Novel antibodies specific for CD98 and methods of uses thereof
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2026/079681
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2025-02-21
- Filing Date
- 2026-02-20
- Publication Date
- 2026-08-27
Smart Images

Figure PCTCN2026079681-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2026079681-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2026079681-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
NOVEL ANTIBODIES SPECIFIC FOR CD98 AND METHODS OF USES THEREOF
[0001] This application claims priority to PCT Patent Application No. PCT / CN2025 / 078475, filed February 21, 2025, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 1. Reference to Sequence Listing Submitted Electronically
[0002] This application incorporates by reference a Sequence Listing entitled 509A004WO02_SL. xml created on February 10, 2026 and having a size of 68,569 bytes.2. Field
[0003] The present invention relates to molecular biology and immunology. Provided herein include antibodies targeting CD98, as well as uses thereof in, for example, transport across blood brain barrier (BBB) .3. Background
[0004] The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective permeability barrier that restricts the passage of substances from the bloodstream into the brain, thus posing a significant challenge for delivering therapeutic agents to treat central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Traditional methods of drug delivery are often ineffective, as they fail to cross the BBB in sufficient quantities to exert a therapeutic effect. Recent research has focused on identifying novel methods to enhance drug delivery across the BBB, with one promising approach involving the use of antibodies targeting specific transport mechanisms.
[0005] CD98 is a transmembrane protein expressed on the surface of various cell types, including those at the BBB. It plays a crucial role in amino acid transport and cellular signaling. Targeting CD98 with antibodies offers a potential pathway to facilitate the transport of therapeutic agents into the brain via receptor-mediated transcytosis. Despite the potential, therapeutics targeting CD98 in treating neurological diseases or disorders are currently lacking. The compositions and methods provided herein meet this unmet need and provide other relative advantages.4. Summary
[0006] Provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind human CD98, comprising (a) a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 from a VH having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3 and 17-30, or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and / or (b) a light chain variable region (VL) comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 4-5 and 31-45, or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs.
[0007] In some embodiments, antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise (a) a VH comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 8, 9 and 10, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and / or (b) a VL comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 12, AD, and SEQ ID NO: 14, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs.
[0008] In some embodiments, antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise (a) a VH having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or (b) a VL having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0009] In some embodiments, provided herein are chimeric antibodies or antigen-binding fragments, humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments, or human antibodies or antigen-binding fragments.
[0010] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments comprising: (a) a VH having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 17-30; and / or (b) a VL having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 31-45.
[0011] In some embodiments, humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise a VH and a VL, wherein the VH and VL each has at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequences of (1) SEQ ID NOs: 17 and 31, respectively; (2) SEQ ID NOs: 18 and 31, respectively; (3) SEQ ID NOs: 17 and 32, respectively; (4) SEQ ID NOs: 19 and 33, respectively; (5) SEQ ID NOs: 20 and 34, respectively; (6) SEQ ID NOs: 19 and 35, respectively; (7) SEQ ID NOs: 21 and 36, respectively; (8) SEQ ID NOs: 22 and 37, respectively; (9) SEQ ID NOs: 23 and 38, respectively; (10) SEQ ID NOs: 24 and 38, respectively; (11) SEQ ID NOs: 25 and 39, respectively; (12) SEQ ID NOs: 26 and 40, respectively; (13) SEQ ID NOs: 27 and 41, respectively; (14) SEQ ID NOs: 27 and 42, respectively; (15) SEQ ID NOs: 28 and 43, respectively; (16) SEQ ID NOs: 29 and 44, respectively; or (17) SEQ ID NOs: 30 and 45, respectively.
[0012] In some embodiments, antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise (a) a VH comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 8, 9 and 11, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and / or (b) a VL comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 12, AD, and SEQ ID NO: 14, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs.
[0013] In some embodiments, antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise (a) a VH having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; and / or (b) a VL having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5.
[0014] In some embodiments, antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise (a) a VH having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3; and / or (b) a VL having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5.
[0015] In some embodiments, provided herein are chimeric antibodies or antigen-binding fragments, humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments, or human antibodies or antigen-binding fragments.
[0016] In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein are selected from the group consisting of a Fab, a Fab’ , a F (ab’ ) 2, a Fv, a scFv, a (scFv) 2, a single domain antibody (sdAb) , and a heavy chain antibody (HCAb) .
[0017] In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein are IgG1 antibodies, IgG2 antibodies, IgG3 antibodies, or IgG4 antibodies.
[0018] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with an antibody or antigen-binding fragment disclosed herein for binding to human CD98.
[0019] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibodies or multispecific antibodies.
[0020] In some embodiments, provided herein are monoclonal antibodies or antigen-binding fragments.
[0021] In some embodiments, provided herein are internalizing antibodies or antigen-binding fragments.
[0022] In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein can cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) .
[0023] Provided herein are methods of delivering an effector moiety across BBB in a subject comprising administering to a subject a conjugate comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment disclosed herein linked to an effector moiety.
[0024] Provided herein are conjugates comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment disclosed herein linked to an effector moiety. In some embodiments, the effector moiety is selected from the group consisting of drugs for neurological diseases or disorders, drugs for metabolic diseases or disorders, neurotrophic factors, growth factors, enzymes, cytotoxic agents and imaging agents. In some embodiments, the effector moiety is a Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist.
[0025] In some embodiments, provided herein are conjugates comprising an anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment linked to a GLP-1R agonist.
[0026] In some embodiments of the conjugates provided herein, the GLP-1R agonist is native GLP-1, a GLP-1 analog, or a GLP-1 derivative. In some embodiments, the GLP-1R agonist is a GLP-1 analog. In some embodiments, the GLP-1 analog is exenatide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, semaglutide, albiglutide, lixisenatide, efpeglenatide, or taspoglutide. In some embodiments, the GLP-1R agonist is linked to the antibody or antigen-binding fragment by a linker. In some embodiments, the linker is a peptide linker.
[0027] In some embodiments of the conjugates provided herein, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment is an IgG antibody. In some embodiments, the GLP-1R agonist is linked to the N-terminus or C-terminus of a heavy chain of the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment.
[0028] In some embodiments, provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a conjugate disclosed herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein further comprise an additional therapeutic agent.
[0029] In some embodiments, provided herein are polynucleotides encoding a polypeptide of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment disclosed herein, or a conjugate disclosed herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are vectors comprising a polynucleotide disclosed herein.
[0030] In some embodiments, provided herein are host cells comprising a polynucleotide disclosed herein or a vector disclosed herein.
[0031] Provided herein are also methods of making an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds human CD98, or a conjugate disclosed herein, comprising culturing the cell disclosed herein under conditions that allow expression of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment, or the conjugate. In some embodiments, the methods comprise isolating the antibody or antigen-binding fragment or the conjugate from the culture.
[0032] Provided herein are methods of treating or preventing a neurological disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the conjugate disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the neurological disease or disorder is a neurodegenerative disease.
[0033] Provided herein are also methods of treating or preventing a metabolic disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the conjugate disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the metabolic disease or disorder is overweight or obesity. In some embodiments, the metabolic disease or disorder is diabetes. In some embodiments, the diabetes is type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes. In some embodiments, the metabolic disease or disorder is non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) . In some embodiments, the methods further comprise administering an additional agent to the subject. In some embodiments, the subject is a human.5. Brief Description of Drawings
[0034] FIG. 1 provides flow cytometry results showing the binding of the candidate antibodies to human CD98 / LAT1 or human CD98hc overexpressing HEK293 cells.
[0035] FIG. 2 provides flow cytometry results showing the binding of the candidate humanized antibodies to cynomolgus CD98 / LAT1 or cynomolgus CD98hc overexpressing CHO cells.
[0036] FIG. 3 provides plasma PK curves of the candidate antibodies in wildtype mice or huCD98+ / + mice.
[0037] FIG. 4 provides ELISA results showing the concentration of the candidate antibody in brains of wildtype mice or hCD98+ / + mice.
[0038] FIG. 5 provides brain parenchymal penetration results of the candidate antibody in comparison to control.
[0039] FIG. 6 provides serum PK profiles of candidate antibodies in comparison to a control hIgG antibody following a single intravenous administration in non-human primates.
[0040] FIG. 7 provides CSF PK profiles of candidate antibodies in comparison to a control hIgG antibody following a single intravenous administration in non-human primates.6. Detailed Description
[0041] The present disclosure provides novel antibodies targeting human CD98 and their uses in transport across the BBB. Conjugates comprising such antibodies, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such conjugates, and their uses in, for example, treating or preventing neurological diseases or disorders and / or metabolic diseases or disorders are also provided herein.
[0042] CD98 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that plays a pivotal role in cellular processes including amino acid transport, cell proliferation, and integrin signaling. It is ubiquitously expressed in a variety of tissues, with particularly high expression in rapidly dividing cells and at the interfaces between tissues and the external environment, such as the BBB. Structurally, CD98 is a heterodimer consisting of a heavy chain (CD98hc, also known as 4F2hc or SLC3A2) and a light chain (various SLC7A family members) , linked by a disulfide bond. The heavy chain is responsible for the protein’s trafficking to the plasma membrane, while the light chain carries out the amino acid transport function. The heterodimeric configuration allows CD98 to participate in essential nutrient transport and cellular signaling pathways. Functionally, CD98 is involved in integrin signaling, which influences cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation, making it a critical player in both normal physiology and pathological conditions.
[0043] As used herein, unless clearly indicated by context, the term “CD98” can refer to either the CD98 heterodimer complex or the CD98 heavy chain alone. It can refer to any native CD98 from any vertebrate source, including mammals such as primates (e.g., humans and cynomolgus monkeys (cynos) ) and rodents (e.g., mice and rats) , unless otherwise indicated. The term encompasses both wild-type sequences and naturally occurring variant sequences, e.g., splice variants or allelic variants. The term encompasses full-length, unprocessed CD98, as well as any form of CD98 that results from processing in the cell. In some embodiments, the CD98 is human CD98.
[0044] More information about human CD98 heavy chain can be found on public databases with the following IDs: HGNC: 11059; NCBI Entrez Gene: 6520; Ensembl: ENSG00000117399; 158070; UniProtKB / Swiss-Prot: P08195. Five (5) alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms are described for the human CD98hc gene (Uniprot NOs: P08195-1 to P08195-5) . Exemplary sequence: SEQ ID NO: 48.
[0045] More information about human CD98 light chain, such as SLC7A5 (also known as LAT1) , can be found on public databases with the following IDs: HGNC: 11063; MIM: 600182; neXtProt: NX_Q01650; UniProtKB / Swiss-Prot: Q01650. Exemplary sequence: SEQ ID NO: 49.
[0046] Before the present disclosure is further described, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not limited to the particular embodiments set forth herein, and it is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments, and is not intended to be limiting. 6.1 Definitions
[0047] Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used in the present disclosures shall have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. Further, unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular. Generally, nomenclatures used in connection with, and techniques of, cell and tissue culture, molecular biology, immunology, microbiology, genetics and protein and nucleic acid chemistry and hybridization described herein are those well-known and commonly used in the art.
[0048] The term “a” or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity; for example, “an antibody, ” is understood to represent one or more antibodies.
[0049] The term “and / or” where used herein is to be taken as specific disclosure of each of the two specified features or components with or without the other. Thus, the term “and / or” as used in a phrase such as “A and / or B” herein is intended to include “A and B, ” “A or B, ” “A” (alone) , and B” (alone) . Likewise, the term “and / or” as used in a phrase such as “A, B, and / or C” is intended to encompass each of the following aspects: A, B, and C; A, B, or C; A or C; A or B; B or C; A and C; A and B; B and C; A (alone) ; B (alone) ; and C (alone) .
[0050] As used herein, the term “about” is used to indicate that a value includes the inherent variation of error for the device, the method being employed to determine the value, or the variation that exists among the study subjects. The term “about” encompasses the exact number recited. In some embodiments, “about” means within plus or minus 10%of a given value or range. In certain embodiments, “about” means that the variation is ±5%, ±4%, ±3%, ±2%, ±1%, ±0.5%, ±0.2%, or ±0.1%of the value to which “about” refers. In some embodiments, “about” means that the variation is ±1%, ±0.5%, ±0.2%, or ±0.1%of the value to which “about” refers.
[0051] As used herein and consistent with its understanding in the art, the terms “central nervous system” and “CNS” refer to the complex of nerve tissues that control bodily function and includes the brain and spinal cord.
[0052] As used herein and consistent with its understanding in the art, the terms “central nervous system antigen” or “CNS antigen” refer to an antigen expressed in the CNS, including the brain, which can be targeted with an effector moiety, such as an antibody or small molecule. A “brain antigen” refers to a CNS antigen expressed in the brain.
[0053] As used herein and consistent with its understanding in the art, the term “neurological disease or disorder” refers to a disease or disorder which affects the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. These diseases or disorders can arise from a variety of causes, including genetic mutations, developmental issues, infections, trauma, and degenerative diseases. Neurological diseases or disorders can manifest in a wide range of symptoms depending on the affected area and function of the nervous system. Common symptoms include seizures, muscle weakness, poor coordination, pain, altered levels of consciousness, and cognitive impairments.
[0054] As used herein and consistent with its understanding in the art, the term “neurodegenerative disease” is a type of neurological disease or disorder characterized by the progressive degeneration of the structure and function of the nervous system. These diseases primarily affect neurons, which are the building blocks of the nervous system, leading to their gradual loss and eventual death. Neurodegenerative diseases are often associated with aging and typically result in cognitive, motor, and functional impairments. The exact causes of many neurodegenerative diseases are still not fully understood, but they often involve genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.
[0055] As used herein and consistent with its understanding in the art, the term “metabolic disease or disorder” as used herein encompasses a range of conditions characterized by abnormalities in the biochemical processes that govern metabolism, which includes, for example, the conversion of food into energy, the regulation of fat storage, and the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Metabolic diseases or disorders can arise from genetic defects, hormonal imbalances, environmental factors, or lifestyle choices, leading to various health complications. These disorders can manifest as obesity, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, steatohepatitis, cardiovascular diseases, among others.
[0056] As used herein and consistent with its understanding in the art, the terms “blood brain barrier” and “BBB” refer to a network of endothelial cells that are closely sealed by tight junctions and characterized by low levels of nonspecific paracellular and transcellular transport. The BBB separates the circulating blood from the brain and extracellular fluid in the CNS to protect the brain from pathogens and toxins, while allowing essential nutrients to pass through. That a molecule can “cross” the BBB means that the molecule has the capability to traverse the BBB to reach and act on CNS targets. A molecule can cross the BBB via a variety of mechanisms, including lipophilicity, transporter-mediated transcytosis, receptor-mediated transcytosis, or simply small size.
[0057] The terms “polypeptide, ” “peptide, ” “protein, ” “polypeptide chain, ” “peptide chain, ” and their grammatical equivalents as used interchangeably herein refer to polymers of amino acids of any length, which can be linear or branched. It can include unnatural or modified amino acids or be interrupted by non-amino acids. A polypeptide, peptide, polypeptide chain, peptide chain, or protein can also be modified with, for example, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, lipidation, acetylation, phosphorylation, or any other manipulation or modification.
[0058] The terms “polynucleotide, ” “nucleic acid, ” and their grammatical equivalents as used interchangeably herein mean polymers of nucleotides of any length and include DNA and RNA. The nucleotides can be deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, modified nucleotides or bases, and / or their analogs, or any substrate that can be incorporated into a polymer by DNA or RNA polymerase.
[0059] The term “agonist” and its grammatical equivalent as used herein in connection with a receptor refer to a substance that is capable of binding to and activating downstream signaling cascades from the receptor. An agonist mimics the action of a naturally occurring ligand for the receptor. An agonist can be a compound, a peptide, an antibody, or any other molecule.
[0060] As used herein and understood in the art, an “antibody” is an immunoglobulin molecule that recognizes and specifically binds a target (e.g., a protein) through at least one antigen-binding fragment which is typically within the variable region of the immunoglobulin molecule. An “antibody” can be of many different types and structures. For example, antibodies can be polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies, bispecific antibodies, monospecific antibodies, monovalent antibodies, or any other modified immunoglobulin molecule comprising an antigen-binding site. Antibodies also include, but are not limited to, mouse antibodies, camel antibodies, chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, and human antibodies. An antibody can be any of the five major classes of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, or subclasses (isotypes) thereof (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1 and IgA2) , based on the identity of their heavy-chain constant domains referred to as alpha, delta, epsilon, gamma, and mu, respectively. Unless expressly indicated otherwise, the term “antibody” as used herein include “antigen-binding fragment” of intact antibodies. The term “antigen-binding fragment” as used herein refers to a portion or fragment of an intact antibody that is the antigenic determining variable region of an intact antibody. Examples of antigen-binding fragments include, but are not limited to, Fab, Fab', F (ab’ ) 2, Fv, linear antibodies, single chain antibody molecules (e.g., scFv) , heavy chain antibodies (HCAbs) , light chain antibodies (LCAbs) , disulfide-linked scFv (dsscFv) , diabodies, tribodies, tetrabodies, minibodies, dual variable domain antibodies (DVD) , single variable domain antibodies (sdAbs; e.g., camelid antibodies, alpaca antibodies) , and single variable domain of heavy chain antibodies (VHH) .
[0061] The structure of immunoglobulins has been well characterized (see, e.g., FUNDAMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY Ch. 7 (Paul, W., ed., 2nd ed. Raven Press, N.Y. (1989) ) . Typically, immunoglobulins comprise two pairs of polypeptide chains, one pair of light (L; low molecular weight) chains and one pair of heavy (H; high molecular weight) chains, all four inter-connected by disulfide bonds.
[0062] Each light chain of an immunoglobulin typically includes a light chain variable region ( “VL region” ) and a light chain constant region ( “CL region” ) . There are two distinct types of light chains, referred to as kappa (κ) or lambda (λ) based on the amino acid sequence of the CL region. The amino acid sequences of the CL regions are well known in the art.
[0063] Each heavy chain typically includes a heavy chain variable region (a “VH region” ) and a heavy chain constant region (a “CH region” ) . The VH region can be one of five distinct types, referred to as alpha (α) , delta (δ) , epsilon (ε) , gamma (γ) and mu (μ) , based on the amino acid sequence. When combined with a light chain, these distinct types of heavy chains give rise to five well known classes of antibodies, IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM, respectively. There are four subclasses of IgG, namely, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4. The amino acid sequences of the CH regions of different classes of antibodies are well known in the art.
[0064] The CH region of immunoglobulins comprise more than one domain. For example, the CH region of an IgG antibody is comprised of three domains, heavy chain constant domain 1 (CH1) , heavy chain constant domain 2 (CH2) , and heavy chain constant domain 3 (CH3) . The highly flexible region between the CH1 and CH2 domains is referred to as the “hinge region. ” Disulfide bonds in the hinge region are part of the interactions between two heavy chains in an immunoglobulin. The “Fc region” refers to the C-terminal region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain that contains at least a portion of the constant region. In IgG, IgA and IgD isotypes, the Fc region is comprised of the hinge region, the CH2 domain and the CH3 domain; IgM and IgE Fc regions contain three heavy chain constant domains (CH domains 2–4) . The amino acid sequences of the Fc region of human IgG, IgA, IgD, IgM and IgE, and subtypes IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 are known to those of ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, the Fc region of an IgG heavy chain can extend from the hinge region to the carboxyl-terminus of the heavy chain. The native Fc regions can be modified. Modification of the Fc regions are further described below.
[0065] Unless otherwise stated or contradicted by context, reference to amino acid positions in the constant regions is according to the EU-numbering (Edelman et al., PNAS. 1969; 63: 78-85, Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition. 1991 NIH Publication No. 91-3242) .
[0066] The term “variable region” refers to a portion of the light or heavy chains of an immunoglobulin that is generally located at the amino-terminal of the light or heavy chain and used in the binding and specificity of each particular antibody for its particular antigen. The variable region of a light chain is referred to as a “light chain variable region” or “VL region, ” which includes at least one, typically one, “light chain variable domain” or “VL. ” The variable region of a heavy chain is referred to as a “heavy chain variable region” or “VH region, ” which includes at least one, typically one, “heavy chain variable domain” or “VH. ” The variable domains differ extensively in sequence between different antibodies. A “pair of VL and VH” or “VH / VL pair” can associate with each other and form a binding site that specifically binds the target antigen or epitope.
[0067] The VH and VL regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability (or hypervariable regions which may be hypervariable in sequence and / or form of structurally defined loops) , also termed complementarity determining regions (CDRs) , interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FRs) . The variability in sequence is concentrated in the CDRs while the less variable portions in the variable domain are referred to as framework regions (FR) . The CDRs of the light and heavy chains are primarily responsible for the interaction of the antibody with antigen. Each VH and VL is typically composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4 (see also Chothia and Lesk, J Mol Biol. 1987; 196: 901-17) .
[0068] A CDR refers to one of three hypervariable regions (H1, H2 or H3) within the non-framework region of the immunoglobulin (Ig or antibody) VH β-sheet framework, or one of three hypervariable regions (L1, L2 or L3) within the non-framework region of the antibody VL β-sheet framework. Accordingly, CDRs are variable region sequences interspersed within the framework region sequences. CDR regions are well known to those skilled in the art and have been defined by a variety of methods / systems. These systems and / or definitions have been developed and refined over years and include Kabat, Chothia, IMGT, AbM, and Contact. For example, Kabat defines the regions of most hypervariability within the antibody variable (V) domains (Kabat et al, J. Biol. Chem. 252: 6609-6616 (1977) ; Kabat, Adv. Prot. Chem. 32: 1-75 (1978) ) . The Chothia definition is based on the location of the structural loop regions, which defines CDR region sequences as those residues that are not part of the conserved β-sheet framework, and thus are able to adapt different conformations (Chothia and Lesk, J. Mol. Biol. 196: 901-917 (1987) ) . Both terminologies are well recognized in the art. Additionally, the IMGT system is based on sequence variability and location within the structure of the variable regions. The AbM definition is a compromise between Kabat and Chothia. The Contact definition is based on analyses of the available antibody crystal structures. Software programs (e.g., abYsis) are available and known to those of skill in the art for analysis of antibody sequence and determination of CDRs. The positions of CDRs within a canonical antibody variable domain have been determined by comparison of numerous structures (Al-Lazikani et al, J. Mol. Biol. 273: 927-948 (1997) ; Morea et al, Methods 20: 267-279 (2000) ) . Because the number of residues within a hypervariable region varies in different antibodies, additional residues relative to the canonical positions are conventionally numbered with a, b, c and so forth next to the residue number in the canonical variable domain numbering scheme (Al-Lazikani et al., supra (1997) ) . Such nomenclature is similarly well known to those skilled in the art.
[0069] For example, CDRs defined according to either the Kabat (hypervariable) or Chothia (structural) designations, are set forth in the table below. 1Residue numbering follows the nomenclature of Kabat et al., supra2Residue numbering follows the nomenclature of Chothia et al., supra
[0070] Single variable domain antibodies are antibodies whose complementarity determining regions are part of a single variable domain polypeptide. Examples include, but are not limited to, heavy-chain antibodies (HCAbs) , antibodies naturally lacking light chains, single variable domain antibodies derived from conventional 4-chain antibodies, engineered antibodies, and single variable domain scaffolds that differ from antibodies derived from of those brackets. The single variable domain antibody can be any antibody in the art that has only one variable domain. Single variable domain antibodies can be from any species, including, but not limited to, mouse, human, camel, llama, goat, rabbit, and cow.
[0071] A single chain Fv ( “scFv” ) polypeptide is a covalently linked VL / VH heterodimer which is usually expressed from a gene fusion including VL and VH-encoding genes linked by a peptide-encoding linker. The scFv fragment includes CDRs that are held in appropriate conformation, in particular by using gene recombination techniques. In some embodiments of scFvs, the N-terminus of VL is linked to the C-terminus of the VH via a linker. In some embodiments of scFvs, the N-terminus of VH is linked to the C-terminus of the VL via a linker.
[0072] As used herein and understood in the art, a “bispecific” antibody is an artificial hybrid antibody having two different antigen binding fragments. In some embodiments, the two different antigen binding fragments specifically bind two different target antigens. In some embodiments, the two different antigen binding fragments specifically bind two different epitopes on the same target antigen. Bispecific antibodies can be formed from antibody fragments.
[0073] As used herein and understood in the art, an “internalizing” antibody or an “internalization” antibody refers to an antibody that, upon binding to its target antigen on the surface of a cell, is actively transported into the interior of the cell. This process, known as internalization, involves the antibody-antigen complex being engulfed by the cell membrane and then transported into the cell via endocytosis or other cellular uptake mechanisms. Internalizing antibodies are particularly useful in therapeutic and diagnostic applications because they can deliver attached therapeutic agents, such as drugs or toxins, directly into the target cells. This targeted delivery can enhance the efficacy and specificity of the treatment while minimizing off-target effects. In contrast, non-internalizing antibodies bind to their target antigens on the cell surface but do not undergo endocytosis. Non-internalizing therapeutic antibodies exert their therapeutic effects extracellularly. Non-internalizing antibodies can be used for a variety of purposes, such as blocking receptor-ligand interactions, recruiting immune cells to destroy the target cell via mechanisms like antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) or complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) , and neutralizing toxins or pathogens in the bloodstream.
[0074] The term “linker” as used herein refers to one or more amino acid residues or a chemical moiety inserted between domains or moieties (e.g., immunoglobulin domains or antibody and an effector moiety) to provide sufficient mobility or connectivity for the domains. A linker can be inserted at the transition between variable domains or between variable and constant domains, respectively, at the sequence level, or between an antibody and a conjugate payload.
[0075] The term “humanized antibody” as used herein refers to forms of non-human (e.g., murine) antibodies that are specific immunoglobulin chains, chimeric immunoglobulins, or fragments thereof that contain minimal non-human sequences. Typically, humanized antibodies are human immunoglobulins. In some instances, the variable region residues of a human immunoglobulin are replaced with the corresponding residues in an antibody from a non-human species. In some instances, residues of the CDRs are replaced by residues from the CDRs of a non-human species (e.g., mouse, rat, hamster, camel) that have the desired specificity, affinity, and / or binding capability. The humanized antibody can be further modified by the substitution of additional residues either in the variable region and / or within the replaced non-human residues to refine and optimize antibody specificity, affinity, and / or binding capability.
[0076] The term “variant” as used herein in relation to a protein or a polypeptide with particular sequence features (the “reference protein” or “reference polypeptide” ) refers to a different protein or polypeptide having one or more (such as, for example, about 1 to about 25, about 1 to about 20, about 1 to about 15, about 1 to about 10, or about 1 to about 5) amino acid substitutions, deletions, and / or additions as compared to the reference protein or reference polypeptide. The changes to an amino acid sequence can be amino acid substitutions. The changes to an amino acid sequence can be conservative amino acid substitutions. A functional fragment or a functional variant of a protein or polypeptide maintains the basic structural and functional properties of the reference protein or polypeptide.
[0077] The term “specifically binds, ” as used herein, means that a polypeptide or molecule interacts more frequently, more rapidly, with greater duration, with greater affinity, or with some combination of the above to the epitope, protein, or target molecule than with alternative substances, including related and unrelated proteins. A binding moiety (e.g., antibody) that specifically binds a target molecule (e.g., antigen) can be identified, for example, by immunoassays, ELISAs, Bio-Layer Interferometry ( “BLI” ) , SPR (e.g., Biacore) , or other techniques known to those of skill in the art. Typically, a specific reaction will be at least twice background signal or noise and can be more than 10 times background. See, e.g., Paul, ed., 1989, FUNDAMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY SECOND EDITION, Raven Press, New York at pages 332-336 for a discussion regarding antibody specificity. A binding moiety that specifically binds a target molecule can bind the target molecule at a higher affinity than its affinity for a different molecule. In some embodiments, a binding moiety that specifically binds a target molecule can bind the target molecule with an affinity that is at least 20 times greater, at least 30 times greater, at least 40 times greater, at least 50 times greater, at least 60 times greater, at least 70 times greater, at least 80 times greater, at least 90 times greater, or at least 100 times greater, than its affinity for a different molecule. In some embodiments, a binding moiety that specifically binds a particular target molecule binds a different molecule at such a low affinity that binding cannot be detected using an assay described herein or otherwise known in the art. In some embodiments, “specifically binds” means, for instance, that a binding moiety binds a molecule target with a KD of about 0.1 mM or less. In some embodiments, “specifically binds” means that a polypeptide or molecule binds a target with a KD of at about 10 μM or less or about 1 μM or less. In some embodiments, “specifically binds” means that a polypeptide or molecule binds a target with a KD of at about 0.1 μM or less, about 0.01 μM or less, or about 1 nM or less. Because of the sequence identity between homologous proteins in different species, specific binding can include a polypeptide or molecule that recognizes a protein or target in more than one species. Likewise, because of homology within certain regions of polypeptide sequences of different proteins, specific binding can include a polypeptide or molecule that recognizes more than one protein or target. It is understood that, in some embodiments, a binding moiety (e.g., antibody) that specifically binds a first target may or may not specifically bind a second target. As such, “specific binding” does not necessarily require (although it can include) exclusive binding, i.e., binding to a single target. Thus, a binding moiety (e.g., antibody) can, in some embodiments, specifically bind more than one target. For example, an antibody can, in certain instances, comprise two identical antigen-binding sites, each of which specifically binds the same epitope on two or more proteins. In certain alternative embodiments, an antibody can be bispecific and comprise at least two antigen-binding sites with differing specificities.
[0078] The term “binding affinity” as used herein generally refers to the strength of the sum total of noncovalent interactions between a binding moiety and a target molecule (e.g., antigen) . The binding of a binding moiety and a target molecule is a reversible process, and the affinity of the binding is typically reported as an equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) . KD is the ratio of a dissociation rate (koff or kd) to the association rate (kon or ka) . The lower the KD of a binding pair, the higher the affinity. A variety of methods of measuring binding affinity are known in the art, any of which can be used for purposes of the present disclosure. Specific illustrative embodiments include the following. In some embodiments, the “KD” or “KD value” can be measured by assays known in the art, for example by a binding assay. The KD may be measured in a radiolabeled antigen binding assay (RIA) (Chen, et al., (1999) J. Mol Biol 293: 865-881) . The KD or KD value can also be measured by using biolayer interferometry (BLI) using, for example, the Gator system (Probe Life) , or the Octet-96 system (Sartorius AG) . The KD or KD value can also be measured by using surface plasmon resonance assays (SPR) by Biacore, using, for example, a BIAcoreTM-2000 or a BIAcoreTM-3000 BIAcore, Inc., Piscataway, NJ) .
[0079] The terms “identical, ” percent “identity, ” and their grammatical equivalents as used herein in the context of two or more polynucleotides or polypeptides, refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same or have a specified percentage of nucleotides or amino acid residues that are the same, when compared and aligned (introducing gaps, if necessary) for maximum correspondence, not considering any conservative amino acid substitutions as part of the sequence identity. The percent identity can be measured using sequence comparison software or algorithms or by visual inspection. Various algorithms and software that can be used to obtain alignments of amino acid or nucleotide sequences are well-known in the art. These include, but are not limited to, BLAST, ALIGN, Megalign, BestFit, GCG Wisconsin Package, and variants thereof. In some embodiments, two polynucleotides or polypeptides provided herein are substantially identical, meaning they have at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, and in some embodiments at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%nucleotide or amino acid residue identity, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence, as measured using a sequence comparison algorithm or by visual inspection. In some embodiments, identity exists over a region of the amino acid sequences that is at least about 10 residues, at least about 20 residues, at least about 40-60 residues, at least about 60-80 residues in length or any integral value there between. In some embodiments, identity exists over a longer region than 60-80 residues, such as at least about 80-100 residues, and in some embodiments the sequences are substantially identical over the full length of the sequences being compared, such as the coding region of a target protein or an antibody. In some embodiments, identity exists over a region of the nucleotide sequences that is at least about 10 bases, at least about 20 bases, at least about 40-60 bases, at least about 60-80 bases in length or any integral value there between. In some embodiments, identity exists over a longer region than 60-80 bases, such as at least about 80-100 bases or more, and in some embodiments the sequences are substantially identical over the full length of the sequences being compared, such as a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein of interest.
[0080] As used herein, the term “conjugate” refers to a complex formed by the covalent or non-covalent attachment of two or more distinct molecules or moieties, such as peptides. In some embodiments, the conjugate is formed by at least one molecule or moiety that possesses the ability to cross the BBB (e.g., an anti-CD98 antibody disclosed herein) and another molecule or moiety (e.g., a drug, toxin, or imaging agent) that serves as an effector with therapeutic or diagnostic properties. This conjugation enables the combined entity to leverage the properties of each individual component to achieve a desired function, such as targeted delivery of a drug or imaging agent to the brain. In some embodiments, conjugates can have enhanced or synergistic functionality and / or stability of one or more components, enabling them to have therapeutic effects. In some embodiments, the moieties are connected by linkers that facilitate the attachment of different moieties while maintaining their individual properties and activities. Different moieties of a conjugate can be connected via a variety of processes that are available in the art. A linker can be a short sequence of amino acids or a chemical moiety that connects two functional moieties and provides flexibility, stability and functionality. They can be cleavable or non-cleavable. In some embodiments, the two moieties are “linked” together, i.e., connected by covalent bond, such as peptide bond.
[0081] As used herein, the term “effector moiety” refers to the functional component of a conjugate molecule that is responsible for exerting the desired effect, such as the therapeutic or diagnostic effect. In some embodiments, the effector moiety can be a drug, toxin, enzyme, imaging agent, or other bioactive molecule that, when delivered to a specific target site within the body, performs its intended biological activity. The effector moiety can be therapeutic (e.g., chemotherapy drugs, neuroprotective agents) or diagnostic (e.g., contrast agents for imaging) .
[0082] A polypeptide, peptide, protein, antibody, conjugate, polynucleotide, vector, cell, or composition which is “isolated” is a polypeptide, peptide, protein, antibody, conjugate, polynucleotide, vector, cell, or composition which is in a form not found in nature. Isolated polypeptides, peptides, proteins, antibodies, conjugates, polynucleotides, vectors, cells, or compositions include those which have been purified to a degree that they are no longer in a form in which they are found in nature. In some embodiments, a polypeptide, peptide, protein, antibody, conjugate, polynucleotide, vector, cell, or composition which is isolated is substantially pure. In some embodiments, a material is “substantially pure” means that the material is at least 50%pure (i.e., free from contaminants) , at least 90%pure, at least 95%pure, at least 98%pure, or at least 99%pure.
[0083] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” or “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” refers to a material that is suitable for drug administration to an individual along with an active agent without causing undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the other components of the pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein can comprise one or more of a buffer system, a preservative, a tonicity agent, a chelating agent, a stabilizer and / or a surfactant, as well as various combinations thereof. The use of preservatives, isotonic agents, chelating agents, stabilizers and surfactants in pharmaceutical compositions is well-known to the skilled person. Reference may be made to REMINGTON: THE SCIENCE AND PRACTICE OF PHARMACY, 19th edition, 1995.
[0084] The term “treat” and its grammatical equivalents as used herein in connection with a disease or a condition, or a subject having a disease or a condition refer to an action that suppresses, eliminates, reduces, and / or ameliorates a symptom, the severity of the symptom, and / or the frequency of the symptom associated with the disease or disorder being treated.
[0085] The term “prevent” and its grammatical equivalents as used herein in connection with a disease or a condition, is intended to refer to at least the reduction of likelihood of the risk (or susceptibility) acquiring a disease or disorder. This includes preventing the onset of at least one clinical symptom in individuals who may be exposed to or predisposed to the disease but have not yet exhibited or experienced any symptoms. Methods for identifying such individuals, including relevant biological and physiological parameters, are well-established in the art.
[0086] The term “administer” and its grammatical equivalents as used herein refer to the act of delivering, or causing to be delivered, a therapeutic or a pharmaceutical composition to the body of a subject by a method described herein or otherwise known in the art. The therapeutic can be a compound, a polypeptide, an antibody, a cell, or a population of cells. Administering a therapeutic or a pharmaceutical composition includes prescribing a therapeutic or a pharmaceutical composition to be delivered into the body of a subject. Exemplary forms of administration include oral dosage forms, such as tablets, capsules, syrups, suspensions; injectable dosage forms, such as intravenous (IV) , intramuscular (IM) , or intraperitoneal (IP) ; transdermal dosage forms, including creams, jellies, powders, or patches; buccal dosage forms; inhalation powders, sprays, suspensions, and rectal suppositories.
[0087] The terms “effective amount, ” “therapeutically effective amount, ” and their grammatical equivalents as used herein refer to the administration of an agent to a subject, either alone or as a part of a pharmaceutical composition and either in a single dose or as part of a series of doses, in an amount that is capable of having any detectable, positive effect on any symptom, aspect, or characteristics of a disease, disorder or condition when administered to the subject. The therapeutically effective amount can be ascertained by measuring relevant physiological effects. The exact amount required varies from subject to subject, depending on the age, weight, and general condition of the subject, the severity of the condition being treated, the judgment of the clinician, and the like. An appropriate “effective amount” in any individual case can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using routine experimentation.
[0088] The term “subject” as used herein refers to any animal (e.g., a mammal) , including, but not limited to, humans, non-human primates, canines, felines, rodents, and the like, which is to be the recipient of a particular agent (e.g., therapeutic agent or diagnostic agent) . A subject can be a human. A subject can have a particular disease or condition. A subject can be at risk of having a particular disease or condition.
[0089] Ranges: throughout this disclosure, various aspects of the invention can be presented in a range format. It should be understood that the description in range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible subranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed subranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 2.7, 3, 4, 5, 5.3, and 6. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.
[0090] Exemplary genes and polypeptides are described herein with reference to GenBank numbers, GI numbers and / or SEQ ID NOS. It is understood that one skilled in the art can readily identify homologous sequences by reference to sequence sources, including but not limited to Uniprot (https: / / www. uniprot. org / ) , GenBank (ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / genbank / ) and EMBL (embl. org / ) . 6.2 Antibodies targeting CD98
[0091] Provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 (e.g., human CD98) . In some embodiments, provided herein are anti-CD98 antibodies. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies provided herein specifically bind the CD98 complex. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies provided herein specifically bind the CD98hc. In some embodiments, the antibody is an IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, or IgM antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is an IgA antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is an IgD antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is an IgE antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is an IgG antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is an IgM antibody. In some embodiments, the antibodies provided herein can be an IgG1 antibody, an IgG2 antibody, an IgG3 antibody, or an IgG4 antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is an IgG1 antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is an IgG2 antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is an IgG3 antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is an IgG4 antibody.
[0092] In some embodiments, provided herein are antigen-binding fragments of an anti-CD98 antibody. In some embodiments, antigen-binding fragments provided herein can be a single domain antibody (sdAb) , a heavy chain antibody (HCAb) , a Fab, a Fab’ , a F (ab’ ) 2, a Fv, a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) , a disulfide-linked scFv [ (scFv) 2] , or a diabody (dAb) . In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment of an anti-CD98 antibody is a single domain antibody (sdAb) . In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment of an anti-CD98 antibody is a heavy chain antibody (HCAb) . In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment of an anti-CD98 antibody is a Fab. In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment of an anti-CD98 antibody is a Fab’ . In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment of an anti-CD98 antibody is a F (ab’ ) 2. In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment of an anti-CD98 antibody is a Fv. In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment of an anti-CD98 antibody is a scFv. In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment of an anti-CD98 antibody is a disulfide-linked scFv [ (scFv) 2] . In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment of an anti-CD98 antibody is a diabody (dAb) .
[0093] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise recombinant antibodies or antigen-binding fragments. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise monoclonal antibodies or antigen-binding fragments. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise polyclonal antibodies or antigen-binding fragments. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise camelid (e.g., camels, dromedary and llamas) antibodies or antigen-binding fragments. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise chimeric antibodies or antigen-binding fragments. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise human antibodies or antigen-binding fragments.
[0094] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein are isolated. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein are substantially pure.
[0095] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein comprises a multispecific antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein comprises a bispecific antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein comprises an internalizing antibody or antigen-binding fragment.
[0096] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein comprises a monovalent antigen-binding site. In some embodiments, an anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises a monospecific binding site. In some embodiments, an anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises a bivalent binding site.
[0097] In some embodiments, an anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment. Monoclonal antibodies can be prepared by any method known to those of skill in the art. One exemplary approach is screening protein expression libraries, e.g., phage or ribosome display libraries. Phage display is described, for example, in Ladner et al., U.S. Patent No. 5,223,409; Smith (1985) Science 228: 1315-1317; and WO 92 / 18619. In some embodiments, recombinant monoclonal antibodies are isolated from phage display libraries expressing variable regions or CDRs of a desired species. Screening of phage libraries can be accomplished by various techniques known in the art.
[0098] In some embodiments, a monoclonal antibody is modified by using recombinant DNA technology to generate alternative antibodies. In some embodiments, the constant domains of the light chain and heavy chain of a mouse monoclonal antibody are replaced with the constant regions of a human antibody to generate a chimeric antibody. In some embodiments, the constant regions are truncated or removed to generate a desired antibody fragment of a monoclonal antibody. In some embodiments, site-directed or high-density mutagenesis of the variable region (s) is used to optimize specificity and / or affinity of a monoclonal antibody.
[0099] In some embodiments, provided herein are the anti-CD98 antibody clones SIR-BP-H011 (#18-M8) , #5-J3, and #11-M7. The sequence features are described below. The specific CDR sequences defined herein are generally based on Kabat definition. However, it is understood that a general reference to a heavy chain CDR or CDRs and / or a light chain CDR or CDRs of a specific antibody encompasses all CDR definitions as known to those of skill in the art. In some embodiments, provided herein are anti-CD98 antibodies having the VH CDRs and / or VL CDRs of antibody clones disclosed herein, wherein the CDRs are defined by Kabat, Chothia, IMGT, AbM, or Contact. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat (as exemplified in detail below) . In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Chothia. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by IMGT. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by AbM. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Contact.
[0100] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is the antibody designated as SIR-BP-H011 (#18-M8) . In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein has a VH from SIR-BP-H011 (SEQ ID NO: 1) . In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein has a VL from SIR-BP-H011 (SEQ ID NO: 4) . The anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein can have both the VH and the VL from SIR-BP-H011. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein has a VH that comprises VH CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from the VH from SIR-BP-H011 (SEQ ID NO: 1) . In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein has a VL that comprises VL CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from the VL from SIR-BP-H011 (SEQ ID NO: 4) . The anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein can have a VH comprising VH CDRs 1, 2, and 3 and a VL comprising VL CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from the VH and VL of SIR-BP-H011, respectively. The CDRs can be defined by any system known in the art. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat, Chothia, IMGT, AbM, or Contact. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat (as detailed herein) . In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Chothia. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by IMGT. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by AbM. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Contact.
[0101] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a variant of SIR-BP-H011. The SIR-BP-H011 variant can have a VH that is a variant of the VH of SIR-BP-H011 having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 1. The SIR-BP-H011 variant can have a VH that is a variant of the VH of SIR-BP-H011 having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 1. The SIR-BP-H011 variant can have a VL that is a variant of the VL of SIR-BP-H011 having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 4. The SIR-BP-H011 variant can have a VL that is a variant of the VL of SIR-BP-H011 having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 4. The amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions can be in the VH CDRs or VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions are not in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant of SIR-BP-H011 has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the variant of SIR-BP-H011 has up to 3 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from SIR-BP-H011. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from SIR-BP-H011.
[0102] In some embodiments, anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise one, two, three, four, five, and / or six CDRs of any one of the antibodies described herein. In some embodiments, anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise a VH comprising one, two, and / or three VH CDRs from Table 1a. In some embodiments, anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise a VL comprising one, two, and / or three VL CDRs from Table 1a. In some embodiments, anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise one, two, and / or three VH CDRs and one, two, and / or three VL CDRs from Table 1a.
[0103] Table 1a Amino acid sequences of VH CDRs and VL CDRs of SIR-BP-H011 (#18-M8)
[0104] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98, comprising a VH comprising (1) a VH CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8; (2) a VH CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9; and / or (3) a VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and / or a VL comprising (1) a VL CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12; (2) a VL CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of AD; and / or (3) a VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions in the VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions in the VL CDRs.
[0105] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VH comprising (1) a VH CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8; (2) a VH CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9; and / or (3) a VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 having a VH, wherein the VH comprises VH CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 8, 9 and 10, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions in the VH CDRs.
[0106] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98, comprising a VL comprising (1) a VL CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12; (2) a VL CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of AD; and / or (3) a VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 having a VL, wherein the VL comprises VL CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 12, AD and SEQ ID NO: 14, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions in the VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions in the VL CDRs.
[0107] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, VH CDR3, VL CDR1, VL CDR2 and VL CDR3, having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, AD and SEQ ID NO: 14, respectively, or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions in the CDRs.
[0108] Table 1b Amino acid sequences of VH and VL of SIR-BP-H011 and the humanized VHs and VLs of SIR-BP-H011
[0109] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising: (a) a VH having at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; and (b) a VL having at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VH and a VL, wherein the VH and VL have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 4, respectively.
[0110] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VH, wherein the VH has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has a VH having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has a VH having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has a VH having at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has a VH having at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0111] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VL, wherein the VL has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has a VL having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has a VL having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has a VL having at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has a VL having at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0112] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized SIR-BP-H011. In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof comprising: (a) a VH having at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 17-30; and / or (b) a VL having at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 31-45.
[0113] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VH, wherein the VH has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the VH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17.
[0114] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VH, wherein the VH has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, the VH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.
[0115] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VH, wherein the VH has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the VH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.
[0116] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VH, wherein the VH has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, the VH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20.
[0117] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VH, wherein the VH has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the VH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21.
[0118] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VH, wherein the VH has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the VH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22.
[0119] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VH, wherein the VH has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23. In some embodiments, the VH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23.
[0120] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VH, wherein the VH has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 24. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 24. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 24. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 24. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 24. In some embodiments, the VH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24.
[0121] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VH, wherein the VH has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 25. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 25. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 25. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 25. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 25. In some embodiments, the VH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25.
[0122] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VH, wherein the VH has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 26. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 26. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 26. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 26. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 26. In some embodiments, the VH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26.
[0123] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VH, wherein the VH has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 27. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 27. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 27. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 27. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 27. In some embodiments, the VH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27.
[0124] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VH, wherein the VH has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 28. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 28. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 28. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 28. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 28. In some embodiments, the VH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28.
[0125] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VH, wherein the VH has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 29. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 29. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 29. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 29. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 29. In some embodiments, the VH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29.
[0126] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VH, wherein the VH has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 30. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 30. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 30. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 30. In some embodiments, the VH has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 30. In some embodiments, the VH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30.
[0127] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VL, wherein the VL has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 31. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 31. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 31. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 31. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 31. In some embodiments, the VL has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31.
[0128] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VL, wherein the VL has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 32. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 32. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 32. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 32. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 32. In some embodiments, the VL has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32.
[0129] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VL, wherein the VL has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 33. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 33. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 33. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 33. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 33. In some embodiments, the VL has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33.
[0130] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VL, wherein the VL has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 34. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 34. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 34. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 34. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 34. In some embodiments, the VL has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34.
[0131] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VL, wherein the VL has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 35. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 35. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 35. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 35. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 35. In some embodiments, the VL has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35.
[0132] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VL, wherein the VL has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 36. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 36. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 36. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 36. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 36. In some embodiments, the VL has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 36.
[0133] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VL, wherein the VL has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 37. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 37. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 37. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 37. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 37. In some embodiments, the VL has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0134] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VL, wherein the VL has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 38. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 38. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 38. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 38. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 38. In some embodiments, the VL has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38.
[0135] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VL, wherein the VL has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 39. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 39. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 39. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 39. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 39. In some embodiments, the VL has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39.
[0136] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VL, wherein the VL has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 40. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 40. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 40. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 40. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 40. In some embodiments, the VL has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40.
[0137] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VL, wherein the VL has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 41. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 41. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 41. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 41. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 41. In some embodiments, the VL has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41.
[0138] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VL, wherein the VL has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 42. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 42. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 42. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 42. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 42. In some embodiments, the VL has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42.
[0139] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VL, wherein the VL has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 43. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 43. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 43. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 43. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 43. In some embodiments, the VL has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43.
[0140] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VL, wherein the VL has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 44. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 44. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 44. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 44. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 44. In some embodiments, the VL has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44.
[0141] In some embodiments, provided herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VL, wherein the VL has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 45. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 45. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 45. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 45. In some embodiments, the VL has at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 45. In some embodiments, the VL has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 45.
[0142] In some embodiments, provided herein are anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that comprise VH CDRs from a VH described herein (SEQ ID NOs: 1, or 17-30) , and / or VL CDRs from a VL described herein (SEQ ID NOs: 4, or 31-45) . Methods to identify CDRs are well known in the art. For example, software programs (abYsis) on publicly available websites are known to those of skill in the art for analysis of antibody sequence and determination of CDRs.
[0143] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising (a) a VH comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 from a VH having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 17-30; and / or (b) a VL comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 31-45.
[0144] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a variant of a humanized SIR-BP-H011 provided herein. The variant can have a VH that is a variant of the VH of a humanized SIR-BP-H011 having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 17-30. The variant can have a VH that is a variant of the VH of a humanized SIR-BP-H011 having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 17-30. The variant can have a VL that is a variant of the VL of a humanized SIR-BP-H011 having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 31-45. The variant can have a VL that is a variant of the VL of a humanized SIR-BP-H011 having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 31-45. In some embodiments, the variant of a humanized SIR-BP-H011 has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions.
[0145] The humanized SIR-BP-H011 can comprise a combination of any humanized VL disclosed herein and any humanized VH disclosed herein (see e.g., Table 1b) . For example, in some embodiments, the humanized SIR-BP-H011 can comprise a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, and a VL having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 31-45. In some embodiments, the humanized SIR-BP-H011 can comprise a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18, and a VL having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 31-45. In some embodiments, the humanized SIR-BP-H011 can comprise a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, and a VL having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 31-45. In some embodiments, the humanized SIR-BP-H011 can comprise a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20, and a VL having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 31-45. In some embodiments, the humanized SIR-BP-H011 can comprise a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21, and a VL having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 31-45. In some embodiments, the humanized SIR-BP-H011 can comprise a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22, and a VL having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 31-45. In some embodiments, the humanized SIR-BP-H011 can comprise a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23, and a VL having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 31-45. In some embodiments, the humanized SIR-BP-H011 can comprise a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, and a VL having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 31-45. In some embodiments, the humanized SIR-BP-H011 can comprise a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25, and a VL having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 31-45. In some embodiments, the humanized SIR-BP-H011 can comprise a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26, and a VL having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 31-45. In some embodiments, the humanized SIR-BP-H011 can comprise a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, and a VL having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 31-45. In some embodiments, the humanized SIR-BP-H011 can comprise a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28, and a VL having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 31-45. In some embodiments, the humanized SIR-BP-H011 can comprise a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29, and a VL having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 31-45. In some embodiments, the humanized SIR-BP-H011 can comprise a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30, and a VL having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 31-45.
[0146] For example, in some embodiments, the humanized SIR-BP-H011 can comprise a VH having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 17-30, and a VL having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 31. In some embodiments, the humanized SIR-BP-H011 can comprise a VH having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 17-30, and a VL having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 32. In some embodiments, the humanized SIR-BP-H011 can comprise a VH having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 17-30, and a VL having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 33. In some embodiments, the humanized SIR-BP-H011 can comprise a VH having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 17-30, and a VL having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 34. In some embodiments, the humanized SIR-BP-H011 can comprise a VH having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 17-30, and a VL having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 35. In some embodiments, the humanized SIR-BP-H011 can comprise a VH having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 17-30, and a VL having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 36. In some embodiments, the humanized SIR-BP-H011 can comprise a VH having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 17-30, and a VL having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 37. In some embodiments, the humanized SIR-BP-H011 can comprise a VH having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 17-30, and a VL having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 38. In some embodiments, the humanized SIR-BP-H011 can comprise a VH having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 17-30, and a VL having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 39. In some embodiments, the humanized SIR-BP-H011 can comprise a VH having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 17-30, and a VL having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 40. In some embodiments, the humanized SIR-BP-H011 can comprise a VH having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 17-30, and a VL having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 41. In some embodiments, the humanized SIR-BP-H011 can comprise a VH having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 17-30, and a VL having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 42. In some embodiments, the humanized SIR-BP-H011 can comprise a VH having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 17-30, and a VL having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 43. In some embodiments, the humanized SIR-BP-H011 can comprise a VH having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 17-30, and a VL having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 44. In some embodiments, the humanized SIR-BP-H011 can comprise a VH having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 17-30, and a VL having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 45.
[0147] The anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof can comprise a combination of any VH disclosed herein and any VL disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise a VH and a VL, wherein the VH and the VL have the amino acid sequences of (1) SEQ ID NOs: 17 and 31, respectively; (2) SEQ ID NOs: 18 and 31, respectively; (3) SEQ ID NOs: 17 and 32, respectively; (4) SEQ ID NOs: 19 and 33, respectively; (5) SEQ ID NOs: 20 and 34, respectively; (6) SEQ ID NOs: 19 and 35, respectively; (7) SEQ ID NOs: 21 and 36, respectively; (8) SEQ ID NOs: 22 and 37, respectively; (9) SEQ ID NOs: 23 and 38, respectively; (10) SEQ ID NOs: 24 and 38, respectively; (11) SEQ ID NOs: 25 and 39, respectively; (12) SEQ ID NOs: 26 and 40, respectively; (13) SEQ ID NOs: 27 and 41, respectively; (14) SEQ ID NOs: 27 and 42, respectively; (15) SEQ ID NOs: 28 and 43, respectively; (16) SEQ ID NOs: 29 and 44, respectively; or (17) SEQ ID NOs: 30 and 45, respectively.
[0148] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is the antibody designated as #5-J3. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein has a VH from #5-J3 (SEQ ID NO: 2) . In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein has a VL from #5-J3 (SEQ ID NO: 5) . The anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein can have both the VH and the VL from #5-J3. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein has a VH that comprises VH CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from the VH from #5-J3 (SEQ ID NO: 2) . In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein has a VL that comprises VL CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from the VL from #5-J3 (SEQ ID NO: 5) . The anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein can have a VH comprising VH CDRs 1, 2, and 3 and a VL comprising VL CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from the VH and VL of #5-J3, respectively. The CDRs can be defined by any system known in the art. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat, Chothia, IMGT, AbM, or Contact. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat (as detailed herein) . In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Chothia. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by IMGT. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by AbM. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Contact.
[0149] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a variant of #5-J3. The #5-J3 variant can have a VH that is a variant of the VH of #5-J3 having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 2. The #5-J3 variant can have a VH that is a variant of the VH of #5-J3 having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 2. The #5-J3 variant can have a VL that is a variant of the VL of #5-J3 having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO:5. The #5-J3 variant can have a VL that is a variant of the VL of #5-J3 having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 5. The amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions can be in the VH CDRs or VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions are not in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant of #5-J3 has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the variant of #5-J3 has up to 3 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from #5-J3. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from #5-J3.
[0150] In some embodiments, anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise one, two, three, four, five, and / or six CDRs of any one of the antibodies described herein. In some embodiments, anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise a VH comprising one, two, and / or three VH CDRs from Table 2a. In some embodiments, anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise a VL comprising one, two, and / or three VL CDRs from Table 2a. In some embodiments, anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise one, two, and / or three VH CDRs and one, two, and / or three VL CDRs from Table 2a.
[0151] Table 2a Amino acid sequences of VH CDRs and VL CDRs of #5-J3
[0152] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98, comprising a VH comprising (1) a VH CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8; (2) a VH CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9; and / or (3) a VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and / or a VL comprising (1) a VL CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12; (2) a VL CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of AD; and / or (3) a VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions in the VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions in the VL CDRs.
[0153] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VH comprising (1) a VH CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8; (2) a VH CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9; and / or (3) a VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 having a VH, wherein the VH comprises VH CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 8, 9 and 11, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions in the VH CDRs.
[0154] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98, comprising a VL comprising (1) a VL CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12; (2) a VL CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of AD; and / or (3) a VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 having a VL, wherein the VL comprises VL CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 12, AD and SEQ ID NO: 14, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions in the VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions in the VL CDRs.
[0155] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, VH CDR3, VL CDR1, VL CDR2 and VL CDR3, having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, AD and SEQ ID NO: 14, respectively, or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions in the CDRs.
[0156] Table 2b Amino acid sequences of VH and VL of #5-J3
[0157] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising: (a) a VH having at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; and (b) a VL having at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VH and a VL, wherein the VH and VL have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 2 and 5, respectively.
[0158] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VH, wherein the VH has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has a VH having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has a VH having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has a VH having at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has a VH having at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0159] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VL, wherein the VL has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has a VL having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has a VL having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has a VL having at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has a VL having at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5.
[0160] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is the antibody designated as #11-M7. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein has a VH from #11-M7 (SEQ ID NO: 3) . In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein has a VL from #11-M7 (SEQ ID NO: 5) . The anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein can have both the VH and the VL from #11-M7. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein has a VH that comprises VH CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from the VH from #11-M7 (SEQ ID NO: 3) . In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein has a VL that comprises VL CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from the VL from #11-M7 (SEQ ID NO: 5) . The anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein can have a VH comprising VH CDRs 1, 2, and 3 and a VL comprising VL CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from the VH and VL of #11-M7, respectively. The CDRs can be defined by any system known in the art. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat, Chothia, IMGT, AbM, or Contact. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat (as detailed herein) . In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Chothia. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by IMGT. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by AbM. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Contact.
[0161] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a variant of #11-M7. The #11-M7 variant can have a VH that is a variant of the VH of #11-M7 having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 3. The #11-M7 variant can have a VH that is a variant of the VH of #11-M7 having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 3. The #11-M7 variant can have a VL that is a variant of the VL of #11-M7 having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 5. The #11-M7 variant can have a VL that is a variant of the VL of #11-M7 having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 5. The amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions can be in the VH CDRs or VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions are not in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant of #11-M7 has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the variant of #11-M7 has up to 3 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from #11-M7. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided herein is a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from #11-M7.
[0162] In some embodiments, anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise one, two, three, four, five, and / or six CDRs of any one of the antibodies described herein. In some embodiments, anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise a VH comprising one, two, and / or three VH CDRs from Table 3a. In some embodiments, anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise a VL comprising one, two, and / or three VL CDRs from Table 3a. In some embodiments, anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise one, two, and / or three VH CDRs and one, two, and / or three VL CDRs from Table 3a.
[0163] Table 3a Amino acid sequences of VH CDRs and VL CDRs of #11-M7
[0164] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98, comprising a VH comprising (1) a VH CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8; (2) a VH CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9; and / or (3) a VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and / or a VL comprising (1) a VL CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12; (2) a VL CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of AD; and / or (3) a VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions in the VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions in the VL CDRs.
[0165] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VH comprising (1) a VH CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8; (2) a VH CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9; and / or (3) a VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 having a VH, wherein the VH comprises VH CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 8, 9 and 11, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions in the VH CDRs.
[0166] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98, comprising a VL comprising (1) a VL CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12; (2) a VL CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of AD; and / or (3) a VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 having a VL, wherein the VL comprises VL CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 12, AD and SEQ ID NO: 14, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions in the VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions in the VL CDRs.
[0167] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, VH CDR3, VL CDR1, VL CDR2 and VL CDR3, having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, AD and SEQ ID NO: 14, respectively, or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 3 conservative amino acid substitutions in the CDRs.
[0168] Table 3b Amino acid sequences of VH and VL of #11-M7
[0169] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising: (a) a VH having at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3; and (b) a VL having at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VH and a VL, wherein the VH and VL have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 5, respectively.
[0170] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VH, wherein the VH has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has a VH having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has a VH having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has a VH having at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has a VH having at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:3.
[0171] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VL, wherein the VL has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has a VL having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has a VL having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has a VL having at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has a VL having at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind CD98 comprising a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5.
[0172] In some embodiments, provided herein are also antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with the antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided above for binding to CD98 (e.g., human CD98) . Antibodies that “compete with another antibody for binding to a target” refer to antibodies that inhibit (partially or completely) the binding of the other antibody to the target. Whether two antibodies compete with each other for binding to a target, i.e., whether and to what extent one antibody inhibits the binding of the other antibody to a target, can be determined using known competition experiments, e.g., surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis. In some embodiments, an anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment competes with, and inhibits binding of another antibody or antigen-binding fragment to CD98 by at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%or 100%. Competition assays can be conducted as described, for example, in Ed Harlow and David Lane, Cold Spring Harb Protoc; 2006; doi: l0. H0l / pdb. prot4277 or in Chapter 11 of “Using Antibodies” by Ed Harlow and David Lane, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA 1999.
[0173] The present disclosure further contemplates additional variants and equivalents that are substantially homologous to the recombinant, monoclonal, chimeric, humanized, and human antibodies, or antibody fragments thereof, described herein. In some embodiments, it is desirable to improve the binding affinity of the antibody. In some embodiments, it is desirable to modulate biological properties of the antibody, including but not limited to, specificity, thermostability, expression level, effector function (s) , glycosylation, immunogenicity, and / or solubility. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that amino acid changes may alter post-translational processes of an antibody, such as changing the number or position of glycosylation sites or altering membrane anchoring characteristics.
[0174] Antibodies comprising functional variants of the heavy chain, light chains, VL regions, VH regions, or one or more CDRs of the antibodies of the examples are also provided herein. A functional variant of a heavy chain, a light chain, VL, VH, or CDRs used in the context of an antibody still allows the antibody to retain at least a substantial proportion (at least about 90%, 95%or more) of functional features of the “reference” and / or “parent” antibody, including affinity and / or the specificity / selectivity, Fc inertness and PK parameters such as half-life, Tmax, Cmax. Such functional variants typically retain significant sequence identity to the parent antibody and / or have substantially similar length of heavy and light chains. Exemplary variants include those which differ from heavy and / or light chains, VH and / or VL, and / or CDR regions of the parent antibody sequences mainly by conservative substitutions, e.g., 10, such as 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 of the substitutions in the variant can be conservative amino acid residue replacements.
[0175] Variations can be a substitution, deletion, or insertion of one or more nucleotides encoding the antibody or polypeptide that results in a change in the amino acid sequence as compared with the native antibody or polypeptide sequence. In some embodiments, amino acid substitutions are the result of replacing one amino acid with another amino acid having similar structural and / or chemical properties, such as the replacement of a leucine with a serine, e.g., conservative amino acid replacements. Insertions or deletions can be in the range of about 1 to 5 amino acids. In some embodiments, the substitution, deletion, or insertion includes less than 25 amino acid substitutions, less than 20 amino acid substitutions, less than 15 amino acid substitutions, less than 10 amino acid substitutions, less than 5 amino acid substitutions, less than 4 amino acid substitutions, less than 3 amino acid substitutions, or less than 2 amino acid substitutions relative to the parent molecule. In some embodiments, variations in the amino acid sequence that are biologically useful and / or relevant can be determined by systematically making insertions, deletions, or substitutions in the sequence and testing the resulting variant proteins for activity as compared to the parent protein.
[0176] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with an anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment disclosed herein for binding to CD98 (e.g., human CD98) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with chimeric SIR-BP-H011 for binding to CD98 (e.g., human CD98) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with a humanized SIR-BP-H011 disclosed herein for binding to CD98 (e.g., human CD98) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with chimeric #5-J3 for binding to CD98 (e.g., human CD98) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with a humanized #5-J3 disclosed herein for binding to CD98 (e.g., human CD98) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with chimeric #11-M7 for binding to CD98 (e.g., human CD98) . In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with a humanized #11-M7 disclosed herein for binding to CD98 (e.g., human CD98) .
[0177] Epitope mapping is a method of identifying the binding site, region, or epitope on a target protein where an antibody binds. A variety of methods are known in the art for mapping epitopes on target proteins. These methods include mutagenesis, including but not limited to, shotgun mutagenesis, site-directed mutagenesis, and alanine scanning; domain or fragment scanning; peptide scanning (e.g., Pepscan technology) ; display methods (e.g., phage display, microbial display, and ribosome / mRNA display) ; methods involving proteolysis and mass spectroscopy; and structural determination (e.g., X-ray crystallography and NMR) . In some embodiments, anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein are characterized by assays including, but not limited to, N-terminal sequencing, amino acid analysis, HPLC, mass spectrometry, ion exchange chromatography, and papain digestion.
[0178] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies provided herein are IgG antibodies. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies are IgG1 antibodies. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies are IgG2 antibodies. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies are IgG3 antibodies. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies are IgG4 antibodies. The amino acid sequences of the CL region and the CH region can be derived from any appropriate source, e.g., a constant region of an antibody such as an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4. In some embodiments, the constant regions are derived from human IgG. In some embodiments, the constant regions are derived from human IgG1 (SEQ ID NO: 53) . In some embodiments, the constant regions are derived from human IgG2 (SEQ ID NO: 54) . In some embodiments, the constant regions are derived from human IgG3 (SEQ ID NO: 55) . In some embodiments, the constant regions are derived from human IgG4 (SEQ ID NO: 56) . In some embodiments, the amino acid sequences of the CL region and the CH region can comprise one or more amino acid substitutions, additions, or deletions that differ from the wildtype immunoglobulin, e.g., one or more amino acid substitutions in a wild type IgG1 or IgG4. Such mutations are known in the art (see, e.g., US7704497, US7083784, US6821505, US 8323962, US6737056, and US7416727) .
[0179] The anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise a CH region, and a CL region. In some embodiments, the CL region is Cκ (SEQ ID NO: 51) or Cλ (SEQ ID NO: 52) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids substitutions, additions, and / or deletions. In some embodiments, the CL region is Cκ (SEQ ID NO: 51) . In some embodiments, the CL region is Cλ (SEQ ID NO: 52) . In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise a CH region, which can be human IgG1 CH region (SEQ ID NO: 53) , human IgG2 CH region (SEQ ID NO: 54) , human IgG3 CH region (SEQ ID NO: 55) , or human IgG4 CH region (SEQ ID NO: 56) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids substitutions, additions, and / or deletions.
[0180] In some embodiments, provided herein are variants of anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein. In some embodiments, a variant comprises one to 30 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the parent antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, a variant comprises one to 25 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the parent antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, a variant comprises one to 20 substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the parent antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, a variant comprises one to 15 substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the parent antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, a variant comprises one to 10 substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the parent antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, a variant comprises one to five amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the parent antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, a variant comprises one to three amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the parent antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitution (s) is in a CDR of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitution (s) is not in a CDR of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitution (s) is in a framework region of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions are conservative amino acid substitutions.
[0181] The variant antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein can be generated using methods known in the art, including but not limited to, site-directed mutagenesis, alanine scanning mutagenesis, and PCR mutagenesis. Methods for mutagenesis and nucleotide sequence alterations are well known in the art. See, for example, Walker and Gaastra, eds. (1983) TECHNIQUES IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (MacMillan Publishing Company, New York) ; Kunkel, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 488-492 (1985) ; Kunkel et al., Methods Enzymol. 54: 367-382 (1987) ; Sambrook et al. (1989) MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. ) ; U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,192; and the references cited therein; herein incorporated by reference. Guidance as to appropriate amino acid substitutions that do not affect biological activity of the polypeptide of interest can be found in the model of Dayhoff et al. (1978) in Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure (Natl. Biomed. Res. Found., Washington, D. C. ) , pp. 345-352, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. The model of Dayhoff et al. uses the Point Accepted Mutation (PAM) amino acid similarity matrix (PAM 250 matrix) to determine suitable conservative amino acid substitutions. Conservative substitutions, such as exchanging one amino acid with another having similar properties, can be beneficial.
[0182] In some embodiments, variants can include addition of amino acid residues at the amino-and / or carboxyl-terminal end of the antibody or polypeptide. The length of additional amino acids residues can range from one residue to a hundred or more residues. In some embodiments, a variant comprises an N-terminal methionyl residue. In some embodiments, the variant comprises an additional polypeptide / protein (e.g., Fc region) to create a conjugate. In some embodiments, a variant is engineered to be detectable and can comprise a detectable label and / or protein (e.g., a fluorescent tag or an enzyme) .
[0183] It is known in the art that the constant regions of an antibody mediate several effector functions and these effector functions can vary depending on the isotype of the antibody. For example, binding of the C1 component of complement to the Fc region of IgG or IgM antibodies (bound to antigen) activates the complement system. Activation of complement is important in the opsonization and lysis of cell pathogens. The activation of complement also stimulates the inflammatory response and can be involved in autoimmune hypersensitivity. In addition, the Fc region of an antibody can bind a cell expressing a Fc receptor (FcR) . There are a number of Fc receptors which are specific for different classes of antibody, including IgG (gamma receptors) , IgE (epsilon receptors) , IgA (alpha receptors) and IgM (mu receptors) . Binding of antibody to Fc receptors on cell surfaces triggers a number of important and diverse biological responses including engulfment and destruction of antibody-coated particles, clearance of immune complexes, lysis of antibody-coated target cells by killer cells (called antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity or ADCC) , release of inflammatory mediators, placental transfer, and control of immunoglobulin production.
[0184] In some embodiments, at least one or more of the constant regions has been modified or deleted in the antibodies provided herein. In some embodiments, the antibodies comprise modifications to one or more of the three heavy chain constant regions (CH1, CH2 or CH3) and / or to the light chain constant region (CL) .
[0185] In some embodiments, the heavy chain constant region of the modified antibodies comprises at least one human constant region. In some embodiments, the heavy chain constant region of the modified antibodies comprises more than one human constant region. In some embodiments, modifications to the constant region comprise additions, deletions, or substitutions of one or more amino acids in one or more regions. In some embodiments, one or more regions are partially or entirely deleted from the constant regions of the modified antibodies. In some embodiments, the entire CH2 domain has been removed from an antibody (ΔCH2 constructs) . In some embodiments, a deleted constant region is replaced by a short amino acid spacer that provides some of the molecular flexibility typically imparted by the absent constant region. In some embodiments, a modified antibody comprises a CH3 domain directly fused to the hinge region of the antibody. In some embodiments, a modified antibody comprises a peptide spacer inserted between the hinge region and modified CH2 and / or CH3 domains.
[0186] In some embodiments, the antibodies provided herein can comprise an Fc domain or fragment thereof. In some embodiments, an Fc domain is of IgG class, the IgM class, or the IgA class. In some embodiments, an Fc domain or fragment thereof is an IgG Fc domain or fragment thereof. In some embodiments, an Fc domain or fragment thereof is a human IgG Fc domain or fragment thereof. In some embodiments, an Fc domain or fragment thereof is a human IgG1 Fc domain or fragment thereof. In some embodiments, an Fc domain or fragment thereof is a human IgG2 Fc domain or fragment thereof. In some embodiments, an Fc domain or fragment thereof is a human IgG4 Fc domain or fragment thereof. In some embodiments, Fc domain has been modified or deleted in the antibodies provided herein.
[0187] In some embodiments, the modified antibodies (e.g., modified Fc region) provide altered effector functions that, in turn, affect the biological profile of the antibody. For example, in some embodiments, the deletion or inactivation (through point mutations or other means) of a constant region reduces Fc receptor binding of the modified antibody as it circulates. In some embodiments, the constant region modifications reduce the immunogenicity of the antibody. In some embodiments, the constant region modifications increase the serum half-life of the antibody. In some embodiments, the constant region modifications reduce the serum half-life of the antibody. In some embodiments, the constant region modifications decrease or remove ADCC and / or CDC of the antibody. In some embodiments, specific amino acid substitutions in a human IgG1 Fc region with corresponding IgG2 or IgG4 residues reduce effector functions (e.g., ADCC and CDC) in the modified antibody. In some embodiments, an antibody does not have one or more effector functions (e.g., “effectorless” antibodies) . In some embodiments, the antibody does not bind an Fc receptor and / or complement factors. In some embodiments, the antibody has no effector function (s) . In some embodiments, the constant region is modified to eliminate disulfide linkages or oligosaccharide moieties. In some embodiments, the constant region is modified to add / substitute one or more amino acids to provide one or more oligosaccharide, or carbohydrate attachment sites. In some embodiments, the antibodies provided herein can comprise a modified Fc domain as compared to a native Fc region.
[0188] In some embodiments of the antibodies provided herein, the Fc domain comprises one or more amino acid substitution that reduces binding to an Fc receptor. The Fc receptor can be a human Fc receptor. The Fc receptor can be an Fcγ receptor. The Fc receptor can be an activating Fc receptor. The Fc receptor can be an activating human Fcγ receptor, such as a human Fcγ RIIIa, Fcγ RI or FcγRIIa. In some embodiments of the antibodies provided herein, the Fc domain comprises one or more amino acid substitution that reduces the effector function. In some embodiments of the antibodies provided herein, the same one or more amino acid substitution is present in each of the two subunits of the Fc region. In one aspect, the one or more amino acid substitution reduces the binding affinity of the Fc region to an Fc receptor. In one aspect, the one or more amino acid substitution reduces the binding affinity of the Fc region to an Fc receptor by at least 2-fold, at least 5-fold, or at least 10-fold.
[0189] Variants with reduced effector functions are known in the art and can be incorporated in the antibodies disclosed herein. For example, amino acid substitutions are known to reduce effector function. hIgG1 L235A / G237A / E318A antibody is unable to bind to human cell lines expressing FcγRs, resulting in reduced ADCC. hIgG1 and hIgG4 antibodies with L234A / L235A Fc domains have no detectable binding to the low affinity FcγRs and C1q and significantly reduced ADCC and CDC. The D266S mutation also reduces binding to FcγRs and C1q, similar to L234A and L235A. Mutations at specific residues in hIgG1 known to interact with both FcγRs and C1q, such as amino acid substitutions L234F / L235E / P331S, can reduce binding to the low affinity FcγRs and result in no detectable binding to FcγRI. The G236R / L328R mutation pair reduces or completely abrogates binding to the FcγRs. S267E substitution also reduces binding for all low affinity hFcγRs. S267K substitution combined with a series of mutations in the lower hinge of hIgG2 (E233P / L234V / L235A mutations and a deletion of residue G236) and incorporated into a hIgG1 background result in a lack of binding to all hFcγR. P329G disrupts the interaction between hIgG and hFcγR. The triple mutant L234A / L235A / P329G has no detectable binding to C1q or FcγRs, resulting in abrogated ADCC when introduced into a hIgG1. Combined point mutations of N297Q, L234F, L235E, D265A, P331S ablate Fc function. The combination of L234F / L235E / D265A potently silences the Fc region, resulting in no detectable binding to FcyRI, reduced binding to the low affinity FcyRs and reduced binding to C1q. From the site saturation mutagenesis libraries centered about the Fc C′ / E loop, the S298G / T299A mutations are found to abolish or significantly reduce binding to C1q and most FcγRs except for FcγRIIA-R131 and FcγRIIB.
[0190] Additionally, glycoengineering techniques can be used to generate antibodies with reduced effector functions. The N297 glycan is central to the binding between hIgG1 and FcγRs and C1q. As such, amino acid mutations at this site which remove this glycan, including N297A, N297Q and N297G, can reduce binding to all FcγRs and C1q, resulting in reduction of ADCC and CDC.
[0191] For hIgG4, which has low affinity for all FcγR, the serine at position 228 plays a pivotal role in F (ab) arm exchange. The S228P substitution can provide homogeneous hIgG4, and is commonly introduced in therapeutic hIgG4 antibodies. Based upon its inherent lack of effector function, the human γ4 constant region can be used in Fc-silencing approaches. For example, exchanging the human γ1 region with that of human γ4 can reduce effector functionality. Murine IgG2b isotype, which also has low FcγR binding activity, differs from hIgG4 at position 235. Incorporating the mouse IgG2b residue (glutamic acid) into the hIgG4 antibody at this position can further minimize Fc effector function, resulting in an antibody (with the S228P / L235E mutations) with substantially reduced, if any, binding to all FcγRs and C1q, and no measurable ADCC. Additionally, rather than replacing the whole constant region of hIgG1 with hIgG4, specific amino acids from human γ4 can be introduced into antibodies of other IgG isotypes. For example, a combination of amino acid mutations-H268Q / V309L / A330S / P331S (IgG2m4) , when introduced into a hIgG2 backbone, can lead to no detectable binding to hFcγRI, hFcγRIIIA or C1q, reduced binding to hFcγRIIB and no change in binding to FcγRIIA-H131 when compared to the WT hIgG2 antibody. For another example, the V234A / G237A / P238S / H268A / V309L / A330S / P331S (IgG2c4d) mutations, where multiple residues within the hIgG2 constant region are replaced with IgG4 residues, can result in no detectable binding to any FcγRs or C1q and no measurable ADCC, ADCP or CDC when compared to the WT hIgG2 counterpart.
[0192] Accordingly, for illustrative purposes, such variants include: aglycosylation (N297A / Q / G; or “NA” ) , L235A / G237A / E318A ( “AAA” ) , L234A / L235A ( “LALA” ) , L234A / L235A / D266S ( “AAS” ) , S228P / L235E ( “IgG4 PE” ) , G236R / L328R ( “RR” ) , S298G / T299A ( “GA” ) , L234F / L235E / P331S ( “FES” ) , H268Q / V309L / A330S / P331S ( “IgG2m4” ) , E233P / L234V / L235A / deletion of G236 / S267K, L234A / L235A / P329G ( “LALAPG” ) , V234A / G237A / P238S / H268A / V309L / A330S / P331S ( “IgG2c4d” ) , and L234F / L235E / D265A ( “FEA” ) . (See Liu et al., Antibodies 9.4 (2020) : 64; Delidakis et al., Annual review of biomedical engineering 24 (2022) : 249-274, both incorporated herein by reference in their entireties) . As a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand, the antibodies disclosed herein are not limited by specific Fc modifications, and any combination and permutations of the Fc modifications disclosed herein or otherwise known in the art that reduce the effector function or binding affinity to FcγR can be adopted.
[0193] In some embodiments, Fc mutations are incorporated to improve serum half-life. Exemplary mutations include, for example, M252Y / S254T / T256E (YTE) substitutions, M428L / N434S (LS) substitutions, T307A / E380A / N434A (TM) substitutions, and H433K / N434F (HS) substitutions. These mutations are specifically designed to enhance the interaction of the antibody with the FcRn receptor, thereby reducing lysosomal degradation and prolonging the antibody's circulation time in the bloodstream.
[0194] In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein can be chemically modified naturally or by intervention. In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments are chemically modified by glycosylation, acetylation, pegylation, phosphorylation, amidation, derivatization by known protecting / blocking groups, proteolytic cleavage, and / or linkage to a cellular ligand or other protein. Any of numerous chemical modifications can be carried out by known techniques. The antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein can comprise one or more analogs of an amino acid (including, for example, unnatural amino acids) , as well as other modifications known in the art.
[0195] The anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments of the present disclosure can be analyzed for their physical, chemical and / or biological properties by various methods known in the art. In some embodiments, an anti-CD98 antibody is tested for its ability to bind CD98 (e.g., human CD98 or cyno CD98) . Binding assays include, but are not limited to, BLI, SPR (e.g., Biacore) , ELISA, and FACS. In addition, antibodies can be evaluated for solubility, stability, thermostability, viscosity, expression levels, expression quality, and / or purification efficiency.
[0196] In some embodiments, anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein bind to human CD98 with high affinity, for example, with a KD of 10-7 M or less, 5×10-8 M or less, 10-8 M or less, 5×10-9 M or less, 10-9 M or less, 5×10-10 M or less, or 10-10 M or less. In some embodiments, anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein bind to human CD98 with high affinity, for example, with a KD of about 10-7 M, about 5×10-8 M, about 10-8 M, about 5×10-9 M, about 10-9 M, about 5×10-10 M, or about 10-10 M. In some embodiments, anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein bind to human CD98 with a KD of about 10-7 M. In some embodiments, anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein bind to human CD98 with a KD of about 10-8 M. In some embodiments, anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein bind to human CD98 with a KD of about 10-9 M. In some embodiments, anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein bind to human CD98 with a KD ranging from 10-10 M to 10-7 M, from 10-9 M to 10-7 M, from 10-8 M to 10-7 M, from 10-10 M to 5×10-8 M, from 10-9 M to 5×10-8 M, from 10-8 M to 5×10-8 M, from 10-10 M to 10-8 M, from 10-9 M to 10-8 M, from 10-10 M to 5×10-9 M, from 10-9 M to 5×10-9 M, or from 10-10 M to 10-9 M. In some embodiments, anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein bind to human CD98 with high affinity, for example, with a KD from 10-9 M to 10-7 M. In some embodiments, the KD is determined by BLI. In some embodiments, the KD is determined by SPR.
[0197] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein bind to both human CD98 and cynomolgus CD98. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein bind to human CD98 but not cynomolgus CD98.
[0198] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein can cross the BBB.
[0199] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein are internalizing antibodies or antigen-binding fragments. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments disclosed herein can be internalized in BBB epithelial cells greater than 10-fold as compared to internalization by an isotype control.
[0200] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein accumulate at least 2-fold more than an isotype control in the brain. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein accumulate at least 3, at least 4, or at least 5-fold more than an isotype control in the brain. In some embodiments, the accumulation is measured in a hCD98 knock-in mouse.
[0201] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein accumulate at least 2-fold more than an isotype control in the brain parenchyma. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein accumulate at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, or at least 30-fold more than an isotype control in the brain parenchyma. In some embodiments, the accumulation is measured in a hCD98 knock-in mouse. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein accumulate at least 10, at least 20, or at least 30-fold more in the brain parenchyma of a subject expressing human CD98 (e.g., a HuCD98 knock-in mouse) compared to a subject not expressing human CD98 (e.g., a wild-type mouse) .
[0202] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein exhibit minimal binding to peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMCs) . In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein do not bind peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMCs) .
[0203] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein do not affect BBB integrity or function. Leucine transported into the brain parenchyma serves several functions, including but not limited to, providing a metabolic precursor of fuel molecules, participating in the maintenance of the nitrogen balance, and regulating the activity of some enzymes important for brain energy metabolism. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein do not affect leucine uptake by CD98-expressing cells. 6.3 Conjugates
[0204] Provided herein are conjugates comprising an antibody or antigen-binding fragment disclosed herein that specifically binds to human CD98. Conjugates provided herein comprise the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment and an effector moiety. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment and the effector moiety form a complex by non-covalent interaction. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment is linked to the effector moiety.
[0205] By being conjugated to the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment, the effector moiety can cross the BBB and be delivered to the CNS, such as the brain. In some embodiments, the effector moiety is selected from the group consisting of drugs for neurological diseases or disorders, drugs for metabolic diseases or disorders, neurotrophic factors, growth factors, enzymes, cytotoxic agents and imaging agents. In some embodiments, the effector moiety is a therapeutic agent, such as a small molecule drug or a biologic drug. In some embodiments, the effector moiety is a small molecule drug for neurological condition (e.g., temozolomide) . In some embodiments, the effector moiety is a small molecule drug for metabolic condition (e.g., GLP-1R agonist such as exenatide) . In some embodiments, the effector moiety is a peptide (e.g., an IGF-1 peptide) . In some embodiments, the effector moiety is an antibody (e.g., aducanumab) . In some embodiments, the effector moiety can be a gene therapy vector, such as a viral vector. In some embodiments, the effector moiety can be a neuroprotective agent, such as an antioxidant (e.g., Coenzyme Q10) or an anti-inflammatory agent (e.g., minocycline) .
[0206] In some embodiments, the effector moiety is a diagnostic agent, such as an imaging agent that helps visualize brain structure or pathology. The imaging agent can be a radioactive isotope, a contrast agent, or a fluorescent dye. In some embodiments, the imaging agent can be fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) . In some embodiments, the imaging agent can be MRI contrast agent such as gadolinium-based agents.
[0207] In some embodiments, the effector moiety is a peptide. In some embodiments, provided herein are conjugates comprising the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment and the peptide effector moiety, connected by a linker, such as a peptide linker. The linker can be e.g., a glycine linker, a glycine-rich linker, or a glycine-serine linker. The linker can be, for example, 1 to 20 amino acids in length. In other embodiments, the linker is a chemical linker, such as a non-cleavable linker or a cleavable linker (e.g., acid-labile, protease-sensitive, or disulfide-containing linkers. A person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the conjugates disclosed herein are not limited by the specific linkers exemplified herein. Any peptide linker or chemical linker with the appropriate length and flexibility that allows both the anti-CD98 and the peptide effector moiety to properly function can be used.
[0208] In some embodiments, a conjugate provided herein comprises an anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment and a peptide effector moiety. In some embodiments, the peptide effector moiety is a peptide useful in protein replacement therapy (PRT) . In some embodiments, the peptide effector moiety is an enzyme (e.g., an enzyme for use in enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) ) or a catalytically active fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the peptide effector moiety is a growth factor. In some embodiments, the peptide effector moiety is a decoy receptor. In some embodiments, the peptide effector moiety is progranulin (PGRN) , prosaposin (PSAP) , or survival motor neuron protein (SMN) . In some embodiments, the peptide effector moiety can be an enzyme that is ubiquitin protein ligase E3A (UBE3A) , α-L-Iduronidase (IDUA) , Iduronate-2-sulphatase (IDS) , N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulphatase (GALNS) , N-sulfoglucosamine sulfohydrolase (SGSH) , N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulphatase (arylsulfatase B; ARSB) , acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) , β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase or GBA) , galactosylceramide beta-galactosidase, glucosylceramidase, beta-hexosaminidase A, beta-hexosaminidase B, arylsulfatase A, beta-galactosidase, acid ceramidase, alpha-glucosidase, lysosomal acid lipase, lysosomal protease, or a synthetic enzyme replacement thereof, such as laronidase, idursulfase, elosulfase alpha, or galsulfase, or a variant thereof, or a catalytically active fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the peptide effector moiety can be clusterin (APOJ) , Reelin, Tripeptidyl Peptidase 1 (CLN2 / TPP1) , glucosamine (N-acetyl) -6-sulfatase (GNS) , heparan-α-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase (HGSNAT) , or N-acetyl-α-glucosaminidase (NAGLU) . In some embodiments, the peptide effector moiety can be a GLP-1R agonist, such as GLP-1.
[0209] In some embodiments, the conjugates described herein can cross the BBB.
[0210] In some embodiments, the conjugates described herein are internalizing antibodies or antigen-binding fragments. In some embodiments, the conjugates disclosed herein can be internalized in BBB epithelial cells greater than 10-fold as compared to internalization by an isotype control.
[0211] In some embodiments, the conjugates provided herein accumulate at least 2-fold more than an isotype control in the brain. In some embodiments, the conjugates provided herein accumulate at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, or at least 30-fold more than an isotype control in the brain. In some embodiments, the accumulation is measured in a hCD98 knock-in mouse.
[0212] In some embodiments, the conjugates provided herein accumulate at least 2-fold more than an isotype control in the brain parenchyma. In some embodiments, the conjugates provided herein accumulate at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, or at least 30-fold more than an isotype control in the brain parenchyma. In some embodiments, the accumulation is measured in a hCD98 knock-in mouse. In some embodiments, the conjugates provided herein accumulate at least 10, at least 20, or at least 30-fold more in the brain parenchyma of a subject expressing human CD98 compared to a subject not expressing human CD98 (e.g., a wildtype mouse) .
[0213] In some embodiments, the conjugates do not affect BBB integrity or function. In some embodiments, the conjugates described herein do not affect leucine uptake by CD98-expressing cells. 6.4 Conjugates with GLP-1R agonist
[0214] Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor (GLP-1R) is integral to the regulation of glucose metabolism and insulin secretion. GLP-1R is targeted by incretin-based therapies. By specifically binding to the key hormone Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) , it enhances insulin release in response to meals, thereby improving glycemic control in diabetic patients. GLP-1R agonists, in particular, have shown significant promise in not only managing blood sugar levels but also in promoting weight loss and reducing cardiovascular risk. Besides, recent literature suggests that GLP-1R agonism may have the capacity in treating neurological diseases. It has been found that the presence of GLP-1-expressing neurons is crucial for maintaining proper energy balance. Individuals with overweight and obesity often exhibit persistent chronic inflammation, both peripherally and centrally. This inflammatory state is intimately linked to a greater risk of developing neurological diseases, connecting obesity-related metabolic syndrome to cognitive decline and neurodegeneration. Intriguingly, besides its role in appetite regulation, GLP-1R agonism displays neuroprotective and neurotrophic actions and minimizes neuroinflammation, such as reduction in brain insulin resistance, microglial activation, reactive astrogliosis, and neurodegeneration. In addition to the neuroprotective roles, GLP-1R agonism exerts microvascular protection. GLP-1R agonism alleviates retinal vascular leakage and improves brain-retinal-barrier permeability in models of diabetic retinopathy. The capability of GLP-1R agonism to influence the neurovascular landscape suggests a connection to its role in mediating cognitive function, as neurovascular dysfunction is correlated with cognitive impairments in various neurological diseases (Chen et al., Cell Metabolism 36.10 (2024) : 2173-2189) . Delivering a GLP-1R agonist across BBB represents a novel and promising therapeutic approach in managing the metabolic diseases or disorders and neurological diseases or disorders.
[0215] In some embodiments, provided herein are conjugates comprising antibodies or antigen-binding fragments targeting CD98 (e.g., human CD98) linked to a GLP-1R agonist. In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments targeting CD98 can be any antibodies or antigen-binding fragments targeting CD98 disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments targeting CD98 can be any SIR-BP-H011 or humanized SIR-BP-H011 disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments targeting CD98 can be any #5-J3 or humanized #5-J3 disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments targeting CD98 can be any #11-M7 or humanized #11-M7 disclosed herein.
[0216] In some embodiments of the conjugates provided herein, the conjugates comprise a VH and a VL, wherein the VH and the VL have the amino acid sequences of (1) SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 4, respectively; (2) SEQ ID NOs: 2 and 5, respectively; (3) SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 5, respectively; (4) SEQ ID NOs: 17 and 31, respectively; (5) SEQ ID NOs: 18 and 31, respectively; (6) SEQ ID NOs: 17 and 32, respectively; (7) SEQ ID NOs: 19 and 33, respectively; (8) SEQ ID NOs: 20 and 34, respectively; (9) SEQ ID NOs: 19 and 35, respectively; (10) SEQ ID NOs: 21 and 36, respectively; (11) SEQ ID NOs: 22 and 37, respectively; (12) SEQ ID NOs: 23 and 38, respectively; (13) SEQ ID NOs: 24 and 38, respectively; (14) SEQ ID NOs: 25 and 39, respectively; (15) SEQ ID NOs: 26 and 40, respectively; (16) SEQ ID NOs: 27 and 41, respectively; (17) SEQ ID NOs: 27 and 42, respectively; (18) SEQ ID NOs: 28 and 43, respectively; (19) SEQ ID NOs: 29 and 44, respectively; or (20) SEQ ID NOs: 30 and 45, respectively.
[0217] GLP-1R agonists described herein refer to compounds capable of activating the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) . The agonistic activity includes the agonistic activity in vitro and in vivo. In some embodiments, the activation of the GLP-1R is determined by measuring the cAMP response of cells stably expressing GLP-1R upon contact with the agonist in vitro. In some embodiments, the cells are from a HEK-293 cell line. In some embodiments, the cells are from a CHO cell line. In some embodiments, the GLP-1R is human GLP-1R. In some embodiments, the activity is quantified by determining the EC50 value.
[0218] GLP-1 is the native GLP-1R agonist. In some embodiments, the GLP-1R agonists described herein are full agonists of GLP-1R, meaning that they activate GLP-1R to the same extent as GLP-1. In other embodiments, the compounds described herein are partial agonists of GLP-1R, meaning that they activate GLP-1R to a lesser extent than GLP-1. In some embodiments, the GLP-1R agonists described herein are GLP-1 analogs or GLP-1 derivatives.
[0219] GLP-1 is an insulinotropic factor, or incretin. The insulinotropic effect of GIP is lost in type 2 diabetic patients while GLP-l’s incretin effect remains intact (Nauck et al., J. Clinc. Invest. 1993; 91: 301-307) . GLP-1 is a 30-amino acid peptide, C-terminally amidated peptide that corresponds to amino acids 98 to 127 of pre-proglucagon. It is secreted by intestinal L-cells and released in response to food ingestion to induce insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. It has a short half-life of around 1-2 minutes due to the action of the enzyme dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP-4) . In addition to the incretin effects, GLP-1 also decreases glucagon secretion, delays gastric emptying and reduces caloric intake. GLP-1 exerts its effects by the activation of the GLP-1R, which is a G-protein coupled receptor expressed in the pancreas, heart, kidney, stomach, and brain. This interaction leads to an increase in cyclic AMP levels (cAMP) , enhancing insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells when glucose levels are high.
[0220] In some embodiments, the GLP-1R agonist is a peptidic compound, i.e., a peptide or protein. In another embodiment, the GLP-1R agonist is a small molecule, i.e., an organic compound with a molecular weight of less than 900 Da.
[0221] In some embodiments, the GLP-1R agonist is native GLP-1. The term “GLP-1” described herein encompasses full-length, unprocessed GLP-1, as well as any form of GLP-1 that results from processing in the cell. In some embodiments, the GLP-1 is human GLP-1 (huGLP-1) . In some embodiments, the GLP-1 is cynomolgus monkey GLP-1 (cynoGLP-1) . In some embodiments, the GLP-1 is mouse GLP-1 (muGLP-1) .
[0222] In some embodiments, the GLP-1R agonist is a GLP-1 analog or GLP-1 derivative, which maintains GLP-1 activity. In some embodiments, the GLP-1R agonist is a GLP-1 analog. In some embodiments, the GLP-1R agonist can also be a GLP-1 derivative. GLP-1 activity can be measured by methods known in the art, including using in vivo experiments and in vitro assays that measure GLP-1 receptor binding activity or receptor activation, e.g., assays employing pancreatic islet cells or insulinoma cells, as described in EP 619,322, Gelfand, et ai, and U.S. Patent No. 5,120,712, respectively. GLP-1 compounds are well known in the art. See, e.g., PCT International Application Publication Nos. WO 03 / 040309, U.S. patent Nos. 6,593,295, 7,141,547, and 7,176,278.
[0223] A “GLP-1 analog” as used herein can be a molecule having a modification including one or more amino acid substitutions, deletions, inversions, or additions when compared with the amino acid sequence of native human GLP-1. A “GLP-1 derivative” as used herein can be a molecule having the amino acid sequence of native human GLP-1 or of a GLP-1 analog, but additionally having at least one chemical modification of one or more of its amino acid side groups, a-carbon atoms, terminal amino group, or terminal carboxylic acid group. Modifications at amino acid side groups include acylation of lysine e-amino groups, N-alkylation of arginine, histidine, or lysine, alkylation of glutamic or aspartic carboxylic acid groups, and deamidation of glutamine or asparagine. Modifications of the terminal amino include the des-amino, N-lower alkyl, N-di-lower alkyl, and N-acyl modifications. Modifications of the terminal carboxy group include the amide, lower alkyl amide, dialkyl amide, and lower alkyl ester modifications. Furthermore, one or more side groups, or terminal groups, may be protected by protective groups known to the ordinarily-skilled protein chemist. The α-carbon of an amino acid may be mono-or di-methylated. The chemical modification may also include the pegylation of an amino acid of the peptide or polypeptide.
[0224] Currently available GLP-1R agonists include exenatide ( and ) , semaglutide ( and ) , liraglutide albiglutide and dulaglutide the structures of which are known in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,424,286 (exenatide) ; U.S. Pat. No. 6,268,343 (liraglutide) ; US 2014044717 (albiglutide) ; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,452,966 (dulaglutide) . Additional GLP-1R agonists under clinical investigation include lixisenatide, efpeglenatide, and taspoglutide. The conjugates provided herein can also include a GLP-1R agonist selected from: exenatide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, semaglutide, albiglutide, lixisenatide, efpeglenatide, and taspoglutide. In some embodiments, the conjugates provided herein can comprise exenatide. In some embodiments, the conjugates provided herein can comprise liraglutide. In some embodiments, the conjugates provided herein can comprise dulaglutide. In some embodiments, the conjugates provided herein can comprise semaglutide. In some embodiments, the conjugates provided herein can comprise albiglutide. In some embodiments, the conjugates provided herein can comprise lixisenatide. In some embodiments, the conjugates provided herein can comprise efpeglenatide. In some embodiments, the conjugates provided herein can comprise taspoglutide.
[0225] Exemplary GLP-1R agonists include exendins, exendin analogs, exendin agonists, GLP-1 (7-37) , GLP-1 (7-37) analogs, GLP-1 (7-37) derivatives, GLP-1 (7-36) , GLP-1 (7-36) analogs, GLP-1 (7-36) derivatives, and the like. The GLP-1R agonist compounds can optionally be amidated. Various GLP-1R agonists, such as exendins, exendin analogs, GLP-l (7-37) , GLP-l (7-37) analogs, GLP-l (7-37) derivatives, GLP-l (7-36) , GLP-l (7-36) analogs, GLP-l (7-36) derivatives, are known in the art and described in, e.g., US20170275370, the content of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0226] In some embodiments, the GLP-1R agonist is a GLP-1 analog having amino acids 7-36 of native GLP-1. In some embodiments, the GLP-1R agonist is GLP-1 analog having amino acids 7-37 of native GLP-1. In some embodiments, the GLP-1R agonist is a variant of native GLP-1 (7-36) comprising up to 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 3, 2 or 1 substitutions of amino acid residues in the sequence of native GLP-1 (7-36) . In some embodiments, the GLP-1R agonist is a variant of native GLP-1 (7-36) comprising up to 3 substitutions of amino acid residues in the sequence of native GLP-1 (7-36) . In some embodiments, the GLP-1R agonist is a variant of native GLP-1 (7-37) comprising up to 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 3, 2 or 1 substitutions of amino acid residues in the sequence of native GLP-1 (7-37) . In some embodiments, the GLP-1R agonist is a variant of native GLP-1 (7-37) comprising up to 3 substitutions of amino acid residues in the sequence of native GLP-1 (7-37) .
[0227] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody and the GLP-1R agonist are connected by a linker. In some embodiments, the linker is a peptide linker. In some embodiments, the linker can be e.g., a glycine linker, a glycine-rich linker, or a glycine-serine linker. In some embodiments, the linker can be, for example, 1 to 20 amino acids in length. A person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the conjugates disclosed herein are not limited by the specific linkers exemplified herein. Any peptide linker with the appropriate length and flexibility that allows the anti-CD98 antibody and the GLP-1R agonist to properly function can be used.
[0228] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody used in the conjugates provided herein is an IgG antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody is an IgG1 antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody is an IgG2 antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody is an IgG3 antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibody is an IgG4 antibody. In some embodiments of the conjugates provided herein, the GLP-1R agonist is linked to the N-terminus or C-terminus of a heavy chain of the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, the GLP-1R agonist is linked to the N-terminus of one of the heavy chains of the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, the GLP-1R agonist is linked to the C-terminus of one of the heavy chains of the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, the GLP-1R agonist is linked to the N-terminus of both of the heavy chains of the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, the GLP-1R agonist is linked to the C-terminus of both of the heavy chains of the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, the GLP-1R agonists in both of the heavy chains of the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment can be the same. In some embodiments, the GLP-1R agonists in both of the heavy chains of the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment can be different. 6.5 Polynucleotides, vectors, and cells
[0229] Provided herein are polynucleotides encoding at least one peptide chain of the anti-CD98 antibody or the conjugate disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides provided herein encode one peptide. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides provided herein encode more than one peptide. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides provided herein can encode, for example, two or three peptide chains of the anti-CD98 antibody or the conjugate provided herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are a plurality of polynucleotides that encode the peptide chain (s) of anti-CD98 antibody or the conjugate provided herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are polynucleotides encoding the peptide chains of the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment disclosed herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are polynucleotides encoding the peptide chains of the conjugate disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the conjugates are fusion proteins.
[0230] Cistrons can be separated by, for example, an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) or 2A element. An IRES, as understood in the art, refers to nucleotide sequences in an expression cassette which when transcribed into mRNA, can recruit ribosomes directly, without a previous scanning of untranslated region of mRNA by the ribosomes. A 2A element, as understood in the art, encodes self-cleaving short peptides (about 20 amino acids) that provide a mechanism for subsequent separation of equimolarly produced polypeptides of interest. Illustrative 2A self-cleaving peptides include P2A, E2A, F2A, and T2A.
[0231] As used herein, the term “encode” and its grammatical equivalents refer to the inherent property of specific sequences of nucleotides in a polynucleotide or a nucleic acid, such as a gene, a cDNA, or an mRNA, to serve as templates for synthesis of other polymers and macromolecules in biological processes having either a defined sequence of nucleotides (i.e., rRNA, tRNA and mRNA) or a defined sequence of amino acids and the biological properties resulting therefrom. Thus, a gene encodes a protein if transcription and translation of mRNA corresponding to that gene produces the protein. Unless otherwise specified, a “nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence” includes all nucleotide sequences that are degenerate versions of each other and that encode the same amino acid sequence. Nucleotide sequences that encode proteins and RNA can include introns.
[0232] The term “polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide” encompasses a polynucleotide which includes only coding sequences for the polypeptide as well as a polynucleotide which includes additional coding and / or non-coding sequences. The polynucleotides of the disclosure can be in the form of RNA or in the form of DNA. DNA can be cDNA, genomic DNA, or synthetic DNA, and can be double-stranded or single-stranded. Single stranded DNA can be the coding strand or non-coding (anti-sense) strand. The polynucleotides of the disclosure can be mRNA.
[0233] The present disclosure also provides variants of the polynucleotides described herein, wherein the variants have a nucleotide sequence at least about 80%identical, at least about 85%identical, at least about 90%identical, at least about 95%identical, at least about 96%identical, at least about 97%identical, at least about 98%identical, or at least about 99%identical to a polynucleotide sequence encoding at least one peptide chain of an anti-CD98 antibody or a conjugate described herein. As used herein, the phrase “apolynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence at least about 95%identical to a polynucleotide sequence” means that the nucleotide sequence of the polynucleotide is identical to a reference sequence except that the polynucleotide sequence can include up to five point mutations per each 100 nucleotides of the reference nucleotide sequence. In other words, to obtain a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence at least 95%identical to a reference nucleotide sequence, up to 5%of the nucleotides in the reference sequence can be deleted or substituted with another nucleotide, or a number of nucleotides up to 5%of the total nucleotides in the reference sequence can be inserted into the reference sequence. These mutations of the reference sequence can occur at the 5’ or 3’ terminal positions of the reference nucleotide sequence or anywhere between those terminal positions, interspersed either individually among nucleotides in the reference sequence or in one or more contiguous groups within the reference sequence.
[0234] The polynucleotide variants can contain alterations in the coding regions, non-coding regions, or both. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant contains alterations which produce silent substitutions, additions, or deletions, but does not alter the properties or activities of the encoded polypeptide. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant comprises silent substitutions that result in no change to the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide (due to the degeneracy of the genetic code) . Polynucleotide variants can be produced for a variety of reasons, for example, to optimize codon expression for a particular host (e.g., change codons in the human mRNA to those preferred by a bacterial host such as E. coli) . In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant comprises at least one silent mutation in a non-coding or a coding region of the sequence.
[0235] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant is produced to modulate or alter expression (or expression levels) of the encoded polypeptide. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant is produced to increase expression of the encoded polypeptide. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant is produced to decrease expression of the encoded polypeptide. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant has increased expression of the encoded polypeptide as compared to a parental polynucleotide sequence. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant has decreased expression of the encoded polypeptide as compared to a parental polynucleotide sequence.
[0236] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide comprises the coding sequence for a polypeptide (e.g., an antibody or a conjugate) fused in the same reading frame to a polynucleotide which aids in expression and secretion of a polypeptide from a host cell (e.g., a leader sequence which functions as a secretory sequence for controlling transport of a polypeptide) . The polypeptide can have the leader sequence cleaved by the host cell to form a “mature” form of the polypeptide.
[0237] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide comprises the coding sequence for a polypeptide (e.g., an antibody or a conjugate) fused in the same reading frame to a marker or tag sequence. For example, in some embodiments, a marker sequence is a hexa-histidine tag (HIS-tag) that allows for efficient purification of the polypeptide fused to the marker. In some embodiments, a marker sequence is a hemagglutinin (HA) tag derived from the influenza hemagglutinin protein when a mammalian host (e.g., COS-7 cells) is used. In some embodiments, the marker sequence is a FLAGTM tag. In some embodiments, a marker can be used in conjunction with other markers or tags.
[0238] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is isolated. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is substantially pure.
[0239] In some embodiments, provided herein are also vectors comprising a polynucleotide disclosed herein. The term “vector, ” and its grammatical equivalents as used herein refer to a vehicle that is used to carry genetic material (e.g., a polynucleotide sequence) , which can be introduced into a host cell, where it can be replicated and / or expressed. Vectors applicable for use include, for example, expression vectors, plasmids, phage vectors, viral vectors, episomes and artificial chromosomes, which can include selection sequences or markers operable for stable integration into a host cell’s chromosome. Additionally, the vectors can include one or more selectable marker genes and appropriate expression control sequences. Selectable marker genes that can be included, for example, provide resistance to antibiotics or toxins, complement auxotrophic deficiencies, or supply critical nutrients not in the culture media. Expression control sequences can include constitutive and inducible promoters, transcription enhancers, transcription terminators, and the like which are well known in the art. When two or more polynucleotides are to be co-expressed, both polynucleotides can be inserted, for example, into a single expression vector or in separate expression vectors. For single vector expression, the encoding polynucleotides can be operationally linked to one common expression control sequence or linked to different expression control sequences, such as one inducible promoter and one constitutive promoter. The introduction of polynucleotides into a host cell can be confirmed using methods well known in the art. It is understood by those skilled in the art that the polynucleotides are expressed in a sufficient amount to produce a desired product, and it is further understood that expression levels can be optimized to obtain sufficient expression using methods well known in the art.
[0240] In some embodiments, vectors provided herein can be expression vectors. In some embodiments, vectors provided herein comprise a polynucleotide encoding at least one peptide chain of the antibodies or conjugates described herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are recombinant expression vectors, which can be used to amplify and express a polynucleotide encoding at least one peptide chain of the antibodies or conjugates described herein. For example, a recombinant expression vector can be a replicable DNA construct that includes synthetic or cDNA-derived DNA fragments encoding at least one peptide chain of the antibodies or conjugates described herein, operatively linked to suitable transcriptional and / or translational regulatory elements derived from mammalian, microbial, viral or insect genes. In some embodiments, a viral vector is used. DNA regions are “operatively linked” when they are functionally related to each other. For example, a promoter is operatively linked to a coding sequence if it controls the transcription of the sequence; or a ribosome binding site is operatively linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned so as to permit translation. In some embodiments, structural elements intended for use in certain expression systems include a leader sequence enabling extracellular secretion of translated protein by a host cell. In some embodiments, in situations where recombinant protein is expressed without a leader or transport sequence, a polypeptide can include an N-terminal methionine residue.
[0241] Examples of vectors are plasmid, autonomously replicating sequences, and transposable elements. Useful expression vectors for bacterial hosts include known bacterial plasmids, such as plasmids from E. coli, including pCR1, pBR322, pMB9 and their derivatives, and wider host range plasmids, such as M13 and other filamentous single-stranded DNA phages. Additional exemplary vectors include, without limitation, plasmids, phagemids, cosmids, artificial chromosomes such as yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) , bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) , or P1-derived artificial chromosome (PAC) , bacteriophages such as lambda phage or M13 phage, and animal viruses. Examples of categories of animal viruses useful as vectors include, without limitation, retrovirus (including lentivirus) , adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpesvirus (e.g., herpes simplex virus) , poxvirus, baculovirus, papillomavirus, and papovavirus (e.g., SV40) . Examples of expression vectors are pClneo vectors (Promega) for expression in mammalian cells; pLenti4 / V5-DESTTM, pLenti6 / V5-DESTTM, and pLenti6.2 / V5-GW / lacZ (Invitrogen) for lentivirus-mediated gene transfer and expression in mammalian cells. Useful expression vectors for eukaryotic hosts include, for example, vectors comprising expression control sequences from SV40, bovine papilloma virus, adenovirus, and cytomegalovirus. Exemplary transposon systems such as Sleeping Beauty and PiggyBac can be used, which can be stably integrated into the genome (e.g., Ivics et al., Cell, 91 (4) : 501–510 (1997) ; et al., (2007) Nucleic Acids Research. 35 (12) : e87) .
[0242] In some embodiments, the vector is an episomal vector or a vector that is maintained extrachromosomally. As used herein, the term “episomal” refers to a vector that is able to replicate without integration into host’s chromosomal DNA and without gradual loss from a dividing host cell also meaning that said vector replicates extrachromosomally or episomally. The vector is engineered to harbor the sequence coding for the origin of DNA replication or “ori” from a lymphotrophic herpes virus or a gamma herpesvirus, an adenovirus, SV40, a bovine papilloma virus, or a yeast, specifically a replication origin of a lymphotrophic herpes virus or a gamma herpesvirus corresponding to oriP of EBV. In some embodiments, the lymphotrophic herpes virus may be Epstein Barr virus (EBV) , Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV) , Herpes virus saimiri (HS) , or Marek's disease virus (MDV) . Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV) are also examples of a gamma herpesvirus. Typically, the host cell comprises the viral replication transactivator protein that activates the replication.
[0243] “Expression control sequences, ” “control elements, ” or “regulatory sequences” present in an expression vector are those non-translated regions of the vector-origin of replication, selection cassettes, promoters, enhancers, translation initiation signals (Shine Dalgarno sequence or Kozak sequence) introns, a polyadenylation sequence, 5' and 3'untranslated regions-which interact with host cellular proteins to carry out transcription and translation. Such elements can vary in their strength and specificity. Depending on the vector system and host utilized, any number of suitable transcription and translation elements, including ubiquitous promoters and inducible promoters can be used.
[0244] Illustrative ubiquitous expression control sequences that can be used in present disclosure include, but are not limited to, a cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early promoter, a viral simian virus 40 (SV40) promoter (e.g., early or late) , a Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV) LTR promoter, a Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) LTR, a herpes simplex virus (HSV) (thymidine kinase) promoter, H5, P7.5, and P11 promoters from vaccinia virus, an elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1a) promoter, early growth response 1 (EGR1) , ferritin H (FerH) , ferritin L (FerL) , Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) , eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A1 (EIF4A1) , heat shock 70kDa protein 5 (HSPA5) , heat shock protein 90kDa beta, member 1 (HSP90B1) , heat shock protein 70kDa (HSP70) , β-kinesin (β-KIN) , the human ROSA 26 locus (Irions et al., Nature Biotechnology 25, 1477 -1482 (2007) ) , a Ubiquitin C promoter (UBC) , a phosphoglycerate kinase-1 (PGK) promoter, a cytomegalovirus enhancer / chicken β-actin (CAG) promoter, and a β-actin promoter.
[0245] Illustrative examples of inducible promoters / systems include, but are not limited to, steroid-inducible promoters such as promoters for genes encoding glucocorticoid or estrogen receptors (inducible by treatment with the corresponding hormone) , metallothionine promoter (inducible by treatment with various heavy metals) , MX-1 promoter (inducible by interferon) , the “GeneSwitch” mifepristone-regulatable system (Sirin et al., 2003, Gene, 323: 67) , the cumate inducible gene switch (WO 2002 / 088346) , tetracycline-dependent regulatory systems, etc. The antibodies or conjugates described herein can be produced by any method known in the art, including chemical synthesis and recombinant expression techniques. The practice of the invention employs, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques in molecular biology, microbiology, genetic analysis, recombinant DNA, organic chemistry, biochemistry, PCR, oligonucleotide synthesis and modification, nucleic acid hybridization, and related fields within the skill of the art.
[0246] The present disclosure also provides cells comprising the polynucleotides disclosed herein that encode at least one peptide chain of the antibodies or conjugates described herein. In some embodiments, cells provided herein comprise a polynucleotide that encodes the anti-CD98 antibodies disclosed herein. In some embodiments, cells provided herein comprise a polynucleotide that encodes the conjugates disclosed herein.
[0247] Cells comprising vectors disclosed herein are also contemplated. In some embodiments, provided herein are host cells comprising a vector comprising a polynucleotide disclosed herein. In some embodiments, host cells provided herein comprise a vector or multiple vectors that collectively comprise the polynucleotides encoding the polypeptide chains of the antibodies or conjugates described herein. In some embodiments, host cells provided herein produce the antibodies or conjugates described herein.
[0248] Examples of suitable mammalian host cell lines include, but are not limited to, COS-7 (monkey kidney-derived) , L-929 (murine fibroblast-derived) , C127 (murine mammary tumor-derived) , 3T3 (murine fibroblast-derived) , CHO (Chinese hamster ovary-derived) , HeLa (human cervical cancer-derived) , BHK (hamster kidney fibroblast-derived) , HEK-293 (human embryonic kidney-derived) cell lines and variants thereof. Mammalian expression vectors can comprise non-transcribed elements such as an origin of replication, a suitable promoter and enhancer linked to the gene to be expressed, and other 5’ or 3’ flanking non-transcribed sequences, and 5’ or 3’ non-translated sequences, such as necessary ribosome binding sites, a polyadenylation site, splice donor and acceptor sites, and transcriptional termination sequences. Expression of recombinant proteins in insect cell culture systems (e.g., baculovirus) also offers a robust method for producing correctly folded and biologically functional proteins. Baculovirus systems for production of heterologous proteins in insect cells are well-known to those of skill in the art. 6.6 Methods of production
[0249] Provided herein are also methods of producing the anti-CD98 antibodies and conjugates (e.g., GLP-1R agonist / anti-CD98 antibody conjugates) disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies or the conjugates disclosed herein are comprised of more than one polypeptide chain, which can be produced separately or together. In some embodiments, methods provided herein produce at least one polypeptide chain of the antibodies or conjugates disclosed herein. In some embodiments, methods provided herein produce all polypeptide chains of the antibodies or conjugates disclosed herein.
[0250] The anti-CD98 antibodies or the conjugates described herein can be produced and isolated using methods known in the art. Polyeptides can be synthesized, in whole or in part, using chemical methods (see, e.g., Caruthers (1980) . Nucleic Acids Res. Symp. Ser. 215; Horn (1980) ; and Banga, A.K., THERAPEUTIC PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS, FORMULATION, PROCESSING AND DELIVERY SYSTEMS (1995) Technomic Publishing Co., Lancaster, PA) . Peptide synthesis can be performed using various solid phase techniques (see, e.g., Roberge, Science 269: 202 (1995) ; Merrifield, Methods. Enzymol. 289: 3 (1997) ) and automated synthesis may be achieved, e.g., using the ABI 431A Peptide Synthesizer (Perkin Elmer) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Peptides can also be synthesized using combinatorial methodologies. Synthetic residues and polypeptides can be synthesized using a variety of procedures and methodologies known in the art (see, e.g., ORGANIC SYNTHESES COLLECTIVE VOLUMES, Gilman, et al., (Eds) John Wiley &Sons, Inc., NY) . Modified peptides can be produced by chemical modification methods (see, for example, Belousov, Nucleic Acids Res. 25: 3440 (1997) ; Frenkel, Free Radic. Biol. Med. 19: 373 (1995) ; and Blommers, Biochemistry 33: 7886 (1994) ) . Peptide sequence variations, derivatives, substitutions and modifications can also be made using methods such as oligonucleotide-mediated (site-directed) mutagenesis, alanine scanning, and PCR based mutagenesis. Site-directed mutagenesis (Carter et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 13: 4331 (1986) ; Zoller et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 10: 6487 (1987) ) , cassette mutagenesis (Wells et al., Gene 34: 315 (1985) ) , restriction selection mutagenesis (Wells et al., Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London SerA 317: 415 (1986) ) and other techniques can be performed on cloned DNA to produce invention peptide sequences, variants, fusions and chimeras, and variations, derivatives, substitutions and modifications thereof.
[0251] A variety of host-expression vector systems can be utilized to recombinantly express the antibodies or conjugates described herein or one or more of their polypeptide chains. Suitable host cells for expression include prokaryotes, yeast cells, insect cells, or higher eukaryotic cells under the control of appropriate promoters. Appropriate cloning and expression vectors for use with bacterial, fungal, yeast, and mammalian cellular hosts, as well as methods of protein production, including antibody production are well-known in the art. Such host-expression systems represent vehicles by which the coding sequences of the antibodies or conjugates described herein can be produced and subsequently purified, but also represent cells which may, when transformed or transfected with the appropriate polynucleotide coding sequences, express the antibodies or conjugates described herein in situ. These include, but are not limited to, microorganisms such as bacteria (e.g., E. coli and B. subtilis) transformed with recombinant bacteriophage DNA, plasmid DNA or cosmid DNA expression vectors containing coding sequences for the compounds described herein; yeast (e.g., Saccharomyces pichia) transformed with recombinant yeast expression vectors containing sequences encoding the compounds described herein; insect cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., baclovirus) containing the sequences encoding the compounds described herein; plant cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) or transformed with recombinant plasmid expression vectors (e.g., Ti plasmid) containing sequences encoding the molecules compounds described herein; or mammalian cell systems (e.g., COS, CHO, BHK, 293, 293T, 3T3 cells, lymphotic cells (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,807,715) , Per C. 6 cells (human retinal cells developed by Crucell) harboring recombinant expression constructs containing promoters derived from the genome of mammalian cells (e.g., metallothionein promoter) or from mammalian viruses (e.g., the adenovirus late promoter; the vaccinia virus 7.5K promoter) .
[0252] In bacterial systems, many expression vectors can be advantageously selected depending upon the use intended for the protein being expressed. For example, when a large quantity of such a protein is to be produced, for the generation of pharmaceutical compositions of the antibodies or conjugates described herein, vectors which direct the expression of high levels of protein products that are readily purified can be desirable. Such vectors include, but are not limited, to the E. coli expression vector pUR278 (Ruther et al., (1983) , EMBO J. 2: 1791-1794) ; pIN vectors (Inouye et al., (1985) , Nucleic Acids Res. 13: 3101-3110; Van Heeke et al., (1989) , J. Biol. Chem. 24: 5503-5509) ; and the like. pGEX vectors can also be used to express polypeptides as fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase (GST) . In general, such proteins are soluble and can easily be purified from lysed cells by adsorption and binding to a matrix glutathione-agarose beads followed by elution in the presence of free glutathione. The pGEX vectors are designed to include thrombin or factor Xa protease cleavage sites so that the cloned target gene product can be released from the GST moiety.
[0253] Useful expression vectors for eukaryotic hosts include, for example, vectors comprising expression control sequences from SV40, bovine papilloma virus, adenovirus, and cytomegalovirus. In mammalian host cells, a number of viral-based expression systems can be utilized. Examples of suitable mammalian host cell lines include, but are not limited to, COS-7 (monkey kidney-derived) , L-929 (murine fibroblast-derived) , C127 (murine mammary tumor-derived) , 3T3 (murine fibroblast-derived) , CHO (Chinese hamster ovary-derived) , HeLa (human cervical cancer-derived) , BHK (hamster kidney fibroblast-derived) , HEK-293 (human embryonic kidney-derived) cell lines and variants thereof. Mammalian expression vectors can comprise non-transcribed elements such as an origin of replication, a suitable promoter and enhancer linked to the gene to be expressed, and other 5’ or 3’ flanking non-transcribed sequences, and 5’ or 3’ non-translated sequences, such as necessary ribosome binding sites, a polyadenylation site, splice donor and acceptor sites, and transcriptional termination sequences. Expression of recombinant proteins in insect cell culture systems (e.g., baculovirus) also offers a robust method for producing correctly folded and biologically functional proteins. Baculovirus systems for production of heterologous proteins in insect cells are well-known to those of skill in the art. Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) is used as a vector to express foreign genes.
[0254] In addition, a host cell strain can be chosen which modulates the expression of the inserted sequences, or modifies and processes the gene product in the specific fashion desired. Such modifications (e.g., glycosylation) and processing (e.g., cleavage) of protein products can be important for the function of the protein. For example, in certain embodiments, the antibodies or conjugates described herein can be expressed as a single gene product (e.g., as a single polypeptide chain, i.e., as a polyprotein precursor) , requiring proteolytic cleavage by native or recombinant cellular mechanisms to form separate polypeptides of the antibodies or conjugates described herein. The disclosure thus encompasses engineering a nucleic acid sequence to encode a polyprotein precursor molecule comprising the polypeptides of the antibodies or conjugates described herein, which includes coding sequences capable of directing post translational cleavage of said polyprotein precursor. Post-translational cleavage of the polyprotein precursor results in the polypeptides of the antibodies or conjugates described herein. The post translational cleavage of the precursor molecule comprising the polypeptides of the antibodies or conjugates described herein can occur in vivo (i.e., within the host cell by native or recombinant cell systems / mechanisms, e.g. furin cleavage at an appropriate site) or can occur in vitro (e.g. incubation of said polypeptide chain in a composition comprising proteases or peptidases of known activity and / or in a composition comprising conditions or reagents known to foster the desired proteolytic action) . Purification and modification of recombinant proteins is well known in the art such that the design of the polyprotein precursor can include a number of embodiments readily appreciated by a skilled artisan. Any known proteases or peptidases known in the art can be used for the described modification of the precursor molecule.
[0255] Different host cells have characteristic and specific mechanisms for the post-translational processing and modification of proteins and gene products. Appropriate cell lines or host systems can be chosen to ensure the correct modification and processing of the foreign protein expressed. To this end, eukaryotic host cells which possess the cellular machinery for proper processing of the primary transcript, glycosylation, and phosphorylation of the gene product may be used. Such mammalian host cells include but are not limited to CHO, VERY, BHK, HeLa, COS, MDCK, 293, 293T, 3T3, WI38, BT483, Hs578T, HTB2, BT20 and T47D, CRL7030 and Hs578Bst.
[0256] For long-term, high-yield production of recombinant proteins, stable expression is preferred. For example, cell lines which stably express the antibodies or conjugates described herein can be engineered. Rather than using expression vectors which contain viral origins of replication, host cells can be transformed with DNA controlled by appropriate expression control elements (e.g., promoter, enhancer, sequences, transcription terminators, polyadenylation sites, etc. ) , and a selectable marker. Following the introduction of the foreign DNA, engineered cells can be allowed to grow for 1-2 days in an enriched media, and then are switched to a selective media. The selectable marker in the recombinant plasmid confers resistance to the selection and allows cells to stably integrate the plasmid into their chromosomes and grow to form foci which in turn can be cloned and expanded into cell lines. This method can advantageously be used to engineer cell lines which express the antibodies or conjugates described herein. Such engineered cell lines may be particularly useful in screening and evaluation of compounds that interact directly or indirectly with the antibodies or conjugates described herein.
[0257] A number of selection systems may be used, including but not limited to the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (Wigler et al., (1977) , Cell 11: 223-232) , hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (Szybalska et al., (1992) Bioessays 14: 495-500) , and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (Lowy et al., (1980) , Cell 22: 817-823) genes can be employed in tk-, hgprt-or aprt-cells, respectively. Also, antimetabolite resistance can be used as the basis of selection for the following genes: dhfr, which confers resistance to methotrexate (Wigler et al., (1980) PNAS 77: 3567-3570; O'Hare et al., (1981) PNAS, 78: 1527-1531) ; gpt, which confers resistance to mycophenolic acid (Mulligan et al., (1981) PNAS, 78: 2072-2076) ; neo, which confers resistance to the aminoglycoside G-418 (Tolstoshev (1993) , Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 32: 573-596; Mulligan (1993) , Science 260: 926-932; and Morgan et al., (1993) , Ann. Rev. Biochem. 62: 191-217) and hygro, which confers resistance to hygromycin (Santerre et al., (1984) Gene 30: 147-156) . Methods commonly known in the art of recombinant DNA technology which can be used are described in Ausubel et al., (eds. ) , 1993, CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, John Wiley &Sons, NY; Kriegler, 1990, GENE TRANSFER AND EXPRESSION, A LABORATORY MANUAL, Stockton Press, NY; and in Chapters 12 and 13, Dracopoli et al., (eds) , 1994, CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN HUMAN GENETICS, John Wiley &Sons, NY.
[0258] The expression levels of the antibodies or conjugates described herein or their polypeptide chains can be increased by vector amplification (for a review, see Bebbington and Hentschel, The use of vectors based on gene amplification for the expression of cloned genes in mammalian cells in DNA cloning, Vol. 3 (Academic Press, New York, 1987) . When a marker in the vector system described herein is amplifiable, increase in the level of inhibitor present in culture of host cell will increase the number of copies of the marker gene. Since the amplified region is associated with the nucleotide sequence of a protein of interest, production of the protein of interest will also increase (Crouse et al., (1983) Mol. Cell. Biol. 3: 257-266) .
[0259] The host cell can be co-transfected with more than one expression vectors, each encoding a polypeptide chain of an antibody or a conjugate described herein. The vectors can contain identical selectable markers which enable equal expression of all polypeptides. Alternatively, a single vector can be used which encodes two or more polypeptides. The coding sequences for the polypeptides of the antibodies or conjugates described herein can comprise cDNA or genomic DNA.
[0260] Once the anti-CD98 antibodies or the conjugates described herein has been recombinantly expressed, it can be purified by any method known in the art for purification of polypeptides, polyproteins or antibodies (e.g., analogous to antibody purification schemes based on antigen selectivity) for example, by chromatography (e.g., ion exchange, affinity, particularly by affinity for the specific antigen (optionally after Protein A selection where the compound comprises an Fc domain (or portion thereof) ) , and sizing column chromatography) , centrifugation, differential solubility, or by any other standard technique for the purification of polypeptides or antibodies.
[0261] In embodiments where the conjugate comprises an effector moiety linked to the antibody via a chemical linker, the antibody is first produced and purified as described above. The purified antibody is then chemically conjugated to the effector moiety using methods known in the art, such as lysine conjugation (e.g., via NHS-esters) , cysteine conjugation (e.g., via maleimides) , or enzymatic conjugation (e.g., via Sortase A or transglutaminase) .
[0262] Provided herein are methods of producing anti-CD98 antibodies or conjugates described herein, the method comprising obtaining a cell described herein and expressing the polynucleotide described herein in said cell. In some embodiments, the method further comprises isolating and purifying an antibody or a conjugate described herein or a polypeptide chain thereof.
[0263] The conjugates described herein can be tested for binding to human CD98 and / or GLP-1R by, for example, standard ELISA. Briefly, microtiter plates are coated with purified antigen, and then blocked with bovine serum albumin. Dilutions of antibody are added to each well and incubated. The plates are washed and incubated with secondary reagent (e.g., for human antibodies, a goat-anti-human IgG Fc-specific polyclonal reagent) conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) . After washing, the plates can be developed and analyzed by a spectrophotometer. Antibodies can be further tested by flow cytometry for binding to a cell line expressing human CD98 and / or GLP-1R, but not to a control cell line that does not express the target antigen. Briefly, the binding of antibodies can be assessed by incubating CD98 and / or GLP-1R expressing CHO cells with the conjugate provided herein. The cells can be washed, and binding can be detected with an anti-human IgG Ab. Flow cytometric analyses can be performed using a FACS can flow cytometry (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA) .
[0264] The conjugates provided herein can be further tested for reactivity with the target antigen (s) by Western blotting, and other methods known in the art for analyzing binding affinity, cross-reactivity, and binding kinetics of various conjugates described herein include, for example, biolayer interferometry (BLI) using, for example, Gator system (Probe Life) or the Octet-96 system (Sartorius AG) , or BIACORETM surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis using a BIACORETM 2000 SPR instrument (Biacore AB, Uppsala, Sweden) .
[0265] The practice of the invention employs, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques in molecular biology, microbiology, genetic analysis, recombinant DNA, organic chemistry, biochemistry, PCR, oligonucleotide synthesis and modification, nucleic acid hybridization, and related fields within the skill of the art. These techniques are described in the references cited herein and are fully explained in the literature. See, e.g., Maniatis et al., (1982) MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; Sambrook et al., (1989) , MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; Sambrook et al., (2001) MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Ausubel et al., CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, John Wiley &Sons (1987 and annual updates) ; CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY, John Wiley &Sons (1987 and annual updates) Gait (ed. ) (1984) OLIGONUCLEOTIDE SYNTHESIS: A PRACTICAL APPROACH, IRL Press; Eckstein (ed. ) (1991) OLIGONUCLEOTIDES AND ANALOGUES: A PRACTICAL APPROACH, IRL Press; Birren et al., (eds. ) (1999) GENOME ANALYSIS: A LABORATORY MANUAL, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; Borrebaeck (ed. ) (1995) ; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 6.7 Pharmaceutical Compositions
[0266] Provided herein are also pharmaceutical compositions comprising the anti-CD98 antibodies and / or conjugates (e.g., GLP-1R agonist / anti-CD98 antibody conjugates) disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the conjugates are fusion proteins. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of the anti-CD98 antibodies and / or conjugates (e.g., GLP-1R agonist / anti-CD98 antibody conjugates) disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein are useful in treating or preventing a neurological disease or disorder and / or a metabolic disease or disorder.
[0267] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein comprise the anti-CD98 antibodies and / or conjugates (e.g., GLP-1R agonist / anti-CD98 antibody conjugates) provided herein. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that can be used in compositions provided herein include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like that are physiologically compatible. In some embodiments, the carrier is suitable for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, parenteral, spinal or epidermal administration (e.g., by injection or infusion) . Depending on the route of administration, the active ingredient (i.e., the conjugates) can be coated in a material to protect the active ingredient from the action of acids and other natural conditions that can inactivate the active ingredient.
[0268] In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can further comprise an additional therapeutic agent.
[0269] Provided herein are also kits for preparation of pharmaceutical compositions having the antibodies and / or conjugates disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the kit comprises the anti-CD98 antibodies and / or conjugates (e.g., GLP-1R agonist / anti-CD98 antibody conjugates) disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in one or more containers. In another embodiment, the kits can comprise the anti-CD98 antibodies and / or conjugates (e.g., GLP-1R agonist / anti-CD98 antibody conjugates) disclosed herein for administration to a subject. In specific embodiments, the kits comprise instructions regarding the preparation and / or administration of the anti-CD98 antibodies and / or conjugates (e.g., GLP-1R agonist / anti-CD98 antibody conjugates) disclosed herein.
[0270] Provided herein are also pharmaceutical compositions or formulations that improve the stability of the anti-CD98 antibodies and / or conjugates (e.g., GLP-1R agonist / anti-CD98 antibody conjugates) disclosed herein to allow for their long-term storage. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition or formulation disclosed herein comprises: (a) the anti-CD98 antibodies and / or conjugates (e.g., GLP-1R agonist / anti-CD98 antibody conjugates) disclosed herein; (b) a buffering agent; (c) a stabilizing agent; (d) a salt; (e) a bulking agent; and / or (f) a surfactant. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition or formulation is stable for at least 1 month, at least 2 months, at least 3 months, at least 6 months, at least 1 year, at least 2 years, at least 3 years, at least 5 years or more. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition or formulation is stable when stored at 4℃, 25℃, or 40℃.
[0271] Buffering agents useful in the pharmaceutical compositions or formulations disclosed herein can be a weak acid or base used to maintain the acidity (pH) of a solution near a chosen value after the addition of another acid or base. Suitable buffering agents can maximize the stability of the pharmaceutical formulations by maintaining pH control of the formulation. Suitable buffering agents can also ensure physiological compatibility or optimize solubility. Rheology, viscosity and other properties can also depend on the pH of the formulation. Common buffering agents include, but are not limited to, histidine, citrate, succinate, acetate and phosphate. In some embodiments, a buffering agent comprises histidine (e.g., L-histidine) with isotonicity agents and potentially pH adjustment with an acid or a base known in the art. In certain embodiments, the buffering agent is L-histidine. In certain embodiments, the pH of the formulation is maintained between about 2 and about 10, or between about 4 and about 8.
[0272] Stabilizing agents are added to a pharmaceutical product to stabilize that product. Such agents can stabilize proteins in different ways. Common stabilizing agents include, but are not limited to, amino acids such as glycine, alanine, lysine, arginine, or threonine, carbohydrates such as glucose, sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, or maltose, polyols such as glycerol, mannitol, sorbitol, cyclodextrins or dextrans of any kind and molecular weight, or PEG. In some embodiments, the stabilizing agent is chosen to maximize the stability of the antibody or conjugate in lyophilized preparations. In certain embodiments, the stabilizing agent is sucrose and / or arginine.
[0273] Bulking agents can be added to a pharmaceutical composition or formulation to add volume and mass to the product, thereby facilitating precise metering and handling thereof. Common bulking agents include, but are not limited to, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, sorbitol, calcium carbonate, or magnesium stearate.
[0274] Surfactants are amphipathic substances with lyophilic and lyophobic groups. A surfactant can be anionic, cationic, zwitterionic, or nonionic. Examples of nonionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, alkyl ethoxylate, nonylphenol ethoxylate, amine ethoxylate, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, fatty alcohols such as cetyl alcohol or oleyl alcohol, cocamide MEA, cocamide DEA, polysorbates, or dodecyl dimethylamine oxide. In some embodiments, the surfactant is polysorbate 20 or polysorbate 80.
[0275] The pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein can further comprise one or more of a buffer system, a preservative, a tonicity agent, a chelating agent, a stabilizer and / or a surfactant, as well as various combinations thereof. The use of preservatives, isotonic agents, chelating agents, stabilizers and surfactants in pharmaceutical compositions is well-known to the skilled person. Reference may be made to REMINGTON: THE SCIENCE AND PRACTICE OF PHARMACY, 19th edition, 1995.
[0276] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is an aqueous formulation. Such a formulation is typically a solution or a suspension, but can also include colloids, dispersions, emulsions, and multi-phase materials. The term “aqueous formulation” is defined as a formulation comprising at least 50%w / w water. Likewise, the term “aqueous solution” is defined as a solution comprising at least 50 %w / w water, and the term “aqueous suspension” is defined as a suspension comprising at least 50 %w / w water.
[0277] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein are freeze-dried, to which the physician or the patient adds solvents and / or diluents prior to use.
[0278] Pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein can also include a pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidant. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidants include: (1) water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like; (2) oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) , butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) , lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol, and the like; and (3) metal chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) , sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
[0279] Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers that can be employed in the pharmaceutical compositions or formulations described herein include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like) , and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.
[0280] These compositions can also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention of presence of microorganisms can be ensured both by sterilization procedures, supra, and by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It can also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form can be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
[0281] Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is known in the art. In some embodiments, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibodies, conjugates or cells provided herein wherein the composition is suitable for local administration.
[0282] Pharmaceutical compositions or formulations typically must be sterile and stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage. The composition can be formulated as a solution, microemulsion, liposome, or other ordered structure suitable to high drug concentration. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like) , and suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. In many cases, the compositions can include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, or sodium chloride in the composition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent that delays absorption, for example, monostearate salts and gelatin.
[0283] Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compound in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by sterilization microfiltration. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated herein. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, some methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying (lyophilization) that yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
[0284] The amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material in the pharmaceutical compositions or formulations disclosed herein can vary. In some embodiments, the amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material is the amount that produces a therapeutic effect. Generally, out of one hundred percent, this amount will range from about 0.01 percent to about ninety-nine percent of active ingredient, from about 0.1 percent to about 70 percent, or from about 1 percent to about 30 percent of active ingredient in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0285] The pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein can be prepared with carriers that protect the active ingredient against rapid release, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants, transdermal patches, and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and poly lactic acid. Many methods for the preparation of such formulations are patented or generally known to those skilled in the art. See. e.g., SUSTAINED AND CONTROLLED RELEASE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS, J. R. Robinson, ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1978. 6.8 Methods and Uses
[0286] The anti-CD98 antibodies, conjugates, compositions and methods described herein have numerous in vitro and in vivo utilities. The present disclosure also provides methods of uses of the anti-CD98 antibodies, conjugates, polynucleotides encoding such antibodies and conjugates, vectors comprising such polynucleotides, or pharmaceutical compositions comprising such antibodies or conjugates, in treating or preventing a neurological disease or disorder (such as neurodegenerative disease) and / or a metabolic disease or disorder (such as overweight, obesity, diabetes (e.g., type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes) , non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) ) .
[0287] The anti-CD98 antibodies provided herein are capable of crossing BBB. Accordingly, provided herein are methods of uses of the anti-CD98 antibodies disclosed herein to deliver an effector moiety across the BBB, wherein methods comprising administering to the subject a conjugate comprising the anti-CD98 antibodies provided herein linked to the effector moiety. As the anti-CD98 antibodies provided herein, the conjugates (e.g., GLP-1R agonist / anti-CD98 antibody conjugate) provided herein can advantageously be transported across BBB. Accordingly, provided herein are methods of administering or transporting anti-CD98 antibodies or conjugates (e.g., GLP-1R agonist / anti-CD98 antibody conjugate) provided herein across the BBB of a subject comprising administering to the subject the anti-CD98 antibodies or conjugates (e.g., GLP-1R agonist / anti-CD98 antibody conjugate) provided herein by, for example, oral administration or intravenous injection.
[0288] In some embodiments, methods provided herein comprise administering the anti-CD98 antibodies or conjugates (e.g., GLP-1R agonist / anti-CD98 antibody conjugate) provided herein to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal. In some embodiments, the subject is a human. A human subject who needs the treatment can be a human subject having, at risk for, or suspected of having a disease. A subject having a disease can be identified by routine medical examination, e.g., a physical examination, a laboratory test, an organ functional test, a CT scan, or an ultrasound. A subject suspected of having any of such a disease can show one or more symptoms of the disease. Signs and symptoms for diseases, e.g., neurological diseases or disorders and metabolic diseases or disorders, are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. A subject at risk for the disease can be a subject having one or more of the risk factors. In some embodiments, the human subject has a neurological disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the human subject is at risk for having a neurological disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the human subject is suspected of having a neurological disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the human subject has a metabolic disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the human subject is at risk for having a metabolic disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the human subject is suspected of having a metabolic disease or disorder.
[0289] In view of the ability of therapeutic conjugates provided herein, namely, the conjugates having an anti-CD98 antibody disclosed herein linked to a therapeutic effector moiety to be transported across a BBB, they can be used to treat or prevent a neurological disease or disorder and / or a metabolic disease or disorder. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating or preventing a neurological disease or disorder in a subject comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a conjugate disclosed herein having a therapeutic effector moiety (e.g., GLP-1R agonist / anti-CD98 antibody conjugate) . The neurological disease or disorder can be, for example, a neuropathy disorder, a neurodegenerative disease, cancer, an ocular disease disorder, a seizure disorder, a lysosomal storage disease, amyloidosis, a viral or microbial disease, ischemia, a behavioral disorder, or CNS inflammation. The neurological disease or disorder can be, for example, a neurodegenerative disease (such as Lewy body disease, postpoliomyelitis syndrome, Shy-Drager syndrome, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, Parkinson’s disease, Gaucher disease, multiple system atrophy, striatonigral degeneration, spinocerebellar ataxia, spinal muscular atrophy) , a tauopathy (such as Alzheimer’s disease and supranuclear palsy) , a prion disease (such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy, scrapie, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, kuru, Gerstmann- -Scheinker disease, chronic wasting disease, and fatal familial insomnia) , bulbar palsy, motor neuron disease, a nervous system heterodegenerative disorder (such as Canavan disease, Huntington's disease, neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis, Alexander’s disease, Tourette's syndrome, Menkes kinky hair syndrome, Cockayne syndrome, Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome, Lafora disease, Rett syndrome, hepatolenticular degeneration, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, and Unverricht-Lundborg syndrome) , dementia (such as Pick's disease and spinocerebellar ataxia) , cancer of the CNS and / or brain (such as glioblastoma or brain metastases resulting from cancer elsewhere in the body) , stroke, muscular dystrophy (MD) , multiple sclerosis (MS) , amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) , limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE) , cystic fibrosis, Angelman syndrome, Liddle syndrome, Paget’s disease, addictive disorder, or traumatic brain injury. In some embodiments, the neurological disease or disorder is a neurodegenerative disease. In some embodiments, the neurological disease or disorder is Alzheimer’s disease. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating or preventing a metabolic disease or disorder in a subject comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a conjugate disclosed herein having a therapeutic effector moiety (e.g., GLP-1R agonist / anti-CD98 antibody conjugate) . The metabolic disease or disorder can be overweight, obesity, diabetes (e.g., type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes) or NASH. In some embodiments, the metabolic disease or disorder is overweight. In some embodiments, the metabolic disease or disorder is obesity. In some embodiments, the metabolic disease or disorder is diabetes. In some embodiments, the diabetes is type 1 diabetes. In some embodiments, the diabetes is type 2 diabetes. In some embodiments, the metabolic disease or disorder is NASH.
[0290] The anti-CD98 antibodies and conjugates (e.g., GLP-1R agonist / anti-CD98 antibody conjugates) provided herein can be used for detection and imaging purposes, especially within the CNS. In some embodiments, anti-CD98 antibodies described herein can be conjugated with various effector moieties, such as fluorescent dyes or radioactive isotopes. These conjugates leverage the BBB-penetrating ability of anti-CD98 antibodies to deliver imaging agents into the brain, facilitating the detection and visualization of disease processes in the CNS. Fluorescently labeled anti-CD98 antibodies can also be used for in vivo imaging within the brain. Exemplary fluorescent dyes include Alexa Fluor 680, Cy5, and IRDye 800CW. Additionally, anti-CD98 antibodies can also be conjugated with radioactive isotopes such as technetium-99m (99mTc) , iodine-131 (131I) , fluorine-18 (18F) or Carbon-11 (11C) . These radiolabeled conjugates enable the use of nuclear imaging techniques like single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) .
[0291] The anti-CD98 antibodies and conjugates (e.g., GLP-1R agonist / anti-CD98 antibody conjugates) provided herein can be used for prognostic, diagnostic, monitoring, and / or screening applications, including in vivo applications well known and standard to the skilled artisan and based on the present description. For prognostic applications, the anti-CD98 antibodies or conjugates provided herein can carry biomarkers that indicate disease progression or treatment response, enabling early prediction of outcomes. Diagnostic applications involve using the antibodies or conjugates provided herein with imaging agents, such as fluorescent dyes or radiolabeled isotopes, to visualize and detect neurological conditions and / or metabolic conditions, such as brain tumors and neurodegenerative diseases, through non-invasive imaging techniques like PET or SPECT. Monitoring applications include the use of these antibodies or conjugates provided herein to track disease status and therapeutic efficacy over time by delivering agents that can be periodically detected and measured within the brain. Screening applications involve the use of these antibodies or conjugates provided herein in high-throughput assays to identify patients at risk for neurological diseases or disorders and / or metabolic diseases or disorders or to discover new therapeutic targets.
[0292] In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies and conjugates (e.g., GLP-1R agonist / anti-CD98 antibody conjugates) provided herein are not significantly toxic. For example, anti-CD98 antibodies and conjugates (e.g., GLP-1R agonist / anti-CD98 antibody conjugates) provided herein are not significantly toxic to an organ of a human, e.g., one or more of the liver, kidney, brain, lungs, and heart, as determined, e.g., in clinical trials. In some embodiments, the antibodies or conjugates disclosed herein do not significantly trigger an undesirable immune response, e.g., autoimmunity or inflammation.
[0293] Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients (e.g., the conjugates provided herein) in the pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient which is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient. The selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of pharmacokinetic factors including the activity of the particular compositions described herein, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds and / or materials used in combination with the particular compositions employed, the age, sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of the patient being treated, and like factors well known in the medical arts.
[0294] The conjugates can be administered as a sustained release formulation, in which case less frequent administration is required. Dosage and frequency vary depending on the half-life of the conjugates in the patient. In therapeutic applications, a relatively high dosage at relatively short intervals is sometimes required until progression of the disease is reduced or terminated, and until the patient shows partial or complete amelioration of symptoms of disease.
[0295] The anti-CD98 antibodies, conjugates (e.g., GLP-1R agonist / anti-CD98 antibody conjugates) , or pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be administered to a subject by any methods known in the art, including, but not limited to, pleural administration, intravenous administration, subcutaneous administration, intranodal administration, intratumoral administration, intramuscular administration, intradermal administration, intrathecal administration, intrapleural administration, intraperitoneal administration, intracranial administration, spinal or other parenteral routes of administration, for example by injection or infusion, or direct administration to the thymus. The phrase “parenteral administration” as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal, epidural and intrastemal injection and infusion. In some embodiments, subcutaneous administration is adopted. In some embodiments, intravenous administration is adopted. In some embodiments, oral administration is adopted. In some embodiments, intrathecal administration is adopted. In some embodiments, intranasal administration is adopted. In some embodiments, transdermal administration is adopted. In some embodiments, intraparenchymal administration is adopted. In some embodiments, intramuscular administration is adopted.
[0296] The anti-CD98 antibodies, conjugates (e.g., GLP-1R agonist / anti-CD98 antibody conjugate) or pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be administered with medical devices known in the art. For example, in some embodiments, a needleless hypodermic injection device can be used, such as the devices disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,399,163; 5,383,851; 5,312,335; 5,064,413; 4,941,880; 4,790,824; or 4,596,556. Examples of well-known implants and modules for use described herein include: U.S. Patent No. 4,487,603, which discloses an implantable micro-infusion pump for dispensing medication at a controlled rate; U.S. Patent No. 4,486,194, which discloses a therapeutic device for administering medicaments through the skin; U.S. Patent No. 4,447,233, which discloses a medication infusion pump for delivering medication at a precise infusion rate; U.S. Patent No. 4,447,224, which discloses a variable flow implantable infusion apparatus for continuous drug delivery; U.S. Patent No. 4,439,196, which discloses an osmotic drug delivery system having multi-chamber compartments; and U.S. Patent No. 4,475,196, which discloses an osmotic drug delivery system. These patents are incorporated herein by reference. Many other such implants, delivery systems, and modules are known to those skilled in the art.
[0297] The anti-CD98 antibodies, conjugates (e.g., GLP-1R agonist / anti-CD98 antibody conjugates) , or pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be administered with another treatment, such as a standard of care treatment. The additional therapy can be administered prior to, concurrently with, or subsequent to administration of the anti-CD98 antibodies, conjugates (e.g., GLP-1R agonist / anti-CD98 antibody conjugates) or pharmaceutical compositions described herein. Combined administration can include co-administration, either in a single pharmaceutical formulation or using separate formulations, or consecutive administration in either order but generally within a time period such that all active agents can exert their biological activities simultaneously. A person skilled in the art can readily determine appropriate regimens for administering a pharmaceutical composition described herein and an additional therapy in combination, including the timing and dosing of an additional agent to be used in a combination therapy, based on the needs of the subject being treated.
[0298] In some embodiments, the methods described herein further comprise administering an additional therapy to the subject. Combination therapy using agents with different mechanisms of action can result in additive or synergetic effects. Combination therapy can allow for a lower dose of each agent than is used in monotherapy, thereby reducing toxic side effects and / or increasing the therapeutic index of the agent disclosed herein. Combination therapy can decrease the likelihood that resistant cancer cells will develop. In some embodiments, the additional therapy results in an increase in the therapeutic index of the anti-CD98 antibodies, conjugates, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein. In some embodiments, the additional therapy results in a decrease in the toxicity and / or side effects of the anti-CD98 antibodies, conjugates or pharmaceutical compositions described herein. In some embodiments, the anti-CD98 antibodies, conjugates, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be administered in combination with an additional agent. In some embodiments, synergistic effects can be achieved when the conjugates disclosed herein are administered in combination with an additional therapy. 6.9 Exemplified Embodiments
[0299] Embodiment 1: An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds human CD98, comprising (a) a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 from a VH having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3 and 17-30, or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and / or (b) a light chain variable region (VL) comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 4-5 and 31-45, or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs.
[0300] Embodiment 2: The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of Embodiment 1, comprising (a) a VH comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 8, 9 and 10, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and / or (b) a VL comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 12, AD, and SEQ ID NO: 14, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs.
[0301] Embodiment 3: The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of Embodiments 1 to 2, comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, VH CDR3, VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3, having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, AD, and SEQ ID NO: 14, respectively.
[0302] Embodiment 4: The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of Embodiments 1 to 3, comprising: (a) a VH having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or (b) a VL having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0303] Embodiment 5: The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of Embodiments 1 to 4 that is a chimeric antibody or antigen-binding fragment, a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment, or a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment.
[0304] Embodiment 6: The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of Embodiment 5 that is a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment.
[0305] Embodiment 7: The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of Embodiment 6, comprising: (a) a VH having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 17-30; and / or (b) a VL having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 31-45.
[0306] Embodiment 8: The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of Embodiment 7, comprising a VH and a VL, wherein the VH and VL each has at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequences of (1) SEQ ID NOs: 17 and 31, respectively; (2) SEQ ID NOs: 18 and 31, respectively; (3) SEQ ID NOs: 17 and 32, respectively; (4) SEQ ID NOs: 19 and 33, respectively; (5) SEQ ID NOs: 20 and 34, respectively; (6) SEQ ID NOs: 19 and 35, respectively; (7) SEQ ID NOs: 21 and 36, respectively; (8) SEQ ID NOs: 22 and 37, respectively; (9) SEQ ID NOs: 23 and 38, respectively; (10) SEQ ID NOs: 24 and 38, respectively; (11) SEQ ID NOs: 25 and 39, respectively; (12) SEQ ID NOs: 26 and 40, respectively; (13) SEQ ID NOs: 27 and 41, respectively; (14) SEQ ID NOs: 27 and 42, respectively; (15) SEQ ID NOs: 28 and 43, respectively; (16) SEQ ID NOs: 29 and 44, respectively; or (17) SEQ ID NOs: 30 and 45, respectively.
[0307] Embodiment 9: The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of Embodiment 8, wherein the VH and the VL have the amino acid sequences of (1) SEQ ID NOs: 17 and 31, respectively; (2) SEQ ID NOs: 18 and 31, respectively; (3) SEQ ID NOs: 17 and 32, respectively; (4) SEQ ID NOs: 19 and 33, respectively; (5) SEQ ID NOs: 20 and 34, respectively; (6) SEQ ID NOs: 19 and 35, respectively; (7) SEQ ID NOs: 21 and 36, respectively; (8) SEQ ID NOs: 22 and 37, respectively; (9) SEQ ID NOs: 23 and 38, respectively; (10) SEQ ID NOs: 24 and 38, respectively; (11) SEQ ID NOs: 25 and 39, respectively; (12) SEQ ID NOs: 26 and 40, respectively; (13) SEQ ID NOs: 27 and 41, respectively; (14) SEQ ID NOs: 27 and 42, respectively; (15) SEQ ID NOs: 28 and 43, respectively; (16) SEQ ID NOs: 29 and 44, respectively; or (17) SEQ ID NOs: 30 and 45, respectively.
[0308] Embodiment 10: The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of Embodiment 1, comprising (a) a VH comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 8, 9 and 11, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and / or (b) a VL comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 12, AD, and SEQ ID NO: 14, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs.
[0309] Embodiment 11: The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of Embodiment 10, comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, VH CDR3, VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3, having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, AD, and SEQ ID NO: 14, respectively.
[0310] Embodiment 12: The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of Embodiment 10 or 11, comprising: (a) a VH having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; and / or (b) a VL having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5.
[0311] Embodiment 13: The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of Embodiment 10 or 11, comprising: (a) a VH having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3; and / or (b) a VL having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5.
[0312] Embodiment 14: The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of Embodiments 10 to 13 that is a chimeric antibody or antigen-binding fragment, a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment, or a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment.
[0313] Embodiment 15: The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of Embodiments 1 to 14 that is selected from the group consisting of a Fab, a Fab’ , a F (ab’ ) 2, a Fv, a scFv, a (scFv) 2, a single domain antibody (sdAb) , and a heavy chain antibody (HCAb) .
[0314] Embodiment 16: The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of Embodiments 1 to 14 that is an IgG1 antibody, an IgG2 antibody, an IgG3 antibody, or an IgG4 antibody.
[0315] Embodiment 17: An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that competes with the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of Embodiments 1 to 16 for binding to human CD98.
[0316] Embodiment 18: The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of Embodiments 1 to 17 that is a bispecific antibody or a multispecific antibody.
[0317] Embodiment 19: The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of Embodiments 1 to 18 that is a monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment.
[0318] Embodiment 20: The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of Embodiments 1 to 19, wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragment is an internalizing antibody or antigen-binding fragment.
[0319] Embodiment 21: The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of Embodiments 1 to 20, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment can cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) .
[0320] Embodiment 22: A polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of Embodiments 1 to 21.
[0321] Embodiment 23: A vector comprising the polynucleotide of Embodiment 22.
[0322] Embodiment 24: A host cell comprising the polynucleotide of Embodiment 22, or the vector of Embodiment 23.
[0323] Embodiment 25: A method of making an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds human CD98, comprising culturing the cell of Embodiment 24 under conditions that allow expression of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment.
[0324] Embodiment 26: The method of Embodiment 25 that comprises isolating the antibody or antigen-binding fragment from the culture.
[0325] Embodiment 27: A method of delivering an effector moiety across BBB in a subject comprising administering to a subject a conjugate comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of Embodiments 1 to 21 linked to an effector moiety.
[0326] Embodiment 28: A conjugate comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of Embodiments 1 to 21 linked to an effector moiety.
[0327] Embodiment 29: The conjugate of Embodiment 28, wherein the effector moiety is selected from the group consisting of drugs for neurological diseases or disorders, drugs for metabolic diseases or disorders, neurotrophic factors, growth factors, enzymes, cytotoxic agents and imaging agents.
[0328] Embodiment 30: The conjugate of Embodiment 28 or 29, wherein the effector moiety is a Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist.
[0329] Embodiment 31: A conjugate comprising an anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment linked to a GLP-1R agonist.
[0330] Embodiment 32: The conjugate of Embodiment 30 or 31, wherein the GLP-1R agonist is native GLP-1, a GLP-1 analog, or a GLP-1 derivative.
[0331] Embodiment 33: The conjugate of Embodiment 32, wherein the GLP-1R agonist is a GLP-1 analog.
[0332] Embodiment 34: The conjugate of Embodiment 33, wherein the GLP-1 analog is exenatide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, semaglutide, albiglutide, lixisenatide, efpeglenatide, or taspoglutide.
[0333] Embodiment 35: The conjugate of any one of Embodiments 30 to 34, wherein the GLP-1R agonist is linked to the antibody or antigen-binding fragment by a linker.
[0334] Embodiment 36: The conjugate of Embodiment 35, wherein the linker is a peptide linker.
[0335] Embodiment 37: The conjugate of any one of Embodiments 30 to 36, wherein the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment is an IgG antibody.
[0336] Embodiment 38: The conjugate of Embodiment 37, wherein the GLP-1R agonist is linked to the N-terminus or C terminus of a heavy chain of the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment.
[0337] Embodiment 39: A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the conjugate of any one of Embodiments 28 to 38, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0338] Embodiment 40: The pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment 39, further comprising an additional therapeutic agent.
[0339] Embodiment 41: A polynucleotide or a plurality of polynucleotides that encodes or collectively encode the conjugate of any one of Embodiments 28 to 38.
[0340] Embodiment 42: A host cell comprising the polynucleotide or plurality of polynucleotides of Embodiment 41.
[0341] Embodiment 43: A method of making a conjugate that specifically binds human CD98, comprising culturing the cell of Embodiment 42 under conditions that allow expression of the conjugate.
[0342] Embodiment 44: The method of Embodiment 43 that comprises isolating the conjugate from the culture.
[0343] Embodiment 45: A method of treating or preventing a neurological disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the conjugate of any one of Embodiments 28 to 38.
[0344] Embodiment 46: The method of Embodiment 45, wherein the neurological disease or disorder is a neurodegenerative disease.
[0345] Embodiment 47: A method of treating or preventing a metabolic disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the conjugate of any one of Embodiments 28 to 38.
[0346] Embodiment 48: The method of Embodiment 47, wherein the metabolic disease or disorder is overweight or obesity.
[0347] Embodiment 49: The method of Embodiment 47, wherein the metabolic disease or disorder is diabetes.
[0348] Embodiment 50: The method of Embodiment 49, wherein the diabetes is type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes.
[0349] Embodiment 51: The method of Embodiment 47, wherein the metabolic disease or disorder is non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) .
[0350] Embodiment 52: The method of any one of Embodiments 45 to 51, further comprising administering an additional agent to the subject.
[0351] Embodiment 53: The method of any one of Embodiments 45 to 52, wherein the subject is a human.
[0352] Embodiment 54: Use of the conjugate of any one of Embodiments 28 to 38 for treating or preventing a neurological disease or disorder.
[0353] Embodiment 55: Use of the conjugate of any one of Embodiments 28 to 38 for manufacture of a medicament for a neurological disease or disorder.
[0354] Embodiment 56: Use of Embodiment 54 or 55, wherein the neurological disease or disorder is a neurodegenerative disease.
[0355] Embodiment 57: Use of the conjugate of any one of Embodiments 28 to 38 for treating or preventing a metabolic disease or disorder.
[0356] Embodiment 58: Use of the conjugate of any one of Embodiments 28 to 38 for manufacture of a medicament for a metabolic disease or disorder.
[0357] Embodiment 59: Use of Embodiment 57 or 58, wherein the metabolic disease or disorder is overweight or obesity.
[0358] Embodiment 60: Use of Embodiment 57 or 58, wherein the metabolic disease or disorder is diabetes.
[0359] Embodiment 61: Use of Embodiment 60, wherein the diabetes is type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes.
[0360] Embodiment 62: Use of Embodiment 57 or 58, wherein the metabolic disease or disorder is non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) . 6.10 Experimental
[0361] The examples provided below are for purposes of illustration only, which are not intended to be limiting unless otherwise specified. Thus, the invention should in no way be construed as being limited to the following examples, but rather, should be construed to encompass any and all variations which become evident as a result of the teaching provided herein. 6.10.1 Example 1: Cell Line Preparation
[0362] The cells used for immunization and hybridoma screening were prepared as follows. HEK293 was co-transfected with pLenti-CMV constructs to generate cell line stably expressing human CD98hc and human LAT1 (SEQ ID NOs: 48 and 49, respectively) . Lentiviral constructs were used to express human CD98hc or human LAT1, with puromycin selection. Lentivirus was generated by transfection of 293T cells using Virasafe Lentiviral packaging system. Subsequently, the supernatant containing lentivirus was used to transduce the HEK293 cells. Two days post-transduction, puromycin was added to the medium as a selection pressure. To get the monoclonal cell line for stable human CD98 / LAT1 expression, single-cell cloning was performed by limited dilution, and screening was performed in 96-well plate. The expression level of monoclonal cells was further analyzed by flow cytometry and Western Blot. Single clones with the highest cellular expression of CD98 / LAT1 complex were chosen for animal immunization. 6.10.2 Example 2: Antibody Generation and Screening
[0363] SJL and Balb / c mice were immunized intraperitoneally with human CD98 / LAT1-overexpressing HEK293 cells once every two weeks. Serum was collected on days 21 and 35 during the immunization intervals to measure titers against human CD98 / LAT1 by FACS. Three days after the final boost, plasma cells from animals with the highest titers were enriched using mouse CD138 kits before fusion. Cell fusion was performed via electrofusion, achieving a fusion efficiency of about 1 hybridoma per 200 B cells. Fused cells were plated into 384-well plates containing hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine medium (HAT medium) to select for hybridomas. After 10-12 days of culture, supernatants from hybridomas were collected and screened for binders against huCD98 / LAT1-overexpressing HEK293 cells, huCD98hc or Cyno CD98hc-overexpressing cells, and HEK293 parental cells. A total of 11, 520 clones were screened by FACS, and 551 hits (with an MFI ratio of huCD98hc HEK293 to parental cells > 5) were tested in a confirmatory binding assay. 28 clones, including 18-M8 (designated as SIR-BP-H011) , 11-M7 and 5-J3, which showed comparable binding activity against both huCD98hc and huCD98 / LAT1 that were selected for sequencing (Table 4) . Ratio-1 represents the MFI ratio of huCD98 / LAT1 HEK293 over parental HEK293 cells. Ratio-2 represents the MFI ratio of huCD98hc HEK293 over parental HEK293 cells.
[0364] Table 4. Binding of Hybridoma supernatant to huCD98 / LAT1 and huCD98hc overexpressing cells. 6.10.3 Example 3. Humanization of Anti-CD98 / LAT1
[0365] The anti-CD98 / LAT1 complex antibody SIR-BP-H011 was further humanized by CDR grafting. During CDR grafting, the antigen-binding specificity of a murine antibody was transferred to a human antibody by replacing the CDR loops and selected variable-region framework residues. The reshaped, humanized antibody retained only the essential binding elements from the murine antibody (5–10%of total sequence) and was predicted to be minimally immunogenic. The process of CDR grafting generally included structure modeling, framework selection, and CDR grafting and back mutation. As the first step, a structural model of the murine variable region was constructed using the antibody modeler module of MOE (Molecular Operating Environment, Chemical Computing Group, Montreal, Canada) . As the second step, VH and VL sequences of the murine mAb sequence to be humanized were compared to human VL, VH, LJ, HJ functional germline sequences from a database of 114 approved human antibodies out of 629 CSTs collected from OPIG (http: / / opig. stats. ox. ac. uk / ) . Pseudo-genes and ORFs were ignored. The VL and VH germline sequences that shared the highest sequence homology / identity with the murine frameworks were chosen as the human acceptor frameworks, especially at the critical framework positions, and the most similar VJ and HJ genes were combined. After finalizing the acceptor framework sequences, we transplanted the CDRs of the murine anti-CD98 antibody onto the human framework. Finally, to restore the native biomolecular environment for antigen binding, the BioMOE module of MOE was utilized to visualize and analyze the potential residues for back mutation. Potential back mutation residues were individually evaluated and mutations that were evaluated to cause significant disruption were reverted to the original query residues. As a result, humanized sequences contained up to nine back mutations. The sequences for murine mAb SIR-BP-H011 (clone 18-M8) and its exemplary humanized variants (HZ01 through HZ17) are listed in Table 1b above. 6.10.4 Example 4: In Vitro Binding Affinities of Candidate Humanized Antibodies to Human and Cyno CD98 Receptor Complex
[0366] The binding of the candidate antibody SIR-BP-H011 to cellular CD98hc was evaluated by FACS using HEK293 cells overexpressing human CD98 / LAT1 or human CD98hc. An anti-CD98hc antibody was used as a reference antibody (SIR-BP-BHS005, described in PCT Application No: PCT / CN2024 / 142663) . Single-cell suspensions were prepared with FACS buffer and then incubated with MagicTM Fc Receptor blocker (Abace, CDN-ZF3) for 15 min. Subsequently, 100, 000 cells were seeded in cell culture plates and incubated with serially diluted antibodies (starting from 200 nM) for 30 min at 4℃. After three washes, the cells were incubated with Alexa 488-conjugated donkey anti-human IgG Fcγ fragment specific secondary antibody (Jackson, #709-545-098, 1: 200 dilution) for 30 min at 4℃. Binding activity was analyzed with flow cytometry (Millipore, Guava easyCyte BGV) .
[0367] As shown in FIG. 1, SIR-BP-H011, but not the reference antibody, demonstrated preferential binding to cellular CD98 / LAT1 over CD98hc in a dose-dependent manner. Specifically, while SIR-BP-BHS005 bound to both the complex and the heavy chain alone, SIR-BP-H011 showed minimal binding to the heavy chain alone (CD98hc) , indicating specificity for the conformational CD98 / LAT1 complex.
[0368] The cross-species binding of humanized SIR-BP-H011 (e.g., SIR-BP-H011-HZ02) to cynomolgus CD98 / LAT1 and CD98hc was further evaluated in CHO cells overexpressing these proteins. As shown in FIG. 2, humanized SIR-BP-H011 exhibited higher affinity for cynomolgus CD98 / LAT1 compared to cynomolgus CD98hc, confirming that the selectivity for the complex is maintained across species. 6.10.5 Example 5: Binding Kinetics of Candidate Antibodies
[0369] Binding kinetics of anti-CD98 / LAT1 antibodies were evaluated by BLI on Octet RED384 system (Fortebio, Sartorius) . Briefly, AHC2 (Anti-hIgG Fc Capture) Biosensors were pre-equilibrated with running buffer for 10 minutes. Antibodies were diluted to 10 μg / mL and transferred to black 384-well MIRCOPlates (Greiner, #781209) with aliquots of 90 μL. Recombinant human and cynomolgus CD98hc ECD and CD98 / LAT1 antigens were diluted in system buffer (HBS-EP+, Cytiva, #BR100669) , to a concentration of 400 nM, then serially diluted to 200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25 nM. Antibodies were immobilized on AHC2 biosensors by dipping the sensors into the wells for 300s with flowrate of 1000 rpm. In the association step, sensors were dipped into wells containing serially diluted antigen for 180s. The subsequent dissociation step was performed with system buffer for 300s. Data was analyzed using Fortebio Data Analysis 11.1 software to generate kinetic constants. The Kon (on-rate) , Kdis (off-rate) and KD (equilibrium dissociation constant) for each bispecific antibody are reported in Table 5.
[0370] Table 5. Binding affinity of anti-CD98 antibodies for human and cyno CD98hc ECD and CD98 / LAT1. 6.10.6 Example 6: In Vivo Pharmacokinetics of Candidate Antibodies Showed Reduced Target-Mediated Clearance
[0371] To investigate the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of the candidate antibody SIR-BP-H011, male HuCD98+ / + mice and wildtype C57BL / 6 mice were administered a single intraperitoneal dose of 10 mg / kg of the candidate antibody on day 0. HuCD98hc knock-in mice, generated by Biocytogen, were engineered such that the extracellular domain (ECD) of mouse CD98hc was replaced with the ECD of human CD98hc, while retaining the transmembrane and intracellular regions of mouse CD98hc (WO 2023 / 109956 A1) . Plasma and brain samples were collected according to the predetermined schedule. Prior to brain sample collection, anesthetized mice underwent cardiac perfusion with PBS to remove vascular blood. The brains were then collected and halved for weighing. Tissues were added to a calculated volume of 1%NP40 dPBS buffer (0.2 g tissue / 1.0 mL buffer) with 1x protease inhibitor (cOmpleteTM, Mini Protease Inhibitor Cocktail, Roche) . Brain samples were homogenized at 8500 rpm for 30 seconds for 3 times and then were kept on ice for 0.5 hour. After complete lysis, the samples were centrifuged at 5400 x g for 15 mins and the supernatants were transferred into new tubes for ELISA analysis. Both plasma and brain samples were analyzed by a commercially available hIgG ELISA kit following its instructions (Human IgG ELISA kit, #ab195215, Abcam) . Briefly, plasma or brain samples were diluted in PBS + 0.5%BSA with certain dilution factor (plasma 500-100, 000; brain: 15-20) . The standard samples were prepared with the concentration as follows: 15, 7.5, 3.75, 1.87, 0.93, 0.47, 0.23 and 0 ng / mL. Then the capture and detection antibodies were diluted and mixed with 50 μL samples or standard. The mixture was added to the precoated plates and gently rotated at room temperature for 40 mins. After final washing, the plates were developed by adding tetramethylbenzidine solution and incubated for 5-10 mins. The reaction was stopped by adding 100 μL stop solution. The OD value at 450 was recorded by a microplate reader (CLARIOstarplus, BMGLABTECH) . The amount of hIgG in brain or plasma was determined by back-calculating with standard curve and dilution factor.
[0372] As illustrated in FIG. 3, the overall plasma exposure and half-life of candidate antibody SIR-BP-H011 were comparable between HuCD98+ / + mice and wildtype mice, indicating significantly reduced target-mediated degradation by peripheral CD98. Furthermore, the hIgG levels detected in brain lysates were approximately 5-10 times higher in HuCD98+ / + mice compared to a wildtype mice, suggesting efficient transport of SIR-BP-H011 across the blood-brain barrier (FIG. 4) .
[0373] Similar results were obtained from intravenous dosing of SIR-BP-H011 in HuCD98+ / +mice at a lower dosage of 8 mg / kg (data not shown) . 6.10.7 Example 7: Capillary Depletion Demonstrated the Penetration of Candidate Antibodies to Brain Parenchyma
[0374] Capillary depletion was performed on the brain samples following the protocol outlined below. The half brain was homogenized in HBSS containing protease inhibitors (cOmpleteTM, Mini Protease Inhibitor Cocktail, Roche) . Then the homogenates were centrifuged at 1, 000 x g for 10 min. After washing with dPBS, cell pellets were resuspended in 10%dextran and the solution was centrifuged at 5, 400 x g for 15 min. The supernatant was transferred to a new tube and washed with 10 mL HBSS buffer. Finally, the parenchyma cell pellets were lysed in 1%NP-40 PBS with protease inhibitors prior to human IgG ELISA assay described above. Total protein concentration of the parenchymal fraction was measured using BCA assay (Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit, Thermo, #23225) . Human IgG level was normalized to protein concentration.
[0375] As illustrated in FIG. 5, a markedly elevated hIgG concentration (over 23-30 folds compared to thewildtype mice control) was observed in the parenchyma fraction at 72 hours and 7 days post-dosing. This finding demonstrated that SIR-BP-H011 could effectively cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and penetrate the parenchymal regions via its binding to CD98. 6.10.8 Example 8: Serum Pharmacokinetics of Candidate Antibodies in Non-Human Primate Demonstrated Reduced Target-Mediated Drug Disposition
[0376] The pharmacokinetic profile of SIR-BP-H011 was further evaluated in non-human primates. male cynomolgus monkeys were administered a single intravenous dose of SIR-BP-H011 at 10 mg / kg. A human IgG1 anti-human LILRB2 antibody that does not cross-react with cynomolgus LILRB2 (SIR-BP-002, described in PCT Application No. PCT / CN2025 / 097902) was administered concurrently as an isotype control. The study design and sampling schedule are summarized in Table 6. The treatment was well tolerated in monkeys from both groups, with no notable changes observed in body weight, food consumption, hematology, or clinical signs following administration.
[0377] Table 6. Cynomolgus monkey PK study design.
[0378] The concentration of human IgG in cynomolgus monkey serum samples was quantified using a UPLC high-resolution Q Exactive mass spectrometry-based bioanalytical method following enzymatic digestion of the target antibody. Briefly, monkey serum samples were subjected to protein precipitation by addition of 1%trichloroacetic acid (TCA) in isopropanol at a volume ratio of 1: 3 to remove interfering matrix salts. The resulting pellets were reconstituted in 75 μL of 100 mM Tris buffer (pH 8.0) containing 1 μg / mL of an isotopically labeled internal standard peptide, followed by tryptic digestion at 37℃ for 2 hours. Calibration standards and quality control (QC) samples prepared in blank matrix were processed in parallel using the same procedure. After termination of enzymatic digestion with 1%formic acid, the mixture was centrifuged at 14, 000 rpm for 20 minutes, and the resulting supernatant was collected for LC-MS / MS analysis. Quantification was performed using parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) in positive ionization mode, targeting the signature peptide GPSVFPLAPSSK derived from human IgG1 (SEQ ID NO: 53) . An isotope-labeled analog of the signature peptide was used as an internal standard for quantification. A calibration curve was generated using at least six non-zero calibration standards and fitted using linear regression with a weighting factor of 1 / x or 1 / x2. The resulting regression equation was applied to calculate the predicted human IgG concentration in serum samples. Standard curve performance was validated by analysis of QC samples at low, medium, and high concentration levels.
[0379] As shown in FIG. 6, SIR-BP-H011 exhibited a systemic clearance profile comparable to that of the non-cross-reactive control human IgG1 antibody in cynomolgus monkeys. Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived using noncompartmental analysis (Phoenix WinNonlin) and summarized in Table 7. These results indicate that SIR-BP-H011 exhibits significantly reduced target-mediated drug disposition despite the broad expression of CD98, confirming its suitability for systemic administration.
[0380] Table 7. Pharmacokinetic parameters of SIR-BP-H011 and the control antibody in cynomolgus monkeys. 6.10.9 Example 9: Assessment of Cerebrospinal Fluid Exposure of Candidate Antibodies in Non-Human Primate
[0381] Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected from cynomolgus monkeys at predetermined time points following single-dose administration of the candidate antibodies as described in Table 6. The concentration of SIR-BP-H011 in CSF samples was quantified using a sandwich ELISA, as described below.
[0382] Briefly, a 96-well streptavidin precoated plate (PierceTM, Invitrogen, #15120) was coated with 0.5 μg / well of biotinylated goat anti-human IgG antibody (Southern Biotech#2049-08) and incubated overnight at 4℃. The plate was blocked with 5%BSA in PBST (0.05%Tween-20 in PBS) for 1 hour at room temperature. CSF samples were diluted to the minimum required dilution in 0.05%PBST containing 0.5%BSA. Calibration standards and QC samples were prepared in the same assay buffer, supplemented with blank CSF as matrix at a volume ratio of 1: 6. After blocking, standards and QC samples were added to the plate and incubated with agitation for 90 minutes at room temperature. The plate was subsequently washed four times with PBST. A mouse anti-human IgG antibody (Abcam, #ab124055) , diluted 1: 8000 in dilution buffer, was added for detection and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. Following five washes with PBST, an HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG H&L antibody (1: 20000, Abcam, #ab6789) was added and incubated for 1 hour. After a final wash, the signal was developed by addition of TMB substrate for 15 minutes, and the reaction was stopped with 100 μL of stop solution. Optical density was measured at 450 nm using a microplate reader. The concentration of human IgG in CSF samples was determined by back-calculation from the standard calibration curve.
[0383] As shown in FIG. 7, at 48 hours post-dose, the maximum concentration (C_max) of SIR-BP-H011 in CSF was approximately 3.14-fold higher than that of the control antibody. In addition, the area under the CSF concentration–time curve (AUC) for SIR-BP-H011 was approximately 5.86-fold greater than that of the control antibody. These results indicate that SIR-BP-H011 achieves substantially increased cerebrospinal fluid exposure relative to the control antibody in non-human primates. ***
[0384] Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it is readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the teachings of this invention that certain changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended claims.
[0385] Accordingly, the preceding merely illustrates the principles of the invention. It will be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise various arrangements which, although not explicitly described or shown herein, embody the principles of the invention and are included within its spirit and scope. Furthermore, all examples and conditional language recited herein are principally intended to aid the reader in understanding the principles of the invention and the concepts contributed by the inventors to furthering the art, and are to be construed as being without limitation to such specifically recited examples and conditions. Moreover, all statements herein reciting principles, aspects, and embodiments of the invention as well as specific examples thereof, are intended to encompass both structural and functional equivalents thereof. Additionally, it is intended that such equivalents include both currently known equivalents and equivalents developed in the future, i.e., any elements developed that perform the same function, regardless of structure. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims.
[0386] All publications and patents cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication or patent were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference and are incorporated herein by reference to disclose and describe the methods and / or materials in connection with which the publications are cited. The citation of any publication is for its disclosure prior to the filing date and should not be construed as an admission that the present invention is not entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention. Further, the dates of publication provided may be different from the actual publication dates which may need to be independently confirmed.
Claims
1.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds human CD98, comprising(a) a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 from a VH having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3 and 17-30, or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and / or(b) a light chain variable region (VL) comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 4-5 and 31-45, or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs.2.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 1, comprising(a) a VH comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 8, 9 and 10, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and / or(b) a VL comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 12, AD, and SEQ ID NO: 14, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs.3.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 2, comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, VH CDR3, VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3, having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, AD, and SEQ ID NO: 14, respectively.4.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 3, comprising:(a) a VH having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; and / or(b) a VL having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.5.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 4 that is a chimeric antibody or antigen-binding fragment, a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment, or a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment.6.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 5 that is a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment.7.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 6, comprising:(a) a VH having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 17-30; and / or(b) a VL having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 31-45.8.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 7, comprising a VH and a VL, wherein the VH and VL each has at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequences of (1) SEQ ID NOs: 17 and 31, respectively; (2) SEQ ID NOs: 18 and 31, respectively; (3) SEQ ID NOs: 17 and 32, respectively; (4) SEQ ID NOs: 19 and 33, respectively; (5) SEQ ID NOs: 20 and 34, respectively; (6) SEQ ID NOs: 19 and 35, respectively; (7) SEQ ID NOs: 21 and 36, respectively; (8) SEQ ID NOs: 22 and 37, respectively; (9) SEQ ID NOs: 23 and 38, respectively; (10) SEQ ID NOs: 24 and 38, respectively; (11) SEQ ID NOs: 25 and 39, respectively; (12) SEQ ID NOs: 26 and 40, respectively; (13) SEQ ID NOs: 27 and 41, respectively; (14) SEQ ID NOs: 27 and 42, respectively; (15) SEQ ID NOs: 28 and 43, respectively; (16) SEQ ID NOs: 29 and 44, respectively; or (17) SEQ ID NOs: 30 and 45, respectively.9.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 8, wherein the VH and the VL have the amino acid sequences of (1) SEQ ID NOs: 17 and 31, respectively; (2) SEQ ID NOs: 18 and 31, respectively; (3) SEQ ID NOs: 17 and 32, respectively; (4) SEQ ID NOs: 19 and 33, respectively; (5) SEQ ID NOs: 20 and 34, respectively; (6) SEQ ID NOs: 19 and 35, respectively; (7) SEQ ID NOs: 21 and 36, respectively; (8) SEQ ID NOs: 22 and 37, respectively; (9) SEQ ID NOs: 23 and 38, respectively; (10) SEQ ID NOs: 24 and 38, respectively; (11) SEQ ID NOs: 25 and 39, respectively; (12) SEQ ID NOs: 26 and 40, respectively; (13) SEQ ID NOs: 27 and 41, respectively; (14) SEQ ID NOs: 27 and 42, respectively; (15) SEQ ID NOs: 28 and 43, respectively; (16) SEQ ID NOs: 29 and 44, respectively; or (17) SEQ ID NOs: 30 and 45, respectively.10.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 1, comprising(a) a VH comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 8, 9 and 11, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and / or(b) a VL comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 12, AD, and SEQ ID NO: 14, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs.11.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 10, comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, VH CDR3, VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3, having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, AD, and SEQ ID NO: 14, respectively.12.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 10 or 11, comprising:(a) a VH having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; and / or(b) a VL having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5.13.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 10 or 11, comprising:(a) a VH having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3; and / or(b) a VL having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5.14.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 10 to 13 that is a chimeric antibody or antigen-binding fragment, a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment, or a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment.15.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 14 that is selected from the group consisting of a Fab, a Fab’, a F (ab’) 2, a Fv, a scFv, a (scFv) 2, a single domain antibody (sdAb) , and a heavy chain antibody (HCAb) .16.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 14 that is an IgG1 antibody, an IgG2 antibody, an IgG3 antibody, or an IgG4 antibody.17.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that competes with the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 16 for binding to human CD98.18.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 17 that is a bispecific antibody or a multispecific antibody.19.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 18 that is a monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment.20.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragment is an internalizing antibody or antigen-binding fragment.21.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment can cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) .22.A polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 21.23.A vector comprising the polynucleotide of claim 22.24.A host cell comprising the polynucleotide of claim 22, or the vector of claim 23.25.A method of making an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds human CD98, comprising culturing the cell of claim 24 under conditions that allow expression of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment.26.The method of claim 25 that comprises isolating the antibody or antigen-binding fragment from the culture.27.A method of delivering an effector moiety across BBB in a subject comprising administering to a subject a conjugate comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 21 linked to an effector moiety.28.A conjugate comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 21 linked to an effector moiety.29.The conjugate of claim 28, wherein the effector moiety is selected from the group consisting of drugs for neurological diseases or disorders, drugs for metabolic diseases or disorders, neurotrophic factors, growth factors, enzymes, cytotoxic agents and imaging agents.30.The conjugate of claim 28 or 29, wherein the effector moiety is a Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist.31.A conjugate comprising an anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment linked to a GLP-1R agonist.32.The conjugate of claim 30 or 31, wherein the GLP-1R agonist is native GLP-1, a GLP-1 analog, or a GLP-1 derivative.33.The conjugate of claim 32, wherein the GLP-1R agonist is a GLP-1 analog.34.The conjugate of claim 33, wherein the GLP-1 analog is exenatide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, semaglutide, albiglutide, lixisenatide, efpeglenatide, or taspoglutide.35.The conjugate of any one of claims 30 to 34, wherein the GLP-1R agonist is linked to the antibody or antigen-binding fragment by a linker.36.The conjugate of claim 35, wherein the linker is a peptide linker.37.The conjugate of any one of claims 30 to 36, wherein the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment is an IgG antibody.38.The conjugate of claim 37, wherein the GLP-1R agonist is linked to the N-terminus or C terminus of a heavy chain of the anti-CD98 antibody or antigen-binding fragment.39.A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the conjugate of any one of claims 28 to 38, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.40.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 39, further comprising an additional therapeutic agent.41.A polynucleotide or a plurality of polynucleotides that encodes or collectively encode the conjugate of any one of claims 28 to 38.42.A host cell comprising the polynucleotide or plurality of polynucleotides of claim 41.43.A method of making a conjugate that specifically binds human CD98, comprising culturing the cell of claim 42 under conditions that allow expression of the conjugate.44.The method of claim 43 that comprises isolating the conjugate from the culture.45.A method of treating or preventing a neurological disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the conjugate of any one of claims 28 to 38.46.The method of claim 45, wherein the neurological disease or disorder is a neurodegenerative disease.47.A method of treating or preventing a metabolic disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the conjugate of any one of claims 28 to 38.48.The method of claim 47, wherein the metabolic disease or disorder is overweight or obesity.49.The method of claim 47, wherein the metabolic disease or disorder is diabetes.50.The method of claim 49, wherein the diabetes is type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes.51.The method of claim 47, wherein the metabolic disease or disorder is non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) .52.The method of any one of claims 45 to 51, further comprising administering an additional agent to the subject.53.The method of any one of claims 45 to 52, wherein the subject is a human.54.Use of the conjugate of any one of claims 28 to 38 for treating or preventing a neurological disease or disorder.55.Use of the conjugate of any one of claims 28 to 38 for manufacture of a medicament for a neurological disease or disorder.56.Use of claim 54 or 55, wherein the neurological disease or disorder is a neurodegenerative disease.57.Use of the conjugate of any one of claims 28 to 38 for treating or preventing a metabolic disease or disorder.58.Use of the conjugate of any one of claims 28 to 38 for manufacture of a medicament for a metabolic disease or disorder.59.Use of claim 57 or 58, wherein the metabolic disease or disorder is overweight or obesity.60.Use of claim 57 or 58, wherein the metabolic disease or disorder is diabetes.61.Use of claim 60, wherein the diabetes is type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes.62.Use of claim 57 or 58, wherein the metabolic disease or disorder is non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) .