Anti-adam9 antibodies and uses thereof
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2026/078373
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2025-02-21
- Filing Date
- 2026-02-10
- Publication Date
- 2026-08-27
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Figure CN2026078373_27082026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
ANTI-ADAM9 ANTIBODIES AND USES THEREOF
[0001] CLAIM OF PRIORITY
[0002] This application claims the benefit of PCT Application No. PCT / CN2025 / 078520, filed on February 21, 2025. The entire content of the foregoing is incorporated herein by reference.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0003] This disclosure relates to anti-ADAM9 (Adisintegrin and a metalloprotease 9) antibodies and uses thereof.BACKGROUND
[0004] ADAM9 (Adisintegrin and a metalloprotease 9) is a membrane-anchored protein that participates in a variety of physiological functions, primarily through the disintegrin domain for adhesion and the metalloprotease domain for ectodomain shedding of a wide variety of cell surface proteins. ADAM9 influences the developmental process, inflammation, and degenerative diseases. Increasing evidence has shown that ADAM9 plays an important role in tumor biology. Over-expression of ADAM9 has been found in several cancer types (e.g., lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and colorectal cancer) and is correlated with tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis. In addition, through either proteolytic or non-proteolytic pathways, ADAM9 promotes tumor progression, therapeutic resistance, and metastasis of cancers. ADAM9 might be a potential therapeutic target for dealing with ADAM9-mediated cancers.SUMMARY
[0005] This disclosure relates to anti-ADAM9 (Adisintegrin and a metalloprotease 9) antibodies, antigen-binding fragment thereof, and the uses thereof.
[0006] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to ADAM9, comprising:
[0007] a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3, wherein the VH CDR1 comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 90%, or 100%identical to a selected VH CDR1 amino acid sequence, the VH CDR2 comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 90%, or 100%identical to a selected VH CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the VH CDR3 comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 90%, or 100%identical to a selected VH CDR3 amino acid sequence; and
[0008] a light chain variable region (VL) comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3, wherein the VL CDR1 comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 90%, or 100%identical to a selected VL CDR1 amino acid sequence, the VL CDR2 comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 90%, or 100%identical to a selected VL CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the VL CDR3 comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 90%, or 100%identical to a selected VL CDR3 amino acid sequence, wherein the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, and 3 amino acid sequences and the selected VL CDRs, 1, 2, and 3 amino acid sequences are one of the following:
[0009] (1) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, 6, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, respectively;
[0010] (2) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7, 8, 9, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, respectively;
[0011] (3) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 10, 11, 12, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, respectively;
[0012] (4) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13, 14, 15, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, respectively;
[0013] (5) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16, 17, 18, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, respectively; or
[0014] (6) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 19, 20, 21, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, respectively.
[0015] In some embodiments, the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, and 6, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, according to Kabat definition.
[0016] In some embodiments, the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7, 8, and 9, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, according to Chothia definition.
[0017] In some embodiments, the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 10, 11, and 12, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, according to Kabat definition.
[0018] In some embodiments, the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13, 14, and 15, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, according to Chothia definition.
[0019] In some embodiments, the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16, 17, and 18, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, according to Kabat definition.
[0020] In some embodiments, the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 19, 20, and 21, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, according to Chothia definition.
[0021] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment specifically binds to human and / or monkey ADAM9.
[0022] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof (e.g., a human IgG1 antibody) .
[0023] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) or a bispecific antibody.
[0024] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to ADAM9 comprising: a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, or 100%identical to a selected VH sequence, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, 95%, or 100%identical to a selected VL sequence, wherein the selected VH sequence and the selected VL sequence are one of the following:
[0025] (1) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 23, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 22;
[0026] (2) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 24, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 22; or
[0027] (3) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 25, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 22.
[0028] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprising a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 that are identical to VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 of a selected VH sequence; and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 that are identical to VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 of a selected VL sequence, wherein the selected VH sequence and the selected VL sequence are one of the following:
[0029] (1) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 23, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 22;
[0030] (2) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 24, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 22; or
[0031] (3) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 25, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 22.
[0032] In some embodiments, the CDR is determined by Kabat definition. In some embodiments, the CDR is determined by Chothia definition.
[0033] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment specifically binds to human and / or monkey ADAM9.
[0034] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) , or a multi-specific antibody (e.g., a bispecific antibody) .
[0035] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a human IgG1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, or a human IgG4 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.
[0036] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that cross-competes with the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein.
[0037] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a nucleic acid comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising:
[0038] (1) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, and 6, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22 binds to ADAM9;
[0039] (2) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7, 8, and 9, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22 binds to ADAM9;
[0040] (3) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 10, 11, and 12, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22 binds to ADAM9;
[0041] (4) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13, 14, and 15, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22 binds to ADAM9;
[0042] (5) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16, 17, and 18, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22 binds to ADAM9;
[0043] (6) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 19, 20, and 21, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22 binds to ADAM9;
[0044] (7) an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VL comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and wherein the VL, when paired with a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 23 binds to ADAM9;
[0045] (8) an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VL comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and wherein the VL, when paired with a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 24 binds to ADAM9; or
[0046] (9) an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VL comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and wherein the VL, when paired with a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 25 binds to ADAM9.
[0047] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid comprises a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, and 6, respectively.
[0048] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid comprises a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7, 8, and 9, respectively.
[0049] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid comprises a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 10, 11, and 12, respectively.
[0050] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid comprises a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13, 14, and 15, respectively.
[0051] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid comprises a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16, 17, and 18, respectively.
[0052] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid comprises a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 19, 20, and 21, respectively.
[0053] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid comprises a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VL comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
[0054] In some embodiments, the VH when paired with a VL specifically binds to human or monkey ADAM9, or the VL when paired with a VH specifically binds to human or monkey ADAM9.
[0055] In some embodiments, the immunoglobulin heavy chain or the fragment thereof is a human immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof (e.g., a human IgG1 heavy chain or a fragment thereof; or a human IgG4 heavy chain or a fragment thereof) , and the immunoglobulin light chain or the fragment thereof is a human immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof.
[0056] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encodes a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) or a multi-specific antibody (e.g., a bispecific antibody) .
[0057] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is cDNA.
[0058] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a vector comprising one or more of the nucleic acids described herein, or a nucleic acid encoding the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein.
[0059] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a pair of vectors, wherein each vector comprises one of the nucleic acids described herein, wherein together the pair of vectors encodes the VH region and the VL region that together bind to ADAM9.
[0060] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a cell comprising the vector described herein.
[0061] In some embodiments, the cell is a CHO cell.
[0062] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a cell comprising one or more of the nucleic acids described herein, or a nucleic acid encoding the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein.
[0063] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of producing an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, the method comprising:
[0064] (a) culturing the cell described herein under conditions sufficient for the cell to produce the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment; and
[0065] (b) collecting the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment produced by the cell.
[0066] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to an antibody-drug conjugate comprising an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein covalently bound to a therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a cytotoxic or cytostatic agent.
[0067] In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is MMAE or MMAF.
[0068] In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is selected from
[0069] In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is linked to the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof via a linker. In some embodiments, the linker has a structure of:
[0070] In some embodiments, the antibody-drug conjugate has a structure of:
[0071] in some embodiments, n =1-8; in some embodiments, “Ab” represents the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.
[0072] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of treating a subject having cancer or an autoimmune disease, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein, or the antibody-drug conjugate described herein, to the subject.
[0073] In some embodiments, the cancer is pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, sarcoma, skin cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, head and neck cancer, bladder cancer, cervical cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, renal cancer, melanoma, or brain cancer.
[0074] In some embodiments, the subject is a human.
[0075] In some embodiments, the subject is a non-human animal.
[0076] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of decreasing the rate of tumor growth, the method comprising contacting a tumor cell with an effective amount of a composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein, or the antibody-drug conjugate described herein.
[0077] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of killing a tumor cell, the method comprising contacting a tumor cell with an effective amount of a composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein, or the antibody-drug conjugate described herein.
[0078] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0079] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody-drug conjugate described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0080] As used herein, the term “antibody” refers to any antigen-binding molecule that contains at least one (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, or six) complementary determining region (CDR) (e.g., any of the three CDRs from an immunoglobulin light chain or any of the three CDRs from an immunoglobulin heavy chain) and is capable of specifically binding to an epitope. Non-limiting examples of antibodies include: monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, multi-specific antibodies (e.g., bi-specific antibodies) , single-chain antibodies, chimeric antibodies, human antibodies, and humanized antibodies. In some embodiments, an antibody can contain an Fc region of a human antibody. The term antibody also includes derivatives, e.g., bi-specific antibodies, single-chain antibodies, diabodies, linear antibodies, and multi-specific antibodies formed from antibody fragments.
[0081] As used herein, the term “antigen-binding fragment” refers to a portion of a full-length antibody, wherein the portion of the antibody is capable of specifically binding to an antigen. In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment contains at least one variable domain (e.g., a variable domain of a heavy chain or a variable domain of light chain) . In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment is a VHH. Non-limiting examples of antibody fragments include, e.g., Fab, Fab’ , F (ab’ ) 2, and Fv fragments.
[0082] As used herein, the term “human antibody” refers to an antibody that is encoded by an endogenous nucleic acid (e.g., rearranged human immunoglobulin heavy or light chain locus) derived from a human. In some embodiments, a human antibody is collected from a human or produced in a human cell culture (e.g., human hybridoma cells) . In some embodiments, a human antibody is produced in a non-human cell (e.g., a mouse or hamster cell line) . In some embodiments, a human antibody is produced in a bacterial or yeast cell. In some embodiments, a human antibody is produced in a transgenic non-human animal (e.g., a bovine) containing an unrearranged or rearranged human immunoglobulin locus (e.g., heavy or light chain human immunoglobulin locus) .
[0083] As used herein, the term “chimeric antibody” refers to an antibody that contains a sequence present in at least two different species (e.g., antibodies from two different mammalian species such as a human and a mouse antibody) . A non-limiting example of a chimeric antibody is an antibody containing the variable domain sequences (e.g., all or part of a light chain and / or heavy chain variable domain sequence) of a non-human (e.g., mouse) antibody and the constant domains of a human antibody. Additional examples of chimeric antibodies are described herein and are known in the art.
[0084] As used herein, the term “humanized antibody” refers to a non-human antibody which contains minimal sequence derived from a non-human (e.g., mouse) immunoglobulin and contains sequences derived from a human immunoglobulin. In non-limiting examples, humanized antibodies are human antibodies (recipient antibody) in which hypervariable (e.g., CDR) region residues of the recipient antibody are replaced by hypervariable (e.g., CDR) region residues from a non-human antibody (e.g., a donor antibody) , e.g., a mouse, rat, or rabbit antibody, having the desired specificity, affinity, and capacity. In some embodiments, the Fv framework residues of the human immunoglobulin are replaced by corresponding non-human (e.g., mouse) immunoglobulin residues. In some embodiments, humanized antibodies may contain residues which are not found in the recipient antibody or in the donor antibody. These modifications can be made to further refine antibody performance. In some embodiments, the humanized antibody contains substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the hypervariable loops (CDRs) correspond to those of a non-human (e.g., mouse) immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the framework regions are those of a human immunoglobulin. The humanized antibody can also contain at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc) , typically, that of a human immunoglobulin. Humanized antibodies can be produced using molecular biology methods known in the art. Non-limiting examples of methods for generating humanized antibodies are described herein.
[0085] As used herein, the term “bispecific antibody” refers to an antibody that binds to two different epitopes. The epitopes can be on the same antigen or on different antigens.
[0086] As used herein, the term “multispecific antibody” refers to an antibody that binds to two or more different epitopes. The epitopes can be on the same antigen or on different antigens.
[0087] As used herein, a “VHH” refers to the variable domain of a heavy chain antibody. In some embodiments, the VHH is a humanized VHH.
[0088] As used herein, when referring to an antibody, the phrases “specifically binding” and “specifically binds” mean that the antibody interacts with its target molecule (e.g., ADAM9) preferably to other molecules, because the interaction is dependent upon the presence of a particular structure (i.e., the antigenic determinant or epitope) on the target molecule; in other words, the reagent is recognizing and binding to molecules that include a specific structure rather than to all molecules in general. An antibody that specifically binds to the target molecule may be referred to as a target-specific antibody. For example, an antibody that specifically binds to a ADAM9 molecule may be referred to as a ADAM9-specific antibody or an anti-ADAM9 antibody.
[0089] As used herein, the terms “polypeptide” , “peptide” , and “protein” are used interchangeably to refer to polymers of amino acids of any length of at least two amino acids.
[0090] As used herein, the terms “polynucleotide” , “nucleic acid molecule” , and “nucleic acid sequence” are used interchangeably herein to refer to polymers of nucleotides of any length of at least two nucleotides, and include, without limitation, DNA, RNA, DNA / RNA hybrids, and modifications thereof.
[0091] As used herein, the terms “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably throughout the specification and describe an animal, human or non-human, to whom treatment according to the methods of the present invention is provided. Veterinary and non-veterinary applications are contemplated in the present disclosure. Human patients can be adult humans or juvenile humans (e.g., humans below the age of 18 years old) . In addition to humans, patients include but are not limited to mice, rats, hamsters, guinea-pigs, rabbits, ferrets, cats, dogs, and primates. Included are, for example, non-human primates (e.g., monkey, chimpanzee, gorilla, and the like) , rodents (e.g., rats, mice, gerbils, hamsters, ferrets, rabbits) , lagomorphs, swine (e.g., pig, miniature pig) , equine, canine, feline, bovine, and other domestic, farm, and zoo animals.
[0092] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Methods and materials are described herein for use in the present invention; other, suitable methods and materials known in the art can also be used. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, sequences, database entries, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control.
[0093] Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and figures, and from the claims.DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0094] FIG. 1 lists CDR sequences of anti-ADAM9 antibodies as defined by Kabat numbering.
[0095] FIG. 2 lists CDR sequences of anti-ADAM9 antibodies as defined by Chothia numbering.
[0096] FIG. 3 lists certain amino acid sequences discussed in the disclosure.
[0097] FIG. 4 shows the PBMC binding assay results of anti-ADAM9 antibodies.
[0098] FIG. 5 shows the average tumor volumes in different groups of B-NDG mice that were engrafted with patient-derived pancreatic tumor fragments, and were treated with PBS, ISO-MMAE, Ref1-MMAE, 22C9-MMAE, or 21C2-MMAE.
[0099] FIG. 6 shows the average tumor volumes in different groups of B-NDG mice that were engrafted with patient-derived pancreatic tumor fragments, and were treated with PBS, ISO-CPT2, 22C9-CPT2, or 21C2-CPT2.
[0100] FIG. 7 shows the average tumor volumes in different groups of B-NDG mice that were engrafted with patient-derived colorectal tumor fragments, and were treated with PBS, ISO-MMAE, Ref1-MMAE, 21C2-MMAE, 21D6-MMAE, or 22C9-MMAE.
[0101] FIG. 8 shows the average tumor volumes in different groups of B-NDG mice that were engrafted with patient-derived lung tumor fragments, and were treated with PBS, ISO-MMAE, Ref1-MMAE, 21C2-MMAE, 21D6-MMAE, or 22C9-MMAE.
[0102] FIG. 9 shows the average tumor volumes in different groups of B-NDG mice that were engrafted with patient-derived lung tumor fragments, and were treated with PBS, ISO-MMAE, Ref1-MMAE, 22C9-MMAE, or 21C2-MMAE.
[0103] FIG. 10 shows the average tumor volumes in different groups of B-NDG mice that were engrafted with patient-derived lung tumor fragments, and were treated with PBS, Ref1-MMAE, or 22C9-MMAE.
[0104] FIG. 11 shows the average tumor volumes in different groups of B-NDG mice that were engrafted with patient-derived lung tumor fragments, and were treated with PBS, Ref1-MMAE, or 21C2-MMAE.
[0105] FIG. 12 shows the average tumor volumes in different groups of B-NDG mice that were engrafted with patient-derived lung tumor fragments, and were treated with PBS, Ref1-MMAE, or 21D6-MMAE.
[0106] FIG. 13 shows the average tumor volumes in different groups of B-NDG mice that were engrafted with patient-derived pancreatic tumor fragments, and were treated with PBS, ISO-CPT2, or 22C9-CPT2.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0107] The present disclosure provides examples of antibodies, antigen-binding fragment thereof, that bind to ADAM9.
[0108] The “a disintegrin and metalloproteases” (ADAMs) family, a subset of the zinc protease superfamily, consists of transmembrane proteins with a multidomain extracellular region, a single transmembrane sequence, and a relatively short cytoplasmic domain. Around 40 family members have been identified in the mammalian genome, and among them, 22 are expressed in humans. Extracellular regions of ADAMs contain several distinct domains: a prodomain followed by metalloproteinase, disintegrin, and cysteine-rich domains. A majority of ADAMs -all except ADAM10 and ADAM17 -also have an epidermal growth factor (EGF) -like domain. ADAM proteins have been reported in numerous biological functions involving development, fertility, ectodomain shedding, cell adhesion, cell-cell interaction, vascular endothelial cell function, inflammation, immunity, signaling transduction, neurodegenerative disease, and cancer biology. Therefore, ADAMs have important roles in diverse physiological contexts.
[0109] ADAM9 (also known as metalloprotease / disintegrin / cysteine-rich protein 9 (MDC9) or meltrin-γ) , one of the ADAM proteins, was first identified in 1996 in breast carcinoma. It is widely expressed in human tissues, and shows an abundant increase in pathological conditions. ADAM9 expression is detected in multiple cell types, including monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, keratinocytes, and fibroblasts; and in multiple tissues, including lung, colon, kidney, vascular smooth muscle, nervous system, reproductive system, and secretary organs. This indicates that ADAM9 is involved in a multitude of biological functions as well as pathophysiological conditions, such as inflammation and tumorigenesis.
[0110] ADAM9 participates in the regulation of various tumor processes, and also plays an important role in tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, and even immune evasion. ADAM9 is over-expressed in many cancers, including lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and colorectal cancer, which can be considered a potential therapeutic target for dealing with ADAM9-mediated cancers.
[0111] A detailed description of ADAM9 and its function can be found, e.g., in Chou CW, Huang YK, Kuo TT, Liu JP, Sher YP, "An Overview of ADAM9: Structure, Activation, and Regulation in Human Diseases. " Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Oct 21; 21 (20) : 7790; which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0112] Anti-ADAM9 Antibodies and Antigen-Binding Fragments
[0113] The disclosure provides several antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind to ADAM9 (e.g., human ADAM9) .
[0114] The disclosure provides e.g., anti-ADAM9 antibodies 22C9, 21D6, and 21C2, and the antibodies derived therefrom. The CDR sequences of these antibodies are shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2.
[0115] In one aspect, the disclosure provides antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that have the CDR sequences that are shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2.
[0116] The amino acid sequence for the heavy chain variable region and the light chain variable region of 22C9, 21D6, and 21C2 are shown in FIG. 3.
[0117] The amino acid sequences for heavy chain variable regions and light variable regions of the modified antibodies are also provided. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 23, 24, or 25. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 22. The heavy chain variable region sequence can be paired with the corresponding light chain variable region sequence, and together they bind to ADAM9.
[0118] Humanization percentage means the percentage identity of the heavy chain or light chain variable region sequence as compared to human antibody sequences in International Immunogenetics Information System (IMGT) database. The top hit means that the heavy chain or light chain variable region sequence is closer to a particular species than to other species. For example, top hit to human means that the sequence is closer to human than to other species. Top hit to human and Macaca fascicularis means that the sequence has the same percentage identity to the human sequence and the Macaca fascicularis sequence, and these percentages identities are highest as compared to the sequences of other species. In some embodiments, humanization percentage is greater than 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, or 95%. A detailed description regarding how to determine humanization percentage and how to determine top hits is known in the art, and is described, e.g., in Jones, et al., "The INNs and outs of antibody nonproprietary names. " MAbs. Vol. 8. No. 1. Taylor &Francis, 2016, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. A high humanization percentage often has various advantages, e.g., more safe and more effective in humans, more likely to be tolerated by a human subject, and / or less likely to have side effects. In some embodiments, the variable regions are fully human, e.g., derived from human heavy chain immunoglobulin locus sequences (e.g., recombination of human IGHV, human IGHD, and human IGHJ genes) , and / or human kappa chain immunoglobulin locus sequences (e.g., recombination of human IGKV and human IGKJ genes) .
[0119] Furthermore, in some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof described herein can also contain one, two, or three heavy chain variable region CDRs selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 4-6, SEQ ID NOs: 7-9, SEQ ID NOs: 10-12, SEQ ID NOs: 13-15, SEQ ID NOs: 16-18, and SEQ ID NOs: 19-21; and / or one, two, or three light chain variable region CDRs selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3.
[0120] In some embodiments, the antibodies can have a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, 3, wherein the CDR1 comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VH CDR1 amino acid sequence, the CDR2 comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VH CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the CDR3 comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VH CDR3 amino acid sequence. In some embodiments, the antibody can have a light chain variable region (VL) comprising CDRs 1, 2, 3, wherein the CDR1 comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VL CDR1 amino acid sequence, the CDR2 comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VL CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the CDR3 comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VL CDR3 amino acid sequence. The selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences and the selected VL CDRs, 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are shown in FIG. 1 (Kabat CDR) and FIG. 2 (Chothia CDR) .
[0121] In some embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment described herein can contain a heavy chain variable domain containing one, two, or three of the VH CDR1 (e.g., as shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2) with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; VH CDR2 (e.g., as shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2) with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; VH CDR3 (e.g., as shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2) with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions.
[0122] In some embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment described herein can contain a light chain variable domain containing one, two, or three of the VL CDR1 (e.g., as shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2) with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; VL CDR2 (e.g., as shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2) with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions; VL CDR3 (e.g., as shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2) with zero, one or two amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions.
[0123] The insertions, deletions, and substitutions can be within the CDR sequence, or at one or both terminal ends of the CDR sequence. In some embodiments, the CDR is determined based on Kabat numbering scheme. In some embodiments, the CDR is determined based on Chothia numbering scheme. In some embodiments, the CDR is determined based on a combination of Kabat and Chothia numbering scheme.
[0124] The disclosure also provides antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that bind to ADAM9. The antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof contain a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected VH sequence, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to a selected sequence. In some embodiments, the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 23, 24, or 25, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 22.
[0125] The disclosure also provides antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that can compete with the antibodies described herein. In some aspects, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments can bind to the same epitope as the antibodies described herein.
[0126] The present disclosure also provides an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that cross-competes with any antibody or antigen-binding fragment as described herein. The cross-competing assay is known in the art, and is described e.g., in Moore et al., "Antibody cross-competition analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 exterior envelope glycoprotein. " Journal of virology 70.3 (1996) : 1863-1872, which is incorporated herein reference in its entirety. In one aspect, the present disclosure also provides an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to the same epitope or region as any antibody or antigen-binding fragment as described herein. The epitope binning assay is known in the art, and is described e.g., in Estep et al., "High throughput solution-based measurement of antibody-antigen affinity and epitope binning. " MAbs. Vol. 5. No. 2. Taylor &Francis, 2013, which is incorporated herein reference in its entirety.
[0127] To determine the percent identity of two amino acid sequences, or of two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in one or both of a first and a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment and non-homologous sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes) . The amino acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same amino acid residue or nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position. The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences, taking into account the number of gaps, and the length of each gap, which need to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences. For example, the comparison of sequences and determination of percent identity between two sequences can be accomplished using a Blossum 62 scoring matrix with a gap penalty of 12, a gap extend penalty of 4, and a frameshift gap penalty of 5.
[0128] The disclosure also provides nucleic acid comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising an immunoglobulin heavy chain or an immunoglobulin light chain. The immunoglobulin heavy chain or immunoglobulin light chain comprises CDRs as shown in FIG. 1 or FIG. 2, or have sequences as shown in FIG. 3. When the polypeptides are paired with corresponding polypeptide (e.g., a corresponding heavy chain variable region or a corresponding light chain variable region) , the paired polypeptides bind to ADAM9 (e.g., human ADAM9) .
[0129] The anti-ADAM9 antibodies and antigen-binding fragments can also be antibody variants (including derivatives and conjugates) of antibodies or antibody fragments and multi-specific (e.g., bispecific) antibodies or antibody fragments. Additional antibodies provided herein are polyclonal, monoclonal, multi-specific (multimeric, e.g., bispecific) , human antibodies, chimeric antibodies (e.g., human-mouse chimera) , single-chain antibodies, intracellularly-made antibodies (i.e., intrabodies) , and antigen-binding fragments thereof. The antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof can be of any type (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA, and IgY) , class (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, and IgA2) , or subclass. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is an IgG antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.
[0130] Fragments of antibodies are suitable for use in the methods provided so long as they retain the desired affinity and specificity of the full-length antibody. Thus, a fragment of an antibody that binds to ADAM9 will retain an ability to bind to ADAM9. An Fv fragment is an antibody fragment which contains a complete antigen recognition and binding site. This region consists of a dimer of one heavy and one light chain variable domain in tight association, which can be covalent in nature, for example in scFv. It is in this configuration that the three CDRs of each variable domain interact to define an antigen binding site on the surface of the VH-VL dimer. Collectively, the six CDRs or a subset thereof confer antigen binding specificity to the antibody. However, even a single variable domain (or half of an Fv comprising only three CDRs specific for an antigen) can have the ability to recognize and bind antigen, although usually at a lower affinity than the entire binding site.
[0131] Single-chain Fv (scFv) or antibody fragments comprise the VH and VL domains (or regions) of antibody, wherein these domains are present in a single polypeptide chain. Generally, the scFv polypeptide further comprises a polypeptide linker between the VH and VL domains, which enables the scFv to form the desired structure for antigen binding.
[0132] The Fab fragment contains a variable and constant domain of the light chain and a variable domain and the first constant domain (CH1) of the heavy chain. F (ab') 2 antibody fragments comprise a pair of Fab fragments which are generally covalently linked near their carboxy termini by hinge cysteines between them. Other chemical couplings of antibody fragments are also known in the art.
[0133] Diabodies are small antibody fragments with two antigen-binding sites, which fragments comprise a VH connected to a VL in the same polypeptide chain (VH and VL) . By using a linker that is too short to allow pairing between the two domains on the same chain, the domains are forced to pair with the complementary domains of another chain and create two antigen-binding sites.
[0134] Linear antibodies comprise a pair of tandem Fd segments (VH-CH1-VH-CH1) which, together with complementary light chain polypeptides, form a pair of antigen binding regions. Linear antibodies can be bispecific or monospecific.
[0135] Antibodies and antibody fragments of the present disclosure can be modified in the Fc region to provide desired effector functions or serum half-life. In some embodiments, the Fc region can be modified to enhance complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) . In some embodiments, the Fc region can be modified to decrease CDC or ADCC.
[0136] Multimerization of antibodies may be accomplished through natural aggregation of antibodies or through chemical or recombinant linking techniques known in the art. For example, some percentage of purified antibody preparations (e.g., purified IgG1 molecules) spontaneously form protein aggregates containing antibody homodimers and other higher-order antibody multimers.
[0137] Alternatively, antibody homodimers may be formed through chemical linkage techniques known in the art. For example, heterobifunctional crosslinking agents including, but not limited to SMCC (succinimidyl 4- (maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate) and SATA (N-succinimidyl S-acethylthio-acetate) can be used to form antibody multimers. An exemplary protocol for the formation of antibody homodimers is described in Ghetie et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94: 7509-7514, 1997) . Antibody homodimers can be converted to Fab’2 homodimers through digestion with pepsin. Another way to form antibody homodimers is through the use of the autophilic T15 peptide described in Zhao et al.(J. Immunol. 25: 396-404, 2002) .
[0138] In some embodiments, the multi-specific antibody is a bi-specific antibody. Bi-specific antibodies can be made by engineering the interface between a pair of antibody molecules to maximize the percentage of heterodimers that are recovered from recombinant cell culture. For example, the interface can contain at least a part of the CH3 domain of an antibody constant domain. In this method, one or more small amino acid side chains from the interface of the first antibody molecule are replaced with larger side chains (e.g., tyrosine or tryptophan) . Compensatory “cavities” of identical or similar size to the large side chain (s) are created on the interface of the second antibody molecule by replacing large amino acid side chains with smaller ones (e.g., alanine or threonine) . This provides a mechanism for increasing the yield of the heterodimer over other unwanted end-products such as homodimers. This method is described, e.g., in WO 96 / 27011, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0139] Bi-specific antibodies include cross-linked or “heteroconjugate” antibodies. For example, one of the antibodies in the heteroconjugate can be coupled to avidin and the other to biotin. Heteroconjugate antibodies can also be made using any convenient cross-linking methods. Suitable cross-linking agents and cross-linking techniques are well known in the art and are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,676,980, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0140] Methods for generating bi-specific antibodies from antibody fragments are also known in the art. For example, bi-specific antibodies can be prepared using chemical linkage. Brennan et al. (Science 229: 81, 1985) describes a procedure where intact antibodies are proteolytically cleaved to generate F(ab’ ) 2 fragments. These fragments are reduced in the presence of the dithiol complexing agent sodium arsenite to stabilize vicinal dithiols and prevent intermolecular disulfide formation. The Fab’ fragments generated are then converted to thionitrobenzoate (TNB) derivatives. One of the Fab’ TNB derivatives is then reconverted to the Fab’ thiol by reduction with mercaptoethylamine, and is mixed with an equimolar amount of another Fab’ TNB derivative to form the bi-specific antibody.
[0141] Any of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein may be conjugated to a stabilizing molecule (e.g., a molecule that increases the half-life of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof in a subject or in solution) . Non-limiting examples of stabilizing molecules include: a polymer (e.g., a polyethylene glycol) or a protein (e.g., serum albumin, such as human serum albumin) . The conjugation of a stabilizing molecule can increase the half-life or extend the biological activity of an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment in vitro (e.g., in tissue culture or when stored as a pharmaceutical composition) or in vivo (e.g., in a human) .
[0142] In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein can be conjugated to a therapeutic agent. The antibody-drug conjugate comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof can covalently or non-covalently bind to a therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a cytotoxic or cytostatic agent (e.g., cytochalasin B, gramicidin D, ethidium bromide, emetine, mitomycin, etoposide, tenoposide, vincristine, vinblastine, colchicin, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, dihydroxy anthracin, maytansinoids such as DM-1 and DM-4, camptothecin, dione, mitoxantrone, mithramycin, actinomycin D, 1-dehydrotestosterone, glucocorticoids, procaine, tetracaine, lidocaine, propranolol, puromycin, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide and analogs) .
[0143] Antibodies and Antigen Binding Fragments
[0144] The present disclosure provides various antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof derived from anti-ADAM9 antibodies described herein.
[0145] In general, antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) are made up of two classes of polypeptide chains, light chains and heavy chains. A non-limiting examples of antibody of the present disclosure can be an intact, four immunoglobulin chain antibody comprising two heavy chains and two light chains. The heavy chain of the antibody can be of any isotype including IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA, or IgD or sub-isotype including IgG1, IgG2, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, IgG4, IgE1, IgE2, etc. The light chain can be a kappa light chain or a lambda light chain. An antibody can comprise two identical copies of a light chain and two identical copies of a heavy chain. The heavy chains, which each contain one variable domain (or variable region, VH) and multiple constant domains (or constant regions) , bind to one another via disulfide bonding within their constant domains to form the “stem” of the antibody. The light chains, which each contain one variable domain (or variable region, VL) and one constant domain (or constant region) , each bind to one heavy chain via disulfide binding. The variable region of each light chain is aligned with the variable region of the heavy chain to which it is bound. The variable regions of both the light chains and heavy chains contain three hypervariable regions sandwiched between more conserved framework regions (FR) .
[0146] These hypervariable regions, known as the complementary determining regions (CDRs) , form loops that comprise the principle antigen binding surface of the antibody. The four framework regions largely adopt a beta-sheet conformation and the CDRs form loops connecting, and in some cases forming part of, the beta-sheet structure. The CDRs in each chain are held in close proximity by the framework regions and, with the CDRs from the other chain, contribute to the formation of the antigen-binding region.
[0147] Methods for identifying the CDR regions of an antibody by analyzing the amino acid sequence of the antibody are well known, and a number of definitions of the CDRs are commonly used. The Kabat definition is based on sequence variability, and the Chothia definition is based on the location of the structural loop regions. These methods and definitions are described in, e.g., Martin, "Protein sequence and structure analysis of antibody variable domains, " Antibody engineering, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001.422-439; Abhinandan, et al., "Analysis and improvements to Kabat and structurally correct numbering of antibody variable domains, " Molecular immunology 45.14 (2008) : 3832-3839; Wu, T. T. and Kabat, E. A. (1970) J. Exp. Med. 132: 211-250; Martin et al., Methods Enzymol. 203: 121-53 (1991) ; Morea et al., Biophys Chem. 68 (1-3) : 9-16 (Oct. 1997) ; Morea et al., J Mol Biol. 275 (2) : 269-94 (Jan . 1998) ; Chothia et al., Nature 342 (6252) : 877-83 (Dec. 1989) ; Ponomarenko and Bourne, BMC Structural Biology 7: 64 (2007) ; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0148] The CDRs are important for recognizing an epitope of an antigen. As used herein, an “epitope” is the smallest portion of a target molecule capable of being specifically bound by the antigen binding domain of an antibody. The minimal size of an epitope may be about three, four, five, six, or seven amino acids, but these amino acids need not be in a consecutive linear sequence of the antigen’s primary structure, as the epitope may depend on an antigen’s three-dimensional configuration based on the antigen’s secondary and tertiary structure.
[0149] In some embodiments, the antibody is an intact immunoglobulin molecule (e.g., IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, IgM, IgD, IgE, IgA) . The IgG subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) are highly conserved, differ in their constant region, particularly in their hinges and upper CH2 domains. The sequences and differences of the IgG subclasses are known in the art, and are described, e.g., in Vidarsson, et al., "IgG subclasses and allotypes: from structure to effector functions. " Frontiers in immunology 5 (2014) ; Irani, et al., "Molecular properties of human IgG subclasses and their implications for designing therapeutic monoclonal antibodies against infectious diseases. " Molecular immunology 67.2 (2015) : 171-182; Shakib, Farouk, ed. The human IgG subclasses: molecular analysis of structure, function and regulation. Elsevier, 2016; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0150] The antibody can also be an immunoglobulin molecule that is derived from any species (e.g., human, rodent, mouse, rat, camelid) . Antibodies disclosed herein also include, but are not limited to, polyclonal, monoclonal, monospecific, polyspecific antibodies, and chimeric antibodies that include an immunoglobulin binding domain fused to another polypeptide. The antigen binding domain or antigen binding fragment is a portion of an antibody that retains specific binding activity of the intact antibody, i.e., any portion of an antibody that is capable of specific binding to an epitope on the intact antibody’s target molecule. It includes, e.g., Fab, Fab’ , F (ab’ ) 2, and variants of these fragments. Thus, in some embodiments, an antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof can be, e.g., a scFv, a Fv, a Fd, a dAb, a bispecific antibody, a bispecific scFv, a diabody, a linear antibody, a single-chain antibody molecule, a multi-specific antibody formed from antibody fragments, and any polypeptide that includes a binding domain which is, or is homologous to, an antibody binding domain. Non-limiting examples of antigen binding domains include, e.g., the heavy chain and / or light chain CDRs of an intact antibody, the heavy and / or light chain variable regions of an intact antibody, full length heavy or light chains of an intact antibody, or an individual CDR from either the heavy chain or the light chain of an intact antibody.
[0151] Fragments of antibodies are suitable for use in the methods described herein are also provided. The Fab fragment contains a variable and constant domain of the light chain and a variable domain and the first constant domain (CH1) of the heavy chain. F (ab') 2 antibody fragments comprise a pair of Fab fragments which are generally covalently linked near their carboxy termini by hinge cysteines between them. Other chemical couplings of antibody fragments are also known in the art.
[0152] In some embodiments, the antigen binding fragment can form a part of a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) . In some embodiments, the chimeric antigen receptor are fusions of single-chain variable fragments (scFv) as described herein, fused to CD3-zeta transmembrane-and endodomain. In some embodiments, the chimeric antigen receptor also comprises intracellular signaling domains from various costimulatory protein receptors (e.g., CD28, 41BB, ICOS) . In some embodiments, the chimeric antigen receptor comprises multiple signaling domains, e.g., CD3z-CD28-41BB or CD3z-CD28-OX40, to increase potency. Thus, in one aspect, the disclosure further provides cells (e.g., T cells) that express the chimeric antigen receptors as described herein.
[0153] In some embodiments, the antibodies or the antigen-binding fragments thereof can comprise one, two, or three heavy chain variable region CDRs. In some embodiments, the antibodies or the antigen-binding fragments thereof can comprise one, two, or three light chain variable region CDRs.
[0154] The antibodies or the antigen-binding fragments thereof can also have various forms. Many different formats of antigen binding fragments are known in the art, and are described e.g., in Suurs, et al., "A review of bispecific antibodies and antibody constructs in oncology and clinical challenges, " Pharmacology &therapeutics (2019) , which is incorporated herein by reference in the entirety.
[0155] Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADC)
[0156] The antibodies or the antigen-binding fragments thereof described herein can be conjugated to a therapeutic agent (adrug) . The therapeutic agent can be covalently or non-covalently bind to the antibody or antigen-binding fragment.
[0157] In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a cytotoxic or cytostatic agent (e.g., monomethyl auristatin E, monomethyl auristatin F, cytochalasin B, gramicidin D, ethidium bromide, emetine, mitomycin, etoposide, tenoposide, vincristine, vinblastine, colchicin, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, dihydroxy anthracin, maytansinoids such as DM-1 and DM-4, mitoxantrone, mithramycin, actinomycin D, 1-dehydrotestosterone, glucocorticoids, procaine, tetracaine, lidocaine, propranolol, puromycin, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide and analogs) . Useful classes of cytotoxic, cytostatic, or immunomodulatory agents include, for example, antitubulin agents, DNA minor groove binders, DNA replication inhibitors, and alkylating agents.
[0158] Definitions of specific functional groups and chemical terms are described in more detail below. For purpose of this invention, the chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75th Edition, inside cover, and specific functional groups are generally defined as described therein. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry, as well as specific functional moieties and reactivity, are described in Organic Chemistry, Thomas Sorrell, University Science Books, Sausalito, 1999; Smith and March, March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition, John Wiley &Sons, Inc., New York, 2001; Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers, Inc., New York, 1989; Carruthers, Some Modem Methods of Organic Synthesis, 3rd Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987.
[0159] All ranges cited herein are inclusive, unless expressly stated to the contrary. When a range of values is listed, it is intended to encompass each value and sub-range within the range. For example, “C1-6”is intended to encompass, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C1-6, C1-5, C1-4, C1-3, C1-2, C2-6, C2-5, C2-4, C2-3, C3-6, C3-5, C3-4, C4-6, C4-5, and C5-6.
[0160] The compounds or any formula depicting and describing the compounds of the present disclosure may have one or more chiral (asymmetric) centers. The present invention encompasses all stereoisomeric forms of the compounds or any formula depicting and describing the compounds of the present invention. Centers of asymmetry that are present in the compounds or any formula depicting and describing the compounds of the present invention can all independently of one another have (R) or (S) configuration. When bonds to a chiral carbon are depicted as straight lines in the structural formulas, or when a compound name is recited without an (R) or (S) chiral designation for a chiral carbon, it is understood that both the (R) and (S) configurations of each such chiral carbon, and hence each enantiomer or diastereomer and mixtures thereof, are embraced within the formula or by the name.
[0161] The disclosure includes all possible enantiomers and diastereomers and mixtures of two or more stereoisomers, for example mixtures of enantiomers and / or diastereomers, in all ratios. Thus, enantiomers are a subject of the disclosure in enantiomerically pure form, both as levorotatory and as dextrorotatory antipodes, in the form of racemates and in the form of mixtures of the two enantiomers in all ratios. In the case of a cis / trans isomerism the disclosure includes both the cis form and the trans form as well as mixtures of these forms in all ratios. The preparation of individual stereoisomers can be carried out, if desired, by separation of a mixture by customary methods, for example by chromatography or crystallization, by the use of stereochemically uniform starting materials for the synthesis or by stereoselective synthesis. Optionally a derivatization can be carried out before a separation of stereoisomers. The separation of a mixture of stereoisomers can be carried out at an intermediate step during the synthesis of a compound or it can be done on a final racemic product. Absolute stereochemistry may be determined by X-ray crystallography of crystalline products or crystalline intermediates which are derivatized, if necessary, with a reagent containing a stereogenic center of known configuration. Alternatively, absolute stereochemistry may be determined by Vibrational Circular Dichroism (VCD) spectroscopy analysis.
[0162] Unless otherwise stated, the structures depicted herein are also meant to include the compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms, in other words, the compounds wherein one or more atoms are replaced by atoms having the same atomic number, but an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number which predominates in nature. Such compounds are referred to as a “isotopic variant” . The present disclosure is intended to include all pharmaceutically acceptable isotopic variants of the compounds or any formula depicting and describing the compounds of the present invention. Examples of isotopes suitable for inclusion in the compounds of the present invention include, but not limited to, isotopes of hydrogen, such as 2H (i.e., D) and 3H; carbon, such as 11C, 13C, and 14C; chlorine, such as 36Cl; fluorine, such as 18F; iodine, such as 123I and 125I; nitrogen, such as 13N and 15N; oxygen, such as 15O, 17O, and 18O; phosphorus, such as 32P; and sulfur, such as 35S. Certain isotopic variants of the compounds or any formula depicting and describing the compounds of the present disclosure, for example those incorporating a radioactive isotope, may be useful in drug and / or substrate tissue distribution studies. Particularly, compounds having the depicted structures that differ only in the replacement with heavier isotopes, such as the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium (2H, or D) , can afford certain therapeutic advantages, for example, resulting from greater metabolic stability, increased in vivo half-life, or reduced dosage requirements and, hence, may be utilized in some particular circumstances. Isotopic variants of compounds or any formula depicting and describing the compounds of the present disclosure can generally be prepared by techniques known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described in the accompanying examples and synthesis using an appropriate isotopically-labeled reagent in place of the non-labeled reagent previously employed.
[0163] The compounds as provided herein are described with reference to both generic formulas and specific compounds. In addition, the compounds of the present disclosure may exist in a number of different forms or derivatives, all within the scope of the disclosure. These include, for example, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, tautomers, stereoisomers, racemic mixtures, regioisomers, prodrugs, solvated forms, different crystal forms or polymorphs, and active metabolites, etc.
[0164] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” , unless otherwise stated, includes salts that retain the biological effectiveness of the free acid / base form of the specified compound and that are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts may include salts formed with inorganic bases or acids and organic bases or acids. In cases where the compounds of the present disclosure contain one or more acidic or basic groups, the disclosure also comprises their corresponding pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Thus, the compounds of the present invention which contain acidic groups, such as carboxyl groups, can be present in salt form, and can be used according to the invention, for example, as alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts, aluminum salts or as ammonium salts. More non-limiting examples of such salts include lithium salts, sodium salts, potassium salts, calcium salts, magnesium salts, barium salts, or salts with ammonia or organic amines such as ethylamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, piperidine, N-methylglutamine, or amino acids. These salts are readily available, for instance, by reacting the compound having an acidic group with a suitable base, e.g., lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium propoxide, potassium hydroxide, potassium ethoxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, or barium hydroxide. Other base salts of compounds of the present disclosure include but are not limited to copper (I) , copper (II) , iron (II) , iron (III) , manganese (II) , and zinc salts. Compounds of the present disclosure which contain one or more basic groups, e.g., groups which can be protonated, can be present in salt form, and can be used according to the disclosure in the form of their addition salts with inorganic or organic acids. Examples of suitable acids include hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen iodide, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, naphthalenedisulfonic acid, sulfoacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, oxalic acid, acetic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, salicylic acid, benzoic acid, carbonic acid, formic acid, propionic acid, pivalic acid, diethylacetic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, pimelic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, malic acid, embonic acid, mandelic acid, sulfaminic acid, phenylpropionic acid, gluconic acid, ascorbic acid, isonicotinic acid, citric acid, adipic acid, taurocholic acid, glutaric acid, stearic acid, glutamic acid, or aspartic acid, and other acids known to those skilled in the art. The salts which are formed are, inter alia, hydrochlorides, chlorides, hydrobromides, bromides, iodides, sulfates, phosphates, methanesulfonates (mesylates) , tosylates, carbonates, bicarbonates, formates, acetates, sulfoacetates, triflates, oxalates, malonates, maleates, succinates, tartrates, malates, embonates, mandelates, fumarates, lactates, citrates, glutarates, stearates, aspartates, and glutamates. The stoichiometry of the salts formed from the compounds of the disclosure may moreover be an integral or non-integral multiple of one.
[0165] Compounds of the present disclosure which contain basic nitrogen-containing groups can be quaternized using agents such as C1-4alkyl halides, for example, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, and tert-butyl chloride, bromide, and iodide; diC1-4alkyl sulfates, for example, dimethyl, diethyl, and diamyl sulfate; C10-18alkyl halides, for example, decyl, dodecyl, lauryl, myristyl, and stearyl chloride, bromide, and iodide; and arylC1-4alkyl halides, for example, benzyl chloride and phenethyl bromide.
[0166] If the compounds of the present disclosure simultaneously contain acidic and basic groups in the molecule, the disclosure also includes, in addition to the salt forms mentioned, inner salts or betaines (zwitterions) . The respective salts can be obtained by customary methods which are known to those skilled in the art, for example by contacting these with an organic or inorganic acid or base in a solvent or dispersant, or by anion exchange or cation exchange with other salts. The present disclosure also includes all salts of the compounds of the present disclosure which, owing to low physiological compatibility, are not directly suitable for use in pharmaceuticals but which can be used, for example, as intermediates for chemical reactions or for the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts. For a review on more suitable salts, see Stahl and Wermuth, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use (Wiley-VCH, 2002) .
[0167] The compound or any formula depicting and describing the compounds of the present disclosure and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may exist in unsolvated and solvated forms. As used herein, the term “solvate” refers to a molecular complex comprising the compound of Formula (I) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable solvent molecules. For example, the term “hydrate” is employed when the solvent is water.
[0168] Pharmaceutically acceptable solvates in accordance with the present disclosure may include those wherein the solvent of crystallization may be isotopically substituted, e.g., D2O, d6-acetone, d6-DMSO.
[0169] Linker (linking agent compound)
[0170] In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is conjugated via a linker (or a linking agent compound) . As used herein, the term “linker” or “linking agent compound” refers to a compound that can connect a ligand (e.g., the antibodies, or the antigen-binding fragments thereof described herein) and a therapeutic agent (e.g., any of the therapeutic agents described herein) together to form a ligand-drug conjugate by reacting with a group of the ligand compound and the therapeutic agent compound respectively by, for example, a coupling reaction.
[0171] In some embodiments, the linker described herein is a compound having the following formula:
[0172] Q-L
[0173] Formula (I) ,
[0174] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or isotopic variant thereof, wherein Q denotes to a junction moiety capable of being coupled to a ligand via a bond selected from the group consisting of carbonyl, thioether, amide, disulfide and hydrazone bond; L denotes to a linker moiety capable of connecting Q to a therapeutic agent.
[0175] In some embodiments, the junction moiety (Q in Formula (I) ) has the following structure:
[0176] In some embodiments, the linker moiety (L in Formula (I) ) has the following formula:
[0177] where L1 is a polypeptide residue consisting of three to eight amino acid residues which comprises at least one amino acid residue with a side chain carboxyl group, for example, glutamic acid residue or aspartic acid residue, where “-COOH” denotes carboxyl group of an amino acid residue at C-terminal of the polypeptide residue;
[0178] L2 is absent or a monodentate, bidentate or tridentate hydrophilic group attached to the side chain carboxyl group on the amino acid residue of the polypeptide residue L1, and L2 has a structure of -NHC (RL2a) (RL2b) (RL2c) , where RL2a, RL2b, and RL2c are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, - (CH2O) (CH2CH2O) m (CH2) pC (O) OH, and - (CH2O) (CH2CH2O) m (CH2) pC (O) NHRL2d, RL2d is H or C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 hydroxy groups, each m is independently an integer from 0 to 10, preferably 0 to 4, for example 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, especially preferably m is 0, and each p is independent an integer from 1 to 4, for example, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and
[0179] denotes to the N-terminal side of the polypeptide residue covalently attached to the junction moiety Q.
[0180] In some embodiments, the polypeptide residue L1 is NH-Glu-Val-Ala-COOH. In some embodiments, the hydrophilic group L2 has the following structure:
[0181] wherein “*” denotes the site covalently attached to polypeptide residue L1, e.g., side chain of the Glu residue in NH-Glu-Val-Ala-COOH.
[0182] In some embodiments, the linker described herein is a compound having the following structure:
[0183] In some embodiments, the linker is a VC linker. Details of the linkers used for ADCs can be found, e.g., in Su, Z. et al., "Antibody–drug conjugates: Recent advances in linker chemistry. " Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B (2021) , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0184] Therapeutic agent
[0185] In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent that is conjugated to the antibodies or the antigen-binding fragments thereof described herein is discussed as follows.
[0186] In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent described herein is a cytotoxic agent. In some embodiments, the cytotoxic agent is a camptothecin compound, an analogue or a derivative thereof. In some preferred embodiments, the camptothecin compound is a compound having the following structure:
[0187] wherein X is selected from the group consisting of -CH2-, O and S; Y is selected from the group consisting of H, D, and F.
[0188] In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is (S) -4-amino-9-ethyl-9-hydroxy-1, 9, 12, 15-tetrahydro-13H-pyrano [3', 4': 6, 7] indolizino [1, 2-b] thiopyrano [4, 3, 2-de] quinoline-10, 13 (2H) -dione) (CPT-1) .The structure of CPT-1 is shown below:
[0189] In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is (S) -4-amino-9-ethyl-9-hydroxy-1, 9, 12, 15-tetrahydro-13H-pyrano [4, 3, 2-de] pyrano [3', 4': 6, 7] indolizino [1, 2-b] quinoline-10, 13 (2H) -dione (CPT-2) . The structure of CPT-2 is shown below:
[0190] In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is CPT3. The structure of CPT-3 is shown below:
[0191] In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is (S) -4-amino-9-ethyl-5-fluoro-9-hydroxy-1, 9, 12, 15-tetrahydro-13H-pyrano [4, 3, 2-de] pyrano [3', 4': 6, 7] indolizino [1, 2-b] quinoline-10, 13 (2H) -dione (CPT-4) . The structure of CPT-4 is shown below:
[0192] In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is an auristatin, such as auristatin E (also known in the art as a derivative of dolastatin-10) or a derivative thereof. The auristatin can be, for example, an ester formed between auristatin E and a keto acid. For example, auristatin E can be reacted with paraacetyl benzoic acid or benzoylvaleric acid to produce AEB and AEVB, respectively. Other typical auristatins include AFP, MMAF, and MMAE. The synthesis and structure of exemplary auristatins are described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003-0083263; International Patent Publication No. WO 04 / 010957, International Patent Publication No. WO 02 / 088172, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,498,298, 6,884,869, 6,323,315; 6,239,104; 6,034,065; 5,780,588; 5,665,860; 5,663,149; 5,635,483; 5,599,902; 5,554,725; 5,530,097; 5,521,284; 5,504,191; 5,410,024; 5,138,036; 5,076,973; 4,986,988; 4,978,744; 4,879,278; 4,816,444; and 4,486,414, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety and for all purposes.
[0193] Auristatins have been shown to interfere with microtubule dynamics and nuclear and cellular division and have anticancer activity. Auristatins bind tubulin and can exert a cytotoxic or cytostatic effect on cancer cell. There are a number of different assays, known in the art, which can be used for determining whether an auristatin or resultant antibody-drug conjugate exerts a cytostatic or cytotoxic effect on a desired cell.
[0194] In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a chemotherapeutic agent. Examples of chemotherapeutic agents include alkylating agents such as thiotepa and cyclosphosphamide (CYTOXANTM) ; alkyl sulfonates such as busulfan, improsulfan and piposulfan; aziridines such as benzodopa, carboquone, meturedopa, and uredopa; ethylenimines and methylamelamines including altretamine, triethylenemelamine, triethylenephosphoramide, triethylenethiophosphaoramide and trimethylolomelamine; nitrogen mustards such as chlorambucil, chlornaphazine, cholophosphamide, estramustine, ifosfamide, mechlorethamine, mechlorethamine oxide hydrochloride, melphalan, novembichin, phenesterine, prednimustine, trofosfamide, uracil mustard; nitrosureas such as carmustine, chlorozotocin, fotemustine, lomustine, nimustine, ranimustine; antibiotics such as aclacinomysins, actinomycin, authramycin, azaserine, bleomycins, cactinomycin, calicheamicin, carabicin, carminomycin, carzinophilin, chromomycins, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, detorubicin, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, doxorubicin, epirubicin, esorubicin, idarubicin, marcellomycin, mitomycins, mycophenolic acid, nogalamycin, olivomycins, peplomycin, potfiromycin, puromycin, quelamycin, rodorubicin, streptonigrin, streptozocin, tubercidin, ubenimex, zinostatin, zorubicin; anti-metabolites such as methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) ; folic acid analogues such as denopterin, methotrexate, pteropterin, trimetrexate; purine analogs such as fludarabine, 6-mercaptopurine, thiamiprine, thioguanine; pyrimidine analogs such as ancitabine, azacitidine, 6-azauridine, carmofur, cytarabine, dideoxyuridine, doxifluridine, enocitabine, floxuridine; androgens such as calusterone, dromostanolone propionate, epitiostanol, mepitiostane, testolactone; anti-adrenals such as aminoglutethimide, mitotane, trilostane; folic acid replenisher such as frolinic acid; aceglatone; aldophosphamide glycoside; aminolevulinic acid; amsacrine; bestrabucil; bisantrene; edatraxate; defofamine; demecolcine; diaziquone; elfornithine; elliptinium acetate; etoglucid; gallium nitrate; hydroxyurea; lentinan; lonidamine; mitoguazone; mitoxantrone; mopidamol; nitracrine; pentostatin; phenamet; pirarubicin; podophyllinic acid; 2-ethylhydrazide; procarbazine; PSK7; razoxane; sizofiran; spirogermanium; tenuazonic acid; triaziquone; 2’, 2’ , 2’ -trichlorotriethylamine; urethan; vindesine; dacarbazine; mannomustine; mitobronitol; mitolactol; pipobroman; gacytosine; arabinoside ( “Ara-C” ) ; cyclophosphamide; taxanes, e.g. paclitaxel ( Bristol-Myers Squibb Oncology, Princeton, N. J. ) and doxetaxel ( Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Antony, France) ; chlorambucil; gemcitabine; 6-thioguanine; platinum analogs such as cisplatin and carboplatin; vinblastine; platinum; etoposide (VP-16) ; ifosfamide; mitomycin C; mitoxantrone; vincristine; vinorelbine; navelbine; novantrone; teniposide; daunomycin; aminopterin; xeloda; ibandronate; CPT-11; topoisomerase inhibitor RFS 2000; difluoromethylornithine (DMFO) ; retinoic acid; esperamicins; capecitabine; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids or derivatives of any of the above. Also included in this definition are anti-hormonal agents that act to regulate or inhibit hormone action on tumors such as anti-estrogens including for example tamoxifen, raloxifene, aromatase inhibiting 4 (5) -imidazoles, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, trioxifene, keoxifene, LY117018, onapristone, and toremifene (Fareston) ; and anti-androgens such as flutamide, nilutamide, bicalutamide, leuprolide, and goserelin; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids or derivatives of any of the above. A detailed description of the chemotherapeutic agents can be found in, e.g., US20180193477A1, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0195] In some embodiments, the antibodies or the antigen-binding fragments thereof is coupled to the drug via a cleavable linker e.g. a SPBD linker or a maleimidocaproyl-valine-citrulline-p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl (VC) linker. In some embodiments, the antibodies or the antigen-binding fragments thereof is coupled to the drug via a non-cleavable linker e.g. a MCC linker formed using SMCC or sulfo-SMCC. Selection of an appropriate linker for a given ADC can be readily made by the skilled person having knowledge of the art and taking into account relevant factors, such as the site of attachment to the antigen binding construct, any structural constraints of the drug and the hydrophobicity of the drug (see, for example, review in Nolting, Chapter 5, Antibody-Drug Conjugates: Methods in Molecular Biology, 2013, Ducry (Ed. ) , Springer) . A number of specific linker-toxin combinations have been described and may be used with the antigen binding constructs described herein to prepare ADCs in certain embodiments. Examples include, but are not limited to, cleavable peptide-based linkers with auristatins such as MMAE and MMAF, camptothecins such as SN-38, duocarmycins and PBD dimers; non-cleavable MC-based linkers with auristatins MMAF and MMAE; acid-labile hydrazone-based linkers with calicheamicins and doxorubicin; disulfide-based linkers with maytansinoids such as DM1 and DM4, and bis-maleimido-trioxyethylene glycol (BMPEO) -based linkers with maytansinoid DM1. Some these therapeutic agents and linkers are described, e.g., in Peters &Brown, (2015) Biosci. Rep. e00225; Dosio et al., (2014) Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery 9: 35-65; US Patent Publication No. US 2015 / 0374847, and US20180193477A1; which are incorporated herein by reference in the entirety.
[0196] Linker-Therapeutic agent compound
[0197] In some embodiments, a linker (e.g., any of the linkers described herein) and a therapeutic agent (e.g., any of the therapeutic agents described herein) can be linked to form a “linker-therapeutic agent” compound.
[0198] In some embodiments, the linker-therapeutic agent compound has the following structure:
[0199] In some embodiments, the linker-therapeutic agent compound has the following structure:
[0200] In some embodiments, an antibody ( “Ab” ) , e.g., any of the antibodies or the antigen-binding fragments thereof described herein, can be linked to a linker-therapeutic agent compound (e.g., any of the linker-therapeutic agent compounds described herein) to generate an antibody-drug conjugate. In some embodiments, the antibody-drug conjugate has the following structure:
[0201] wherein n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8.
[0202] Depending on the desired drug and selected linker, those skilled in the art can select suitable method for coupling them together. For example, some conventional coupling methods, such as amine coupling methods, can be used to form the desired drug-linker complex which still contains reactive groups for conjugating to the antibodies through covalent linkage. In some embodiments, a drug-maleimide complex (i.e., maleimide linking drug) can be used for the payload bearing reactive group in the present disclosure. Most common reactive group capable of bonding to thiol group in ADC preparation is maleimide. Additionally, organic bromides, iodides also are frequently used.
[0203] The ADC can be prepared by one of several routes known in the art, employing organic chemistry reactions, conditions, and reagents known to those skilled in the art (see, for example, Bioconjugate Techniques (G. T. Hermanson, 2013, Academic Press) . For example, conjugation can be achieved by (1) reaction of a nucleophilic group or an electrophilic group of an antibody with a bivalent linker reagent, to form antibody-linker intermediate Ab-L, via a covalent bond, followed by reaction with an activated drug moiety D; or (2) reaction of a nucleophilic group or an electrophilic group of a drug moiety with a linker reagent, to form drug-linker intermediate D-L, via a covalent bond, followed by reaction with the nucleophilic group or an electrophilic group of an antibody. Conjugation methods (1) and (2) can be employed with a variety of antibodies, drug moieties, and linkers to prepare the ADCs described here. Various prepared linkers, linker components and toxins are commercially available or may be prepared using standard synthetic organic chemistry techniques. These methods are described e.g., in March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry (Smith &March, 2006, Sixth Ed., Wiley) ; Toki et al., (2002) J. Org. Chem. 67: 1866-1872; Frisch et al., (1997) Bioconj. Chem. 7: 180-186; Bioconjugate Techniques (G. T. Hermanson, 2013, Academic Press) ; US20210379193A1, and US20180193477A1, which are incorporated herein by reference in the entirety. In addition, a number of pre-formed drug-linkers suitable for reaction with a selected antigen binding construct are also available commercially, for example, linker-toxins comprising DM1, DM4, MMAE, MMAF or Duocarmycin SA are available from Creative BioLabs (Shirley, N. Y. ) .
[0204] Several specific examples of methods of preparing ADCs are known in the art and are described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,624,003 (pot method) , U.S. Pat. No. 8,163,888 (one-step) , and U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,020 (two-step method) , and US20180193477A1, which are incorporated herein by reference in the entirety. Other methods are known in the art and include those described in Antibody-Drug Conjugates: Methods in Molecular Biology, 2013, Ducry (Ed. ) , Springer.
[0205] Drug loading is represented by the number of drug moieties per antibody in a molecule of ADC. For some antibody-drug conjugates, the drug loading may be limited by the number of attachment sites on the antibody. For example, where the attachment is a cysteine thiol, as in certain exemplary embodiments described herein, the drug loading may range from 0 to 8 drug moieties per antibody. In certain embodiments, higher drug loading, e.g. p≥5, may cause aggregation, insolubility, toxicity, or loss of cellular permeability of certain antibody-drug conjugates. In certain embodiments, the average drug loading for an antibody-drug conjugate ranges from 1 to about 8; from about 2 to about 6; or from about 3 to about 5. Indeed, it has been shown that for certain antibody-drug conjugates, the optimal ratio of drug moieties per antibody can be around 4. In some embodiments, the DAR is about or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8. In some embodiments, the average DAR in the composition is about 1~ about 2, about 2~ about 3, about 3~ about 4, about 3~ about 5, about 4~ about 5, about 5~ about 6, about 6~ about 7, or about 7~about 8.
[0206] Antibody and ADC Characteristics
[0207] The antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof described herein or ADC derived therefrom can bind to ADAM9. The antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof as described herein or ADC derived therefrom can be ADAM9 pathway agonist or antagonist. In some embodiments, by binding to ADAM9, the antibody can inhibit ADAM9 signaling pathway.
[0208] General techniques can be used to measure the affinity of an antibody for an antigen include, e.g., ELISA, RIA, Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) , and Biolayer Interferometry (BLI) . Affinities can be deduced from the quotient of the kinetic rate constants (KD=kd / ka) . In some implementations, the antibodies or the antigen-binding fragments thereof can bind to ADAM9 (e.g., human ADAM9 and / or monkey ADAM9) with a dissociation rate (kd) of less than 0.1 s-1, less than 0.01 s-1, less than 0.001 s-1, less than 0.0001 s-1, or less than 0.00001 s-1. In some embodiments, the dissociation rate (kd) is greater than 0.01 s-1, greater than 0.001 s-1, greater than 0.0001 s-1, greater than 0.00001 s-1, or greater than 0.000001 s-1.
[0209] In some embodiments, kinetic association rates (ka) are greater than 1 x 102 / Ms, greater than 1 x 103 / Ms, greater than 1 x 104 / Ms, greater than 1 x 105 / Ms, or greater than 1 x 106 / Ms. In some embodiments, kinetic association rates (ka) are less than 1 x 104 / Ms, less than 1 x 105 / Ms, less than 1 x 106 / Ms, or less than 1 x 107 / Ms.
[0210] In some embodiments, the antibodies or the antigen-binding fragments thereof can bind to ADAM9 (e.g., human ADAM9 and / or monkey ADAM9) with a KD of less than 1 x 10-6 M, less than 1 x 10-7 M, less than 1 x 10-8 M, less than 1 x 10-9 M, or less than 1 x 10-10 M. In some embodiments, the KD is less than 5 nM, 4 nM, 3 nM, 2 nM, or 1 nM. In some embodiments, KD is greater than 1 x 10-7 M, greater than 1 x 10-8 M, greater than 1 x 10-9 M, or greater than 1 x 10-10 M.
[0211] In some embodiments, the antibodies or the antigen-binding fragments thereof can bind to monkey ADAM9 or mouse ADAM9. In some embodiments, the binding is measured by the percentage of positive cells as determined by FACS. In some embodiments, the percentage of positive cells is greater than 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%. In some embodiments, the percentage of positive cells is less than 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%. In some embodiments, the antibodies or the antigen-binding fragments thereof cannot bind to monkey ADAM9 or mouse ADAM9.
[0212] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof as described herein or ADC derived therefrom is added to NCI-H226 cells, HT-1080 cells, Panc0203 cells, SNU-5 cells, or DU-145 cells to test the endocytosis rate. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof as described herein or ADC derived therefrom has an endocytosis rate of above 10%, above 15%, above 20%, above 25%, above 30%, above 35%, above 40%, above 45%, above 50%, above 55%, above 60%, above 65%, above 70%, above 75%, above 80%, above 85%, above 90%, above 91%, above 92%, above 93%, above 94%, above 95%, above 96%, above 97%, or above 98%.
[0213] In some embodiments, thermal stabilities are determined. The antibodies or antigen binding fragments as described herein can have a Tm greater than 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, or 95 ℃. In some embodiments, Tm is less than 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, or 95 ℃.
[0214] In some embodiments, the antibodies or the antigen-binding fragments thereof have a tumor growth inhibition percentage (TGI%) that is greater than 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 110%, 120%, 130%, 140%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 190%, or 200%. In some embodiments, the antibody has a tumor growth inhibition percentage that is less than 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 110%, 120%, 130%, 140%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 190%, or 200%. The TGI%can be determined, e.g., at 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40 days after the treatment starts, or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 months after the treatment starts. As used herein, the tumor growth inhibition percentage (TGI%) is calculated using the following formula:
[0215] TGI (%) = [1- (Ti-T0) / (Vi-V0) ] ×100
[0216] Ti is the average tumor volume in the treatment group on day i. T0 is the average tumor volume in the treatment group on day zero. Vi is the average tumor volume in the control group on day i. V0 is the average tumor volume in the control group on day zero.
[0217] In some embodiments, the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof has a functional Fc region. In some embodiments, effector function of a functional Fc region is antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) . In some embodiments, effector function of a functional Fc region is phagocytosis. In some embodiments, effector function of a functional Fc region is ADCC and phagocytosis. In some embodiments, the Fc region is human IgG1, human IgG2, human IgG3, or human IgG4. In some embodiments, the antibody is a human IgG1 antibody, optionally with SI mutations (S239D and I332E mutations according to EU numbering) , LALA mutations (L234A and L235A mutations according to EU numbering) , N297A mutation, YTE mutations (M252Y, S254T and T256E according to EU numbering) , and / or FLAA mutations (F234A and L235A according to EU numbering) . In some embodiments, the antibody is a human IgG4 antibody, optionally with SI mutations, LALA mutations, N297A mutation according to EU numbering, YTE mutations, and / or FLAA mutations.
[0218] In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen binding fragments do not have a functional Fc region. For example, the antibodies or antigen binding fragments are Fab, Fab’ , F (ab’ ) 2, and Fv fragments. In some embodiments, the Fc region has LALA mutations, or LALA-PG mutations (L234A, L235A, P329G mutations according to EU numbering) . In some embodiments, the Fc region has FLAA mutations. In some embodiments, the Fc has SI mutations. In some embodiments, the Fc has N297A mutation. In some embodiments, the Fc has YTE mutations.
[0219] In some embodiments, the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment thereof is incorporated in an antibody drug conjugate.
[0220] Recombinant Vectors
[0221] The present disclosure also provides recombinant vectors (e.g., expression vectors) that include an isolated polynucleotide disclosed herein (e.g., a polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide disclosed herein) , host cells into which are introduced the recombinant vectors (i.e., such that the host cells contain the polynucleotide and / or a vector comprising the polynucleotide) , and the production of recombinant antibody polypeptides or fragments thereof by recombinant techniques.
[0222] As used herein, a “vector” is any construct capable of delivering one or more polynucleotide (s) of interest to a host cell when the vector is introduced to the host cell. An “expression vector” is capable of delivering and expressing the one or more polynucleotide (s) of interest as an encoded polypeptide in a host cell into which the expression vector has been introduced. Thus, in an expression vector, the polynucleotide of interest is positioned for expression in the vector by being operably linked with regulatory elements such as a promoter, enhancer, and / or a poly-A tail, either within the vector or in the genome of the host cell at or near or flanking the integration site of the polynucleotide of interest such that the polynucleotide of interest will be translated in the host cell introduced with the expression vector.
[0223] A vector can be introduced into the host cell by methods known in the art, e.g., electroporation, chemical transfection (e.g., DEAE-dextran) , transformation, transfection, and infection and / or transduction (e.g., with recombinant virus) . Thus, non-limiting examples of vectors include viral vectors (which can be used to generate recombinant virus) , naked DNA or RNA, plasmids, cosmids, phage vectors, and DNA or RNA expression vectors associated with cationic condensing agents.
[0224] In some implementations, a polynucleotide disclosed herein (e.g., a polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide disclosed herein) is introduced using a viral expression system (e.g., vaccinia or other pox virus, retrovirus, or adenovirus) , which may involve the use of a non-pathogenic (defective) , replication competent virus, or may use a replication defective virus. In the latter case, viral propagation generally will occur only in complementing virus packaging cells. Suitable systems are disclosed, for example, in Fisher-Hoch et al., 1989, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 317-321; Flexner et al., 1989, Ann. N. Y. Acad Sci. 569: 86-103; Flexner et al., 1990, Vaccine, 8: 17-21; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,603,112, 4,769,330, and 5,017,487; WO 89 / 01973; U.S. Pat. No. 4,777,127; GB 2,200,651; EP 0,345,242; WO 91 / 02805; Berkner-Biotechniques, 6: 616-627, 1988; Rosenfeld et al., 1991, Science, 252: 431-434; Kolls et al., 1994, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91: 215-219; Kass-Eisler et al., 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90: 11498-11502; Guzman et al., 1993, Circulation, 88: 2838-2848; and Guzman et al., 1993, Cir. Res., 73: 1202-1207. Techniques for incorporating DNA into such expression systems are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The DNA may also be “naked, ” as described, for example, in Ulmer et al., 1993, Science, 259: 1745-1749, and Cohen, 1993, Science, 259: 1691-1692. The uptake of naked DNA may be increased by coating the DNA onto biodegradable beads that are efficiently transported into the cells.
[0225] For expression, the DNA insert comprising an antibody-encoding or polypeptide-encoding polynucleotide disclosed herein can be operatively linked to an appropriate promoter (e.g., a heterologous promoter) , such as the phage lambda PL promoter, the E. coli lac, trp and tac promoters, the SV40 early and late promoters and promoters of retroviral LTRs, to name a few. Other suitable promoters are known to the skilled artisan. The expression constructs can further contain sites for transcription initiation, termination and, in the transcribed region, a ribosome binding site for translation. The coding portion of the mature transcripts expressed by the constructs may include a translation initiating at the beginning and a termination codon (UAA, UGA, or UAG) appropriately positioned at the end of the polypeptide to be translated.
[0226] As indicated, the expression vectors can include at least one selectable marker. Such markers include dihydrofolate reductase or neomycin resistance for eukaryotic cell culture and tetracycline or ampicillin resistance genes for culturing in E. coli and other bacteria. Representative examples of appropriate hosts include, but are not limited to, bacterial cells, such as E. coli, Streptomyces, and Salmonella typhimurium cells; fungal cells, such as yeast cells; insect cells such as Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf9 cells; animal cells such as CHO, COS, Bowes melanoma, and HK 293 cells; and plant cells. Appropriate culture mediums and conditions for the host cells described herein are known in the art.
[0227] Non-limiting vectors for use in bacteria include pQE70, pQE60 and pQE-9, available from Qiagen; pBS vectors, Phagescript vectors, Bluescript vectors, pNH8A, pNH16a, pNH18A, pNH46A, available from Stratagene; and ptrc99a, pKK223-3, pKK233-3, pDR540, pRIT5 available from Pharmacia. Non-limiting eukaryotic vectors include pWLNEO, pSV2CAT, pOG44, pXT1 and pSG available from Stratagene; and pSVK3, pBPV, pMSG and pSVL available from Pharmacia. Other suitable vectors will be readily apparent to the skilled artisan.
[0228] Non-limiting bacterial promoters suitable for use include the E. coli lacI and lacZ promoters, the T3 and T7 promoters, the gpt promoter, the lambda PR and PL promoters and the trp promoter. Suitable eukaryotic promoters include the CMV immediate early promoter, the HSV thymidine kinase promoter, the early and late SV40 promoters, the promoters of retroviral LTRs, such as those of the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) , and metallothionein promoters, such as the mouse metallothionein-I promoter.
[0229] In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a number of vectors containing constitutive or inducible promoters such as alpha factor, alcohol oxidase, and PGH may be used. For reviews, see Ausubel et al. (1989) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley &Sons, New York, N. Y, and Grant et al., Methods Enzymol., 153: 516-544 (1997) .
[0230] Introduction of the construct into the host cell can be effected by calcium phosphate transfection, DEAE-dextran mediated transfection, cationic lipid-mediated transfection, electroporation, transduction, infection or other methods. Such methods are described in many standard laboratory manuals, such as Davis et al., Basic Methods in Molecular Biology (1986) , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0231] Transcription of DNA encoding an antibody of the present disclosure by higher eukaryotes may be increased by inserting an enhancer sequence into the vector. Enhancers are cis-acting elements of DNA, usually about from 10 to 300 bp that act to increase transcriptional activity of a promoter in a given host cell-type. Examples of enhancers include the SV40 enhancer, which is located on the late side of the replication origin at base pairs 100 to 270, the cytomegalovirus early promoter enhancer, the polyoma enhancer on the late side of the replication origin, and adenovirus enhancers.
[0232] For secretion of the translated protein into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, into the periplasmic space or into the extracellular environment, appropriate secretion signals may be incorporated into the expressed polypeptide. The signals may be endogenous to the polypeptide or they may be heterologous signals.
[0233] The polypeptide (e.g., antibody) can be expressed in a modified form, such as a fusion protein (e.g., a GST-fusion) or with a histidine-tag, and may include not only secretion signals, but also additional heterologous functional regions. For instance, a region of additional amino acids, particularly charged amino acids, may be added to the N-terminus of the polypeptide to improve stability and persistence in the host cell, during purification, or during subsequent handling and storage. Also, peptide moieties can be added to the polypeptide to facilitate purification. Such regions can be removed prior to final preparation of the polypeptide. The addition of peptide moieties to polypeptides to engender secretion or excretion, to improve stability and to facilitate purification, among others, are familiar and routine techniques in the art.
[0234] Methods of Making Antibodies and Antigen Binding Fragments
[0235] An isolated fragment of human protein can be used as an immunogen to generate antibodies using standard techniques for polyclonal and monoclonal antibody preparation. Polyclonal antibodies can be raised in animals by multiple injections (e.g., subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injections) of an antigenic peptide or protein. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide or protein is injected with at least one adjuvant. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide or protein can be conjugated to an agent that is immunogenic in the species to be immunized. Animals can be injected with the antigenic peptide or protein more than one time (e.g., twice, three times, or four times) .
[0236] The full-length polypeptide or protein can be used or, alternatively, antigenic peptide fragments thereof can be used as immunogens. The antigenic peptide of a protein comprises at least 8 (e.g., at least 10, 15, 20, or 30) amino acid residues of the amino acid sequence of the protein and encompasses an epitope of the protein such that an antibody raised against the peptide forms a specific immune complex with the protein.
[0237] An immunogen typically is used to prepare antibodies by immunizing a suitable subject (e.g., human or transgenic animal expressing at least one human immunoglobulin locus) . An appropriate immunogenic preparation can contain, for example, a recombinantly-expressed or a chemically-synthesized polypeptide. The preparation can further include an adjuvant, such as Freund’s complete or incomplete adjuvant, or a similar immunostimulatory agent.
[0238] Polyclonal antibodies can be prepared as described above by immunizing a suitable subject with a polypeptide, or an antigenic peptide thereof (e.g., part of the protein) as an immunogen. The antibody titer in the immunized subject can be monitored over time by standard techniques, such as with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the immobilized polypeptide or peptide. If desired, the antibody molecules can be isolated from the mammal (e.g., from the blood) and further purified by well-known techniques, such as protein A or protein G chromatography to obtain the IgG fraction. At an appropriate time after immunization, e.g., when the specific antibody titers are highest, antibody-producing cells can be obtained from the subject and used to prepare monoclonal antibodies by standard techniques, such as the hybridoma technique originally described by Kohler et al. (Nature 256: 495-497, 1975) , the human B cell hybridoma technique (Kozbor et al., Immunol. Today 4: 72, 1983) , the EBV-hybridoma technique (Cole et al., Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 77-96, 1985) , or trioma techniques. The technology for producing hybridomas is well known (see, generally, Current Protocols in Immunology, 1994, Coligan et al. (Eds. ) , John Wiley &Sons, Inc., New York, NY) . Hybridoma cells producing a monoclonal antibody are detected by screening the hybridoma culture supernatants for antibodies that bind the polypeptide or epitope of interest, e.g., using a standard ELISA assay.
[0239] Variants of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein can be prepared by introducing appropriate nucleotide changes into the DNA encoding a human, humanized, or chimeric antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein, or by peptide synthesis. Such variants include, for example, deletions, insertions, or substitutions of residues within the amino acid sequences that make-up the antigen-binding site of the antibody or an antigen-binding domain. In a population of such variants, some antibodies or antigen-binding fragments will have increased affinity for the target protein. Any combination of deletions, insertions, and / or combinations can be made to arrive at an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that has increased binding affinity for the target. The amino acid changes introduced into the antibody or antigen-binding fragment can also alter or introduce new post-translational modifications into the antibody or antigen-binding fragment, such as changing (e.g., increasing or decreasing) the number of glycosylation sites, changing the type of glycosylation site (e.g., changing the amino acid sequence such that a different sugar is attached by enzymes present in a cell) , or introducing new glycosylation sites.
[0240] Antibodies disclosed herein can be derived from any species of animal, including mammals. Non-limiting examples of native antibodies include antibodies derived from humans, primates, e.g., monkeys and apes, cows, pigs, horses, sheep, camelids (e.g., camels and llamas) , chicken, goats, and rodents (e.g., rats, mice, hamsters and rabbits) , including transgenic rodents genetically engineered to produce human antibodies.
[0241] Phage display (panning) can be used to optimize antibody sequences with desired binding affinities. In this technique, a gene encoding single chain Fv (comprising VH or VL) can be inserted into a phage coat protein gene, causing the phage to "display" the scFv on its outside while containing the gene for the protein on its inside, resulting in a connection between genotype and phenotype. These displaying phages can then be screened against target antigens, in order to detect interaction between the displayed antigen binding sites and the target antigen. Thus, large libraries of proteins can be screened and amplified in a process called in vitro selection, and antibodies sequences with desired binding affinities can be obtained.
[0242] Human and humanized antibodies include antibodies having variable and constant regions derived from (or having the same amino acid sequence as those derived from) human germline immunoglobulin sequences. Human antibodies may include amino acid residues not encoded by human germline immunoglobulin sequences (e.g., mutations introduced by random or site-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo) , for example in the CDRs.
[0243] A humanized antibody, typically has a human framework (FR) grafted with non-human CDRs. Thus, a humanized antibody has one or more amino acid sequence introduced into it from a source which is non-human. These non-human amino acid residues are often referred to as “import” residues, which are typically taken from an “import” variable domain. Humanization can be essentially performed by e.g., substituting rodent CDRs or CDR sequences for the corresponding sequences of a human antibody. These methods are described in e.g., Jones et al., Nature, 321: 522-525 (1986) ; Riechmann et al., Nature, 332: 323-327 (1988) ; Verhoeyen et al., Science, 239: 1534-1536 (1988) ; each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Accordingly, “humanized” antibodies are chimeric antibodies wherein substantially less than an intact human V domain has been substituted by the corresponding sequence from a non-human species. In practice, humanized antibodies are typically mouse antibodies in which some CDR residues and some FR residues are substituted by residues from analogous sites in human antibodies.
[0244] The choice of human VH and VL domains to be used in making the humanized antibodies is very important for reducing immunogenicity. According to the so-called “best-fit” method, the sequence of the V domain of a mouse antibody is screened against the entire library of known human-domain sequences. The human sequence which is closest to that of the mouse is then accepted as the human FR for the humanized antibody (Sims et al., J. Immunol., 151: 2296 (1993) ; Chothia et al., J. Mol. Biol., 196: 901 (1987) ) .
[0245] It is further important that antibodies be humanized with retention of high specificity and affinity for the antigen and other favorable biological properties. To achieve this goal, humanized antibodies can be prepared by a process of analysis of the parental sequences and various conceptual humanized products using three-dimensional models of the parental and humanized sequences. Three-dimensional immunoglobulin models are commonly available and are familiar to those skilled in the art. Computer programs are available which illustrate and display probable three-dimensional conformational structures of selected candidate immunoglobulin sequences. Inspection of these displays permits analysis of the likely role of the residues in the functioning of the candidate immunoglobulin sequence, i.e., the analysis of residues that influence the ability of the candidate immunoglobulin to bind its antigen. In this way, FR residues can be selected and combined from the recipient and import sequences so that the desired antibody characteristic, such as increased affinity for the target antigen (s) , is achieved.
[0246] Ordinarily, amino acid sequence variants of the human, humanized, or chimeric anti-ADAM9 antibody will contain an amino acid sequence having at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%percent identity with a sequence present in the light or heavy chain of the original antibody.
[0247] In some embodiments, a mouse with a humanized heavy chain immunoglobulin locus and a humanized kappa chain immunoglobulin locus is used to generate antibodies. The heavy chain immunoglobulin locus is a region on the chromosome that contains genes for the heavy chains of antibodies. The locus can include e.g., human IGHV (variable) genes, human IGHD (diversity) genes, human IGHJ (joining) genes, and mouse heavy chain constant domain genes. The kappa chain immunoglobulin locus is a region on the chromosome that contains genes that encode a common light chain. The kappa chain immunoglobulin locus can include e.g., a human IGKV (variable) gene, a human IGKJ (joining) gene, and mouse light chain constant domain genes. A detailed description regarding the mice can be found in PCT / CN2021 / 097652, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0248] The antibodies generated by the mice have a full human VH, a full human VL, and mouse constant regions. In some embodiments, the human VH and human VL is linked to a human IgG constant region (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) . In some embodiments, the constant region has a sequence that is at least at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 28 or 29.
[0249] Identity or homology with respect to an original sequence is usually the percentage of amino acid residues present within the candidate sequence that are identical with a sequence present within the human, humanized, or chimeric anti-ADAM9 antibody or fragment, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity.
[0250] Additional modifications to the anti-ADAM9 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments can be made. For example, a cysteine residue (s) can be introduced into the Fc region, thereby allowing interchain disulfide bond formation in this region. The homodimeric antibody thus generated may have any increased half-life in vitro and / or in vivo. Homodimeric antibodies with increased half-life in vitro and / or in vivo can also be prepared using heterobifunctional cross-linkers as described, for example, in Wolff et al.(Cancer Res. 53: 2560-2565, 1993) . Alternatively, an antibody can be engineered which has dual Fc regions (see, for example, Stevenson et al., Anti-Cancer Drug Design 3: 219-230, 1989) .
[0251] In some embodiments, a covalent modification can be made to the antibodies or the antigen-binding fragments thereof. These covalent modifications can be made by chemical or enzymatic synthesis, or by enzymatic or chemical cleavage. Other types of covalent modifications of the antibody or antibody fragment are introduced into the molecule by reacting targeted amino acid residues of the antibody or fragment with an organic derivatization agent that is capable of reacting with selected side chains or the N-or C-terminal residues.
[0252] In some embodiments, antibody variants are provided having a carbohydrate structure that lacks fucose attached (directly or indirectly) to an Fc region. For example, the amount of fucose in such antibody may be from 1%to 80%, from 1%to 65%, from 5%to 65%or from 20%to 40%. The amount of fucose is determined by calculating the average amount of fucose within the sugar chain at Asn297, relative to the sum of all glycostructures attached to Asn 297 (e.g. complex, hybrid and high mannose structures) as measured by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, as described in WO 2008 / 077546, for example. Asn297 refers to the asparagine residue located at about position 297 in the Fc region (Eu numbering of Fc region residues; or position 314 in Kabat numbering) ; however, Asn297 may also be located about ±3 amino acids upstream or downstream of position 297, i.e., between positions 294 and 300, due to minor sequence variations in antibodies. Such fucosylation variants may have improved ADCC function. In some embodiments, to reduce glycan heterogeneity, the Fc region of the antibody can be further engineered to replace the Asparagine at position 297 with Alanine (N297A) .
[0253] In some embodiments, to facilitate production efficiency by avoiding Fab-arm exchange, the Fc region of the antibodies was further engineered to replace the serine at position 228 (EU numbering) of IgG4 with proline (S228P) . A detailed description regarding S228 mutation is described, e.g., in Silva et al., "The S228P mutation prevents in vivo and in vitro IgG4 Fab-arm exchange as demonstrated using a combination of novel quantitative immunoassays and physiological matrix preparation. " Journal of Biological Chemistry 290.9 (2015) : 5462-5469, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0254] Methods of Treatment
[0255] The methods described herein include methods for the treatment of disorders associated with cancer. Generally, the methods include administering a therapeutically effective amount of engineered antibodies, the antigen-binding fragments thereof, or the antibody drug conjugates as described herein, to a subject who is in need of, or who has been determined to be in need of, such treatment.
[0256] As used in this context, to “treat” means to ameliorate at least one symptom of the disorder associated with cancer. Often, cancer results in death; thus, a treatment can result in an increased life expectancy (e.g., by at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 months, or by at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 years) . Administration of a therapeutically effective amount of an agent described herein for the treatment of a condition associated with cancer will result in decreased number of cancer cells and / or alleviated symptoms.
[0257] As used herein, the term “cancer” refers to cells having the capacity for autonomous growth, i.e., an abnormal state or condition characterized by rapidly proliferating cell growth. The term is meant to include all types of cancerous growths or oncogenic processes, metastatic tissues or malignantly transformed cells, tissues, or organs, irrespective of histopathologic type or stage of invasiveness. The term “tumor” as used herein refers to cancerous cells, e.g., a mass of cancerous cells. Cancers that can be treated or diagnosed using the methods described herein include malignancies of the various organ systems, such as affecting lung, breast, thyroid, lymphoid, gastrointestinal, and genito-urinary tract, as well as adenocarcinomas which include malignancies such as most colon cancers, renal-cell carcinoma, prostate cancer and / or testicular tumors, non-small cell carcinoma of the lung, cancer of the small intestine and cancer of the esophagus. In some embodiments, the agents described herein are designed for treating or diagnosing a carcinoma in a subject. The term “carcinoma” is art recognized and refers to malignancies of epithelial or endocrine tissues including respiratory system carcinomas, gastrointestinal system carcinomas, genitourinary system carcinomas, testicular carcinomas, breast carcinomas, prostatic carcinomas, endocrine system carcinomas, and melanomas. In some embodiments, the cancer is renal carcinoma or melanoma. Exemplary carcinomas include those forming from tissue of the cervix, lung, prostate, breast, head and neck, colon and ovary. The term also includes carcinosarcomas, e.g., which include malignant tumors composed of carcinomatous and sarcomatous tissues. An “adenocarcinoma” refers to a carcinoma derived from glandular tissue or in which the tumor cells form recognizable glandular structures. The term “sarcoma” is art recognized and refers to malignant tumors of mesenchymal derivation. In some embodiments, the cancer is a chemotherapy resistant cancer.
[0258] In one aspect, the disclosure also provides methods for treating a cancer in a subject, methods of reducing the rate of the increase of volume of a tumor in a subject over time, methods of reducing the risk of developing a metastasis, or methods of reducing the risk of developing an additional metastasis in a subject. In some embodiments, the treatment can halt, slow, retard, or inhibit progression of a cancer. In some embodiments, the treatment can result in the reduction of in the number, severity, and / or duration of one or more symptoms of the cancer in a subject.
[0259] In one aspect, the disclosure features methods that include administering a therapeutically effective amount of antibodies, the antigen-binding fragments thereof, or an antibody drug conjugate described herein to a subject in need thereof, e.g., a subject having, or identified or diagnosed as having, a cancer, e.g., breast cancer, carcinoid, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, glioma, head and neck cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, lymphoma, melanoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cancer, skin cancer, stomach cancer, testis cancer, thyroid cancer, glioblastoma, or urothelial cancer.
[0260] In some embodiments, the cancer is pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, sarcoma, skin cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, head and neck cancer, bladder cancer, cervical cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, renal cancer, melanoma, or brain cancer.
[0261] In some embodiments, the compositions and methods disclosed herein can be used for treatment of patients at risk for a cancer. Patients with cancer can be identified with various methods known in the art.
[0262] As used herein, by an “effective amount” is meant an amount or dosage sufficient to effect beneficial or desired results including halting, slowing, retarding, or inhibiting progression of a disease, e.g., an autoimmune disease or a cancer. An effective amount will vary depending upon, e.g., an age and a body weight of a subject to which the antibody, antigen binding fragment, antibody-drug conjugates, antibody-encoding polynucleotide, vector comprising the polynucleotide, and / or compositions thereof is to be administered, a severity of symptoms and a route of administration, and thus administration can be determined on an individual basis.
[0263] An effective amount can be administered in one or more administrations. By way of example, an effective amount of an antibody, an antigen binding fragment, or an antibody-drug conjugate is an amount sufficient to ameliorate, stop, stabilize, reverse, inhibit, slow and / or delay progression of an autoimmune disease or a cancer in a patient or is an amount sufficient to ameliorate, stop, stabilize, reverse, slow and / or delay proliferation of a cell (e.g., a biopsied cell, any of the cancer cells described herein, or cell line (e.g., a cancer cell line) ) in vitro. As is understood in the art, an effective amount of an antibody, antigen binding fragment, or antibody-drug conjugate may vary, depending on, inter alia, patient history as well as other factors such as the type (and / or dosage) of the composition used.
[0264] Effective amounts and schedules for administering the antibodies, antibody-encoding polynucleotides, antibody-drug conjugates, and / or compositions disclosed herein may be determined empirically, and making such determinations is within the skill in the art. Those skilled in the art will understand that the dosage that must be administered will vary depending on, for example, the mammal that will receive the antibodies, antibody-encoding polynucleotides, antibody-drug conjugates, and / or compositions disclosed herein, the route of administration, the particular type of antibodies, antibody-encoding polynucleotides, antigen binding fragments, antibody-drug conjugates, and / or compositions disclosed herein used and other drugs being administered to the mammal.
[0265] A typical daily dosage of an effective amount of an antibody, the antigen-binding fragment thereof, or the antibody drug conjugate is 0.01 mg / kg to 100 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the dosage can be less than 100 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, 9 mg / kg, 8 mg / kg, 7 mg / kg, 6 mg / kg, 5 mg / kg, 4 mg / kg, 3 mg / kg, 2 mg / kg, 1 mg / kg, 0.5 mg / kg, or 0.1 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the dosage can be greater than 10 mg / kg, 9 mg / kg, 8 mg / kg, 7 mg / kg, 6 mg / kg, 5 mg / kg, 4 mg / kg, 3 mg / kg, 2 mg / kg, 1 mg / kg, 0.5 mg / kg, 0.1 mg / kg, 0.05 mg / kg, or 0.01 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the dosage is about or at least 10 mg / kg, 9 mg / kg, 8 mg / kg, 7 mg / kg, 6 mg / kg, 5 mg / kg, 4 mg / kg, 3 mg / kg, 2 mg / kg, 1 mg / kg, 0.9 mg / kg, 0.8 mg / kg, 0.7 mg / kg, 0.6 mg / kg, 0.5 mg / kg, 0.4 mg / kg, 0.3 mg / kg, 0.2 mg / kg, or 0.1 mg / kg.
[0266] In any of the methods described herein, the at least one antibody, the antigen-binding fragment thereof, antibody-drug conjugates, or pharmaceutical composition (e.g., any of the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments, antibody-drug conjugates, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein) and, optionally, at least one additional therapeutic agent can be administered to the subject at least once a week (e.g., once a week, twice a week, three times a week, four times a week, once a day, twice a day, or three times a day) . In some embodiments, at least two different antibodies and / or antigen-binding fragments are administered in the same composition (e.g., a liquid composition) . In some embodiments, at least one antibody, the antigen-binding fragment thereof, or antibody-drug conjugate, and at least one additional therapeutic agent are administered in the same composition (e.g., a liquid composition) . In some embodiments, the at least one antibody or antigen-binding fragment and the at least one additional therapeutic agent are administered in two different compositions (e.g., a liquid composition containing at least one antibody or antigen-binding fragment and a solid oral composition containing at least one additional therapeutic agent) . In some embodiments, the at least one additional therapeutic agent is administered as a pill, tablet, or capsule. In some embodiments, the at least one additional therapeutic agent is administered in a sustained-release oral formulation.
[0267] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents can be administered to the subject prior to, or after administering the at least one antibody, antigen-binding antibody fragment, antibody-drug conjugate, or pharmaceutical composition (e.g., any of the antibodies, antigen-binding antibody fragments, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein) . In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents and the at least one antibody, antigen-binding antibody fragment, antibody-drug conjugate, or pharmaceutical composition (e.g., any of the antibodies, antigen-binding antibody fragments, antibody-drug conjugate, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein) are administered to the subject such that there is an overlap in the bioactive period of the one or more additional therapeutic agents and the at least one antibody or antigen-binding fragment (e.g., any of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein) or antibody-drug conjugate in the subject.
[0268] In some embodiments, the subject can be administered the at least one antibody, antigen-binding antibody fragment, antibody-drug conjugate, or pharmaceutical composition (e.g., any of the antibodies, antigen-binding antibody fragments, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein) over an extended period of time (e.g., over a period of at least 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years, or 5 years) . A skilled medical professional may determine the length of the treatment period using any of the methods described herein for diagnosing or following the effectiveness of treatment (e.g., the observation of at least one symptom of cancer) . As described herein, a skilled medical professional can also change the identity and number (e.g., increase or decrease) of antibodies or antigen-binding antibody fragments, antibody-drug conjugates (and / or one or more additional therapeutic agents) administered to the subject and can also adjust (e.g., increase or decrease) the dosage or frequency of administration of at least one antibody or antigen-binding antibody fragment (and / or one or more additional therapeutic agents) to the subject based on an assessment of the effectiveness of the treatment (e.g., using any of the methods described herein and known in the art) .
[0269] In some embodiments, one or more additional therapeutic agents can be administered to the subject. The additional therapeutic agent can comprise one or more inhibitors selected from the group consisting of an inhibitor of B-Raf, an EGFR inhibitor, an inhibitor of a MEK, an inhibitor of ERK, an inhibitor of K-Ras, an inhibitor of c-Met, an inhibitor of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) , an inhibitor of a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) , an inhibitor of an Akt, an inhibitor of mTOR, a dual PI3K / mTOR inhibitor, an inhibitor of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) , and an inhibitor of Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and / or Isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) . In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is an inhibitor of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) (e.g., epacadostat) .
[0270] In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent can comprise one or more inhibitors selected from the group consisting of an inhibitor of HER3, an inhibitor of LSD1, an inhibitor of MDM2, an inhibitor of BCL2, an inhibitor of CHK1, an inhibitor of activated hedgehog signaling pathway, and an agent that selectively degrades the estrogen receptor.
[0271] In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent can comprise one or more therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of Trabectedin, nab-paclitaxel, Trebananib, Pazopanib, Cediranib, Palbociclib, everolimus, fluoropyrimidine, IFL, regorafenib, Reolysin, Alimta, Zykadia, Sutent, temsirolimus, axitinib, sorafenib, Votrient, IMA-901, AGS-003, cabozantinib, Vinflunine, an Hsp90 inhibitor, Ad-GM-CSF, Temazolomide, IL-2, IFNa, vinblastine, Thalomid, dacarbazine, cyclophosphamide, lenalidomide, azacytidine, bortezomid, amrubicine, carfilzomib, pralatrexate, and enzastaurin.
[0272] In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent can comprise one or more therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of an adjuvant, a TLR agonist, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, IL-1, HMGB1, an IL-10 antagonist, an IL-4 antagonist, an IL-13 antagonist, an IL-17 antagonist, an HVEM antagonist, a treatment targeting CX3CL1, a treatment targeting CXCL9, a treatment targeting CXCL10, a treatment targeting CCL5, an LFA-1 agonist, an ICAM1 agonist, and a Selectin agonist.
[0273] In some embodiments, carboplatin, nab-paclitaxel, paclitaxel, cisplatin, pemetrexed, gemcitabine, FOLFOX, or FOLFIRI are administered to the subject.
[0274] In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is an anti-PD-1 antibody, an anti-PD-L1 antibody, an anti-CD40 antibody, an anti-41BB antibody, an anti-OX40 antibody, an anti-CTLA4 antibody, an anti-LAG3 antibody, an anti-TIGIT antibody, an anti-BTLA antibody, an anti-CD3E antibody, or an anti-GITR antibody.
[0275] Pharmaceutical Compositions and Routes of Administration
[0276] Also provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions that contain at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or four) of the antibodies) antigen-binding fragments, or antibody-drug conjugates described herein. Two or more (e.g., two, three, or four) of any of the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments, or antibody-drug conjugates described herein can be present in a pharmaceutical composition in any combination. The pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in any manner known in the art.
[0277] Pharmaceutical compositions are formulated to be compatible with their intended route of administration (e.g., intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal) . The compositions can include a sterile diluent (e.g., sterile water or saline) , a fixed oil, polyethylene glycol, glycerine, propylene glycol, or other synthetic solvents, antibacterial or antifungal agents, such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like, antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite, chelating agents, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, buffers, such as acetates, citrates, or phosphates, and isotonic agents, such as sugars (e.g., dextrose) , polyalcohols (e.g., mannitol or sorbitol) , or salts (e.g., sodium chloride) , or any combination thereof. Liposomal suspensions can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 4,522,811) . Preparations of the compositions can be formulated and enclosed in ampules, disposable syringes, or multiple dose vials. Where required (as in, for example, injectable formulations) , proper fluidity can be maintained by, for example, the use of a coating, such as lecithin, or a surfactant. Absorption of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof can be prolonged by including an agent that delays absorption (e.g., aluminum monostearate and gelatin) . Alternatively, controlled release can be achieved by implants and microencapsulated delivery systems, which can include biodegradable, biocompatible polymers (e.g., ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid; Alza Corporation and Nova Pharmaceutical, Inc. ) .
[0278] Compositions containing one or more of any of the antibodies, antigen-binding fragments, antibody-drug conjugates described herein can be formulated for parenteral (e.g., intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal) administration in dosage unit form (i.e., physically discrete units containing a predetermined quantity of active compound for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage) .
[0279] Pharmaceutical compositions for parenteral administration are preferably sterile and substantially isotonic and manufactured under Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) conditions. Pharmaceutical compositions can be provided in unit dosage form (i.e., the dosage for a single administration) . Pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers, diluents, excipients or auxiliaries. The formulation depends on the route of administration chosen. For injection, antibodies can be formulated in aqueous solutions, preferably in physiologically-compatible buffers to reduce discomfort at the site of injection. The solution can contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and / or dispersing agents. Alternatively antibodies can be in lyophilized form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.
[0280] Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of compositions can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals (e.g., monkeys) . One can determine the LD50 (the dose lethal to 50%of the population) and the ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50%of the population) : the therapeutic index being the ratio of LD50: ED50. Agents that exhibit high therapeutic indices are preferred. Where an agent exhibits an undesirable side effect, care should be taken to minimize potential damage (i.e., reduce unwanted side effects) . Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy can be determined by other standard pharmaceutical procedures.
[0281] Data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating an appropriate dosage of any given agent for use in a subject (e.g., a human) . A therapeutically effective amount of the one or more (e.g., one, two, three, or four) antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof (e.g., any of the antibodies or antibody fragments described herein) will be an amount that treats the disease (e.g., kills cancer cells ) in a subject (e.g., a human subject identified as having cancer) , or a subject identified as being at risk of developing the disease (e.g., a subject who has previously developed cancer but now has been cured) , decreases the severity, frequency, and / or duration of one or more symptoms of a disease in a subject (e.g., a human) . The effectiveness and dosing of any of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein can be determined by a health care professional or veterinary professional using methods known in the art, as well as by the observation of one or more symptoms of disease in a subject (e.g., a human) . Certain factors may influence the dosage and timing required to effectively treat a subject (e.g., the severity of the disease or disorder, previous treatments, the general health and / or age of the subject, and the presence of other diseases) .
[0282] Exemplary doses include milligram or microgram amounts of any of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein per kilogram of the subject’s weight (e.g., about 1 μg / kg to about 500 mg / kg; about 100 μg / kg to about 500 mg / kg; about 100 μg / kg to about 50 mg / kg; about 10 μg / kg to about 5 mg / kg; about 10 μg / kg to about 0.5 mg / kg; or about 1 μg / kg to about 50 μg / kg) . While these doses cover a broad range, one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that therapeutic agents, including antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof, vary in their potency, and effective amounts can be determined by methods known in the art. Typically, relatively low doses are administered at first, and the attending health care professional or veterinary professional (in the case of therapeutic application) or a researcher (when still working at the development stage) can subsequently and gradually increase the dose until an appropriate response is obtained. In addition, it is understood that the specific dose level for any particular subject will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, gender, and diet of the subject, the time of administration, the route of administration, the rate of excretion, and the half-life of the antibody or antibody fragment in vivo.
[0283] The pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for administration. The disclosure also provides methods of manufacturing the antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof, or antibody-drug conjugates for various uses as described herein.
[0284] EXAMPLES
[0285] The invention is further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims.
[0286] Example 1. Generating human anti-ADAM9 antibody
[0287] Human ADAM9 protein (Acro Biosystems, Cat#: AD9-H52H7) or plasmid encoding human ADAM9 protein was emulsified with adjuvants, and were used to immunize mice (e.g., the mice with complete human heavy chain variable domain combined with a common light chain substitution in situ. The mice are described, e.g., in PCT / CN2021 / 097652, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) . The antibody immune response was monitored by an antigen-specific immunoassay.
[0288] When a desired immune response was achieved, antigen-specific immune cells were isolated from the immunized mice to further obtain anti-ADAM9 antibodies or to obtain the light chain and heavy chain variable region sequences of the anti-ADAM9 antibodies. For example, single cell technology (for example, using Optofluidic System, Berkeley Lights Inc. ) was used to screen and find plasma cells that secrete antigen-specific monoclonal antibodies, and reverse transcription and PCR sequencing were used to obtain antibody variable region sequences. The obtained variable region sequences were cloned into a vector containing a sequence encoding the human IgG1 constant region for antibody expression. The binding activity of the expressed antibody to ADAM9 was verified using FACS.
[0289] Exemplary antibodies obtained included 22C9, 21D6, and 21C2. These antibodies contained substantially the same common light chain. FIG. 1 shows the CDR sequences according to Kabat definition, FIG. 2 shows the CDR sequences according to Chothia definition. The heavy and light chain variable regions of 22C9, 21D6, and 21C2 are shown in FIG. 3.
[0290] One reference antibody with specificity for human ADAM9, synthesized from published amino acid sequence information, was used in the following experiments (designated Ref1) . Specifically, the VH and VL sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 26-27 were linked to the human IgG1 constant region with YTEC mutations (M252Y, S254T, T256E, and S442C mutations according to EU numbering) to form Ref1.
[0291] Example 2. Cross-species binding of anti-ADAM9 antibody
[0292] CHO-hADAM9 (206-697) cells or CHO-fADAM9 (1-697) cells were transferred to a 96-well plate at a density of 1×105 cells / well respectively. The sample anti-ADAM9 antibody was added to the 96-well plate, and incubated at 4℃ for 30 min. Then, the cells were incubated with the secondary antibody Alexa 647-conjugated AffiniPure F (ab') 2 Fragment Goat Anti-Human IgG, Fcγ fragment specific (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, Inc., Cat#: 109-606-170) at 4℃ in the dark for 15 minutes before flow cytometry analysis. Human IgG1 was used as an ISO control.
[0293] CHO-hADAM9 (206-697) cells and CHO-fADAM9 (1-697) cells were obtained by transfecting CHO-Scells with vectors expressing human ADAM9 amino acid sequence (hADAM9 (206-697) , SEQ ID NO: 30) and monkey ADAM9 amino acid sequence (fADAM9 (1-697) , SEQ ID NO: 31) , respectively.
[0294] The test results are shown in the table below. All three anti-ADAM9 antibodies bind to human ADAM9 and monkey ADAM9.
[0295] Table 1
[0296] The binding activities of the anti-ADAM9 antibodies 22C9, 21D6, and 21C2 to other ADAM family proteins, including ADAM8, ADAM12, ADAM15, ADAM19, and ADAM28, were also tested. The results showed that the three antibodies did not bind to these proteins (data not shown) , indicating good specificity for ADAM9.
[0297] Example 3. Binding affinity of anti-ADAM9 antibody
[0298] The binding affinity of anti-ADAM9 antibody to His-tagged human ADAM9 protein (hADAM9-His, Acro Biosystems, Cat#: AD9-H52H7) or monkey ADAM9 protein (fADAM9-His, Acro Biosystems, Cat#: AD9-C52H7) was verified by Biolayer Interferometry (BLI) using ForteBio Octet system. Purified anti-ADAM9 antibodies were diluted to 10 μg / mL and then injected into the Protein A biosensor at 10 μL / min. Kinetic measurements were performed at the concentration of 200 nM of the recombinant His-tagged ADAM9 protein. The association phase lasted for 180 s and the dissociation phase lasted 400 s followed by a regeneration step with 10 mM Glycine-HCl, pH1.7. Human IgG1 was used as an isotype control (ISO) .
[0299] Kinetic association rates (ka) and dissociation rates (kd) were obtained simultaneously by fitting the data globally to a 1: 1 Langmuir binding model (Karlsson, R. Roos, H. Fagerstam, L. Petersson, B., 1994. Methods Enzymology 6.99-110) using Octet data analysis program. Affinities were deduced from the quotient of the kinetic rate constants (KD=kd / ka) . As a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand, the same method with appropriate adjustments for parameters (e.g., antibody concentration) was performed for each tested anti-ADAM9 antibody.
[0300] The results are summarized in the table below. 22C9, 21D6, and 21C2 bind to human and monkey ADAM9 with high binding affinity.
[0301] Table 2
[0302] Example 4. Binding activity of anti-ADAM9 antibody to tumor cells
[0303] The binding activity of anti-ADAM9 antibody to tumor cell lines was verified by flow cytometry. Briefly, tumor cells were plated in a 96-well plate at a density of 1 × 105 cells / well. Purified anti-ADAM9 antibody with a concentration of 2.5 μg / mL was added to each well and was incubated at 4℃ for 30 minutes. Then, after one wash with PBS, the cells were incubated with the secondary antibody Alexa 647 anti-human IgG Fcγ (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, Inc., Cat#: 109-606-170) at 4℃for 15 minutes. The cells were collected and tested by flow cytometry analysis. Human IgG1 was used as an ISO control.
[0304] The results are shown in the table below. 22C9, 21D6, and 21C2 exhibited good binding activities to various cancer cell lines.
[0305] Table 3
[0306] Example 5. Internalization of anti-ADAM9 antibody
[0307] Anti-ADAM9 antibody (2.5 μg / mL) and pHAb-AffiniPure Fab Goat Anti-Human IgG Secondary Antibody were added to a 96-well plate, and incubated in the dark for 15 minutes. Then, NCI-H226 cells, HT-1080 cells, Panc0203 cells, SNU-5 cells, or DU-145 cells were added to the plate. After incubating at 37℃ for 6 hours, the cells were centrifuged and washed in FACS buffer. MFI was detected on a flow cytometer, and the endocytosis rate of the antibody were calculated. Human IgG1 was used as an ISO control. The results are summarized in the table below. 22C9, 21D6, and 21C2 exhibited good endocytosis activity in tumor cells.
[0308] Table 4
[0309] Example 6. PBMC binding assay
[0310] Anti-ADAM9 antibodies were also tested for binding to ADAM9 expressed on the cell surface of PBMCs, gated on CD3+ (T cells) , CD19+CD56- (B cells) , CD19-CD56+ (NK cells) , CD33+ (Total myeloid cells) , CD14+ (Monocytes) , and CD14-HLA-DR+ (Dendritic cells) populations, by flow cytometry.
[0311] Specifically, frozen PBMCs were revived, counted, and stained for viable and dead cells by incubating for 30 min in the dark using Fixable Viability Dye eFluorTM506 (eBioscience, Cat#: 65-0866-14) . Following viability staining, 150 μL PBS was added. The cells were centrifuged and resuspended in 50 μL Fc block. After incubating at 4℃ for 15 min in the dark, 50 μL test antibody was added to the cells, and incubated for 15 min. Mouse IgG1 was used as an isotype control (ISO) . After two washes with PBS, 100 μL Alexa 647-conjugated second antibody (Jackson Immuno Research, Cat#: 109-606-170) was added and incubated for 30 min at 4℃. After two washes, 50 μL PerCP anti-human CD3 (Biolegend, Cat#: 300428) , FITC mouse anti-human CD56 (Biolegend, Cat#: 318304) , PE / CyanineTM 7 anti-human CD33 (Biolegend, Cat#: 303434) , Brilliant Violet 711TM anti-human CD19 (Biolegend, Cat#: 302246) , APC / Cy7 anti-human CD14 (Biolegend, Cat#: 301820) , Pacific BlueTM anti-human HLA-DR (Biolegend, Cat#: 307624) , PE anti-human CD45 (Biolegend, Cat#: 304008) were added to the PBMCs and incubated at 4℃ for 30 min in the dark.
[0312] Cells were then washed and resuspended in PBS and subjected to flow cytometry for test. The geometric mean of the fluorescence intensity (MFI) of Alexa 647 was obtained. rMFI (Ratio MFI) was calculated by MFI of Test antibody / MFI of Isotype.
[0313] As shown in FIG. 4, the binding of 22C9 and 21C2 to PBMC cells (including T cells, B cells, NK cells, dendritic cells, monocytes, and total myeloid cells) are similar to that of ISO control, with no significant increase in binding observed. In contrast, the positive control Ref1 demonstrated significantly higher binding activity to total myeloid cells, dendritic cells, and monocytes. These findings provide an encouraging perspective regarding the safe use of 22C9, 21C2, and 21D6 in anti-tumor therapies.
[0314] Example 7. Physicochemical properties of anti-ADAM9 antibody
[0315] The anti-ADAM9 antibodies were diluted to 1 mg / mL using PBS buffer, and the following tests were performed: (1) detecting the purity changes of the antibodies using the Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HIC-HPLC) method (indicated as the retention time of the main peak (HIC, min) ; (2) detecting the specificity of the antibodies using the Cross-Interaction Chromatography (CIC) method (indicated as the retention time (CIC, min) ) ; (3) detecting the colloidal stabilities of the antibodies by the stand-up monolayer chromatography (SMAC) method (indicated as the retention time (SMAC, % / min) ) ; (4) detecting thermodynamic stability of the antibodies by the high throughput multifunctional protein stability analyzer (UNcle, Unchained Labs) (indicated as the melting temperature (Tm) and aggregation temperature (Tagg 266) ) .
[0316] In the HIC-HPLC experiments, an Agilent 1260 chromatograph system (connected with ProPacTMHIC-10 column (4.6 × 100 mm, Thermo Scientific) ) was used, and samples were diluted using mobile phase A to 0.5 mg / mL. The following parameters were used: mobile phase A: 0.9 M ammonium sulfate, 25 mM sodium acetate, pH 7.0; mobile phase B: 25 mM sodium acetate, pH 7.0; flow rate: 1.0 mL / min; gradient: 0 min 100%A, 2 min 100%A, 5 min 50%B, 25 min 100%B, 28 min 100%B, 29 min 100%A, and 35 min 100%A; column temperature: 30 ℃; detection wavelength: 280 nm; running time: 30 min.
[0317] In the CIC assay, a CIC column was prepared by coupling human polyclonal IgGs (Sigma, Cat#: I4506) onto a HiTrap NHS-activated resin (GE Healthcare, Cat#: 17-0716-01) followed by passivation with ethanolamine according to published procedures. The column was then connected to Agilent 1260 chromatograph system and run at 0.1 mL / min using 1× PBS as the mobile phase until a flat baseline was reached. 10 μg of antibodies at 1 mg / mL in PBS were then injected. Peak retention times on the column were monitored at 280 nm; running time: 50 min.
[0318] In the SMAC assay, Zenix column (4.6 mm × 30 cm, Sepax, Cat#: 213300-4630) was connected to the column compartment, and place the appropriate line in the mobile phase. Equilibrate column for 60 min at 0.350 mL / min flow rate with mobile phase buffer. Load antibodies into the injection sequence. Mobile Phase A: 150 mM Sodium Phosphate pH 7.0; flow rate: 0.35 mL / min; running time: 25 min; column temperature: 30℃; detection wavelength: 280 nm, 220 nm.
[0319] In the UNcle experiments, 8 μL protein sample was loaded into the Uni tube, and the system operated at a thermal temperature from 25℃ to 95℃ at a heating rate of 1℃ / min. The particle size and polydispersity were detected by dynamic light scattering (DLS) before heating. The protein stability was characterized by differential scanning full spectrum fluorescence (DSF) , static light scattering (SLS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) .
[0320] Detailed results are summarized in the table below, which show that 22C9, 21D6, and 21C2 indicate favorable physical and chemical properties.
[0321] Table 5
[0322] Furtherly, the stability of the anti-ADAM9 antibodies were evaluated. Antibodies were prepared in a buffer solution containing 3 mg / mL histidine, 80 mg / mL sucrose, and 0.2 mg / mL Tween 80 at pH 6.0, and kept in sealed Eppendorf tubes at 40℃ for 7 days (hereinafter referred to as 40℃ 7d) , and their thermal stability were evaluated. Alternatively, the antibody was also incubated at low pH conditions. Specifically, the antibody was incubated in 1 mol / L acetic acid at pH 3.5 for 0 hour or 6 hours to determine its stability in acidic conditions.
[0323] After the treatments, the following tests were performed: (1) detecting the purity changes of antibodies by Size-Exclusion Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (SEC-UPLC) (indicated as the percentage of the main peak area to the sum of all peak areas (Purity, %) ) ; (2) detecting changes in the apparent hydrophobicity of the antibodies using the Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HIC-HPLC) method (indicated as the retention time of the main peak (HIC, min) ) ; (3) detecting the purity changes of antibodies by capillary electrophoresis-sodium dodecyl sulfate (CE-SDS) under non-reducing (CE-SDS (NR) ) conditions (indicated as the percentage of the main peak area to the sum of all peak areas (Purity, %) ) ; (4) detecting charge variants in the antibodies by the Capillary Isoelectric Focusing (cIEF) method (indicated as the percentages of the main component, acidic component, and alkaline component) .
[0324] In the SEC-UPLC experiments, the antibody samples were diluted to 1 mg / mL with purified water and an Agilent 1290 chromatography system (connected with XbridgeTM Protein BEH SEC column ( Waters Corporation) ) was used. The following parameters were used: mobile phase: 100 mmol / L phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) + 0.2 mol / L NaCl + 10%acetonitrile; flow rate: 1.8 mL / min; column temperature: 25℃; detection wavelength: 280 nm; injection volume: 10 mL; sample tray temperature: about 6℃; and running time: 7 minutes.
[0325] In the HIC-HPLC experiments, an Agilent 1260 chromatography system (connected with ProPacTM HIC-10 column (4.6 × 250 mm, Thermo Scientific) ) was used, and samples were diluted using mobile phase A to 0.5 mg / mL. The following parameters were used: mobile phase A: 1.0 M PB, 10%acetonitrile pH 6.5; mobile phase B: 0.1 M PB, 10%acetonitrile pH 6.5; flow rate: 0.8 mL / min; gradient: 0 min 100%A, 2 min 100%A, 32 min 100%B, 34 min 100%B, 35 min 100%A, and 45 min 100%A; column temperature: 30℃; detection wavelength: 280 nm; injection volume: 10 mL; sample tray temperature: about 6℃; and running time: 45 minutes.
[0326] In the CE-SDS (NR) experiments, Maurice (Protein simple, MauriceTM) and Maurice CE-SDS Size Application Kit (Protein simple, Cat#: PS-MAK02-S) were used. 54 μL Sample Buffer, 6 μL antibody sample, 2.4 μL 25 × internal standard, 3 μL 250 nM Iodoacetamide (SIGMA, Cat#: 16125) were add to a microcentrifuge tube, followed by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 1 minute and heating in a 70℃water bath for 10 minutes. The samples were then cooled to room temperature followed by centrifugation at 10000 rpm for 3 minutes. Supernatant sample preparations were then transferred to a 96-well plate and tested in Maurice. The following parameters were used: injection voltage: 4.6 kV; injection time: 20 seconds; separation voltage: 5.75 kV; and separation time: 40 minutes.
[0327] In the cIEF experiments, a Maurice cIEF Method Development Kit (Protein Simple, Cat#: PS-MDK01-C) was used for sample preparation. Specifically, 40 μg protein sample was mixed with the following reagents in the kit: 1 μL Maurice cIEF Pi Marker-4.05, 1 μL Maurice cIEF Pi Marker-9.99, 35 μL 1%Methyl Cellulose Solution, 2 μL Maurice cIEF 500 mM Arginine, 4 μL Ampholytes (Pharmalyte pH ranges 3-10) , and water (added to make a final volume of 100 μL) . On the Maurice analyzer (Protein Simple, Santa Clara, CA) , Maurice cIEF Cartridges (PS-MC02-C) were used to generate imaging capillary isoelectric focusing spectra. The sample was focused for a total of 10 minutes. The analysis software installed on the instrument was used to integrate the absorbance of the 280 nm-focused protein.
[0328] Detailed results are shown in the table below. 22C9, 21D6, and 21C2 exhibited good stability.
[0329] Table 6
[0330] “ / ” means not detected.
[0331] Example 8. Anti-ADAM9 Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADC)
[0332] Each purified antibody (22C9, 21D6, and 21C2) was coupled with MMAE (monomethyl auristatin E) through a maleimidocaproyl-valine-citrulline-p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl (VC) linker. For the names of antibody-drug conjugates, “MMAE” is added directly after the antibody name. For example, if 22C9 is coupled to MMAE, it is named as 22C9-MMAE. Antibody-drug conjugates produced by similar methods also included Ref1-MMAE. For isotype control, human IgG1 was coupled to MMAE to form ISO-MMAE. HIC-HPLC were used to detect the coupling of antibodies with drug molecules. The results show that the drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of each ADC is about 4.
[0333] In another example, the purified antibodies were also coupled with CPT-1, CPT-2, CPT-3, or CPT-4, through CPT-L linker. For the names of the ADCs, CPTx is added directly after the antibody name. For example, if 22C9 is coupled to CPT-1, it is named as 22C9-CPT1. For another example, if 22C9 is coupled to CPT-2, it is named as 22C9-CPT2. Antibody-drug conjugates produced by similar methods also included Ref1-CPT2. For isotype control, human IgG1 was coupled to CPT-2 to form ISO-CPT2. MS (Mass Spectrometry) was used to detect the coupling of antibodies with drug molecules. The MS detection results showed that the DAR of the ADCs was about 8.
[0334] Example 9. Anti-tumor activity in pancreatic cancer patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model
[0335] The ADCs were tested for their effects on tumor growth in vivo in a model of pancreatic cancer PDX model. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assessment was performed to test the expression level of ADAM9 in the patient-derived pancreatic cancer tissue. The results showed that the H-score of ADAM9 was 233.40. Specifically, B-NDG mice (Biocytogen, Cat#: B-CM-002) were engrafted in the right flank with patient-derived pancreatic tumor fragments (2 mm×2 mm×2 mm) . When the tumor volume reached about 250 mm3, the mice were randomly placed into different groups based on the tumor volume (5 mice per group) , and were then injected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or ADCs by intravenosus (i. v. ) administration. The grouping and dosing schedule are shown in the table below.
[0336] Table 7
[0337] The tumor volume was measured twice a week. Euthanasia was performed when tumor volume of a mouse reached 2000 mm3.
[0338] The length of the long axis and the short axis of the tumor were measured and the volume of the tumor was calculated as 0.5 × (long axis) × (short axis) 2. The tumor growth inhibition percentage (TGI%) was calculated using the following formula: TGI (%) = [1- (Ti-T0) / (Vi-V0) ] ×100. Ti is the average tumor volume in the treatment group on day i. T0 is the average tumor volume in the treatment group on Day 0. Vi is the average tumor volume in the control group on Day i. V0 is the average tumor volume in the control group on Day 0. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM. T-test was performed for statistical analysis. A TGI%higher than 60%indicates clear suppression of tumor growth. P < 0.05 is a threshold to indicate significant difference.
[0339] The tumor volume of mice in different groups treated with the ADCs or PBS are shown in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6. 22C9-MMAE and 21C2-MMAE demonstrated better anti-tumor activities compared to the positive control Ref1-MMAE (FIG. 5) , with TGI%of 104.5%for 22C9-MMAE, 97.6%for 21C2-MMAE, and 74.8%for Ref1-MMAE on Day 21. Furthermore, 22C9-CPT2 and 21C2-CPT2 also significantly inhibited tumor growth, as detailed in FIG. 6.
[0340] In another experiment, the pancreatic cancer patient-derived pancreatic tumor fragments (2 mm×2 mm×2 mm) were engrafted in the right flank of B-NDG mice. When the tumor volume reached about 250-300 mm3, the mice were randomly placed into different groups based on the volume of the tumor (5 mice per group) . The mice were then injected with PBS (G1) , ISO-CPT2 (G2) , or 22C9-CPT2 (G3) at 3 mg / kg by i. v. administration. The frequency of administration was once a week, and two administrations in total (Day 1 and Day 8) .
[0341] The tumor volume was measured twice a week, and the results are shown in FIG. 13, in which 22C9-CPT2 demonstrated good anti-tumor activity.
[0342] Example 10. Anti-tumor activity in colorectal cancer PDX model
[0343] The ADCs were tested for their effects on tumor growth in vivo in a model of colorectal cancer. IHC assessment results showed that the H-score of ADAM9 was 236.43. B-NDG mice were engrafted in the right flank with patient-derived colorectal tumor fragments (2 mm×2 mm×2 mm) . When the tumor volume reached about 200-250 mm3, the mice were randomly placed into different groups based on the volume of the tumor (5 mice per group) . The mice were then injected with PBS (G1) , ISO-MMAE (G2) , Ref1-CPT2 (G3) , 21C2-MMAE (G4) , 21D6-MMAE (G5) , or 22C9-MMAE (G6) at 6 mg / kg by i. v. administration. The frequency of administration was once a week, and two administrations in total (Day 0 and Day 7) .
[0344] The tumor volume was measured twice a week, and the results are shown in FIG. 7, in which 21C2-MMAE, 21D6-MMAE, and 22C9-MMAE exhibited better tumor growth inhibition compared to the positive control Ref1-MMAE, with TGI%of 63.8%for 21C2-MMAE, 76.9%for 21D6-MMAE, 84.8%for 22C9-MMAE, compared to 20.3%for Ref1-MMAE on Day 35.
[0345] Similar to the above experiment, the colorectal cancer patient-derived colorectal tumor fragments (2 mm×2 mm×2 mm) can be engrafted in the right flank of B-NDG mice. When the tumor volume reaches about 200 mm3, the mice are randomly placed into different groups based on the volume of the tumor (5 mice per group) , and are then injected with PBS (G1) , 6 mg / kg ISO-CPT2 (G2) , 22C9-CPT2 (G3) , or Ref1-CPT2 (G4) by i. v. administration. The frequency of administration can be once a week, and two administrations in total.
[0346] The tumor volume can be measured twice a week. It is expected that 22C9-CPT2 can exhibit robust tumor inhibitory effect (e.g., TGI%greater than 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%or 100%) .
[0347] Example 11. Anti-tumor activity in lung cancer PDX model
[0348] The ADCs were tested for their effects on tumor growth in vivo in a model of lung cancer. IHC assessment results showed that the H-score of ADAM9 was 204.46. B-NDG mice were engrafted in the right flank with patient-derived lung tumor fragments (2 mm×2 mm×2 mm) . When the tumor volume reached about 250-300 mm3, the mice were randomly placed into different groups based on the volume of the tumor (5 mice per group) . The mice were then injected with PBS (G1) , 3 mg / kg ISO-MMAE (G2) , Ref1-MMAE (G3) , 21C2-MMAE (G4) , 21D6-MMAE (G5) , or 22C9-MMAE (G6) by i. v. administration. The frequency of administration was once a week, and two administrations in total (Day 0 and Day 7) .
[0349] The tumor volume was measured twice a week, and the results are shown in FIG. 8, in which 21C2-MMAE, 21D6-MMAE, and 22C9-MMAE demonstrated better anti-tumor activities compared to the positive control Ref1-MMAE.
[0350] In a different experiment, lung cancer patient-derived lung tumor fragments (2 mm×2 mm×2 mm) were engrafted in the right flank of B-NDG mice. When the tumor volume reached about 250 mm3, the mice were randomly placed into different groups, and then injected with PBS or ADCs by i. v. administration. The grouping and dosing schedule are shown in the table below.
[0351] Table 8
[0352] As shown in FIG. 9, 21C2-MMAE and 22C9-MMAE exhibited better anti-tumor activities compared to Ref1-MMAE, particularly 22C9-MMAE, which achieved a TGI%of 81.0%on Day 23, in contrast to a TGI%of only 15.3%observed in the positive control group Ref1-MMAE.
[0353] In another experiment, lung cancer patient-derived lung tumor fragments (2 mm×2 mm×2 mm) were engrafted in the right flank of B-NDG mice. When the tumor volume reached about 200 mm3, the mice were randomly placed into different groups, and were then injected with PBS or ADCs by i. v. administration. The grouping and dosing schedule are shown in the table below.
[0354] Table 9
[0355] The tumor volume was measured twice a week, with results displayed in FIGs. 10-12.22C9-MMAE, 21C2-MMAE, and 21D6-MMAE all exhibited better anti-tumor activity compared to the positive control Ref1-MMAE, at all dose levels (1.5 mg / kg, 3 mg / kg, and 6 mg / kg) . Additionally, a dose-dependent relationship was observed for 22C9-MMAE, 21C2-MMAE, and 21D6-MMAE, further supporting their potential as effective therapeutic agents.
[0356] In another experiment, the lung cancer patient-derived lung tumor fragments (2 mm×2 mm×2 mm) can be engrafted in the right flank of B-NDG mice. When the tumor volume reaches about 200 mm3, the mice can be randomly placed into different groups, and can be then injected with PBS or ADCs by i. v. administration. The grouping and dosing schedule are shown in the table below.
[0357] Table 10
[0358] The tumor volume can be measured twice a week. It is expected that 22C9-CPT2 can exhibit good tumor inhibitory effect (e.g., TGI%greater than 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%or 100%) .
[0359] Example 12. Anti-tumor activity in breast cancer PDX model
[0360] The ADCs are tested for their effects on tumor growth in vivo in a model of breast cancer. B-NDG mice are engrafted in the right flank with patient-derived breast tumor fragments (2 mm×2 mm×2 mm) . IHC assessment results show that the H-score of ADAM9 is 219.39. When the tumor volume reaches about 200-250 mm3, the mice are randomly placed into different groups based on the volume of the tumor (5 mice per group) . The mice are then injected with PBS (G1) , 1.5 mg / kg ISO-CPT2 (G2) , 22C9-CPT2 (G3) , or Ref1-CPT2 (G4) by i. v. administration. The frequency of administration is once a week, and two administrations in total.
[0361] It is expected that 22C9-CPT2 can also exhibit robust tumor inhibitory effect (e.g., TGI%greater than 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%or 100%) .
[0362] OTHER EMBODIMENTS
[0363] It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.
Claims
1.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to ADAM9 comprising:a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3, wherein the VH CDR1 comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VH CDR1 amino acid sequence, the VH CDR2 comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VH CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the VH CDR3 comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VH CDR3 amino acid sequence; anda light chain variable region (VL) comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3, wherein the VL CDR1 comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VL CDR1 amino acid sequence, the VL CDR2 comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VL CDR2 amino acid sequence, and the VL CDR3 comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to a selected VL CDR3 amino acid sequence,wherein the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, and 3 amino acid sequences and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, and 3 amino acid sequences are one of the following:(1) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, 6, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, respectively;(2) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7, 8, 9, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, respectively;(3) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 10, 11, 12, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, respectively;(4) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13, 14, 15, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, respectively;(5) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16, 17, 18, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, respectively; or(6) the selected VH CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 19, 20, 21, respectively, and the selected VL CDRs 1, 2, 3 amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, respectively.2.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, and 6, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, according to Kabat definition.3.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7, 8, and 9, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, according to Chothia definition.4.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 10, 11, and 12, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, according to Kabat definition.5.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13, 14, and 15, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, according to Chothia definition.6.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16, 17, and 18, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, according to Kabat definition.7.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein the VH comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 19, 20, and 21, respectively, and the VL comprises CDRs 1, 2, 3 with the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, according to Chothia definition.8.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to ADAM9 comprising a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to a selected VH sequence, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to a selected VL sequence, wherein the selected VH sequence and the selected VL sequence are one of the following:(1) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 23, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 22;(2) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 24, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 22; or(3) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 25, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 22.9.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 8, wherein the VH comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23 and the VL comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22.10.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 8, wherein the VH comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24 and the VL comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22.11.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 8, wherein the VH comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25 and the VL comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22.12.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to ADAM9 comprising a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 that are identical to VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 of a selected VH sequence; and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 that are identical to VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 of a selected VL sequence, wherein the selected VH sequence and the selected VL sequence are one of the following:(1) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 23, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 22;(2) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 24, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 22; or(3) the selected VH sequence is SEQ ID NO: 25, and the selected VL sequence is SEQ ID NO: 22.13.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-12, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment specifically binds to human and / or monkey ADAM9.14.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) , or a multi-specific antibody (e.g., a bispecific antibody) .15.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-14, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a human IgG1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, or a human IgG4 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.16.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that cross-competes with the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-15.17.A nucleic acid comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising:(1) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, and 6, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22 binds to ADAM9;(2) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7, 8, and 9, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22 binds to ADAM9;(3) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 10, 11, and 12, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22 binds to ADAM9;(4) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13, 14, and 15, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22 binds to ADAM9;(5) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16, 17, and 18, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22 binds to ADAM9;(6) an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 19, 20, and 21, respectively, and wherein the VH, when paired with a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22 binds to ADAM9;(7) an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VL comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and wherein the VL, when paired with a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 23 binds to ADAM9;(8) an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VL comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and wherein the VL, when paired with a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 24 binds to ADAM9; or(9) an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VL comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and wherein the VL, when paired with a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 25 binds to ADAM9.18.The nucleic acid of claim 17, wherein the nucleic acid comprises a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, and 6, respectively.19.The nucleic acid of claim 17, wherein the nucleic acid comprises a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7, 8, and 9, respectively.20.The nucleic acid of claim 17, wherein the nucleic acid comprises a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 10, 11, and 12, respectively.21.The nucleic acid of claim 17, wherein the nucleic acid comprises a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13, 14, and 15, respectively.22.The nucleic acid of claim 17, wherein the nucleic acid comprises a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 16, 17, and 18, respectively.23.The nucleic acid of claim 17, wherein the nucleic acid comprises a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising an immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VH comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 19, 20, and 21, respectively.24.The nucleic acid of claim 17, wherein the nucleic acid comprises a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising an immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof comprising a VL comprising CDRs 1, 2, and 3 comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively.25.The nucleic acid of any one of claims 17-24, wherein the VH when paired with a VL specifically binds to human or monkey ADAM9, or the VL when paired with a VH specifically binds to human or monkey ADAM9.26.The nucleic acid of any one of claims 17-25, wherein the immunoglobulin heavy chain or the fragment thereof is a human immunoglobulin heavy chain or a fragment thereof (e.g., a human IgG1 heavy chain or a fragment thereof, or a human IgG4 heavy chain or a fragment thereof) , and the immunoglobulin light chain or the fragment thereof is a human immunoglobulin light chain or a fragment thereof.27.The nucleic acid of any one of claims 17-26, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) , or a multi-specific antibody (e.g., a bispecific antibody) .28.The nucleic acid of any one of claims 17-27, wherein the nucleic acid is cDNA.29.A vector comprising one or more of the nucleic acids of any one of claims 17-28.30.A vector comprising two of the nucleic acids of any one of claims 17-28, wherein the vector encodes the VL region and the VH region that together bind to ADAM9.31.A pair of vectors, wherein each vector comprises one of the nucleic acids of any one of claims 17-28, wherein together the pair of vectors encodes the VL region and the VH region that together bind to ADAM9.32.A cell comprising the vector of claim 29 or 30, or the pair of vectors of claim 31.33.The cell of claim 32, wherein the cell is a CHO cell.34.A cell comprising one or more of the nucleic acids of any one of claims 17-28.35.A cell comprising two of the nucleic acids of any one of claims 17-28.36.The cell of claim 35, wherein the two nucleic acids together encode the VL region and the VH region that together bind to ADAM9.37.A method of producing an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, the method comprising(a) culturing the cell of any one of claims 32-36 under conditions sufficient for the cell to produce the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment; and(b) collecting the antibody or the antigen-binding fragment produced by the cell.38.An antibody-drug conjugate comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-16 covalently bound to a therapeutic agent.39.The antibody drug conjugate of claim 38, wherein the therapeutic agent is a cytotoxic or cytostatic agent.40.The antibody drug conjugate of claim 38, wherein the therapeutic agent is MMAE or MMAF.41.The antibody-drug conjugate of claim 38, wherein the therapeutic agent is selected from 42.The antibody-drug conjugate of claim 38 or 41, wherein the therapeutic agent is linked to the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof via a linker.43.The antibody-drug conjugate of claim 42, wherein the linker has a structure of: 44.The antibody-drug conjugate of any one of claims 38 and 41-43, wherein the antibody-drug conjugate has a structure of: wherein n = 1-8; wherein “Ab” represents the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.45.A method of treating a subject having cancer, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-16, or the antibody-drug conjugate of any one of claims 38-44, to the subject.46.The method of claim 45, wherein the subject has a solid tumor.47.The method of claim 45, wherein the cancer is pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, sarcoma, skin cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, head and neck cancer, bladder cancer, cervical cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, renal cancer, melanoma, or brain cancer.48.The method of claim 45, wherein the subject is further treated with an effective amount of an anti-PD-1 antibody, an anti-41BB antibody, an anti-OX40 antibody, an anti-CD40 antibody, an anti-CTLA4 antibody, and / or an anti-PD-L1 antibody.49.A method of decreasing the rate of tumor growth, the method comprisingcontacting a tumor cell with an effective amount of a composition comprising an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-16, or the antibody-drug conjugate of any one of claims 38-44.50.A method of killing a tumor cell, the method comprisingcontacting a tumor cell with an effective amount of a composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-16, or the antibody-drug conjugate of any one of claims 38-44.51.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-16, or the antibody-drug conjugate of any one of claims 38-44, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.