Alkyd compositions derived from maleated natural oils and MONO or diglycerides and applications thereof

Abstract

Disclosed herein are alkyd compositions derived from maleated natural oils and mono or diglycerides. The compositions, because of their unique physicochemical properties, have a wide range of applications in several industries such as coatings, personal care, home care, nutrition, pharmaceutical, medical, agrochemical, adhesives, batteries, plastics, electronics, oilfield, and metal working, among others. A structure of the alkyd is as shown below, wherein the subscript m ranges from 1 to about 10,000.

Description

Docket No.: 4469PCTALKYD COMPOSITIONS DERIVED FROM MALEATED NATURAL OILS AND MONO OR DIGLYCERIDES AND APPLICATIONS THEREOF FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) provide alkyd compositions derived from maleated natural oils and mono or diglycerides and applications thereof in several consumer markets such as coatings, personal care, nutrition, pharmaceutical, medical, agrochemical, adhesives, batteries, plastics, electronics, and oilfield among others.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Alkyds, in their well-known forms, are the main products of reaction between an anhydride and a monoglyceride diol. Alkyds are manufactured typically by a two-stage process. The first stage involves a transesterification reaction between a triglyceride and a polyol such as glycerol to form a monoglyceride diol. In the second stage, an anhydride reacts with the monoglyceride diol from the first stage resulting in the formation of an alkyd.

[0003] Alkyds have been extensively used as ingredients in coatings resulting in an excellent gloss, durability, acceptable finish, good heat resistance, good barrier properties, and strong adhesion of such coatings. Additional environmental benefits of water-borne alkyd coatings include lower VOC levels and enhanced biodegradability. The physicochemical characteristics of the alkyds can be altered, among other means, by modifying the fatty acid length of the component monoglyceride and / or the degree of unsaturation in the fatty acids.

[0004] We find that alkyds derived from maleated natural oils and mono or diglycerides have outstanding physicochemical properties due to which these compounds are usable as ingredients in industrial compositions such as coatings, personal care, nutritional, pharmaceutical, medical, agrochemical, adhesives, batteries, and electronics among others. These industrial compositions provide efficient solutions by delivering desirable performance attributes to the end users.Docket No.: 4469PCTSUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0005] In a first aspect, the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) provides an alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof

[0006] In a second aspect, the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) provides an alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride.

[0007] In a third aspect, the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) provides an alkyd prepared from at least one maleated natural oil and at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride.

[0008] In a fourth aspect, the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) provides a coating composition comprising an alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0009] In a fifth aspect, the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) provides a personal care composition comprising an alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0010] In a sixth aspect, the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) provides a home care composition comprising an alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0011] In a seventh aspect, the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) provides a nutrition composition comprising an alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0012] In an eighth aspect, the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0013] In a ninth aspect, the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) provides a medical device comprising an alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0014] In a tenth aspect, the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) provides an agricultural composition comprising an alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0015] In an eleventh aspect, the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) provides an adhesive composition comprising an alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0016] In a twelfth aspect, the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) provides a battery composition comprising an alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group andDocket No.: 4469PCTcombinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0017] In a thirteenth aspect, the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) provides a plastic composition comprising an alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0018] In a fourteenth aspect, the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) provides an electronic composition comprising an alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0019] In a fifteenth aspect, the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) provides an oilfield composition comprising an alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0020] In a sixteenth aspect, the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) provides a metal working fluid composition comprising an alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.Docket No.: 4469PCTDETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS

[0021] Before explaining at least one aspect of the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) in detail, it is to be understood that the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of the components or steps or methodologies set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) is capable of other aspects or of being practiced or carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting.

[0022] Unless otherwise defined herein, technical terms used in connection with the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) shall have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. Further, unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular.

[0023] Each patent, published patent application, and non-patent publication referenced in any portion of this specification is herein expressly incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0024] All articles and / or methods disclosed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation based on the present disclosure. While the articles and methods of the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) have been described in terms of aspects, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that variations may be applied to the articles and / or methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the method described herein without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s). All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope, and concept of the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s).

[0025] As utilized in accordance with the disclosure, the following terms, unless otherwise indicated, shall be understood to have the following meanings.

[0026] The use of the word “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with the term “comprising” may mean “one,” but it is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more,” “at least one,” and “one or more than one.” The use of the term “or” is used to mean “and / or” unless explicitlyDocket No.: 4469PCTindicated to refer to alternatives only if the alternatives are mutually exclusive, although the disclosure supports a definition that refers to only alternatives and “and / or.”

[0027] Throughout this application, the term “about” is used to indicate that a value includes the inherent variation of error for the quantifying device, the method being employed to determine the value, or the variation that exists among the study subjects. For example, but not by way of limitation, when the term “about” is utilized, the designated value may vary by plus or minus twelve percent, or eleven percent, or ten percent, or nine percent, or eight percent, or seven percent, or six percent, or five percent, or four percent, or three percent, or two percent, or one percent.

[0028] The use of the term “at least one” will be understood to include one as well as any quantity more than one, including but not limited to, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, etc. The term “at least one” may extend up to 100 or 1000 or more depending on the term to which it is attached. In addition, the quantities of 100 / 1000 are not to be considered limiting as lower or higher limits may also produce satisfactory results. In addition, the use of the term “at least one of X, Y, and Z” will be understood to include X alone, Y alone, and Z alone, as well as any combination of X, Y, and Z. The use of ordinal number terminology (i.e., “first”, “second”, “third”, “fourth”, etc.) is solely for the purpose of differentiating between two or more items and, unless otherwise stated, is not meant to imply any sequence or order or importance to one item over another or any order of addition.

[0029] As used herein, the words “comprising” (and any form of comprising, such as “comprise” and “comprises”), “having” (and any form of having, such as “have” and “has”), “including” (and any form of including, such as “includes” and “include”) or “containing” (and any form of containing, such as “contains” and “contain”) are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps. The term “or combinations thereof’ as used herein refers to all permutations and combinations of the listed items preceding the term. For example, “A, Bxn, Bxn+i, or combinations thereof’ is intended to include at least one of: A, Bxn, Bxn+i, ABxn, A Bxn+i, BxnBxn+i, or ABxnBxn+i and, if order is important in a particular context, also BxnA, Bxn+iA, Bxn+iBxn, Bxn+iBxnA, BxnBxn+iA, ABxn+iBxn, BxnABxn+i, or Bxn+iABxn. Continuing with this example, expressly included are combinations that contain repeats of one or more item Or term, such as BxnBxn, AAA, MBxn, BxnBxnBxn+1, AAABxnBxn+lBxn+lBxn+lBxn+1, Bxn+1BxnBxnAAA, Bxn+1A BxnABxn+1Bxn, and so forth. The skilled artisan will understand thatDocket No.: 4469PCTtypically there is no limit on the number of items or terms in any combination, unless otherwise apparent from the context.

[0030] The term “each independently selected from the group consisting of’ means when a group appears more than once in a structure, that group may be selected independently each time it appears.

[0031] The term “hydrocarbyl” includes straight-chain and branched-chain alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl groups, and combinations thereof with optional heteroatom (s). A hydrocarbyl group may be mono-, di- or polyvalent.

[0032] The term “alkyl” refers to a functionalized or unfunctionalized, monovalent, straightchain, branched-chain, or cyclic hydrocarbyl group optionally having one or more heteroatoms. Non-limiting examples of alkyl include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tertbutyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, tert-octyl, iso-norbornyl, n-dodecyl, tert-dodecyl, n-tetradecyl, n-hexadecyl, n-octadecyl, n-eicosyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and the like. The definition of “alkyl” also includes groups obtained by combinations of straight-chain, branched-chain and / or cyclic structures.

[0033] The term “aryl” refers to a functionalized or unfunctionalized, monovalent, aromatic hydrocarbyl group optionally having one or more heteroatoms. The definition of aryl includes carbocyclic and heterocyclic aromatic groups. Non-limiting examples of aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, indenyl, indanyl, azulenyl, fluorenyl, anthracenyl, furyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, 2-pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl, 1,3,5-trithianyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, indolinyl, benzo[b]furanyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, IH-indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, purinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 1,8-naphthridinyl, pteridinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxyazinyl, pyrazolo[l,5-c]triazinyl, and the like.

[0034] The term “aralkyl” refers to an alkyl group comprising one or more aryl substituent(s) wherein "aryl" and "alkyl" are as defined above. Non-limiting examples of aralkyl groups includeDocket No.: 4469PCTbenzyl, 2-phenyl -ethyl, 3 -phenyl -propyl, 4-phenyl-butyl, 5-phenyl-pentyl, 4-phenyl cyclohexyl, 4-benzylcyclohexyl, 4-phenylcyclohexylmethyl, 4-benzylcyclohexylmethyl, and the like.

[0035] The term “alkylene” refers to a functionalized or unfunctionalized, divalent, straightchain or branched-chain, acyclic or non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbyl group, or combinations of these groups, optionally having one or more heteroatoms. The definition of alkylene includes polyoxyalkylene groups, polyalkyleneimine groups, polyalkylene etheramine groups, and combinations thereof. The number of carbon atoms in the alkylene group can range from 1 to about 10,000. Non-limiting examples of alkylene groups include:CH3-CH2— _CH2-CH2- -in— CH2- CH3CH3CH3_(LCH2- _cn2-i— _CH2-in- <^H3^H3CH3CH3CH3CH3— i — L —CH2— CH2— CH2— -in— in— in3<tn3CH3CH3CH3— (tn— CH2— CH2— _CH2-iH— CH2— — CH2— CH2— i’H—_CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2— _CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2- — CH2— CH2— CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2—

[0036] The term “arylene” refers to a functionalized or unfunctionalized, divalent, aromatic hydrocarbyl group optionally having one or more heteroatoms. The definition of arylene includes carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups. Non-limiting examples of arylene groups include phenylene, naphthylene, pyridinylene, and the like.Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0037] The term “heteroatom” refers to oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, phosphorous, or halogen. The heteroatom(s) may be present as a part of one or more heteroatom-containing functional groups. Non-limiting examples of heteroatom-containing functional groups include ether, hydroxy, epoxy, carbonyl, carboxamide, carboxylic ester, carboxylic acid, imine, imide, amine, sulfonic, sulfonamide, phosphonic, and silane groups. The heteroatom(s) may also be present as a part of a ring such as in heteroaryl and heteroarylene groups.

[0038] The term “halogen” or “halo” refers to Cl, Br, I, or F.

[0039] The term “functionalized” with reference to any moiety or compound refers to the presence of one or more functional groups in the moiety or compound. Various functional groups may be introduced in a moiety or compound by way of one or more functionalization reactions known to a person having ordinary skill in the art. Non-limiting examples of functionalization reactions include alkylation, epoxidation, sulfonation, hydrolysis, amidation, esterification, hydroxylation, dihydroxylation, amination, ammonolysis, acylation, nitration, oxidation, dehydration, elimination, hydration, dehydrogenation, hydrogenation, acetalization, halogenation, dehydrohalogenation, Michael addition, aldol condensation, Canizzaro reaction, Mannich reaction, Clasien condensation, Suzuki coupling, and the like.

[0040] The term “alkyd” refers to an ester typically obtained by the reaction of at least one functionalized or unfunctionalized anhydride and at least one monohydric or dihydric alcohol wherein the ester is characterized by the presence of at least one functionalized or unfunctionalized fatty alkyl group. The definition of ester includes monoesters, diesters, and higher homologues such as polyesters.

[0041] The term “Alder-ene adduct” refers to the addition product of the Alder-ene reaction (also known as the “Ene” reaction) of an enophile and an olefinic compound having at least one allylic hydrogen. Non-limiting examples of enophiles include maleic anhydride and its derivatives such as maleate half-esters, maleate diesters, maleate half-amides, maleate diamides, maleimides, maleate ester-amides, maleic acid halides, maleic acid, and maleate salts. More details on Ene reaction can be found in the book chapter by Wu, F. and Musa, O. M. titled “Vegetable oil-maleic anhydride and mal eimide derivatives: Syntheses and properties” in Handbook of MaleicDocket No.: 4469PCTAnhydride Based Materials; Musa, O. M., Ed.; Springer: Berlin / Heidelberg, Germany, 2016, which is herein incorporated in its entirety by reference.

[0042] The term “Diels Alder adduct” refers to the addition product of the Diels Alder reaction of a dienophile and a conjugated diene or polyene resulting in a cyclo-olefinic compound. Nonlimiting examples of dienophiles include maleic anhydride and its derivatives such as maleate halfesters, maleate diesters, maleate half-amides, maleate diamides, mal eimides, maleate ester-amides, maleic acid halides, maleic acid, and maleate salts. More details on the Diels Alder reaction can be found in the book chapter by Wu, F. and Musa, O. M. titled “Vegetable oil-maleic anhydride and maleimide derivatives: Syntheses and properties” in Handbook of Maleic Anhydride Based Materials; Musa, O. M., Ed.; Springer: Berlin / Heidelberg, Germany, 2016, which is herein incorporated in its entirety by reference.

[0043] The term “natural oil” refers to a composition comprising triglycerides and derived from plants or animal sources. Natural oils may contain varying levels of fatty acids, monoglycerides, and diglycerides in combination with one or more triglycerides. The definition of natural oil also includes fatty acid glyceryl esters, which are typically synthesized by reacting glycerol with 1, 2, or 3 molar equivalents of a fatty acid or a mixture of fatty acids; these compounds can be mono, di or triglycerides of a single fatty acid or a mixture of fatty acids.

[0044] The term “maleated natural oil” refers to a natural oil having at least one maleic functionality, which is typically obtained by reacting a functionalized or unfunctionalized natural oil with a functionalized or unfunctionalized maleic anhydride. Such functionalization reactions are also known as maleation or maleinization reactions.

[0045] The term “transesterification”, also known as “interesterification”, refers to the esterification reaction between an ester and an alcohol in which an acyl group changes position from the ester to the alcohol. If the alcohol is glycerol, the reaction is known as glycerolysis.

[0046] The term “monoglyceride” refers to a monoester of glycerol with an organic acid wherein the ester functionality can reside on Ci. C2. or C3 position of glycerol.Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0047] The term “diglyceride” refers to a diester of glycerol with two organic acids of the same or different kind wherein the ester functionality can reside on any two of C1, C2, and C3 positions of glycerol.

[0048] The term “monomer” refers to a small molecule that chemically bonds during polymerization to one or more monomers of the same or different kind to form a polymer.

[0049] The term “polydispersity index” (PDI) is defined as the ratio between the weight average molecular weight Mw and the number average molecular weight Mn (PDI = Mw / Mn).

[0050] The term “Acid value” refers to Acid value (or acid number) quantifies free fatty acids in substances like oils, fats, waxes, and resins, defined as the milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) needed to neutralize the free acid in one gram of sample.

[0051] The term “polymer” refers to a large molecule comprising one or more types of monomer residues connected by covalent chemical bonds. By this definition, polymer encompasses compounds wherein the number of monomer units may range from very few, which more commonly may be called as oligomers, to very many. Non-limiting examples of polymers include homopolymers, and non-homopolymers such as copolymers, terpolymers, and the higher analogues. The polymer may have a random, block, and / or alternating architecture. The polymer may be obtained by addition polymerization or condensation polymerization techniques.

[0052] The term “homopolymer” refers to a polymer that consists essentially of a single monomer type.

[0053] The term “non-homopolymer” refers to a polymer that comprises more than one monomer types.

[0054] The term “copolymer” refers to a non-homopolymer that comprises two different monomer types.

[0055] The term “terpolymer” refers to a non-homopolymer that comprises three different monomer types.

[0056] The term “branched” refers to any non-linear molecular structure. The term includes both branched and hyper-branched structures.Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0057] The term “coating composition” refers to a composition that is capable of application to a substrate for imparting certain performance attributes to the substrate.

[0058] The terms “personal care composition” refers to a composition intended for use on or in a human subject for imparting certain benefits to the subject.

[0059] The term "home care composition" refers to a composition intended for use in a general human environment.

[0060] The term “nutrition composition” refers to a composition intended to provide complete or supplemental nutrition to a subject such as a human or an animal.

[0061] The term “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a composition intended to provide certain health benefits to a subject such as a human or an animal. Pharmaceutical compositions typically comprise one or more pharmaceutically active ingredients and one or more additives (or excipients). The definition of pharmaceutical compositions includes biotechnological compositions.

[0062] The term “medical device” refers to an instrument, apparatus, implement, machine, contrivance, implant, in vitro reagent, or other similar or related article, including any component, part or accessory, which is intended for use in the diagnosis of a disease or a health condition, or in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of a disease or a health condition, in a subject such as a human or an animal.

[0063] The term “agricultural composition” refers to a composition that is capable of application to subjects such as plants, trees, shrubs, weeds, landscapes, grass, and pastures either in their entirety or to any living or nonliving part thereof to confer certain benefits to these subjects. Agricultural compositions typically include one or more active ingredients and one or more additives.

[0064] The term “adhesive composition” refers to a composition comprising at least one agent that promotes adhesion between two or more predetermined surfaces.

[0065] The term “battery composition” refers to a composition intended for use in electrochemical devices that convert chemical energy into electrical energy.Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0066] The term “plastic composition” refers to a composition capable of being molded, extruded, or pressed into objects of various shapes or sizes.

[0067] The term “oilfield composition” refers to a composition intended for use in the exploration, extraction, recovery, and / or completion of any mineral oil or hydrocarbon.

[0068] The term “metal working fluid” refers to any fluid which may be used in a metal working process for one or more functions, which may include cooling, lubrication, debris removal, reducing or inhibiting corrosion, reducing or inhibiting material build up on workpieces and / or metal working tools, etc. Metal working fluids may also be referred to interchangeably as a “cutting fluid,” a “cutting oil,” a “cutting compound,” etc.

[0069] In alkyds according to the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s), the maleic moiety can be attached to the fatty acid moiety either at the C1 position of glycerol of the natural oil, or equivalently, at the C2 and / or the C3 position(s) thereof. All such equivalents are within the scope and spirit of the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s).

[0070] All percentages, ratio, and proportions used herein are based on a weight basis unless specified otherwise.

[0071] In a first aspect, the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) provides an alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0072] In a second aspect, the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) provides an alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride.

[0073] In a third aspect, the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) provides an alkyd prepared from at least one maleated natural oil and at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride.Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0074] In one specific embodiment, the maleated natural oil is an Alder-ene adduct of a functionalized or unfunctionalized natural oil and functionalized or unfunctionalized maleic anhydride. In another specific embodiment, the maleated natural oil is a Diels Alder adduct of a functionalized or unfunctionalized natural oil and functionalized or unfunctionalized maleic anhydride. Particular yet non-limiting examples of the natural oil include avocado oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, jojoba oil, linseed oil, nut oil, olive oil, palm oil, raisin oil, rapeseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, squash oil, sunflower oil, almond oil, canola oil, flaxseed oil, grapeseed oil, palm kernel oil, peanut oil, walnut oil, chickpea oil, clary sage oil, rice bran oil, onion seed oil, pecan kernel oil, acorn kernel oil, spinach seed oil, poppy seed oil, castor oil, tung oil, and combinations thereof.

[0075] In one specific embodiment, the maleated natural oil is selected from the group consisting of maleated avocado oil, maleated coconut oil, maleated corn oil, maleated cottonseed oil, maleated jojoba oil, maleated linseed oil, maleated nut oil, maleated olive oil, maleated palm oil, maleated raisin oil, maleated rapeseed oil, maleated safflower oil, maleated sesame oil, maleated soybean oil, maleated squash oil, maleated sunflower oil, maleated almond oil, maleated canola oil, maleated flaxseed oil, maleated grapeseed oil, maleated palm kernel oil, maleated peanut oil, maleated walnut oil, maleated chickpea oil, maleated clary sage oil, maleated rice bran oil, maleated onion seed oil, maleated pecan kernel oil, maleated acorn kernel oil, maleated spinach seed oil, maleated poppy seed oil, maleated castor oil, maleated tung oil, and combinations thereof.

[0076] In one specific embodiment, the functionalized maleic anhydride is a half-ester or diester of maleic acid or a salt of maleic acid. Non-limiting examples of such salts include alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts, ammonium salts, and salts of organic amines. In another specific embodiment, the functionalized maleic anhydride is a compound wherein hydrogen atom(s) on the C-C double bond of maleic anhydride is / are substituted with one or more groups as long as the reactivity between the functionalized maleic anhydride and the functionalized or unfunctionalized natural oil is not significantly impeded.

[0077] In one specific embodiment, the functionalized natural oil is a compound wherein one or more functional groups in the natural oil is transformed by a functionalization reaction. Nonlimiting examples of functionalization reactions include hydrogenation, dehydration, hydration, and epoxidation as long as the functionalization reaction does not significantly impede theDocket No.: 4469PCTreactivity of the functionalized natural oil with a functionalized or unfunctionalized maleic anhydride.

[0078] In one specific embodiment, the compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group is selected from the group consisting of an olefinic or aromatic compound, a non-olefinic non-aromatic compound, and combinations thereof.

[0079] In one specific embodiment, the olefinic or aromatic compound is selected from the group consisting of maleic anhydride, chloromaleic anhydride, methoxymaleic anhydride, ethylmaleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, citraconic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, trimellitic anhydride, maleic acid, chloromaleic acid, methoxymaleic acid, ethylmaleic acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, trimellitic acid, monomethyl maleate, dimethyl maleate, monoethyl maleate, diethyl maleate, monomethyl itaconate, dimethyl itaconate, monoethyl itaconate, diethyl itaconate, monomethyl citraconate, dimethyl citraconate, monoethyl citraconate, diethyl citraconate, monomethyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, monoethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, salts of the acids, and combinations thereof.

[0080] In one specific embodiment, the non-olefinic non-aromatic compound is selected from the group consisting of succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, dodecanedioic acid, cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, succinic anhydride, octyl succinic anhydride, octenyl succinic anhydride, dodecenyl succinic anhydride, methylsuccinic anhydride, chloromethylsuccinic anhydride, ethylsuccinic anhydride, monomethyl succinate, monoethyl succinate, dimethyl succinate, diethyl succinate, cyclohexane dicarboxylic anhydride, monomethyl ester of cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, dimethyl ester of cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, monoethyl ester of cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, diethyl ester of cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, salts of the acids, and combinations thereof.

[0081] In one specific embodiment, the monoglyceride is prepared from at least one functionalized or unfunctionalized natural oil and glycerol by transesterification. Particular yet non-limiting examples of the natural oil include avocado oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, jojoba oil, linseed oil, nut oil, olive oil, palm oil, raisin oil, rapeseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, squash oil, sunflower oil, almond oil, canola oil, flaxseed oil, grapeseed oil, palm kernel oil, peanut oil, walnut oil, chickpea oil, clary sage oil, rice bran oil, onion seed oil, pecanDocket No.: 4469PCTkernel oil, acorn kernel oil, spinach seed oil, poppy seed oil, castor oil, tung oil, and combinations thereof.

[0082] In another specific embodiment, the monoglyceride is prepared from a functionalized or unfunctionalized fatty acid and glycerol. In one specific embodiment, the fatty acid is saturated. In another specific embodiment, the fatty acid is unsaturated.

[0083] A suitable method of preparation of monoglycerides can be found in the U. S. Patent 6,500,974, which is herein incorporated in its entirety by reference.

[0084] In one specific embodiment, the diglyceride is prepared from at least one functionalized or unfunctionalized natural oil and glycerol by transesterification. Particular yet non-limiting examples of the natural oil include avocado oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, jojoba oil, linseed oil, nut oil, olive oil, palm oil, raisin oil, rapeseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, squash oil, sunflower oil, almond oil, canola oil, flaxseed oil, grapeseed oil, palm kernel oil, peanut oil, walnut oil, chickpea oil, clary sage oil, rice bran oil, onion seed oil, pecan kernel oil, acorn kernel oil, spinach seed oil, poppy seed oil, castor oil, tung oil, and combinations thereof.

[0085] In another specific embodiment, the diglyceride is prepared from two functionalized or unfunctionalized fatty acids of the same or different kind and glycerol. In one specific embodiment, the fatty acid is saturated. In another specific embodiment, the fatty acid is unsaturated.

[0086] In one specific embodiment, the different alcohol is a compound with at least one reactive hydroxyl group. In one specific embodiment, the compound with at least one reactive hydroxyl group is selected from the group consisting of monohydric alcohols, diols, trihydric alcohols, tetrahydric alcohols, polyhydric alcohols, phenols, and combinations thereof.

[0087] Particular yet non-limiting examples of monohydric alcohols include methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, isobutyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, n-pentyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2 -pyrrolidone, benzyl alcohol, phenyl ethanol, tryptophol, and C6-C40fatty alcohols.

[0088] Particular yet non-limiting examples of diols include 1,2-ethylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3 -propanediol, 2-methyl-l,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5 -pentadiol, 1,6-hexanediol, cyclohexane dimethanol, bis(2-Docket No.: 4469PCThydroxyethyl)terephthalate, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)benzene, dodecyl hexanediol, decanediol, and pinacol.

[0089] In one specific embodiment, the diol is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycols, bis-hydroxy polyethylene imines, and bis-hydroxy polyether amines.

[0090] According to one of the embodiments, the acid value (AV) of the alkyd resin is from greater than 5, greater than 10, greater than 15, greater than 20, greater than 25, greater than 30, and greater than 35.

[0091] According to one of the embodiment, the acid value (AV) of the alkyd resin is from about 5 to about 10, from about 11 to about 15, from about 16 to about 20, from about 21 to about 25, from about 26 to about 30, from about 31 to about 35, from about 36 to about 40, from about 41 to about 45, from about 46 to about 50, from about 51 to about 55, from about 56 to about 60.

[0092] According to one of the embodiments, the poly dispersity index > 3, preferably the poly dispersity index is > 5, more preferably the poly dispersity index is > 15, even more preferably the poly dispersity index is > 25, however even a poly dispersity index greater than 50 is possible to achieve.

[0093] According to one of the embodiment, the poly dispersity index of the alkyd resin is from about 3 to about 5, from about 6 to about 10, from about 10 to about 15, from about 15 to about 20, from about 20 to about 25, from about 25 to about 30, from about 30 to about 35, from about 35 to about 40, from about 40 to about 45, from about 45 to about 50, or from about 50 to about 55, from about 55 to about 60.

[0094] According to one of the embodiments, theZ-Average Molecular Weight (Mz) of the alkyd resin is from about 10,000 Daltons to about 20 million Daltons.

[0095] According to one of the embodiments, the Z-Average Molecular Weight (Mz) of the alkyd resin is from about 10,000 Daltons to about 50,000 Daltons, from about 50,000 Daltons to about 75,000 Daltons, from about 100,000 Daltons to about 200,000 Daltons, from about 200,000 Daltons to about 300,000 Daltons, from about 400,000 Daltons to about 500,000 Daltons, from about 600, 000 Daltons to about 700,000 Daltons, from about 800,000 Daltons to about 900,000 million Daltons, from 12,00,000 Daltons to aboutDocket No.: 4469PCT15,00,000 Daltons, from about 15,00,000 Daltons to about 17,50,000 Daltons, from about 18,50,000 Daltons to about 20,00,000 Daltons.

[0096] According to one of the embodiments, the Z-Average Molecular Weight (Mz) of the alkyd resin is from about 1 million Daltons to about 2 million Daltons, from about 2 million Daltons to about 3 million Daltons, from about 3 million Daltons to about 4 million Daltons, from about 4 million Daltons to about 5 million Daltons, from about 5 million Daltons to about 6 million Daltons, from about 6 million Daltons to about 7 million Daltons, from about 7 million Daltons to about 8 million Daltons, from about 8 million Daltons to about 9 million Daltons, from about 9 million Daltons to about 10 million Daltons, from about 10 million Daltons to about 11 million Daltons, from about 11 million Daltons to about 12 million Daltons, from about 12 million Daltons to about 13 million Daltons, from about 13 million Daltons to about 14 million Daltons, from about 14 million Daltons to about 15 million Daltons, from about 15 million Daltons to about 16 million Daltons, from about 16 million Daltons to about 17 million Daltons, from about 17 million Daltons to about 18 million Daltons, from about 18 million Daltons to about 19 million Daltons, from about 19 million Daltons to about 20 million Daltons.

[0097] According to one of the embodiments, the Weight Average Molecular Weight (Mw) of the alkyd resin is from about 5,000 Daltons to about 20 million Daltons.

[0098] According to one of the embodiments, the Weight Average Molecular Weight (Mw) of the alkyd resin is from about 5,000 Daltons to about 50,000 Daltons, from about 50,000 Daltons to about 75,000 Daltons, from about 100,000 Daltons to about 200,000 Daltons, from about 200,000 Daltons to about 300,000 Daltons, from about 400,000 Daltons to about 500,000 Daltons, from about 600, 000 Daltons to about 700,000 Daltons, from about 800,000 Daltons to about 900,000 million Daltons, from 12,00,000 Daltons to about 15,00,000 Daltons, from about 15,00,000 Daltons to about 17,50,000 Daltons, from about 18,50,000 Daltons to about 20,00,000 Daltons.

[0099] According to one of the embodiments, the Weight Average Molecular Weight (Mw) of the alkyd resin is from about 1 million Daltons to about 2 million Daltons, from about 2 million Daltons to about 3 million Daltons, from about 3 million Daltons to about 4Docket No.: 4469PCTmillion Daltons, from about 4 million Daltons to about 5 million Daltons, from about 5 million Daltons to about 6 million Daltons, from about 6 million Daltons to about 7 million Daltons, from about 7 million Daltons to about 8 million Daltons, from about 8 million Daltons to about 9 million Daltons, from about 9 million Daltons to about 10 million Daltons, from about 10 million Daltons to about 11 million Daltons, from about 11 million Daltons to about 12 million Daltons, from about 12 million Daltons to about 13 million Daltons, from about 13 million Daltons to about 14 million Daltons, from about 14 million Daltons to about 15 million Daltons, from about 15 million Daltons to about 16 million Daltons, from about 16 million Daltons to about 17 million Daltons, from about 17 million Daltons to about 18 million Daltons, from about 18 million Daltons to about 19 million Daltons, from about 19 million Daltons to about 20 million Daltons.

[0100] According to one of the embodiments, the weight average molecular weight (Mw) or Z-Average Molecular Weight (Mz) of the alkyd resin is measured by using Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC).

[0101] According to one of the embodiments, the catalyst is an organophosphorus compound.

[0102] According to one of the embodiments, the organophosphorus compound is tiphenylphosphine.

[0103] According to one specific embodiment, the alkyd resin is free of an end-capping with a fatty acid, wherein the fatty acid is an unsaturated (C10-C28) carboxylic acid.

[0104] According to one of the embodiments, the alkyd resin is end-capping with fatty acids or fatty acid esters, wherein the fatty acid is an unsaturated (C1-C9) carboxylic acid, or wherein the fatty acid is an unsaturated carboxylic acid having carbon atoms from C28 to C80.

[0105] According to one of the embodiments, the alkyd resin is end-capping with one or more mono-alcohols selected from saturated or unsaturated C1-C18 mono-alcohols, including but not limited to methanol, ethanol, n-butanol, iso-butanol, 2-ethylhexanol, lauryl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, and oleyl alcohol.

[0106] According to one of the embodiments, the alkyd resin is end-capping with one or more mono-acids selected from saturated or unsaturated C2-C9 aliphatic monocarboxylic acids andDocket No.: 4469PCTaromatic mono-acids, including but not limited to acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, enanthic acid, caprylic acid, pelargonic acid, and benzoic acid.

[0107] In one specific embodiment, the alkyd has a structure selected from the group consisting of:Docket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTwherein, each Ri and R2 is independently hydrogen or functionalized or unfunctionalized alkyl, aryl, or combinations thereof optionally having one or more heteroatoms. In one specific embodiment, at least one of Ri and R2 is hydrogen. In another specific embodiment, both Ri and R2 are hydrogen.

[0108] In another specific embodiment, the alkyd has a structure selected from the group consisting of:Docket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTwherein R₁ is hydrogen or functionalized or unfunctionalized alkyl, aryl, or combinations thereof optionally having one or more heteroatoms, R₂ is hydrogen, metal atom, or functionalized or unfunctionalized alkyl, aryl, or combinations thereof optionally having one or more heteroatoms, and m ranges from 1 to about 10,000. In one specific embodiment, m ranges from about 10 to about 5,000. In another specific embodiment, m ranges from about 50 to about 1,000.

[0109] In yet another specific embodiment, the alkyd has a structure selected from the group consisting of:Docket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTwherein R₁ is hydrogen or functionalized or unfunctionalized alkyl, aryl, or combinations thereof optionally having one or more heteroatoms, R₂ is hydrogen, metal atom, or functionalized or unfunctionalized alkyl, aryl, or combinations thereof optionally having one or more heteroatoms, and each m and n independently ranges from 1 to about 10,000. In one specific embodiment, m ranges from about 10 to about 5,000. In another specific embodiment, m ranges from about 50 to about 1,000.

[0110] In yet another specific embodiment, the alkyd has a structure selected from the group consisting of:Docket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTwherein R₁ is hydrogen or functionalized or unfunctionalized alkyl, aryl, or combinations thereof optionally having one or more heteroatoms, R₂ is hydrogen, metal atom, or functionalized or unfunctionalized alkyl, aryl, or combinations thereof optionally having one or more heteroatoms, and m ranges from 1 to about 10,000.

[0111] In another specific embodiment, the alkyd has a structure of:Docket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCT

[0112] In another specific embodiment, the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) provides a coating composition comprising an alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0113] In another specific embodiment, the present application provides a coating composition comprising an alkyd having a structure of:Docket No.: 4469PCTwherein, m ranges from 1 to about 10,000; the alkyd has a weight-average Molecular Weight (Mw) of 4928 Daltons, z-average Molecular Weight (Mz) of 15868 Daltons measured by Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC); Polydispersity (PDI) of 3.0; acid value of 8.9 mg KOH / g fat, and viscosity of 2250 mPas.

[0114] In another specific embodiment, the present application provides a coating composition comprising an alkyd having a structure of:Docket No.: 4469PCTwherein, m ranges from 1 to about 10,000; the alkyd has a weight-average Molecular Weight (Mw) of 47844 Daltons, z-average Molecular Weight (Mz) of 579655 Daltons measured by Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC); Polydispersity (PDI) of 29.48; acid value of 10.0 mg KOH / g fat, and a viscosity of 2320 mPas.

[0115] In another specific embodiment, the present application provides a coating composition comprising an alkyd having a structure of:Docket No.: 4469PCTwherein, the alkyd has an acid value of 10.0 mg KOH / g fat.

[0116] In another specific embodiment, the present application provides a coating composition comprising an alkyd having a structure of:Docket No.: 4469PCTwherein, m ranges from 1 to about 10,000; the alkyd has an acid value ranging from 7 - 11.7 mg KOH / g fat, and a viscosity ranging from 768 - 1390 mPas.

[0117] In another specific embodiment, the present application provides an alkyd comprising: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof; (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0118] In another specific embodiment, the present application provides an alkyd comprising: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acidDocket No.: 4469PCTsalt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride.

[0119] In another specific embodiment, the present application provides an alkyd comprising: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride; wherein the maleated natural oil is selected form the group consisting of:Maleated Soybean oil (TVO DS1)Docket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTMixture of Maleated Soybean oil (TVO DSland TVO DS2)

[0120] In a specific embodiment, the coating composition is a water-based coating composition, a solvent-based coating composition, a solvent-free coating composition, a dry coating composition, an aqueous coating composition, a non-aqueous coating composition, a polarDocket No.: 4469PCTcoating composition, a non-polar coating composition, an oil-based coating composition, an emulsion coating composition, an enamel coating composition, an architectural coating composition, a bituminous coating composition, an anti-corrosive coating composition, a cement coating composition, a wood coating composition, a metal coating composition, a plastic coating composition, a glass coating composition, a rubber coating composition, a paper coating composition, a fabric coating composition, a ceramic coating composition, a stone coating composition, a curable coating composition, an oxidatively curable coating composition, a pigment composition, a tinting composition, a colorant composition, a paint composition, a decorative coating composition, a radiation reflective coating composition, a protective coating composition, a radiation protective coating composition, an auto-oxidizable coating composition, an aerosol coating composition, a water reducible coating composition, an antifouling coating composition, a polymeric coating composition, a flame retardant coating composition, an air drying coating composition, a waterproofing coating composition, a laminating coating composition, a transparent coating composition, a temperature resistant coating composition, a durable film coating composition, a sound insulation coating composition, a gloss coating composition, a semi-gloss coating composition, a low VOC coating composition, an anti-rust coating composition, a thermosettable coating composition, a luminous coating composition, a traffic coating composition, a self-priming coating composition, a lacquer coating composition, a varnish composition, a resin composition, an ink composition, a polish composition, a conductive coating composition, a solar energy absorbing coating composition, or a heat absorbing coating composition.

[0121] In a specific embodiment, the coating composition further comprises an ingredient selected from the group consisting of binders, other alkyds, drying oils, corrosion inhibitors, UV-protective agents, radiation protective agents, surfactants, emulsifiers, dispersants, spreading agents, suspending agents, coalescing agents, pigments, opacifiers, colorants, dyes, humectants, film-forming agents, solvents, anti-sagging agents, anti-settling agents, anti-floating agents, viscosity modifying agents, thinners, thickening agents, hydrophobic agents, hydrophilic agents, grinding aids, curing agents, crosslinking agents, anti-wear agents, metal deactivators, defoamers, anti-rust agents, deodorants, fungicides, bactericides, antioxidants, and combinations thereof;Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0122] In a specific embodiment, the other alkyds are selected from the group consisting of short-chain alkyds, medium-chain alkyds, long-chain alkyds, and combinations thereof.

[0123] Exemplary processes for making such other alkyds include condensation of alcohols and any one or more of acids and anhydrides. Exemplary alcohols include polyhydric alcohols such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, dipentaerythritol, dipropylene glycol, glycerol, neopentyl glycol, pentaerythritol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, sorbitol, triethylene glycol, trimethylol ethane, trimethyol propane, 1,2-butanediol, 1,2- propanediol, 1,3 -butanediol, 1,3 -propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 2-butyl-2- ethyl-1,3 -propanediol, 3-methyl-l,5-pentanediol, etc. Exemplary acids include polycarboxylic acids and fatty acids. Suitable polycarboxylic acids include adipic acid, azelaic acid, citric acid, cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, dodecane dioic acid, fumaric acid, glutaric acid, isophthalic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, nadic acid, phthalic acid, pyromellitic acid, sebacic acid, succinic acid, terephthalic acid, tetrahydrophthalic acid, trimellitic acid, etc. Useful fatty acids include non-drying, semi-drying, and drying fatty acids. Fatty acids may be derived from natural or synthetic materials, and may be saturated or unsaturated. Exemplary fatty acids include those derived from oils such as calendula oil, castor oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, herring oil, linseed oil, mustard seed oil, olive oil, palm oil, peanut oil, rapeseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, tall oil, tallow oil, tung oil, veronia oil, etc. Suitable anhydrides include adipic anhydride, azelaic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, isophthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride, terephthalic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, nadic anhydride, pyromellitic dianhydride, succinic anhydride, sebacic anhydride, tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, trimellitic anhydride, 1,2,4,5-cyclohexanetetracarboxylic dianhydride, etc.

[0124] Any suitable rheology modifier may be incorporated into a coating composition. Exemplary polyurethane rheology modifiers include nonionic, solvent-free, hydrophobically modified ethylene oxide urethane (HEUR) rheology modifiers such as ACRYSOL™ RM-2020 NPR (sold by the Dow Chemical Company) and nonionic urethane rheology modifiers such as ACRYSOL™ RM-12W and ACRYSOL™ RM-8W (sold by the Dow Chemical Company).

[0125] The coating composition can include any suitable surfactant. In some embodiments, a phosphate surfactant can be included in a crosslinking acrylic latex resin of the coating composition. Exemplary phosphate surfactants include phosphate esters such as methyl phosphate,Docket No.: 4469PCT2-ethylhexyl phosphate, decyl alcohol ethoxylated phosphate esters, lauryl alcohol ethoxylated phosphate esters, n-octyl phosphate, nonylphenol ethoxylated phosphate esters, octyl phenol ethoxylated phosphate esters, styrenated phenol ethoxylated phosphate esters, tridecyl alcohol ethoxylated phosphate esters, etc. An exemplary phosphate ester surfactant is DEXTROL™ OC-50 (sold by Ashland Global Specialty Chemicals, Inc., Wilmington, DE). Other useful surfactants comprise TRITON™ CF-10 (sold by the Dow Chemical Company), E-SPERSE® RX 201, E-SPERSE® RX 202, and E-SPERSE® RX 203 (sold by Ethox Chemicals, Greenville, SC).

[0126] Any suitable dispersant, such as any one or more of anionic dispersants, cationic dispersants, amphoteric dispersants, or nonionic dispersants may be used in the coating composition. Exemplary dispersants include 2-amino-2-methyl-l-propanol (e.g., sold as AMP™ by Angus Chemical Company), DISPERBYK®-190 (sold by Byk of Altana Group), pyrophosphates such as tetrapotassium pyrophosphate and tetrasodium pyrophosphate, tripolyphosphates such as potassium tripolyphosphate and sodium tripolyphosphate, NUOSPERSE® FA 196 (sold by Elements Specialties), etc. Any suitable wetting agents such as any one or more of anionic wetting agents, cationic wetting agents, amphoteric wetting agents, or nonionic wetting agents may be used. Any suitable deflocculant, such as sodium potassium tripolyphosphate, can be used.

[0127] The coating composition may include any suitable humectant or other component suitable to improve the open time of the composition. Exemplary open time extenders include glycols such as ethylene glycol and propylene glycol. When used, the open time extenders can be used in any suitable amounts. For example, ethylene and propylene glycol may be used in amounts of at least 5 g / L, and particularly are used in amounts ranging from 40 to less than 50 g / L. Generally, the glycols may be used in amounts sufficient to improve the open time of the composition but such that the composition has a volatile organic compounds (VOC) content of less than 50 g / L as determined by ASTM D6886. The ASTM test is believed to operate within a margin of error of about ± 6 g / L; in practice, a composition that yields a result of less than about 56 g / L under this test will be deemed to be a composition that has a VOC content of less than 50 g / L. In some embodiments, the coating composition is essentially free of VOCs except for the ethylene or propylene glycol or other open time extenders.Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0128] The coating composition may, if desired, include one or more fillers or extenders. Exemplary fillers include, for example, sodium-potassium alumina silicates such as MINEX® 4 and MINEX® 10 (sold by Unimin Corporation, New Canaan, CT). When used, such fillers may be employed in any desired amount.

[0129] Useful antimicrobial additives include phosphates, zeolites, hydroxyapatites, organic acids, phenols, alcohols, quaternary ammonium compounds, additives containing metal ions such as ions of silver, zinc, and copper, etc. An exemplary antimicrobial additive is Zinc Omadine™ ZOE ™ dispersion (sold by Lonza Group AG).

[0130] One or more types of pigment may be included in a coating composition via any suitable technique, such as by adding raw pigment or a pigment vehicle during manufacture of the composition or by instilling a pigment at the point of sale. Exemplary pigments include azo pigments, anazurite, aluminum silicate, aluminum potassium silicate, aluminum paste, anthraquinone pigments, antimony oxide, barium metaborate, barium sulfate, cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, calcium carbonate, calcium metaborate, calcium metasilicate, carbon black, chromium oxides, clay, copper oxides, copper oxychloride, dioxazine pigments, feldspar, hansa yellows azo pigments (some of which are listed above), benzimidazolones, iron oxides such as yellow and red iron oxides, isoindoline pigments, kaolinite, lithopone, magnesium silicates, metallic flakes, mica, napthol pigments such as napthol reds, nitioso pigments, nepheline syenite, perinone pigments, perylene pigments, polycyclic pigments, pyrropyrrol pigments, pthalocyanines such as copper pthalocyanine blue and copper pthalocyanine green, quinacridones such as quinacridone violets, quinophthalone pigments, silicates, sulfides, talc, titanium dioxide, ultramarine, zinc chromate, zinc oxide, and zinc phosphate. In addition, pearlescents, optical brighteners, ultraviolet stabilizers, and the like may be added to a coating composition.

[0131] More details on the chemistry and applications of alkyds in general can be found in the article titled ‘Waterborne Coatings Based on Renewable Oil Resources: An Overview’, by Athavale V. D. and Nimbalkar R. V in the Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, Volume 88, pages 159–185, 2011, which is herein incorporated in its entirety by reference.

[0132] In a specific embodiment, a method for preparing the coating composition comprises blending an alkyd according to the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) with otherDocket No.: 4469PCTformulary ingredients. In a specific embodiment, a method of use the coating composition comprises applying the composition to a suitable substrate and allowing the composition to cure. In a specific embodiment, the coating composition can be applied to a suitable interior surface of a suitable object or substrate. In other specific embodiments, the coating composition can be applied to a suitable exterior surface of a suitable object or substrate. Non-limiting examples of substrates include wood, drywall, cement, metal, plaster, or a primer coating. The coating composition may be applied with brush, roller, sponge, or spray gun, or other conventional painting tool.

[0133] In a fifth aspect, the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) provides a personal care composition comprising an alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0134] In a specific embodiment, the personal care composition is a cosmetic composition, skin care composition, a body care composition, a face care composition, a nail care composition, a radiation protective composition, a hair care composition, a sunscreen composition, an oral care composition, a foot care composition, a lip care composition, an eye care composition, or a deodorant composition.

[0135] In a specific embodiment, the personal care composition further comprises an ingredient selected from the group consisting of other alkyds, binders, UV-protective agents, radiation protective agents, surfactants, emulsifiers, dispersants, spreading agents, suspending agents, coalescing agents, pigments, opacifiers, colorants, dyes, humectants, film-forming agents, solvents, viscosity modifying agents, thinners, thickening agents, hydrophobic agents, hydrophilic agents, and combinations thereof.

[0136] In another specific embodiment, the personal care compositions may further comprise at least one additive selected from the group consisting of UV active solubilizers, oils, waxes, solvents, preservatives, antioxidants, vitamins, perfumes, insect repellants, fillers, film formers, stabilizers, buffers, spreading agents, pearlizing agents, electrolytes, acids, bases, crystallineDocket No.: 4469PCTstructuring agents, abrasives, pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable excipients, and combinations thereof.

[0137] Non-limiting applications of hair care compositions include hairstyle retention at high relative humidity, hair styling, hair setting, hair sculpting, hair curling, hair holding, hair waving, hair fixing, hair maintaining, hair shaping, hair straightening, hair volumizing, hair relaxing, shampooing, hair conditioning, hair cleansing, promoting hair style durability, imparting humidity resistance to hair and hair styles, enhancing hair shine, repairing split ends of hair, enhancing hair manageability such as lightness, smoothness, softness, disentangling and / or suppleness of hair, modulating hair stylability, protecting hair from thermal damage, hair dyeing, hair coloring, hair bleaching, oxidation dyeing of hair, limiting hair color bleeding, protecting hair color, hair treating (e.g., anti -dandruff), anti-hair fall, and / or protecting hair from UV radiation.

[0138] Non-limiting examples of hair care compositions include shampoos, conditioners, aerosols, mousses, sprays, mists, gels, waxes, creams, lotions, glues, pomades, spritzes, solutions, oils, liquids, solids, W / O emulsions, O / W emulsions, suspensions, multiple emulsions, microemulsions, microencapsulated products, sticks, balms, tonics, pastes, reconstitutable products, nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, cubosomes, neosomes, putties, lacquers, serums, perms, volumizers, packs, flakes, 2-in-l shampoo / conditioner products, and 3-in-1 shampoo / conditioner / styling products.

[0139] Non-limiting examples of suitable UV actives include: octyl salicylate; pentyl dimethyl PABA; octyl dimethyl PABA; benzophenone- 1; benzophenone-6; 2-(2H-benzotriazole-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol; ethyl-2-cyano-3, 3 -diphenylacrylate; homomenthyl salicylate; bisethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine; methyl-(l, 2,2,6, 6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl)-sebacate; 2-(2H-benzotriazole-2-yl)-4-methylphenol; diethylhexyl butamido triazone; amyl dimethyl PABA; 4,6-bis(octylthiomethyl)-o-cresol; CAS number 65447-77-0; red petroleum; ethylhexyl triazone; octocrylene; isoamyl-p-methoxy cinnamate; drometrizole; titanium dioxide; 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-(5-chloro-2H-benzotriazole-2-yl)-phenol; 2-hydroxy-4-octyloxybenzophenone; benzophenone-2; diisopropyl methylcinnamate; PEG-25 PABA; 2-(l,1 -dimethylethyl)-6-[[3-(l,l-demethylethyl)-2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl]methyl-4-methylphenyl acrylate; drometrizole trisiloxane; menthyl anthranilate; butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane; 2-ethoxy ethyl p-methoxycinnamate; benzylidene camphor sulfonic acid; dimethoxyphenyl-[l-Docket No.: 4469PCT(3,4)]-4,4-dimethyl 1,3-pentanedione; zinc oxide; N, N'-hexane-l,6-diylbis[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionamide)]; pentaerythritol tetrakis[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate]; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-[4,6-bis(octylthio)-l,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino] phenol; 2-(2H-benzotriazole-2-yl)-4,6-bis(l-methyl-l-phenylethyl)phenol; trolamine salicylate; diethylanolamine p-m ethoxy cinnamate; polysilicone- 15; CAS number 152261-33-1; 4-methylbenzylidene camphor; bisoctrizole; n-phenyl-benzenamine; reaction products with 2,4,4-trimethylpentene; sulisobenzone; (2-ethylhexyl)-2-cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylate; digalloyl trioleate; polyacrylamide methylbenzylidene camphor; glyceryl ethylhexanoate dimethoxy cinnamate; 1,3-bis-[(2'-cyano-3',3'-diphenylacryloyl)oxy]-2,2-bis-{[(2'-cyano-bis-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)-sebacate; benzophenone-5; l,3,5-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-l,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(lH,3H,5H)-trione; hexamethylendiamine; benzophenone-8; ethyl-4-bis(hydroxypropyl) aminobenzoate; 6-tert-butyl-2-(5-chloro-2H-benzotriazole-2-yl)-4-methylphenol; p-aminobenzoic acid; 3,3',3'',5,5',5''-hexa-tert-butyl-a-a'-α″-(mesitylene-2,4,6-triyl)tri-p-cresol; lawsone with dihydroxyacetone; benzophenone-9; benzophenone-4; ethylhexyl dimethoxy benzylidene dioxoimidazoline propionate; N, N'-bisformyl-N, N'-bis-(2, 2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)-; 3-benzylidene camphor; terephthalylidene dicamphor sulfonic acid; camphor benzalkonium methosulfate; bisdisulizole disodium; etocrylene; ferulic acid; 2-(2H-benzotriazole-2-yl)-4-(l,l,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-phenol; 4,6-bis(dodecylthiomethyl)-o-cresol; p-2-glucopyranoxy propyl hydroxy benzophenone; phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid; benzophenone-3; diethylamine hydroxybenzoyl hexylbenzoate; 3',3'-diphenylacryloyl)oxy]methyl] -propane; ethylhexyl p-methoxycinnamate, and blends thereof.

[0140] Non-limiting examples of antioxidants and / or antiradical protecting agents include: BHA (tert-butyl-4-hydroxy anisole), BHT (2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol), TBHQ (tert-butyl hydroquinone), polyphenols such as proanthocy anodic oligomers, flavonoids, hindered amines such as tetra amino piperidine, erythorbic acid, polyamines such as spermine, cysteine, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, lactoferrin, and blends thereof.

[0141] Any range of composition pH may be used. In aspects wherein the composition may be applied to keratinous material, the pH may range from about 2 to 12. The pH may be adjusted to a desired value by means of adding one or more acidifying or alkalinizing agents that are well-knownDocket No.: 4469PCTin the state of the art. For example, the composition can contain at least one alkalizing or acidifying agent in amounts from about 0.01% to about 30% based on the total weight of the composition.

[0142] Non-limiting examples of acidifying or acidic pH adjusting agents include organic acids, such as citric acid, acetic acid, carboxylic acids, α-hydroxyacids, β-hydroxyacids, α,β-hydroxyacids, salicylic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid, natural fruit acids, and combinations thereof. In addition, inorganic acids, for example hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, sulfamic acid, phosphoric acid, and combinations thereof can be utilized.

[0143] Non-limiting examples of alkalizing or alkaline pH adjusting agents include ammonia, alkali metal hydroxides (such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide), ammonium hydroxide, alkanolamines (such as mono-, di- and triethanolamine), diisopropylamine, dodecylamine, diisopropanolamine, aminomethyl propanol, cocamine, oleamine, morpholine, triamylamine, triethylamine, tromethamine (2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl)-l,3-propanediol), and tetrakis(hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine, hydroxyalkylamines and ethoxylated and / or propoxylated ethylenediamines, alkali metal salts of inorganic acids, such as sodium borate (borax), sodium phosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, and the like, and mixtures thereof.

[0144] Non-limiting examples of alkalizing agent can be chosen from ammonia, alkali carbonates, alkanolamines, like mono-, di- and triethanolamines, as well as their derivatives, sodium or potassium hydroxides and compounds of the following formula:R2R4N–R1–NR3R5wherein Ri may be a propylene residue that may be optionally substituted with an hydroxyl group or a C1-C4 alkyl radical; R2, R3, R4 and Rs are identical or different and represent a hydrogen atom, a C1-C4 alkyl radical or C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl radical.

[0145] The personal care compositions may additionally comprise one or more buffers. Suitable buffering agents include but are not limited to alkali or alkali earth carbonates, phosphates, bicarbonates, citrates, borates, acetates, acid anhydrides, succinates and the like, such as sodium phosphate, citrate, borate, acetate, bicarbonate, and carbonate.Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0146] The personal care compositions may be formulated in any of the product forms known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. Non-limiting product forms are described below.Product Forms

[0147] Non-limiting sun care product forms include: solutions, liquids, creams, powders, lotions, gels, pastes, waxes, aerosols, sprays, mists, roll-ons, sticks, milks, emulsions, and wipes.

[0148] Non-limiting skin care product forms include: solutions, oils, lotions, creams, ointments, liquids, gels, solids, W / O emulsions, O / W emulsions, milks, suspensions, microemulsions, dispersions, microencapsulated products, sticks, balms, tonics, pastes, mists, reconstitutable products, peels, soaps, aerosols, mousses, waxes, glues, pomades, spritzes, putties, lacquers, serums, perms, powders, pencils, flakes, blush, highlighters, bronzers, concealers, and 2-way cake products.

[0149] The compositions may also take the form of skin-washing compositions, and in the form of solutions or gels for the bath or shower, or of make-up removal products.

[0150] The six skin care product categories that follow next may be considered a subset of the skin and sun care products:

[0151] (1) Eye care

[0152] Non-limiting eye care product forms include: mascaras, eye liners, eye shadows, curlers of eye lashes, eyebrow pencils, and eye pencils.

[0153] (2) Lip care

[0154] Non-limiting lip care product forms include: lipsticks, lip balms, lip pencils, lip glosses, lip sprays, transparent lip bases, tinted lip moisturizers, and multi-functional color sticks that can also be used for cheeks and eyes.

[0155] (3) Nail careDocket No.: 4469PCT

[0156] Non-limiting nail care product forms include: nail polishes, nail varnishes, enamels, nail varnish removers, home-manicure products such as cuticle softeners and nail strengtheners, and artificial nails.

[0157] (4) Face care

[0158] Non-limiting face care product forms include: creams, lotions, solutions, oils, liquids, peels, scrubs, emulsions, suspensions, microemulsions, microencapsulated product, pastes, reconstitutable product, aerosols, mousses, gels, waxes, glues, pomades, spritzes, facial wet-wipes, putties, lacquers, serums, perms, powders, blush, highlighters, bronzers, masks, and concealers.

[0159] (5) Body care

[0160] Non-limiting body care product forms include: foams, peels, masks, gels, sticks, aerosols, lotions, salts, oils, balls, liquids, powders, peels, pearls, bar soaps, liquid soaps, body washes, cleansers, scrubs, creams, flakes, other bath and shower products, shaving products, waxing products, and sanitizers.

[0161] (6) F oot care

[0162] Non-limiting foot care product forms include: mousses, creams, lotions, powders, liquids, sprays, aerosols, gels, flakes, and scrubs.

[0163] Non-limiting oral care product forms include: toothpastes, adhesives, gums, gels, powders, creams, solutions, lotions, liquids, dispersions, suspensions, emulsions, tablets, capsules, rinses, flosses, aerosols, strips, films, pads, bandages, microencapsulated products, syrups, and lozenges.

[0164] Also contemplated are personal care compositions comprising polymer(s) described herein complexed with iodine. These compositions may be used in treating skin conditions, nonlimiting examples of which include dermatitis, wounds, bacterial infections, bums, rashes, and herpes. These complexed compositions may be staining, substantially non-staining, or essentially non-staining.Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0165] Examples of related personal care compositions are disclosed in U. S. Pat. Nos.5,599,800; 5,650,166; 5,916,549; and 6,812,192; U. S. patent application 2009 / 0317432; EP556660; EP661037; EP661038; EP662315; EP676194; EP796077; EP970682; EP976383; EP1415654; and EP2067467; and W02005 / 032506; each of which is herein incorporated in its entirety by reference.

[0166] It is also contemplated that the personal care compositions may be used in products for male and / or female personal grooming and / or toiletry such as: sanitary napkins, baby diapers, adult diapers, feminine products, products for incontinence, and other related products.

[0167] An array of additional personal care compositions, methods, and uses are contemplated. Disclosure of these compositions may be found in the following brochures by Ashland Specialty Ingredients (Bridgewater, NJ), each of which is herein incorporated in its entirety by reference: Plasdone™ K-29 / 32, Advanced non-oxidative, non-abrasive teeth whitening in toothpastes, mouthwashes, and oral rinses (2010), Polymers for oral care, product and applications guide (2002), A composition guide for excellent hair styling gels and lotions (4 / 2003), PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone) (no date provided), and Textile chemicals, solutions for the most challenging product environment (no date provided).

[0168] Also contemplated are personal care compositions described in the publications listed below, each of which is herein incorporated in its entirety by reference: (1) Prototype Compositions - Personal Care Products (2009) from Xiameter, Dow Corning. (2) Sun care compositions under the category “Refreshing Sun”, “Younger Sun”, “Sun for Men”, and “Sunny Glow” from Dow Corning. (3) Cosmetic Nanotechnology, Polymers and Colloids in Cosmetics, 2007, ACS Symposium Series. (4) Review Paper: Lipid nanoparticles (SLN, NLC) in cosmetic and pharmaceutical dermal products, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Volume 366, 2009. Optional: Additional composition ingredients

[0169] It is also contemplated that the personal care compositions optionally may contain one or more additional ingredients.Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0170] Further, it is contemplated that the composition ingredients may be formulated in a single container, or the ingredients may be formulated in-part in two or more distinct containers of the same or different type, the contents of which may require mixing prior to use.

[0171] Furthermore, it also is contemplated that the compositions may be prepared in the form of concentrates that may be diluted by a suitable substance(s) prior to use. The concentrate may, in turn, be present in any of the forms as described under ‘Product Forms’ for the personal care compositions of the invention.

[0172] A non-limiting list of classes of additional ingredients that may optionally be present in different types of personal care compositions is provided below: conditioning agents, antimicrobials, protectives (for example, antiradical agents), abrasives, UV absorbers, emulsifiers (including, but not limited to ethoxylated fatty acids, ethoxylated glyceryl esters, ethoxylated oils, ethoxylated sorbitan esters, fatty esters, PEG esters, polyglycerol esters), antiperspirants (including, but not limited to aluminium chlorohydrates, aluminium zirconium chlorohydrates), antioxidants, vitamins and / or provitamins, botanicals, fixatives, oxidizing agents, reducing agents, dyes, cleansing agents, anionic, cationic, nonionic, and / or amphoteric surfactants, thickeners and / or gelling agents, perfumes, flavors, and / or fragrances, pearlizing agents, stabilizers, pH adjusters, filters, antimicrobial agents, preservatives and / or disinfectants, associative polymers, oils of vegetable, mineral, and / or synthetic origin, polyols, silicones, colorants, bleaching agents, highlighting agents, propellants (including, but not limited to hydrocarbons, dimethyl ether, fluorocarbons), styling polymers, benefit agents, skin lighteners (including, but not limited to arbutin and kojic acids), tanning agents (including, but not limited to dihydroxyacetone), solvents and / or cosolvents, diluents, essential oils, sequestrants and / or chelators, carriers, and natural extracts and / or natural products.

[0173] The amount of each ingredient in the composition varies depending on the type of composition, the function and / or physicochemical property of the ingredient, and the amount of other co-ingredients. The precise amount of each ingredient may be easily determined by any person skilled in the related arts.

[0174] It may be desirable to include one or more ingredients described in the prior art disclosures IPCOM000186541D, IPCOM000128968D, and IPCOM000109682D onDocket No.: 4469PCTwww.ip.com, the contents of each of these disclosures are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference.

[0175] Further reference to formulary co-ingredients and product forms include the disclosures in US 2010 / 0183532, paragraphs

[0096] —

[0162] , and WO 2010 / 105050, paragraphs

[0053] —

[0069] , the contents of which are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference.

[0176] Any known conditioning agent may be used in the personal care compositions. An extensive discussion on conditioning agents may be found in the book Conditioning Agents for Skin and Hair, Cosmetic Science and Technology Series, Volume 21, 1999, Marcel Dekker Publishers. The contents of the book are herein incorporated in its entirety by reference.

[0177] Conditioning agents may be chosen from synthetic oils, mineral oils, vegetable oils, fluorinated or perfluorinated oils, natural or synthetic waxes, silicones, cationic polymers, proteins and hydrolyzed proteins, cationic surfactants, ceramide type compounds, fatty amines, fatty acids and their derivatives, as well as mixtures of these different types of compounds.

[0178] Non-limiting examples of suitable synthetic oils include: polyolefins, e.g., poly-a-olefins, such as polybutenes, polyisobutenes, polydecenes, and blends thereof. The polyolefins may be hydrogenated.

[0179] Non-limiting examples of suitable mineral oils include hexadecane and oil of paraffin.

[0180] Non-limiting examples of suitable animal and natural oils or vegetable oils include: sunflower oil, corn oil, soy oil, avocado oil, jojoba oil, squash oil, raisin seed oil, sesame seed oil, walnut oil, fish oil, glycerol tri caprocapry late, purcellin oil, liquid jojoba, and blends thereof. Also suitable are natural oils such as oils of eucalyptus, lavender, vetiver, litsea cubeba, lemon, sandalwood, rosemary, chamomile, savory, nutmeg, cinnamon, hyssop, caraway, orange, geranium, cade, bergamot, and blends thereof.

[0181] The conditioning agent may be a fluorinated or a perfluorinated oil. The fluoridated oils may also be fluorocarbons such as fluoramines, e g., perfluorotributylamine, fluoridated hydrocarbons such as perfluorodecahydronaphthalene, fluoroesters, fluoroethers, and blends thereof.Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0182] Non-limiting examples of suitable natural and synthetic waxes include: carnauba wax, candelila wax, alfa wax, paraffin wax, ozokerite wax, vegetable waxes such as olive wax, rice wax, hydrogenated jojoba wax, absolute flower waxes such as black currant flower wax, animal waxes such as bees wax, modified bees wax (cerabellina), marine waxes and polyolefin waxes such as polyethylene wax, and blends thereof.

[0183] The conditioning agent may be any silicone known by those skilled in the art. Silicones include polyorganosiloxanes that are insoluble in the composition. The silicones may be present in the form of oils, waxes, resins, or gums. They may be volatile or non-volatile.

[0184] Non-limiting examples of suitable silicones include: polyalkyl siloxanes, polyaryl siloxanes, polyalkyl aryl siloxanes, silicone gums and resins, polyorgano siloxanes modified by organofunctional groups, and blends thereof.

[0185] Suitable polyalkyl siloxanes include polydimethyl siloxanes with terminal trimethyl silyl groups or terminal dimethyl silanol groups (dimethiconol) and polyalkyl (C1-C20) siloxanes. Suitable polyalkyl aryl siloxanes include polydimethyl methyl phenyl siloxanes and polydimethyl diphenyl siloxanes. The siloxanes can have a linear or branched structure.

[0186] Suitable silicone gums include polydiorganosiloxanes, such as those having a numberaverage molecular weight between 200,000 Da and 1,000,000 Da used alone or mixed with a solvent.

[0187] Non-limiting examples of suitable silicone gums include: polymethyl siloxane, polydimethyl siloxane / methyl vinyl siloxane gums, polydimethyl siloxane / diphenyl siloxane, polydimethyl siloxane / phenyl methyl siloxane, polydimethyl siloxane / diphenyl siloxane / methyl vinyl siloxane, and blends thereof.

[0188] Non-limiting examples of suitable silicone resins include silicones with a dimethyl / trimethyl siloxane structure and resins of the trimethyl siloxysilicate type.

[0189] The organo-modified silicones suitable for use include silicones such as those previously defined and containing one or more organofunctional groups attached by means of aDocket No.: 4469PCThydrocarbon radical, and grafted silicone polymers. The organo-modified silicones may be one from the amino functional silicone family.

[0190] The silicones may be used in the form of emulsions, nano-emulsions, or microemulsions.

[0191] The cationic polymers that may be used as conditioning agents generally have a molecular weight (average number) from about 500 Da to about 5,000,000 Da. The expression “cationic polymer” as used herein indicates any polymer having at least one cationic group.

[0192] The cationic polymers may be chosen from among polymers containing primary, secondary, tertiary amine, and / or quaternary ammonium groups that may form part of the main polymer backbone and / or side chain(s).

[0193] Non-limiting examples of suitable cationic polymers include polyamines, polyaminoamides, and quaternary polyammonium classes of polymers, such as:

[0194] (1) homopolymers and copolymers derived from acrylic or methacrylic esters or amides. The copolymers may contain one or more units derived from acrylamides, methacrylamides, diacetone acrylamides, acrylic or methacrylic acids or their esters, vinyl lactams such as vinyl pyrrolidone or vinyl caprolactam, and vinyl esters. Non-limiting, specific examples include: copolymers of acrylamide and dimethyl amino ethyl methacrylate quatemized with dimethyl sulfate or with an alkyl halide; copolymers of acrylamide and methacryloyl oxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride; the copolymer of acrylamide and methacryloyl oxyethyl trimethyl ammonium methosulfate; copolymers of vinyl pyrrolidone and dialkylaminoalkyl acrylate or methacrylate, optionally quaternized, such as the products sold under the name Gafquat™ by Ashland Specialty Ingredients (Bridgewater, NJ); terpolymers of dimethyl amino ethyl methacrylate, vinyl caprolactam, and vinyl pyrrolidone such as the product sold under the name Gaffix™ VC 713 by Ashland Specialty Ingredients (Bridgewater, NJ); the vinyl pyrrolidone / methacrylamidopropyl dimethylamine copolymer, marketed under the name Styleze™ CC 10 by Ashland Specialty Ingredients (Bridgewater, NJ); and the vinyl pyrrolidone / quatemized dimethyl amino propyl methacrylamide copolymers such as the product sold under the name Gafquat™ HS 100 by Ashland Specialty Ingredients (Bridgewater, NJ).Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0195] (2) derivatives of cellulose ethers containing quaternary ammonium groups, such as hydroxy ethyl cellulose quaternary ammonium that has reacted with an epoxide substituted by a trimethyl ammonium group.

[0196] (3) derivatives of cationic cellulose such as cellulose copolymers or derivatives of cellulose grafted with a hydrosoluble quaternary ammonium monomer, as described in U. S. patent 4,131,576, such as hydroxy alkyl cellulose, and hydroxymethyl-, hydroxyethyl- or hydroxypropylcellulose grafted with a salt of methacryloyl ethyl trimethyl ammonium, methacrylamidopropyl trimethyl ammonium, or dimethyl diallyl ammonium.

[0197] (4) cationic polysaccharides such as described in U. S. patents 3,589,578 and 4,031,307, guar gums containing cationic trialkyl ammonium groups, and guar gums modified by a salt, e.g., chloride of 2,3-epoxy propyl trimethyl ammonium.

[0198] (5) polymers composed of piperazinyl units and alkylene or hydroxy alkylene divalent radicals with straight or branched chains, possibly interrupted by atoms of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or by aromatic or heterocyclic cycles, as well as the products of the oxidation and / or quaternization of such polymers.

[0199] (6) water-soluble polyamino amides prepared by polycondensation of an acid compound with a polyamine. These polyamino amides may be reticulated.

[0200] (7) derivatives of polyamino amides resulting from the condensation of polyalkylene polyamines with polycarboxylic acids followed by alkylation by bi-functional agents.

[0201] (8) polymers obtained by reaction of a polyalkylene polyamine containing two primary amine groups and at least one secondary amine group with a dioxycarboxylic acid chosen from among diglycolic acid and saturated dicarboxylic aliphatic acids having 3 to 8 atoms of carbon. Such polymers include those described in U. S. patents 3,227,615 and 2,961,347.

[0202] (9) cyclopolymers of alkyl diallyl amine or dialkyl diallyl ammonium such as the homopolymer of dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride and copolymers of diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride and acrylamide.

[0203] (10) quaternary diammonium polymers such as hexadimethrine chloride.Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0204] (11) quaternary polyammonium polymers, including, for example, Mirapol® A 15, Mirapol® AD1, Mirapol® AZ 1, and Mirapol® 175 products sold by Miranol.

[0205] (12) quaternary polymers of vinyl pyrrolidone and vinyl imidazole such as the products sold under the names Luviquat® FC 905, FC 550, and FC 370 by BASF Corporation.

[0206] (13) quaternary polyamines.

[0207] (14) reticulated polymers known in the art.

[0208] Other cationic polymers that may be used include cationic proteins or hydrolyzed cationic proteins, polyalkyleneimines such as polyethyleneimines, polymers containing vinyl pyridine or vinyl pyridinium units, condensates of polyamines and epichlorhydrins, quaternary polyurethanes, and derivatives of chitin.

[0209] The conditioning agent may comprise a protein or hydrolyzed cationic or non-cationic protein. Non-limiting examples of suitable compounds include: hydrolyzed collagens having triethyl ammonium groups, hydrolyzed collagens having trimethyl ammonium and trimethyl stearyl ammonium chloride groups, hydrolyzed animal proteins having trimethyl benzyl ammonium groups (benzyltrimonium hydrolyzed animal protein), hydrolyzed proteins having groups of quaternary ammonium on the polypeptide chain, including at least one C1-C18 alkyl, and blends thereof.

[0210] Non-limiting examples of suitable hydrolyzed cationic proteins include: Croquat® L, in which the quaternary ammonium groups include a C12 alkyl group, Croquat® M, in which the quaternary ammonium groups include C10-C18 alkyl groups, Croquat® S in which the quaternary ammonium groups include a C18 alkyl group, Crotein® Q in which the quaternary ammonium groups include at least one C1-C18 alkyl group, and blends thereof. These products are sold by Croda.

[0211] The conditioning agent may also comprise quatemized vegetable protein(s) such as wheat, corn, or soy proteins, non-limiting examples of which include: cocodimonium hydrolyzed wheat protein, laurdimonium hydrolyzed wheat protein, steardimonium hydrolyzed wheat protein, 2-N-stearoyl amino-octadecane- 1,3-diol, 2-N-behenoyl amino-octadecane- 1, 3-diol, 2-N-[2-Docket No.: 4469PCThydroxy-palmitoyl]-amino-octadecane-l,3-diol, 2-N-stearoyl amino-octadecane- 1, 3, 4-triol, n-stearoyl phytosphingosine, 2-N-palmitoyl amino-hexadecane- 1, 3-diol, bis-(N-hydroxy ethyl n-cetyl) malonamide, n-(2-hydroxy ethyl)-N-(3-cetoxyl-2-hydroxy propyl) amide of cetylic acid, n-docosanoyl n-methyl-D-glucamine, and blends thereof.

[0212] The conditioning agent may also comprise a cationic surfactant such as a salt of a primary, secondary, or tertiary fatty amine, optionally polyoxyalkylenated, a quaternary ammonium salt, a derivative of imadazoline, or an amine oxide. Conditioning agents may also be selected from the group consisting of: mono-, di-, and tri- alkyl amines, and quaternary ammonium compounds with a counterion such as a chloride, a methosulfate, a tosylate, etc. Non-limiting examples of suitable amines include: cetrimonium chloride, dicetyldimonium chloride, behentrimonium methosulfate, and blends thereof.

[0213] The conditioning agent may comprise a fatty amine. Non-limiting examples of suitable fatty amines include dodecyl amines, cetyl amines, stearyl amines such as stearamidopropyl dimethylamine, and blends thereof.

[0214] The conditioning agent may comprise a fatty acid or derivative(s) thereof. Non-limiting examples of suitable fatty acids include: myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, behenic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, isostearic acid, and blends thereof. The derivatives of fatty acids include carboxylic ester acids including mono-, di-, tri- and tetra- carboxylic acids esters, amides, anhydrides, esteramides, imides, and mixtures of these functional groups.

[0215] Also suitable as conditioning agents are the following commercial products:

[0216] (1) Aquacat™ Clear Cationic Solution (INCI Name: guar hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride), n-Hance™ SP-100 (INCI Name: acrylamidopropyl trimonium chloride / acrylamide copolymer), and n-Hance™ cationic guar (INCI Name: guar hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride) from Ashland Specialty Ingredients (Bridgewater, NJ).

[0217] (2) Salcare® from BASF Corp.

[0218] (3) Softcat™ Polymers from The Dow Chemical Company.Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0219] (4) Jaguar® C500, Polycare® Boost, Mackconditioner™ Brite, and Mackine® 301 from Rhodia.

[0220] (5) Stepanquat® ML, Stepanquat® GA-90, Ninol®, and Ammonyx® from Stepan Company.

[0221] (6) Conditioneze™ 7 and Conditioneze™ NT-20 from Ashland Specialty Ingredients (Bridgewater, NJ).

[0222] Of course, mixtures of two or more conditioning agents may be used.

[0223] In one non-limiting embodiment, the conditioning agent(s) may be present in an amount from about 0.001% to about 20%. In another non-limiting embodiment, the conditioning agent(s) may be present in an amount from about 0.01% to about 10%. In yet another non-limiting embodiment, the conditioning agent(s) may be present in an amount from about 0.1% to about 3% by weight of the composition.

[0224] Personal care compositions may optionally comprise antimicrobial agent(s).

[0225] Non-limiting examples of suitable water insoluble, non-cationic antimicrobial agents include: halogenated diphenyl ethers, phenolic compounds including phenol and its homologs, mono and poly-alkyl and aromatic halophenols, resorcinol and its derivatives, bisphenolic compounds and halogenated salicylanilides, benzoic esters, halogenated carbanilides, and blends thereof.

[0226] Non-limiting examples of suitable water-soluble antimicrobial agents include: quaternary ammonium salts, bis-biguanide salts, triclosan monophosphate, and blends thereof.

[0227] The quaternary ammonium agents include those in which one or two of the substituents on the quaternary nitrogen has a carbon chain length (typically alkyl group) from about 8 to about 20, typically from about 10 to about 18 carbon atoms, while the remaining substituents (typically alkyl or benzyl group) have a lower number of carbon atoms, such as from about 1 to about 7 carbon atoms, typically methyl or ethyl groups.Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0228] Non-limiting examples of suitable quaternary ammonium antibacterial agents include: Dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, tetradecylpyridinium chloride, domiphen bromide, n-tetradecyl-4-ethyl pyridinium chloride, dodecyl dimethyl(2-phenoxyethyl)ammonium bromide, benzyl dimethylstearyl ammonium chloride, cetyl pyridinium chloride, quaternized 5-amino-l,3-bis(2-ethyl-hexyl)-5-methyl hexahydropyrimidine, benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, methyl benzethonium chloride, and blends thereof.

[0229] Other antimicrobial compounds are bis[4-(R-amino)-l-pyridinium]alkanes as disclosed in U. S. Patent 4,206,215. Other antimicrobials such as copper salts, zinc salts and / or stannous salts may also be included. Also useful are enzymes, including endoglycosidase, papain, dextranase, mutanase, and blends thereof. Such antimicrobial agents are disclosed in U. S. Patents 2,946,725 and 4,051,234. The antimicrobial agents may also comprise chlorhexidine, triclosan, and flavor oils such as thymol. Triclosan and other agents are disclosed in U. S. Patents 5,015,466 and 4,894,220.

[0230] In non-limiting aspects, one or more preservatives may be included.

[0231] Non-limiting examples of suitable preservatives include benzoic acid, sorbic acid, dehydroacetic acid, diazolidinyl ureas, imidazolidinyl ureas, salicylic acid, piroctone olamine, DMDM hydantoin, IPBC (iodopropynyl butylcarbamate), triclosan, bronopol, formaldehyde, isothiazolinones, nitrates / nitrites, parabens, phenoxyethanol, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, sulphites, sulphur dioxide, and blends thereof.

[0232] In non-limiting aspects, preservative boosters / solvents may be incorporated, nonlimiting examples of which include: caprylyl glycol, hexylene glycol, pentylene glycol, ethylhexylglycerin, caprylhydroxamic acid, caprylohydroxamic acid, glyceryl caprylate, and blends thereof.

[0233] Polysaccharides, such as gum Arabic, may be included as well.

[0234] The compositions may comprise liquid or liquid-like carrier(s) that help to distribute, disperse, and / or dissolve the ingredients.Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0235] Non-limiting examples of suitable liquid carriers include water, alcohols, oils, esters, and blends thereof.

[0236] The compositions may also be in the form of aqueous or hydro-alcoholic solutions.

[0237] The physiological and cosmetically acceptable medium may consist exclusively of water, a cosmetically acceptable solvent, or a blend of water and a cosmetically acceptable solvent, such as a lower alcohol composed of Cl to C4, such as ethanol, isopropanol, t-butanol, n-butanol, alkylene glycols such as propylene glycol, and glycol ethers.

[0238] Personal care compositions may comprise vitamin(s), provitamin(s), and / or mineral(s).

[0239] Non-limiting examples of suitable vitamins include ascorbic acid (vitamin C), vitamin E, vitamin E acetate, vitamin E phosphate, B vitamins such as B3 and B5, niacin, vitamin A, derivatives thereof, and blends thereof.

[0240] Non-limiting examples of suitable provitamins include: panthenol, retinol, and blends thereof.

[0241] Non-limiting examples of suitable minerals include: talc, clay, calcium carbonate, silica, kaolin, mica, and blends thereof. Further examples of minerals that may be used in the personal care compositions may be found in a brochure titled Minerals for personal care from Imerys Performance Minerals, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated in its entirety by reference.

[0242] Personal care compositions may comprise one or more surfactants. Surfactants serve in solubilizing, dispersing, emulsifying and / or reducing the interfacial tension. Surfactants may be chosen from anionic, nonionic, amphoteric, zwitterionic, or cationic surfactants, or blends thereof.

[0243] Anionic surfactants useful herein include the water-soluble salts of alkyl sulfates having from 8 to 20 carbon atoms in the alkyl radical (e.g., sodium alkyl sulfate) and the water-soluble salts of sulfonated monoglycerides of fatty acids having from 8 to 20 carbon atoms. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and sodium coconut monoglyceride sulfonates are non-limiting examples of anionic surfactants of this type.Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0244] Non-limiting examples of suitable anionic surfactants include: sarcosinates, taurates, isethionates, sodium lauryl sulfoacetate, sodium laureth carboxylate, and sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate. Also suitable are alkali metal or ammonium salts of surfactants such as the sodium and potassium salts of the following: lauroyl sarcosinate, myristoyl sarcosinate, palmitoyl sarcosinate, stearoyl sarcosinate, and oleoyl sarcosinate.

[0245] Non-limiting examples of suitable cationic surfactants include: derivatives of aliphatic quaternary ammonium compounds having at least one long alkyl chain containing from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms, such as, lauryl trimethylammonium chloride, cetyl pyridinium chloride, cetyl trimethylammonium bromide, di-isobutylphenoxyethyl-dimethylbenzylammonium chloride, coconut alkyltrimethylammonium nitrite, cetyl pyridinium fluoride, and blends thereof. Further suitable are quaternary ammonium fluorides having detergent properties such as compounds described in U. S. Patent 3,535,421. Certain cationic surfactants may act as germicides in the compositions disclosed herein.

[0246] Nonionic surfactants useful herein include compounds produced by the condensation of alkylene oxide groups (hydrophilic in nature) with an organic hydrophobic compound which may be aliphatic or alkylaromatic in nature.

[0247] Non-limiting examples of suitable nonionic surfactants include: poloxamers (sold under the trade name Pluronic® by BASF Corporation), polyethylene oxide condensates of alkyl phenols, products derived from the condensation of ethylene oxide with the reaction product of propylene oxide and ethylene diamine, ethylene oxide condensates of aliphatic alcohols, long chain tertiary amine oxides, long chain tertiary phosphine oxides, long chain dialkyl sulfoxides, and blends thereof.

[0248] Non-limiting examples of suitable zwitterionic surfactants include betaines and derivatives of aliphatic quaternary ammonium compounds in which the aliphatic radicals can be straight chain or branched, and which contain an anionic water-solubilizing group, e.g., carboxy, sulfonate, sulfate, phosphate, or phosphonate.

[0249] Non-limiting examples of suitable betaines include: decyl betaine or 2-(N-decyl-N, N-dimethylammonio)acetate, coco betaine or 2-(N-coc-N, N-dimethyl ammonio)acetate, myristylDocket No.: 4469PCTbetaine, palmityl betaine, lauryl betaine, cetyl betaine, stearyl betaine, and blends thereof. The amidobetaines are exemplified by cocoamidoethyl betaine, cocoamidopropyl betaine, lauramidopropyl betaine, and the like. The betaines of choice include cocoamidopropyl betaines such as lauramidopropyl betaine. Suitable betaine surfactants are disclosed in U. S. patent 5,180,577.

[0250] Other surfactants such as fluorinated surfactants may also be incorporated within the compositions of the invention.

[0251] Also suitable as surfactants are the following commercial products:

[0252] (1) Alkanolamides, under the trade names Amidex™ and Schercomid™; amido-amines, under the trade names Katemul™ and Schercodine™; amine oxides, under the trade names Chemoxide™ and Schercamox™; amphoterics, under the trade names Chembetaine™, Schercotaine™ and Schercoteric™; imidazolines, under the trade name Schercozoline™; pearlizing agents, under the trade name Quickpearl ™; performance concentrates, under the trade names Sulfochem™ and Chemoryl™; soaps (potassium cocoate and potassium soyate); specialty ethoxylates, under the trade name Chemonic™; specialty quats under the trade names Quatrex™ and Schercoquat™; sulfates, under the trade name Sulfochem™; and sulfosuccinates, under the trade name Chemccinate™ from Lubrizol.

[0253] (2) Avaniel, Cremophore®, Jordapan®, and Pluracare® from BASF Corp.

[0254] (3) Miracare® SLB, Mackam® Bab, Mackanate® Ultra SI, Miranol® Ultra, and Miracare® Plaisant from Rhodia.

[0255] (4) Stepan® Pearl 2, Stepan® Pearl 4, Stepan® Pearl Series, Neobee® M-20, Stepan® PTC, Amphosol® 2CSF, Steol®, Stepan-Mild® GCC, Stepan® SLL-FB, Stepanol® AM, Stepanol® PB, Alpha-Step® BSS-45, Bio-Terge® 804, Stepan-Mild® L3, Stepan® SLL-FB, Stepan® SSL-CG, and Stepanol® CFAS-70 from Stepan Company.

[0256] Also suitable as surfactants are those described in the book Surfactants in Personal Care Products and Decorative Cosmetics, Third Edition, 2006, CRC Press. The disclosure is herein incorporated in its entirety by reference.Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0257] Personal care compositions may also be formulated as detergent compositions, such as shampoos, bath gels, and bubble baths. Such compositions comprise water as a liquid carrier. The surfactant or surfactants that form the washing base may be chosen alone or in blends, from known anionic, amphoteric, zwitterionic and / or non-ionic surfactants. The quantity and quality of the washing base must be sufficient to impart a satisfactory foaming and / or detergent value to the final composition. In one non-limiting embodiment, the washing base may be present in an amount from about 4% to about 50% by weight.

[0258] Personal care compositions may comprise one or more thickener(s) and / or viscosifier(s).

[0259] Non-limiting examples of suitable thickeners and / or viscosifiers include: Acetamide MEA; acrylamide / ethalkonium chloride acrylate copolymer; acrylamide / ethyltrimonium chloride acrylate / ethalkonium chloride acrylate copolymer; acrylamides copolymer; acrylamide / sodium acrylate copolymer; acrylamide / sodium acryloyldimethyltaurate copolymer; acrylates / acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate copolymer; acrylates / beheneth-25 methacrylate copolymer; acrylates / C10-C30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer; acrylates / ceteth-20 itaconate copolymer; acrylates / ceteth-20 methacrylate copolymer; acrylates / laureth-25 methacrylate copolymer; acrylates / palmeth-25 acrylate copolymer; acrylates / palmeth-25 itaconate copolymer; acrylates / steareth-50 acrylate copolymer; acrylates / steareth-20 itaconate copolymer; acrylates / steareth-20 methacrylate copolymer; acrylates / stearyl methacrylate copolymer; acrylates / vinyl isodecanoate crosspolymer; acrylic acid / acrylonitrogens copolymer; adipic acid / methyl DEA crosspolymer; agar; agarose; alcaligenes polysaccharides; algin; alginic acid; almondamide DEA; almondamidopropyl betaine; aluminum / magnesium hydroxide stearate; ammonium acrylates / acrylonitrogens copolymer; ammonium acrylates copolymer; ammonium acryloyldimethyltaurate / vinyl formamide copolymer; ammonium acryloyldimethyltaurate / VP copolymer; ammonium alginate; ammonium chloride; ammonium polyacryloyldimethyl taurate; ammonium sulfate; amylopectin; apricotamide DEA; apricotamidopropyl betaine; arachidyl alcohol; arachidyl glycol; arachis hypogaea (peanut) flour; ascorbyl methylsilanol pectinate; astragalus gummifer gum; attapulgite; avena sativa (oat) kernel flour; avocadamide DEA; avocadamidopropyl betaine; azelamide MEA; babassuamide DEA; babassuamide MEA; babassuamidopropyl betaine; behenamide DEA; behenamide MEA; behenamidopropyl betaine;Docket No.: 4469PCTbehenyl betaine; bentonite; butoxy chitosan; caesalpinia spinosa gum; calcium alginate; calcium carboxymethyl cellulose; calcium carrageenan; calcium chloride; calcium potassium carbomer; calcium starch octenylsuccinate; C20-40 alkyl stearate; canol amidopropyl betaine; capramide DEA; capryl / capramidopropyl betaine; carbomer; carboxybutyl chitosan; carboxymethyl cellulose acetate butyrate; carboxymethyl chitin; carboxymethyl chitosan; carboxymethyl dextran; carboxymethyl hydroxyethylcellulose; carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar; carnitine; cellulose acetate propionate carboxylate; cellulose gum; ceratonia siliqua gum; cetearyl alcohol; cetyl alcohol; cetyl babassuate; cetyl betaine; cetyl glycol; cetyl hydroxyethylcellulose; chimyl alcohol; cholesterol / HDI / pullulan copolymer; cholesteryl hexyl dicarbamate pullulan; citrus aurantium dulcis (orange) peel extract; cocamide DEA; cocamide MEA; cocamide MIPA; cocamidoethyl betaine; cocamidopropyl betaine; cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine; coco-betaine; coco-hydroxysultaine; coconut alcohol; coco / oleamidopropyl betaine; coco-Sultaine; cocoyl sarcosinamide DEA; cornamide / cocamide DEA; cornamide DEA; croscarmellose; crosslinked bacillus / glucose / sodium glutamate ferment; cyamopsis tetragonoloba (guar) gum; decyl alcohol; decyl betaine; dehydroxanthan gum; dextrin; dibenzylidene sorbitol; diethanolaminooleamide DEA; diglycol / CHDM / isophthalates / SIP copolymer; dihydroabietyl behenate; dihydrogenated tallow benzylmonium hectorite; dihydroxyaluminum aminoacetate; dimethicone / PEG-10 crosspolymer; dimethicone / PEG-15 crosspolymer; dimethicone propyl PG-betaine; dimethylacrylamide / acrylic acid / polystyrene ethyl methacrylate copolymer; dimethylacrylamide / sodium acryloyldimethyltaurate crosspolymer; disteareth-100 IPDI; DMAPA acrylates / acrylic acid / acrylonitrogens copolymer; erucamidopropyl hydroxysultaine; ethylene / sodium acrylate copolymer; gelatin; gellan gum; glyceryl alginate; glycine soja (soybean) flour; guar hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride; hectorite; hyaluronic acid; hydrated silica; hydrogenated potato starch; hydrogenated tallow; hydrogenated tallowamide DEA; hydrogenated tallow betaine; hydroxybutyl methylcellulose; hydroxyethyl acrylate / sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer; hydroxyethylcellulose; hydroxyethyl chitosan; hydroxyethyl ethylcellulose; hydroxyethyl stearamide-MIPA; hydroxylauryl / hydroxymyristyl betaine; hydroxypropylcellulose; hydroxypropyl chitosan; hydroxypropyl ethylenediamine carbomer; hydroxypropyl guar; hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; hydroxypropyl methylcellulose stearoxy ether; hydroxypropyl starch; hydroxypropyl starch phosphate; hydroxypropyl xanthan gum; hydroxystearamide MEA; isobutylene / sodium maleate copolymer; isostearamide DEA; isostearamide MEA; isostearamideDocket No.: 4469PCTmIPA; isostearamidopropyl betaine; lactamide MEA; lanolinamide DEA; lauramide DEA; lauramide MEA; lauramide MIPA; lauramide / myristamide DEA; lauramidopropyl betaine; lauramidopropyl hydroxysultaine; laurimino bispropanediol; lauryl alcohol; lauryl betaine; lauryl hydroxysultaine; lauryl / myristyl glycol hydroxypropyl ether; lauryl sultaine; lecithinamide DEA; linoleamide DEA; linoleamide MEA; linoleamide MIPA; lithium magnesium silicate; lithium magnesium sodium silicate; macrocystis pyrifera (kelp); magnesium alginate; magnesium / aluminum / hydroxide / carbonate; magnesium aluminum silicate; magnesium silicate; magnesium trisilicate; methoxy PEG-22 / dodecyl glycol copolymer; methylcellulose; methyl ethylcellulose; methyl hydroxyethylcellulose; microcrystalline cellulose; milkamidopropyl betaine; minkamide DEA; minkamidopropyl betaine; MIPA-myri state; montmorillonite; Moroccan lava clay; myristamide DEA; myristamide MEA; myristamide MIPA; myristamidopropyl betaine; myristamidopropyl hydroxysultaine; myristyl alcohol; myristyl betaine; natto gum; nonoxynyl hydroxyethylcellulose; oatamide MEA; oatamidopropyl betaine; octacosanyl glycol isostearate; octadecene / MA copolymer; oleamide DEA; oleamide MEA; oleamide MIPA; oleamidopropyl betaine; oleamidopropyl hydroxysultaine; oleyl betaine; olivamide DEA; olivamidopropyl betaine; oliveamide MEA; palmamide DEA; palmamide MEA; palmamide MIPA; palmamidopropyl betaine; palmitamide DEA; palmitamide MEA; palmitamidopropyl betaine; palm kernel alcohol; palm kernelamide DEA; palm kernelamide MEA; palm kernelamide MIPA; palm kernelamidopropyl betaine; peanutamide MEA; peanutamide MIPA; pectin; PEG-800; PEG-crosspolymer; PEG-150 / decyl alcohol / SMDI copolymer; PEG-175 diisostearate; PEG-190 distearate; PEG-15 glyceryl tristearate; PEG-140 glyceryl tristearate; PEG-240 / HDI copolymer bis-decyltetradeceth-20 ether; PEG-100 / IPDI copolymer; PEG-180 / laureth-50 / TMMG copolymer; PEG-10 / lauryl dimethicone crosspolymer; PEG-15 / lauryl dimethicone crosspolymer; PEG-2M; PEG-5M; PEG-7M; PEG-9M; PEG-14M; PEG-20M; PEG-23M; PEG-25M; PEG-45M; PEG-65M; PEG-90M; PEG-115M; PEG-160M; PEG-180M; PEG-120 methyl glucose trioleate; PEG-180 / octoxynol-40 / ™MG copolymer; PEG-150 pentaerythrityl tetrastearate; PEG-4 rapeseedamide; PEG-150 / stearyl alcohol / SMDI copolymer; phaseolus angularis seed powder; polianthes tuberosa extract; polyacrylate-3; polyacrylic acid; polycyclopentadiene; polyether-1; polyethylene / isopropyl maleate / MA copolyol; polyglyceryl-3 disiloxane dimethicone; polyglyceryl-3 polydimethylsiloxyethyl dimethicone; polymethacrylic acid; polyquaternium-52; polyvinyl alcohol; potassium alginate; potassiumDocket No.: 4469PCTaluminum polyacrylate; potassium carbomer; potassium carrageenan; potassium chloride; potassium palmate; potassium polyacrylate; potassium sulfate; potato starch modified; PPG-2 cocamide; PPG-1 hydroxy ethyl caprylamide; PPG-2 hydroxy ethyl cocamide; PPG-2 hydroxy ethyl coco / isostearamide; PPG-3 hydroxyethyl soyamide; PPG-14 laureth-60 hexyl dicarbamate; PPG-14 laureth-60 isophoryl dicarbamate; PPG-14 palmeth-60 hexyl dicarbamate; propylene glycol alginate; PVP / decene copolymer; PVP montmorillonite; pyrus cydonia seed; pyrus malus (apple) fiber; rhizobian gum; ricebranamide DEA; ricinoleamide DEA; ricinoleamide MEA; ricinoleamide MIPA; ricinoleamidopropyl betaine; ricinoleic acid / adipic acid / AEEA copolymer; rosa multiflora flower wax; sclerotium gum; sesamide DEA; sesamidopropyl betaine; sodium acrylate / acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer; sodium acrylates / acrolein copolymer; sodium acrylates / acrylonitrogens copolymer; sodium acrylates copolymer; sodium acrylates crosspolymer; sodium acrylate / sodium acrylamidomethylpropane sulfonate copolymer; sodium acrylates / vinyl isodecanoate crosspolymer; sodium acrylate / vinyl alcohol copolymer; sodium carbomer; sodium carboxymethyl chitin; sodium carboxymethyl dextran; sodium carboxymethyl beta-glucan; sodium carboxymethyl starch; sodium carrageenan; sodium cellulose sulfate; sodium chloride; sodium cyclodextrin sulfate; sodium hydroxypropyl starch phosphate; sodium isooctylene / MA copolymer; sodium magnesium fluorosilicate; sodium oleate; sodium palmitate; sodium palm kernelate; sodium polyacrylate; sodium polyacrylate starch; sodium polyacryloyldimethyl taurate; sodium polygamma-glutamate; sodium polymethacrylate; sodium polystyrene sulfonate; sodium silicoaluminate; sodium starch octenyl succinate; sodium stearate; sodium stearoxy PG-hydroxyethylcellulose sulfonate; sodium styrene / acrylates copolymer; sodium sulfate; sodium tallowate; sodium tauride acrylates / acrylic acid / acrylonitrogens copolymer; sodium tocopheryl phosphate; solanum tuberosum (potato) starch; soyamide DEA; soyamidopropyl betaine; starch / acrylates / acrylamide copolymer; starch hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride; stearamide AMP; stearamide DEA; stearamide DEA-distearate; stearamide DIBA-stearate; stearamide MEA; stearamide MEA-stearate; stearamide MIPA; stearamidopropyl betaine; steareth-60 cetyl ether; steareth-100 / PEG-136 / HDI copolymer; stearyl alcohol; stearyl betaine; sterculia urens gum; synthetic fluorphlogopite; tallamide DEA; tallow alcohol; tallowamide DEA; tallowamide MEA; tallowamidopropyl betaine; tallowamidopropyl hydroxysultaine; tallowamine oxide; tallow betaine; tallow dihydroxyethyl betaine; tamarindus indica seed gum; tapioca starch; TEA-alginate; TEA-carbomer; TEA-hydrochloride; trideceth-2Docket No.: 4469PCTcarboxamide MEA; tridecyl alcohol; triethylene glycol dibenzoate; trimethyl pentanol hydroxyethyl ether; triticum vulgare (wheat) germ powder; triticum vulgare (wheat) kernel flour; triticum vulgare (wheat) starch; tromethamine acrylates / acrylonitrogens copolymer; tromethamine magnesium aluminum silicate; undecyl alcohol; undecylenamide DEA; undecylenamide MEA; undecylenamidopropyl betaine; welan gum; wheat germamide DEA; wheat germamidopropyl betaine; xanthan gum; yeast beta-glucan; yeast polysaccharides; zea mays (corn) starch; and blends thereof.

[0260] Also suitable as thickeners and / or viscosifiers are the following commercial products:

[0261] (1) Aquaion™ carboxymethylcellulose, Benecel™ methylcellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, Blanose™ sodium carboxymethylcellulose, Klucel™ hydroxypropylcellulose, Natrosol™ hydroxy ethylcellulose, Natrosol™ Plus and Poly Surf™ cetyl modified hydroxyethylcellulose, n-Hance™ cationic guar, n-Hance™ HP Series hydroxypropyl guar, n-Hance™ SP-100 conditioning polymer, and Supercol™ guar gum from Ashland Specialty Ingredients (Bridgewater, NJ).

[0262] (2) Carbopol® Polymers, Fixate™ PLUS Polymer, Glucamate™ Thickeners, Amidex™ Surfactants, Chembetaine™ Surfactants, Chemoxide™ Surfactants, Chemonic™ Surfactants, Chemccinate™ Surfactants, Amidex™ BC-24 Surfactant, Chemoryl™ LB-30 Surfactant, Novethix™ L-10 Polymer, Ceralan™ Lanolin Product, Pemulen™ TR-1 Polymeric Emulsifier, Pemulen™ TR-2 Polymeric Emulsifier, Hydramol™ PGPD Ester, Schercodine™ M AmidoAmine, Schercodine™ P Amido-Amine, Schercomid™ Diethanolamides from The Lubrizol Corporation.

[0263] (3) Salcare® and Luvigel® from BASF Corporation.

[0264] (4) Aculyn™ 22, Aculyn™ 28, Aculyn™ 33, Aculyn™ 38, and Aculyn™ 44 from The Dow Chemical Company.

[0265] (5) Ammonyx® C and Stepan-Mild® GCC from Stepan Company.

[0266] (6) Stabileze™, Rapithix™ A-60, Rapithix™ A- 100, Ultrathix™P-100, Lubrajel™ and FlexiThix™ from Ashland Specialty Ingredients (Bridgewater, NJ).Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0267] Also suitable as a thickener / rheology modifier are lightly- to moderately-crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidones. Disclosures of these polymers are provided in the following publications, each of which is herein incorporated in its entirety by reference: U. S. patent 5,073,614; 5,312,619; 5,139,770; 5,716,634; 5,470,884; 5,759,524; 5,997,887; 6,024,942; as well as international application PCT / US 10 / 26973, PCT / US 10 / 26976, PCT / US 10 / 26940, PCT / US 11 / 32993, and PCT / US11 / 34515.

[0268] Personal care compositions may comprise natural extracts and / or natural products. Extensive details on natural products that can be used in personal care compositions is provided in book chapter “Chemistry of Cosmetics, Comprehensive Natural Products II” in Chemistry and Biology; volume 3, 2010.

[0269] Also contemplated are additional personal care compositions that may comprise the alkyds according to the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s). Disclosures on such compositions may be found in the publications listed below, each of which is herein incorporated in its entirety by reference: (1) Prototype Compositions - Personal Care Products (2009) from Xiameter, Dow Corning. (2) Sun care compositions under the category “Refreshing Sun”, “Younger Sun”, “Sun for Men”, and “Sunny Glow” from Dow Corning. (3) Cosmetic Nanotechnology, Polymers and Colloids in Cosmetics, 2007, ACS Symposium Series. (4) Review Paper: Lipid nanoparticles (SLN, NLC) in cosmetic and pharmaceutical dermal products, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Volume 366, 2009.

[0270] The other alkyds that can be used in the personal care compositions according to the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) are alkyd resins described in particular in the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4th edition, volume 2, pages 53 to 63, the content of which is hereby incorporated in entirety by reference. Such resins can be obtained by polymerization of polyols and polyacids or their corresponding anhydride in the presence of fatty acids, where the fatty acids can be employed "as is" or in the form of fatty acid triglycerides or in the form of oils during the synthesis of the alkyd resin. Due to the presence of hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids in the alkyd resin, alkyd resins are commonly defined by their oil length. Accordingly, "oil length of an alkyd resin" is understood to mean the percentage by weight of hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids present in the alkyd resin.Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0271] Non-limiting examples of suitable polyols which can be employed in the synthesis of alkyd resins include, but are not limited to, at least one of pentaerythritol, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolethane, neopentyl glycol, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,4-butanediol, diethylene glycol and, in particular, glycerol.

[0272] Non-limiting examples of suitable polyacid or anhydride which can be employed in the synthesis of alkyd resins include, but are not limited to, at least one of, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, trimellitic anhydride, maleic anhydride, adipic acid, fumaric acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid and, in particular, phthalic anhydride.

[0273] Non-limiting examples of suitable fatty acids which can be employed in the synthesis of alkyd resins include, but are not limited to, at least one of fatty acids corresponding to the formula R-COOH, in which R denotes a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon radical particularly having from 7 to 45 carbon atoms, particularly from 9 to 35 carbon atoms, particularly from 15 to 35 carbon atoms and particularly from 15 to 21 carbon atoms. Mention may be made of, for example, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, ricinoleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid and, in particular, capric acid.

[0274] Non-limiting examples of acceptable alkyd resins include, but are not limited to, at least one of those sold under the names " Beckosol ODE 23070E" by Dainippon Ink & Chem (phthalic anhydride / glycerol / glycidyl decanoate copolymer in ethyl acetate at 70%), " Necowel 581®" (50% in soybean oil), " Necowel 585®" (20% in sunflower oil), " Necowel 580®" (20% in sunflower oil), " Necowel 586 N®" (50% in soybean oil), " Necowel EP 1 161®" (50% in soybean oil), " Necowel EP 1213®" (20% in oil), " Necowel EP 2009®" (32% in sunflower oil), " Necowel EP 2019®" (20% in oil), " Necowel EP 2275®" (35% in oil), " Necowel EP 2329®" (34% in oil), and " Necowel EP 3016®" (30% in oil) by Ashland or " Uradil XP 515 AZ®" (73% in tall oil) or " Uradil XP 516 AZ®" (63% in tall oil) by DSM Resins.

[0275] In specific embodiments, the alkyd in the nail care composition according to the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) is present in an amount generally ranging from about 3% to about 30%, particularly from about 4% to about 25%, and more particularly from about 5% to about 20%, by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, including all ranges and subranges in between.Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0276] In specific embodiments, the base composition for the nail compositions according to the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) is a UV gel composition. Examples of such UV gel compositions include, but are not limited to, a photo-crosslinkable composition such as disclosed in U. S. patent application publication no. 2015 / 0306013 (the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference) and a fast-curing composition such as disclosed in U. S. patent application publication no. 2015 / 0139924 (the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference). Set forth below are examples of ingredients which can be found in the nail care compositions according to the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s), although all of the identified ingredients need not be present.

[0277] In specific embodiments, the nail compositions comprise at least one photo-cross linkable compound. The term "photo-crosslinkable compound" refers to an organic compound suitable for crosslinking under the action of a light ray and / or UV rays (or any other suitable radiation), resulting in a crosslinked polymer network.

[0278] In specific embodiments, the photo-crosslinkable compound(s) and alkyd(s) are present in the nail compositions in a weight ratio of from 5:1 to 1:2.5, particularly from 4:1 to 1:2, more particularly from 3.5:1 to 1:1.5, and even more particularly from 3.5:1 to 1:1, including all ranges and subranges therebetween.

[0279] In specific embodiments, the photo-crosslinkable compound is at least one photo-crosslinkable urethane (meth)acrylate compound. The term "urethane (meth)acrylate compound" refers to any compound comprising at least one urethane function, also known as a carbamate, and at least one (meth)acrylate function. The urethane (meth)acrylate compound may be chosen from the group consisting of urethane poly(meth)acrylate compounds. The term "poly(meth)acrylate compound" refers to a (meth)acrylate compound comprising a plurality of (meth)acrylate functions. As urethane (meth)acrylate compounds, particular mention may be made of urethane dimethacrylate compounds. The term "polyurethane group" refers to a group obtained from polymerizing a mixture of monomers comprising isocyanate functions and monomers.

[0280] Non-limiting examples of urethane (meth)acrylate compounds are those commercially available from Esstech, Inc. under the name Exothane such as, for example, Exothane 8, Exothane 9, Exothane 10, Exothane 24, Exothane 26, Exothane 32, Exothane 108, and Exothane 126. TheDocket No.: 4469PCTExothane compounds are elastomers having high conversion values properties leading to improved adhesion. For example, compounds have conversion values of 80% or greater, particularly 85% or greater, particularly 90% or greater, including all ranges and subranges therebetween such as, for example, 83% to 99%, 85% to 99%, 90% to 99%, etc. Further, such compounds typically have high viscosity, particularly between 8,500 cPs and 1,000,000, particularly between 10,000 cPs and 900,000 cPs, and particularly between 20,000 and 850,000 cPs at 25°C, including all ranges and subranges therebetween. Further, such compounds particularly have low shrinkage stress (MPa), particularly 1.0 or less, particularly 0.5 or less, particularly 0.3 or less, particularly 0.2 or less, including all ranges and subranges therebetween. Further, such compounds particularly have high elongation properties, particularly at least 10%, particularly at least 20%, particularly at least 30%, particularly at least 50%, and as high as 100% or higher, including all ranges and subranges therebetween such as, for example, 10% to 100%, 20% to 100%, etc. Further, such compounds particularly have low tensile strength (N / mm2), particularly less than 30 N / mm2, particularly less than 25 N / mm2, and particularly less than 20 N / mm2.

[0281] According to specific embodiments, the photo-crosslinkable compound is at least one photo-crosslinkable (meth)acrylate monomer. (Meth)acrylate monomer refers to a compound comprising a single (meth)acrylate function, capable of reacting with other molecules. In various embodiments, the (meth)acrylate monomer may have a molecular weight ranging from 100 to about 300, for example, from about 120 to about 250.

[0282] Non-limiting examples of (meth)acrylate monomers include methyl (meth)acrylate (MMA), ethyl (meth)acrylate (EMA), butyl (meth)acrylate (BMA), and polyethylene monomethacrylate such as diethylene glycol monomethacrylate, polypropylene glycol monomethacrylate such as dipropylene glycol monomethacrylate, and isobornyl (meth)acrylate, and tetrahydrofurfuryl (meth)acrylate (THFMA), and hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylate monomers, such as hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA), hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate (HEMA), and butoxy ethyl (meth)acrylate (BEMA).

[0283] According to specific embodiments, the nail care compositions comprise at least one non-photocurable film forming polymer. " Film-forming polymer" refers to a non- photocurable polymer suitable for forming alone (i.e. in the absence of an auxiliary film-forming agent or an external stimulus for example such as UV rays), a film suitable for being isolated, particularly aDocket No.: 4469PCTcontinuous adherent film, on a substrate, particularly on nails. Particularly, the film forming polymer is selected from the group consisting of radical or polycondensate type synthetic polymers, polymers of natural origin, and mixtures thereof. Non-limiting examples of suitable film forming polymers include polysaccharide derivatives such as nitrocelluloses, polysaccharide esters, polysaccharide alkyl ethers, cellulose acetobutyrates, cellulose acetopropionates, ethylcelluloses, and ethylguars. Non-limiting examples of suitable film forming polymers also include, polyurethanes, polyvinylbutyrals, and ketone / aldehyde resins, resins from aldehyde condensation products, such as aryl sulfonamide formaldehyde resins such as toluene sulfonamide formaldehyde resin, aryl-sulfonamide epoxy resins or ethyl tosylamide resins.

[0284] In specific embodiments, the nail care compositions comprise at least one photoinitiator. The photoinitiators suitable for use include those described, for example in " Les photoinitiateurs dans la reticulation des rev tements", G. Li Bassi, Double Liaison-Chimie des Peintures, No. 361, November 1985, p. 34-41; " Applications industrielles de la polymerisation photoinduite", Henri Strub, L'Actualite Chimique, February 2000, p. 5-13; and " Photopolymeres: considerations theoriques et reaction de prise", Marc, J. M. Abadie, Double Liaison-Chimie des Peintures, No.435-436, 1992, p. 28-34. Suitable photoinitiators include, but are not limited to, alphahydroxyketones, marketed for example under the names DAROCUR® 1173 and 4265, IRGACURE® 184, 2959, and 500 by BASF, and ADDITOL® CPK by CYTEC, alpha.-aminoketones, marketed for example under the names IRGACURE® 907 and 369 by BASF, aromatic ketones marketed for example under the name ESACURE® TZT by LAMBERTI, thioxanthones marketed for example under the name ESACURE® ITX by LAMBERTI, and quinones, alpha-dicarbonyl derivatives of which the most common is benzyl dimethyl ketal marketed under the name IRGACURE® 651 by BASF, and acylphosphine oxides, such as for example bis-acylphosphine oxides (BAPO) marketed for example under the names IRGACURE® 819, 1700, and 1800, DAROCUR® 4265, LUCIRIN® TPO, and LUCIRIN® TPO-L by BASF. Particularly, the photoinitiator is selected from the group consisting of alpha-hydroxyketones, alpha-aminoketones, aromatic ketones associated with a hydrogen donor compound, aromatic alpha-diketones, acylphosphine oxides, and mixtures thereof.

[0285] According to specific embodiments, the nail care compositions further comprise at least one solvent. Any solvent typically found in nail polish compositions can be used. Suitable solventsDocket No.: 4469PCTinclude, but are not limited to, organic solvents which are liquid at ambient temperature. Examples of suitable solvents include, but are not limited to, ketones such as methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, diisobutyl ketone, isophorone, cyclohexanone or acetone; alcohols, such as ethanol, isopropanol, diacetone alcohol, 2-butoxyethanol or cyclohexanol; glycols, such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, pentylene glycol or glycerol; propylene glycol ethers, such as propylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate or dipropylene glycol mono(n-butyl) ether; short-chain esters (having a total of 2 to 7 carbon atoms), such as ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, propyl acetate, n-butyl acetate or isopentyl acetate; alkanes, such as decane, heptane, dodecane or cyclohexane; and their mixtures.

[0286] According to specific embodiments, nail compositions further comprise at least one colorant. Any colorant typically found in nail polish compositions can be used. Suitable colorants include, but are not limited to, lipophilic dyes, pigments, pearlescent agents, glitter, and their mixtures. Suitable examples of fat-soluble dyes are, for example, Sudan red, DC Red 17, DC Green 6, |3-carotene, soybean oil, Sudan brown, DC Yellow 1 1, DC Violet 2, DC Orange 5 and quinoline yellow. Suitable pigments can be white or colored, inorganic and / or organic and coated or uncoated. Mention may be made, for example, of inorganic pigments such as titanium dioxide, optionally surface treated, zirconium or cerium oxides and iron or chromium oxides, manganese violet, ultramarine blue, chromium hydrate and ferric blue. Mention may also be made, among organic pigments, of carbon black, pigments of D & C type and lakes based on cochineal carmine or on barium, strontium, calcium or aluminum, such as D& C Red No. 10, 11, 12, and 13, D& C Red No. 7, D& C Red No. 5 and 6, and D& D Red No. 34, as well as lakes such as D& C Yellow Lake No. 5 and D& C Red Lake No. 2. Suitable pearlescent pigments can be chosen from, for example, white pearlescent pigments, such as mica covered with titanium oxide or with bismuth oxychloride, colored pearlescent pigments, such as titanium oxide-coated mica with iron oxides, titanium oxide-coated mica with in particular ferric blue or chromium oxide, or titanium oxidecoated mica with an organic pigment of the abovementioned type, and pearlescent pigments based on bismuth oxychloride.

[0287] The nail care compositions may additionally comprise an additive or auxiliary commonly used in cosmetic compositions and known to a person skilled in the art as being capable of being incorporated into a nail polish or varnish composition. Such additives or auxiliaries mayDocket No.: 4469PCTbe chosen from gelling agents, thickeners, preservatives, fragrances, oils, waxes, surfactants, antioxidants, agents for combating free radicals, spreading agents, wetting agents, dispersing agents, antifoaming agents, neutralizing agents, stabilizing agents, active principles chosen from essential oils, UV screening agents, sunscreens, moisturizing agents, vitamins, proteins, ceramides, plant extracts, fibers, and the like, and their mixtures.

[0288] Non-limiting methods of use of nail care compositions according to the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) can be found in the PCT published patent applications WO 2017112373A1 and WO 2015002620A1, which are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference.

[0289] One or more ingredients described herein which can be included in the personal care compositions according to the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) can also be used in the coating compositions according to the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) if the ingredients impart one or more desired performance attributes to the coatings.

[0290] In a sixth aspect, the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) provides a home care composition comprising an alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0291] In a specific embodiment, the home care composition further comprises an ingredient selected from the group consisting of other alkyds, binders, surfactants, dispersants, emulsifiers, spreading agents, suspending agents, coalescing agents, colorants, dyes, humectants, film-forming agents, solvents, viscosity modifying agents, thinners, thickening agents, hydrophobic agents, hydrophilic agents, flavors, preservatives, acidity regulators, and combinations thereof.

[0292] One or more ingredients described herein which can be included in the personal care compositions according to the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) can also be used in the home care compositions according to the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) if the ingredients impart one or more desired performance attributes to the home care compositions.Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0293] Non-limiting examples of home care compositions include laundry detergents, fabric conditioning compositions, dishwashing liquids, wood and furniture polishes, floor polishes, bath and tile cleaners, toilet bowl cleaners, hard surface cleaners, window cleaners, antifogging agents, drain cleaners, dishwashing agents, carpet cleaners, pre-wash detergents, rust cleaners, and other types of detergents.

[0294] In a seventh aspect, the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) provides a nutrition care composition comprising an alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0295] In a specific embodiment, the nutrition composition further comprises an ingredient selected from the group consisting of other alkyds, binders, surfactants, dispersants, emulsifiers, spreading agents, suspending agents, coalescing agents, colorants, dyes, humectants, film-forming agents, solvents, viscosity modifying agents, thinners, thickening agents, hydrophobic agents, hydrophilic agents, flavors, preservatives, acidity regulators, and combinations thereof.

[0296] One or more ingredients described herein which can be included in the personal care compositions according to the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) can also be used in the nutrition compositions according to the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) if the ingredients impart one or more desired performance attributes to the nutrition compositions and if the ingredients are generally regarded as safe or approved by a regulatory authority for consumption.

[0297] In an eighth aspect, the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0298] In a specific embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises an ingredient selected from the group consisting of active pharmaceutical ingredients, binders, sustained release agents, controlled release agents, other alkyds, surfactants, emulsifiers,Docket No.: 4469PCTdispersants, suspending agents, pigments, colorants, dyes, humectants, film-forming agents, solvents, viscosity modifying agents, thinners, thickening agents, hydrophobic agents, hydrophilic agents, and combinations thereof.

[0299] One or more ingredients described herein which can be included in the personal care compositions according to the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) can also be used in the pharmaceutical compositions according to the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) if the ingredients impart one or more desired performance attributes to the pharmaceutical compositions and if the ingredients are generally regarded as safe or approved by a regulatory authority for usage in pharmaceutical compositions.

[0300] In a specific embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises microparticles. In specific embodiments, the microparticles comprise a core containing a therapeutically effective amount of a therapeutic agent encapsulated by first and second biocompatible, biodegradable films. The configuration of the films provides for a controlled, sustained release of the therapeutic agent in the body, while avoiding premature release or degradation of the therapeutic agent prior to administration in the body.

[0301] In a specific embodiment, the polymer(s) used in the biocompatible film(s) in the microparticles is an alkyd as disclosed herein.

[0302] The molecular weight of the polymers used as the second film in the microparticles should be high enough so that the polymers are effective in forming films. The amount of polymer in the first film is particularly from about 0.1 to 50 percent of the weight of the core, more specifically from about 0.5 to 10 percent. The amount of polymer in the second film is particularly from about 0.5 to 200 percent of the weight of the core, more particularly from about 5 to 100 percent. In specific embodiments, the amount of therapeutic agent in the microparticle ranges from about 0.1 to about 50 percent by weight of the microparticle, particularly from about 1 to about 25 percent by weight of the microparticle.

[0303] Additives can also be incorporated into the second film in the microparticles. These include film property modifying agents and release controlling agents. Film property modifying agents may include plasticizers, such as triethyl-citrate, triacetin, polyethyleneglycol, and polyethyleneoxide. Release controlling agents may include, for instance, inorganic bases such asDocket No.: 4469PCTsodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, and potassium carbonate, organic bases such as ethanol amine, diethanol amine, triethanol amine, lidocaine, and tetracaine, inorganic acids such as ammonium sulfate and ammonium chloride, organic acids such as citric acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid, and ascorbic acid, and solid soluble substances which, upon release, create pores in the coating (such as crystals of sodium chloride, glucose, mannitol, and sucrose).

[0304] The variety of therapeutic agents that can be used in the coated microparticles is vast. The therapeutic agent may be chosen from a wide variety of chemical compounds, such as lipophilic and / or hydrophilic active agents, including peptides and proteins. Therapeutic agents of particular interest in this invention are proteins, peptides, growth factors, drugs and biologically active substances that are sensitive to, or unstable in, the presence of organic solvents. However, the invention is not limited to the presence of such substances.

[0305] In general, therapeutic agents which may be administered via pharmaceutical compositions according the claimed and / or disclosed inventive concepts include, without limitation, antiinfectives, such as antibiotics and antiviral agents; analgesics and analgesic combinations; anorexics; antihelmintics; antiarthritics; antiasthmatic agents; anticonvulsants; antidepressants; antidiuretic agents; antidiarrheals; antihistamines; antiinflammatory agents; antimigraine preparations; antinauseants; antineoplastics; antiparkinsonism drugs; antipruritics; antipsychotics; antipyretics, antispasmodics; anticholinergics; sympathomimetics; xanthine derivatives; cardiovascular preparations including calcium channel blockers and beta-blockers such as pindolol and antiarrhythmics; antihypertensives; diuretics; vasodilators, including general coronary, peripheral and cerebral; central nervous system stimulants; cough and cold preparations, including decongestants; hormones, such as estradiol and other steroids, including corticosteroids; hypnotics; immunosuppressives; muscle relaxants; parasympatholytics; psychostimulants; sedatives; tranquilizers; naturally derived or genetically engineered proteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, or lipoproteins; oligonucleotides, antibodies, antigens, cholinergics, chemotherapeutics, hemostatics, clot dissolving agents, radioactive agents and cystostatics.

[0306] The alkyds according the claimed and / or disclosed inventive concepts can be blended to form injectable microdispersions. The microdispersions can be formed by physically blending liquid polymers with finely ground solid polymers, or by grinding a suspension of large pieces ofDocket No.: 4469PCTsolid polymers using the liquid polymer as a lubricant, until the desired particle size distribution is obtained.

[0307] A variety of biologically active substances, hereinafter referred to as bioactive agents, can be covalently attached to alkyds according the claimed and / or disclosed inventive concepts by known coupling chemistry to provide sustained release of the bioactive agent. As used herein, bioactive agent is meant to include those substances or materials that have a therapeutic effect on mammals, e.g. pharmaceutical compounds. By effective amount of a bioactive agent, it is meant that the composition comprises the bioactive agent in minimum amounts that are effective in providing the therapeutic effect that the bioactive agent is intended to provide.

[0308] In a specific embodiment, the alkyds may be endcapped in a variety of ways to obtain the desired injectable or pharmaceutical compositions. Endcapping reactions convert the terminal and pendant hydroxyl groups and terminal carboxyl groups into other types of chemical moieties. Typical endcapping reactions include, but are not limited, to alkylation and acylation reactions using common reagents such as alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl halides and sulfonates, acid chlorides, anhydrides, mixed anhydrides, alkyl and aryl isocyanates, and alkyl and aryl isothiocyanates. Endcapping reactions can impart new functionality to alkyds.

[0309] In a ninth aspect, the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) provides a medical device comprising an alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0310] In a specific embodiment, the medical device further comprises an ingredient selected from the group consisting of active pharmaceutical ingredients, binders, sustained release agents, controlled release agents, other alkyds, surfactants, emulsifiers, dispersants, suspending agents, pigments, colorants, dyes, humectants, film-forming agents, solvents, viscosity modifying agents, thinners, thickening agents, hydrophobic agents, hydrophilic agents, crosslinking agents, and combinations thereof.

[0311] The variety of bioactive agents that can be used in conjunction with the alkyds according the claimed and / or disclosed inventive concepts is vast. The bioactive agents can be used inDocket No.: 4469PCTpharmaceutical compositions and / or medical devices in effective amounts. By effective amount, it is meant that the agents are present in amounts effective to provide the desired or necessary therapeutic effect of the agent, depending on the particular composition or device and the particular application of same.

[0312] In a specific embodiment, the alkyd according the claimed and / or disclosed inventive concepts is used to coat a surface of a medical device to enhance the lubricity of the coated surface. An alkyd polymer may be applied as a coating using conventional techniques. For example, the alkyd polymer may be solubilized in a dilute solution of a volatile organic solvent, such as acetone, methanol, ethyl acetate or toluene, and then the article can be immersed in the solution to coat its surface. Once the surface is coated, the surgical article can be removed from the solution where it can be dried at an elevated temperature until the solvent and any residual reactants are removed.

[0313] One or more ingredients described herein which can be included in the personal care compositions according to the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) can also be used in the medical devices according to the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) if the ingredients impart one or more desired performance attributes to the medical devices and if the ingredients are generally regarded as safe or approved by a regulatory authority for usage in medical devices.

[0314] In a tenth aspect, the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) provides an agricultural composition comprising an alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0315] In a specific embodiment, the agricultural composition further comprises an ingredient selected from the group consisting of an agrochemically-active ingredient, other alkyds, binders, surfactants, emulsifiers, dispersants, spreading agents, suspending agents, coalescing agents, pigments, opacifiers, colorants, dyes, humectants, film-forming agents, solvents, viscosity modifying agents, thinners, thickening agents, hydrophobic agents, hydrophilic agents, and combinations thereof.Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0316] One or more ingredients described herein which can be included in the personal care compositions according to the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) can also be used in the agricultural compositions according to the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) if the ingredients impart one or more desired performance attributes to the agricultural compositions.

[0317] In an eleventh aspect, the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) provides an adhesive composition comprising an alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0318] In a specific embodiment, the adhesive composition further comprises an ingredient selected from the group consisting of other alkyds, binders, surfactants, emulsifiers, dispersants, spreading agents, suspending agents, coalescing agents, film-forming agents, solvents, antisettling agents, anti-floating agents, viscosity modifying agents, thinners, thickening agents, hydrophobic agents, hydrophilic agents, curing agents, crosslinking agents, and combinations thereof.

[0319] One or more ingredients described herein which can be included in the personal care compositions according to the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) can also be used in the adhesive compositions according to the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) if the ingredients impart one or more desired performance attributes to the adhesive compositions.

[0320] In a twelfth aspect, the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) provides a battery composition comprising an alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0321] In a specific embodiment, the battery composition further comprises an ingredient selected from the group consisting of other alkyds, binders, surfactants, emulsifiers, dispersants, spreading agents, suspending agents, coalescing agents, film-forming agents, solvents, antisettling agents, anti-floating agents, viscosity modifying agents, thinners, thickening agents,Docket No.: 4469PCThydrophobic agents, hydrophilic agents, curing agents, crosslinking agents, and combinations thereof.

[0322] One or more ingredients described herein which can be included in the personal care compositions according to the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) can also be used in the battery compositions according to the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) if the ingredients impart one or more desired performance attributes to the battery compositions.

[0323] In specific embodiments, the battery composition is selected from the group consisting of a lithium primary battery, a rechargeable lithium metal battery, a rechargeable lithium-ion battery, a thin film lithium-ion battery, a lithium-ion polymer battery, a lithium iron phosphate battery, a lithium sulfur battery, a solid-state lithium battery, a lithium air battery, and a nanowire battery.

[0324] In a thirteenth aspect, the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) provides a plastic composition comprising an alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0325] In a specific embodiment, the plastic composition further comprises an ingredient selected from the group consisting of other alkyds, binders, surfactants, emulsifiers, dispersants, spreading agents, suspending agents, coalescing agents, film-forming agents, solvents, antisettling agents, anti-floating agents, viscosity modifying agents, thinners, thickening agents, hydrophobic agents, hydrophilic agents, curing agents, crosslinking agents, and combinations thereof.

[0326] One or more ingredients described herein which can be included in the personal care compositions according to the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) can also be used in the plastic compositions according to the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) if the ingredients impart one or more desired performance attributes to the plastic compositions.

[0327] In a fourteenth aspect, the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) provides an electronic composition comprising an alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oilDocket No.: 4469PCTand optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0328] In a specific embodiment, the electronic composition further comprises an ingredient selected from the group consisting of other alkyds, binders, surfactants, emulsifiers, dispersants, spreading agents, suspending agents, coalescing agents, film-forming agents, solvents, antisettling agents, anti-floating agents, viscosity modifying agents, thinners, thickening agents, hydrophobic agents, hydrophilic agents, curing agents, crosslinking agents, and combinations thereof.

[0329] One or more ingredients described herein which can be included in the personal care compositions according to the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) can also be used in the electronic compositions according to the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) if the ingredients impart one or more desired performance attributes to the electronic compositions.

[0330] In a fifteenth aspect, the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) provides an oilfield composition comprising an alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0331] In a specific embodiment, the oilfield composition further comprises an ingredient selected from the group consisting of other alkyds, binders, surfactants, emulsifiers, dispersants, spreading agents, suspending agents, coalescing agents, film-forming agents, solvents, antisettling agents, anti-floating agents, viscosity modifying agents, thinners, thickening agents, hydrophobic agents, hydrophilic agents, curing agents, crosslinking agents, dyes, corrosion inhibitors, anti-wear agents, metal deactivators, defoamers, anti-rust agents, deodorants, fungicides, bactericides, antioxidants, and combinations thereof.

[0332] One or more ingredients described herein which can be included in the personal care compositions according to the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) can also be used in the oilfield compositions according to the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) if the ingredients impart one or more desired performance attributes to the oilfield compositions.Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0333] In a sixteenth aspect, the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) provides a metal working fluid composition comprising an alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0334] In a specific embodiment, the metal working fluid composition further comprises an ingredient selected from the group consisting of other alkyds, binders, surfactants, emulsifiers, dispersants, spreading agents, suspending agents, coalescing agents, film-forming agents, solvents, anti-settling agents, anti-floating agents, viscosity modifying agents, thinners, thickening agents, hydrophobic agents, hydrophilic agents, curing agents, crosslinking agents, dyes, corrosion inhibitors, anti-wear agents, metal deactivators, defoamers, anti-rust agents, deodorants, fungicides, bactericides, antioxidants, and combinations thereof.

[0335] One or more ingredients described herein which can be included in the personal care compositions according to the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) can also be used in the metal working fluid compositions according to the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) if the ingredients impart one or more desired performance attributes to the metal working fluid compositions.

[0336] In specific embodiments, the metal working fluid composition further comprises at least an emulsifier. Choices of emulsifiers depend on the amount of water, the amount and type of the oil component used. Emulsifiers are selected from any of the conventional anionic, cationic, nonionic, or amphoteric surfactants. In specific embodiments, the emulsifier component is selected from amphoteric compounds. Examples include alkyl-3-iminodipropionate; alkyl-3-aminopropionate; fatty imidazolines and betaines, more specifically lcoco-5-hydroxyethyl-5-carboxymethyl imidazoline; dodecyl-3 -alanine; N-dodecyl-N, N-dimethyl amino acetic acid; 2-trimethyl amino lauric acid inner salts; and the like.

[0337] In specific embodiments, the emulsifier component is selected from nonionic surfactants such as ethylene oxide adducts of alcohols, polyols, phenols, carboxylic acids, and carboxylic acid esters such as ethylene oxide adducts of oleyl alcohol, nonyl phenol, glycerol,Docket No.: 4469PCTsorbitol, mannitol, pentaerythritol, sorbitan monolaurate, glycerol monooleate, pentaerythritol monostearate, oleic acid, stearic acid, and the like.

[0338] In specific embodiments, the emulsifier component is selected from cationic compounds include cetyl pyridinium bromide, hexadecyl morpholinium chloride, dilauryl triethylene tetramine diacetate, didodecylamine lactate, l-amino-2-heptadecenyl imidazoline acetate, cetyl amine acetate, oleylamine acetate, ethoxylated tallow, coco, stearyl, oleyl or soya amine, and the like. Useful anionic compounds include alkali metal salts of petroleum sulfonic acids, alkali metal salts of fatty acids, amine and ammonium soaps of fatty acids, alkali metal dialkyl sulfosuccinates, sulfated oils, sulfonated oils, alkali metal alkyl sulfates, and the like.

[0339] Non-limiting examples of saponifiers / buffers include alkanolamines, aminomethyl propanol (AMP-95), diglycolamine (DGA), mono ethanolamine (MEA), mono isopropanolamine (MIPA), butyl ethanolamine (NBEA), dicylclohexyl amine (DCHA), diethanolamine (DEA), butyl diethanolamine (NBDEA), triethanolamine (TEA), metal alkali hydroxides, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, metal carbonates and bicarbonates, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate and potassium bicarbonate, triethanolamine and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.

[0340] Non-limiting examples of corrosion inhibitors include organic amines, metallic salts of organic sulfonates, petroleum oxidates, organic diamines, organic amine condensates of fatty alcohols, and substituted imidazolines.

[0341] Non-limiting examples of anti-wear additives (lubricity improvers) include organic acids, caprylic acid, pelargonic acid, isononanoic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, benzoic acid, p-tert-butylbenzoic acid, adipic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, azelaic acid, and dodecandioic acid.

[0342] In specific embodiments, the metal working fluid composition further includes at least an extreme pressure / coupling agent selected from zinc dithiophosphate (ZDP), zinc dialkyl dithio phosphate (ZDDP), tricresyl phosphate (TCP), halocarbons (chlorinated paraffins), glycerol mono oleate, stearic acid, nonionic surfactant include ethers such as polyoxyethylene alkyl ether and polyoxyethylene alkylphenyl ether; esters such as sorbitan fatty acid ester, polyoxyethyleneDocket No.: 4469PCTsorbitan faty acid ester, and polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester; and conventional coupling agents such as volatile alcohols such as sec-butanol, butyl oxitol or cyclohexanol.

[0343] Embodiment A: An alkyd prepared from: (i) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (ii) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0344] Embodiment B: The alkyd according to Embodiment A, wherein the maleated natural oil is an Alder-ene adduct of a functionalized or unfunctionalized natural oil and functionalized or unfunctionalized maleic anhydride.

[0345] Embodiment C: The alkyd according to Embodiment A, wherein the maleated natural oil is a Diels Alder adduct of a functionalized or unfunctionalized natural oil and functionalized or unfunctionalized maleic anhydride.

[0346] Embodiment D: The alkyd according to Embodiment A, wherein the maleated natural oil is selected from the group consisting of maleated avocado oil, maleated coconut oil, maleated corn oil, maleated cottonseed oil, maleated jojoba oil, maleated linseed oil, maleated nut oil, maleated olive oil, maleated palm oil, maleated raisin oil, maleated rapeseed oil, maleated safflower oil, maleated sesame oil, maleated soybean oil, maleated squash oil, maleated sunflower oil, maleated almond oil, maleated canola oil, maleated flaxseed oil, maleated grapeseed oil, maleated palm kernel oil, maleated peanut oil, maleated walnut oil, maleated chickpea oil, maleated clary sage oil, maleated rice bran oil, maleated onion seed oil, maleated pecan kernel oil, maleated acorn kernel oil, maleated spinach seed oil, maleated poppy seed oil, maleated castor oil, maleated tung oil, and combinations thereof.

[0347] Embodiment E: The alkyd according to Embodiment B or Embodiment C, wherein the natural oil is selected from the group consisting of avocado oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, jojoba oil, linseed oil, nut oil, olive oil, palm oil, raisin oil, rapeseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, squash oil, sunflower oil, almond oil, canola oil, flaxseed oil, grapeseed oil, palm kernel oil, peanut oil, walnut oil, chickpea oil, clary sage oil, rice bran oil, onion seed oil, pecan kernel oil, acorn kernel oil, spinach seed oil, poppy seed oil, castor oil, tung oil, and combinations thereof.Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0348] Embodiment F: The alkyd according to Embodiment A, wherein the compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group is selected from the group consisting of an olefinic or aromatic compound, a non-olefinic non-aromatic compound, and combinations thereof.

[0349] Embodiment G: The alkyd according to Embodiment F, wherein the olefinic or aromatic compound is selected from the group consisting of maleic anhydride, chloromaleic anhydride, methoxymaleic anhydride, ethylmaleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, citraconic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, trimellitic anhydride, maleic acid, chloromaleic acid, methoxymaleic acid, ethylmaleic acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, trimellitic acid, monomethyl maleate, dimethyl maleate, monoethyl maleate, diethyl maleate, monomethyl itaconate, dimethyl itaconate, monoethyl itaconate, diethyl itaconate, monomethyl citraconate, dimethyl citraconate, monoethyl citraconate, diethyl citraconate, monomethyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, monoethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, salts of the acids, and combinations thereof.

[0350] Embodiment H: The alkyd according to Embodiment F, wherein the non-olefinic non-aromatic compound is selected from the group consisting of succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, dodecanedioic acid, cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, succinic anhydride, octyl succinic anhydride, octenyl succinic anhydride, dodecenyl succinic anhydride, methyl succinic anhydride, chloromethylsuccinic anhydride, ethylsuccinic anhydride, monomethyl succinate, monoethyl succinate, dimethyl succinate, diethyl succinate, cyclohexane dicarboxylic anhydride, monomethyl ester of cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, dimethyl ester of cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, monoethyl ester of cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, diethyl ester of cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, salts of the acids, and combinations thereof.

[0351] Embodiment I: The alkyd according to Embodiment A, wherein the monoglyceride is prepared from at least one functionalized or unfunctionalized natural oil and glycerol by transesterification.

[0352] Embodiment J: The alkyd according to Embodiment I, wherein the natural oil is selected from the group consisting of avocado oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, jojoba oil, linseed oil, nut oil, olive oil, palm oil, raisin oil, rapeseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, squashDocket No.: 4469PCToil, sunflower oil, almond oil, canola oil, flaxseed oil, grapeseed oil, palm kernel oil, peanut oil, walnut oil, chickpea oil, clary sage oil, rice bran oil, onion seed oil, pecan kernel oil, acorn kernel oil, spinach seed oil, poppy seed oil, castor oil, tung oil, and combinations thereof.

[0353] Embodiment K: The alkyd according to Embodiment A, wherein the monoglyceride is prepared from a functionalized or unfunctionalized fatty acid and glycerol.

[0354] Embodiment L: The alkyd according to Embodiment K, wherein the fatty acid is saturated or unsaturated.

[0355] Embodiment M: The alkyd according to Embodiment A, wherein the di glyceride is prepared from at least one functionalized or unfunctionalized natural oil and glycerol by transesterification.

[0356] Embodiment N: The alkyd according to Embodiment M, wherein the natural oil is selected from the group consisting of avocado oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, jojoba oil, linseed oil, nut oil, olive oil, palm oil, raisin oil, rapeseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, squash oil, sunflower oil, almond oil, canola oil, flaxseed oil, grapeseed oil, palm kernel oil, peanut oil, walnut oil, chickpea oil, clary sage oil, rice bran oil, onion seed oil, pecan kernel oil, acorn kernel oil, spinach seed oil, poppy seed oil, castor oil, tung oil, and combinations thereof.

[0357] Embodiment O: The alkyd according to Embodiment A, wherein the diglyceride is prepared from two functionalized or unfunctionalized fatty acids of the same or different kind and glycerol.

[0358] Embodiment P: The alkyd according to Embodiment O, wherein the fatty acid is saturated or unsaturated.

[0359] Embodiment Q: The alkyd according to Embodiment A, wherein the different alcohol is a compound with at least one reactive hydroxyl group.

[0360] Embodiment R: The alkyd according to Embodiment Q, wherein the compound with at least one reactive hydroxyl group is selected from the group consisting of monohydric alcohols, diols, trihydric alcohols, tetrahydric alcohols, polyhydric alcohols, phenols, and combinations thereof.Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0361] Embodiment S: The alkyd according to Embodiment R, wherein the monohydric alcohol is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, isobutyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, n-pentyl alcohol, iso-amyl alcohol, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-pyrrolidone, benzyl alcohol, phenyl ethanol, tryptophol, and C6-C40fatty alcohols.

[0362] Embodiment T: The alkyd according to Embodiment R, wherein the diol is selected from the group consisting of 1,2-ethylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 2-methyl-l,3-propanediol, 1,3 -butanediol, 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentadiol, 1,6-hexanediol, cyclohexane dimethanol, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)terephthalate, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)benzene, dodecyl hexanediol, decanediol, and pinacol.

[0363] Embodiment U: The alkyd according to Embodiment R, wherein the diol is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycols, bis-hydroxy polyethylene imines, and bishydroxy polyether amines.Embodiment V: The alkyd according to Embodiment A having a structure selected from the group consisting of:Docket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCT

[0364] wherein each R1and R2is independently hydrogen or functionalized or unfunctionalized alkyl, aryl, or combinations thereof optionally having one or more heteroatoms.Embodiment W: The alkyd according to Embodiment A having a structure selected from the group consisting of:Docket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTwherein R₁ is hydrogen or functionalized or unfunctionalized alkyl, aryl, or combinations thereof optionally having one or more heteroatoms, R₂ is hydrogen, metal atom, or functionalized or unfunctionalized alkyl, aryl, or combinations thereof optionally having one or more heteroatoms, and m ranges from 1 to about 10,000.Embodiment X: The alkyd according to Embodiment A having a structure selected from the group consisting of:Docket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCT

[0366] wherein R1is hydrogen or functionalized or unfunctionalized alkyl, aryl, or combinations thereof optionally having one or more heteroatoms, R2is hydrogen, metal atom, or functionalized or unfunctionalized alkyl, aryl, or combinations thereof optionally having one or more heteroatoms, and each m and n independently ranges from 1 to about 10,000.

[0367] Embodiment Y: The alkyd according to Embodiment A having a structure selected from the group consisting of:Docket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTwherein R₁ is hydrogen or functionalized or unfunctionalized alkyl, aryl, or combinations thereof optionally having one or more heteroatoms, R₂ is hydrogen, metal atom, or functionalized or unfunctionalized alkyl, aryl, or combinations thereof optionally having one or more heteroatoms, and m ranges from 1 to about 10,000.

[0368] Embodiment Z: An alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride.Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0369] Embodiment AA: An alkyd prepared from at least one maleated natural oil and at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride.

[0370] Embodiment AB: A coating composition comprising at least one alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0371] Embodiment AC: The coating composition according to Embodiment AB, which is a water-based coating composition, a solvent-based coating composition, a solvent-free coating composition, a dry coating composition, an aqueous coating composition, a non-aqueous coating composition, a polar coating composition, a non-polar coating composition, an oil-based coating composition, an emulsion coating composition, an enamel coating composition, an architectural coating composition, a bituminous coating composition, an anti-corrosive coating composition, a cement coating composition, a wood coating composition, a metal coating composition, a plastic coating composition, a glass coating composition, a rubber coating composition, a paper coating composition, a fabric coating composition, a ceramic coating composition, a stone coating composition, a curable coating composition, an oxidatively curable coating composition, a pigment composition, a tinting composition, a colorant composition, a paint composition, a decorative coating composition, a radiation reflective coating composition, a protective coating composition, a radiation protective coating composition, an auto-oxidizable coating composition, an aerosol coating composition, a water reducible coating composition, an antifouling coating composition, a polymeric coating composition, a flame retardant coating composition, an air drying coating composition, a waterproofing coating composition, a laminating coating composition, a transparent coating composition, a temperature resistant coating composition, a durable film coating composition, a sound insulation coating composition, a gloss coating composition, a semi-gloss coating composition, a low VOC coating composition, an anti-rust coating composition, a thermosettable coating composition, a luminous coating composition, a traffic coating composition, a self-priming coating composition, a lacquer coating composition, a varnish composition, a resin composition, an ink composition, a polish composition, a conductiveDocket No.: 4469PCTcoating composition, a solar energy absorbing coating composition, or a heat absorbing coating composition.

[0372] Embodiment AD: The coating composition according to Embodiment AC further comprising an ingredient selected from the group consisting of binders, other alkyds, drying oils, corrosion inhibitors, UV-protective agents, radiation protective agents, surfactants, emulsifiers, dispersants, spreading agents, suspending agents, coalescing agents, pigments, opacifiers, colorants, dyes, humectants, film-forming agents, solvents, anti-sagging agents, anti-settling agents, anti-floating agents, viscosity modifying agents, thinners, thickening agents, hydrophobic agents, hydrophilic agents, grinding aids, curing agents, crosslinking agents, anti-wear agents, metal deactivators, defoamers, anti-rust agents, deodorants, fungicides, bactericides, antioxidants, and combinations thereof.

[0373] Embodiment AE: The coating composition according to Embodiment AD wherein the other alkyds are selected from the group consisting of short-chain alkyds, medium-chain alkyds, long-chain alkyds, and combinations thereof.

[0374] Embodiment AF: A personal care composition comprising at least one alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0375] Embodiment AG: The personal care composition according to Embodiment AF, which is a cosmetic composition, skin care composition, a body care composition, a face care composition, a nail care composition, a radiation protective composition, a hair care composition, a sunscreen composition, an oral care composition, a foot care composition, a lip care composition, an eye care composition, or a deodorant composition.

[0376] Embodiment AH: The personal care composition according to Embodiment AG further comprising an ingredient selected from the group consisting of other alkyds, binders, UV-protective agents, radiation protective agents, surfactants, emulsifiers, dispersants, spreading agents, suspending agents, coalescing agents, pigments, opacifiers, colorants, dyes, humectants,Docket No.: 4469PCTfilm-forming agents, solvents, viscosity modifying agents, thinners, thickening agents, hydrophobic agents, hydrophilic agents, and combinations thereof.

[0377] Embodiment AI: A home care composition comprising at least one alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0378] Embodiment AJ: The home care composition according to Embodiment AI further comprising an ingredient selected from the group consisting of other alkyds, binders, UV-protective agents, radiation protective agents, surfactants, emulsifiers, dispersants, spreading agents, suspending agents, coalescing agents, pigments, opacifiers, colorants, dyes, humectants, film-forming agents, solvents, viscosity modifying agents, thinners, thickening agents, hydrophobic agents, hydrophilic agents, and combinations thereof.

[0379] Embodiment AK: A nutrition composition comprising at least one alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0380] Embodiment AL: The nutrition composition according to Embodiment AK further comprising an ingredient selected from the group consisting of other alkyds, binders, surfactants, dispersants, emulsifiers, spreading agents, suspending agents, coalescing agents, colorants, dyes, humectants, film-forming agents, solvents, viscosity modifying agents, thinners, thickening agents, hydrophobic agents, hydrophilic agents, flavors, preservatives, acidity regulators, and combinations thereof

[0381] Embodiment AM: A pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0382] Embodiment AN: The pharmaceutical composition according to Embodiment AM further comprising an ingredient selected from the group consisting of active pharmaceutical ingredients, binders, sustained release agents, controlled release agents, other alkyds, surfactants, emulsifiers, dispersants, suspending agents, pigments, colorants, dyes, humectants, film-forming agents, solvents, viscosity modifying agents, thinners, thickening agents, hydrophobic agents, hydrophilic agents, and combinations thereof.

[0383] Embodiment AO: A medical device comprising at least one alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0384] Embodiment AP The medical device according to Embodiment AO further comprising an ingredient selected from the group consisting of active pharmaceutical ingredients, binders, sustained release agents, controlled release agents, other alkyds, surfactants, emulsifiers, dispersants, suspending agents, pigments, colorants, dyes, humectants, film-forming agents, solvents, viscosity modifying agents, thinners, thickening agents, hydrophobic agents, hydrophilic agents, crosslinking agents, and combinations thereof.

[0385] Embodiment AQ: An agricultural composition comprising at least one alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0386] Embodiment AR: The agricultural composition according to Embodiment AQ further comprising an ingredient selected from the group consisting of an agrochemically active ingredient, other alkyds, binders, surfactants, emulsifiers, dispersants, spreading agents, suspending agents, coalescing agents, pigments, opacifiers, colorants, dyes, humectants, filmforming agents, solvents, viscosity modifying agents, thinners, thickening agents, hydrophobic agents, hydrophilic agents, and combinations thereof.

[0387] Embodiment AS: An adhesive composition comprising at least one alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride,Docket No.: 4469PCTacid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0388] Embodiment AT: The adhesive composition according to Embodiment AS further comprising an ingredient selected from the group consisting of other alkyds, binders, surfactants, emulsifiers, dispersants, spreading agents, suspending agents, coalescing agents, film-forming agents, solvents, anti-settling agents, anti-floating agents, viscosity modifying agents, thinners, thickening agents, hydrophobic agents, hydrophilic agents, curing agents, crosslinking agents, and combinations thereof.

[0389] Embodiment AU: A battery composition comprising at least one alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0390] Embodiment AV: The battery composition according to Embodiment AU further comprising an ingredient selected from the group consisting of other alkyds, binders, surfactants, emulsifiers, dispersants, spreading agents, suspending agents, coalescing agents, film-forming agents, solvents, anti-settling agents, anti-floating agents, viscosity modifying agents, thinners, thickening agents, hydrophobic agents, hydrophilic agents, curing agents, crosslinking agents, and combinations thereof.

[0391] Embodiment AW: A plastic composition comprising at least one alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0392] Embodiment AX: The plastic composition according to Embodiment AW further comprising an ingredient selected from the group consisting of other alkyds, binders, surfactants, emulsifiers, dispersants, spreading agents, suspending agents, coalescing agents, film-forming agents, solvents, anti-settling agents, anti-floating agents, viscosity modifying agents, thinners,Docket No.: 4469PCTthickening agents, hydrophobic agents, hydrophilic agents, curing agents, crosslinking agents, and combinations thereof.

[0393] Embodiment AY: An electronic composition comprising at least one alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0394] Embodiment AZ: The electronic composition according to Embodiment AY further comprising an ingredient selected from the group consisting of other alkyds, binders, surfactants, emulsifiers, dispersants, spreading agents, suspending agents, coalescing agents, film-forming agents, solvents, anti-settling agents, anti-floating agents, viscosity modifying agents, thinners, thickening agents, hydrophobic agents, hydrophilic agents, curing agents, crosslinking agents, and combinations thereof.

[0395] Embodiment BA: An oilfield composition comprising at least one alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0396] Embodiment BB: The oilfield composition according to Embodiment BA, further comprising an ingredient selected from the group consisting of other alkyds, binders, surfactants, emulsifiers, dispersants, spreading agents, suspending agents, coalescing agents, film-forming agents, solvents, anti-settling agents, anti-floating agents, viscosity modifying agents, thinners, thickening agents, hydrophobic agents, hydrophilic agents, curing agents, crosslinking agents, dyes, corrosion inhibitors, anti-wear agents, metal deactivators, defoamers, anti-rust agents, deodorants, fungicides, bactericides, antioxidants, and combinations thereof.

[0397] Embodiment BC: A metal working fluid composition comprising at least one alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof andDocket No.: 4469PCT(b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0398] Embodiment BD: The metal working fluid composition according to Embodiment BC further comprising an ingredient selected from the group consisting of other alkyds, binders, surfactants, emulsifiers, dispersants, spreading agents, suspending agents, coalescing agents, filmforming agents, solvents, anti-settling agents, anti-floating agents, viscosity modifying agents, thinners, thickening agents, hydrophobic agents, hydrophilic agents, curing agents, crosslinking agents, dyes, corrosion inhibitors, anti-wear agents, metal deactivators, defoamers, anti-rust agents, deodorants, fungicides, bactericides, antioxidants, and combinations thereof.

[0399] In another alternative embodiments, the present application provides the following:

[0400] Embodiment BE: An alkyd prepared from (a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof; and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

[0401] Embodiment BF: The alkyd according to Embodiment BE, wherein the maleated natural oil is: (i) an Alder-ene adduct of a functionalized or unfunctionalized natural oil and functionalized or unfunctionalized maleic anhydride, or (ii) a Diels Alder adduct of a functionalized or unfunctionalized natural oil and functionalized or unfunctionalized maleic anhydride; wherein the natural oil is selected from the group consisting of avocado oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, jojoba oil, linseed oil, nut oil, olive oil, palm oil, raisin oil, rapeseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, squash oil, sunflower oil, almond oil, canola oil, flaxseed oil, grapeseed oil, palm kernel oil, peanut oil, walnut oil, chickpea oil, clary sage oil, rice bran oil, onion seed oil, pecan kernel oil, acorn kernel oil, spinach seed oil, poppy seed oil, castor oil, tung oil, and combinations thereof.

[0402] Embodiment BG: The alkyd according to Embodiment BE, wherein the maleated natural oil is selected from the group consisting of maleated avocado oil, maleated coconut oil, maleated com oil, maleated cottonseed oil, maleated jojoba oil, maleated linseed oil, maleated nut oil, maleated olive oil, maleated palm oil, maleated raisin oil, maleated rapeseed oil, maleated safflower oil, maleated sesame oil, maleated soybean oil, maleated squash oil, maleated sunflowerDocket No.: 4469PCToil, maleated almond oil, maleated canola oil, maleated flaxseed oil, maleated grapeseed oil, maleated palm kernel oil, maleated peanut oil, maleated walnut oil, maleated chickpea oil, maleated clary sage oil, maleated rice bran oil, maleated onion seed oil, maleated pecan kernel oil, maleated acorn kernel oil, maleated spinach seed oil, maleated poppy seed oil, maleated castor oil, maleated tung oil, and combinations thereof.

[0403] Embodiment BH: The alkyd according to Embodiment BE, wherein the compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group is selected from the group consisting of: (i) an olefinic or aromatic compound selected from the group consisting of maleic anhydride, chloromaleic anhydride, methoxymaleic anhydride, ethylmaleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, citraconic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, trimellitic anhydride, maleic acid, chloromaleic acid, methoxymaleic acid, ethylmaleic acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, trimellitic acid, monomethyl maleate, dimethyl maleate, monoethyl maleate, diethyl maleate, monomethyl itaconate, dimethyl itaconate, monoethyl itaconate, diethyl itaconate, monomethyl citraconate, dimethyl citraconate, monoethyl citraconate, diethyl citraconate, monomethyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, monoethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, salts of the acids, and combinations thereof; (ii) a non-olefinic or non-aromatic compound selected from the group consisting of succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, dodecanedioic acid, cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, succinic anhydride, octyl succinic anhydride, octenyl succinic anhydride, dodecenyl succinic anhydride, methylsuccinic anhydride, chloromethylsuccinic anhydride, ethylsuccinic anhydride, monomethyl succinate, monoethyl succinate, dimethyl succinate, diethyl succinate, cyclohexane dicarboxylic anhydride, monomethyl ester of cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, dimethyl ester of cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, monoethyl ester of cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, diethyl ester of cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, salts of the acids, and combinations thereof; and (iii) combinations thereof

[0404] Embodiment BI: The alkyd according to Embodiment BE, wherein: (i) the monoglyceride is prepared from: (a) at least one functionalized or unfunctionalized natural oil and glycerol by transesterification; wherein the natural oil is selected from the group consisting of avocado oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, jojoba oil, linseed oil, nut oil, olive oil, palm oil, raisin oil, rapeseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, squash oil, sunflower oil, almond oil, canola oil, flaxseed oil, grapeseed oil, palm kernel oil, peanut oil, walnut oil,Docket No.: 4469PCTchickpea oil, clary sage oil, rice bran oil, onion seed oil, pecan kernel oil, acorn kernel oil, spinach seed oil, poppy seed oil, castor oil, tung oil, and combinations thereof; or (b) a functionalized or unfunctionalized fatty acid and glycerol; wherein the fatty acid is saturated or unsaturated; and (ii) the diglyceride is prepared from: (a) at least one functionalized or unfunctionalized natural oil and glycerol by transesterification; wherein the natural oil is selected from the group consisting of avocado oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, jojoba oil, linseed oil, nut oil, olive oil, palm oil, raisin oil, rapeseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, squash oil, sunflower oil, almond oil, canola oil, flaxseed oil, grapeseed oil, palm kernel oil, peanut oil, walnut oil, chickpea oil, clary sage oil, rice bran oil, onion seed oil, pecan kernel oil, acorn kernel oil, spinach seed oil, poppy seed oil, castor oil, tung oil, and combinations thereof; or (b) two functionalized or unfunctionalized fatty acids of the same or different kind and glycerol; wherein the fatty acid is saturated or unsaturated.

[0405] Embodiment BJ: The alkyd according to Embodiment BE, wherein the different alcohol is a compound with at least one reactive hydroxyl group selected from the group consisting of monohydric alcohols, diols, trihydric alcohols, tetrahydric alcohols, polyhydric alcohols, phenols, and combinations thereof; wherein the: (i) monohydric alcohol is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, isobutyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, secbutyl alcohol, n-pentyl alcohol, iso-amyl alcohol, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-pyrrolidone, benzyl alcohol, phenyl ethanol, tryptophol, and C6-C40fatty alcohols; and (ii) diol is selected from the group consisting of 1,2-ethylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 2-methyl- 1,3 -propanediol, 1,3 -butanediol, 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentadiol, 1,6-hexanediol, cyclohexane dimethanol, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)terephthalate, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)benzene, dodecyl hexanediol, decanediol, pinacol polyethylene glycols, bis-hydroxy polyethylene imines, and bis-hydroxy polyether amines.

[0406] Embodiment BK: The alkyd according to Embodiment BE having a structure selected from the group consisting of:Docket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTwherein each R1and R2is independently hydrogen or functionalized or unfunctionalized alkyl, aryl, or combinations thereof optionally having one or more heteroatoms.

[0407] Embodiment BL: The alkyd according to Embodiment BE having a structure selected from the group consisting of:Docket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTwherein R₁ is hydrogen or functionalized or unfunctionalized alkyl, aryl, or combinations thereof optionally having one or more heteroatoms, R₂ is hydrogen, metal atom, or functionalized or unfunctionalized alkyl, aryl, or combinations thereof optionally having one or more heteroatoms, and m ranges from 1 to about 10,000.

[0408] Embodiment BM: The alkyd according to Embodiment BE having a structure selected from the group consisting of:Docket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTwherein R1is hydrogen or functionalized or unfunctionalized alkyl, aryl, or combinations thereof optionally having one or more heteroatoms, R2is hydrogen, metal atom, or functionalized or unfunctionalized alkyl, aryl, or combinations thereof optionally having one or more heteroatoms, and each m and n independently ranges from 1 to about 10,000.

[0409] Embodiment BN: The alkyd according to Embodiment BE having a structure selected from the group consisting of:Docket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTwherein R₁ is hydrogen or functionalized or unfunctionalized alkyl, aryl, or combinations thereof optionally having one or more heteroatoms, R₂ is hydrogen, metal atom, or functionalized or unfunctionalized alkyl, aryl, or combinations thereof optionally having one or more heteroatoms, and m ranges from 1 to about 10,000.

[0410] Embodiment BO: An alkyd prepared from: (a) at least one maleated natural oil and at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride.Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0411] Embodiment BP: An alkyd prepared from (a) at least one maleated natural oil and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride.

[0412] Embodiment BQ: A composition comprising: (i) at least one alkyd prepared according to Embodiment BE; and (ii) one or more ingredient; wherein the composition is a coating composition, a personal care composition, a home care composition, a nutrition composition, a pharmaceutical composition, a medical device composition, an agricultural composition, an adhesive composition, a battery composition, a plastic composition, an electronics composition, an oilfield composition, and a metal working fluid composition.

[0413] Embodiment BR: A coating composition comprising: (i) at least one alkyd prepared according to Embodiment BE; and (ii) one or more ingredient; wherein, the coating composition is a water-based coating composition, a solvent-based coating composition, a solvent-free coating composition, a dry coating composition, an aqueous coating composition, a non-aqueous coating composition, a polar coating composition, a non-polar coating composition, an oil-based coating composition, an emulsion coating composition, an enamel coating composition, an architectural coating composition, a bituminous coating composition, an anti-corrosive coating composition, a cement coating composition, a wood coating composition, a metal coating composition, a plastic coating composition, a glass coating composition, a rubber coating composition, a paper coating composition, a fabric coating composition, a ceramic coating composition, a stone coating composition, a curable coating composition, an oxidatively curable coating composition, a pigment composition, a tinting composition, a colorant composition, a paint composition, a decorative coating composition, a radiation reflective coating composition, a protective coating composition, a radiation protective coating composition, an auto-oxidizable coating composition, an aerosol coating composition, a water reducible coating composition, an antifouling coating composition, a polymeric coating composition, a flame retardant coating composition, an air drying coating composition, a waterproofing coating composition, a laminating coating composition, a transparent coating composition, a temperature resistant coating composition, a durable film coating composition, a sound insulation coating composition, a gloss coating composition, a semi-gloss coating composition, a low VOC coating composition, an anti-rust coating composition, a thermosettable coating composition, a luminous coating composition, a traffic coating composition, a self-priming coating composition, a lacquer coating composition, aDocket No.: 4469PCTvarnish composition, a resin composition, an ink composition, a polish composition, a conductive coating composition, a solar energy absorbing coating composition, or a heat absorbing coating composition.

[0414] Embodiment BS: The composition according to Embodiment BR, wherein the ingredient is selected from the group consisting of binders, other alkyds, drying oils, corrosion inhibitors, UV-protective agents, radiation protective agents, surfactants, emulsifiers, dispersants, spreading agents, suspending agents, coalescing agents, pigments, opacifiers, colorants, dyes, humectants, film-forming agents, solvents, anti-sagging agents, anti-settling agents, anti-floating agents, viscosity modifying agents, thinners, thickening agents, hydrophobic agents, hydrophilic agents, grinding aids, curing agents, crosslinking agents, anti-wear agents, metal deactivators, defoamers, anti-rust agents, deodorants, fungicides, bactericides, antioxidants, and combinations thereof; wherein the other alkyds are selected from the group consisting of short-chain alkyds, medium-chain alkyds, long-chain alkyds, and combinations thereof.Methods of Synthesis

[0415] The alkyds according to the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) may be prepared according to the examples set out below. These examples are presented herein for purposes of illustration of the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) and are not intended to be limiting, for example, the preparations of the compounds.EXAMPLES

[0416] All reagents were used as received, unless stated otherwise.

[0417] Example 1

[0418] Step 1: Preparation of monoglyceride as per Scheme 1Docket No.: 4469PCTSCHEME 1

[0419] Soybean oil (0.32 mol) and glycerol (0.68 mol) were mixed in a 500 mL four-neck round-bottom flask containing a reflux set-up and thermometer. Nitrogen gas was passed through the reaction mixture to remove the oxygen. The reaction mixture was heated to 120°C, stirred by overhead mechanical stirring at a suitable speed to show a vortex in the reaction mixture, then lithium hydroxide (LiOH, 4 mmol) was added as such. The reaction mixture was then gradually heated until 220°C and held for 1-3 hours under a constant N2atmosphere. The reaction is finished when 1 mL of reaction mixture (at room temperature) becomes a clear (soluble) solution after addition of an aliquot of 3 mL ethanol or methanol.

[0420] Step 2: Preparation of an alkyd as per Scheme 2Docket No.: 4469PCT SCHEME 2MonoglycerideDocket No.: 4469PCT

[0421] The monoglyceride reaction mixture from step 1 was cooled down until, at least 100°C. The Dean-Stark trap was filled with xylene and added to the pre-prepared monoglyceride reactor setup. Maleated soybean oil (TVO-DS1) (0.17 mol), phthalic anhydride (0.51 mol) and xylene (as a reflux solvent, 67 mL) were added to the reaction mixture. The reactor was gradually heated up to 220°C under an N2atmosphere. The reaction was followed by continuously determination of the acid-number of a small aliquot of sample taken from the reaction mixture to determine the conversion and the end point of the polymerization. Depending on the properties, the reaction is stopped around an acid-number of 10 mg KOH / g resin, determined based on ASTM D1639-90Docket No.: 4469PCTmethod. The reaction product (alkyd polymer) was cooled to room temperature when the preferred acid-number was reached.

[0422] Example 2

[0423] Step 1: Preparation of monoglyceride as per Scheme 1

[0424] Soybean oil (0.17 mol) and glycerol (0.36 mol) were mixed in a 500 mL four-neck round-bottom flask containing a reflux set-up and thermometer. Nitrogen gas was passed through the reaction mixture to remove the oxygen. The reaction mixture was heated to 120°C, stirred by overhead mechanical stirring at a suitable speed to show a vortex in the reaction mixture, then lithium hydroxide (2 mmol) was added as such. The reaction mixture was then gradually heated until 220°C and held for 1-3 hours under a constant N2atmosphere. The reaction is finished when 1 mL of reaction mixture (at room temperature) becomes a clear (soluble) solution after addition of an aliquot of 3 mL ethanol or methanol.

[0425] Step 2: Preparation of an alkyd as per Scheme 2

[0426] The monoglyceride reaction mixture was cooled down until, at least 100°C. The Dean-Stark trap was filled with xylene and added to the pre-prepared monoglyceride reactor setup. Maleated soybean oil (TVO-DS1) (0.18 mol), phthalic anhydride (0.18 mol) and xylene (as a reflux solvent, 45 mL) were added to the reaction mixture. The reactor was gradually heated up to 220°C under an N2atmosphere. The reaction was followed by continuously determination of acidnumber of a small aliquot of sample taken from the reaction mixture to determine the conversion and the end point of the polymerization. Depending on the properties, the reaction is stopped around an acid-number of 10 mg KOH / g resin, determined based on ASTM D1639-90 method. The reaction product (alkyd polymer) was cooled to room temperature when the preferred acidnumber was reached.

[0427] Example 3

[0428] Step 1: Preparation of monoglyceride as per Scheme 1

[0429] Soybean oil (0.17 mol) and glycerol (0.36 mol) were mixed in a 500 mL four-neck round-bottom flask containing a reflux set-up and thermometer. Nitrogen gas was passed throughDocket No.: 4469PCTthe reaction mixture to remove the oxygen. The reaction mixture was heated to 120°C, stirred by overhead mechanical stirring at a suitable speed to show a vortex in the reaction mixture, then lithium hydroxide (2 mmol) was added as such. The reaction mixture was then gradually heated until 220°C and held for 1-3 hours under a constant N2atmosphere. The reaction is finished when 1 mL of reaction mixture (at room temperature) becomes a clear (soluble) solution after addition of an aliquot of 3 mL ethanol or methanol.

[0430] Step 2: Preparation of an alkyd as per Scheme 2

[0431] The monoglyceride reaction mixture was cooled down until, at least 100°C. The Dean-Stark trap was filled with xylene and added to the pre-prepared monoglyceride reactor setup. Maleated soybean oil (TVO-DS1) (0.27 mol), phthalic anhydride (0.09 mol) and xylene (as a reflux solvent, 52 mL) were added to the reaction mixture. The reactor was gradually heated up to 220°C under an N2atmosphere. The reaction was followed by continuously determination of acidnumber of a small aliquot of sample taken from the reaction mixture to determine the conversion and the end point of the polymerization. Depending on the properties, the reaction is stopped around an acid-number of 10 mg KOH / g resin, determined based on ASTM D1639-90 method. The reaction product (alkyd polymer) was cooled to room temperature when the preferred acidnumber was reached.

[0432] Example 4

[0433] Step 1: Preparation of monoglyceride as per Scheme 1

[0434] For the diol reaction with maleated soybean oil (TVO-DS1), xylene may or may not be used as a reflux solvent (to help remove the water formed during the reaction) up to 30% by weight of the total reaction weight during synthesis. If no solvent is used (as provided in Example 5 of Table 1), a distillation system is connected to the reactor instead of the Dean Stark and a vacuum pump is used to ensure the water removal. Triphenylphosphine may or may not be used as a catalyst (when used, it is 2% by weight of the reagents). To ensure that the final polymer is soluble in THF, xylene and other commonly used solvents in alkyd chemistry, like white-spirit and others, the reaction should be stopped at an acid number of around 30 mg KOH / g resin.Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0435] Soybean oil (0.12 mol) and glycerol (0.24 mol) were mixed in a 500 mL four-neck round bottom flask containing a reflux set-up and thermometer. Nitrogen gas was passed through the reaction mixture to remove the oxygen. The reaction mixture was heated to 120°C, stirred by overhead mechanical stirring at a suitable speed to show a vortex in the reaction mixture, then lithium hydroxide (1 mmol) was added as such. The reaction mixture was then gradually heated until 220°C and held for 1-3 hours under a constant N2atmosphere. The reaction is finished when 1 mL of reaction mixture (at room temperature) becomes a clear solution after addition of an aliquot of 3 mL ethanol or methanol.

[0436] Step 2: Preparation of an alkyd as per Scheme 3SCHEME 3MonoglycerideVDocket No.: 4469PCT

[0437] The monoglyceride reaction mixture was cooled down until, at least 100°C. The Dean-Stark trap was filled with xylene and added to the pre-prepared monoglyceride reactor setup. Maleated soybean oil (TVO-DS1) (0.24 mol), and xylene (as a reflux solvent, 41 mL) were added to the reaction mixture. The reactor was gradually heated up to 220°C under an N2atmosphere. The reaction was followed by continuously determination of acid-number of a small aliquot of sample taken from the reaction mixture to determine the conversion and the end point of the polymerization. Depending on the properties, the reaction is stopped around an acid-number of 10 mg KOH / g resin, determined based on ASTM D1639-90 method. The reaction product (alkyd polymer) was cooled to room temperature when the preferred acid-number was reached.Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0438] For the diol reaction with TVO-DS1, xylene may or may not be used as a reflux solvent up to 30% by weight of the total reaction weight during synthesis. Triphenylphosphine may or may not be used as a catalyst (when used, it is 2% by weight of the reagents). To ensure that the final polymer is soluble in THF, xylene and other commonly used solvents in alkyd chemistry, like white-spirit and others, the reaction should be stopped at an acid number of around 30 mg KOH / g resin.

[0439] Table 1 shows the summary of TVO-DS1 forming a fatty-alkyd using monoglyceride, phthalic acid anhydride and TVO DS1 in different ratios.

[0440] Table 1. Summary of TVO-DS1 forming a fatty-alkyd using monoglyceride, phthalic acid anhydride and TVO DS1 in different ratios. The following notations are used: SEC: Size Exclusion Chromatography, Mw: Weight-average Molecular Weight, Mz: z-average Molecular Weight, PD: Poly dispersity, AV: Acid Value1AVF,KOH / g 'IS? Example wt)Mono- TVO...........Diacid Mw Mz PDglyceride DS11 1 0.18 0.53 10 4928 15868 3.0 8.9 2250 2 1 0.35 0.35 10 24464 153329 13.35 10.3 4480 3 1 0.53 0.18 10 19228 95940 9.4 6.5 3490 4 1 0.7 0 10 47844 579655 29.48 10.0 2320 5 1 0.7 0 0 141654 989504 57.75 7.3 26320Example 6

[0441] Step 1: Preparation of monoglyceride as per Scheme 4

[0442] Soybean oil (0.14 mol) and glycerol (0.30 mol) were mixed in a 1000 mL four-neck round bottom flask containing a reflux set-up and thermometer. Nitrogen gas was passed through the reaction mixture to remove the oxygen. The reaction mixture was heated to 120°C, stirred by overhead mechanical stirring at a suitable speed to show a vortex in the reaction mixture, then lithium hydroxide (1.7 mmol) was added as such. The reaction mixture was then gradually heatedDocket No.: 4469PCTuntil 220°C and held for 1-3 hours under a constant N2atmosphere. The reaction was finished when 1 mL of reaction mixture (at room temperature) becomes a clear solution after addition of an aliquot of 3 mL ethanol or methanol. The reaction is depicted in Scheme 4.SCHEME 4

[0443] Step 2: Preparation of maleation reaction as per Scheme 5Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0444] Soybean oil (0.69 mol) was added to the 1000 mL four-neck round bottom flask containing a reflux set-up and thermometer, and sparged with nitrogen for 30 min while agitated using an overhead mechanical stirring. Agitation was stopped and maleic anhydride (1.09 mol) was added. The solution was sparged with nitrogen for 10 min. The temperature was increased to 50°C to allow the maleic anhydride to melt enough to allow to start the agitation again. As soon as the agitation was started, the nitrogen purge was stopped. The reaction was heated to 210°C for 8 hours. At the end of the reaction time, the purge of Nitrogen is opened to remove the residual maleic anhydride (1 to 4 hours). The reaction is then cooled. A small aliquot of sample, taken from the reaction mixture, was used to determine the acid-number. The reaction is depicted in Scheme 5.SCHEME 5Docket No.: 4469PCTMixture of TVO DS1 and I VO DS2

[0445] Step 3: Esterification as per Scheme 6

[0446] The monoglyceride reaction mixture as per Scheme 4 is cooled down until, at least 100°C. The Dean Stark trap is filled with xylene and added to the pre-prepared monoglyceride reactor setup. TVO DS1.5 (mixture of TVO DS1 and TVO DS2 from Scheme 5) (0.30 mol), and xylene (as a reflux solvent, 54 mL) were added to the reaction mixture. The reactor was gradually heated up to 220°C under an N2atmosphere. The reaction was followed by continuously determination of acid-number of a small aliquot of sample taken from the reaction mixture toDocket No.: 4469PCTdetermine the conversion and the end point of the polymerization. Depending on the properties, the reaction was stopped around an acid-number of 10 mg KOH / g resin, as determined by ASTM D1639-90 method. The reaction product (alkyd polymer) was cooled to room temperature when the preferred acid-number was reached. The reaction is shown in Scheme 6.SCHEME 6Docket No.: 4469PCTExample 7

[0447] Step 1: Preparation of monoglyceride as per Scheme 7

[0448] Sunflower oil (0.69 mol) was added to the 1000 mL four-neck round bottom flask containing a reflux set-up and thermometer, and sparged with nitrogen for 30 min while agitated using an overhead mechanical stirring. Agitation was stopped and maleic anhydride (0.72 mol) was added. The solution was sparged with nitrogen for 10 min. The temperature was increased toDocket No.: 4469PCT50°C to allow the maleic anhydride to melt enough to allow to start the agitation again. As soon as the agitation was started the nitrogen purge was stopped. The reaction is heated to 210°C for 8 hours. At the end of the reaction time, the purge of Nitrogen is open to remove the residual maleic anhydride (1 to 4 hours). The reaction is then cooled. A small aliquot of sample, taken from the reaction mixture, was used to determine the acid-number. The reaction is shown in Scheme 7.

[0449] Step 2: Esterification as per Scheme 8

[0450] The Dean Stark trap is filled with xylene and added to the pre-prepared sunflower based-monoglyceride reactor setup. Maleated sunflower oil (TVO DS IB) (0.53 mol), and xylene (as a reflux solvent, 66 mL) were added to the reaction mixture. The reactor was gradually heated up to 220°C under an N2atmosphere. The reaction was followed by continuously determination of acidnumber of a small aliquot of sample taken from the reaction mixture to determine the conversion and the end point of the polymerization. Depending on the properties, the reaction was stoppedDocket No.: 4469PCTaround an acid-number of 10 mg KOH / g resin, determined by ASTM D1639-90 method. The reaction product (alkyd polymer) was cooled to room temperature when the preferred acid-number was reached. The reaction is shown in Scheme 8.Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0451] Table 2 shows the summary of TVO-DS1.5 and TVO DS1B forming alkyds using different ratios of reactants.

[0452] Table 2. Summary of TVO-DS1.5 and TVO DS1B forming alkyds using different ratios of reactants. The following notations are used: AV: Acid Valuexy.lene A, V...„ (mg Viscosity Ratio (%..,,.. ' KOH / gz(mPas) Example wt)Mono- TVO TVOglyceride DS1.5 DS1BU,aC,“6 1 0.7 - 0 10 21.47 1 - 0.7 0 10 7 - 11.7 768 - 1390Methods of Application

[0453] The alkyd resins made according to Examples 2 and 3 were used in paint formulations as fatty-alkyd binders. The simplified alkyd paint formulation with different amounts of synthesized alkyds is shown in Table 3.

[0454] Table 3. Simplified starting formulations used for application testing of paints having exemplary alkyds.Material Trade Name Amount FunctionalitykLow VOC, air drying alkyd resin TVO DS1 alkyd 23.0 Binder (obtained by process as per Example 2 orExample 3)KP benzine 100-140 Wasbenzine 8.0 Solvent modified soya lecithin Colorol F 0.5 Dispersing agent Calcium Carbonate OmyaCarb 2GU 30.0 Extender Titanium dioxide Kronos* 2190 25.0 Pigment Disperse at 5000 Rpm for 10 min.Nonylphenolethoxylate free Additol VXW 1.3 Drier combination drier 6202Docket No.: 4469PCTAnti skinning agent Anti Skin 0445 0.5 Anti skinning agent KP Benzine 100-140 Wasbenzine 11.7 SolventWaterTotal 100

[0455] From the prepared paints as per Table 2, Brookfield-, Stormer- and ICI viscosities were measured. Also, the shear-viscosities were measured by rheology measurements using any cone and plate rheometer. Results of the alkyd paint formulations are given in Table 4.Table 4. Viscosities measured on alkyd paints formulated using resins from Example 2 and Example 3.Example 2 Example 3Vise KU 64.3 64.5 KUVise KU (cP) 440 445 cPVise ICI (cP) 96 98 cPVise. Brfld 20 (spindel 4) 830 780 mPa.s Vise. Brfld 50 (spindel 4) 428 476 mPa.sVise. Brfld 100 (spindel 4) 340 348 mPa.s(All viscosities are measured at 25°C)

[0456] After the starting point formulations were made, drawdowns were made of the alkyd paints on different substrates such as Leneta charts, aluminum Q-panels, steel Q-panels, glass and pinewood. Drying of the two different paint formulations made by using alkyds according to Example 2 and Example 3 was followed using a drying recorder and all formulations show fast drying. Nicely seen from the drying was that the difference of alkyd to phthalic anhydride ratio shows no significant effect on drying. The small differences observed were within the error of the measurement. Drawdowns were made to measure the Leneta leveling, sag resistance and NYPC leveling. The results are given in Table 5.Table 5. Leneta leveling, sag resistance and NYPC leveling of the alkyd paints formulated using alkyd resins according to Examples 2 and 3Example 2 Example 3Leneta Leveling 4 4Sag resistance same sameNYPC leveling 2 2Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0457] The different paint formulations were applied on aluminum Q-panels and pine wood for QUV-measurements to determine the yellowness index (Yi) and paint cracking using UV-A cycling according to ASTM-G154. From the exposure on pinewood, it was clearly seen that the higher amount of alkyd in the resin formulation (75%, Example 3) shows less cracking after 140 hours than the alkyd resin from Example 2. Furthermore, the Yi is slightly lower for the lower % of alkyd binder (see Table 6).Table 6. QUV-A results of alkyd paints formulated using resins from Examples 2 and 3.Alkyd paint with YiExample 2 9.51Example 3 12.69

[0458] Hardness build-up was tested by Konig pendulum harness test where the number of oscillations of a pendulum indicates the hardness of the applied dried coating. The faster the damping the softer the coating. This test was performed according to ASTM D4366 on 100pm and 150pm coating thickness applied on glass. The results demonstrated that the exemplary alkyd formulations passed the tests. Dry adhesion on wood, steel and aluminum are also tested. All results show excellent adhesion properties for the alkyd resin formulations.

[0459] TVO-DS IB was used as resin with monoglyceride with composition described in Table 3. This resin applied in the coating showed increased layer thickness compared to commercial alkyds. Layer thicknesses up to 225mm were observed without wrinkling. The commercial alkyds showed wrinkling at 150mm. In Table 7 an overview of the wrinkling experiments is given.Table 7. TVO-DS IB alkyd coating compared to commercial alkyd coating on layer thickness.Layer TVO-DS1B Commercialthickness (mm) alkyd alkydWrinkling (- / +)100125150 - / +175 +200 ++225 +++Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0460] TVO-DS1B alkyd was added to the commercial alkyd in different ratios (see Table 8) and the drying of the alkyd mixtures in paint was obtained by a drying recorder according to ASTM-5895 where one analysis is 24 h. The results show that an increase of TVO-DS1B to the paint (commercial alkyd resin) yielded lower sol-gel time compared to 100% commercial alkyds. This means that the drying properties of the TVO-DS1B has influenced the through drying. The film formation has increased in time and therefore showed better leveling.Table 8. TVO-DS1B alkyd added to a commercial alkyd in a paint formulation (Table 1) to study the drying by ASTM-D5895% TVO DS IB added to Sol-Gel timeCommercial Alkyds (h)0 15.02.5 14.65 9.87.5 8.312.5 6.825 6.0

[0461] Besides the QUV-measurements, also dark yellowing oftheTVO-DS IB alkyd resin was studied compared to three different alkyd resins (market standards alkyds used for high-solid alkyd applications) applied in equal paint formulations as shown in Table 9.Table 9. TVO-DS1B alkyd resin applied in a simple starting formulation used for application testing compared to 3 commercial alkyd resins having exemplary alkyd resin applied.Raw material name Functionality Dosage %TVO-DS1B or Alkyd Resin 20.0White spirit Solvent (aliphatic) 10.0Colorol F Dispersing agent 0.5Kronos 2190 Pigment 30.0Omyacarb 2GU Extender / filler 15.0Additol VXW 6202 Drier 1.3Anti Skin 0445 Anti-skinning agent 0.5TVO-DS1B or Alkyd Resin 10.0White spirit Solvent (aliphatic) 12.7SUM 100.0Docket No.: 4469PCT

[0462] The three alkyds used as comparison to the dark yellowing of the TVO-DS1B are respectively a 100% solid 79% medium / long oil alkyd (Alkyd-A), al00% solid 78% long oil alkyd (Alkyd-B), and a 100% solid long oil alkyd (Alkyd-C). All three are commercial alkyds with high oil lengths comparable to the TVO-DS1B oil-length. All alkyd paints are applied via Bird application with layer-thickness of 100μm on aluminum, samples were dried for 28 days prior testing. The dark-yellowing results measured as Yi (yellowness index) after exposure in a QUV system (non-exposed part of the panel was tested for dark-yellowing). The results show that the TVO-DS1B has by far the lowest Yi after 28 days of exposure, results are given in Table 10.Table 10. TVO-DS1B alkyd resin and three commercial alkyd resins exposed in QUV measured for dark-yellowing (non-exposed part). TVO-DS1B showed best Yi results.Alkyd paint with YiTVO-DS1B 11.7Alkyd-A (79% medium / long oil) 14.5Alkyd-B (78% long oil) 16.7Alkyd-C (long oil)16.9

[0463] While the compositions and methods of the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s) have been described in terms of particular aspects, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that variations may be applied to the compositions and / or methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the method described herein without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s). All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of the disclosed and / or claimed inventive concept(s).

Claims

Docket No.: 4469PCTWhat we claim is:

1. An alkyd prepared from:(a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof; and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

2. The alkyd according to claim 1, wherein the maleated natural oil is:(i) an Alder-ene adduct of a functionalized or unfunctionalized natural oil and functionalized or unfunctionalized maleic anhydride, or(ii) a Diels Alder adduct of a functionalized or unfunctionalized natural oil and functionalized or unfunctionalized maleic anhydride.

3. The alkyd according to claim 1, wherein the maleated natural oil is selected from the group consisting of maleated avocado oil, maleated coconut oil, maleated corn oil, maleated cottonseed oil, maleated jojoba oil, maleated linseed oil, maleated nut oil, maleated olive oil, maleated palm oil, maleated raisin oil, maleated rapeseed oil, maleated safflower oil, maleated sesame oil, maleated soybean oil, maleated squash oil, maleated sunflower oil, maleated almond oil, maleated canola oil, maleated flaxseed oil, maleated grapeseed oil, maleated palm kernel oil, maleated peanut oil, maleated walnut oil, maleated chickpea oil, maleated clary sage oil, maleated rice bran oil, maleated onion seed oil, maleated pecan kernel oil, maleated acorn kernel oil, maleated spinach seed oil, maleated poppy seed oil, maleated castor oil, maleated tung oil, and combinations thereof.

4. The alkyd according to claim 2, wherein the natural oil is selected from the group consisting of avocado oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, jojoba oil, linseed oil, nut oil, olive oil, palm oil, raisin oil, rapeseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, squash oil, sunflower oil, almond oil, canola oil, flaxseed oil, grapeseed oil, palm kernel oil, peanut oil, walnut oil, chickpea oil, clary sage oil, rice bran oil, onion seed oil, pecan kernel oil, acorn kernel oil, spinach seed oil, poppy seed oil, castor oil, tung oil, and combinations thereof.Docket No.: 4469PCT5. The alkyd according to claim 1, wherein the compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group is selected from the group consisting of:(i) an olefinic or aromatic compound selected from the group consisting of maleic anhydride, chloromaleic anhydride, methoxymaleic anhydride, ethylmaleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, citraconic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, trimellitic anhydride, maleic acid, chloromaleic acid, methoxymaleic acid, ethylmaleic acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, trimellitic acid, monomethyl maleate, dimethyl maleate, monoethyl maleate, diethyl maleate, monomethyl itaconate, dimethyl itaconate, monoethyl itaconate, diethyl itaconate, monomethyl citraconate, dimethyl citraconate, monoethyl citraconate, diethyl citraconate, monomethyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, monoethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, salts of the acids, and combinations thereof;(ii) a non-olefinic or non-aromatic compound selected from the group consisting of succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, dodecanedioic acid, cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, succinic anhydride, octyl succinic anhydride, octenyl succinic anhydride, dodecenyl succinic anhydride, methylsuccinic anhydride, chloromethylsuccinic anhydride, ethylsuccinic anhydride, monomethyl succinate, monoethyl succinate, dimethyl succinate, diethyl succinate, cyclohexane dicarboxylic anhydride, monomethyl ester of cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, dimethyl ester of cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, monoethyl ester of cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, diethyl ester of cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, salts of the acids, and combinations thereof; and(iii) combinations thereof6. The alkyd according to claim 1, wherein the monoglyceride is prepared from:(i) at least one functionalized or unfunctionalized natural oil and glycerol by transesterification; wherein the natural oil is selected from the group consisting of avocado oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, jojoba oil, linseed oil, nut oil, olive oil, palm oil, raisin oil, rapeseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, squash oil, sunflower oil, almond oil, canola oil, flaxseed oil, grapeseed oil, palm kernel oil, peanut oil, walnut oil, chickpea oil, clary sage oil,Docket No.: 4469PCTrice bran oil, onion seed oil, pecan kernel oil, acorn kernel oil, spinach seed oil, poppy seed oil, castor oil, tung oil, and combinations thereof; or(ii) a functionalized or unfunctionalized fatty acid and glycerol; wherein the fatty acid is saturated or unsaturated.

7. The alkyd according to claim 1, wherein the diglyceride is prepared from:(i) at least one functionalized or unfunctionalized natural oil and glycerol by transesterification; wherein the natural oil is selected from the group consisting of avocado oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, jojoba oil, linseed oil, nut oil, olive oil, palm oil, raisin oil, rapeseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, squash oil, sunflower oil, almond oil, canola oil, flaxseed oil, grapeseed oil, palm kernel oil, peanut oil, walnut oil, chickpea oil, clary sage oil, rice bran oil, onion seed oil, pecan kernel oil, acorn kernel oil, spinach seed oil, poppy seed oil, castor oil, tung oil, and combinations thereof; or(ii) two functionalized or unfunctionalized fatty acids of the same or different kind and glycerol; wherein the fatty acid is saturated or unsaturated.

8. The alkyd according to claim 1, wherein the different alcohol is a compound with at least one reactive hydroxyl group selected from the group consisting of monohydric alcohols, diols, trihydric alcohols, tetrahydric alcohols, polyhydric alcohols, phenols, and combinations thereof; wherein the:(i) monohydric alcohol is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, isobutyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, n-pentyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-pyrrolidone, benzyl alcohol, phenyl ethanol, tryptophol, and C6-C40fatty alcohols; and(ii) diol is selected from the group consisting of 1,2-ethylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 2-methyl-l,3-propanediol, 1,3 -butanediol, 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5 -pentadiol, 1,6-hexanediol, cyclohexane dimethanol, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)terephthalate, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)benzene, dodecyl hexanediol, decanediol, pinacol polyethylene glycols, bis-hydroxy polyethylene imines, and bis-hydroxy polyether amines.Docket No.: 4469PCT9. The alkyd according to claim 1 having a structure selected from the group consisting of:Docket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTwherein each R1and R2is independently hydrogen or functionalized or unfunctionalized alkyl, aryl, or combinations thereof optionally having one or more heteroatoms.

10. The alkyd according to claim 1 having a structure selected from the group consisting of:Docket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTwherein R₁ is hydrogen or functionalized or unfunctionalized alkyl, aryl, or combinations thereof optionally having one or more heteroatoms, R₂ is hydrogen, metal atom, or functionalized or unfunctionalized alkyl, aryl, or combinations thereof optionally having one or more heteroatoms, and m ranges from 1 to about 10,000.

11. The alkyd according to claim 1 having a structure selected from the group consisting of:Docket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTwherein R1is hydrogen or functionalized or unfunctionalized alkyl, aryl, or combinations thereof optionally having one or more heteroatoms, R2is hydrogen, metal atom, or functionalized or unfunctionalized alkyl, aryl, or combinations thereof optionally having one or more heteroatoms, and each m and n independently ranges from 1 to about 10,000.

12. The alkyd according to claim 1 having a structure selected from the group consisting of:Docket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTDocket No.: 4469PCTwherein R₁ is hydrogen or functionalized or unfunctionalized alkyl, aryl, or combinations thereof optionally having one or more heteroatoms, R₂ is hydrogen, metal atom, or functionalized or unfunctionalized alkyl, aryl, or combinations thereof optionally having one or more heteroatoms, and m ranges from 1 to about 10,000.

13. An alkyd prepared from:(a) at least one maleated natural oil and at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof; andDocket No.: 4469PCT(b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride.

14. An alkyd prepared from (a) at least one maleated natural oil and (b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride.

15. An alkyd having a structure of:Docket No.: 4469PCT16. A composition comprising:(i) at least one alkyd prepared according to claim 1; and(ii) one or more ingredient.

17. The composition according to claim 16, wherein the composition is a coating composition, a personal care composition, a home care composition, a nutrition composition, a pharmaceutical composition, a medical device composition, an agricultural composition, anDocket No.: 4469PCTadhesive composition, a battery composition, a plastic composition, an electronics composition, an oilfield composition, and a metal working fluid composition.

18. A coating composition comprising:(i) at least one alkyd prepared according to claim 1; and(ii) one or more ingredient;wherein the coating composition is a water-based coating composition, a solvent-based coating composition, a solvent-free coating composition, a dry coating composition, an aqueous coating composition, a non-aqueous coating composition, a polar coating composition, a non-polar coating composition, an oil-based coating composition, an emulsion coating composition, an enamel coating composition, an architectural coating composition, a bituminous coating composition, an anti-corrosive coating composition, a cement coating composition, a wood coating composition, a metal coating composition, a plastic coating composition, a glass coating composition, a rubber coating composition, a paper coating composition, a fabric coating composition, a ceramic coating composition, a stone coating composition, a curable coating composition, an oxidatively curable coating composition, a pigment composition, a tinting composition, a colorant composition, a paint composition, a decorative coating composition, a radiation reflective coating composition, a protective coating composition, a radiation protective coating composition, an auto-oxidizable coating composition, an aerosol coating composition, a water reducible coating composition, an antifouling coating composition, a polymeric coating composition, a flame retardant coating composition, an air drying coating composition, a waterproofing coating composition, a laminating coating composition, a transparent coating composition, a temperature resistant coating composition, a durable film coating composition, a sound insulation coating composition, a gloss coating composition, a semi-gloss coating composition, a low VOC coating composition, an anti-rust coating composition, a thermosettable coating composition, a luminous coating composition, a traffic coating composition, a self-priming coating composition, a lacquer coating composition, a varnish composition, a resin composition, an ink composition, a polish composition, a conductive coating composition, a solar energy absorbing coating composition, or a heat absorbing coating composition.Docket No.: 4469PCT19. The composition according to claim 18, wherein the ingredient is selected from the group consisting of binders, other alkyds, drying oils, corrosion inhibitors, UV-protective agents, radiation protective agents, surfactants, emulsifiers, dispersants, spreading agents, suspending agents, coalescing agents, pigments, opacifiers, colorants, dyes, humectants, film-forming agents, solvents, anti-sagging agents, anti-settling agents, anti-floating agents, viscosity modifying agents, thinners, thickening agents, hydrophobic agents, hydrophilic agents, grinding aids, curing agents, crosslinking agents, anti-wear agents, metal deactivators, defoamers, anti-rust agents, deodorants, fungicides, bactericides, antioxidants, and combinations thereof; wherein the other alkyds are selected from the group consisting of short-chain alkyds, medium-chain alkyds, long-chain alkyds, and combinations thereof.

20. An alkyd comprising:(a) at least one maleated natural oil and optionally at least one compound comprising an anhydride, acid, acid salt, or ester functional group and combinations thereof; and(b) at least one monoglyceride or diglyceride and optionally at least one different alcohol and combinations thereof.

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