Novel nanobodies specific for CD98 heavy chain and methods of uses thereof
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/078473
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-02-21
- Publication Date
- 2026-08-27
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Figure CN2025078473_27082026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
NOVEL NANOBODIES SPECIFIC FOR CD98 HEAVY CHAIN AND METHODS OF USES THEREOF1. Field
[0001] The present invention relates to molecular biology, immunology, neurobiology, and pharmacology.2. Background
[0002] The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective permeability barrier that restricts the passage of substances from the bloodstream into the brain, thus posing a significant challenge for delivering therapeutic agents to treat central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Traditional methods of drug delivery are often ineffective, as they fail to cross the BBB in sufficient quantities to exert a therapeutic effect. Recent research has focused on identifying novel methods to enhance drug delivery across the BBB, with one promising approach involving the use of antibodies targeting specific transport mechanisms.
[0003] CD98 is a transmembrane protein expressed on the surface of various cell types, including those at the BBB. It plays a crucial role in amino acid transport and cellular signaling. Targeting CD98 with antibodies offers a potential pathway to facilitate the transport of therapeutic agents into the brain via receptor-mediated transcytosis. Despite the potential, therapeutics targeting CD98 in treating neurological diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's Disease) are currently lacking. The compositions and methods provided herein meet this unmet need and provide other relative advantages.3. Summary
[0004] Provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind human CD98hc, comprising a variable domain comprising CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from a variable heavy domain of heavy chain (VHH) antibody having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-23; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs.
[0005] In some embodiments of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments, the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of (1) SEQ ID NOs: 61, 62, and 63, respectively; (2) SEQ ID NOs: 64, 65, and 66, respectively; (3) SEQ ID NOs: 67, 68, and 69, respectively; (4) SEQ ID NOs: 70, 71, and 72, respectively; (5) SEQ ID NOs: 73, 74, and 75, respectively; (6) SEQ ID NOs: 73, 77, and 78, respectively; (7) SEQ ID NOs: 79, 74, and 80, respectively; (8) SEQ ID NOs: 73, 81, and 82, respectively; (9) SEQ ID NOs: 73, 83, and 84, respectively; or (10) SEQ ID NOs: 73, 74, and 85, respectively.
[0006] In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments comprise a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-23.
[0007] Provided herein are also antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind to human CD98hc, comprising a variable domain comprising CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from a VHH having the amino acid sequence of (1) SEQ ID NO: 1; (2) SEQ ID NO: 4; (3) SEQ ID NO: 7; (4) SEQ ID NO: 10; (5) SEQ ID NO: 12; (6) SEQ ID NO: 14; (7) SEQ ID NO: 16; (8) SEQ ID NO: 18; (9) SEQ ID NO: 20; or (10) SEQ ID NO: 22; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs.
[0008] In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments comprise (1) a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of (1) SEQ ID NO: 1; (2) SEQ ID NO: 4; (3) SEQ ID NO: 7; (4) SEQ ID NO: 10; (5) SEQ ID NO: 12; (6) SEQ ID NO: 14; (7) SEQ ID NO: 16; (8) SEQ ID NO: 18; (9) SEQ ID NO: 20; or (10) SEQ ID NO: 22.
[0009] In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments are chimeric antibodies or antigen-binding fragments, humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments, or human antibodies or antigen-binding fragments. In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments. In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments comprise a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of (1) SEQ ID NO: 2; (2) SEQ ID NO: 3; (3) SEQ ID NO: 5; (4) SEQ ID NO: 6; (5) SEQ ID NO: 8; (6) SEQ ID NO: 9; (7) SEQ ID NO: 11; (8) SEQ ID NO: 13; (9) SEQ ID NO: 15; (10) SEQ ID NO: 17; (11) SEQ ID NO: 19; (12) SEQ ID NO: 21; or (13) SEQ ID NO: 23.
[0010] Provided herein are also antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind to human CD98hc, comprising a variable domain comprising CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from a VHH having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 12-23; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments, the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 86, 87, and 88, respectively.
[0011] In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments are selected from the group consisting of a single domain antibody (sdAb) , a heavy-chain antibody (HCAb) , a dual variable domain antibody (DVD) , a single variable domain antibody, a variable heavy domain of heavy chain (VHH) antibody, and a nanobody. In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments are VHH.
[0012] Provided herein are also antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that compete with the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described above for binding to human CD98hc.
[0013] In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments are monospecific antibodies, bispecific antibodies or multispecific antibodies. In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments are monoclonal antibodies or antigen-binding fragments. In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments are internalizing antibodies or antigen-binding fragments.
[0014] In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments can cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) .
[0015] Provided herein are also polynucleotides that encode the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein. Provided herein are also vectors comprising the polynucleotide or plurality of polynucleotides described herein. Provided herein are also host cells comprising the polynucleotide or plurality of polynucleotides described herein, or the vectors described herein.
[0016] Provided herein are methods of making antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind human CD98hc, comprising culturing the host cells described herein under conditions that allow expression of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein. In some embodiments, the methods described herein comprise isolating the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments from the culture.
[0017] Provided herein are conjugates comprising the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein linked to an effector moiety. In some embodiments, the effector moiety is selected from the group consisting of drugs for neurological diseases or disorders, neurotrophic factors, growth factors, enzymes, cytotoxic agents and imaging agents.
[0018] Provided herein are methods of delivering an effector moiety across BBB in a subject comprising administering to the subject a conjugate comprising the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein linked to the effector moiety.
[0019] Provided herein are fusion proteins comprising the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein linked to a second antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that specifically bind to a central nervous system (CNS) antigen. In some embodiments, the CNS antigen is selected from the group consisting of alpha-synuclein, amyloid precursor protein (APP) , amyloid-beta (Aβ) , N-truncated pyroglutamate amyloid-β (N3pGlu Aβ) , apolipoprotein E (ApoE) , apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) , ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 1 (ABCA1) , ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 7 (ABCA7) , beta-secretase 1 (BACE1) , caspase 6, CD20, CD33 (Siglec3) , death receptor 6 (DR6) , disialoganglioside (GD2) , epidermal growth factor (EGF) , epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) , epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (EGFR2 / HER2) , gamma secretase, glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B (GPNMB) , HLA-DR1, HLA-DR5, huntingtin, IL-34, IL1RAP, interleukin-13 receptor alpha 2 (IL-13Rα2) , leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) , LILRB2, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) , membrane spanning 4-domains A4A (MS4A4A) , membrane spanning 4-domains A4E (MS4A4E) , membrane spanning 4-domains A 6A (MS4A6A) , p-glucocerebrosidase (GCase or GBA) , p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) , parkin, paired immunoglobin like type 2 receptor alpha (PILRA) , phosphorylated Tau, prion protein (PrP) , presenilin 1, presenilin 2, progranulin (PGRN) , prosaposin (PSAP) , sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 11 (Siglec11) , sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 5 (Siglec5) , sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 7 (Siglec7) , sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 9 (Siglec9) , sortilin (SORT) , sphingolipids, Tau protein, transmembrane protein 106B (TMEM106b) , triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) , TXNRD1, and ubiquitin protein ligase E3A (UBE3A) .
[0020] In some embodiments, the fusion proteins are bispecific antibodies. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies comprise an IgG that specifically binds to the CNS antigen and a VHH that specifically binds to CD98hc. In some embodiments of the fusion proteins, the VHH is linked to the C terminus of a heavy chain of the IgG.
[0021] In some embodiments of the fusion proteins, the CNS antigen is Aβ. In some embodiments of the fusion proteins, the antibody that specifically binds to Aβ comprises a VH having VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 44, 45 and 46, respectively, and a VL having VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 47, 48, and 49 respectively. In some embodiments of the fusion proteins, the antibody that specifically binds to Aβ comprises a VH and a VL having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 42 and 43, respectively.
[0022] Provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein, the conjugates described herein, or the fusion proteins described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0023] Provided herein are methods of treating a neurological disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein, the conjugates described herein, the fusion proteins described herein, or the pharmaceutical compositions described herein. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise administering an additional therapy to the subject. In some embodiments, the subject is a human.
[0024] Provided herein are uses of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein, the conjugates described herein, the fusion proteins described herein, or the pharmaceutical compositions described herein for treating a neurological disease or disorder. Provided herein are uses of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein, the conjugates described herein, the fusion proteins described herein, or the pharmaceutical compositions described herein for manufacture of a medicament for a neurological disease or disorder.
[0025] In some embodiments, the neurological disease or disorder is a neurodegenerative disease. In some embodiments, the neurological disease or disorder is an amyloid-related disease or disorder. In some embodiments, wherein the neurological disease or disorder is Alzheimer’s Disease.
[0026] Provided herein are also bispecific antibodies for CD98hc and Aβ, comprising (1) a first peptide chain (HC1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1 and a first CH region, and a VHH; (2) a second peptide chain (HC2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1 and a second CH region; and (3) a third peptide chain (LC) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CL region; wherein (i) the VH1 and VL1 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 42 and 43, respectively; and (ii) the VHH comprises a variable domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 4, 7, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 and 22; or a humanized version thereof.
[0027] In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies, the VHH comprises a variable domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 and 23. In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies, the HC1 comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1 and a first CH region, a linker and a VHH.
[0028] In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies, the linker has an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 50-54. In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies, the CL region is Cκ (SEQ ID NO: 57) or Cλ (SEQ ID NO: 58) , or a variant thereof having up to 10 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions. In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies, the CL region is Cκ (SEQ ID NO: 57) . In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies, the first and second CH regions are human IgG1 CH regions (SEQ ID NO: 89) , IgG2 CH regions (SEQ ID NO: 90) , IgG3 CH regions (SEQ ID NO: 91) , or IgG4 CH regions (SEQ ID NO: 92) , or variants thereof having up to 10 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions. In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies, the first CH region and the second CH region are IgG1 CH regions (SEQ ID NO: 89) or variants thereof having up to 10 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions.
[0029] In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies, the first CH region and the second CH region form a heterodimer. In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies, the first CH region has T350V, L351Y, F405A, and Y407V substitutions and the second CH region has T350V, T366L, K392L, T394W substitutions. In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies, the first CH region, or the second CH region, or both the first and the second CH regions further have M252Y, S254T, and T256E (YTE mutations) . In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies, both the first and the second CH regions further have M252Y, S254T, and T256E (YTE mutations) . In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies, the first CH region further has H435R and Y436F substitutions. In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies, both the first and the second CH regions further have H435R and Y436F substitutions. In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies, the second CH region further has H435R and Y436F substitutions.
[0030] In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies, the HC1, HC2, and LC are at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to amino acid sequences of (1) SEQ ID NOs: 24, 25, and 26, respectively; (2) SEQ ID NOs: 27, 25, and 26, respectively; (3) SEQ ID NOs: 30, 25, and 26, respectively; (4) SEQ ID NOs: 33, 25, and 26, respectively; (5) SEQ ID NOs: 36, 25, and 26, respectively; (6) SEQ ID NOs: 39, 25, and 26, respectively; or (7) SEQ ID NOs: 59, 60, and 26, respectively. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies consist of one HC1, one HC2, and two LC.
[0031] Provided herein are also polynucleotide or a plurality of polynucleotides that encodes or collectively encode the three peptide chains of the bispecific antibodies. Provided herein are also vectors comprising the polynucleotide or plurality of polynucleotides described herein. Provided herein are also host cells comprising the polynucleotide or plurality of polynucleotides described herein, or the vectors described herein.
[0032] Provided herein are methods of making bispecific antibodies that specifically bind human CD98hc, comprising culturing the host cells described herein under conditions that allow expression of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, the methods described herein comprise isolating the antibodies from the culture.
[0033] Provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the bispecific antibodies described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0034] Provided herein are methods of treating a neurological disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the bispecific antibodies described herein, or the pharmaceutical compositions described herein. In some embodiments, the methods described herein further comprise administering an additional therapy to the subject. In some embodiments, the subject is a human.
[0035] Provided herein are uses of the bispecific antibodies described herein or the pharmaceutical compositions described herein for treating a neurological disease or disorder. Provided herein are uses of the bispecific antibodies described herein or the pharmaceutical compositions described herein for manufacture of a medicament for a neurological disease or disorder.
[0036] In some embodiments, the neurological disease or disorder is a neurodegenerative disease. In some embodiments, the neurological disease or disorder is an amyloid-related disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the neurological disease or disorder is Alzheimer’s Disease.4. Brief Description of Drawings
[0037] FIG. 1 provides a diagram showing the structure of recombinant bispecific antibodies in IgG-VHH format (2+1) .
[0038] FIG. 2 provides flow cytometry results showing the binding of the candidate bispecific antibodies to huCD98hc overexpressing HEK293 cells.
[0039] FIG. 3 provides brain penetration results of candidate bispecific antibodies.
[0040] FIG. 4 provides ELISA results showing the binding of the candidate bispecific antibodies to N3pGlu Aβ. SIR-BP-AB001: parental anti-Aβ monoclonal antibody.
[0041] FIG. 5 provides ELISA results showing the plasma PK of candidate bispecific antibodies in huCD98 mice.
[0042] FIG. 6 provides ELISA results showing the concentration of candidate antibody and control antibody in brain after repeat dosing. 1st-7d: 7 days after first dosing; 4th-7d: 7 days after fourth dosing.
[0043] FIG. 7 provides ELISA results showing Aβ40 and Aβ42 burden in male and female AD mice treated with candidate bispecific antibodies and control antibodies.5. Detailed Description
[0044] The present disclosure provides novel nanobodies targeting human CD98 heavy chain (CD98hc) and their uses in transport across BBB. The present disclosure further provides novel anti-Aβ / CD98hc bispecific antibodies and their uses in the treatment of neurological diseases or disorders such as Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) . Conjugates and fusion proteins comprising such antibodies, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such antibodies, conjugates or fusion proteins, and their uses in, for example, treating neurological diseases are also provided herein.
[0045] CD98, also known as 4F2hc or SLC3A2, is a transmembrane glycoprotein that plays a pivotal role in cellular processes including amino acid transport, cell proliferation, and integrin signaling. It is ubiquitously expressed in a variety of tissues, with particularly high expression in rapidly dividing cells and at the interfaces between tissues and the external environment, such as the BBB. CD98 forms a heterodimer with various light chains, such as LAT1 (SLC7A5) and LAT2 (SLC7A8) , which are essential for the transport of neutral amino acids across the plasma membrane.
[0046] Structurally, CD98 consists of a heavy chain (4F2hc) and a light chain, linked by a disulfide bond. The heavy chain is responsible for the protein's trafficking to the plasma membrane, while the light chain carries out the amino acid transport function. This heterodimeric configuration allows CD98 to participate in essential nutrient transport and cellular signaling pathways. Functionally, CD98 is involved in integrin signaling, which influences cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation, making it a critical player in both normal physiology and pathological conditions.
[0047] As used herein, the terms “CD98hc” and “CD98hc peptide” are used interchangeably to refer to any native CD98hc from any vertebrate source, including mammals such as primates (e.g., humans and cynomolgus monkeys (cynos) ) and rodents (e.g., mice and rats) , unless otherwise indicated. CD98hc is also referred to as 4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain, 4F2hc, 4F2 heavy chain antigen, lymphocyte activation antigen 4F2 large subunit, solute carrier family 3 member 2, and CD98. CD98hc protein is encoded by the SLC3A2 gene and is part of the large amino acid transporter (LAT) complex. The term encompasses both wild-type sequences and naturally occurring variant sequences, e.g., splice variants or allelic variants. The term encompasses full-length, unprocessed CD98hc, as well as any form of CD98hc that results from processing in the cell. In some embodiments, the CD98hc is human CD98hc. An exemplary full length human CD98hc sequence is provided below.
[0048] More information about human CD98hc can be found on public databases with the following IDs: HGNC: 11059; NCBI Entrez Gene: 6520; Ensembl: ENSG00000117399; 158070; UniProtKB / Swiss-Prot: P08195. Five (5) alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms are described for the human CD98hc gene (Uniprot NOs: P08195-1 to P08195-5) .
[0049] Amyloid Beta (Aβ) is a peptide derived from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) through enzymatic cleavage by β-and γ-secretases. Aβ consists of an extracellular domain, a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic tail. Aβ functions as a cell surface receptor and performs physiological functions on the surface of neurons relevant to neurite growth, neuronal adhesion and axonogenesis. An exemplary sequence of human Aβ can be found with Uniprot Accession No. P05067-1. More information about human Aβ can be found on public databases with the following IDs: HGNC: 620; NCBI Gene: 351; Ensembl: ENSG00000142192.22; 104760; UniProtKB / Swiss-Prot: P05067.
[0050] Aβ is primarily associated with AD, where it aggregates into insoluble fibrils that form amyloid plaques, a hallmark pathological feature of the disease. The Aβ peptide exists in several isoforms, typically ranging from 38 to 43 amino acids in length, with Aβ40 (SEQ ID NO: 55) and Aβ42 (SEQ ID NO: 56) being the most prevalent and studied forms. Among these, Aβ42 is considered more aggregation-prone and neurotoxic, contributing to disease progression.
[0051] In addition to these native forms, Aβ can undergo various post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, oxidation, and truncation. Modified forms such as N-terminally truncated Aβ (e.g., Aβ11-40, Aβ11-42) and pyroglutamated Aβ (pGlu-Aβ) may exhibit distinct aggregation properties and toxicity profiles. These modified peptides are believed to play significant roles in AD pathogenesis and the progression of neurodegenerative conditions. N3pGlu Aβ (or N-truncated pyroglutamate Aβ) , which lacks the first two amino acid residues at the N-terminus of human Aβ and has a pyroglutamate which was derived from the glutamic acid at the third amino acid position, has been found to be particularly detrimental to brain health due to its increased neurotoxicity and resistance to degradation. The accumulation of toxic plaques in the brain, caused by N3pGlu Aβ, has been strongly linked to synaptic dysfunction, neuronal loss, and cognitive decline in individuals with AD. As used herein, unless specifically indicated otherwise, the term “Aβ” include all native isoforms and modified forms thereof, including, for example, N3pGlu Aβ.
[0052] Donanemab, an anti-N3pGlu Aβ antibody, has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of individuals with mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia due to AD. Clinical trials have shown that donanemab effectively reduces levels of plague in the brain, leading to improvements in cognitive function and slowing down the progression of AD. However, due to the highly selective nature of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) , less than 1 percent of amyloid-targeted monoclonal antibodies can reach their targets in the brain. The higher doses required to compensate for this limitation increase the risk of potentially dangerous brain bleeding, as evidenced by high rates of amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA) . The bispecific antibodies provided herein address this problem by enhancing the transport of therapeutic agents into the brain through RMT. This approach potentially avoids vascular amyloid associated with ARIA, enabling more effective delivery of therapeutic antibodies to the brain.
[0053] Before the present disclosure is further described, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not limited to the particular embodiments set forth herein, and it is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments, and is not intended to be limiting. 5.1 Definitions
[0054] Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used in the present disclosures shall have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. Further, unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular. Generally, nomenclatures used in connection with, and techniques of, cell and tissue culture, molecular biology, immunology, microbiology, genetics and protein and nucleic acid chemistry and hybridization described herein are those well-known and commonly used in the art.
[0055] The term “a” or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity; for example, “an antibody, ” is understood to represent one or more antibodies.
[0056] The term “and / or” where used herein is to be taken as specific disclosure of each of the two specified features or components with or without the other. Thus, the term “and / or” as used in a phrase such as “A and / or B” herein is intended to include “A and B, ” “A or B, ” “A” (alone) , and B” (alone) . Likewise, the term “and / or” as used in a phrase such as “A, B, and / or C” is intended to encompass each of the following aspects: A, B, and C; A, B, or C; A or C; A or B; B or C; A and C; A and B; B and C; A (alone) ; B (alone) ; and C (alone) .
[0057] As used herein, the term “about” is used to indicate that a value includes the inherent variation of error for the device, the method being employed to determine the value, or the variation that exists among the study subjects. The term “about” encompasses the exact number recited. In some embodiments, “about” means within plus or minus 10%of a given value or range. In certain embodiments, “about” means that the variation is ±5%, ±4%, ±3%, ±2%, ±1%, ±0.5%, ±0.2%, or±0.1%of the value to which “about” refers. In some embodiments, “about” means that the variation is ±1%, ±0.5%, ±0.2%, or ±0.1%of the value to which “about” refers.
[0058] As used herein and consistent with its understanding in the art, the terms “central nervous system” and “CNS” refer to the complex of nerve tissues that control bodily function and includes the brain and spinal cord.
[0059] As used herein and consistent with its understanding in the art, the terms “central nervous system antigen” or “CNS antigen” refer to an antigen expressed in the CNS, including the brain, which can be targeted with an effect moiety, such as an antibody or small molecule. A “brain antigen” refers to a CNS antigen expressed in the brain.
[0060] As used herein and consistent with its understanding in the art, the term “neurological disease or disorder” refers to a disease or disorder which affects the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. These diseases or disorders can arise from a variety of causes, including genetic mutations, developmental issues, infections, trauma, and degenerative diseases. Neurological diseases or disorders can manifest in a wide range of symptoms depending on the affected area and function of the nervous system. Common symptoms include seizures, muscle weakness, poor coordination, pain, altered levels of consciousness, and cognitive impairments.
[0061] As used herein and consistent with its understanding in the art, the term “neurodegenerative disease” is a type of neurological disease or disorder characterized by the progressive degeneration of the structure and function of the nervous system. These diseases primarily affect neurons, which are the building blocks of the nervous system, leading to their gradual loss and eventual death. Neurodegenerative diseases are often associated with aging and typically result in cognitive, motor, and functional impairments. The exact causes of many neurodegenerative diseases are still not fully understood, but they often involve genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.
[0062] As used herein and consistent with its understanding in the art, the term “amyloid-related disease or disorder” refers to a pathological condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation, aggregation, or deposition of amyloid proteins in tissues or organs. Such deposition often disrupts normal cellular and tissue function, leading to progressive structural and functional impairment. Amyloid-related diseases or disorders encompass a wide range of conditions, including but not limited to neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease) , systemic diseases (e.g., systemic amyloidosis) , and localized amyloidoses affecting specific organs such as the heart, kidneys, or pancreas.
[0063] As used herein and consistent with its understanding in the art, the terms “blood brain barrier” and “BBB” refer to a network of endothelial cells that are closely sealed by tight junctions and characterized by low levels of nonspecific paracellular and transcellular transport. The BBB separates the circulating blood from the brain and extracellular fluid in the CNS to protect the brain from pathogens and toxins, while allowing essential nutrients to pass through. A molecule can “cross” the BBB means that the molecule has the capability to traverse the BBB to reach and acting on CNS targets. A molecule can cross the BBB via a variety of mechanisms, including lipophilicity, transporter-mediated transcytosis, receptor-mediated transcytosis, or simply small size.
[0064] The terms “polypeptide, ” “peptide, ” “protein, ” “polypeptide chain, ” “peptide chain, ” and their grammatical equivalents as used interchangeably herein refer to polymers of amino acids of any length, which can be linear or branched. It can include unnatural or modified amino acids or be interrupted by non-amino acids. A polypeptide, peptide, polypeptide chain, peptide chain, or protein can also be modified with, for example, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, lipidation, acetylation, phosphorylation, or any other manipulation or modification.
[0065] The terms “polynucleotide, ” “nucleic acid, ” and their grammatical equivalents as used interchangeably herein mean polymers of nucleotides of any length and include DNA and RNA. The nucleotides can be deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, modified nucleotides or bases, and / or their analogs, or any substrate that can be incorporated into a polymer by DNA or RNA polymerase.
[0066] As used herein and understood in the art, an “antibody” is an immunoglobulin molecule that recognizes and specifically binds a target (e.g., a protein) through at least one antigen-binding fragment which is typically within the variable region of the immunoglobulin molecule. An “antibody” can be of many different types and structures. For example, antibodies can be polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies, bispecific antibodies, monospecific antibodies, monovalent antibodies, or any other modified immunoglobulin molecule comprising an antigen-binding site. Antibodies also include, but are not limited to, mouse antibodies, camel antibodies, chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, and human antibodies. An antibody can be any of the five major classes of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, or subclasses (isotypes) thereof (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1 and IgA2) , based on the identity of their heavy-chain constant domains referred to as alpha, delta, epsilon, gamma, and mu, respectively. Unless expressly indicated otherwise, the term “antibody” as used herein include “antigen-binding fragment” of intact antibodies. The term “antigen-binding fragment” as used herein refers to a portion or fragment of an intact antibody that is the antigenic determining variable region of an intact antibody. Examples of antigen-binding fragments include, but are not limited to, Fab, Fab', F (ab’ ) 2, Fv, linear antibodies, single chain antibody molecules (e.g., scFv) , heavy chain antibodies (HCAbs) , light chain antibodies (LCAbs) , disulfide-linked scFv (dsscFv) , diabodies, tribodies, tetrabodies, minibodies, dual variable domain antibodies (DVD) , single variable domain antibodies (sdAbs; e.g., camelid antibodies, alpaca antibodies) , and variable heavy domain of heavy chain (VHH) antibodies.
[0067] The structure of immunoglobulins has been well characterized (see, e.g., FUNDAMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY Ch. 7 (Paul, W., ed., 2nd ed. Raven Press, N.Y. (1989) ) . Typically, immunoglobulins comprise two pairs of polypeptide chains, one pair of light (L; low molecular weight) chains and one pair of heavy (H; high molecular weight) chains, all four inter-connected by disulfide bonds.
[0068] Each light chain of an immunoglobulin typically includes a light chain variable region ( “VL region” ) and a light chain constant region ( “CL region” ) . There are two distinct types of light chains, referred to as kappa (κ) of lambda (λ) based on the amino acid sequence of the CL region. The amino acid sequences of the CL regions are well known in the art.
[0069] Each heavy chain typically includes a heavy chain variable region (a “VH region” ) and a heavy chain constant region (a “CH region” ) . The VH region can be one of five distinct types, referred to as alpha (α) , delta (δ) , epsilon (ε) , gamma (γ) and mu (μ) , based on the amino acid sequence. When combined with a light chain, these distinct types of heavy chains give rise to five well known classes of antibodies, IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM, respectively. There are four subclasses of IgG, namely, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4. The amino acid sequences of the CH regions of different classes of antibodies are well known in the art.
[0070] The CH region of immunoglobulins comprise more than one domain. For example, the CH region of an IgG antibody is comprised of three domains, heavy chain constant domain 1 (CH1) , heavy chain constant domain 2 (CH2) , and heavy chain constant domain 3 (CH3) . The highly flexible region between the CH1 and CH2 domains is referred to as the “hinge region. ” Disulfide bonds in the hinge region are part of the interactions between two heavy chains in an immunoglobulin. The “Fc region” refers to the C-terminal region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain that contains at least a portion of the constant region. In IgG, IgA and IgD isotypes, the Fc region is comprised of the hinge region, the CH2 domain and the CH3 domain; IgM and IgE Fc regions contain three heavy chain constant domains (CH domains 2–4) . The amino acid sequences of the Fc region of human IgG, IgA, IgD, IgM and IgE, and subtypes IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 are known to those of ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, the Fc region of an IgG heavy chain can extend from the hinge region to the carboxyl-terminus of the heavy chain. The native Fc regions can be modified. Modification of the Fc regions are further described below. In some embodiments, a bispecific antibody provided herein can comprise paired Fc domains comprising paired different modifications that promote their association with each other, instead of forming homodimers.
[0071] Unless otherwise stated or contradicted by context, reference to amino acid positions in the constant regions is according to the EU-numbering (Edelman et al., PNAS. 1969; 63: 78-85, Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition. 1991 NIH Publication No. 91-3242) .
[0072] The term “variable region” refers to a portion of the light or heavy chains of an immunoglobulin that is generally located at the amino-terminal of the light or heavy chain and used in the binding and specificity of each particular antibody for its particular antigen. The variable region of a light chain is referred to as a “light chain variable region” or “VL region, ” which includes at least one, typically one, “light chain variable domain” or “VL. ” The variable region of a heavy chain is referred to as a “heavy chain variable region” or “VH region, ” which includes at least one, typically one, “heavy chain variable domain” or “VH. ” The variable domains differ extensively in sequence between different antibodies. A “pair of VL and VH” or “VH / VL pair” can associate with each other and form a binding site that specifically binds the target antigen or epitope.
[0073] The VH and VL regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability (or hypervariable regions which may be hypervariable in sequence and / or form of structurally defined loops) , also termed complementarity determining regions (CDRs) , interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FRs) . The variability in sequence is concentrated in the CDRs while the less variable portions in the variable domain are referred to as framework regions (FR) . The CDRs of the light and heavy chains are primarily responsible for the interaction of the antibody with antigen. Each VH and VL is typically composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4 (see also Chothia and Lesk, J Mol Biol. 1987; 196: 901-17) .
[0074] A CDR refers to one of three hypervariable regions (H1, H2 or H3) within the non-framework region of the immunoglobulin (Ig or antibody) VH β-sheet framework, or one of three hypervariable regions (L1, L2 or L3) within the non-framework region of the antibody VL β-sheet framework. CDR regions are well known to those skilled in the art and have been defined by a variety of methods / systems. These systems and / or definitions include, for example, Kabat, Chothia, IMGT, AbM, and Contact. For example, Kabat defines the regions of most hypervariability within the antibody variable (V) domains (Kabat et al., J. Biol. Chem. 252: 6609-6616 (1977) ; Kabat, Adv. Prot. Chem. 32: 1-75 (1978) ) . Software programs (e.g., abYsis) are available and known to those of skill in the art for analysis of antibody sequence and determination of CDRs.
[0075] A CDR refers to one of three hypervariable regions (H1, H2 or H3) within the non-framework region of the immunoglobulin (Ig or antibody) VH β-sheet framework, or one of three hypervariable regions (L1, L2 or L3) within the non-framework region of the antibody VL β-sheet framework. Accordingly, CDRs are variable region sequences interspersed within the framework region sequences. CDR regions are well known to those skilled in the art and have been defined by a variety of methods / systems. These systems and / or definitions have been developed and refined over years and include Kabat, Chothia, IMGT, AbM, and Contact. For example, Kabat defines the regions of most hypervariability within the antibody variable (V) domains (Kabat et al, J. Biol. Chem. 252: 6609-6616 (1977) ; Kabat, Adv. Prot. Chem. 32: 1-75 (1978) ) . The Chothia definition is based on the location of the structural loop regions, which defines CDR region sequences as those residues that are not part of the conserved β-sheet framework, and thus are able to adapt different conformations (Chothia and Lesk, J. Mol. Biol. 196: 901-917 (1987) ) . Both terminologies are well recognized in the art. Additionally, the IMGT system is based on sequence variability and location within the structure of the variable regions. The AbM definition is a compromise between Kabat and Chothia. The Contact definition is based on analyses of the available antibody crystal structures. Software programs (e.g., abYsis) are available and known to those of skill in the art for analysis of antibody sequence and determination of CDRs. The positions of CDRs within a canonical antibody variable domain have been determined by comparison of numerous structures (Al-Lazikani et al, J. Mol. Biol. 273: 927-948 (1997) ; Morea et al, Methods 20: 267-279 (2000) ) . Because the number of residues within a hypervariable region varies in different antibodies, additional residues relative to the canonical positions are conventionally numbered with a, b, c and so forth next to the residue number in the canonical variable domain numbering scheme (Al-Lazikani et al., supra (1997) ) . Such nomenclature is similarly well known to those skilled in the art.
[0076] For example, CDRs defined according to either the Kabat (hypervariable) or Chothia (structural) designations, are set forth in the table below. 1Residue numbering follows the nomenclature of Kabat et al., supra2Residue numbering follows the nomenclature of Chothia et al., supra
[0077] A single chain Fv ( “scFv” ) polypeptide is a covalently linked VL / VH heterodimer which is usually expressed from a gene fusion including VL and VH-encoding genes linked by a peptide-encoding linker. The scFv fragment includes CDRs that are held in appropriate conformation, in particular by using gene recombination techniques. In some embodiments of scFvs, the N-terminus of VL is linked to the C-terminus of the VH via a linker. In some embodiments of scFvs, the N-terminus of VH is linked to the C-terminus of the VL via a linker.
[0078] As used herein and understood in the art, a “bispecific” antibody is an artificial hybrid antibody having two different antigen binding fragments. In some embodiments, the two different antigen binding fragments specifically bind two different target antigens. In some embodiments, the two different antigen binding fragments specifically bind two different epitopes on the same target antigen. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein comprise an antigen binding fragment that specifically binds to human CD98hc and an antigen binding fragment that that specifically binds to human N3pGlu Aβ. Bispecific antibodies can be formed from antibody fragments.
[0079] As used herein and understood in the art, an “internalizing” antibody or an “internalization” antibody refers to an antibody that, upon binding to its target antigen on the surface of a cell, is actively transported into the interior of the cell. This process, known as internalization, involves the antibody-antigen complex being engulfed by the cell membrane and then transported into the cell via endocytosis or other cellular uptake mechanisms. Internalizing antibodies are particularly useful in therapeutic and diagnostic applications because they can deliver attached therapeutic agents, such as drugs or toxins, directly into the target cells. This targeted delivery can enhance the efficacy and specificity of the treatment while minimizing off-target effects. In contrast, non-internalizing antibodies bind to their target antigens on the cell surface but do not undergo endocytosis. Non-internalizing therapeutic antibodies exert their therapeutic effects extracellularly. Non-internalizing antibodies can be used for a variety of purposes, such as blocking receptor-ligand interactions, recruiting immune cells to destroy the target cell via mechanisms like antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) or complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) , and neutralizing toxins or pathogens in the bloodstream.
[0080] The term “linker” as used herein refers to one or more amino acid residues inserted between domains (e.g., immunoglobulin domains) to provide sufficient mobility for the domains. A linker can be inserted at the transition between variable domains or between variable and constant domains, respectively, at the sequence level.
[0081] The term “humanized antibody” as used herein refers to forms of non-human (e.g., murine) antibodies that are specific immunoglobulin chains, chimeric immunoglobulins, or fragments thereof that contain minimal non-human sequences. Typically, humanized antibodies are human immunoglobulins. In some instances, the variable region residues of a human immunoglobulin are replaced with the corresponding residues in an antibody from a non-human species. In some instances, residues of the CDRs are replaced by residues from the CDRs of a non-human species (e.g., mouse, rat, hamster, camel) that have the desired specificity, affinity, and / or binding capability. The humanized antibody can be further modified by the substitution of additional residues either in the variable region and / or within the replaced non-human residues to refine and optimize antibody specificity, affinity, and / or binding capability.
[0082] The term “variant” as used herein in relation to a protein or a polypeptide with particular sequence features (the “reference protein” or “reference polypeptide” ) refers to a different protein or polypeptide having one or more (such as, for example, about 1 to about 25, about 1 to about 20, about 1 to about 15, about 1 to about 10, or about 1 to about 5) amino acid substitutions, deletions, and / or additions as compared to the reference protein or reference polypeptide. The changes to an amino acid sequence can be amino acid substitutions. The changes to an amino acid sequence can be conservative amino acid substitutions. A functional fragment or a functional variant of a protein or polypeptide maintains the basic structural and functional properties of the reference protein or polypeptide.
[0083] The term “specifically binds, ” as used herein, means that a polypeptide or molecule interacts more frequently, more rapidly, with greater duration, with greater affinity, or with some combination of the above to the epitope, protein, or target molecule than with alternative substances, including related and unrelated proteins. A binding moiety (e.g., antibody) that specifically binds a target molecule (e.g., antigen) can be identified, for example, by immunoassays, ELISAs, Bio-Layer Interferometry ( “BLI” ) , SPR (e.g., Biacore) , or other techniques known to those of skill in the art. Typically, a specific reaction will be at least twice background signal or noise and can be more than 10 times background. See, e.g., Paul, ed., 1989, FUNDAMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY SECOND EDITION, Raven Press, New York at pages 332-336 for a discussion regarding antibody specificity. A binding moiety that specifically binds a target molecule can bind the target molecule at a higher affinity than its affinity for a different molecule. In some embodiments, a binding moiety that specifically binds a target molecule can bind the target molecule with an affinity that is at least 20 times greater, at least 30 times greater, at least 40 times greater, at least 50 times greater, at least 60 times greater, at least 70 times greater, at least 80 times greater, at least 90 times greater, or at least 100 times greater, than its affinity for a different molecule. In some embodiments, a binding moiety that specifically binds a particular target molecule binds a different molecule at such a low affinity that binding cannot be detected using an assay described herein or otherwise known in the art. In some embodiments, “specifically binds” means, for instance, that a binding moiety binds a molecule target with a KD of about 0.1 mM or less. In some embodiments, “specifically binds” means that a polypeptide or molecule binds a target with a KD of at about 10 μM or less or about 1 μM or less. In some embodiments, “specifically binds” means that a polypeptide or molecule binds a target with a KD of at about 0.1 μM or less, about 0.01 μM or less, or about 1 nM or less. Because of the sequence identity between homologous proteins in different species, specific binding can include a polypeptide or molecule that recognizes a protein or target in more than one species. Likewise, because of homology within certain regions of polypeptide sequences of different proteins, specific binding can include a polypeptide or molecule that recognizes more than one protein or target. It is understood that, in some embodiments, a binding moiety (e.g., antibody) that specifically binds a first target may or may not specifically bind a second target. As such, “specific binding” does not necessarily require (although it can include) exclusive binding, i.e., binding to a single target. Thus, a binding moiety (e.g., antibody) can, in some embodiments, specifically bind more than one target. For example, an antibody can, in certain instances, comprise two identical antigen-binding sites, each of which specifically binds the same epitope on two or more proteins. In certain alternative embodiments, an antibody can be bispecific and comprise at least two antigen-binding sites with differing specificities.
[0084] The term “binding affinity” as used herein generally refers to the strength of the sum total of noncovalent interactions between a binding moiety and a target molecule (e.g., antigen) . The binding of a binding moiety and a target molecule is a reversible process, and the affinity of the binding is typically reported as an equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) . KD is the ratio of a dissociation rate (koff or kd) to the association rate (kon or ka) . The lower the KD of a binding pair, the higher the affinity. A variety of methods of measuring binding affinity are known in the art, any of which can be used for purposes of the present disclosure. Specific illustrative embodiments include the following. In some embodiments, the “KD” or “KD value” can be measured by assays known in the art, for example by a binding assay. The KD may be measured in a radiolabeled antigen binding assay (RIA) (Chen, et al., (1999) J. Mol Biol 293: 865-881) . The KD or KD value can also be measured by using biolayer interferometry (BLI) using, for example, the Gator system (Probe Life) , or the Octet-96 system (Sartorius AG) . The KD or KD value can also be measured by using surface plasmon resonance assays (SPR) by Biacore, using, for example, a BIAcoreTM-2000 or a BIAcoreTM-3000 BIAcore, Inc., Piscataway, NJ) .
[0085] The terms “identical, ” percent “identity, ” and their grammatical equivalents as used herein in the context of two or more polynucleotides or polypeptides, refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same or have a specified percentage of nucleotides or amino acid residues that are the same, when compared and aligned (introducing gaps, if necessary) for maximum correspondence, not considering any conservative amino acid substitutions as part of the sequence identity. The percent identity can be measured using sequence comparison software or algorithms or by visual inspection. Various algorithms and software that can be used to obtain alignments of amino acid or nucleotide sequences are well-known in the art. These include, but are not limited to, BLAST, ALIGN, Megalign, BestFit, GCG Wisconsin Package, and variants thereof. In some embodiments, two polynucleotides or polypeptides provided herein are substantially identical, meaning they have at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, and in some embodiments at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%nucleotide or amino acid residue identity, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence, as measured using a sequence comparison algorithm or by visual inspection. In some embodiments, identity exists over a region of the amino acid sequences that is at least about 10 residues, at least about 20 residues, at least about 40-60 residues, at least about 60-80 residues in length or any integral value there between. In some embodiments, identity exists over a longer region than 60-80 residues, such as at least about 80-100 residues, and in some embodiments the sequences are substantially identical over the full length of the sequences being compared, such as the coding region of a target protein or an antibody. In some embodiments, identity exists over a region of the nucleotide sequences that is at least about 10 bases, at least about 20 bases, at least about 40-60 bases, at least about 60-80 bases in length or any integral value there between. In some embodiments, identity exists over a longer region than 60-80 bases, such as at least about 80-1000 bases or more, and in some embodiments the sequences are substantially identical over the full length of the sequences being compared, such as a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein of interest.
[0086] As used herein, the term “conjugate” refers to a complex formed by the covalent or non-covalent attachment of two or more distinct molecules or moieties. In some embodiments, the conjugate is formed by at least one molecule or moiety that possesses the ability to cross the BBB (e.g., an anti-CD98hc antibody disclosed herein) and another molecule or moiety (e.g., a drug, toxin, or imaging agent) that serves as an effector with therapeutic or diagnostic properties. This conjugation enables the combined entity to leverage the properties of each individual component to achieve a desired function, such as targeted delivery of a drug or imaging agent to the brain. In some embodiments, the two moieties are “linked” together, i.e., connected by covalent bond, such as peptide bond.
[0087] As used herein, the term “effector moiety” refers to the functional component of a conjugate molecule that is responsible for exerting the desired effect, such as the therapeutic or diagnostic effect. In some embodiments, the effector moiety can be a drug, toxin, enzyme, imaging agent, or other bioactive molecule that, when delivered to a specific target site within the body, performs its intended biological activity. The effector moiety can be therapeutic (e.g., chemotherapy drugs, neuroprotective agents) or diagnostic (e.g., contrast agents for imaging) .
[0088] A polypeptide, peptide, protein, antibody, polynucleotide, vector, cell, or composition which is “isolated” is a polypeptide, peptide, protein, antibody, polynucleotide, vector, cell, or composition which is in a form not found in nature. Isolated polypeptides, peptides, proteins, antibodies, polynucleotides, vectors, cells, or compositions include those which have been purified to a degree that they are no longer in a form in which they are found in nature. In some embodiments, a polypeptide, peptide, protein, antibody, polynucleotide, vector, cell, or composition which is isolated is substantially pure. In some embodiments, a material is “substantially pure” means that the material is at least 50%pure (i.e., free from contaminants) , at least 90%pure, at least 95%pure, at least 98%pure, or at least 99%pure.
[0089] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” or “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” refers to a material that is suitable for drug administration to an individual along with an active agent without causing undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the other components of the pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein can comprise one or more of a buffer system, a preservative, a tonicity agent, a chelating agent, a stabilizer and / or a surfactant, as well as various combinations thereof. The use of preservatives, isotonic agents, chelating agents, stabilizers and surfactants in pharmaceutical compositions is well-known to the skilled person. Reference may be made to REMINGTON: THE SCIENCE AND PRACTICE OF PHARMACY, 19th edition, 1995.
[0090] The term “treat” and its grammatical equivalents as used herein in connection with a disease or a condition, or a subject having a disease or a condition refer to an action that suppresses, eliminates, reduces, and / or ameliorates a symptom, the severity of the symptom, and / or the frequency of the symptom associated with the disease or disorder being treated.
[0091] The term “administer” and its grammatical equivalents as used herein refer to the act of delivering, or causing to be delivered, a therapeutic or a pharmaceutical composition to the body of a subject by a method described herein or otherwise known in the art. The therapeutic can be a compound, a polypeptide, an antibody, a cell, or a population of cells. Administering a therapeutic or a pharmaceutical composition includes prescribing a therapeutic or a pharmaceutical composition to be delivered into the body of a subject. Exemplary forms of administration include oral dosage forms, such as tablets, capsules, syrups, suspensions; injectable dosage forms, such as intravenous (IV) , intramuscular (IM) , or intraperitoneal (IP) ; transdermal dosage forms, including creams, jellies, powders, or patches; buccal dosage forms; inhalation powders, sprays, suspensions, and rectal suppositories.
[0092] The terms “effective amount, ” “therapeutically effective amount, ” and their grammatical equivalents as used herein refer to the administration of an agent to a subject, either alone or as a part of a pharmaceutical composition and either in a single dose or as part of a series of doses, in an amount that is capable of having any detectable, positive effect on any symptom, aspect, or characteristics of a disease, disorder or condition when administered to the subject. The therapeutically effective amount can be ascertained by measuring relevant physiological effects. The exact amount required varies from subject to subject, depending on the age, weight, and general condition of the subject, the severity of the condition being treated, the judgment of the clinician, and the like. An appropriate “effective amount” in any individual case can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using routine experimentation.
[0093] The term “subject” as used herein refers to any animal (e.g., a mammal) , including, but not limited to, humans, non-human primates, canines, felines, rodents, and the like, which is to be the recipient of a particular agent (e.g., therapeutic agent or diagnostic agent) . A subject can be a human. A subject can have a particular disease or condition. A subject can be at risk of having a particular disease or condition.
[0094] Ranges: throughout this disclosure, various aspects of the invention can be presented in a range format. It should be understood that the description in range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible subranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed subranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 2.7, 3, 4, 5, 5.3, and 6. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.
[0095] Exemplary genes and polypeptides are described herein with reference to GenBank numbers, GI numbers and / or SEQ ID NOs. It is understood that one skilled in the art can readily identify homologous sequences by reference to sequence sources, including but not limited to Uniprot (https: / / www. uniprot. org / ) , GenBank (ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / genbank / ) and EMBL (embl. org / ) .
[0096] The EU numbering is followed for numbering the amino acid residues in antibody sequences, specially in the variable regions of the immunoglobulins. Kabat et al. (1991) . SEQUENCES OF PROTEINS OF IMMUNOLOGICAL INTEREST (5TH ED. ) . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health. 5.2 Antibodies targeting CD98hc
[0097] Provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 heavy chain (CD98hc, e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are anti-CD98hc antibodies. In some embodiments, provided herein are antigen-binding fragments of an anti-CD98hc antibody. In some embodiments, antigen-binding fragments provided herein can be a single domain antibody (sdAb) , a heavy chain antibody (HCAb) , a dual variable domain antibody (DVD) , a single variable domain antibody, a variable heavy domain of heavy-chain (VHH) antibody, a nanobody. In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment of an anti-CD98hc antibody is a single domain antibody (sdAb) . In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment of an anti-CD98hc antibody is a heavy chain antibody (HCAb) . In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment of an anti-CD98hc antibody is a dual variable domain antibody (DVD) . In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment of an anti-CD98hc antibody is a single variable domain antibody. In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment of an anti-CD98hc antibody is a variable heavy domain of heavy-chain antibody (VHH) . In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment of an anti-CD98hc antibody is a nanobody.
[0098] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise recombinant antibodies or antigen-binding fragments. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise monoclonal antibodies or antigen-binding fragments. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise polyclonal antibodies or antigen-binding fragments. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise camelid (e.g., camels, dromedary, llamas and alpacas) antibodies or antigen-binding fragments. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise chimeric antibodies or antigen-binding fragments. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein are chimeric anti-CD98hc VHHs. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise human antibodies or antigen-binding fragments. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein are humanized anti-CD98hc VHHs.
[0099] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein are isolated. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein are substantially pure.
[0100] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein comprises a multispecific antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein comprises a bispecific antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises an anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises an anti-CD98hc VHH provided herein. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein comprises a monospecific antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein comprises an internalizing antibody or antigen-binding fragment.
[0101] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein comprises a monovalent antigen-binding site. In some embodiments, an anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises a monospecific binding site. In some embodiments, an anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises a bivalent binding site.
[0102] In some embodiments, an anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment. Monoclonal antibodies can be prepared by any method known to those of skill in the art. One exemplary approach is screening protein expression libraries, e.g., phage or ribosome display libraries. Phage display is described, for example, in Ladner et al., U.S. Patent No. 5,223,409; Smith (1985) Science 228: 1315-1317; and WO 92 / 18619. In some embodiments, recombinant monoclonal antibodies are isolated from phage display libraries expressing variable regions or CDRs of a desired species. Screening of phage libraries can be accomplished by various techniques known in the art.
[0103] In some embodiments, a monoclonal antibody is modified by using recombinant DNA technology to generate alternative antibodies. In some embodiments, the constant domains of the light chain and heavy chain of a mouse monoclonal antibody are replaced with the constant regions of a human antibody to generate a chimeric antibody. In some embodiments, the constant regions are truncated or removed to generate a desired antibody fragment of a monoclonal antibody. In some embodiments, site-directed or high-density mutagenesis of the variable region (s) is used to optimize specificity and / or affinity of a monoclonal antibody.
[0104] In some embodiments, provided herein are the anti-CD98hc antibody clones designated as VHH 01 (also referred to as SP1R3P3-8) , VHH 02 (also referred to as SP1R3P2-15) , VHH 03 (also referred to as SP1R3P2-19) , VHH 04 (also referred to as (S+C) P1R2-155) , VHH 05 (also referred to as (S+C) P1R1-33) , VHH 06 (also referred to as (S+C) P1R2-97) , VHH 07 (also referred to as (S+C) P1R3-258) , VHH 08 (also referred to as (S+C) P1R3-236) , VHH 09 (also referred to as SP1R3P1-28) , and VHH 10 (also referred to as (S+C) P1R2-120) ; or humanized versions thereof. In some embodiments, the humanized anti-CD98hc antibody provided herein include those that are designated as VHH 01 HZ01, VHH 01 HZ02, VHH 02 HZ01, VHH 02 HZ02, VHH 03 HZ01, VHH 03 HZ02, VHH 04 HZ01, VHH 05 HZ01, VHH 06 HZ01, VHH 07 HZ01, VHH 08 HZ01, VHH 09 HZ01, and VHH 10 HZ01. The sequence features are described below. The specific CDR sequences defined herein are generally based on Kabat definition. However, it is understood that a general reference to a CDR or CDRs of a specific antibody encompasses all CDR definitions as known to those of skill in the art. In some embodiments, provided herein are anti-CD98hc antibodies having the CDRs of VHH of antibody clones disclosed herein, wherein the CDRs are defined by Kabat, Chothia, IMGT, AbM, or Contact. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat (as exemplified in detail below) . In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by IMGT. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Chothia. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by AbM. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Contact.
[0105] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein comprises a variable domain from VHH 01 (SEQ ID NO: 1) , VHH 01 HZ01 (SEQ ID NO: 2) , VHH 01 HZ02 (SEQ ID NO: 3) , VHH 02 (SEQ ID NO: 4) , VHH 02 HZ01 (SEQ ID NO: 5) , VHH 02 HZ02 (SEQ ID NO: 6) , VHH 03 (SEQ ID NO: 7) , VHH 03 HZ01 (SEQ ID NO: 8) , VHH 03 HZ02 (SEQ ID NO: 9) , VHH 04 (SEQ ID NO: 10) , VHH 04 HZ01 (SEQ ID NO: 11) , VHH 05 (SEQ ID NO: 12) , VHH 05 HZ01 (SEQ ID NO: 13) , VHH 06 (SEQ ID NO: 14) , VHH 06 HZ01 (SEQ ID NO: 15) , VHH 07 (SEQ ID NO: 16) , VHH 07 HZ01 (SEQ ID NO: 17) , VHH 08 (SEQ ID NO: 18) , VHH 08 HZ01 (SEQ ID NO: 19) , VHH 09 (SEQ ID NO: 20) , VHH 09 HZ01 (SEQ ID NO: 21) , VHH 10 (SEQ ID NO: 22) , or VHH 10 HZ01 (SEQ ID NO: 23) . In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein comprises a variable domain that comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from the VHH from VHH 01 (SEQ ID NO: 1) , VHH 01 HZ01 (SEQ ID NO: 2) , VHH 01 HZ02 (SEQ ID NO: 3) , VHH 02 (SEQ ID NO: 4) , VHH 02 HZ01 (SEQ ID NO: 5) , VHH 02 HZ02 (SEQ ID NO: 6) , VHH 03 (SEQ ID NO: 7) , VHH 03 HZ01 (SEQ ID NO: 8) , VHH 03 HZ02 (SEQ ID NO: 9) , VHH 04 (SEQ ID NO: 10) , VHH 04 HZ01 (SEQ ID NO: 11) , VHH 05 (SEQ ID NO: 12) , VHH 05 HZ01 (SEQ ID NO: 13) , VHH 06 (SEQ ID NO: 14) , VHH 06 HZ01 (SEQ ID NO: 15) , VHH 07 (SEQ ID NO: 16) , VHH 07 HZ01 (SEQ ID NO: 17) , VHH 08 (SEQ ID NO: 18) , VHH 08 HZ01 (SEQ ID NO: 19) , VHH 09 (SEQ ID NO: 20) , VHH 09 HZ01 (SEQ ID NO: 21) , VHH 10 (SEQ ID NO: 22) , or VHH 10 HZ01 (SEQ ID NO: 23) . The CDRs can be defined by any system known in the art. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat, Chothia, IMGT, AbM, or Contact. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat (as detailed herein) . In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by IMGT. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Chothia. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by AbM. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Contact.
[0106] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a variant of VHH 01, VHH 01 HZ01, VHH 01 HZ02, VHH 02, VHH 02 HZ01, VHH 02 HZ02, VHH 03, VHH 03 HZ01, VHH 03 HZ02, VHH 04, VHH 04 HZ01, VHH 05, VHH 05 HZ01, VHH 06, VHH 06 HZ01, VHH 07, VHH 07 HZ01, VHH 08, VHH 08 HZ01, VHH 09, VHH 09 HZ01, VHH 10, or VHH 10 HZ01. In some embodiments, the variant can have a variable domain that is a variant of VHH 01, VHH 01 HZ01, VHH 01 HZ02, VHH 02, VHH 02 HZ01, VHH 02 HZ02, VHH 03, VHH 03 HZ01, VHH 03 HZ02, VHH 04, VHH 04 HZ01, VHH 05, VHH 05 HZ01, VHH 06, VHH 06 HZ01, VHH 07, VHH 07 HZ01, VHH 08, VHH 08 HZ01, VHH 09, VHH 09 HZ01, VHH 10, or VHH 10 HZ01 having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-23. In some embodiments, the variant can have up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-23. In some embodiments, the variant can have up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-23. The amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions can be in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions are not in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant of VHH 01, VHH 01 HZ01, VHH 01 HZ02, VHH 02, VHH 02 HZ01, VHH 02 HZ02, VHH 03, VHH 03 HZ01, VHH 03 HZ02, VHH 04, VHH 04 HZ01, VHH 05, VHH 05 HZ01, VHH 06, VHH 06 HZ01, VHH 07, VHH 07 HZ01, VHH 08, VHH 08 HZ01, VHH 09, VHH 09 HZ01, VHH 10, or VHH 10 HZ01 has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the variant of VHH 01, VHH 01 HZ01, VHH 01 HZ02, VHH 02, VHH 02 HZ01, VHH 02 HZ02, VHH 03, VHH 03 HZ01, VHH 03 HZ02, VHH 04, VHH 04 HZ01, VHH 05, VHH 05 HZ01, VHH 06, VHH 06 HZ01, VHH 07, VHH 07 HZ01, VHH 08, VHH 08 HZ01, VHH 09, VHH 09 HZ01, VHH 10, or VHH 10 HZ01 has up to 3 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from VHH 01, VHH 02, VHH 03, VHH 04, VHH 05, VHH 06, VHH 07, VHH 08, VHH 09, or VHH 10. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from VHH 01, VHH 02, VHH 03, VHH 04, VHH 05, VHH 06, VHH 07, VHH 08, VHH 09, or VHH 10. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a chimeric antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from VHH 01, VHH 02, VHH 03, VHH 04, VHH 05, VHH 06, VHH 07, VHH 08, VHH 09, or VHH 10.
[0107] In some embodiments, anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise one, two, and / or three CDRs of any one of the antibodies described herein. In some embodiments, anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise a variable domain comprising one, two, and / or three CDRs (VHH CDRs) from Table 1.
[0108] Table 1 Exemplary VHH CDR sequences
[0109] Table 2 Exemplary VHH sequences
[0110] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc, comprising a variable domain comprising CDR1 having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 61, 64, 67, 70, 73, and 79, CDR2 having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 62, 65, 68, 71, 74, 77, 81 and 83, and CDR3 having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 63, 66, 69, 72, 75, 78, 80, 82, 84 and 85; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs.
[0111] In some embodiments, anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise a comprising CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of 1) SEQ ID NOs: 61, 62 and 63, respectively; (2) SEQ ID NOs: 64, 65 and 66, respectively; (3) SEQ ID NOs: 67, 68 and 69, respectively; (4) SEQ ID NOs: 70, 71 and 72, respectively; (5) SEQ ID NOs: 73, 74 and 75, respectively; (6) SEQ ID NOs: 73, 77 and 78, respectively; (7) SEQ ID NOs: 79, 74 and 80, respectively; (8) SEQ ID NOs: 73, 81 and 82, respectively; (9) SEQ ID NOs: 73, 83 and 84, respectively; or (10) SEQ ID NOs: 73, 74 and 85, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions in the CDRs.
[0112] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-23. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof comprise a variable domain having at least 85%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-23. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof comprise a variable domain having at least 90%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-23. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof comprise a variable domain having at least 95%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-23. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof comprise a variable domain having at least 98%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-23. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof comprise a variable domain having at least 99%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-23. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-23.
[0113] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is the antibody designated as VHH 01. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein has a variable domain of VHH 01 (SEQ ID NO: 1) . In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein has a variable domain that comprises CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from the variable domain of VHH 01 (SEQ ID NO: 1) . The CDRs can be defined by any system known in the art. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat, Chothia, IMGT, AbM, or Contact. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat (as detailed herein) . In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by IMGT. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Chothia. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by AbM. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Contact.
[0114] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is a variant of VHH 01. The VHH 01 variant can have a variable domain having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 1. The VHH 01 variant can have a variable domain having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 1. The VHH 01 variant can have a variable domain having up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 1. The amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions can be in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions are not in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant of VHH 01 has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the variant of VHH 01 has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from VHH 01. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from VHH 01. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a chimeric antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from VHH 01.
[0115] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc, comprising a variable domain comprising (1) a CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61; (2) a CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62; and / or (3) a CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc having a variable domain, wherein the variable domain comprises CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 61, 62 and 63, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions in the CDRs.
[0116] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0117] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a VHH. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 61, 62, and 63, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0118] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized VHH 01. In some embodiments, the humanized VHH 01 are designated as VHH 01 HZ01 or VHH 01 HZ02. In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3.
[0119] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain, wherein the variable domain has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the variable domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0120] In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the variable domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0121] In some embodiments, provided herein are anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that comprise a variable domain comprising CDRs from a VHH described herein (SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3) . Methods to identify CDRs are well known in the art. For example, software programs (abYsis) on publicly available websites are known to those of skill in the art for analysis of antibody sequence and determination of CDRs. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from a VHH having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from a VHH having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0122] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is a variant of a humanized VHH 01 provided herein. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is a variant of VHH 01 HZ01 or VHH 01 HZ02. The variant can have up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. The variant can have up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. The variant can have up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. The variant can have up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. The variant can have up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. The variant can have up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the variant of a humanized VHH 01 has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the variant of a humanized VHH 01 has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions.
[0123] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a VHH. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 61, 62, and 63, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0124] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is the antibody designated as VHH 02. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein has a variable domain of VHH 02 (SEQ ID NO: 4) . In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein has a variable domain that comprises CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from the variable domain of VHH 02 (SEQ ID NO: 4) . The CDRs can be defined by any system known in the art. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat, Chothia, IMGT, AbM, or Contact. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat (as detailed herein) . In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by IMGT. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Chothia. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by AbM. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Contact.
[0125] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is a variant of VHH 02. The VHH 02 variant can have a variable domain having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 4. The VHH 02 variant can have a variable domain having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 4. The VHH 02 variant can have a variable domain having up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 4. The amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions can be in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions are not in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant of VHH 02 has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the variant of VHH 02 has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from VHH 02. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from VHH 02. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a chimeric antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from VHH 02.
[0126] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc, comprising a variable domain comprising (1) a CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 64; (2) a CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65; and / or (3) a CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 66; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc having a variable domain, wherein the variable domain comprises CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 64, 65 and 66, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions in the CDRs.
[0127] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0128] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a VHH. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 64, 65, and 66, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0129] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized VHH 02. In some embodiments, the humanized VHH 02 are designated as VHH 02 HZ01 or VHH 02 HZ02. In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 or 6.
[0130] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain, wherein the variable domain has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the variable domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5.
[0131] In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the variable domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6.
[0132] In some embodiments, provided herein are anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that comprise a variable domain comprising CDRs from a VHH described herein (SEQ ID NO: 5 or 6) . Methods to identify CDRs are well known in the art. For example, software programs (abYsis) on publicly available websites are known to those of skill in the art for analysis of antibody sequence and determination of CDRs. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from a VHH having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from a VHH having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6.
[0133] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is a variant of a humanized VHH 02 provided herein. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is a variant of VHH 02 HZ01 or VHH 02 HZ02. The variant can have up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. The variant can have up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. The variant can have up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. The variant can have up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. The variant can have up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. The variant can have up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the variant of a humanized VHH 02 has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the variant of a humanized VHH 02 has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions.
[0134] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a VHH. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 64, 65, and 66, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6.
[0135] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is the antibody designated as VHH 03. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein has a variable domain of VHH 03 (SEQ ID NO: 7) . In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein has a variable domain that comprises CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from the variable domain of VHH 03 (SEQ ID NO: 7) . The CDRs can be defined by any system known in the art. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat, Chothia, IMGT, AbM, or Contact. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat (as detailed herein) . In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by IMGT. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Chothia. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by AbM. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Contact.
[0136] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is a variant of VHH 03. The VHH 03 variant can have a variable domain having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 7. The VHH 03 variant can have a variable domain having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 7. The VHH 03 variant can have a variable domain having up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 7. The amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions can be in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions are not in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant of VHH 03 has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the variant of VHH 03 has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from VHH 03. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from VHH 03. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a chimeric antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from VHH 03.
[0137] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc, comprising a variable domain comprising (1) a CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 67; (2) a CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 68; and / or (3) a CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 69; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc having a variable domain, wherein the variable domain comprises CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 67, 68 and 69, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions in the CDRs.
[0138] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7.
[0139] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a VHH. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 67, 68, and 69, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7.
[0140] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized VHH 03. In some embodiments, the humanized VHH 03 are designated as VHH 03 HZ01 or VHH 03 HZ02. In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 or 9.
[0141] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain, wherein the variable domain has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the variable domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8.
[0142] In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the variable domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9.
[0143] In some embodiments, provided herein are anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that comprise a variable domain comprising CDRs from a VHH described herein (SEQ ID NO: 8 or 9) . Methods to identify CDRs are well known in the art. For example, software programs (abYsis) on publicly available websites are known to those of skill in the art for analysis of antibody sequence and determination of CDRs. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from a VHH having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from a VHH having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9.
[0144] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is a variant of a humanized VHH 03 provided herein. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is a variant of VHH 03 HZ01 or VHH 03 HZ02. The variant can have up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. The variant can have up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9. The variant can have up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. The variant can have up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9. The variant can have up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. The variant can have up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the variant of a humanized VHH 03 has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the variant of a humanized VHH 03 has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions.
[0145] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a VHH. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 67, 68, and 69, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9.
[0146] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is the antibody designated as VHH 04. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein has a variable domain of VHH 04 (SEQ ID NO: 10) . In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein has a variable domain that comprises CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from the variable domain of VHH 04 (SEQ ID NO: 10) . The CDRs can be defined by any system known in the art. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat, Chothia, IMGT, AbM, or Contact. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat (as detailed herein) . In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by IMGT. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Chothia. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by AbM. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Contact.
[0147] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is a variant of VHH 04. The VHH 04 variant can have a variable domain having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 10. The VHH 04 variant can have a variable domain having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 10. The VHH 04 variant can have a variable domain having up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 10. The amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions can be in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions are not in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant of VHH 04 has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the variant of VHH 04 has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from VHH 04. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from VHH 04. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a chimeric antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from VHH 04.
[0148] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc, comprising a variable domain comprising (1) a CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70; (2) a CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71; and / or (3) a CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc having a variable domain, wherein the variable domain comprises CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 70, 71 and 72, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions in the CDRs.
[0149] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10.
[0150] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a VHH. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 70, 71, and 72, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10.
[0151] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized VHH 04. In some embodiments, the humanized VHH 04 are designated as VHH 04 HZ01. In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain, wherein the variable domain has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the variable domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11.
[0152] In some embodiments, provided herein are anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that comprise a variable domain comprising CDRs from a VHH described herein (SEQ ID NO: 11) . Methods to identify CDRs are well known in the art. For example, software programs (abYsis) on publicly available websites are known to those of skill in the art for analysis of antibody sequence and determination of CDRs. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from a VHH having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11.
[0153] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is a variant of a humanized VHH 04 provided herein. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is a variant of VHH 04 HZ01. The variant can have up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11. The variant can have up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11. The variant can have up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the variant of a humanized VHH 04 has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the variant of a humanized VHH 04 has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions.
[0154] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a VHH. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 70, 71, and 72, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11.
[0155] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is an antibody designated as VHH 05, VHH 06, VHH 07, VHH 08, VHH 09, or VHH 10. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein has a variable domain that comprises CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from the variable domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 12-23; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. The CDRs can be defined by any system known in the art. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat, Chothia, IMGT, AbM, or Contact. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat (as detailed herein) . In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by IMGT. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Chothia. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by AbM. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Contact.
[0156] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc, comprising a variable domain comprising (1) a CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86; (2) a CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 87; and / or (3) a CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 88; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc, comprising a variable domain comprising CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 86, 87, and 88, respectively. In some embodiments, the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 86, 74, and 75, respectively. In some embodiments, the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 86, 77, and 78, respectively. In some embodiments, the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 86, 74, and 80, respectively. In some embodiments, the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 86, 81, and 82, respectively. In some embodiments, the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 86, 83, and 84, respectively. In some embodiments, the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 86, 74, and 85, respectively. In some embodiments, the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 73, 87, and 75, respectively. In some embodiments, the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 73, 87, and 78, respectively. In some embodiments, the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 79, 87, and 80, respectively. In some embodiments, the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 73, 87, and 82, respectively. In some embodiments, the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 73, 87, and 84, respectively. In some embodiments, the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 73, 87, and 85, respectively. In some embodiments, the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 73, 74, and 88, respectively. In some embodiments, the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 73, 77, and 88, respectively. In some embodiments, the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 79, 74, and 88, respectively. In some embodiments, the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 73, 81, and 88, respectively. In some embodiments, the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 73, 83, and 88, respectively. In some embodiments, provided herein is a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions in the CDRs.
[0157] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is the antibody designated as VHH 05. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein has a variable domain of VHH 05 (SEQ ID NO: 12) . In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein has a variable domain that comprises CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from the variable domain of VHH 05 (SEQ ID NO: 12) . The CDRs can be defined by any system known in the art. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat, Chothia, IMGT, AbM, or Contact. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat (as detailed herein) . In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by IMGT. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Chothia. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by AbM. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Contact.
[0158] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is a variant of VHH 05. The VHH 05 variant can have a variable domain having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 12. The VHH 05 variant can have a variable domain having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 12. The VHH 05 variant can have a variable domain having up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 12. The amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions can be in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions are not in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant of VHH 05 has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the variant of VHH 05 has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from VHH 05. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from VHH 05. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a chimeric antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from VHH 05.
[0159] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc, comprising a variable domain comprising (1) a CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73; (2) a CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74; and / or (3) a CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc having a variable domain, wherein the variable domain comprises CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 73, 74 and 75, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions in the CDRs.
[0160] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12.
[0161] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a VHH. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 73, 74, and 75, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12.
[0162] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized VHH 05. In some embodiments, the humanized VHH 05 are designated as VHH 05 HZ01. In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain, wherein the variable domain has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 13. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 13. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 13. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 13. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 13. In some embodiments, the variable domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13.
[0163] In some embodiments, provided herein are anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that comprise a variable domain comprising CDRs from a VHH described herein (SEQ ID NO: 13) . Methods to identify CDRs are well known in the art. For example, software programs (abYsis) on publicly available websites are known to those of skill in the art for analysis of antibody sequence and determination of CDRs. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from a VHH having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13.
[0164] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is a variant of a humanized VHH 05 provided herein. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is a variant of VHH 05 HZ01. The variant can have up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13. The variant can have up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13. The variant can have up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13. In some embodiments, the variant of a humanized VHH 05 has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the variant of a humanized VHH 05 has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions.
[0165] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a VHH. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 73, 74, and 75, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13.
[0166] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is the antibody designated as VHH 06. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein has a variable domain of VHH 06 (SEQ ID NO: 14) . In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein has a variable domain that comprises CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from the variable domain of VHH 06 (SEQ ID NO: 14) . The CDRs can be defined by any system known in the art. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat, Chothia, IMGT, AbM, or Contact. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat (as detailed herein) . In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by IMGT. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Chothia. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by AbM. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Contact.
[0167] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is a variant of VHH 06. The VHH 06 variant can have a variable domain having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 14. The VHH 06 variant can have a variable domain having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 14. The VHH 06 variant can have a variable domain having up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 14. The amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions can be in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions are not in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant of VHH 06 has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the variant of VHH 06 has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from VHH 06. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from VHH 06. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a chimeric antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from VHH 06.
[0168] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc, comprising a variable domain comprising (1) a CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73; (2) a CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 77; and / or (3) a CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 78; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc having a variable domain, wherein the variable domain comprises CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 73, 77 and 78, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions in the CDRs.
[0169] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 14. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 14. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 14. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 14. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14.
[0170] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a VHH. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 73, 77, and 78, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14.
[0171] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized VHH 06. In some embodiments, the humanized VHH 06 are designated as VHH 06 HZ01. In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain, wherein the variable domain has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, the variable domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15.
[0172] In some embodiments, provided herein are anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that comprise a variable domain comprising CDRs from a VHH described herein (SEQ ID NO: 15) . Methods to identify CDRs are well known in the art. For example, software programs (abYsis) on publicly available websites are known to those of skill in the art for analysis of antibody sequence and determination of CDRs. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from a VHH having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15.
[0173] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is a variant of a humanized VHH 06 provided herein. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is a variant of VHH 06 HZ01. The variant can have up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15. The variant can have up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15. The variant can have up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, the variant of a humanized VHH 06 has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the variant of a humanized VHH 06 has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions.
[0174] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a VHH. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 73, 77, and 78, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15.
[0175] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is the antibody designated as VHH 07. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein has a variable domain of VHH 07 (SEQ ID NO: 16) . In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein has a variable domain that comprises CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from the variable domain of VHH 07 (SEQ ID NO: 16) . The CDRs can be defined by any system known in the art. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat, Chothia, IMGT, AbM, or Contact. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat (as detailed herein) . In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by IMGT. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Chothia. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by AbM. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Contact.
[0176] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is a variant of VHH 07. The VHH 07 variant can have a variable domain having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 16. The VHH 07 variant can have a variable domain having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 16. The VHH 07 variant can have a variable domain having up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 16. The amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions can be in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions are not in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant of VHH 07 has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the variant of VHH 07 has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from VHH 07. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from VHH 07. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a chimeric antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from VHH 07.
[0177] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc, comprising a variable domain comprising (1) a CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 79; (2) a CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74; and / or (3) a CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc having a variable domain, wherein the variable domain comprises CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 79, 74 and 80, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions in the CDRs.
[0178] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16.
[0179] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a VHH. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 79, 74, and 80, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16.
[0180] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized VHH 07. In some embodiments, the humanized VHH 07 are designated as VHH 07 HZ01. In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain, wherein the variable domain has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the variable domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17.
[0181] In some embodiments, provided herein are anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that comprise a variable domain comprising CDRs from a VHH described herein (SEQ ID NO: 17) . Methods to identify CDRs are well known in the art. For example, software programs (abYsis) on publicly available websites are known to those of skill in the art for analysis of antibody sequence and determination of CDRs. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from a VHH having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17.
[0182] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is a variant of a humanized VHH 07 provided herein. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is a variant of VHH 07 HZ01. The variant can have up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. The variant can have up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. The variant can have up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the variant of a humanized VHH 07 has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the variant of a humanized VHH 07 has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions.
[0183] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a VHH. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 79, 74, and 80, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17.
[0184] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is the antibody designated as VHH 08. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein has a variable domain of VHH 08 (SEQ ID NO: 18) . In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein has a variable domain that comprises CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from the variable domain of VHH 08 (SEQ ID NO: 18) . The CDRs can be defined by any system known in the art. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat, Chothia, IMGT, AbM, or Contact. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat (as detailed herein) . In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by IMGT. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Chothia. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by AbM. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Contact.
[0185] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is a variant of VHH 08. The VHH 08 variant can have a variable domain having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 18. The VHH 08 variant can have a variable domain having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 18. The VHH 08 variant can have a variable domain having up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 18. The amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions can be in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions are not in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant of VHH 08 has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the variant of VHH 08 has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from VHH 08. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from VHH 08. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a chimeric antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from VHH 08.
[0186] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc, comprising a variable domain comprising (1) a CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73; (2) a CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 81; and / or (3) a CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 82; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc having a variable domain, wherein the variable domain comprises CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 73, 81 and 82, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions in the CDRs.
[0187] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.
[0188] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a VHH. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 73, 81, and 82, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.
[0189] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized VHH 08. In some embodiments, the humanized VHH 08 are designated as VHH 08 HZ01. In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain, wherein the variable domain has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the variable domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.
[0190] In some embodiments, provided herein are anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that comprise a variable domain comprising CDRs from a VHH described herein (SEQ ID NO: 19) . Methods to identify CDRs are well known in the art. For example, software programs (abYsis) on publicly available websites are known to those of skill in the art for analysis of antibody sequence and determination of CDRs. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from a VHH having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.
[0191] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is a variant of a humanized VHH 08 provided herein. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is a variant of VHH 08 HZ01. The variant can have up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19. The variant can have up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19. The variant can have up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the variant of a humanized VHH 08 has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the variant of a humanized VHH 08 has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions.
[0192] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a VHH. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 73, 81, and 82, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.
[0193] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is the antibody designated as VHH 09. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein has a variable domain of VHH 09 (SEQ ID NO: 20) . In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein has a variable domain that comprises CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from the variable domain of VHH 09 (SEQ ID NO: 20) . The CDRs can be defined by any system known in the art. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat, Chothia, IMGT, AbM, or Contact. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat (as detailed herein) . In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by IMGT. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Chothia. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by AbM. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Contact.
[0194] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is a variant of VHH 09. The VHH 09 variant can have a variable domain having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 20. The VHH 09 variant can have a variable domain having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 20. The VHH 09 variant can have a variable domain having up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 20. The amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions can be in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions are not in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant of VHH 09 has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the variant of VHH 09 has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from VHH 09. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from VHH 09. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a chimeric antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from VHH 09.
[0195] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc, comprising a variable domain comprising (1) a CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73; (2) a CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83; and / or (3) a CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc having a variable domain, wherein the variable domain comprises CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 73, 83 and 84, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions in the CDRs.
[0196] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20.
[0197] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a VHH. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 73, 83, and 84, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20.
[0198] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized VHH 09. In some embodiments, the humanized VHH 09 are designated as VHH 09 HZ01. In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain, wherein the variable domain has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the variable domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21.
[0199] In some embodiments, provided herein are anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that comprise a variable domain comprising CDRs from a VHH described herein (SEQ ID NO: 21) . Methods to identify CDRs are well known in the art. For example, software programs (abYsis) on publicly available websites are known to those of skill in the art for analysis of antibody sequence and determination of CDRs. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from a VHH having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21.
[0200] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is a variant of a humanized VHH 09 provided herein. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is a variant of VHH 09 HZ01. The variant can have up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21. The variant can have up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21. The variant can have up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the variant of a humanized VHH 09 has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the variant of a humanized VHH 09 has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions.
[0201] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a VHH. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 73, 83, and 84, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21.
[0202] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is the antibody designated as VHH 10. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein has a variable domain of VHH 10 (SEQ ID NO: 22) . In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein has a variable domain that comprises CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from the variable domain of VHH 10 (SEQ ID NO: 22) . The CDRs can be defined by any system known in the art. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat, Chothia, IMGT, AbM, or Contact. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat (as detailed herein) . In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by IMGT. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Chothia. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by AbM. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Contact.
[0203] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is a variant of VHH 10. The VHH 10 variant can have a variable domain having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 22. The VHH 10 variant can have a variable domain having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 22. The VHH 10 variant can have a variable domain having up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 22. The amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions can be in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions are not in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant of VHH 10 has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the variant of VHH 10 has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from VHH 10. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from VHH 10. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a chimeric antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from VHH 10.
[0204] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc, comprising a variable domain comprising (1) a CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73; (2) a CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74; and / or (3) a CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 85; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc having a variable domain, wherein the variable domain comprises CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 73, 74 and 85, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions in the CDRs.
[0205] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a variable domain having at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22.
[0206] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a VHH. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 73, 74, and 85, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22.
[0207] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized VHH 10. In some embodiments, the humanized VHH 10 are designated as VHH 10 HZ01. In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain, wherein the variable domain has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23. In some embodiments, the variable domain has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23. In some embodiments, the variable domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23.
[0208] In some embodiments, provided herein are anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that comprise a variable domain comprising CDRs from a VHH described herein (SEQ ID NO: 23) . Methods to identify CDRs are well known in the art. For example, software programs (abYsis) on publicly available websites are known to those of skill in the art for analysis of antibody sequence and determination of CDRs. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98hc comprising a variable domain comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from a VHH having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23.
[0209] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is a variant of a humanized VHH 10 provided herein. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is a variant of VHH 10 HZ01. The variant can have up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23. The variant can have up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23. The variant can have up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23. In some embodiments, the variant of a humanized VHH 10 has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the variant of a humanized VHH 10 has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions.
[0210] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a VHH. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 73, 74, and 85, respectively. In some embodiments, the VHH provided herein has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23.
[0211] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc variable domain provided herein can be conjugated to an Fc domain. In some embodiments, an Fc domain is of IgG class, the IgM class, or the IgA class. In some embodiments, an Fc domain is an IgG Fc domain. In some embodiments, an Fc domain is a human IgG Fc domain. In some embodiments, an Fc domain is a human IgG1 Fc domain. In some embodiments, an Fc domain is a human IgG2 Fc domain. In some embodiments, an Fc domain is a human IgG3 Fc domain. In some embodiments, an Fc domain is a human IgG4 Fc domain. In some embodiments, Fc domain has been modified or deleted in the anti-CD98hc antibodies provided herein.
[0212] In some embodiments, the modified antibodies (e.g., modified Fc region) provide altered effector functions that, in turn, affect the biological profile of the antibody. For example, in some embodiments, the deletion or inactivation (through point mutations or other means) of a constant region reduces Fc receptor binding of the modified antibody as it circulates. In some embodiments, the constant region modifications reduce the immunogenicity of the antibody. In some embodiments, the constant region modifications increase the serum half-life of the antibody. In some embodiments, the constant region modifications reduce the serum half-life of the antibody. In some embodiments, the constant region modifications decrease or remove ADCC and / or CDC of the antibody. In some embodiments, specific amino acid substitutions in a human IgG1 Fc region with corresponding IgG2 or IgG4 residues reduce effector functions (e.g., ADCC and CDC) in the modified antibody. In some embodiments, an antibody does not have one or more effector functions (e.g., “effectorless” antibodies) . In some embodiments, the antibody does not bind an Fc receptor and / or complement factors. In some embodiments, the antibody has no effector function (s) . In some embodiments, the constant region is modified to eliminate disulfide linkages or oligosaccharide moieties. In some embodiments, the constant region is modified to add / substitute one or more amino acids to provide one or more oligosaccharide, or carbohydrate attachment sites. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibodies provided herein can comprise a modified Fc domain as compared to a native Fc region.
[0213] In some embodiments, the Fc domain comprises one or more amino acid substitution that reduces binding to an Fc receptor. The Fc receptor can be a human Fc receptor. The Fc receptor can be an Fcγ receptor. The Fc receptor can be an activating Fc receptor. The Fc receptor can be an activating human Fcγ receptor, such as a human Fcγ RIIIa, Fcγ RI or Fcγ RIIa. In some embodiments of the antibodies provided herein, the Fc domain comprises one or more amino acid substitution that reduces the effector function. In some embodiments of the antibodies provided herein, the same one or more amino acid substitution is present in each of the two subunits of the Fc region. In one aspect, the one or more amino acid substitution reduces the binding affinity of the Fc region to an Fc receptor. In one aspect, the one or more amino acid substitution reduces the binding affinity of the Fc region to an Fc receptor by at least 2-fold, at least 5-fold, or at least 10-fold.
[0214] Variants with reduced effector functions are known in the art and can be incorporated in the antibodies disclosed herein. For example, amino acid substitutions are known to reduce effector function. hIgG1 L235A / G237A / E318A antibody is unable to bind to human cell lines expressing FcγRs, resulting in reduced ADCC. hIgG1 and hIgG4 antibodies with L234A / L235A Fc domains have no detectable binding to the low affinity FcγRs and C1q and significantly reduced ADCC and CDC. The D266S mutation also reduces binding to FcγRs and C1q, similar to L234A and L235A. Mutations at specific residues in hIgG1 known to interact with both FcγRs and C1q, such as amino acid substitutions L234F / L235E / P331S, can reduce binding to the low affinity FcγRs and result in no detectable binding to FcγRI. The G236R / L328R mutation pair reduces or completely abrogates binding to the FcγRs. S267E substitution also reduces binding for all low affinity hFcγRs. S267K substitution combined with a series of mutations in the lower hinge of hIgG2 (E233P / L234V / L235A mutations and a deletion of residue G236) and incorporated into a hIgG1 background result in a lack of binding to all hFcγR. P329G disrupts the interaction between hIgG and hFcγR. The triple mutant L234A / L235A / P329G has no detectable binding to C1q or FcγRs, resulting in abrogated ADCC when introduced into a hIgG1. Combined point mutations of N297Q, L234F, L235E, D265A, P331S ablate Fc function. The combination of L234F / L235E / D265A potently silences the Fc region, resulting in no detectable binding to FcyRI, reduced binding to the low affinity FcyRs and reduced binding to C1q. From the site saturation mutagenesis libraries centered about the Fc C′ / E loop, the S298G / T299A mutations are found to abolish or significantly reduce binding to C1q and most FcγRs except for FcγRIIA-R131 and FcγRIIB.
[0215] Additionally, glycoengineering techniques can be used to generate antibodies with reduced effector functions. The N297 glycan is central to the binding between hIgG1 and FcγRs and C1q. As such, amino acid mutations at this site which remove this glycan, including N297A, N297Q and N297G, can reduce binding to all FcγRs and C1q, resulting in reduction of ADCC and CDC.
[0216] For hIgG4, which has low affinity for all FcγR, the serine at position 228 plays a pivotal role in F (ab) arm exchange. The S228P substitution can provide homogeneous hIgG4, and is commonly introduced in therapeutic hIgG4 antibodies. Based upon its inherent lack of effector function, the human γ4 constant region can be used in Fc-silencing approaches. For example, exchanging the human γ1 region with that of human γ4 can reduce effector functionality. Murine IgG2b isotype, which also has low FcγR binding activity, differs from hIgG4 at position 235. Incorporating the mouse IgG2b residue (glutamic acid) into the hIgG4 antibody at this position can further minimize Fc effector function, resulting in an antibody (with the S228P / L235E mutations) with substantially reduced, if any, binding to all FcγRs and C1q, and no measurable ADCC. Additionally, rather than replacing the whole constant region of hIgG1 with hIgG4, specific amino acids from human γ4 can be introduced into antibodies of other IgG isotypes. For example, a combination of amino acid mutations-H268Q / V309L / A330S / P331S (IgG2m4) , when introduced into a hIgG2 backbone, can lead to no detectable binding to hFcγRI, hFcγRIIIA or C1q, reduced binding to hFcγRIIB and no change in binding to FcγRIIA-H131 when compared to the WT hIgG2 antibody. For another example, the V234A / G237A / P238S / H268A / V309L / A330S / P331S (IgG2c4d) mutations, where multiple residues within the hIgG2 constant region are replaced with IgG4 residues, can result in no detectable binding to any FcγRs or C1q and no measurable ADCC, ADCP or CDC when compared to the WT hIgG2 counterpart.
[0217] Accordingly, for illustrative purposes, such variants include: aglycosylation (N297A / Q / G; or “NA” ) , L235A / G237A / E318A ( “AAA” ) , L234A / L235A ( “LALA” ) , L234A / L235A / D266S (“AAS” ) , S228P / L235E ( “IgG4 PE” ) , G236R / L328R ( “RR” ) , S298G / T299A ( “GA” ) , L234F / L235E / P331S ( “FES” ) , C220S, H268Q / V309L / A330S / P331S ( “IgG2m4” ) , E233P / L234V / L235A / deletion of G236 / S267K, L234A / L235A / P329G ( “LALAPG” ) , V234A / G237A / P238S / H268A / V309L / A330S / P331S ( “IgG2c4d” ) , and L234F / L235E / D265A (“FEA” ) . (See Liu et al., Antibodies 9.4 (2020) : 64; Delidakis et al., Annual review of biomedical engineering 24 (2022) : 249-274, both incorporated herein by reference in their entireties) . As a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand, the antibodies disclosed herein are not limited by specific Fc modifications, and any combination and permutations of the Fc modifications disclosed herein or otherwise known in the art that reduce the effector function or binding affinity to FcγR can be adopted.
[0218] In some embodiments, Fc mutations are incorporated to improve serum half-life. Exemplary mutations include, for example, M252Y / S254T / T256E (YTE) substitutions, M428L / N434S (LS) substitutions, T307A / E380A / N434A (TM) substitutions, and H433K / N434F (HS) substations. These mutations are specifically designed to enhance the interaction of the antibody with the FcRn receptor, thereby reducing lysosomal degradation and prolonging the antibody's circulation time in the bloodstream.
[0219] In some embodiments, the Fc region has at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 101. In some embodiments, the Fc region has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 101. In some embodiments, the Fc region has at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 102. In some embodiments, the Fc region has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 102. In some embodiments, the Fc region has at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 103. In some embodiments, the Fc region has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 103. In some embodiments, the Fc region has at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 104. In some embodiments, the Fc region has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 104.
[0220] In some embodiments, provided herein are also antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with the antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided above for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are also antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that competitively inhibits binding of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided above for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are also antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that bind to the same epitope as the antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided above. Antibodies that “compete with another antibody for binding to a target” refer to antibodies that inhibit (partially or completely) the binding of the other antibody to the target. Whether two antibodies compete with each other for binding to a target, i.e., whether and to what extent one antibody inhibits the binding of the other antibody to a target, can be determined using known competition experiments, e.g., surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis. In some embodiments, an anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment competes with, and inhibits binding of another antibody or antigen-binding fragment to CD98hc by at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%or 100%. Competition assays can be conducted as described, for example, in Ed Harlow and David Lane, Cold Spring Harb Protoc; 2006; doi: l0. H0l / pdb. prot4277 or in Chapter 11 of “Using Antibodies” by Ed Harlow and David Lane, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA 1999.
[0221] The present disclosure further contemplates additional variants and equivalents that are substantially homologous to the recombinant, monoclonal, chimeric, humanized, and human antibodies, or antibody fragments thereof, described herein. In some embodiments, it is desirable to improve the binding affinity of the antibody. In some embodiments, it is desirable to modulate biological properties of the antibody, including but not limited to, specificity, thermostability, expression level, effector function (s) , glycosylation, immunogenicity, and / or solubility. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that amino acid changes may alter post-translational processes of an antibody, such as changing the number or position of glycosylation sites or altering membrane anchoring characteristics. In some embodiments, provided herein are affinity matured variants of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided above.
[0222] Antibodies comprising functional variants of the variable domains, the VHH domains, or one or more CDRs of the antibodies of the examples as also provided herein. A functional variant of a variable domain, a VHH, or CDRs used in the context of an antibody still allows the antibody to retain at least a substantial proportion (at least about 90%, 95%or more) of functional features of the “reference” and / or “parent” antibody, including affinity and / or the specificity / selectivity, Fc inertness and PK parameters such as half-life, Tmax, Cmax. Such functional variants typically retain significant sequence identity to the parent antibody and / or have substantially similar length of variable domains. Exemplary variants include those which differ from variable domains, VHH, and / or CDR regions of the parent antibody sequences mainly by conservative substitutions, e.g., 10, such as 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 of the substitutions in the variant can be conservative amino acid residue replacements.
[0223] Variations can be a substitution, deletion, or insertion of one or more nucleotides encoding the antibody or polypeptide that results in a change in the amino acid sequence as compared with the native antibody or polypeptide sequence. In some embodiments, amino acid substitutions are the result of replacing one amino acid with another amino acid having similar structural and / or chemical properties, such as the replacement of a leucine with a serine, e.g., conservative amino acid replacements. Insertions or deletions can be in the range of about 1 to 5 amino acids. In some embodiments, the substitution, deletion, or insertion includes less than 25 amino acid substitutions, less than 20 amino acid substitutions, less than 15 amino acid substitutions, less than 10 amino acid substitutions, less than 5 amino acid substitutions, less than 4 amino acid substitutions, less than 3 amino acid substitutions, or less than 2 amino acid substitutions relative to the parent molecule. In some embodiments, variations in the amino acid sequence that are biologically useful and / or relevant can be determined by systematically making insertions, deletions, or substitutions in the sequence and testing the resulting variant proteins for activity as compared to the parent protein.
[0224] In some embodiments, provided herein are variants of anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein. In some embodiments, a variant comprises one to 30 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the parent antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, a variant comprises one to 25 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the parent antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, a variant comprises one to 20 substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the parent antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, a variant comprises one to 15 substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the parent antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, a variant comprises one to 10 substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the parent antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, a variant comprises one to five amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the parent antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, a variant comprises one to three amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the parent antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitution (s) is in a CDR of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitution (s) is not in a CDR of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitution (s) is in a framework region of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions are conservative amino acid substitutions.
[0225] The variant antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein can be generated using methods known in the art, including but not limited to, site-directed mutagenesis, alanine scanning mutagenesis, and PCR mutagenesis. Methods for mutagenesis and nucleotide sequence alterations are well known in the art. See, for example, Walker and Gaastra, eds. (1983) TECHNIQUES IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (MacMillan Publishing Company, New York) ; Kunkel, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 488-492 (1985) ; Kunkel et al., Methods Enzymol. 54: 367-382 (1987) ; Sambrook et al. (1989) MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. ) ; U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,192; and the references cited therein; herein incorporated by reference. Guidance as to appropriate amino acid substitutions that do not affect biological activity of the polypeptide of interest can be found in the model of Dayhoff et al. (1978) in Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure (Natl. Biomed. Res. Found., Washington, D.C. ) , pp. 345-352, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. The model of Dayhoff et al. uses the Point Accepted Mutation (PAM) amino acid similarity matrix (PAM 250 matrix) to determine suitable conservative amino acid substitutions. Conservative substitutions, such as exchanging one amino acid with another having similar properties, can be beneficial.
[0226] In some embodiments, variants can include addition of amino acid residues at the amino-and / or carboxyl-terminal end of the antibody or polypeptide. The length of additional amino acids residues can range from one residue to a hundred or more residues. In some embodiments, a variant comprises an N-terminal methionyl residue. In some embodiments, the variant comprises an additional polypeptide / protein (e.g., Fc region) to create a fusion protein. In some embodiments, a variant is engineered to be detectable and can comprise a detectable label and / or protein (e.g., a fluorescent tag or an enzyme) .
[0227] In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments disclosed herein can be chemically modified naturally or by intervention. In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments are chemically modified by glycosylation, acetylation, pegylation, phosphorylation, amidation, derivatization by known protecting / blocking groups, proteolytic cleavage, and / or linkage to a cellular ligand or other protein. Any of numerous chemical modifications can be carried out by known techniques. The antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein can comprise one or more analogs of an amino acid (including, for example, unnatural amino acids) , as well as other modifications known in the art.
[0228] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with an anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment disclosed herein for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with camelid VHH 01 for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with chimeric VHH 01 for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with a humanized VHH 01 disclosed herein for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with VHH 01 HZ01 disclosed herein for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with VHH 01 HZ02 disclosed herein for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with camelid VHH 02 for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with chimeric VHH 02 for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with a humanized VHH 02 disclosed herein for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with VHH 02 HZ01 disclosed herein for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with VHH 02 HZ02 disclosed herein for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with camelid VHH 03 for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with chimeric VHH 03 for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with a humanized VHH 03 disclosed herein for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with VHH 03 HZ01 disclosed herein for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with VHH 03 HZ02 disclosed herein for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with camelid VHH 04 for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with chimeric VHH 04 for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with a humanized VHH 04 disclosed herein for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with VHH 04 HZ01 disclosed herein for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with camelid VHH 05 for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with chimeric VHH 05 for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with a humanized VHH 05 disclosed herein for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with VHH 05 HZ01 disclosed herein for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with camelid VHH 06 for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with chimeric VHH 06 for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with a humanized VHH 06 disclosed herein for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with VHH 06 HZ01 disclosed herein for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with camelid VHH 07 for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with chimeric VHH 07 for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with a humanized VHH 07 disclosed herein for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with VHH 07 HZ01 disclosed herein for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with camelid VHH 08 for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with chimeric VHH 08 for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with a humanized VHH 08 disclosed herein for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with VHH 08 HZ01 disclosed herein for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with camelid VHH 09 for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with chimeric VHH 09 for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with a humanized VHH 09 disclosed herein for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with VHH 09 HZ01 disclosed herein for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with camelid VHH 10 for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with chimeric VHH 10 for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with a humanized VHH 10 disclosed herein for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with VHH 10 HZ01 disclosed herein for binding to CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc) .
[0229] Epitope mapping is a method of identifying the binding site, region, or epitope on a target protein where an antibody binds. A variety of methods are known in the art for mapping epitopes on target proteins. These methods include mutagenesis, including but not limited to, shotgun mutagenesis, site-directed mutagenesis, and alanine scanning; domain or fragment scanning; peptide scanning (e.g., Pepscan technology) ; display methods (e.g., phage display, microbial display, and ribosome / mRNA display) ; methods involving proteolysis and mass spectroscopy; and structural determination (e.g., X-ray crystallography and NMR) . In some embodiments, anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein are characterized by assays including, but not limited to, N-terminal sequencing, amino acid analysis, HPLC, mass spectrometry, ion exchange chromatography, and papain digestion.
[0230] The anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments of the present disclosure can be analyzed for their physical, chemical and / or biological properties by various methods known in the art. In some embodiments, an anti-CD98hc antibody is tested for its ability to bind CD98hc (e.g., human CD98hc or cyno CD98hc) . Binding assays include, but are not limited to, BLI, SPR (e.g., Biacore) , ELISA, and FACS. In addition, antibodies can be evaluated for solubility, stability, thermostability, viscosity, expression levels, expression quality, and / or purification efficiency.
[0231] In some embodiments, anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein bind to human CD98hc with high affinity, for example, with a KD of 10-7 M or less, 5×10-8 M or less, 10-8 M or less, 5×10-9 M or less, 10-9 M or less, 5×10-10 M or less, or 10-10 M or less. In some embodiments, anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein bind to human CD98hc with high affinity, for example, with a KD of about 10-7 M, about 5×10-8 M, about 10-8 M, about 5×10-9 M, about 10-9 M, about 5×10-10 M, or about 10-10 M. In some embodiments, anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein bind to human CD98hc with a KD of about 10-7 M. In some embodiments, anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein bind to human CD98hc with a KD of about 10-8 M. In some embodiments, anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein bind to human CD98hc with a KD of about 10-9 M. In some embodiments, anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein bind to human CD98hc with a KD ranging from 10-10 M to 10-7 M, from 10-9 M to 10-7 M, from 10-8 M to 10-7 M, from 10-10 M to 5×10-8 M, from 10-9 M to 5×10-8 M, from 10-8 M to 5×10-8 M, from 10-10 M to 10-8 M, from 10-9 M to 10-8 M, from 10-10 M to 5×10-9 M, from 10-9 M to 5×10-9 M, or from 10-10 M to 10-9 M. In some embodiments, anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein bind to human CD98hc with high affinity, for example, with a KD from 10-9 M to 10-7 M. In some embodiments, the KD is determined by BLI. In some embodiments, the KD is determined by SPR.
[0232] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein bind to both human CD98hc and cynomolgus CD98hc. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein bind to human CD98hc but not cynomolgus CD98hc.
[0233] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein can cross the BBB.
[0234] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein are internalizing antibodies or antigen-binding fragments. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments disclosed herein can be internalized in BBB epithelial cells greater than 10-fold as compared to internalization by an isotype control.
[0235] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein accumulate at least 2-fold more than an isotype control in the brain. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein accumulate at least 3, at least 4, at least 5-fold, at least 6-fold, at least 7-fold, at least 8-fold, at least 9-fold, or at least 10 fold more than an isotype control in the brain. In some embodiments, the accumulation is measured in a hCD98 knock-in mouse.
[0236] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein accumulate at least 2-fold more than an isotype control in the brain parenchyma. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein accumulate at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10-fold more than an isotype control in the brain parenchyma. In some embodiments, the accumulation is measured in a hCD98 knock-in mouse.
[0237] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein do not affect BBB integrity or function. Leucine transported into the brain parenchyma serves several functions, including but not limited to, providing a metabolic precursor of fuel molecules, participating in the maintenance of the nitrogen balance, and regulating the activity of some enzymes important for brain energy metabolism. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein do not affect leucine uptake by CD98-expressing cells. 5.3 Conjugates and fusion proteins
[0238] Provided herein are conjugates comprising an antibody or antigen-binding fragment disclosed herein that specifically binds to human CD98hc. Conjugates provided herein comprise the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment and an effector moiety. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment and the effector moiety form a complex by non-covalent interaction. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment is linked to the effector moiety.
[0239] By being conjugated to the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment, the effector moiety can cross the BBB and be delivered to the CNS, such as the brain. In some embodiments, the effector moiety is selected from the group consisting of drugs for neurological diseases or disorders, neurotrophic factors, growth factors, enzymes, cytotoxic agents and imaging agents. In some embodiments, the effector moiety is a therapeutic agent, such as a small molecule drug or a biologic drug. In some embodiments, the effector moiety is a small molecule drug for neurological condition (e.g., temozolomide) . In some embodiments, the effector moiety is a peptide (e.g., an IGF-1 peptide) . In some embodiments, the effector moiety is an antibody (e.g., aducanumab) . In some embodiments, the effector moiety can be a gene therapy vector, such as a viral vector. In some embodiments, the effector moiety can be a neuroprotective agent, such as an antioxidant (e.g., Coenzyme Q10) or an anti-inflammatory agent (e.g., minocycline) .
[0240] In some embodiments, the effector moiety is a diagnostic agent, such as an imaging agent that helps visualize brain structure or pathology. The imaging agent can be a radioactive isotope, a contrast agent, or a fluorescent dye. In some embodiments, the imaging agent can be fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) . In some embodiments, the imaging agent can be MRI contrast agent such as gadolinium-based agents.
[0241] In some embodiments, the effector moiety is a peptide. In some embodiments, provided herein are fusion proteins comprising the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment and the peptide effector moiety, connected by a linker, such as a peptide linker. The linker can be e.g., a glycine linker, a glycine-rich linker, or a glycine-serine linker. The linker can be, for example, 1 to 20 amino acids in length. The linker can comprise the amino acid sequence (GGGS) n, n=1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 (SEQ ID NO: 50) . The linker can comprise the amino acid sequence (GGGGS) n, n=1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 (SEQ ID NO: 51) . The linker can comprise the amino acid sequence (GGGGS) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 52) . The linker can comprise the amino acid sequence GTEGKSSGSGSESKST (SEQ ID NO: 53) . The linker can comprise the amino acid sequence GGAGGA (SEQ ID NO: 54) . A person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the fusion proteins disclosed herein are not limited by the specific linkers exemplified herein. Any peptide linker with the appropriate length and flexibility that allows both the anti-CD98hc and the peptide effector moiety to properly function can be used.
[0242] In some embodiments, a fusion protein provided herein comprises an anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment and a peptide effector moiety. In some embodiments, the peptide effector moiety is a peptide useful in protein replacement therapy (PRT) . In some embodiments, the peptide effector moiety is an enzyme (e.g., an enzyme for use in enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) ) or a catalytically active fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the peptide effector moiety is a growth factor. In some embodiments, the peptide effector moiety is a decoy receptor. In some embodiments, the peptide effector moiety is progranulin (PGRN) , prosaposin (PSAP) , or survival motor neuron protein (SMN) . In some embodiments, the peptide effector moiety can be an enzyme that is ubiquitin protein ligase E3A (UBE3A) , α-L-Iduronidase (IDUA) , Iduronate-2-sulphatase (IDS) , N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulphatase (GALNS) , N-sulfoglucosamine sulfohydrolase (SGSH) , N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulphatase (arylsulfatase B; ARSB) , acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) , β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase or GBA) , galactosylceramide beta-galactosidase, glucosylceramidase, beta-hexosaminidase A, beta-hexosaminidase B, arylsulfatase A, beta-galactosidase, acid ceramidase, alpha-glucosidase, lysosomal acid lipase, lysosomal protease, or a synthetic enzyme replacement thereof, such as laronidase, idursulfase, elosulfase alpha, or galsulfase, or a variant thereof, or a catalytically active fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the peptide effector moiety can be clusterin (APOJ) , Reelin, Tripeptidyl Peptidase 1 (CLN2 / TPP1) , glucosamine (N-acetyl) -6-sulfatase (GNS) , heparan-α-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase (HGSNAT) , or N-acetyl-α-glucosaminidase (NAGLU) .
[0243] In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises an anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment and a peptide effector moiety, and an Fc portion. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment and the peptide effector moiety or polypeptide are linked to the N-terminus of the Fc portion of the fusion protein. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment is linked to the N-terminus of the Fc portion and the peptide effector moiety is linked to the C-terminus of the Fc portion of the fusion protein. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment is linked to the C-terminus of the Fc portion and the peptide effector moiety is linked to the N-terminus of the Fc portion of the fusion protein.
[0244] In some embodiments, provided herein are fusion proteins comprising anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment linked to a second antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, the fusion protein is a multispecific antibody. In some embodiments, the fusion protein is a bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, the second antibody or antigen specifically binds to a CNS antigen. In some embodiments, the second antibody or antigen specifically binds to a brain antigen.
[0245] In some embodiments, the CNS antigen is selected from the group consisting of alpha-synuclein, amyloid precursor protein (APP) , amyloid-beta (Aβ) , N-truncated pyroglutamate amyloid-β (N3pGlu Aβ) , apolipoprotein E (ApoE) , apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) , ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 1 (ABCA1) , ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 7 (ABCA7) , beta-secretase 1 (BACE1) , caspase 6, CD20, CD33 (Siglec3) , death receptor 6 (DR6) , disialoganglioside (GD2) , epidermal growth factor (EGF) , epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) , epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (EGFR2 / HER2) , gamma secretase, glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B (GPNMB) , GLP-1, HLA-DR1, HLA-DR5, huntingtin, IL-34, IL1RAP, interleukin-13 receptor alpha 2 (IL-13Rα2) , leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) , LILRB2, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) , membrane spanning 4-domains A4A (MS4A4A) , membrane spanning 4-domains A4E (MS4A4E) , membrane spanning 4-domains A 6A (MS4A6A) , p-glucocerebrosidase (GCase or GBA) , p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) , parkin, paired immunoglobin like type 2 receptor alpha (PILRA) , phosphorylated Tau, prion protein (PrP) , presenilin 1, presenilin 2, progranulin (PGRN) , prosaposin (PSAP) , sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 11 (Siglec11) , sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 5 (Siglec5) , sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 7 (Siglec7) , sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 9 (Siglec9) , sortilin (SORT) , sphingolipids, Tau protein, transmembrane protein 106B (TMEM106b) , triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) , TXNRD1, and ubiquitin protein ligase E3A (UBE3A) . In some embodiments, the CNS antigen is amyloid-beta (Aβ) . In some embodiments, the CNS antigen is N-truncated pyroglutamate amyloid-β (N3pGlu Aβ) .
[0246] The fusion proteins or multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies) provided herein can comprise a constant region. In some embodiments, a constant region is a human constant region. The constant region can be a light chain constant region. The constant region can be a human light chain constant region. The constant region can be a heavy chain constant region. The constant region can be a human heavy chain constant region. The constant region can be an IgG constant region. The constant region can be an IgG1 constant region. The constant region can be an IgG2 constant region. The constant region can be an IgG4 constant region. The constant region can be a human IgG constant region. The constant region can be a human IgG1 constant region. The constant region can be a human IgG2 constant region. The constant region can be a human IgG4 constant region.
[0247] In some embodiments, the fusion proteins or multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies) provided herein comprise a heavy chain and a light chain. With respect to the heavy chain, in some embodiments, the heavy chain of an antigen-binding protein described herein can be an alpha (α) , delta (δ) , epsilon (ε) , gamma (γ) , and mu (μ) . heavy chain. In some embodiments, the heavy chain can comprise a human alpha (α) , delta (δ) , epsilon (ε) , gamma (γ) , and mu (μ) heavy chain. In some embodiments, the heavy chain comprises a human gamma (γ) heavy chain constant region. In some embodiments, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of an IgG1 heavy chain constant region. In some embodiments, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of an IgG2 (e.g., IgG2a or IgG2b) heavy chain constant region. In some embodiments, the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of an IgG4 heavy chain constant region. With respect to the light chain, in some embodiments, the light chain is a kappa light chain. In some embodiments, the light chain is a lambda light chain. In some embodiments, the light chain is a human kappa light chain or a human lambda light chain.
[0248] In some embodiments, the fusion proteins or multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies) provided herein comprise constant regions comprising the amino acid sequences of the constant regions of an IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA, or IgY immunoglobulin molecule, or a human IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA, or IgY immunoglobulin molecule. In some embodiments, the fusion proteins or multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies) provided herein comprise constant regions comprising the amino acid sequences of the constant regions of an IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA, or IgY immunoglobulin molecule, any class (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgAl, and IgA2) , or any subclass (e.g., IgG2a and IgG2b) of immunoglobulin molecule. In some embodiments, the constant regions comprise the amino acid sequences of the constant regions of a human IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA, or IgY immunoglobulin molecule, any class (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgAl, and IgA2) , or any subclass (e.g., IgG2a and IgG2b) of immunoglobulin molecule. Non-limiting examples of human constant region sequences have been described in e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,693,780 and Kabat EA et al., (1991) SEQUENCES OF PROTEINS OF IMMUNOLOGICAL INTEREST, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242) .
[0249] It is known in the art that the constant regions of an antibody mediate several effector functions and these effector functions can vary depending on the isotype of the antibody. For example, binding of the C1 component of complement to the Fc region of IgG or IgM antibodies (bound to antigen) activates the complement system. Activation of complement is important in the opsonization and lysis of cell pathogens. The activation of complement also stimulates the inflammatory response and can be involved in autoimmune hypersensitivity. In addition, the Fc region of an antibody can bind a cell expressing a Fc receptor (FcR) . There are a number of Fc receptors which are specific for different classes of antibody, including IgG (gamma receptors) , IgE (epsilon receptors) , IgA (alpha receptors) and IgM (mu receptors) . Binding of antibody to Fc receptors on cell surfaces triggers a number of important and diverse biological responses including engulfment and destruction of antibody-coated particles, clearance of immune complexes, lysis of antibody-coated target cells by killer cells (called antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity or ADCC) , release of inflammatory mediators, placental transfer, and control of immunoglobulin production.
[0250] In some embodiments, at least one or more of the constant regions have been modified or deleted in the fusion proteins or multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies) provided herein. In some embodiments, the antibodies comprise modifications to one or more of the three heavy chain constant regions (CH1, CH2 or CH3) and / or to the light chain constant region (CL) .
[0251] In some embodiments, the heavy chain constant region of the modified antibodies comprises at least one human constant region. In some embodiments, the heavy chain constant region of the modified antibodies comprises more than one human constant region. In some embodiments, modifications to the constant region comprise additions, deletions, or substitutions of one or more amino acids in one or more regions. In some embodiments, one or more regions are partially or entirely deleted from the constant regions of the modified antibodies. In some embodiments, the entire CH2 domain has been removed from an antibody (ΔCH2 constructs) . In some embodiments, a deleted constant region is replaced by a short amino acid spacer that provides some of the molecular flexibility typically imparted by the absent constant region. In some embodiments, a modified antibody comprises a CH3 domain directly fused to the hinge region of the antibody. In some embodiments, a modified antibody comprises a peptide spacer inserted between the hinge region and modified CH2 and / or CH3 domains.
[0252] In some embodiments, the fusion proteins or multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies) provided herein can comprise an Fc domain or fragment thereof. In some embodiments, an Fc domain is of IgG class, the IgM class, or the IgA class. In some embodiments, an Fc domain or fragment thereof is an IgG Fc domain or fragment thereof. In some embodiments, an Fc domain or fragment thereof is a human IgG Fc domain or fragment thereof. In some embodiments, an Fc domain or fragment thereof is a human IgG1 Fc domain or fragment thereof. In some embodiments, an Fc domain or fragment thereof is a human IgG2 Fc domain or fragment thereof. In some embodiments, an Fc domain or fragment thereof is a human IgG4 Fc domain or fragment thereof.
[0253] In some embodiments, the modified antibodies (e.g., modified Fc region) provide altered effector functions that, in turn, affect the biological profile of the antibody. For example, in some embodiments, the deletion or inactivation (through point mutations or other means) of a constant region reduces Fc receptor binding of the modified antibody as it circulates. In some embodiments, the constant region modifications reduce the immunogenicity of the antibody. In some embodiments, the constant region modifications increase the serum half-life of the antibody. In some embodiments, the constant region modifications reduce the serum half-life of the antibody. In some embodiments, the constant region modifications decrease or remove ADCC and / or CDC of the antibody. In some embodiments, specific amino acid substitutions in a human IgG1 Fc region with corresponding IgG2 or IgG4 residues reduce effector functions (e.g., ADCC and CDC) in the modified antibody. In some embodiments, an antibody does not have one or more effector functions (e.g., “effectorless” antibodies) . In some embodiments, the antibody does not bind an Fc receptor and / or complement factors. In some embodiments, the antibody has no effector function (s) . In some embodiments, the constant region is modified to eliminate disulfide linkages or oligosaccharide moieties. In some embodiments, the constant region is modified to add / substitute one or more amino acids to provide one or more oligosaccharide, or carbohydrate attachment sites. In some embodiments, the fusion proteins or multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies) provided herein can comprise a modified Fc domain as compared to a native Fc region.
[0254] In some embodiments of the fusion proteins or antibodies provided herein, the Fc domain comprises one or more amino acid substitution that reduces binding to an Fc receptor. The Fc receptor can be a human Fc receptor. The Fc receptor can be an Fcγ receptor. The Fc receptor can be an activating Fc receptor. The Fc receptor can be an activating human Fcγ receptor, such as a human Fcγ RIIIa, Fcγ RI or Fcγ RIIa. In some embodiments of the antibodies provided herein, the Fc domain comprises one or more amino acid substitution that reduces the effector function. In some embodiments of the antibodies provided herein, the same one or more amino acid substitution is present in each of the two subunits of the Fc region. In one aspect, the one or more amino acid substitution reduces the binding affinity of the Fc region to an Fc receptor. In one aspect, the one or more amino acid substitution reduces the binding affinity of the Fc region to an Fc receptor by at least 2-fold, at least 5-fold, or at least 10-fold.
[0255] Variants with reduced effector functions are known in the art and can be incorporated in the antibodies disclosed herein. For example, amino acid substitutions are known to reduce effector function. hIgG1 L235A / G237A / E318A antibody is unable to bind to human cell lines expressing FcγRs, resulting in reduced ADCC. hIgG1 and hIgG4 antibodies with L234A / L235A Fc domains have no detectable binding to the low affinity FcγRs and C1q and significantly reduced ADCC and CDC. The D266S mutation also reduces binding to FcγRs and C1q, similar to L234A and L235A. Mutations at specific residues in hIgG1 known to interact with both FcγRs and C1q, such as amino acid substitutions L234F / L235E / P331S, can reduce binding to the low affinity FcγRs and result in no detectable binding to FcγRI. The G236R / L328R mutation pair reduces or completely abrogates binding to the FcγRs. S267E substitution also reduces binding for all low affinity hFcγRs. S267K substitution combined with a series of mutations in the lower hinge of hIgG2 (E233P / L234V / L235A mutations and a deletion of residue G236) and incorporated into a hIgG1 background result in a lack of binding to all hFcγR. P329G disrupts the interaction between hIgG and hFcγR. The triple mutant L234A / L235A / P329G has no detectable binding to C1q or FcγRs, resulting in abrogated ADCC when introduced into a hIgG1. Combined point mutations of N297Q, L234F, L235E, D265A, P331S ablate Fc function. The combination of L234F / L235E / D265A potently silences the Fc region, resulting in no detectable binding to FcyRI, reduced binding to the low affinity FcyRs and reduced binding to C1q. From the site saturation mutagenesis libraries centered about the Fc C′ / E loop, the S298G / T299A mutations are found to abolish or significantly reduce binding to C1q and most FcγRs except for FcγRIIA-R131 and FcγRIIB.
[0256] Additionally, glycoengineering techniques can be used to generate antibodies with reduced effector functions. The N297 glycan is central to the binding between hIgG1 and FcγRs and C1q. As such, amino acid mutations at this site which remove this glycan, including N297A, N297Q and N297G, can reduce binding to all FcγRs and C1q, resulting in reduction of ADCC and CDC.
[0257] For hIgG4, which has low affinity for all FcγR, the serine at position 228 plays a pivotal role in F (ab) arm exchange. The S228P substitution can provide homogeneous hIgG4, and is commonly introduced in therapeutic hIgG4 antibodies. Based upon its inherent lack of effector function, the human γ4 constant region can be used in Fc-silencing approaches. For example, exchanging the human γ1 region with that of human γ4 can reduce effector functionality. Murine IgG2b isotype, which also has low FcγR binding activity, differs from hIgG4 at position 235. Incorporating the mouse IgG2b residue (glutamic acid) into the hIgG4 antibody at this position can further minimize Fc effector function, resulting in an antibody (with the S228P / L235E mutations) with substantially reduced, if any, binding to all FcγRs and C1q, and no measurable ADCC. Additionally, rather than replacing the whole constant region of hIgG1 with hIgG4, specific amino acids from human γ4 can be introduced into antibodies of other IgG isotypes. For example, a combination of amino acid mutations-H268Q / V309L / A330S / P331S (IgG2m4) , when introduced into a hIgG2 backbone, can lead to no detectable binding to hFcγRI, hFcγRIIIA or C1q, reduced binding to hFcγRIIB and no change in binding to FcγRIIA-H131 when compared to the WT hIgG2 antibody. For another example, the V234A / G237A / P238S / H268A / V309L / A330S / P331S (IgG2c4d) mutations, where multiple residues within the hIgG2 constant region are replaced with IgG4 residues, can result in no detectable binding to any FcγRs or C1q and no measurable ADCC, ADCP or CDC when compared to the WT hIgG2 counterpart.
[0258] Accordingly, for illustrative purposes, such variants include: aglycosylation (N297A / Q / G; or “NA” ) , L235A / G237A / E318A ( “AAA” ) , L234A / L235A ( “LALA” ) , L234A / L235A / D266S ( “AAS” ) , S228P / L235E ( “IgG4 PE” ) , G236R / L328R ( “RR” ) , S298G / T299A ( “GA” ) , L234F / L235E / P331S ( “FES” ) , H268Q / V309L / A330S / P331S ( “IgG2m4” ) , E233P / L234V / L235A / deletion of G236 / S267K, L234A / L235A / P329G ( “LALAPG” ) , V234A / G237A / P238S / H268A / V309L / A330S / P331S ( “IgG2c4d” ) , and L234F / L235E / D265A (“FEA” ) . (See Liu et al., Antibodies 9.4 (2020) : 64; Delidakis et al., Annual review of biomedical engineering 24 (2022) : 249-274, both incorporated herein by reference in their entireties) . As a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand, the fusion proteins and antibodies disclosed herein are not limited by specific Fc modifications, and any combination and permutations of the Fc modifications disclosed herein or otherwise known in the art that reduce the effector function or binding affinity to FcγR can be adopted.
[0259] In some embodiments, Fc mutations are incorporated to improve serum half-life. Exemplary mutations include, for example, M252Y / S254T / T256E (YTE) substitutions, M428L / N434S (LS) substitutions, T307A / E380A / N434A (TM) substitutions, and H433K / N434F (HS) substations. These mutations are specifically designed to enhance the interaction of the antibody with the FcRn receptor, thereby reducing lysosomal degradation and prolonging the antibody’s circulation time in the bloodstream.
[0260] In some embodiments, fusion proteins or multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies) disclosed herein comprise an anti-CD98 antigen-binding fragment disclosed herein, a second antibody or antigen-binding fragment that targets a CNS antigen or a brain antigen, and a modified Fc domain. In some embodiments, the modified Fc domain has reduced effector function. In some embodiments, the modified domain has improved half-life. In some embodiments, the modified Fc domain has L234A / L235A / D266S ( “AAS” ) substitutions. In some embodiments, the modified Fc domain has M252Y / S254T / T256E (YTE) substitutions. In some embodiments, the modified Fc domain has L234A / L235A / D266S ( “AAS” ) substitutions and M252Y / S254T / T256E (YTE) substitutions.
[0261] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibodies comprising an anti-CD98hc antibody or antigen-binding fragment described herein and a second antibody or antigen-binding fragment that specifically binds to a CNS antigen. Various formats of bispecific antibodies have been developed and are known in the art. As a person of ordinary skill would understand, the bispecific antibodies of present disclosure are not limited by any specific format (e.g., Brinkmann and Kontermann. MAbs. 9: 2 (2017) ; Kontermann and Brinkmann, Drug Discov Today, (2015) 20 (7) : 838-47) . Accordingly, bispecific proteins of the present disclosure can include various configurations having a first antigen-binding domain that binds to human CD98hc and a second antigen-binding domain, e.g., that binds to a CNS antigen or a brain antigen.
[0262] Examples of bispecific molecules that can be used in the present disclosure include, IgG-like bispecific antibodies and non-IgG-like bispecific antibodies. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein can be IgG-like bispecific antibodies. These antibodies have been engineered to promote heterologous Fc matching and include several platforms, including (1) Knobs-into-Holes, which involves modifying the CH3 region of one antibody chain to form a “knob” and the other to form a “hole, ” promoting efficient heterodimerization; (2) SEED, which alternates sequences from IgA and IgG to create complementary domains, enhancing heterodimer formation; (3) DEKK, which uses mutations to form salt bridges, stabilizing the interaction between the heavy chains; (4) ART-Ig, which promotes recombination by introducing different charges in the Fc region; (5) Orthogonal Fab, which introduces mutations to generate an orthogonal interface, allowing correct assembly of different Fab domains; (6) DuoBody, which utilizes controlled Fab-arm exchange (cFAE) technology; (7) DVD-Ig and FIT-Ig, which feature symmetrical structures with four antigen-binding sites, allowing simultaneous targeting of two different antigens; (8) two-in-one platform or dual action fab (DAF) , which uses phage display technology to optimize the original antibody with changes to residues in VL CDRs to specifically bind to the second target while retaining the ability to bind to the first target; (9) CrossMab and Wuxibody, which are both used for resolving the BsAb light chain mismatch. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein can be non-IgG-like bispecific antibodies. These formats lack the Fc segment, making them easier to produce with lower immunogenicity, including (1) Bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTEs) , which use linkers to connect two scFvs, redirecting T cells to cancer cells; (2) Dual-affinity retargeting molecules (DARTs) , which involve linking VH and VL sequences with interchain disulfide bonds; (3) TandAbs, which are tetravalent antibodies having two binding sites for each of the two antigens; (4) Bi-Nanobody, which connects the VH regions of two or more antibodies, creating stable and permeable molecules. Ma et al. (2021) . Front Immunol. 12: 626616.
[0263] In some embodiments, bispecific antibodies provided herein can be in IgG-VHH format. Specifically, bispecific antibodies provided herein can comprise an IgG that specifically binds to a CNS antigen or a brain antigen, and an anti-CD98hc antibody VHH disclosed herein. In some embodiments, one anti-CD98hc VHH is linked to the C-terminus of one of the two heavy chains of the IgG (2+1 format) . In some embodiments, two anti-CD98hc VHHs are linked to the C-terminus of both heavy chains of the IgG (2+2 format) . The two CD98hc VHHs can have the same sequence or different sequences. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc VHH is linked to the IgG via a peptide linker. The linker can be, for example, 1 to 20 amino acids in length. The linker can comprise the amino acid sequence (GGGS) n, n=1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 (SEQ ID NO: 50) . The linker can comprise the amino acid sequence (GGGGS) n, n=1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 (SEQ ID NO: 51) . The linker can comprise the amino acid sequence (GGGGS) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 52) . The linker can comprise the amino acid sequence GTEGKSSGSGSESKST (SEQ ID NO: 53) . The linker can comprise the amino acid sequence GGAGGA (SEQ ID NO: 54) . A person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein are not limited by the specific linkers exemplified herein. Any peptide linker with the appropriate length and flexibility that allows both the IgG and the VHH to properly bind their targets can be used. 5.4 Bispecific antibodies targeting CD98hc and Aβ
[0264] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibodies that specifically bind to Aβand CD98hc. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are chimeric antibodies. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are humanized antibodies. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are human antibodies. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are monoclonal antibodies.
[0265] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies comprise a first antigen-binding fragment that specifically binds to Aβ, and a second antigen-binding fragment that specifically binds to CD98hc. In some embodiments, the first antigen-binding fragment comprises a VH1 / VL1 pair that specifically targets Aβ and the second antigen-binding fragment comprises a variable domain (e.g., VHH) that specifically targets CD98hc. The variable domain (e.g., VHH) that specifically targets CD98hc can be any variable domain (e.g., VHH) described in present disclosure.
[0266] Table 3: Sequences for exemplary anti-Aβ antibody
[0267] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies comprise a VH1 / VL1 pair that specifically targets Aβ, wherein the VH1 has VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42, and the VL1 has VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs and / or VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies comprise a VH1 / VL1 pair that specifically targets Aβ, wherein the VH1 has VH1 CDR1, VH1 CDR2, and VH1 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 44, 45 and 46, respectively, and the VL1 has VL1 CDR1, VL1 CDR2, and VL1 CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 47, 48, and 49 respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs and / or VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies comprise a VH1 / VL1 pair that specifically targets Aβ, comprising: (a) a VH1 having at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42; and (b) a VL1 having at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43. In some embodiments, the VH1 and VL1 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 42 and 43, respectively.
[0268] In some embodiments, the VHH can have the amino acid sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 4, 7, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 and 22; or humanized versions thereof. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises a humanized variable domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 and 23.
[0269] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies comprise a VH1 / VL1 pair that specifically targets Aβ. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies comprise a variable domain that specifically targets CD98hc. In some embodiments, the variable domain comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from a variable domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-23; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variable domain comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 61, 62, and 63, respectively. In some embodiments, the variable domain comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 64, 65, and 66, respectively. In some embodiments, the variable domain comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 67, 68, and 69, respectively. In some embodiments, the variable domain comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 70, 71, and 72, respectively. In some embodiments, the variable domain comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 73, 74, and 75, respectively. In some embodiments, the variable domain comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 73, 77, and 78, respectively. In some embodiments, the variable domain comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 79, 74, and 80, respectively. In some embodiments, the variable domain comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 73, 81, and 82, respectively. In some embodiments, the variable domain comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 73, 83, and 84, respectively. In some embodiments, the variable domain comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 73, 74, and 85, respectively. In some embodiments, the variable domain comprises CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of (1) SEQ ID NOs: 86, 87, and 88, respectively; (2) SEQ ID NOs: 86, 74, and 75, respectively; (3) SEQ ID NOs: 86, 77, and 78, respectively; (4) SEQ ID NOs: 86, 74, and 80, respectively; (5) SEQ ID NOs: 86, 81, and 82, respectively; (6) SEQ ID NOs: 86, 83, and 84, respectively; (7) SEQ ID NOs: 86, 74, and 85, respectively; (8) SEQ ID NOs: 73, 87, and 75, respectively; (9) SEQ ID NOs: 73, 87, and 78, respectively; (10) SEQ ID NOs: 79, 87, and 80, respectively; (11) SEQ ID NOs: 73, 87, and 82, respectively; (12) SEQ ID NOs: 73, 87, and 84, respectively; (13) SEQ ID NOs: 73, 87, and 85, respectively; (14) SEQ ID NOs: 73, 74, and 88, respectively; (15) SEQ ID NOs: 73, 77, and 88, respectively; (16) SEQ ID NOs: 79, 74, and 88, respectively; (17) SEQ ID NOs: 73, 81, and 88, respectively; (18) SEQ ID NOs: 73, 83, and 88, respectively. The variable domain can also be a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs.
[0270] The anti-Aβ / CD98hc bispecific antibodies disclosed herein can be in any format known in the art. In some embodiments, the anti-Aβ / CD98hc bispecific antibodies provided herein can be IgG-like bispecific antibodies. These antibodies have been engineered to promote heterologous Fc matching and include several platforms, including (1) Knobs-into-Holes, which involves modifying the CH3 region of one antibody chain to form a “knob” and the other to form a “hole, ” promoting efficient heterodimerization; (2) SEED, which alternates sequences from IgA and IgG to create complementary domains, enhancing heterodimer formation; (3) DEKK, which uses mutations to form salt bridges, stabilizing the interaction between the heavy chains; (4) ART-Ig, which promotes recombination by introducing different charges in the Fc region; (5) Orthogonal Fab, which introduces mutations to generate an orthogonal interface, allowing correct assembly of different Fab domains; (6) DuoBody, which utilizes controlled Fab-arm exchange (cFAE) technology; (7) DVD-Ig and FIT-Ig, which feature symmetrical structures with four antigen-binding sites, allowing simultaneous targeting of two different antigens; (8) two-in-one platform or dual action fab (DAF) , which uses phage display technology to optimize the original antibody with changes to residues in VL CDRs to specifically bind to the second target while retaining the ability to bind to the first target; (9) CrossMab and Wuxibody, which are both used for resolving the BsAb light chain mismatch. In some embodiments, the anti-Aβ / CD98hc bispecific antibodies provided herein can be non-IgG-like bispecific antibodies. These formats lack the Fc segment, making them easier to produce with lower immunogenicity, including (1) Bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTEs) , which use linkers to connect two scFvs, redirecting T cells to cancer cells; (2) Dual-affinity retargeting molecules (DARTs) , which involve linking VH and VL sequences with interchain disulfide bonds; (3) TandAbs, which are tetravalent antibodies having two binding sites for each of the two antigens; (4) Bi-Nanobody, which connects the VH regions of two or more antibodies, creating stable and permeable molecules. Ma et al. (2021) . Front Immunol. 12: 626616.
[0271] In some embodiments, bispecific antibodies provided herein can be in IgG-VHH format. Specifically, bispecific antibodies provided herein can comprise an IgG that specifically binds to a Aβ, and an anti-CD98 antibody VHH disclosed herein. In some embodiments, one anti-CD98hc VHH is linked to the C-terminus of one of the two heavy chains of the anti-Aβ IgG (2+1 format) . In some embodiments, two anti-CD98hc VHHs are linked to the C-terminus of both heavy chains of the anti-Aβ IgG (2+2 format) . The two CD98hc VHHs can have the same sequence or different sequences. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc VHH is linked to the IgG via a peptide linker. The linker can be, for example, 1 to 20 amino acids in length. The linker can comprise the amino acid sequence (GGGS) n, n=1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 (SEQ ID NO: 50) . The linker can comprise the amino acid sequence (GGGGS) n, n=1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 (SEQ ID NO: 51) . The linker can comprise the amino acid sequence (GGGGS) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 52) . The linker can comprise the amino acid sequence GTEGKSSGSGSESKST (SEQ ID NO: 53) . The linker can comprise the amino acid sequence GGAGGA (SEQ ID NO: 54) . A person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein are not limited by the specific linkers exemplified herein. Any peptide linker with the appropriate length and flexibility that allows both the IgG and the VHH to properly bind their targets can be used.
[0272] Provided herein are bispecific antibodies for CD98hc and Aβ, comprising (1) a first peptide chain (HC1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1 and a first CH region, and a variable domain (e.g., VHH) ; (2) a second peptide chain (HC2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1 and a second CH region; and (3) a third peptide chain (LC) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CL region. In some embodiments, the VH1 and VL1 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 42 and 43, respectively. In some embodiments, the variable domain can be any variable domain (e.g., VHH) that specifically targets CD98hc disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the variable domain is a VHH. In some embodiments, the VHH has an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 4, 7, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 and 22, respectively; or humanized versions thereof. In some embodiments, the VHH comprises a humanized variable domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 and 23. In some embodiments, the HC1 comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1 and a first CH region, a linker and a VHH. In some embodiments, the linker has an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 50-54.
[0273] In some embodiments of the anti-Aβ / CD98hc bispecific antibodies disclosed herein, the anti-CD98hc VHH has at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-23. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc VHH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc VHH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc VHH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc VHH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc VHH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc VHH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc VHH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc VHH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc VHH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc VHH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc VHH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc VHH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc VHH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc VHH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc VHH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc VHH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc VHH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc VHH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc VHH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc VHH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc VHH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc VHH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc VHH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23.
[0274] The amino acid sequences of the CL region and the CH region of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein can be derived from any appropriate source, e.g., a constant region of an antibody such as an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4. In some embodiments, the constant regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are derived from human IgG. In some embodiments, the constant regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are derived from human IgG1. In some embodiments, the constant regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are derived from human IgG2. In some embodiments, the constant regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are derived from human IgG3. In some embodiments, the constant regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are derived from human IgG4. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequences of the CL region and the CH regions of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein can comprise one or more amino acid substitutions, additions, or deletions that differ from the wildtype immunoglobulin, e.g., one or more amino acid substitutions in a wild type IgG1 or IgG4. Such mutations are known in the art (see, e.g., US7704497, US7083784, US6821505, US 8323962, US6737056, and US7416727) .
[0275] The bispecific antibodies provided herein comprise a first CH region, a second CH region, and a CL region. In some embodiments, the CL region is Cκ (SEQ ID NO: 57) or Cλ (SEQ ID NO: 58) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids substitutions, additions, and / or deletions. In some embodiments, the VL region is Cκ (SEQ ID NO: 57) . In some embodiments, the VL region is Cλ (SEQ ID NO: 58) .
[0276] The bispecific antibodies provided herein comprise a first CH region and a second CH region, which can be human IgG1 CH region (SEQ ID NO: 89) , human IgG2 CH region (SEQ ID NO: 90) , human IgG3 CH region (SEQ ID NO: 91) , or human IgG4 CH region (SEQ ID NO: 92) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids substitutions, additions, and / or deletions. In some embodiments, the first CH region and / or the second CH region are human IgG1 CH regions (SEQ ID NO: 89) . In some embodiments, the first CH region and / or the second CH region are human IgG2 CH regions (SEQ ID NO: 90) . In some embodiments, the first CH region and / or the second CH region are human IgG3 CH regions (SEQ ID NO: 91) . In some embodiments, the first CH region and / or the second CH region are human IgG4 CH regions (SEQ ID NO: 92) .
[0277] In some embodiments, the first and second CH regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are human IgG1 CH regions having up to three, up to five, up to eight, up to ten, and up to twenty amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions.
[0278] Table 4: Exemplary human IgG constant regions / domains and variants
[0279] In some embodiments, the first and second CH regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are human IgG1 CH regions with mutations to reduce the effector function. In some embodiments, the modification can be aglycosylation (N297A / Q / G; or “NA” ) , L235A / G237A / E318A ( “AAA” ) , L234A / L235A ( “LALA” ) , L234A / L235A / D266S ( “AAS” ) , S228P / L235E ( “IgG4 PE” ) , G236R / L328R ( “RR” ) , S298G / T299A ( “GA” ) , L234F / L235E / P331S (“FES” ) , H268Q / V309L / A330S / P331S ( “IgG2m4” ) , E233P / L234V / L235A / deletion of G236 / S267K, L234A / L235A / P329G ( “LALAPG” ) , V234A / G237A / P238S / H268A / V309L / A330S / P331S (“IgG2c4d” ) , and L234F / L235E / D265A ( “FEA” ) . In some embodiments, the first and second CH regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are human IgG1 CH regions with L234A / L235A / D266S ( “AAS” ) substitutions.
[0280] In some embodiments, the first and second CH regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are human IgG1 CH regions with mutations to improve serum half-life. Exemplary mutations include, for example, M252Y / S254T / T256E (YTE) substitutions, M428L / N434S (LS) substitutions, T307A / E380A / N434A (TM) substitutions, and H433K / N434F (HS) substations.
[0281] In some embodiments, the first and second CH regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are human IgG1 CH regions with reduced effector function and improved half-life. In some embodiments, the first and second CH regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are human IgG1 CH regions with M252Y / S254T / T256E (YTE) substitutions. In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies provided herein, an enhanced FcRn binding at acidic pH is used by incorporating YTE mutations for half-life extension.
[0282] In some embodiments, the anti-Aβ / CD98hc bispecific antibodies provided herein comprises a mutation to promote heterodimerization of Fc regions. In some embodiments, a dimerized Fc region of a bispecific antibody provided herein is formed by Fc regions that contain amino acid mutations, substitutions, additions, or deletions to promote heterodimerization in which different polypeptides comprising different Fc regions can dimerize to yield a heterodimer configuration. In some embodiments, a bispecific antibody of the present disclosure comprises a first Fc sequence comprising a first CH3 region, and a second Fc sequence comprising a second CH3 region, wherein the sequences of the first and second CH3 regions are different and are such that the heterodimeric interaction between said first and second CH3 regions is stronger than each of the homodimeric interactions of said first and second CH3 regions.
[0283] Methods to promote heterodimerization of Fc regions include amino acid deletions, additions, or substitutions of the amino acid sequence of the Fc region, such as by including a set of “knob-into-hole” deletions, additions, or substitutions or including amino acid deletions, additions, or substitutions to effect electrostatic steering or hydrophobic interaction of the Fc to favor attractive interactions among different polypeptide chains. Methods for promoting heterodimerization of complementary Fc polypeptides have been previously described in, for example, Ridgway et al., 1996, Protein Eng, 9: 617-621; Merchant et al., 1998, Nature Biotechnol, 16: 677-681; Moore et al., 2011, MAbs, 3: 546-557; Von Kreudenstein et al., 2013, 5: 646-654; Gunasekaran et al., 2010, J Biol Chem, 285: 19637-19464; Leaver-Fay et al., 2016, Structure, 24: 641-651; Ha et al., 2016, Frontiers in Immunology, 7: 1; Davis et al., 2010, Protein Eng Des Sei, 23: 195-202; W01996 / 027011; WO 1998 / 050431; W02006 / 028936; W02009 / 089004; WO2011 / 143545; WO2014 / 067011; WO2012 / 058768; WO2018 / 027025; US2014 / 0363426; US2015 / 0307628; US2018 / 0016354; US2015 / 0239991; US2017 / 0058054; USPN5731168; USPN7183076; USPN9701759; USPN9605084; USPN9650446; USPN8216805; USPN8765412; and USPN8258268.
[0284] In some embodiments, bispecific antibodies provided herein have complementary Fc polypeptides to form heterodimer of the “knob-into-hole” configurations or “KIH” configuration. “knob-into-hole” technology is described in e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,731,168; 7,695,936; 8,216,805; 8,765,412; Ridgway et al., Prot Eng 9, 617-621 (1996) ; and Carter, J Immunol Meth 248, 7-15 (2001) . Generally, the method involves introducing a protuberance ( “knob” ) at the interface of a first polypeptide and a corresponding cavity ( “hole” ) in the interface of a second polypeptide, such that the protuberance can be positioned in the cavity so as to promote heterodimer formation and hinder homodimer formation. Protuberances are constructed by replacing small amino acid side chains from the interface of the first polypeptide with larger side chains (e.g., tyrosine or tryptophan) . Compensatory cavities of identical or similar size to the protuberances are created in the interface of the second polypeptide by replacing large amino acid side chains with smaller ones (e.g., alanine or threonine) . The protuberance and cavity can be made by altering the nucleic acid encoding the polypeptides, e.g., by site-specific mutagenesis, or by peptide synthesis. In some embodiments, a knob modification comprises the amino acid substitution T366W in one of the two subunits of the Fc domain, and the hole modification comprises the amino acid substitutions T366S, L368A and Y407V in the other one of the two subunits of the Fc domain. In some embodiments, the subunit of the Fc domain comprising the knob modification additionally comprises the amino acid substitution S354C, and the subunit of the Fc domain comprising the hole modification additionally comprises the amino acid substitution Y349C. Introduction of these two cysteine residues results in the formation of a disulfide bridge between the two subunits of the Fc domain, thus further stabilizing the dimer (Carter, J Immunol Methods 248, 7-15 (2001) ) . Thus, in such configurations, a first Fc polypeptide comprises amino acid modifications to form the “knob” and a second Fc polypeptide comprises amino acid modifications to form the “hole” thus forming an Fc heterodimer comprising complementary Fc polypeptides.
[0285] In some embodiments, complementary Fc polypeptides of an Fc heterodimer include a mutation to alter charge polarity across the Fc dimer interface such that co-expression of electrostatically matched Fc regions support favorable attractive interactions, thereby promoting desired Fc heterodimer formation; whereas unfavorable repulsive charge interactions suppress unwanted Fc homodimer formation (Guneskaran et al., 2010, J Biol Chem, 285: 19637-19646) . When co-expressed in a cell, association between the polypeptide chains is possible but the chains do not substantially self-associate due to charge repulsion.
[0286] In some embodiments, complementary Fc polypeptides of an Fc heterodimer include a mutation to promote steric complementarity and interaction to achieve desired Fc heterodimer formation, such as that one of the two subunits of the Fc domain has T350V, L351Y, F405A, and Y407V substitutions, and the other one of the two subunits of the Fc domain has T350V, T366L, K392L, and T394W substitutions (Von Kreudenstein et al., 2013, mAbs, 5: 5: 646-654) . T350V, L351Y, F405A, and Y407V substitutions improve stability of Fc heterodimer through spatial complementarity and interaction. F405A and Y407V substitutions, coupled with T366L and T394W substitutions in the other subunit of Fc domain, can provide steric complementarity. L351Y substitution in one subunit of Fc domain and K392L substitution in the other subunit of Fc domain improves stability of Fc heterodimer. The T350V substitutions in two subunits of Fc domain can be synergistically combined with other mutations via intra as well as inter-chain interactions to favor the stabilization of the Fc heterodimer.
[0287] Exemplary paired amino acid modifications of complementary Fc polypeptides of an Fc heterodimeric configuration are set forth below in the table below (EU numbering) .
[0288] Table 5: Exemplary paired Fc modifications for heterodimeric Fc domains
[0289] The anti-Aβ / CD98hc bispecific antibodies disclosed herein can comprise complementary Fc regions having the modifications described in Table 5 above. In some embodiments, the anti-Aβ / CD98hc bispecific antibodies disclosed herein comprises a first CH region and a second CH region comprising paired Fc modification described in Table 5 above, or vice versa. In some embodiments, the first CH region and the second CH region of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein have T366Y substitution and Y407T substitution, respectively, or vice versa.
[0290] In some embodiments, the first CH region and the second CH region of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein have T366W substitution and T366S / L368W / Y407V substitutions, respectively, or vice versa. In some embodiments, the first CH region and the second CH region of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein have T366W substitution and T366S / L368A / Y407V substitutions, respectively, or vice versa. In some embodiments, the first CH region and the second CH region of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein have T366W / S354C substitutions and T366S / L368A / Y407V / Y349C substitutions, respectively, or vice versa. In some embodiments, the first CH region and the second CH region of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein have T350V / L351Y / F405A / Y407V substitutions and T350V / T366L / K392L / T394W substitutions, respectively, or vice versa. In some embodiments, the first CH region and the second CH region of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein have K360D / D399M / Y407A substitutions and E345R / Q347R / T366V / K409V substitutions, respectively, or vice versa. In some embodiments, the first CH region and the second CH region of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein have K409D / K392D substitutions and D399K / E356K substitutions, respectively, or vice versa. In some embodiments, the first CH region and the second CH region of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein have K360E / K409W substitutions and Q347R / D399V / F405T substitutions, respectively, or vice versa. In some embodiments, the first CH region and the second CH region of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein have L360E / K409W / Y349C substitutions and Q347R / D399V / F405T / S354C substitutions, respectively, or vice versa. In some embodiments, the first CH region and the second CH region of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein have K370E / K409W substitutions and E357N / D399V / F405T substitutions, respectively, or vice versa.
[0291] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein comprise a first CH region and a second CH region, wherein the first CH region has T350V, L351Y, F405A, and Y407V substitutions and the second CH region has T350V, T366L, K392L, and T394W substitutions. In some embodiments, the first CH region, or the second CH region, or both the first and the second CH regions further have M252Y, S254T, and T256E. In some embodiments, both the first and the second CH regions further have M252Y, S254T, and T256E. In some embodiments, the first CH region, or the second CH region, or both the first and the second CH regions further has H435R and Y436F substitutions. In some embodiments, the second CH region further has H435R and Y436F substitutions. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein comprise a first CH region and a second CH region, wherein the first CH region has T350V, L351Y, F405A, and Y407V substitutions (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 93) and the second CH region has T350V, T366L, K392L, T394W, H435R, and Y436F substitutions (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 95) . In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein comprise a first CH region and a second CH region, wherein the first CH region has T350V, L351Y, F405A, Y407V, M252Y, S254T, and T256E substitutions (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 94) and the second CH region has T350V, T366L, K392L, T394W, H435R, Y436F, M252Y, S254T, and T256E substitutions (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 96) .
[0292] Table 6: Sequences of Exemplary Bispecific Antibodies
[0293] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibodies that specifically bind to human Aβ and human CD98hc, wherein the bispecific antibody has a first peptide chain (HC1) , a second peptide chain (HC2) , and a third peptide chain (LC) , wherein HC1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39, and 59, HC2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25 or 60, and LC1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 26.
[0294] In some embodiments, HC1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 24. HC1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 24. HC1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 24. HC1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 24. HC1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 24. HC1 can have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24. In some embodiments, HC1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 27. HC1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 27. HC1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 27. HC1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 27. HC1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 27. HC1 can have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27. In some embodiments, HC1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 30. HC1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 30. HC1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 30. HC1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 30. HC1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 30. HC1 can have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30. In some embodiments, HC1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 33. HC1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 33. HC1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 33. HC1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 33. HC1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 33. HC1 can have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33. In some embodiments, HC1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 36. HC1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 36. HC1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 36. HC1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 36. HC1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 36. HC1 can have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 36. In some embodiments, HC1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 39. HC1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 39. HC1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 39. HC1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 39. HC1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 39. HC1 can have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39. In some embodiments, HC1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 59. HC1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 59. HC1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 59. HC1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 59. HC1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 59. HC1 can have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 59.
[0295] In some embodiments, HC2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 25. HC2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 25. HC2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 25. HC2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 25. HC2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 25. HC2 can have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25. In some embodiments, HC2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 60. HC2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 60. HC2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 60. HC2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 60. HC2 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 60. HC2 can have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60.
[0296] In some embodiments, LC1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 26. LC1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 26. LC1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 26. LC1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 26. LC1 can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 26. LC1 can have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26.
[0297] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibodies that specifically bind to human Aβ and human CD98hc having a first peptide chain (HC1) , a second peptide chain (HC2) , and a third peptide (LC) , wherein HC1, HC2, and LC have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 24, 25, and 26, respectively. In some embodiments, HC1, HC2, and LC have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 27, 25, and 26, respectively. In some embodiments, HC1, HC2, and LC have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 30, 25, and 26, respectively. In some embodiments, HC1, HC2, and LC have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 33, 25, and 26, respectively. In some embodiments, HC1, HC2, and LC have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 36, 25, and 26, respectively. In some embodiments, HC1, HC2, and LC have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 39, 25, and 26, respectively. In some embodiments, HC1, HC2, and LC have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 59, 60, and 26, respectively.
[0298] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies described herein comprise one HC1, one HC2, and two LC. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies described herein consist of one HC1, one HC2, and two LC.
[0299] In some embodiments, the anti-Aβ / CD98hc bispecific antibodies described herein can cross the BBB.
[0300] In some embodiments, the anti-Aβ / CD98hc bispecific antibodies described herein are internalizing antibodies or antigen-binding fragments. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibodies or antigen-binding fragments disclosed herein can be internalized in BBB epithelial cells greater than 10-fold as compared to internalization by an isotype control.
[0301] In some embodiments, the anti-Aβ / CD98hc bispecific antibodies provided herein accumulate at least 2-fold more than an isotype control in the brain. In some embodiments, the anti-Aβ / CD98hc bispecific antibodies provided herein accumulate at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10-fold more than an isotype control in the brain. In some embodiments, the accumulation is measured in a hCD98 knock-in mouse.
[0302] In some embodiments, anti-Aβ / CD98hc bispecific antibodies provided herein accumulate at least 2-fold more than an isotype control in the brain parenchyma. In some embodiments, the anti-Aβ / CD98hc bispecific antibodies provided herein accumulate at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10-fold more than an isotype control in the brain parenchyma. In some embodiments, the accumulation is measured in a hCD98 knock-in mouse.
[0303] In some embodiments, anti-Aβ / CD98hc bispecific antibodies do not affect BBB integrity or function. Leucine transported into the brain parenchyma serves several functions, including but not limited to, providing a metabolic precursor of fuel molecules, participating in the maintenance of the nitrogen balance, and regulating the activity of some enzymes important for brain energy metabolism. In some embodiments, the anti-Aβ / CD98hc bispecific antibodies described herein do not affect leucine uptake by CD98-expressing cells. 5.5 Polynucleotides, vectors, and cells
[0304] Provided herein are polynucleotides encoding at least one peptide chain of the anti-CD98hc antibody or anti-Aβ / CD98hc bispecific antibodies disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides provided herein encode one peptide. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides provided herein encode more than one peptide. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides provided herein can encode, for example, two or three peptide chains of the anti-CD98hc antibody or bispecific antibody provided herein (e.g., the bispecific antibodies in IgG-VHH format) . In some embodiments, provided herein are polynucleotides encoding the HC1, HC2, and LC of the anti-Aβ / CD98hc bispecific antibodies disclosed herein in the IgG-VHH format. For example, provided herein are polynucleotides encoding the HC1, HC2, and LC of the bispecific antibodies exemplified in Table 6.
[0305] Cistrons can be separated by, for example, an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) or 2A element. An IRES, as understood in the art, refers to nucleotide sequences in an expression cassette which when transcribed into mRNA, can recruit ribosomes directly, without a previous scanning of untranslated region of mRNA by the ribosomes. A 2A element, as understood in the art, encoding self-cleaving short peptides (about 20 amino acids) that provide a mechanism for subsequent separation of equimolarly produced polypeptides of interest. Illustrative 2A self-cleaving peptides include P2A, E2A, F2A, and T2A.
[0306] As used herein, the term “encode” and its grammatical equivalents refer to the inherent property of specific sequences of nucleotides in a polynucleotide or a nucleic acid, such as a gene, a cDNA, or an mRNA, to serve as templates for synthesis of other polymers and macromolecules in biological processes having either a defined sequence of nucleotides (i.e., rRNA, tRNA and mRNA) or a defined sequence of amino acids and the biological properties resulting therefrom. Thus, a gene encodes a protein if transcription and translation of mRNA corresponding to that gene produces the protein. Unless otherwise specified, a “nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence” includes all nucleotide sequences that are degenerate versions of each other and that encode the same amino acid sequence. Nucleotide sequences that encode proteins and RNA can include introns.
[0307] The term “polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide” encompasses a polynucleotide which includes only coding sequences for the polypeptide as well as a polynucleotide which includes additional coding and / or non-coding sequences. The polynucleotides of the disclosure can be in the form of RNA or in the form of DNA. DNA can be cDNA, genomic DNA, or synthetic DNA, and can be double-stranded or single-stranded. Single stranded DNA can be the coding strand or non-coding (anti-sense) strand. The polynucleotides of the disclosure can be mRNA.
[0308] The present disclosure also provides variants of the polynucleotides described herein, wherein the variants have a nucleotide sequence at least about 80%identical, at least about 85%identical, at least about 90%identical, at least about 95%identical, at least about 96%identical, at least about 97%identical, at least about 98%identical, or at least about 99%identical to a polynucleotide sequence encoding at least one peptide chain of a bispecific antibody described herein. As used herein, the phrase “a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence at least about 95%identical to a polynucleotide sequence” means that the nucleotide sequence of the polynucleotide is identical to a reference sequence except that the polynucleotide sequence can include up to five point mutations per each 100 nucleotides of the reference nucleotide sequence. In other words, to obtain a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence at least 95%identical to a reference nucleotide sequence, up to 5%of the nucleotides in the reference sequence can be deleted or substituted with another nucleotide, or a number of nucleotides up to 5%of the total nucleotides in the reference sequence can be inserted into the reference sequence. These mutations of the reference sequence can occur at the 5’ or 3’ terminal positions of the reference nucleotide sequence or anywhere between those terminal positions, interspersed either individually among nucleotides in the reference sequence or in one or more contiguous groups within the reference sequence.
[0309] The polynucleotide variants can contain alterations in the coding regions, non-coding regions, or both. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant contains alterations which produce silent substitutions, additions, or deletions, but does not alter the properties or activities of the encoded polypeptide. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant comprises silent substitutions that results in no change to the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide (due to the degeneracy of the genetic code) . Polynucleotide variants can be produced for a variety of reasons, for example, to optimize codon expression for a particular host (e.g., change codons in the human mRNA to those preferred by a bacterial host such as E. coli) . In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant comprises at least one silent mutation in a non-coding or a coding region of the sequence.
[0310] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant is produced to modulate or alter expression (or expression levels) of the encoded polypeptide. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant is produced to increase expression of the encoded polypeptide. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant is produced to decrease expression of the encoded polypeptide. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant has increased expression of the encoded polypeptide as compared to a parental polynucleotide sequence. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant has decreased expression of the encoded polypeptide as compared to a parental polynucleotide sequence.
[0311] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide comprises the coding sequence for a polypeptide (e.g., an antibody or a fusion protein) fused in the same reading frame to a polynucleotide which aids in expression and secretion of a polypeptide from a host cell (e.g., a leader sequence which functions as a secretory sequence for controlling transport of a polypeptide) . The polypeptide can have the leader sequence cleaved by the host cell to form a “mature” form of the polypeptide.
[0312] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide comprises the coding sequence for a polypeptide (e.g., an antibody) fused in the same reading frame to a marker or tag sequence. For example, in some embodiments, a marker sequence is a hexa-histidine tag (HIS-tag) that allows for efficient purification of the polypeptide fused to the marker. In some embodiments, a marker sequence is a hemagglutinin (HA) tag derived from the influenza hemagglutinin protein when a mammalian host (e.g., COS-7 cells) is used. In some embodiments, the marker sequence is a FLAGTM tag. In some embodiments, a marker can be used in conjunction with other markers or tags. In some embodiments, a marker (e.g., hexa-histidine tag or 6xHis tag) can be linked to the polynucleotide via a linker such as those having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 50-54.
[0313] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is isolated. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is substantially pure.
[0314] In some embodiments, provided herein are also vectors comprising a polynucleotide disclosed herein. The term “vector, ” and its grammatical equivalents as used herein refer to a vehicle that is used to carry genetic material (e.g., a polynucleotide sequence) , which can be introduced into a host cell, where it can be replicated and / or expressed. Vectors applicable for use include, for example, expression vectors, plasmids, phage vectors, viral vectors, episomes and artificial chromosomes, which can include selection sequences or markers operable for stable integration into a host cell’s chromosome. Additionally, the vectors can include one or more selectable marker genes and appropriate expression control sequences. Selectable marker genes that can be included, for example, provide resistance to antibiotics or toxins, complement auxotrophic deficiencies, or supply critical nutrients not in the culture media. Expression control sequences can include constitutive and inducible promoters, transcription enhancers, transcription terminators, and the like which are well known in the art. When two or more polynucleotides are to be co-expressed, both polynucleotides can be inserted, for example, into a single expression vector or in separate expression vectors. For single vector expression, the encoding polynucleotides can be operationally linked to one common expression control sequence or linked to different expression control sequences, such as one inducible promoter and one constitutive promoter. The introduction of polynucleotides into a host cell can be confirmed using methods well known in the art. It is understood by those skilled in the art that the polynucleotides are expressed in a sufficient amount to produce a desired product, and it is further understood that expression levels can be optimized to obtain sufficient expression using methods well known in the art.
[0315] In some embodiments, vectors provided herein can be expression vectors. In some embodiments, vectors provided herein comprise a polynucleotide encoding at least one peptide chain of the bispecific antibodies described herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are recombinant expression vectors, which can be used to amplify and express a polynucleotide encoding at least one peptide chain of the bispecific antibodies described herein. For example, a recombinant expression vector can be a replicable DNA construct that includes synthetic or cDNA-derived DNA fragments encoding at least one peptide chain of the bispecific antibodies described herein, operatively linked to suitable transcriptional and / or translational regulatory elements derived from mammalian, microbial, viral or insect genes. In some embodiments, a viral vector is used. DNA regions are “operatively linked” when they are functionally related to each other. For example, a promoter is operatively linked to a coding sequence if it controls the transcription of the sequence; or a ribosome binding site is operatively linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned so as to permit translation. In some embodiments, structural elements intended for use in certain expression systems include a leader sequence enabling extracellular secretion of translated protein by a host cell. In some embodiments, in situations where recombinant protein is expressed without a leader or transport sequence, a polypeptide can include an N-terminal methionine residue.
[0316] Examples of vectors are plasmid, autonomously replicating sequences, and transposable elements. Useful expression vectors for bacterial hosts include known bacterial plasmids, such as plasmids from E. coli, including pCR1, pBR322, pMB9 and their derivatives, and wider host range plasmids, such as M13 and other filamentous single-stranded DNA phages. Additional exemplary vectors include, without limitation, plasmids, phagemids, cosmids, artificial chromosomes such as yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) , bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) , or P1-derived artificial chromosome (PAC) , bacteriophages such as lambda phage or M13 phage, and animal viruses. Examples of categories of animal viruses useful as vectors include, without limitation, retrovirus (including lentivirus) , adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpesvirus (e.g., herpes simplex virus) , poxvirus, baculovirus, papillomavirus, and papovavirus (e.g., SV40) . Examples of expression vectors are pClneo vectors (Promega) for expression in mammalian cells; pLenti4 / V5-DESTTM, pLenti6 / V5-DESTTM, and pLenti6.2 / V5-GW / lacZ (Invitrogen) for lentivirus-mediated gene transfer and expression in mammalian cells. Useful expression vectors for eukaryotic hosts include, for example, vectors comprising expression control sequences from SV40, bovine papilloma virus, adenovirus, and cytomegalovirus. Exemplary transposon systems such as Sleeping Beauty and PiggyBac can be used, which can be stably integrated into the genome (e.g., Ivics et al., Cell, 91 (4) : 501–510 (1997) ; et al., (2007) Nucleic Acids Research. 35 (12) : e87) .
[0317] In some embodiments, the vector is an episomal vector or a vector that is maintained extrachromosomally. As used herein, the term “episomal” refers to a vector that is able to replicate without integration into host’s chromosomal DNA and without gradual loss from a dividing host cell also meaning that said vector replicates extrachromosomally or episomally. The vector is engineered to harbor the sequence coding for the origin of DNA replication or “ori” from a lymphotrophic herpes virus or a gamma herpesvirus, an adenovirus, SV40, a bovine papilloma virus, or a yeast, specifically a replication origin of a lymphotrophic herpes virus or a gamma herpesvirus corresponding to oriP of EBV. In some embodiments, the lymphotrophic herpes virus may be Epstein Barr virus (EBV) , Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV) , Herpes virus saimiri (HS) , or Marek's disease virus (MDV) . Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV) are also examples of a gamma herpesvirus. Typically, the host cell comprises the viral replication transactivator protein that activates the replication.
[0318] “Expression control sequences, ” “control elements, ” or “regulatory sequences” present in an expression vector are those non-translated regions of the vector-origin of replication, selection cassettes, promoters, enhancers, translation initiation signals (Shine Dalgarno sequence or Kozak sequence) introns, a polyadenylation sequence, 5' and 3' untranslated regions-which interact with host cellular proteins to carry out transcription and translation. Such elements can vary in their strength and specificity. Depending on the vector system and host utilized, any number of suitable transcription and translation elements, including ubiquitous promoters and inducible promoters can be used.
[0319] Illustrative ubiquitous expression control sequences that can be used in present disclosure include, but are not limited to, a cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early promoter, a viral simian virus 40 (SV40) promoter (e.g., early or late) , a Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV) LTR promoter, a Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) LTR, a herpes simplex virus (HSV) (thymidine kinase) promoter, H5, P7.5, and P11 promoters from vaccinia virus, an elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1a) promoter, early growth response 1 (EGR1) , ferritin H (FerH) , ferritin L (FerL) , Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) , eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A1 (EIF4A1) , heat shock 70kDa protein 5 (HSPA5) , heat shock protein 90kDa beta, member 1 (HSP90B1) , heat shock protein 70kDa (HSP70) , β-kinesin (β-KIN) , the human ROSA 26 locus (Irions et al., Nature Biotechnology 25, 1477 -1482 (2007) ) , a Ubiquitin C promoter (UBC) , a phosphoglycerate kinase-1 (PGK) promoter, a cytomegalovirus enhancer / chicken β-actin (CAG) promoter, and a β-actin promoter.
[0320] Illustrative examples of inducible promoters / systems include, but are not limited to, steroid-inducible promoters such as promoters for genes encoding glucocorticoid or estrogen receptors (inducible by treatment with the corresponding hormone) , metallothionine promoter (inducible by treatment with various heavy metals) , MX-1 promoter (inducible by interferon) , the “GeneSwitch” mifepristone-regulatable system (Sirin et al., 2003, Gene, 323: 67) , the cumate inducible gene switch (WO 2002 / 088346) , tetracycline-dependent regulatory systems, etc. The bispecific antibodies described herein can be produced by any method known in the art, including chemical synthesis and recombinant expression techniques. The practice of the invention employs, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques in molecular biology, microbiology, genetic analysis, recombinant DNA, organic chemistry, biochemistry, PCR, oligonucleotide synthesis and modification, nucleic acid hybridization, and related fields within the skill of the art.
[0321] The present disclosure also provides cells comprising the polynucleotides disclosed herein that encode at least one peptide chain of the bispecific antibodies described herein. In some embodiments, cells provided herein comprise a polynucleotide that encodes the anti-CD98hc antibodies disclosed herein. In some embodiments, cells provided herein comprise a polynucleotide that encodes the HC1, HC2 and LC of the anti-Aβ / CD98hc bispecific antibodies disclosed herein in the IgG-VHH format.
[0322] Cells comprising vectors disclosed herein are also contemplated. In some embodiments, provided herein are host cells comprising a vector comprising a polynucleotide disclosed herein. In some embodiments, host cells provided herein comprise a vector or multiple vectors that collectively comprise the polynucleotides encoding the polypeptide chains of the bispecific antibodies described herein. In some embodiments, host cells provided herein produce the bispecific antibodies described herein.
[0323] Examples of suitable mammalian host cell lines include, but are not limited to, COS-7 (monkey kidney-derived) , L-929 (murine fibroblast-derived) , C127 (murine mammary tumor-derived) , 3T3 (murine fibroblast-derived) , CHO (Chinese hamster ovary-derived) , HeLa (human cervical cancer-derived) , BHK (hamster kidney fibroblast-derived) , HEK-293 (human embryonic kidney-derived) cell lines and variants thereof. Mammalian expression vectors can comprise non-transcribed elements such as an origin of replication, a suitable promoter and enhancer linked to the gene to be expressed, and other 5’ or 3’ flanking non-transcribed sequences, and 5’ or 3’ non-translated sequences, such as necessary ribosome binding sites, a polyadenylation site, splice donor and acceptor sites, and transcriptional termination sequences. Expression of recombinant proteins in insect cell culture systems (e.g., baculovirus) also offers a robust method for producing correctly folded and biologically functional proteins. Baculovirus systems for production of heterologous proteins in insect cells are well-known to those of skill in the art. 5.6 Methods of production
[0324] Provided herein are also methods of producing the anti-CD98hc antibodies, conjugates (e.g., fusion proteins) and the anti-Aβ / CD98hc bispecific antibodies disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98hc antibodies, fusion proteins, or the anti-Aβ / CD98hc bispecific antibodies disclosed herein are comprised of more than one polypeptide chain, which can be produced separately or together. In some embodiments, methods provided herein produce at least one polypeptide chain of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein. In some embodiments, methods provided herein produce all polypeptide chains of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein.
[0325] The anti-CD98hc antibodies, fusion proteins, and the anti-Aβ / CD98hc bispecific antibodies described herein can be produced and isolated using methods known in the art. Polypeptides can be synthesized, in whole or in part, using chemical methods (see, e.g., Caruthers (1980) . Nucleic Acids Res. Symp. Ser. 215; Horn (1980) ; and Banga, A.K., THERAPEUTIC PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS, FORMULATION, PROCESSING AND DELIVERY SYSTEMS (1995) Technomic Publishing Co., Lancaster, PA) . Peptide synthesis can be performed using various solid phase techniques (see, e.g., Roberge, Science 269: 202 (1995) ; Merrifield, Methods. Enzymol. 289: 3 (1997) ) and automated synthesis may be achieved, e.g., using the ABI 431A Peptide Synthesizer (Perkin Elmer) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Peptides can also be synthesized using combinatorial methodologies. Synthetic residues and polypeptides can be synthesized using a variety of procedures and methodologies known in the art (see, e.g., ORGANIC SYNTHESES COLLECTIVE VOLUMES, Gilman, et al., (Eds) John Wiley &Sons, Inc., NY) . Modified peptides can be produced by chemical modification methods (see, for example, Belousov, Nucleic Acids Res. 25: 3440 (1997) ; Frenkel, Free Radic. Biol. Med. 19: 373 (1995) ; and Blommers, Biochemistry 33: 7886 (1994) ) . Peptide sequence variations, derivatives, substitutions and modifications can also be made using methods such as oligonucleotide-mediated (site-directed) mutagenesis, alanine scanning, and PCR based mutagenesis. Site-directed mutagenesis (Carter et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 13: 4331 (1986) ; Zoller et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 10: 6487 (1987) ) , cassette mutagenesis (Wells et al., Gene 34: 315 (1985) ) , restriction selection mutagenesis (Wells et al., Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London SerA 317: 415 (1986) ) and other techniques can be performed on cloned DNA to produce invention peptide sequences, variants, fusions and chimeras, and variations, derivatives, substitutions and modifications thereof.
[0326] A variety of host-expression vector systems can be utilized to recombinantly express the bispecific antibodies described herein or one or more of their polypeptide chains. Suitable host cells for expression include prokaryotes, yeast cells, insect cells, or higher eukaryotic cells under the control of appropriate promoters. Appropriate cloning and expression vectors for use with bacterial, fungal, yeast, and mammalian cellular hosts, as well as methods of protein production, including antibody production are well-known in the art. Such host-expression systems represent vehicles by which the coding sequences of the bispecific antibodies described herein can be produced and subsequently purified, but also represent cells which may, when transformed or transfected with the appropriate polynucleotide coding sequences, express the bispecific antibodies described herein in situ. These include, but are not limited to, microorganisms such as bacteria (e.g., E. coli and B. subtilis) transformed with recombinant bacteriophage DNA, plasmid DNA or cosmid DNA expression vectors containing coding sequences for the compounds described herein; yeast (e.g., Saccharomyces pichia) transformed with recombinant yeast expression vectors containing sequences encoding the compounds described herein; insect cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., baclovirus) containing the sequences encoding the compounds described herein; plant cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) or transformed with recombinant plasmid expression vectors (e.g., Ti plasmid) containing sequences encoding the molecules compounds described herein; or mammalian cell systems (e.g., COS, CHO, BHK, 293, 293T, 3T3 cells, lymphotic cells (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,807,715) , Per C. 6 cells (human retinal cells developed by Crucell) harboring recombinant expression constructs containing promoters derived from the genome of mammalian cells (e.g., metallothionein promoter) or from mammalian viruses (e.g., the adenovirus late promoter; the vaccinia virus 7.5K promoter) .
[0327] In bacterial systems, many expression vectors can be advantageously selected depending upon the use intended for the protein being expressed. For example, when a large quantity of such a protein is to be produced, for the generation of pharmaceutical compositions of the bispecific antibodies described herein, vectors which direct the expression of high levels of protein products that are readily purified can be desirable. Such vectors include, but are not limited, to the E. coli expression vector pUR278 (Ruther et al., (1983) , EMBO J. 2: 1791-1794) ; pIN vectors (Inouye et al., (1985) , Nucleic Acids Res. 13: 3101-3110; Van Heeke et al., (1989) , J. Biol. Chem. 24: 5503-5509) ; and the like. pGEX vectors can also be used to express polypeptides as fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase (GST) . In general, such proteins are soluble and can easily be purified from lysed cells by adsorption and binding to a matrix glutathione-agarose beads followed by elution in the presence of free glutathione. The pGEX vectors are designed to include thrombin or factor Xa protease cleavage sites so that the cloned target gene product can be released from the GST moiety.
[0328] Useful expression vectors for eukaryotic hosts include, for example, vectors comprising expression control sequences from SV40, bovine papilloma virus, adenovirus, and cytomegalovirus. In mammalian host cells, a number of viral-based expression systems can be utilized. Examples of suitable mammalian host cell lines include, but are not limited to, COS-7 (monkey kidney-derived) , L-929 (murine fibroblast-derived) , C127 (murine mammary tumor-derived) , 3T3 (murine fibroblast-derived) , CHO (Chinese hamster ovary-derived) , HeLa (human cervical cancer-derived) , BHK (hamster kidney fibroblast-derived) , HEK-293 (human embryonic kidney-derived) cell lines and variants thereof. Mammalian expression vectors can comprise non-transcribed elements such as an origin of replication, a suitable promoter and enhancer linked to the gene to be expressed, and other 5’ or 3’ flanking non-transcribed sequences, and 5’ or 3’ non-translated sequences, such as necessary ribosome binding sites, a polyadenylation site, splice donor and acceptor sites, and transcriptional termination sequences. Expression of recombinant proteins in insect cell culture systems (e.g., baculovirus) also offers a robust method for producing correctly folded and biologically functional proteins. Baculovirus systems for production of heterologous proteins in insect cells are well-known to those of skill in the art. Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) is used as a vector to express foreign genes.
[0329] In addition, a host cell strain can be chosen which modulates the expression of the inserted sequences, or modifies and processes the gene product in the specific fashion desired. Such modifications (e.g., glycosylation) and processing (e.g., cleavage) of protein products can be important for the function of the protein. For example, in certain embodiments, the antibodies described herein can be expressed as a single gene product (e.g., as a single polypeptide chain, i.e., as a polyprotein precursor) , requiring proteolytic cleavage by native or recombinant cellular mechanisms to form separate polypeptides of the bispecific antibodies described herein. The disclosure thus encompasses engineering a nucleic acid sequence to encode a polyprotein precursor molecule comprising the polypeptides of the bispecific antibodies described herein, which includes coding sequences capable of directing post translational cleavage of said polyprotein precursor. Post-translational cleavage of the polyprotein precursor results in the polypeptides of the bispecific antibodies described herein. The post translational cleavage of the precursor molecule comprising the polypeptides of the compounds described herein can occur in vivo (i.e., within the host cell by native or recombinant cell systems / mechanisms, e.g. furin cleavage at an appropriate site) or can occur in vitro (e.g. incubation of said polypeptide chain in a composition comprising proteases or peptidases of known activity and / or in a composition comprising conditions or reagents known to foster the desired proteolytic action) . Purification and modification of recombinant proteins is well known in the art such that the design of the polyprotein precursor can include a number of embodiments readily appreciated by a skilled artisan. Any known proteases or peptidases known in the art can be used for the described modification of the precursor molecule.
[0330] Different host cells have characteristic and specific mechanisms for the post-translational processing and modification of proteins and gene products. Appropriate cell lines or host systems can be chosen to ensure the correct modification and processing of the foreign protein expressed. To this end, eukaryotic host cells which possess the cellular machinery for proper processing of the primary transcript, glycosylation, and phosphorylation of the gene product may be used. Such mammalian host cells include but are not limited to CHO, VERY, BHK, HeLa, COS, MDCK, 293, 293T, 3T3, WI38, BT483, Hs578T, HTB2, BT20 and T47D, CRL7030 and Hs578Bst.
[0331] For long-term, high-yield production of recombinant proteins, stable expression is preferred. For example, cell lines which stably express compounds described herein can be engineered. Rather than using expression vectors which contain viral origins of replication, host cells can be transformed with DNA controlled by appropriate expression control elements (e.g., promoter, enhancer, sequences, transcription terminators, polyadenylation sites, etc. ) , and a selectable ...
Claims
1.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds human CD98hc, comprising a variable domain comprising CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from a single variable domain of heavy-chain antibody (VHH) having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-23; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs.2.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 1, wherein CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of (1) SEQ ID NOs: 61, 62, and 63, respectively; (2) SEQ ID NOs: 64, 65, and 66, respectively; (3) SEQ ID NOs: 67, 68, and 69, respectively; (4) SEQ ID NOs: 70, 71, and 72, respectively; (5) SEQ ID NOs: 73, 74, and 75, respectively; (6) SEQ ID NOs: 73, 77, and 78, respectively; (7) SEQ ID NOs: 79, 74, and 80, respectively; (8) SEQ ID NOs: 73, 81, and 82, respectively; (9) SEQ ID NOs: 73, 83, and 84, respectively; or (10) SEQ ID NOs: 73, 74, and 85, respectively.3.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 1, comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-23.4.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 3 that is a chimeric antibody or antigen-binding fragment, a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment, or a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment.5.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to human CD98hc, comprising a variable domain comprising CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from a VHH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs.6.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 5, wherein CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 61, 62, and 63, respectively.7.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 5, comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.8.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 5 to 7 that is a chimeric antibody or antigen-binding fragment, a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment, or a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment.9.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 8 that is a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment.10.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 9, comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.11.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 9, comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.12.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to human CD98hc, comprising a variable domain comprising CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from a VHH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs.13.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 12, wherein CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 64, 65, and 66, respectively.14.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 12, comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.15.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 12 to 14 that is a chimeric antibody or antigen-binding fragment, a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment, or a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment.16.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 15 that is a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment.17.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 16, comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5.18.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 16, comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6.19.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to human CD98hc, comprising a variable domain comprising CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from a VHH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs.20.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 19, wherein CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 67, 68, and 69, respectively.21.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 19, comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7.22.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 19 to 21 that is a chimeric antibody or antigen-binding fragment, a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment, or a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment.23.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 22 that is a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment.24.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 23, comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8.25.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 23, comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9.26.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to human CD98hc, comprising a variable domain comprising CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from a VHH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs.27.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 26, wherein CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 70, 71, and 72, respectively.28.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 26, comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10.29.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 26 to 28 that is a chimeric antibody or antigen-binding fragment, a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment, or a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment.30.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 29 that is a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment.31.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 30, comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11.32.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to human CD98hc, comprising a variable domain comprising CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from a VHH having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 12-23; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs.33.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 32, wherein CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 86, 87, and 88, respectively.34.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 33, comprising a variable domain comprising CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from a VHH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs.35.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 34, wherein CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 73, 74, and 75, respectively.36.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 34, comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12.37.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 34 to 36 that is a chimeric antibody or antigen-binding fragment, a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment, or a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment.38.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 37 that is a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment.39.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 38, comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13.40.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 33, comprising a variable domain comprising CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from a VHH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs.41.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 40, wherein CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 73, 77, and 78, respectively.42.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 40, comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14.43.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 40 to 42 that is a chimeric antibody or antigen-binding fragment, a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment, or a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment.44.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 43 that is a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment.45.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 44, comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15.46.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 33, comprising a variable domain comprising CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from a VHH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs.47.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 46, wherein CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 79, 74, and 80, respectively.48.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 46, comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16.49.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 46 to 48 that is a chimeric antibody or antigen-binding fragment, a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment, or a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment.50.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 49 that is a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment.51.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 50, comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17.52.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 33, comprising a variable domain comprising CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from a VHH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs.53.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 52, wherein CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 73, 81, and 82, respectively.54.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 52, comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.55.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 52 to 54 that is a chimeric antibody or antigen-binding fragment, a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment, or a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment.56.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 55 that is a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment.57.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 56, comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.58.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 33, comprising a variable domain comprising CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from a VHH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs.59.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 58, wherein CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 73, 83, and 84, respectively.60.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 58, comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20.61.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 58 to 60 that is a chimeric antibody or antigen-binding fragment, a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment, or a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment.62.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 61 that is a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment.63.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 62, comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21.64.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 33, comprising a variable domain comprising CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 from a VHH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs.65.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 64, wherein CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 73, 74, and 85, respectively.66.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 64, comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22.67.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 64 to 66 that is a chimeric antibody or antigen-binding fragment, a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment, or a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment.68.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 67 that is a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment.69.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 68, comprising a variable domain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23.70.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 69, that is selected from the group consisting of a single domain antibody (sdAb) , a heavy-chain antibody (HCAb) , a dual variable domain antibody (DVD) , a single variable domain antibody, a single variable domain of heavy-chain antibody (VHH) , and a nanobody.71.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 70 that is a VHH.72.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that competes with the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 71 for binding to human CD98hc.73.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 72 that is a monospecific antibody, a bispecific antibody or a multispecific antibody.74.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 73 that is a monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment.75.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 74, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is an internalizing antibody or antigen-binding fragment.76.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 75, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment can cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) .77.A polynucleotide encoding the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 76.78.A vector comprising the polynucleotide of claim 77.79.A host cell comprising the polynucleotide of claim 77, or the vector of claim 78.80.A method of making an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds human CD98hc, comprising culturing the cell of claim 79 under conditions that allow expression of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment.81.The method of claim 80 that comprises isolating the antibody or antigen-binding fragment from the culture.82.A conjugate comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 76 linked to an effector moiety.83.The conjugate of claim 82, wherein the effector moiety is selected from the group consisting of drugs for neurological diseases or disorders, neurotrophic factors, growth factors, enzymes, cytotoxic agents and imaging agents.84.A method of delivering an effector moiety across BBB in a subject comprising administering to the subject a conjugate comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 76 linked to the effector moiety.85.A fusion protein comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 76 linked to a second antibody or antigen-binding fragment that specifically binds to a central nervous system (CNS) antigen.86.The fusion protein of claim 85, wherein the CNS antigen is selected from the group consisting of alpha-synuclein, amyloid precursor protein (APP) , amyloid-beta (Aβ) , N-truncated pyroglutamate amyloid-β (N3pGlu Aβ) , apolipoprotein E (ApoE) , apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) , ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 1 (ABCA1) , ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 7 (ABCA7) , beta-secretase 1 (BACE1) , caspase 6, CD20, CD33 (Siglec3) , death receptor 6 (DR6) , disialoganglioside (GD2) , epidermal growth factor (EGF) , epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) , epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (EGFR2 / HER2) , gamma secretase, glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B (GPNMB) , HLA-DR1, HLA-DR5, huntingtin, IL-34, IL1RAP, interleukin-13 receptor alpha 2 (IL-13Rα2) , leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) , LILRB2, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) , membrane spanning 4-domains A4A (MS4A4A) , membrane spanning 4-domains A4E (MS4A4E) , membrane spanning 4-domains A 6A (MS4A6A) , p-glucocerebrosidase (GCase or GBA) , p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) , parkin, paired immunoglobin like type 2 receptor alpha (PILRA) , phosphorylated Tau, prion protein (PrP) , presenilin 1, presenilin 2, progranulin (PGRN) , prosaposin (PSAP) , sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 11 (Siglec11) , sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 5 (Siglec5) , sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 7 (Siglec7) , sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 9 (Siglec9) , sortilin (SORT) , sphingolipids, Tau protein, transmembrane protein 106B (TMEM106b) , triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) , TXNRD1, and ubiquitin protein ligase E3A (UBE3A) .87.The fusion protein of claim 85 or 86, that is a bispecific antibody.88.The fusion protein of claim 87 wherein the bispecific antibody comprises an IgG that specifically binds to the CNS antigen and a VHH that specifically binds to CD98hc.89.The fusion protein of claim 88, wherein the VHH is linked to the C terminus of a heavy chain of the IgG.90.The fusion protein of any one of claims 87 to 89, wherein the CNS antigen is Aβ.91.The fusion protein of claim 90, wherein the antibody that specifically binds to Aβ comprises a VH having VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 44, 45 and 46, respectively, and a VL having VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 47, 48, and 49 respectively.92.The fusion protein of claim 90, wherein the antibody that specifically binds to Aβ comprises a VH and a VL having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 42 and 43, respectively.93.A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 76, the conjugate of claim 82 or 83, or the fusion protein of any one of claims 85 to 92, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.94.A method of treating a neurological disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 76, the conjugate of claim 82 or 83, the fusion protein of any one of claims 85 to 92, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 93.95.The method of claim 94, further comprising administering an additional therapy to the subject.96.The method of claim 94 or 95, wherein the subject is a human.97.Use of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 76, the conjugate of claim 82 or 83, the fusion protein of any one of claims 85 to 92, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 93 for treating a neurological disease or disorder.98.Use of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 76, the conjugate of claim 82 or 83, the fusion protein of any one of claims 85 to 92, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 93 for manufacture of a medicament for a neurological disease or disorder.99.The method or use of any one of claims 94 to 98, wherein the neurological disease or disorder is a neurodegenerative disease.100.The method or use of any one of claims 94 to 98, wherein the neurological disease or disorder is an amyloid-related disease or disorder.101.The method or use of any one of claims 94 to 98, wherein the neurological disease or disorder is Alzheimer’s Disease.102.A bispecific antibody for CD98hc and Aβ, comprising(1) a first peptide chain (HC1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1 and a first CH region, and a VHH;(2) a second peptide chain (HC2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1 and a second CH region; and(3) a third peptide chain (LC) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL1 and a CL region; wherein(i) the VH1 and VL1 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 42 and 43, respectively; and(ii) the VHH comprises a variable domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 4, 7, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 and 22; or a humanized version thereof.103.The bispecific antibody of claim 102, wherein the VHH comprises a variable domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 and 23.104.The bispecific antibody of claim 102 or 103, wherein the HC1 comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH1 and a first CH region, a linker and a VHH.105.The bispecific antibody of claim 104, wherein the linker has an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 50-54.106.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 102 to 105, wherein(1) the CL region is Cκ (SEQ ID NO: 57) or Cλ (SEQ ID NO: 58) , or a variant thereof having up to 10 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions; or(2) the first and second CH regions are human IgG1 CH regions (SEQ ID NO: 89) , IgG2 CH regions (SEQ ID NO: 90) , IgG3 CH regions (SEQ ID NO: 91) , or IgG4 CH regions (SEQ ID NO: 92) , or variants thereof having up to 10 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions; or both (1) and (2) .107.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 102 to 106, wherein the CL region is Cκ (SEQ ID NO: 57) .108.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 102 to 107, wherein the first CH region and the second CH region are IgG1 CH regions (SEQ ID NO: 89) or variants thereof having up to 10 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions.109.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 102 to 108, wherein the first CH region and the second CH region form a heterodimer.110.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 102 to 109, wherein the first CH region has T350V, L351Y, F405A, and Y407V substitutions and the second CH region has T350V, T366L, K392L, T394W substitutions.111.The bispecific antibody of claim 110, wherein the first CH region, or the second CH region, or both the first and the second CH regions further have M252Y, S254T, and T256E (YTE mutations) .112.The bispecific antibody of claim 110, wherein both the first and the second CH regions further have M252Y, S254T, and T256E (YTE mutations) .113.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 110 to 112, wherein the first CH region, or the second CH region, or both the first and the second CH regions further has H435R and Y436F substitutions.114.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 110 to 112, wherein the second CH region further has H435R and Y436F substitutions.115.The bispecific antibody of claim 110, wherein the HC1, HC2, and LC are at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to amino acid sequences of (1) SEQ ID NOs: 24, 25, and 26, respectively; (2) SEQ ID NOs: 27, 25, and 26, respectively; (3) SEQ ID NOs: 30, 25, and 26, respectively; (4) SEQ ID NOs: 33, 25, and 26, respectively; (5) SEQ ID NOs: 36, 25, and 26, respectively; (6) SEQ ID NOs: 39, 25, and 26, respectively; or (7) SEQ ID NOs: 59, 60, and 26, respectively.116.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 110 to 115 consisting of one HC1, one HC2, and two LC.117.A polynucleotide or a plurality of polynucleotides that encodes or collectively encode the three peptide chains of the bispecific antibody of any one of claims 102 to 116.118.A vector or a plurality of vectors comprising the polynucleotide or polynucleotides of claim 117.119.A host cell comprising the polynucleotide or a plurality of nucleotides of claim 117, or the vector or a plurality of vectors of claim 118.120.A method of making a bispecific antibody that specifically binds human CD98hc, comprising culturing the cell of claim 119 under conditions that allow expression of the bispecific antibody.121.The method of claim 120 that comprises isolating the antibody from the culture.122.A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the bispecific antibody of any one of claims 102 to 116, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.123.A method of treating a neurological disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the bispecific antibody of any one of claims 102 to 116, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 122.124.The method of claim 123, further comprising administering an additional therapy to the subject.125.The method of claim 123 or 124, wherein the subject is a human.126.Use of the bispecific antibody of any one of claims 102 to 116 or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 122 for treating a neurological disease or disorder.127.Use of the bispecific antibody of any one of claims 102 to 116 or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 122 for manufacture of a medicament for a neurological disease or disorder.128.The method or use of any one of claims 123 to 127, wherein the neurological disease or disorder is a neurodegenerative disease.129.The method or use of any one of claims 123 to 127, wherein the neurological disease or disorder is an amyloid-related disease or disorder.130.The method or use of any one of claims 123 to 127, wherein the neurological disease or disorder is Alzheimer’s Disease.