water. The personal cleansing formulations can be diluted before, after or simultaneous with its being placed on the skin, with dilution typically occuring by the formulation being worked into a lather in the hands or on an applicator, such as a facecloth, sponge or pouf.

[0251] Polymeric viscosity aids are an optional but often desired ingredient in the personal cleansing formulation. Preferred polymers are those generally classified as high molecular weight ethoxylated fatty acid esters. Illustrative examples include PEG 120 methyl glucose dioleate, PEG 18 glyceryloleate / cocoate, PEG 150 pentaerythritol tetrastearate, or combinations thereof, or the like. One polymeric viscosity aid is PEG

[0252] 15 150 pentaerythritol tetrastearate which is sold under the VERSATHIX™ name by Croda. When used, such aids make up from 0.001 to 0.8%, and preferably, from 0.001 to 0.5%, and most preferably, from 0.001 to 0.3% by weight of the personal cleansing formulation, including any and all ranges and values subsumed therein.

[0253] 20 Adjusters to modify / buffer the pH may be used. Such pH adjusters include triethylamine, NaOH, KOH, H2SO4, HCI, CeHsO? (i.e., citric acid), C3H6O3 (i.e., lactic acid), or a combination thereof. The pH adjusters are added at amounts to yield the desired final pH. The pH adjusters can include various alpha-hydroxy acids or a combination thereof. For example, the pH adjusters can comprise the alpha-hydroxy acids of citric acid,

[0254] 25 glycolic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, or a combination thereof. The pH values can be assessed with commercial instrumentation such as a pH meter made commercially available from Thermo Scientific®. The pH adjusters can be present in an amount of 0.1 to 1.0% by weight of the personal cleansing formulation, including any and all ranges and values subsumed therein, for example, 0.1 to 0.75% by weight of the personal cleansing formulation, including any and all ranges and values subsumed therein.

[0255] The pH of the composition is assessed by using conventional instrumentation such as a pH meter made commercially available from Thermo Scientific®. In an embodiment, a

[0256] 35 pH of the personal cleansing formulation can be 3.5 to 6.5, preferably 4 to 6, more P0001038EP COM

[0257] 25 preferably 4.5 to 5.5. In an embodiment, a pH of the personal cleansing formulation is 3.5 to 6.5, preferably 4 to 6, more preferably 4.5 to 5.5. In an embodiment, e.g., when the personal cleansing formulations contain isethionate, a pH of the personal cleansing formulation can be 6 to 8, preferably 6.5 to 7.5, more preferably 7. In an embodiment,

[0258] 5 e.g., when the personal cleansing formulations contain isethionate, a pH of the personal cleansing formulation is 6 to 8, preferably 6.5 to 7.5, more preferably 7.

[0259] The personal cleansing formulations disclosed herein typically contain water in an amount of 20 to 95% by weight, more particularly 50 to 93% by weight, more specially,

[0260] 10 60 to 90% by weight, based on the total weight of the personal cleansing formulation, including any and all ranges and values subsumed therein. Such water contents are representative of a relatively broad range of formulations, including both concentrated and non-concentrates products, with formulations having water contents of 20 to less than 50% by weight of water being typical of concentrated products.

[0261] 15

[0262] Viscosity, unless noted otherwise, was measured with a Discovery HR-2 Rheometer using sand blasted plates with a 1000 micron gap at 25°C and 30 second intervals and a shear rate of 4 s’1.

[0263] 20 The personal cleansing formulation is essentially sulfate free. Preferably, the personal cleansing formulation is sulfate free.

[0264] The personal cleansing formulation is essentially 1 ,4-dioxane free. Preferably, the personal cleansing formulation is 1 ,4-dioxane free.

[0265] 25

[0266] Except where otherwise explicitly indicated, all numbers in this description indicating amounts of material or conditions of reaction, physical properties of materials and / or use are to be understood as modified by the word “about.” All amounts are by weight of the final composition, unless otherwise specified.

[0267] 30

[0268] It should be noted that in specifying any range of concentration or amount, any particular upper concentration can be associated with any particular lower concentration or amount as well as any subranges consumed therein. In that regard, it is noted that all ranges disclosed herein are inclusive of the endpoints, and the endpoints are independently

[0269] 35 combinable with each other (e.g., ranges of “up to 25% by weight, or, more specifically, P0001038EP COM

[0270] 26

[0271] 5% by weight to 20% by weight”, is inclusive of the endpoints and all intermediate values of the ranges of 5% by weight to 25% by weight, etc.). “Combination” is inclusive of blends, mixtures, alloys, reaction products, and the like. Furthermore, the terms “first”, “second”, and the like herein do not denote any order, quantity, or importance, but rather

[0272] 5 are used to distinguish one element from another. The terms “a” and “an” and “the” herein do not denote a limitation of quantity and are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The suffix “(s)” as used herein is intended to include both the singular and the plural of the term it modifies, thereby including one or more of the term (e.g., the film(s) includes one or more films). Reference throughout the specification to “one embodiment”, “one aspect”, “another embodiment”, “another aspect”, “an embodiment”, “an aspect” and so forth means that a particular element (e.g., feature, structure, and / or characteristic) described in connection with the embodiment or aspect is included in at least one embodiment or aspect described herein and may or may not be present in

[0273] 15 other embodiments or aspects. In addition, it is to be understood that the described elements may be combined in any suitable manner in the various embodiments or aspects.

[0274] All cited patents, patent applications, and other references are incorporated herein by

[0275] 20 reference in their entirety. However, if a term in the present application contradicts or conflicts with a term in the incorporated reference, the term from the present application takes precedence over the conflicting term from the incorporated reference. While particular aspects have been described, alternatives, modifications, variations, improvements, and substantial equivalents that are or may be presently unforeseen may

[0276] 25 arise to applicants or others skilled in the art. Accordingly, the appended claims as filed and as they may be amended are intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, variations, improvements, and substantial equivalents.

[0277] For the avoidance of doubt the word “comprising” is intended to mean “including” but not necessarily “consisting of” or “composed of.” In other words, the listed steps, options, or alternatives need not be exhaustive.

[0278] The disclosure of the invention as found herein is to be considered to cover all aspects as found in the claims as being multiply dependent upon each other irrespective of the

[0279] 35 fact that claims may be found without multiple dependency or redundancy. Unless P0001038EP COM

[0280] 27 otherwise specified, numerical ranges expressed in the format "from x to y" are understood to include x and y. In specifying any range of values or amounts, any particular upper value or amount can be associated with any particular lower value or amount. All percentages and ratios contained herein are calculated by weight unless

[0281] 5 otherwise indicated. The various features of the present invention referred to in individual sections above apply, as appropriate, to other sections mutatis mutandis. Consequently, features specified in one section may be combined with features specified in other sections as appropriate. Any section headings are added for convenience only and are not intended to limit the disclosure in any way.

[0282] Examples

[0283] The following examples are merely illustrative of the personal cleansing formulation disclosed herein and are not intended to limit the scope hereof.

[0284] 15 Table 1 illustrates a personal wash liquid formulation in which a PKO-sourced sodium methyl taurate (cocoyl SCMT or lauroyl SLMT) was progressively replaced with a taurate sourced directly from palm olein and prepared by direct amidation - POMT. Example T- 0 represented the prior art, where the PKO-derived taurate was paired with cocamidopropyl betaine. This formulation was isotropic at 25°C. Examples T-1 through

[0285] 20 T-8 represented the partial substitution of PKO-sourced taurate with POMT, as well as the inclusion of shorter chain, non-PKO taurate cosurfactants (sodium nonoyl methyl taurate) and non-PKO sourced zwitterionic surfactants such as palmityl amidopropyl hydroxy sultaine (Ci6 APHS).

[0286] 25 As a result of these substitutions, the % PKO reduction of the formulation increased. Clarity of the isotropic formulation was maintained.

[0287] P0001038EP COM

[0288] 28

[0289] Table 1 - Partial replacement of the PKO-based taurate with Palm Olein Methyl Taurate (POMT)

[0290] 5 In Table 2, the level of sodium cocoyl isethionate in personal wash formulations was progressively reduced from 6 to 1%, being partially replaced by palm olein methyl taurate and, further, by short chain, non-PKO isethionate (nonoyl isethionate). Likewise, PKO- derived cocamidopropyl betaine was progressively replaced by non-PKO zwitterionics such as oleyl betaine. P0001038EP COM

[0291] 29

[0292] Table 2 - Partial replacement of the PKO-based isethionate with POMT

[0293] ** - The benchmark is example # 1-0 in this table.

[0294] Clarity of the isotropic formulation was maintained.

[0295] Table 3 - Partial replacement of the PKO-based taurate with a methyl taurate prepared by direct amidation of olive oil or rice bran oil. P0001038EP COM

[0296] 30

[0297] In Table 3, Examples 00-1 and 00-2 demonstrate that a non-PKO methyl taurate prepared by direct amidation of olive oil can substitute for a PKO sourced material with no loss of formulation clarity at 25°C.

[0298] 5 Examples RB-1 and RB-2 demonstrated that a non-PKO methyl taurate prepared by direct amidation of rice bran oil can also substitute for a PKO sourced material with no loss of formulation clarity at 25°C. The % PKO Reduction as defined was 55% for Examples 00-1 and RB-1 and 60% for Examples 00-2 and RB-2, respectively.

[0299] 10

Claims

P0001038EP COM31CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A personal cleansing formulation, comprising:2-16% by weight of a non-palm kernel sourced oil surfactant, based on the total weight of the personal cleansing formulation, wherein the non-palm kernel sourced oil surfactant comprises N-acyl methyl taurate, wherein 10-20% by weight of the N-acyl methyl taurate is residual fatty acid comprising the same chain length distribution as the non-palm kernel sourced oil surfactant, wherein a chain length distribution of the non-palm kernel sourced oil surfactant is 40 to 90% by weight oleic fatty acid, preferably 45 to 85% by weight oleic acid, more preferably 60 to 80% by weight oleic acid; wherein an oleic to linoleic fatty acid weight ratio in the non-palm kernel sourced oil surfactant is 1 / 1 to 10 / 1 , preferably wherein the weight ratio is 1.5 / 1 to 10 / 1 , more preferably wherein the weight ratio is 5 / 1 to 10 / 1 ; and wherein a (palmitic + stearic) / oleic weight ratio in the non-palm kernel sourced oil surfactant is 1 / 10 to 1 / 1 , preferably wherein the weight ratio is 1 / 7 to 1 / 2, more preferably wherein the weight ratio is 1 / 5 to 1 / 2;1-8% by weight of an anionic co-surfactant, based on the total weight of the personal cleansing formulation, wherein the anionic co-surfactant comprises a non-palm kernel sourced oil, a non-coconut sourced oil, a palm-kernel sourced oil, or a combination thereof, preferably wherein the non-palm kernel sourced oil or the non-coconut sourced oil comprises C9 taurate, C9 isethionate, or a combination thereof, and wherein the additional anionic surfactant comprising the palm-kernel sourced oil comprises C8, C10, or C12 taurate, or C8, C10, or C12 isethionate, or a combination thereof of the taurate, isethionate, or taurate and isethionate; and 1-12% by weight of a zwitterionic surfactant, based on the total weight of the personal cleansing formulation.

2. The personal cleansing formulation of Claim 1 , wherein the non-palm kernel sourced oil surfactant comprises palm olein, olive oil, rice bran oil, soyabean oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil, safflower oil, rapeseed oil, peanut oil, or a combination thereof.

3. The personal cleansing formulation of Claim 2, wherein the non-palm kernel sourced oil surfactant comprises palm olein methyl taurate.P0001038EP COM324. The personal cleansing formulation of any of the preceding claims, wherein the taurate of anionic co-surfactant comprises sodium octanoyl methyl taurate, sodium nonoyl methyl taurate, sodium decanoyl methyl taurate, sodium lauroyl methyl taurate, sodium cocoyl methyl taurate, or a combination thereof.

5. The personal cleansing formulation of any of the preceding claims, wherein the isethionate of the anionic co-surfactant comprises non-palm kernel sourced oil, preferably wherein the isethionate comprises sodium octanoyl isethionate, sodium decanoyl isethionate, sodium lauroyl isethionate, sodium cocoyl isethionate, sodium nonoyl isethionate, sodium nonoyl methyl isethionate, or a combination thereof.

6. The personal cleansing formulation of any of the preceding claims, wherein the zwitterionic surfactant comprises lauryl betaine, coco betaine, cocamidopropyl betaine, lauryl hydroxy sultaine, lauramidopropyl hydroxy sultaine, and cocamidopropyl hydroxyl sultaine, oleyl betaine, palm olein amidopropyl betaine, palm olein betaine, palmitoyl hydroxysultaine, palmitoyl amidopropyl hydroxy sultaine, or a combination thereof.

7. The personal cleansing formulation of any of the preceding claims, further comprising 0.5-2% by weight of a humectant, based on the total weight of the personal cleansing formulation, preferably wherein the humectant comprises glycerin.

8. The personal cleansing formulation of any of the preceding claims, further comprising an electrolyte, preferably wherein the electrolyte comprises sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, ammonium chloride, or a combination thereof.

9. The personal cleansing formulation of any of Claims 1 to 4, 7, and 8, wherein the personal cleansing formulation has a pH of 3.5 to 6.5, preferably wherein the pH is 4 to 6, more preferably wherein the pH is 4.5 to 5.5.P0001038EP COM3310. The personal cleansing formulation of any of the preceding claims, wherein the personal cleansing formulation has a pH of 6 to 8, preferably wherein the pH is 6.5 to 7.5, more preferably wherein the pH is 7.

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